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as required , detailed embodiments are disclosed herein ; however , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and that the systems and methods described below can be embodied in various forms . therefore , specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting , but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present subject matter in virtually any appropriately detailed structure and function . further , the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting , but rather , to provide an understandable description of the concepts . the terms “ a ” or “ an ”, as used herein , are defined as one or more than one . the term plurality , as used herein , is defined as two or more than two . the term another , as used herein , is defined as at least a second or more . the terms “ including ” and “ having ,” as used herein , are defined as comprising ( i . e ., open language ). the term “ coupled ,” as used herein , is defined as “ connected ,” although not necessarily directly , and not necessarily mechanically . referring now to fig1 , a fastener 100 of the disclosure is connected to an implant 300 within a patient &# 39 ; s body 400 ( not shown ), by being passed through an implant aperture 302 . in the example shown in fig1 , implant 300 is joining three portions of body tissue 402 , 404 , 406 , schematically represented as dashed outlines . body tissue may be bony or soft tissue , and may be a single bone which is strengthened or aligned until healed , or may be multiple bones , for example vertebrae , which are maintained in relative spaced alignment by implant 300 . while in the example shown in fig1 , implant 300 is a plate , it should be understood that implant 300 may be any object placed into the body for a therapeutic purpose , including for example a body tissue replacement or prosthetic , an instrument or tool , or an autograft , allograft , or xenograft . an example of a stabilizing plate may be found in commonly assigned u . s . pat . no . 7 , 963 , 981 , to binder , et al . while a plate is shown , the disclosure contemplates any implant capable of including an aperture 302 into which fastener 100 may be inserted , including bone spacers , for example an intervertebral spacer , and a prosthetic device , for example an articulating joint surface replacement , or a joint stabilizer , including for example a rod holder . additionally referring to fig1 and 13 , implant 300 , in accordance with the disclosure includes one or more implant apertures 302 each having an entry 304 that is wider than an exit 306 . a tapering or curved profile 308 is defined between entry 304 and exit 306 . with reference to fig2 - 4 , fastener 100 includes a fastener head 104 having a width wider than exit 306 , but which may pass , in a first configuration , through entry 304 , as explained further below . fastener head 104 is advantageously formed with an outer tapering or curved profile 108 that is complementary to inner curved profile 308 of aperture 302 . in this manner , fastener extension 106 may be passed through exit 306 , and outer and inner curved profiles 108 , 308 may be positioned in mating conformity . provided exit 306 is wider than a width of fastener extension 106 , fastener 100 may be swiveled within aperture 302 while maintaining a substantial extent of mutual contact between outer and inner curved profiles 108 , 308 . either or both of curved profiles 108 , 308 may be provided with a roughened or textured surface to promote maintaining a particular conforming configuration once fastener 100 is tightened . as such , aperture 302 and fastener head 104 form a polyaxial mating surface , wherein fastener 100 may be secured at any of a wide range of angles with respect to implant 300 . in one embodiment , fastener 100 forms a polyaxial screw . fastener 100 includes threads 110 operative to retain fastener 100 in a desired position . while threads 110 are illustrated , it should be understood that fastener 100 may advantageously include , in accordance with the disclosure , an extension of any known or hereinafter developed type , including as examples circumferential rings , barbs , expanding elements , pivotable elements , cammed elements , tapered threads , self tapping threads , and machine threads . additionally included is a tool engaging surface 112 which may be internally disposed , as illustrated , or which may be externally formed as an extension of head 104 . in the example shown , tool engaging surface is a hex socket ; however , any known or hereinafter developed tool engagement may advantageously be used in accordance with the disclosure . a circumferential groove 114 extends at least partially around head 104 , exposed by an access port 116 . groove 114 is sized and dimensioned to receive a retaining ring 118 , illustrated in fig5 - 6 . as explained more fully below , retaining ring 118 , when disposed within groove 114 in an expanded configuration , functions to increase a dimension of fastener head 104 . when the assembled retaining ring 118 and head 104 are disposed within aperture 302 , the assembly 118 , 104 is too large to pass out of aperture 302 , and fastener 100 is thereby secured within implant 300 . with further reference to fig5 and 6 , retaining ring 118 is formed to have a first , relaxed configuration having a resting diameter , and a second , compressed configuration having a reduced diameter with respect to the relaxed configuration . one or more weakened , narrowed , or more flexible portions 120 formed along an interior periphery of ring 118 facilitate an over - expansion to a dimension greater than the relaxed configuration , for assembly of ring 118 onto fastener head 104 , or a contraction from the relaxed to the compressed configuration , without damage or excessive distortion to retaining ring 118 . retaining ring 118 is formed from , or includes , a resilient material , whereby ring 118 expands from the compressed configuration to the relaxed configuration due to this resiliency . retaining ring 118 further includes a fixed ring end 122 and a movable ring end 124 , which become closer together in the compressed configuration . fixed ring end 122 may be tethered or affixed within groove 114 by any known means , including welding , brazing , or adhesive . alternatively , fixed end 122 may be have a larger dimension than a remainder of ring 118 , whereby an interference fit is formed with groove 114 . in another embodiment , shown in fig5 a , fixed ring end 122 may be formed with a hook , mateable with a projection within groove 114 ( not shown ). in yet another embodiment , retaining ring is machined from the material of fastener head 104 . when fixed ring end 122 is affixed within groove 114 , ring 118 may be compressed or relaxed by controlling a position of moveable ring end 124 . in one embodiment of the disclosure , ring 118 is placed within groove 114 , and is squeezed or coiled inwards about fastener 104 into the compressed configuration by applying pressure to different portions of ring 118 . in such configuration , an engagement notch 126 may be aligned with access port 116 of fastener head 104 . once aligned , retaining pin 130 may be inserted through access port 116 and engagement notch 126 , to thereby retain ring 118 in the compressed configuration . the assembled fastener 100 , ring 118 , and pin 130 , shown in fig1 - 12 , may then be fastened to implant 300 . once fastener head 104 is seated within aperture 302 , for example after having been driven into body tissue , pin 130 may be removed by grasping pin head 132 with a tool , for example forceps , or a forked instrument ( not shown ) operable to engage pin neck 134 . once pin 130 is removed , moveable ring end 124 is free to move in a direction away from fixed ring end 122 , and ring 118 is may then expand to the relaxed configuration , as shown in fig1 . as the assembled fastener head 104 and ring 118 are disposed within aperture 302 , ring 118 expands so that portions of ring 118 become closer to , or engages with , curved profile 308 of aperture 302 . curved profile 308 forms a progressively smaller diameter towards entry 304 . the diameter of fastener head 104 and assembled compressed ring 118 is sufficiently small to pass through entry 304 , or is further compressible to pass through entry 304 . however , assembled diameter of fastener head 104 and relaxed ring 118 is greater than the narrow diameter proximate entry 304 , and therefore when ring 118 is in the relaxed configuration , the assembled fastener head 104 and ring 118 cannot pass back through entry 304 , and fastener 100 is thus prevented from separating from implant 300 , for example by a backing - out of threads of a threaded fastener 100 . it is accordingly advantageous for groove 114 to be formed upon fastener head 104 to correspond to a widest diameter of aperture 302 . as may be seen in fig7 - 9 , pin 130 may be provided with a cam 136 operative to contact engagement notch 126 to retain ring 118 in the compressed configuration . pin 130 may further be provided with a curved profile 138 mateable with a surface of fastener head 104 , whereby pin 130 may be rotated to either release or contact engagement notch 126 . a flattened profile 140 is advantageously provided to avoid interference with aperture 302 during installation of fastener 100 into implant 300 . engagement notch is sized and dimensioned to admit a portion of pin 130 , for example cam 136 , when pin 130 is assembled onto fastener 100 . in another embodiment , curved profile 308 may be provided with a ramped profile 310 at entry 304 , whereby ring 118 may engage ramped profile 310 as fastener 100 is inserted into aperture 302 . during engagement , ring 118 may be urged into the compressed configuration by engagement with ramped profile 310 , and fastener 100 and assembled ring 118 may thereby form a sufficiently small diameter to pass into aperture 302 . as curved profile 308 widens , ring 118 resiliently expands to form a wider diameter , thereby preventing undesired exit of fastener 100 from aperture 302 . a bevel ( not shown ) on a lower ramp engaging surface of ring 118 may advantageously be provided , independent of , or cooperative with ramped profile 310 , to facilitate compression of ring 118 during insertion of fastener 100 . with reference to fig1 - 17 , in a further embodiment , retaining ring 150 , shown in various forms 150 a - 150 c , in fig1 - 16 , has the form of an internal retaining ring or snap ring with apertures for engagement by retaining ring pliers . retaining ring 150 is inserted into groove 114 , and engages curved profile 308 in the manner described for retaining ring 118 . fastener head 104 and or implant 300 may advantageously be provided with removed material in order to admit access to retaining ring pliers . in accordance with the disclosure , the extent of interference , or cling , between ring 118 or 150 and groove 114 , does not prevent ring 118 , 150 from returning to a relaxed configuration when not engaged by pin 130 or retaining ring pliers . with reference to fig1 - 19 , in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosure , retaining ring 118 may be provided with two moveable ring ends , including moveable ring end 124 a , which is provided with an engagement notch 126 a . in this embodiment , engagement notches 126 , 126 a are overlapped , and pin 130 is positioned within the overlapped notches to maintain ring 118 in a compressed configuration until fastener head 104 is positioned within aperture 302 . all components of fastener 100 , including ring 118 , 150 , pin 130 , and implant 300 are advantageously formed from biocompatible materials of suitable strength and wear resistance to perform an intended therapeutic function within the body . examples of such materials include , but are not limited to , polymers , for example ultra high molecular weight polyethylene or polyoxymethylene copolymer , metals , for example titanium or nitinol , natural materials , bone , autograft , allograft , or xenograft tissue , or composite materials . ring 118 may be removed by an instrument ( not shown ) which is shaped to enter access port 116 and pull engagement notch 126 towards alignment with access port 116 , whereby pin 130 or other object may be inserted to prevent uncoiling or relaxing of ring 118 . alternatively , fastener 100 may be pressed against tapered profile 308 while rotated , to coil ring 118 to form the compressed configuration . ring 150 may be removed with retaining ring pliers . in accordance with the foregoing , the disclosure provides a device and method for retaining a fastener within an implant . for example , when using certain implants , specifically anterior cervical plates , the utilization of a bone screw locking mechanism of the disclosure provides screw retention that greatly increased the safety of the implanted device . medical practitioners may have much greater certainty that an implanted device and fastener are locked together . the locking mechanism including fastener 100 and ring 118 , 150 of the disclosure provides a visual and tactile confirmation that the screw is locked to the plate . visible confirmations include the absence of pin 130 , as well as the presence of ring 118 , 150 occupying the free space between fastener head 104 and curved profile 308 , as may be observed through access port 116 . an audible and or tactile confirmation is provided when pin 130 is removed , as ring 118 snaps against curved profile 308 , or as retaining pliers release retainer 150 . to use fastener 100 , retaining ring 118 is assembled into groove 114 in head 104 , for example by resiliently bending ring 118 , possibly using a tool which engages ring ends 122 , 124 . ring 118 is compressed by applying pressure to the ring , possibly using a tool , and pin 130 is assembled into head 104 to pass through retaining ring engagement notch 126 to secure moveable ring end 124 . an implant 300 is positioned at a desired location with respect to body tissue 400 . fastener extension 106 is passed into aperture 302 , passing through aperture entry 304 and contacting body tissue at aperture exit 306 . for threaded fasteners , fastener 100 is rotated , for example through a tool engaged with tool engaging surface 112 , or by pushing a barbed or toggling fastener , or by any other means appropriate to the type of fastener extension 106 used . for the retaining rings of fig1 - 17 , retaining ring pliers may be used to maintain a compressed configuration of ring 118 . for ramped or beveled embodiments , insertion force of fastener 100 may be sufficient to compress ring 118 into groove 114 at aperture entry 304 . when fastener 100 is seated , outer curved profile 108 of head 104 will be positioned in mating contact with inner curved profile 308 of aperture 302 . where pin 130 is used , pin 130 is removed once head 104 is seated within aperture 302 , thereby releasing ring 118 to resiliently expand against aperture inner curved profile 308 , to secure head 104 from backing out of a position within aperture 302 . to remove fastener 100 , a tool may be passed through fastener access port 116 to draw engagement notch 126 into alignment with access port 116 , whereby pin 130 may be reassembled onto head 104 to maintain a compressed configuration of ring 118 . fastener 100 may then be withdrawn using a tool or other means appropriate to the type of fastener extension 106 employed . retaining ring pliers may be employed for the embodiments of fig1 - 17 . it should be understood that other embodiments of retaining rings 118 may be provided with apertures similar to those of fig1 - 17 , whereby retaining ring pliers may be used to compress ring 118 . in other embodiments , a sufficient force of unscrewing or withdrawing may be applied operative to break ring 118 , particularly for thin , non - metallic , or polymeric retaining rings . once retaining ring is compressed or broken , fastener 100 may be withdrawn in a like manner as inserted . in another embodiment , fastener 100 is not connected to body tissue , but connects portions of implant 300 . otherwise , use is correspondingly similar to the foregoing description . additional fasteners , and or longer fasteners , have been employed in the prior art to reduce a likelihood that a fastened implant will come loose . the instant disclosure provides an alternative to these methods , because a medical practitioner can be certain that the fasteners implanted will not back out of engagement with the implant . a drawback to longer screws is that long screws do not allow for sufficient movement of the vertebrae to accommodate the compression of a bone graft , because the purchase of the screws is too great . thus , the vertebrae cannot move and are unable to adjust to the compression of the bone graft . the instant disclosure provides a way to reliably use shorter screws which permit sufficient , but not excessive , movement of the vertebrae to maintain compression of a bone graft . a drawback to additional fasteners is increased time in surgery , increased cost in materials , and further trauma to the body . the instant disclosure therefore provides for reducing these drawbacks . the instant disclosure further provides an alternative to placing a second plate or structure on top of a fastener . this avoids the additional bulk and undesirable interference with and irritation to overlying body tissue , as well as the additional installation time required for assembly during surgery . examples of undesirable consequence of a bulky implant include dysphasia , and wear to neighboring tissue , which may include the aorta , or vena cava . the instant disclosure further prevents backing out of fasteners due to tiny vibrations , or micromotions , through the resilient and continual engagement of ring 115 , 150 with curved profile 308 . it will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above . in addition , unless mention was made above to the contrary , it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale . a variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . all references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety . in addition , unless mention was made above to the contrary , it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale . there are many different features to the present invention and it is contemplated that these features may be used together or separately . thus , the invention should not be limited to any particular combination of features or to a particular application of the invention . further , it should be understood that variations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention might occur to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains . accordingly , all expedient modifications readily attainable by one versed in the art from the disclosure set forth herein that are within the scope and spirit of the present invention are to be included as further embodiments of the present invention . | 0 |
[ 0018 ] fig1 shows a process flow chart for performing a method of clustering of data records containing structured raw data . given are n records r 1 , . . . , r n with k numeric attributes a 1 . . . , a k , where a i ( r j ) is the value of the i - th attribute of the j - th record . in step 100 , a characteristic value is calculated for each of the attributes . for a given attribute this characteristic value is calculated by determining a projection of the attribute values of this attribute across the records . for example , the mean value is calculated as a characteristic value for each one of the attributes . for each attribute a i , i = 1 , . . . , k , calculate the mean value μ over all records as follows : μ ( a l ) = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n a l ( r i ) ( 1 ) instead of the mean values , the median values can be calculated . the median value is calculated by determining the difference between a maximum attribute value of a considered attribute and a minimum attribute value of the considered attribute over all records divided by two . alternatively , any other equivalent of a mean or median value may be calculated instead . by means of such mean values , median values or equivalent values characteristic values are provided for each of the attributes . in step 102 , the deviations of each attribute value of a considered record from the corresponding characteristic value are determined . for example , the deviation of an attribute value from its characteristic value can be performed by calculating the difference between the attribute value and its characteristic value . the difference may be divided by the characteristic value . in step 104 , the deviations that have been obtained for each of the records are used as a basis for sorting the attributes of this record . for example , the attributes are sorted in ascending or descending order of the deviations . in this manner , a key comprising an ordered list of attributes and associated deviations is provided for each one of the records . steps 102 and 104 may be carried out as follows : calculate the deviation â j ( r i ) of a j ( r i ) from the respective mean of attribute a j using the following deviation formula : a ^ j ( r i ) = a j ( r i ) - μ ( a j ( r i ) ) μ ( a j ( r i ) ) ( 2 ) the present system is not limited to this deviation formula ; any other deviation formula may be used . repeat the two preceding steps for all attributes a i , . . . , a k of the record r i . rank the deviations | â 1 ( r i )|, . . . ,| â k ( r i )| from the largest to the smallest , holding { circumflex over ( α )} l 1 ( r i ), . . . , { circumflex over ( α )} l k ( r i ). this ranking shows which attributes deviate the most from the mean of all records . for example , since â l1 ( r i ) has the largest deviation from the respective mean value μ ( α l 1 ), record r i differs the most from all other records by attribute α l 1 . the largest value shows the largest deviation from the rest of the data ; consequently , that attribute is very characteristic . in step 106 , the records are clustered based on the keys . a method for performing the clustering based on the keys is to place records having identical keys into the same cluster . however , this may result in a number of clusters that is too large . consequently , a similarity criterion is defined such that when the keys of two records fulfil the similarity criterion , the records are put into the same cluster : let { circumflex over ( α )} l 1 ( r i ), . . . , { circumflex over ( α )} l k ( r i ) be the ranking , i . e . the key , of record r i and { circumflex over ( α )} l 1 ( r j ), . . . , { circumflex over ( α )} l k ( r j ) be the ranking of record r j . some examples of similarity criteria are criterion a , criterion b , and criterion c . criterion a : r i and r j belong to the same cluster if the first m attributes of the respective keys are identical and share the same sign . for example , if the three most significant attributes ( m = 3 ) are considered , the ranking of record r i is as follows : ( â 7 ( r i ), â 2 ( r i ), â 3 ( r i ), â 9 ( r i ), . . . )=− 1 . 17 , 0 . 95 , 0 . 87 , 0 . 56 , . . . ( â 7 ( r i ), â 2 ( r j ), â 3 ( r i ), â 1 ( r j ), . . . )=− 1 . 46 , 1 . 09 , 0 . 89 , 0 . 88 , . . . the records r i and r j belong to the same cluster , as the first three attributes of the keys are identical as well as the signs of the values . however , if the ranking of r k was ( â 7 ( r k ), â 2 ( r k ), a { circumflex over ( 3 )}( r k ), . . . )=− 1 . 46 , − 1 . 09 , 0 . 89 , 0 . 88 , . . . , the r i and r k would belong to different sections because the signs of the second most distinguishing attribute a 2 had a different sign compared to the respective value of record r i . criterion b : r i and r j belong to the same cluster if the first m attributes are identical . for example , considering the previous example , records r i and r k would belong to the same section , even though the sign of the second most distinguishing attribute is different . criterion c : r i and r j belong to the same section if the same attributes appear on the first m positions with identical signs . this criterion ignores the order in which the attributes appear . for example , if m = 3 , r i as before and the ranking of r j is â 2 ( r j ), â 3 ( r j ), ( â 7 ( r j ), â ( r j ), . . . ,)= 0 . 72 , 0 . 68 , − 0 . 42 , 0 . 37 , . . . then a 2 , a 3 and a 7 are identical and share the same signs . this criterion can be varied by ignoring the signs . the resulting clustering may be further refined by reducing the number of the clusters . for example , it may be desirable to dissolve a cluster having a small size , i . e ., having a small number of records . this may be accomplished by means of the following iterative process : for each record of the cluster , find the one of the larger clusters that matches most of the significant attributes . if more than one cluster should be considered , either choose the largest of these clusters or use some kind of distance measure to find the nearest cluster . repeat until the desired number of clusters has been reached or if the similarity of records and clusters is too small . [ 0047 ] fig2 illustrates a data processing system 200 in which a system and method for clustering a set of records according to the present invention may be used . data processing system 200 comprises a database 202 for storing records of structured data . each of the records has attribute values a 1 , . . . , a k . each of the records has an associated data field for storing a key for that record and a data field for storing a cluster identifier . initially the key and cluster data fields are empty . in addition , data processing system 200 comprises a characteristic value module 204 for calculating of characteristic values for each one of the attributes . the calculation of the characteristic values may be performed as explained with respect to step 100 of fig1 . further , data processing system 200 comprises a deviation module 206 for calculation of the deviations of the attribute values . this calculation may be performed in accordance with above equation ( 2 ). sorting module 208 of the data processing system 200 sorts the attributes of the data records by applying a sorting criterion to the deviations of the corresponding attribute values . in this manner , a ranking of the deviations may be obtained for each record . the sorting may be performed as explained with respect to step 104 of fig1 . further , data processing system 200 comprises criteria a module 210 , criteria b module 212 and criteria c module 214 for application of the respective criteria a , b and c . the criteria a , b and c are described above with respect to fig1 . further , data processing system 200 comprises a user interface 216 . by means of the user interface 216 , the tabular data contained in database 202 may be visualised . furthermore , a user may select a subset of the records contained in the database 202 for performing a clustering operation . before the data clustering is performed , the user selects one of the pre - defined clustering criteria a , b or c . alternatively , the user may define a user specific clustering criterion . the data clustering is initiated after the user has selected the set of records of the database 202 on which the data clustering is to be performed and after a criterion for data clustering has been selected or specified . the characteristic module 204 is invoked to calculate the characteristic values of the attributes . the deviation module 206 is invoked to calculate the deviations of the attribute values from their corresponding characteristic values . by means of sorting module 208 , the attributes are sorted to provide a key for each one of the selected records . the desired module for applying the selected criterion is invoked , i . e ., criteria a module 210 , criteria b module , or criteria c module 214 . alternatively , a user specified module may be invoked to apply the user specified criterion . as a result of the application of the selected or specified criterion , the selected records are clustered . records that are placed into the same cluster are assigned the same cluster identifier ; this cluster identifier is entered into the corresponding data field within database 202 . it is to be understood that the specific embodiments of the present invention that have been described are merely illustrative of certain applications of the principle of the present invention . numerous modifications may be made to the present system , method , and service described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . | 6 |
the present invention provides methods of identifying and / or classifying mircoorganisms . preferred methods include obtaining a restriction map of a nucleic acid , e . g ., dna , from each organism and correlating the restriction map of each nucleic acid with a restriction map database , thereby identifying and / or comparing organisms obtained from a sample . with use of a detailed restriction map database that contains motifs common to various groups and sub - groups , organisms can be identified and classified not just at a genus and species level , but also at a sub - species ( strain ), a sub - strain , and / or an isolate level . for example , bacteria can be identified and classified at a genus level , e . g ., escherichia genus , species level , e . g ., e . coli species , a strain level , e . g ., o157 , cft , and k12 strains of e . coli , and isolates , e . g ., o157 : h7 isolate of e . coli ( as described in experiment 3b below ). the featured methods offer a fast , accurate , and detailed information for identifying organisms . these methods can be used in a variety of clinical settings , e . g ., for identification of an organism in a subject , e . g ., a human or an animal subject . this disclosure also features methods of diagnosing a disease or disorder in a subject by , inter alia , identifying each organism in a sample , including a heterogeneous sample , via correlating the restriction map of a nucleic acid from each organism with a restriction map database , and correlating the identity of each organism in the sample with the disease or disorder . these methods can be used in a clinical setting , e . g ., human or veterinary setting . methods of the invention are also useful for identifying and / or detecting organisms in food or in an environmental setting . for example , methods of the invention can be used to assess an environmental threat in drinking water , air , soil , and other environmental sources . methods of the invention are also useful to identify organisms in food and to determine a common source of food poisoning in multiple samples that are separated in time or geographically , as well as samples that are from the same or similar batches . in a particularly - preferred embodiment , methods of the invention comprise identifying restriction patterns based upon optical mapping and using those patterns to determine characteristics of the organism being analyzed . for example , a microorganism is compared to a database of known patterns in order to determine properties that allow identification of the organism , characteristics of the organism , classification of the organism , and other features that aid in , for example , disease diagnosis and treatment . methods featured herein utilize restriction mapping during both generation of the database and processing of an organism to be identified . one type of restriction mapping that is used is optical mapping . optical mapping is a echnique for production of ordered restriction maps from a single dna molecule ( samad et al ., genome res . 5 : 1 - 4 , 1995 ). during this method , fluorescently labeled dna molecules are elongated in a flow of agarose between a coverslip and a microscope slide ( in the first - generation method ) or fixed onto polylysine - treated glass surfaces ( in a second - generation method ). id . the added endonuclease cuts the dna at specific points , and the fragments are imaged . id . restriction maps can be constructed based on the number of fragments resulting from the digest . id . generally , the final map is an average of fragment sizes derived from similar molecules . id . thus , in one embodiment of the present methods , the restriction map of an organism to be identified is an average of a number of maps generated from the sample containing the organism . optical mapping and related methods are described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 405 , 519 , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 599 , 664 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 150 , 089 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 147 , 198 , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 720 , 928 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 174 , 671 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 294 , 136 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 340 , 567 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 448 , 012 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 509 , 158 , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 610 , 256 , and u . s . pat . no . 6 , 713 , 263 , each of which is incorporated by reference herein . optical maps are constructed as described in reslewic et al ., appl environ microbiol . 2005 september ; 71 ( 9 ): 5511 - 22 , incorporated by reference herein . briefly , individual chromosomal fragments from test organisms are immobilized on derivatized glass by virtue of electrostatic interactions between the negatively - charged dna and the positively - charged surface , digested with one or more restriction endonuclease , stained with an intercalating dye such as yoyo - 1 ( invitrogen ) and positioned onto an automated fluorescent microscope for image analysis . since the chromosomal fragments are immobilized , the restriction fragments produced by digestion with the restriction endonuclease remain attached to the glass and can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy , after staining with the intercalating dye . the size of each restriction fragment in a chromosomal dna molecule is measured using image analysis software and identical restriction fragment patterns in different molecules are used to assemble ordered restriction maps covering the entire chromosome . the database ( s ) used with methods described herein are generated by optical mapping techniques discussed supra . the database ( s ) can contain information for a large number of isolates , e . g ., about 200 , about 300 , about 400 , about 500 , about 600 , about 700 , about 800 , about 900 , about 1 , 000 , about 1 , 500 , about 2 , 000 , about 3 , 000 , about 5 , 000 , about 10 , 000 or more isolates . in addition , the restriction maps of the database contain annotated information ( a similarity cluster ) regarding motifs common to genus , species , sub - species ( strain ), sub - strain , and / or isolates for various organisms . the large number of the isolates and the information regarding specific motifs allows for accurate and rapid identification of an organism . the restriction maps of the database ( s ) can be generated by digesting ( cutting ) nucleic acids from various isolates with specific restriction endonuclease enzymes . some maps can be a result of digestion with one endonuclease . some maps can be a result of a digest with a combination of endonucleases , e . g ., two , three , four , five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten or more endonucleases . the exemplary endonucleases that can be used to generate restriction maps for the database ( s ) and / or the organism to be identified include : bglii , ncoi , xbai , and bamhi . non - exhaustive examples of other endonucleases that can be used include : alul , clai , dpni , ecori , hindiii , kpni , psti , saci , and smai . yet other restriction endonucleases are known in the art . map alignments between different strains are generated with a dynamic programming algorithm which finds the optimal alignment of two restriction maps according to a scoring model that incorporates fragment sizing errors , false and missing cuts , and missing small fragments ( see myers et al ., bull math biol 54 : 599 - 618 ( 1992 ); tang et al ., j appl probab 38 : 335 - 356 ( 2001 ); and waterman et al ., nucleic acids res 12 : 237 - 242 ). for a given alignment , the score is proportional to the log of the length of the alignment , penalized by the differences between the two maps , such that longer , better - matching alignments will have higher scores . to generate similarity clusters , each map is aligned against every other map . from these alignments , a pair - wise alignment analysis is performed to determine “ percent dissimilarity ” between the members of the pair by taking the total length of the unmatched regions in both genomes divided by the total size of both genomes . these dissimilarity measurements are used as inputs into the agglomerative clustering method “ agnes ” as implemented in the statistical package “ r ”. briefly , this clustering method works by initially placing each entry in its own cluster , then iteratively joining the two nearest clusters , where the distance between two clusters is the smallest dissimilarity between a point in one cluster and a point in the other cluster . various organisms , e . g ., viruses , and various microorganisms , e . g ., bacteria , protists , and fungi , can be identified with the methods featured herein . in one embodiment , the organism &# 39 ; s genetic information is stored in the form of dna . the genetic information can also be stored as rna . the sample containing the organism to be identified can be a human sample , e . g ., a tissue sample , e . g ., epithelial ( e . g ., skin ), connective ( e . g ., blood and bone ), muscle , and nervous tissue , or a secretion sample , e . g ., saliva , urine , tears , and feces sample . the sample can also be a non - human sample , e . g ., a horse , camel , llama , cow , sheep , goat , pig , dog , cat , weasel , rodent , bird , reptile , and insect sample . the sample can also be from a plant , water source , food , air , soil , plants , or other environmental or industrial sources . the methods described herein , i . e ., methods of identifying at least one organism , diagnosing a disease or disorder in a subject , determining antibiotic resistance of at least one organism , determining an antibiotic resistance profile of a bacterium , and determining a therapeutically effective antibiotic to administer to a subject , and treating a subject , include correlating the restriction map of a nucleic acid of each organism with a restriction map database . the methods involve comparing each of the raw single molecule maps from the unknown sample ( or an average restriction map of the sample ) against each of the entries in the database , and then combining match probabilities across different molecules to create an overall match probability . in one embodiment of the methods , entire genome of the organism to be identified can be compared to the database . in another embodiment , several methods of extracting shared elements from the genome can be created to generate a reduced set of regions of the organism &# 39 ; s genome that can still serve as a reference point for the matching algorithms . as discussed above and in the examples below , the restriction maps of the database can contain annotated information ( a similarity cluster ) regarding motifs common to genus , species , sub - species ( strain ), sub - strain , and / or isolates for various organisms . such detailed information would allow identification of an organism at a sub - species level , which , in turn , would allow for a more accurate diagnosis and / or treatment of a subject carrying the organism . in another embodiment , methods of the invention are used to identify genetic motifs that are indicative of an organism , strain , or condition . for example , methods of the invention are used to identify in an isolate at least one motif that confers antibiotic resistance . this allows appropriate choice of treatment without further cluster analysis . methods described herein are used in a variety of settings , e . g ., to identify an organism in a human or a non - human subject , in food , in environmental sources ( e . g ., food , water , air ), and in industrial settings . the featured methods also include methods of diagnosing a disease or disorder in a subject , e . g ., a human or a non - human subject , and treating the subject based on the diagnosis . the method includes : obtaining a sample comprising an organism from the subject ; imaging a nucleic acid from the organism ; obtaining a restriction map of said nucleic acid ; identifying the organism by correlating the restriction map of said nucleic acid with a restriction map database ; and correlating the identity of the organism with the disease or disorder . as discussed above , various organisms can be identified by the methods discussed herein and therefore various diseases and disorders can be diagnosed by the present methods . the organism can be , e . g ., a cause , a contributor , and / or a symptom of the disease or disorder . in one embodiment , more than one organism can be identified by the methods described herein , and a combination of the organisms present can lead to diagnosis . skilled practitioners would be able to correlate the identity of an organism with a disease or disorder . for example , the following is a non - exhaustive list of some diseases and bacteria known to cause them : tetanus — clostridium tetani ; tuberculosis — mycobacterium tuberculosis ; meningitis — neisseria meningitidis ; botulism — clostridium botulinum ; bacterial dysentry — shigella dysenteriae ; lyme disease — borrelia burgdorferi ; gasteroenteritis — e . coli and / or campylobacter spp . ; food poisoning — clostridium perfringens , bacillus cereus , salmonella enteriditis , and / or staphylococcus aureus . these and other diseases and disorders can be diagnosed by the methods described herein . once a disease or disorder is diagnosed , a decision about treating the subject can be made , e . g ., by a medical provider or a veterinarian . treating the subject can involve administering a drug or a combination of drugs to ameliorate the disease or disorder to which the identified organism is contributing or of which the identified organism is a cause . amelioration of the disease or disorder can include reduction in the symptoms of the disease or disorder . the drug administered to the subject can include any chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body , e . g ., an antibody and / or a small molecule , the drug can be administered in the form of a composition , e . g ., a composition comprising the drug and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier . the composition can be in a form suitable for , e . g ., intravenous , oral , topical , intramuscular , intradermal , subcutaneous , and anal administration . suitable pharmaceutical carriers include , e . g ., sterile saline , physiological buffer solutions and the like . the pharmaceutical compositions may be additionally formulated to control the release of the active ingredients or prolong their presence in the patient &# 39 ; s system . numerous suitable drug delivery systems are known for this purpose and include , e . g ., hydrogels , hydroxmethylcellulose , microcapsules , liposomes , microemulsions , microspheres , and the like . treating the subject can also include chemotherapy and radiation therapy . references and citations to other documents , such as patents , patent applications , patent publications , journals , books , papers , web contents , have been made throughout this disclosure . all such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof . the foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein . scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description , and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein . microbial identification ( id ) generally has two phases . in the first , dna from a number of organisms are mapped and compared against one another . from these comparisons , important phenotypes and taxonomy are linked with map features . in the second phase , single molecule restriction maps are compared against the database to find the best match . maps sufficient to represent a diversity of organisms , on the basis of which it will be possible to discriminate among various organisms , are generated . the greater the diversity in the organisms in the database , the more precise will be the ability to identify an unknown organism . ideally , a database contains sequence maps of known organisms at the species and sub - species level for a sufficient variety of microorganisms so as to be useful in a medical or industrial context . however , the precise number of organisms that are mapped into any given database is determined at the convenience of the user based upon the desired use to which the database is to be put . after sufficient number of microorganisms are mapped , a map similarity cluster is generated . first , trees of maps are generated . after the tree construction , various phenotypic and taxonomic data are overlaid , and regions of the maps that uniquely distinguish individual clades from the rest of the populations are identified . the goal is to find particular clades that correlate with phenotypes / taxonomies of interest , which will be driven in part through improvements to the clustering method . once the clusters and trees have been annotated , the annotation will be applied back down to the individual maps . additionally , if needed , the database will be trimmed to include only key regions of discrimination , which may increase time performance . one embodiment of testing the unknowns involves comparing each of the raw single molecule maps from the unknown sample against each of the entries in the database , and then combining match probabilities across different molecules to create an overall match probability . the discrimination among closely related organisms can be done by simply picking the most hits or the best match probability by comparing data obtained from the organism to data in the database . more precise comparisons can be done by having detailed annotations on each genome for what is a discriminating characteristic of that particular genome versus what is a common motif shared among several isolates of the same species . thus , when match scores are aggregated , the level of categorization ( rather than a single genome ) will receive a probability . therefore , extensive annotation of the genomes in terms of what is a defining characteristic and what is shared will be required . in one embodiment of the method , entire genomes will be compared to all molecules . because there will generally be much overlap of maps within a species , another embodiment can be used . in the second embodiment , several methods of extracting shared elements from the genome will be created to generate a reduced set of regions that can still serve as a reference point for the matching algorithms . the second embodiment will allow for streamlining the reference database to increase system performance . in one embodiment , the single molecule restriction maps from each of the enzymes will be compared against the database described in example 1 independently , and a probable identification will be called from each enzyme independently . then , the final match probabilities will be combined as independent experiments . this embodiment will provide some built - in redundancy and therefore accuracy for the process . in general , optical mapping can be used within a specific range of average fragment sizes , and for any given enzyme there is considerable variation in the average fragment size across different genomes . for these reasons , it typically will not be optimal to select a single enzyme for identification of clinically - relevant microbes . instead , a small set of enzymes will be chosen to optimize the probability that for every organism of interest , there will be at least one enzyme in the database suitable for mapping . a first step in the selection of enzymes was the identification of the bacteria of interest . these bacteria were classified into two groups : ( a ) the most common clinically interesting organisms and ( b ) other bacteria involved in human health . the chosen set of enzymes must have at least one enzyme that cuts each of the common clinically interesting bacteria within the range of average fragment sizes suitable for detailed comparisons of closely related genomes ( about 6 - 13 kb ). additionally , for the remaining organisms , each fragment must be within the functional range for optical mapping ( about 4 - 20 kb ). these limits were determined through mathematical modeling , directed experiments , and experience with customer orders . finally , enzymes that have already been used for optical mapping were selected . based upon the above criteria , the preliminary set consisted of the enzymes bglii , ncoi , and xbai , which have been used for optical mapping . there are 28 additional sets that cover the key organisms with known enzymes , so in the event that this set is not adequate , there alternatives will be utilized ( data not shown ). because the analysis in experiment 2 is focused on the sequenced genomes , prior to full database production , this set of enzymes will be tested against other clinically important genomes , which will be part of the first phase of the proof of principle study . a . in one embodiment of a microbial identification method , nucleic acids of between about 500 and about 1 , 000 isolates will be optically mapped . then , unique motifs will be identified across genus , species , strains , substrains , and isolates . to identify a sample , single nucleic acid molecules of the sample will be aligned against the motifs , and p - values assigned for each motif match . the p - values will be combined to find likelihood of motifs . the most specific motif will give the identification . b . the following embodiment illustrates a method of identifying e . coli down to an isolate level . restriction maps of six e . coli isolates were obtained by digesting nucleic acids of these isolates with bamhi restriction enzyme . fig1 shows restriction maps of these six e . coli isolates : 536 , o157 : h7 ( complete genome ), cft073 ( complete genome ), 1381 , k12 ( complete genome ), and 718 . as shown in fig2 , the isolates clustered into three sub - groups ( strains ): o157 ( that includes o157 : h7 and 536 ), cft ( that includes cft073 and 1381 ), and k12 ( that includes k12 and 718 ). these restriction maps provided multi - level information regarding relation of these six isolates , e . g ., showed motifs that are common to all of the three sub - groups ( see , fig3 ) and regions specific to e . coli ( see , boxed areas in fig4 ). the maps were also able to show regions unique to each strain ( see , boxed areas in fig5 ) and regions specific to each isolate ( see boxed regions in fig6 ). this and similar information can be stored in a database and used to identify bacteria of interest . for example , a restriction map of an organism to be identified can be obtained by digesting the nucleic acid of the organism with bamhi . this restriction map can be compared with the maps in the database . if the map of the organism to be identified contains motifs specific to e . coli , to one of the sub - groups , to one of the strains , and / or to a specific isolate , the identity of the organism can be obtained by correlating the specific motifs . fig6 shows a diagram to illustrate the possibilities of traversing variable lengths of a similarity tree . c . the following example illustrates identifying a sample as an e . coli bacterium . a sample ( sample 28 ) was digested with bamhi and its restriction map obtained ( see fig8 , middle restriction map ). this sample was aligned against a database that contained various e . coli isolates . the sample was found to be similar to four e . coli isolates : nc 002695 , ac 000091 , nc 000913 , and nc 002655 . the sample was therefore identified as e . coli bacterium that is most closely related to the ac 000091 isolate . rapid identification of bacteria is an important goal in clinical microbiology labs . current testing procedures most often require pure culture , which significantly lengthens the time required for identification . in contrast , single molecule maps generated by optical mapping can theoretically provide more rapid identification , even when multiple organisms are present . the example herein assessed the ability of optical mapping to identify unknown bacteria directly from clinical samples . clinical samples were provided by gundersen lutheran medical foundation . the five samples for each of five clinical sample types ( clinical colony , spiked blood bottles , spiked urine samples , clinical blood bottles , and clinical urine samples ) were prepared and the identities blinded . urine and blood culture bottle samples were processed by opgen for isolation of bacterial cells . high molecular weight dna for the samples were prepared directly from isolated bacterial cells using a modified pulse - field gel electrophoresis method as described in birren et al . ( pulsed field gel electrophoresis ; a practical guide . san diego : academic press , inc . p . 25 - 74 , 1993 ). optical chips for all dna samples were prepared according to reslewic et al . microbial identification was performed by comparing collections of single molecule maps from each dna sample to the identification database to determine the number of matches by using the algorithms described herein . dna isolated from unknown samples from each of five sample type groups ( clinical colony , spiked blood bottle , spiked urine sample , clinical blood bottle , and clinical urine sample ) was analyzed by optical mapping using the restriction enzyme ( s ) specified . collections of single molecule maps for each blinded clinical sample were analyzed using the algorithms described herein . match data were generated using a p - value maximum set to 0 . 001 . the number of single molecule maps that matched the top reported bacterial species as well as the next reported bacterial species from the id are listed in table 1 below . the final bacterial species identifications by optical mapping for each unknown sample along with the identifications made by gundersen luthern medical foundation microbiology laboratory are also represented . comparison of the columns entitled “ id by optical mapping ” and “ id by glmf ” show that optical mapping made the same identification as gundersen luthern medical foundation in all but two cases . the results column shows optical mapping called the correct bacterial species for the unknown samplein all but two cases . an * symbol represents an unknown sample where the optical mapping assembly was used instead of the microbial identification to make an identification . data herein showed that of the 23 clinical samples that contained a representative species in the identification database , 100 % identified to the same species as was identified by classical microbiology techniques at the gundersen lutheran medical foundation laboratory ( table 3 ). furthermore , uti 1 and cu 4 were correctly identified as not being in the identification database ( table 3 ). thus data herein demonstrated the ability of optical mapping to provide identification of clinically relevant bacteria directly from clinical samples . in addition , the results provided strong evidence that optical mapping could be used to significantly reduce the time necessary to identify bacteria in a clinical laboratory . an important goal of clinical microbiology laboratories is the rapid identification of bacteria from clinical samples . however , lengthy culturing steps to obtain enough of a pure culture to allow for identification will slow the time to a result . in contrast , optical mapping can potentially provide identifications directly from clinical samples that may contain more than a single organism thereby decreasing the time to a result . the example herein assessed the ability of optical mapping to identify unknown bacteria in complex mixtures . bacterial mixes were provided by gundersen lutheran medical foundation . bacterial species for the mixtures were normalized to 1 × 10 9 cfu / ml and mixed in combinations and amounts to yield eight groups with varying constituents and ratios as shown in table 2 . the eight bacterial mixtures ( 1 - 8 ) were prepared with two to four bacterial species to allow for a specific ratio of each bacterium as measured by colony forming units . the percentage of each bacterium within each group is listed in table 2 . high molecular weight dna for the samples was prepared directly from isolated bacterial cells using a modified pulse - field gel electrophoresis method as described in birren et al . optical chips for dna samples were prepared according to reslewic et al . microbial identification was performed by comparing collections of single molecule maps from each dna sample to the identification database to determine the number of matches by using the algorithms described herein . dna isolated from eight unknown bacterial mixtures ( a , b , c , d , e , f , g , and h ) was analyzed by optical mapping using the enzyme ( s ) specified ( ncoi , bglii ). collections of single molecule maps for each unknown mixture ( table 2 ) were analyzed using the algorithms described herein . the algorithms identified matches to the identification database ( table 3 ). the match data was generated using a p - value maximum set to 0 . 01 . data were from representative optical chips . the number of matches represented how many single molecule maps matched the database to a specific species . a * marked set indicates a match to a test species at a level of 8 - fold or higher above background ( i . e . max hit to untested species ). the + indicates where a correct group identification was made . data indicated that the bacterial constituents of the complex mixtures were identified correctly in 8 of 8 groups . furthermore , the percentage of contributing bacterial species was identified correctly for 6 of the 8 groups . thus data herein demonstrated the ability of optical mapping to provide identification of clinically relevant bacteria in complex mixtures . in addition , the results provided strong evidence that optical mapping could be used to significantly reduce the time necessary to identify bacteria in a clinical laboratory . several vancomycin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( vrsa ) and methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureas ( mrsa ) strains were obtained . the dna was isolated and restriction digests were performed as provided above . an optical map was constructed using the methods described above for each strain and particular markers , or fragments , characteristic of the strains were identified . fig1 - 12 show the results for several of these comparisons . in fig1 , there clearly are unique restriction patterns ( shown in pink ) that differentiate the usa - 100 mrsa and vrsa - 8 strains . these patterns allow clear differentiation of those strains from each other . referring to fig1 , the strains shown in that figure enable classification of the three vrsa strains based upon an xbal digest as vrsa - positive , but as different strains . however , the pattern is distinct from the mrsa strain shown immediately above , enabling easy distinction from the three vrsa strains . finally , fig1 shows how patterning according to the invention allows the indentification of two mrsa strains ( usa 100 and usa 300 ) as mrsa and the vrsa - 2 strain as a distinct strain . indeed this is the case , as the mrsa and vrsa strains have different antibiotic resistance profiles that are indicated by the different restriction digest patterns revealed by optical mapping . the embodiments of the disclosure may be carried out in ways other than those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure . the embodiments are , therefore , to be considered to be illustrative and not restrictive . | 8 |
while the invention is susceptible of various modifications and alternative constructions , certain illustrated embodiments thereof have been shown in the drawings and will be described below in detail . it should be understood , however , that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form disclosed , but , on the contrary , the invention is to cover all modifications , alternative constructions , and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims . some of the preferred embodiments are shown in the fig1 through 12 . fig1 shows the biomass bearing material treatment vessel 10 . it includes a reaction vessel 12 . in one preferred mode of the invention , a first trunnion assembly 14 and a second trunnion assembly 16 supports the reaction vessel 12 . the trunnion assembly includes a track 18 and a trunnion 20 . these components can be sized according to the size of a specific reaction vessel . however , in a preferred embodiment of the vessel , the trunnions are cylinders of solid steel approximately fifteen inches in diameter and approximately ten inches in length . the vessel 10 is preferably tilted at an angle , and may be configured to have an adjustable angle . for fixed angle versions , an angle from 2 to 10 degrees is preferred . more specifically , an angle of 4 to 8 degrees is desirable , and an angle of approximately 6 degrees is optimal . the reaction vessel also includes a gear ring 76 , which is driven by a motor 80 and a drive gear 78 . a preferred embodiment of the gear ring 78 is approximately ten inches wide and is made of steel approximately five inches thick . while a geared drive system is preferred , other drive systems would also work , including a chain and sprocket drive or a cradle formed by a chain and sprocket under the vessel . the reaction vessel 12 can take a number of configurations with different sizes depending upon the desired capacity and throughput of the operation . one preferred configuration of the reaction vessel is approximately fifty feet long and ten feet in diameter . it is made generally of one - half inch steel plate with one and one - fourth inch reinforced steel plate in the region of the trunnion assemblies 14 , 16 and the track 18 . the reaction vessel has a rounded ellipsoidal head at the second end 22 of the reaction vessel . at the first end 24 of the reaction vessel , the vessel tapers from approximately a ten foot diameter to approximately a six foot diameter opening on a frustoconical section approximately five feet in length . a cylindrical collar 28 with a first locking ring 30 is at the narrow end of the frustoconical section 26 . shown adjacent the first locking ring 30 in fig1 is the door 32 , which includes a second locking ring 34 . a spiraling auger vane 36 is inside the reaction vessel 12 . this is preferably made of three eights inch thick steel , welded at its base edge to the interior of the reaction vessel wall . the top edge of the auger vane 36 extends away from the reaction vessel wall towards the center of the reaction vessel 12 . although the auger vane 36 is shown in fig7 as being one continuous spiral from the first end 24 to the second end 22 , the auger vane 36 could also be constructed of multiple spirals or several disconnected sections , which together form a spiraling configuration attached to the inside wall of the reaction vessel 12 . the auger vane can be attached to the interior vessel walls by welding or by attachment to brackets mounted to the interior vessel wall , or by other conventional means of attachment . mounting by brackets would allow easier replacement of the vane sections . in one preferred embodiment of the present invention , the auger vanes extend into the interior of the reaction vessel 12 and their top edges form the outline of a bore 38 . the diameter of the bore 38 is approximately one - third of the diameter of the reaction vessel of a particular cross section of the reaction vessel . fig2 shows such a cross section of the reaction vessel with the bore 38 being approximately one - third the diameter of the vessel 10 . fig1 shows the door 32 of the vessel . the door 32 is also seen in fig3 , 7 and 8 . in the preferred mode , the door 32 is approximately six feet in diameter and , as shown in fig7 , is ellipsoidal in cross sectional shape . the door 32 includes a second locking ring 34 . the door is closed to the access opening by a clamp collar 40 . in the preferred embodiment of the invention , the clamp collar is made of a semicircular first section 42 and a semicircular second section 44 . on each of the clamp sections are two threaded bosses 46 . each of these correspond with the threaded bosses on the opposite clamp collar section . a first and second clamp collar screw 48 and 50 pass through the threaded bosses 46 on the clamp collars . when the screws 48 , 50 are turned , the first and second sections of the clamp collar 40 are drawn together . this locks the door 32 to the access opening 52 of the reaction vessel 10 . fig9 and 10 show this closing operation more closely . in one preferred embodiment of the invention , the clamp collar screws are approximately one and one - fourth inch in diameter and approximately twenty - five inches in length . the preferred embodiment of the invention includes a davit assembly 54 , as shown in fig1 . the davit assembly 54 includes a davit upright 56 and a door support arm 58 with a first end 60 and a second end 62 . a counterweight 64 is attached to the first end 60 of the door support arm 58 . the door 32 is attached to the second end 62 of the door support arm 58 . the configuration of the components of the davit assembly 54 would vary in size depending on the size of the insulation and the size of the door 32 they were associated with . one particular configuration that has proven successful is one with the davit upright being made of approximately six inch diameter tube with the door support arm 58 being made of approximately four inch diameter steel tube . the counterweight in this configuration will vary to match the weight of the associated door 32 , but in one preferred embodiment , the counterweight 64 is made of steel and weighs approximately 250 pounds . the door support arm 58 attaches to the davit upright 56 by means of a t - connection 66 . the t - connection 66 is rotatable about the davit upright 56 and includes a bearing ( not shown ) for rotation . the bearing can be a sleeve in which the davit assembly rotates . the davit assembly can be mounted with the base in any configuration . the davit can remain attached to the door during the entire process . in one preferred embodiment of the invention , the first and second clamp collar screws 48 and 50 are turned by one or more motors that are located in a motor housing 68 , as shown in fig8 . a motor of approximately three horsepower operating through a gearbox is sufficient for this task . fig3 shows a front view of the davit assembly 54 attached to the door 32 . in this view , the first section clamp collar 42 and the second section clamp collar 44 are in the open position , so that the door 32 may swing away from the access opening 52 . fig4 shows a top view of the davit assembly 54 . in the position shown in solid lines , the davit assembly 54 and the attached door 32 are in a closed position . the door is positioned adjacent the first locking ring 30 , which surrounds the access opening on the cylindrical collar 28 . cylindrical collar 28 is attached to the frustoconical section 26 . a preferred embodiment of the invention can include raised projections that extend from the edges of the auger vanes 36 , as shown in fig2 , and 12 . these can extend vertically or horizontally from the top edge of the auger vanes . a preferred embodiment is with projections extending in both directions perpendicular from the auger vanes 36 . such projections can be triangular , trapezoidal or other shapes to form a jagged cutting edge . if trapezoidal or triangular , they can extend approximately one inch from the auger vane 36 to which they are attached , with a base edge of approximately one inch . if trapezoidal , the edge parallel to the base edge can be three - quarter of an inch in width . the projections are preferably approximately one - quarter inch thick steel welded to the edge of the auger vanes . fig5 shows trapezoidal projections attached to the auger vane edge . fig5 shows a perspective view of a section of auger vane 36 of the present invention . attached to this section of auger vane 36 are a number of raised projections 70 that are joined together as a unit and mounted to top edge 72 of the auger vane . the base edge 74 of the auger vane is welded to the interior wall of the reaction vessel 12 . a number of these projections are attached to the top edge of the auger vane and can be parallel with the auger vane or , as shown in fig5 , can be perpendicular to the auger vane and pointing in both directions . as the auger vane turns , biomass bearing material is pushed against the auger vane and projection 70 and tumbled from one section of the reaction vessel 12 to another . this allows the raised projections 70 help shred and pulverize the biomass bearing material . this is especially true after the biomass bearing material has been subjected to heat and steam , and the cellulosic fibrous materials are soft and shredable . the projections can take another form , as shown in fig2 and 12 . another preferred configuration of the auger vanes 36 is to have shorter vanes to which are attached paddles 122 . the paddles 122 are joined to the auger vanes 36 by posts 124 . the size of the paddles 122 and the posts 124 could take many configurations depending on the size of the vessel being built . in the case of a reaction vessel , which is approximately 50 feet long , the vanes and paddles , could be constructed using paddles which are approximately 18 inches wide and 60 inches long , attached by posts 124 which are approximately 24 inches long . the paddles can also form a widened region of the auger vanes 36 . if placed on the posts 124 , the paddles 122 would be spaced apart from the top edge 72 of the auger . the top edge of the paddle 122 would form the periphery of the bore inside the vessel as shown in fig2 . fig6 is a view of the second end 22 of the reaction vessel 12 . in one preferred embodiment of the present invention , a gear ring 76 interacts with a drive gear 78 and a motor 80 to rotate the entire reaction vessel 12 . also seen on the second end 22 is a rounded ellipsoid head . steam is injected into the vessel through a circular steam sparger manifold 82 . steam is injected into the sparger manifold 82 by means of a rotary joint 84 and a steam connector line 86 . from the sparger manifold 82 , a number of sparger lines 88 extend into the interior of the reaction vessel 12 . in this configuration , these sparger lines are straight and attached to the interior wall of the reaction vessel 12 . these lines are also shown in fig7 . while they are shown in fig7 as protruding through the opposite end of the reaction vessel 12 and being terminated there , the ends of the sparging lines 88 could also be linked to each other so that if an obstruction blocked one sparging line , the line could be pressurized beyond the obstruction from the other end . a desirable feature is a steam outlet on the access door of the vessel , and valving which allows use of the rotary joint for evacuation of steam from the vessel . fig7 is an elevational view of the biomass bearing material treatment vessel 10 . shown is the reaction vessel 12 with a first trunion assembly 14 and a second trunion assembly 16 . the reaction vessel 10 is held at an angle from 2 - 10 degrees , depending on the selections of the operator . the first end 24 of the reaction vessel includes a frustoconical section 26 , a cylindrical collar 28 , and a first locking ring 30 . auger vanes 36 are shown attached to the inner wall of the reaction vessel and form a spiral the length of the reaction vessel 12 . the height of the auger vane decreases towards the first end 24 . at the second end 22 of the reaction vessel , a circular steam sparger manifold 82 is seen . this connects to a steam connector line 86 and a rotary joint 84 . a number of sparger lines 88 , which extend into the reaction vessel 12 , extend from the steam sparger manifold 82 . orifices ( not shown ) in the sparger lines 88 allow steam to exit the sparger lines into the reaction vessel 12 . the first trunion assembly 14 includes trunions 20 and tracks 18 , which circumvolve the reaction vessel 12 . the reaction vessel 12 is turned by a motor 80 , which drives a drive gear 78 that interacts with a gear ring 76 attached to the reaction vessel 12 , causing the reaction vessel 12 to rotate on the trunion assembly . it is to be understood that although two trunion assemblies 14 , 16 are shown , a pair of trunions at each trunion assembly supports the reaction vessel 12 . thus , each tract is supported by two trunions , and in this embodiment , the reaction vessel is supported by four trunions . fig8 shows an end view of the first end 24 of the reaction vessel 12 . shown is the gear ring 76 , which circumvolves the reaction vessel 12 . the door 32 is shown in its position covering the access opening . the first section 42 of the clamp collar is shown , as well as the second section 44 of the clamp collar . the first clamp collar screw 48 and the second clamp collar screw 50 are shown . the clamp collar 40 is shown in an open position in solid lines and in a closed position in dashed lines . as shown , the clamp collar screws 48 and 50 extend from a motor housing 68 in which preferably two separate motors turn the clamp collar screws and cause the sections of the clamp collar to come together or move apart . trunnion 20 is shown supporting the reaction vessel 12 . also shown is drive gear 78 , which is driven by a motor 80 . fig9 is a cross sectional side view of the door locking action of the reaction vessel . shown is a portion of frustoconical section 26 and cylindrical collar 28 of the reaction vessel . the first clamp collar section 42 is shown . also shown is the first locking ring 30 and the second locking ring 34 , which is attached to the door 32 . as shown in fig9 , the door 32 is adjacent to but not sealed against the first locking ring 30 . the first section clamp collar 42 is adjacent to but not engaged with the first and second locking rings 30 and 34 . the second section clamp collar 44 would be similarly positioned . as the first section 42 of the clamp collar moves down and around the first and second locking rings 30 and 34 , it moves into the configuration shown in fig1 . in fig1 , the first section clamp collar 42 has moved into engagement with the first locking ring 30 and the second locking ring 34 . the first locking ring 30 includes a bevel surface 94 and the second locking ring 34 includes a bevel surface 96 to assist in positioning the door . in the position shown in fig1 , the clamp collar has forced the two locking rings together and holds them together in a sealed configuration . a gasket 90 is present in a recess 92 in the second locking ring 34 . the bevel surfaces 94 , 96 interact with corresponding beveled surfaces 98 , 100 in the interior channel 102 of the first clamp collar 42 . although only one clamp collar is shown , it is to be understood that the preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes two semicircular clamp collars which bring the door into sealed engagement with the access opening as shown in fig9 and 10 . fig1 shows a view of the effluent system . the effluent system in the processing vessel of the invention includes a steam eductor 110 and a barometric condenser 112 . the barometric condenser 112 can take various forms and would of course be sized according to the particular design of the reaction vessel 12 . one version of the barometric condenser 112 can include a condensation tank , which is approximately three feet in diameter and six feet tall , and is oriented vertically . a connection between the tank and the reaction vessel is made so that steam from the reaction vessel can be allowed to enter the tank at a point about two thirds from the bottom of the tank . as the steam 118 from the reaction vessel enters the tank , it is condensed . this can be done in several ways . a very effective method is to spray water 116 from the top of the tank onto the steam 118 . this not only condenses the gaseous steam into a condensate liquid 120 , but in doing so , also creates a vacuum , which pulls more steam from the reaction vessel . one effect of this is that the volume of effluents from the barometric condenser 112 is increased , and the concentration of contaminants from the steam is decreased . there is also a drain valve 114 for removing the condensate 120 . other methods of condensing water from the steam are also possible , such as having the steam hit tubes filled with a cool liquid , which would require a refrigeration unit to keep the liquid in the tubes cool . cold air can also be injected into the condensation tank , which would result in less volume of eventual effluent , but with a higher concentration . the steam eductor is the device that extracts the atmosphere from the reaction vessel and directs it into the barometric condenser . the steam eductor can take a number of forms including an air pump , venturi tube or any other commonly used device that moves air . the steam eductor would be utilized to remove as much steam from the reaction vessel as possible before it is opened . the removal of this atmosphere can continue until there is a negative pressure in the reaction vessel . even with a thorough evacuation and flushing of the atmosphere from the reaction vessel , when the door to the reaction vessel is opened and the feedstock material is moved by the augers to the opening , the act of stirring , tumbling , and moving the feedstock material by the reaction vessels and the augers , the feedstock material will release significant quantities of steam . to capture this steam , a hood , which is placed over the door to the reaction vessel so that effluents from the feedstock material can be enclosed in the hood and drawn off to the barometric condenser , is useful . after processing , the biomass bearing material in the reaction vessel is referred to as feedstock , to reflect the change in the physical and chemical makeup of the material . typically , the feedstock and non - cellulosic material from the reaction vessel are directed to a trommel screen for sorting of the material . while the recently heated feedstock is on the trommel screen and being moved , steam will continue to be released . a hood over the trommel screen is effective at this point to contain steam and gaseous effluents , and to allow them to be channeled to the barometric condenser . while there is shown and described the present preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be distinctly understood that this invention is not limited thereto but may be variously embodied to practice within the scope of the following claims . from the foregoing description , it will be apparent that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims . | 1 |
a casting system is set forth that permits additional controls over the solidification of molten metal or metal alloy during solidification to stabilize the formation of an equiaxed microstructure during solidification . the system also provides for mixing of solute rich metal in the unsolidified molten portion of the casting as solidification progresses , allowing the composition gradient and the temperature gradient both to be controlled to allow for more uniform solidification . as used herein , metal or molten metal means metal or alloy , or molten metal or alloy , unless otherwise specifically specified . referring now to fig1 , a casting unit 10 includes a furnace 20 . the furnace includes a working zone , working zone including a first heating element 25 . furnace 20 is surrounded by insulation 26 to minimize the transfer of heat from inside furnace 20 through furnace walls 28 to the ambient surroundings . a refractory divider 30 separates first heating element from low output induction coils 24 , the refractory divider 30 forming an arbitrary boundary for what is referred to interchangeably as the working zone or a first zone 22 , the region within a boundary of refractory divider 30 being defined herein as the working zone or the first zone 22 . working zone is sufficiently large to accommodate a precision mold such as made by the investment molding process . as used herein , such a mold is referred to as an investment casting mold , although any other mold may be inserted into working zone . investment casting mold 32 is formed of a ceramic shell 34 forming a mold cavity 35 , which optionally may be lined with a nucleating agent . whether or not ceramic shell 34 is lined with a nucleating agent is dependent on the metal alloy that will be used to form the casting . attached to top 36 of first zone 22 is a second working zone or melting zone 38 . melting zone may be permanently attached to top 36 of furnace or removably attached to furnace 20 . preferably , melting zone 38 is removably attached for convenience to facilitate repairs to both melting zone as well as to first zone 22 and enable access to first zone 22 . in an alternate embodiment , melting zone 38 may comprise a substantially permanently attached structure and a liner of melting zone 38 may be removable and replaceable . in one embodiment , the melting zone 38 is defined by a pouring cup , however , the specific configuration of melting zone 38 and its attachment to furnace top 36 is not an important aspect of the present invention . melting zone 38 is surrounded by a second heating element 40 . melting zone 38 and furnace top 36 also each include an aperture 42 , 44 that provides fluid communication between melting zone 38 and investment casting mold 32 so that molten metal may flow from melting zone 38 , through melting zone aperture 42 and furnace aperture 44 into mold cavity 35 . melting zone aperture 42 and furnace aperture 44 are depicted in a preferred embodiment of fig1 as coaxial . however , while apertures 42 and 44 must provide fluid communication between melting zone 38 and mold 32 , their configuration is not limited to the configurations set forth in fig1 - 4 . a stopper 46 is used to regulate the flow of molten metal between melting zone 38 and mold cavity 35 . stopper 46 may be removably inserted into melting zone aperture 42 and / or furnace top aperture 44 for such flow regulation . a system may be provided with means to maintain an atmosphere within working zone . the atmosphere may be a protective atmosphere within working zone of furnace 20 , such as an atmosphere of nonreactive gas or an inert gas such as ar , he and the like , or to provide a vacuum 48 within working zone . a vacuum system 48 is preferred to permit degassing of working zone as the molten metal is poured into investment casting mold 32 , minimizing the formation of defects due to porosity . however , the inclusion of a system that provides a protective atmosphere or a vacuum is optional . in addition , if desired , all of furnace 20 , including furnace top 36 , second melting zone 38 and second heating element 40 , may be placed within the selected atmosphere . an ultrasonic source 50 is in contact with the bottom 52 of furnace 20 on an exterior side of furnace 20 , while investment casting mold 32 rests on the opposite or interior side of furnace 20 . ultrasonic source 50 is a transducer that converts an electrical signal into a mechanical signal . in order for the ultrasonic source to properly convert an electrical signal into a mechanical signal or ultrasonic wave , the transducer , comprised of a piezoelectric material , must be maintained below its curie temperature . the transducer , therefore , either must be cooled or separated from furnace 20 by a sufficient distance so as to remain cool . also , in order to transmit the mechanical signal across interface boundaries with minimal loss , which boundaries occur at least at the transducer / furnace interface and the furnace / mold interface , a liquid couplant desirably is used , as the ultrasonic wave is transferred effectively through liquid and many solids , but not so effectively , if at all , across air or gas . solutions to these problems are not part of the present invention , although solutions are available and known to those skilled in the art . for example , ultrasonic source 50 may be spaced from furnace bottom 52 with a steel or nickel superalloy bar or other high melting metal bar so that ultrasonic source 50 remains below its curie temperature . the ultrasonic source 50 may be coupled to the bar with a standard couplant , and the bar will effectively transmit the ultrasonic wave . if necessary , the metal bar may be cooled by any suitable means . in another embodiment , a water jacket using a copper chill may be used between ultrasonic source 50 and furnace bottom 52 to maintain the ultrasonic source 50 below its curie temperature , while maintaining a second couplant between the water jacket and the furnace bottom at a temperature sufficient to maintain the interface between the ultrasonic source and the furnace bottom to transmit the ultrasonic pulse , the first couplant coupling the ultrasonic source 50 to the water jacket . the temperature of the couplant is maintained sufficiently low to prevent vaporization or oxidation of the couplant so that it remains in its liquid state . within working zone , a third couplant between the furnace bottom and the investment casting mold can be provided by use of a thin layer of metal or alloy that has a melting temperature below that of the metal or alloy being cast and a vaporization temperature above the melting point of the metal or alloy being cast . for example , copper , tin or lead may be an effective couplant between the furnace bottom and the mold bottom for cast nickel - based superalloys . as previously noted , the metal or alloy selected as a couplant is chosen so that the melting temperature of the cast metal or alloy falls between the melting point of the metallic couplant and the vaporization temperature of the metallic couplant . in addition , the metal or alloy selected as a couplant should not react with investment casting mold or the furnace bottom . some reactivity may be acceptable as the investment casting mold is expendable and the furnace bottom may be replaceable . in yet another embodiment , the furnace may be bottomless and the investment casting mold may be inserted into the mold using a movable table or platform . the investment casting mold includes a spiral grain selector and a starter block . the investment casting mold rests on a water cooled chill which is in contact with ultrasonic source 50 . high temperature couplants are provided as previously discussed . in this embodiment , heat is withdrawn from the bottom of the mold by water cooled chill . in normal solidification parlance , the use of a water cooled chill , which withdraws heat from the metal through the bottom of the mold would produce directionally solidified ( ds ) grains . the use of a spiral grain selector would normally produce a single crystal ( sx ) grain . however , it is believed that the ultrasonic pulse will break up the advancing solidification front so that neither standard ds grains or sx grain will form . without wishing to be bound by theory , since heat is being withdrawn preferentially from the bottom of the investment casting mold , it is believed that the cast product will be a multigrained structure having a grain structure extending in a direction away from the direction of heat removal . refractory divider 30 separating low output induction coils 24 from first heating element 25 and defines working zone of furnace 20 . refractory divider 30 may be made of any material that is resistant to thermal shock and is structurally stable over a wide temperature range . refractory divider 30 may be comprised of any refractory material such as , for example alumina , zironia , silicon carbide , composites of these materials or other materials and combinations thereof and the like . melting zone 38 provides molten metal for investment casting mold . melting zone 38 may receive a charge of metal in its solid state or it may receive molten metal from a separate furnace , pouring ladle or other pouring device . when a solid charge of metal is provided , second heating element 40 may be used to melt it . when molten metal is provided to melting zone 38 , second heating element 40 may be used to maintain the temperature if further refinement of the metal is required or to maintain the temperature of the molten metal at a temperature within the pouring temperature range of the metal or alloy . in addition to having the properties of the refractory divider , which includes resistance to thermal shock and structural stability over a wide temperature range , melting zone 38 should be non - reactive with the molten metal with which it will contact . ideally , melting zone 38 should be erosion resistant . some examples of refractory materials suitable for melting zone applications include mullite , alumina , cordierite and aluminum silicate as is known in the art . stopper 46 may be any high temperature material that will not react with the molten metal or alloy . for example , stoppers may be a high temperature ceramic rod or tube movable from a first position in which the communication between melting zone 38 and mold cavity 35 is available to accept the flow of molten metal , to a second position in which communication between melting zone 38 and mold cavity 35 is closed to prevent the flow of molten metal from melting zone 38 into mold cavity 35 . although shown as a rod , stoppers may be discs , such as ceramic or cmc discs that engage or block openings 42 , 44 . once inserted into apertures 42 , 44 , stopper also provides a seal so that a vacuum may be pulled by vacuum system 48 or so that , when included , the optional inert or reducing atmosphere may be maintained within working zone . when the metal or alloy being cast is a low temperature material , such as copper and its alloys , stoppers may be comprised of a higher melting point alloy such as steel . casting unit 10 includes low output induction coils 24 and second heating element 40 . second heating element 40 desirably is a high output induction coil . the purpose of the second heating element 40 , as previously noted , is to melt a metal charge provided in a solid state and / or to maintain the molten metal at a temperature above its melting temperature and at or above its pouring temperature . this also permits additional refinement of the molten metal in melting zone 38 , if desired . the second heating element 40 may also be used preheat melting zone 38 so that the temperature drop of molten metal , as it is poured from a secondary melt source into melting zone 38 is minimized . if molten metal is not transferred from melting zone 38 into investment casting mold 32 immediately , second heating element 40 may be utilized to maintain the temperature of the molten metal above its melting point and at or near its pouring temperature until pouring is to be accomplished . it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that melting zone 38 and second heating element 40 are optional items in the present invention . for air melt superalloy castings , equiaxed grains may be achieved without the use of melting zone 38 and second heating element 40 , since molten metal may be poured into investment casting mold 32 and equiaxed grains may be achieved within first zone 22 as set forth . alternatively , investment casting molds may be poured and filled outside of casting unit 10 and then transferred while still molten into first zone 22 . low output induction coils 24 are positioned adjacent to working zone . their primary purpose is to contribute to convection of molten metal within mold 32 . if desired , low output induction coils 24 may be divided into zones along the vertical height of furnace , and each zone can be individually controlled to adjust convection currents along the working zone of furnace 20 . first heating element 25 may be a separate heating element from second heating element 40 , or first and second heating elements 25 , 40 may be different portions of the same heating element , although each portion is controlled by separate controls . first heating element 25 provides some temperature control of the molten metal within investment casting mold 32 . referring again to fig1 , mold cavity optionally is provided with thermally stable dispersion agents , which may include surface treated oxides for oxide dispersion strengthening ( ods ). these dispersion agents may be added to disperse second phase particles and uniformly disperse nucleating grains . fine particle inoculants may also be provided in addition to or instead of the dispersion agents . optional nucleating agents 54 may be formed on shell 34 as it is formed or thereafter applied . whether nucleating agents 54 are utilized depends upon the alloy being cast . for example , ferrosilicone may be added as a nucleating agent for cast irons to promote finer grain structures . other nucleating agents 54 may be included for different alloys . when ductile iron is cast , silicon is used to promote formation of a second phase , while it is used to promote graphitization in cast irons . boron and zirconium may be added to promote nucleation of equiaxed grains in nickel - based superalloys . referring now to fig2 , molten metal has flowed from melting zone 38 to charge investment casting mold 32 with molten metal . stopper 46 which was inserted in fig1 is also inserted in fig2 to seal working zone so that optional vacuum system can effectively evacuate any air in working zone , as well as any gases that devolve from the solidifying metal . of course , access to the working zone of furnace 20 must be provided to enable insertion and removal of investment casting mold 32 into working zone of furnace 20 . by charging superalloy metal into melting zone 38 , the melting can be performed on a continuous basis and additional investment casting molds 32 can be placed under melting zone aperture . when casting is complete , a residual mold can be placed under melting zone aperture to capture the remaining molten metal . in fig2 , the metal in mold 32 is in the molten state , and the thin sheets 56 of nickel , depicted as such in fig1 , have been melted by the molten metal . the sheets of nickel must be chemically compatible with the alloy being cast . sheets 56 of different metal composition will be provided as the cast alloy composition is varied , the provided metal composition being compatible with the alloy being cast . thus , in the embodiment depicted in fig1 and 2 , the cast alloy is a nickel - based alloy , and the sheets in fig1 are nickel sheets . it is understood by those skilled in the art that when a different alloy is cast , metallic sheets compatible with that alloy are provided . the thermally stable dispersion agents that were positioned at the bottom of mold 32 and the nucleating agent lining shell 34 , as shown in fig1 , are now distributed throughout the molten metal after the sheets are melted . solidification of the molten metal can be controlled by application of heat with first heating element 25 . depending upon the capacity of this heating element and the solidification temperature of the alloy being melted , application of heat with first heating element 25 can retard or even reverse solidification , if desired , and contribute to convection in convection currents in the molten metal , the convection currents circulating both dispersion agents and nucleating agents . this can be particularly effective when first heating element 25 is zoned so that heat can be applied to selected portions of working zone in a controlled fashion . ultimately , the molten metal must be solidified , which is accomplished by transferring heat from the molten metal through the shell to working zone . as the metal invariably cools on solidification , nucleation occurs on shell 34 and dendrites grow into the molten metal in the interior of mold 32 . the convection currents in the metal may be insufficient to break up these advancing dendrites , which can adversely affect grain structure . to prevent the advancement of such dendrites , which will preferentially nucleate on the shell , the present invention applies an ultrasonic pulse from ultrasonic source 50 to the molten metal . as previously discussed , ultrasonic source 50 is positioned outside of furnace 20 and positioned so that it remains cool while solidification occurs , either by use of a chill or by distance . the ultrasonic pulse may be of any frequency and of any waveform , unlike carefully controlled ultrasonic beams used for testing and defect evaluation . the direction of application of the ultrasonic pulse to investment casting mold 32 should not be a factor . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the ultrasonic source is positioned so that a longitudinal pulse would be delivered in a direction substantially transverse dendrites growing from the sidewalls of shell 34 . but , it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the ultrasonic source can be modified to deliver a transverse pulse into mold 32 at various angles , particularly between 45 ° and 60 ° directed to dendrites growing from the sidewalls of shell 34 . of course , more than one ultrasonic source may be used to deliver pulses from more than one direction , or an array of transducers can deliver pulses in a programmed pattern . however , the ultrasonic pulse must be of sufficient amplitude to break the dendrites , that is , to separate the dendrites from the shell , before the dendrites advance into the molten metal or to break the dendrites . an additional advantage of the ultrasonic pulse is that also it will provide a mixing of the molten metal ; thus as the dendrites are separated from shell 34 , they will be mixed with the molten metal , and serve as nuclei for growing grains in the solidifying metal . although the preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes separate low output induction coils 24 to generate a conduction current , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that ultrasonic source 50 may provide an ultrasonic pulse of the same frequency as the low output induction coils , so that ultrasonic source 50 may function as both the sole source of the convection currents as well as an energy source of sufficient amplitude to fracture dendrites as discussed above , and that the means for generating a convection current includes either ultrasonic source 50 , low output induction coils 24 or both . first heating element 25 also may contribute to the convection currents , although to a much lesser extent . the ultrasonic pulse may be applied at any frequency as long at the amplitude is sufficient to separate dendrites from the mold wall and / or break dendrites . a frequency range from 15 khz to 25 mhz may be utilized , although pulses in the range of about 19 khz to 400 khz are preferred , with a particular preference at about 60 khz being most preferred . the important factor in generating ultrasonic pulses is the sufficiency of the amplitude generated . the amplitude of oscillation of the pulse determines the intensity of acceleration , which is the most important factor in controlling cavitation . higher amplitudes create more effective cavitation . unilateral direction of movement also assists with effective cavitation . the amplitudes preferred are between about 20 micrometers to about 110 micrometers , with 65 micrometers being the most preferred . power output / surface area yields intensity , which is a function of amplitude , pressure , mold volume , temperature , molten metal viscosity and other factors . total power output is a product of intensity and surface area . total energy is a product of power output and time of exposure . thus it can be seen that the energy value will vary depending on all of the parameters . however , preferred power densities fall within the range of 30 - 400 watts / ml of mold volume . ultrasonic source 50 may be run continuously or may be cycled on and off for short intervals of time , essentially creating a second frequency . it is preferred that ultrasonic source 50 be run continuously . of course , the ultrasonic pulse will generate heat in the metal in investment casting mold 32 , but the heat generated by the ultrasonic pulse is small as compared to the temperature of the molten metal or the heat that can be added by first heating element 25 . the ultrasonic pulse may be arranged to operate , through a controller in conjunction with one or more thermocouples that determine the temperature of the molten metal in investment casting mold 32 . as the solidification of metal of a known composition occurs over a temperature or range of temperatures and is exothermic , the ultrasonic pulse can be controlled to operate over this temperature or range of temperatures including a preselected tolerance band around the temperature or range of temperatures . since molten metal can be mixed , both the incident ultrasonic pulse from ultrasonic source 50 , low output induction coils 24 and first heating element 25 contribute to convection currents , while preventing formation of and advancement of dendrites . this mixing of the molten metal and the application of heat provide other advantages . it uniformly distributes nuclei that will form grains as they develop . it provides mixing of the elements comprising the alloy as the alloy solidifies , so that the molten metal remaining as the grains grow has a more uniform composition . mixing also provides a more uniform distribution of temperature as the alloy is mixed . as previously discussed , formation and growth of equiaxed grains is more favorable when the temperature of the remaining molten metal is neither supercooled nor cooled slowly , hence generating uniform - sized equiaxed grains . here , because the mixing provides a more uniform distribution of temperature , there is not a temperature gradient that will favor growth of columnar grains . finally , any precipitates that first form in the molten metal will be uniformly be distributed as a result of the mixing , and any precipitates that form in the solidified metal matrix will also be more uniformly distributed because the solidified metal will have a more uniform composition . if it is necessary , because of the specific usage of the casting , to homogenize the casting to eliminate compositional differences as a result of segregation , a casting formed by the apparatus and methods of the present invention will require less homogenization time at elevated temperatures because the mixing of the alloy during the solidification process provides a better distribution of elements . thus , there is a cost savings in energy usage as the homogenization time at elevated temperatures can be reduced . fig3 and 4 are similar to fig1 and 2 , but show a casting unit in which the shell includes nucleating agents , but no metal sheets 56 having thermally stable dispersion agents are included . as shown in fig3 and 4 , these nucleating agents are shown lining the shell . the agents may be added to the shell as the shell is fabricated . but , the nucleating agents are not required to be fabricated with the shell . the nucleating agents may be added to investment casting mold 32 prior to pouring , as the combination of mixing and convection resulting from the ultrasonic pulse introduced by ultrasonic source 50 , convection resulting from convection currents set up low output induction coils 24 and turbulence caused by the initial pouring of the molten metal into mold 32 should provide sufficient mixing to distribute the nucleating agents through the molten metal . the nucleating agents may also be introduced into second working zone or melting zone 38 of furnace 20 with solid metal prior to melting , simultaneous with the introduction of molten metal or into molten metal prior to transfer into second working zone 38 when a second source of molten metal is used to introduce the molten metal in furnace 20 . the ultrasonic pulse , the convection currents set up by low output induction coils 24 and turbulence resulting from pouring should act in the same way to distribute the nucleating agents through the molten metal , even though the timing of the introduction of the nucleating agents into the molten metal is slightly different . otherwise , the pouring and control of solidification to produce an equiaxed grain structure in the embodiment shown in fig3 and 4 is substantially the same as previously described for fig1 and 2 . the use of ultrasonic source 50 to introduce an ultrasonic pulse into molten metal assists in providing a casting having finer equiaxed grain sizes . the low output induction coils distribute nucleating grains and separated dendrites throughout the molten metal . the use of a heat source , depicted in the figures as first heating element 25 , to control the temperature distribution while avoiding superheating also contributes to the formation of the equiaxed microstructure . of course other benefits are reduced compositional differences , that is , reduced microsegregation , in the resulting casting . other advantages include a reduction in defects . since the solidification rate can be controlled by use of first heating element 25 , and the molten metal can be agitated by the ultrasonic pulse , gas that would otherwise be produced by the solidifying metal and trapped therein can be removed by the optional vacuum system when employed . the effect of other casting defects such as shrinkage can be reduced , as defects such as shrinkage can be more evenly distributed volumetric imperfections of smaller size . when present the location of such defects can be manipulated . of course , the refined grain size produced by the apparatus and process set forth herein will produce a casting having higher strength which will result in a part having longer life . this , in turn , will lower life cycle costs in systems utilizing these parts . the parts previously described would be used in turbine applications , although different parts made by this process may certainly find use in other applications . in turbine applications , parts having a longer life can provide longer mean times between shut - downs for repair or replacement arising from such parts . while the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention , but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims . | 1 |
the preparation of this novel resin may start with aqueous formaldehyde solution of 35 - 55 % or urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate containing formaldehyde in the range of 50 - 57 % w / w and urea 20 - 25 % w / w . in particular , the process for preparing such a urea - formaldehyde resin comprises the following steps : a mixture of water and urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate or formaldehyde solution is stirred at a temperature of 25 - 30 ° c . and the ph value is adjusted to 5 . 2 - 6 . 5 . urea is then added in sufficient amount to obtain an f / u molar ratio of 2 . 3 - 3 . 5 : 1 . 0 and the mixture is heated up to a temperature of 50 - 85 ° c . herein , the ph is adjusted to 2 . 0 - 5 . 7 and polymerisation is allowed to proceed in two or three steps adding gradually a sufficient amount of urea to bring the f / u mole ratio to 1 . 95 - 1 . 4 . when the desired viscosity or water tolerance is reached , the condensation is terminated by increasing the ph to the slight alkaline range , and then a second amount of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate may be added . in this case , the mixture is maintained for a certain time at 50 - 85 ° c . and then a final amount of urea is added to attain the desired final f / u mole ratio . the methylolation is allowed to proceed and vacuum distillation may be applied to obtain the desired level of resin solids . the mixture is cooled down to 25 - 35 ° c . and the ph is adjusted to above 8 . 0 if necessary . at this stage the synthesis is complete . in this novel process , the acidification of the resin reaction mixture can be effected by the use of a mineral or organic acid or combination of them , such as sulphuric , hydrochloric , phosphoric , p - toluene - sulphonic , phthalic and formic acid . for the neutralization of the resin solution any suitable inorganic or organic base or combination of them may be used such as sodium hydroxide , potassium hydroxide , calcium hydroxide , triethanolamine or thiethylamine . the production parameters of this novel urea formaldehyde resin favour generation of substantially more methylene groups than ether groups , while using size exclusion chromatography sec ( gpc ) it was found that the molecular weight distribution of this novel resin contains mostly low and high molecular weight molecules unlike the conventional resins that have mostly molecules of the low and medium range . these structural modifications ensure the formation of a well cross - linked network during the curing of the resin and the fabrication of low formaldehyde emitting boards . the respective gpc chromatographs are presented in fig1 . this invention will be further illustrated by reference to the following examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated , temperatures are degrees celsius and molar ratios are the ratio of formaldehyde mole to urea mole unless expressly indicated otherwise . 1640 parts of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate is mixed with 380 parts of water . the mixture is stirred and the ph is adjusted to 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 using phosphoric acid . then 315 parts of urea are added and the mixture is further heated up to 85 ° c . the reaction mass is then acidified with phosphoric acid as to obtain a ph of 2 . 0 . the reaction is allowed to proceed until a viscosity of 700 - 800 mpa · s is reached . herein , 266 parts of urea are added . the polymerization goes on until a viscosity of 800 - 1000 mpa · s is obtained and it is then terminated , by shifting the ph to the alkaline using caustic soda . other 856 parts of urea are added as to reach the desired final f : u mole ratio . the resin is then cooled to 30 ° c . and the ph is adjusted to above 8 . 0 , if necessary . according to this procedure , 3 . 5 kg of uf resin have been produced with the following specifications : formaldehyde to urea ( f / u ) mole ratio : 1 . 03 : 1 . 0 ph : 8 . 1 resin solids : 66 . 2 % viscosity : 340 mpa · s gel time : 56 s water tolerance : 3 . 5 : 1 . 0 buffer capacity : 5 . 3 1378 parts of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate is mixed with 447 parts of water . the mixture is stirred and the ph is adjusted to 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 with phosphoric acid . then 265 parts of urea are added and the mixture is further heated up to 85 ° c . the reaction mass is then acidified with phosphoric acid as to obtain a ph of 2 . 0 . the reaction is allowed to proceed until a viscosity of 700 - 800 mpa · s is reached . herein , other 224 parts of urea are added . the polymerization goes on until a viscosity of 800 - 1000 mpa · s . the ph is shifted to slight alkaline using caustic and 590 parts of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate are added . the mixture is maintained at the reached temperature for 5 minutes . thereinafter , other 1237 parts of urea are added as to reach the desired final f : u mole ratio . the resin is then cooled to 30 ° c . at this stage the synthesis is complete and ph is adjusted to above 8 . 0 , if necessary . according to this procedure , 4 . 2 kg of uf resin have been produced with the following specifications : formaldehyde to urea ( f / u ) mole ratio : 1 . 03 : 1 . 0 ph : 8 . 3 resin solids : 66 . 3 % viscosity : 320 mpa · s gel time : 55 s water tolerance : 6 . 7 : 1 . 0 buffer capacity : 4 . 9 the reactor is charged with 4029 parts of aqueous formaldehyde solution 37 %. the solution is stirred and the ph is adjusted to 6 . 0 with addition of caustic soda . to this , 1105 parts of urea are added and the mixture is heated up to 85 ° c . then phosphoric acid is added to bring ph to 2 . 0 . the polymerization reaction starts and it is allowed to proceed until cloud point with water at 25 - 35 ° c . is observed . then , other 465 parts of urea are added . the polymerization goes on until cloud point with water at 45 - 55 ° c . is observed . then the ph is raised to alkaline using caustic soda and 1196 parts of urea are added . thereinafter , vacuum 80 % is applied to remove 1372 parts distillate as to obtain the desired solids . the resin is then cooled to 30 ° c . the ph is adjusted to above 8 . 0 if necessary . according to this procedure , 5 . 5 kg of uf resin have been produced with the following specifications : formaldehyde to urea ( f / u ) mole ratio : 1 . 07 : 1 . 0 ph : 8 . 2 resin solids : 64 . 9 % viscosity : 330 mpa · s gel time : 52 s water tolerance : 4 . 0 : 1 . 0 buffer capacity : 5 . 0 formaldehyde in distillate : 0 . 8 % 1496 parts of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate is mixed with 715 parts of water . the mixture is stirred and the ph is adjusted to 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 with phosphoric acid . then 288 parts of urea are added and the mixture is further heated up to 85 ° c . the reaction mass is then acidified with phosphoric acid as to obtain a ph of 2 . 0 . the reaction is allowed to proceed until a viscosity of 700 mpa · s is reached . herein , other 372 parts of urea are added . the polymerization goes on until a viscosity of 800 mpa · s is obtained . further , 309 parts of urea are added for a f / u mole ratio 1 . 3 : 1 . 0 . the polymerization reaction is allowed to proceed until a viscosity of 800 - 1000 mpa · s is reached . then , the ph is raised to alkaline with caustic and 264 part of urea - formaldehyde pre - condensate are added . the mixture is maintained at the reached temperature for 5 minutes . thereinafter , other 1494 parts of urea are added . the resin is then cooled to 30 ° c . the ph is adjusted to above 8 . 0 if necessary . according to this procedure , 5 kg of uf resin have been produced with the following specifications : formaldehyde to urea ( f / u ) mole ratio : 0 . 70 : 1 . 0 ph : 8 . 4 resin solids : 66 . 2 % viscosity : 260 mpa · s gel time : 76 s water tolerance : 3 . 5 : 1 buffer capacity : 6 . 4 particleboards were prepared using binders based on the resin of example 1 and of example 4 and the corresponding conventional resins . in each case the wood chips used had moisture content 3 . 5 % while the liquid resin binder was applied at a rate of 8 grams of resin solids per 100 grams of dry wood chips . a 3 % hardener was added on resin solids to catalyze the curing . laboratory particleboards of dimensions 44 cm × 44 cm × 1 . 8 cm were prepared using a single opening press and having total pressing time 7 . 0 s / mm and 8 . 5 s / mm respectively . after that , the boards were cooled at room temperature and cut in parts of certain dimensions according to the requirements of each test they were subjected to . the mechanical properties of the particleboards produced were measured according to the following european standards : en 317 : “ particleboards and fibreboards — determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water ”. en 319 : “ particleboards and fibreboards — determination of tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board ”. en 322 : wood - based panels — determination of moisture content . the formaldehyde content of the particleboards was determined by an extraction method known as the “ perforator method ” according to the european standard en120 . the results are reported in the following tables : b ) the standard “ gel time ” measured as follows : to 50 grams of resin solution there was added a 2 % hardener based on resin solids . after being thoroughly mixed , a quantity of this catalyzed resin was poured into a 14 mm diameter test tube to a height of about one inch . the test tube was placed in boiling water and its contents were continuously stirred with a wooden stirring rod . a timer was started when the test tube was placed in the boiling water and stopped when the wooden rod could no longer be moved or pulled out because of the hardening of the resin . the recorded time was taken as the standard “ gel time ”. c ) the solids contents were determined by heating a 2 g sample at 120 ° c . for two hours under atmospheric pressure . d ) the viscosity was measured at 25 ° c . using a brookfield rvf viscometer with a no 18 spindle at 50 rpm ) e ) the water tolerance of the resin was measured as follows : 10 ml of the resin was placed in a cylinder of 100 ml and adjusted to 25 ° c . distilled water of the same temperature was added drop wise until water solubility overcomes . the total volume of the added water was recorded . the fraction of the volume of the totally added water to the resin &# 39 ; s volume gives the water tolerance of the resin . f ) buffer capacity : a quantity of resin based on its solids content was poured carefully into a 250 ml beaker and diluted with 120 ml of distilled water and 80 ml dmso . the mixture was titrated with 0 . 1 n h 2 so 4 to a ph of 4 . 0 . the ml of 0 . 1 n h 2 so 4 used to shift the ph to the value of 4 . 0 is equal to the buffer capacity of the resin . g ) cloud point : in a beaker of 250 ml containing water at a certain temperature , one to two drops of the reaction mass are poured . the cloud point ( c . p .) is told to be reached when a milky trace is left behind the drop of the reaction mass . | 2 |
in the schematic arrangement for carrying out the method according to this invention which has been illustrated in fig1 a pulsed sensed light beam 1 strikes a modulator 2 in the direction of the arrow . the information which is to be stored is amplitude modulated upon the light beam by way of an information signal source ( not shown ) connected to a pair of electrodes 3 of the modulator 2 . the pulse amplitude - modulated light beam then permeates a one - dimensional hologram 9 and impinges upon a light - sensitive tape 10 . the hologram which is recorded upon a photo plate , can be transmitted either by way of a recording optic or by means of contact copying , onto the light - sensitive band . a sensing pulse of high intensity will cause a high hologram contrast upon the storage band , while a sensing pulse of lower intensity causes a correspondingly lower hologram contrast , due to the effect of a correction exposure . in order to carry out a correction exposure , a fraction of the pulse amplitude - modulated light beam is mirrored out by means of a beam divider 4 disposed between the modulator 2 and the hologram 9 in the beam path . the mirrored out fraction of the beam is supplied to a fast response photodetector 5 which measures the intensity of the partial beam . a subsequently connected electronic control device takes over the control of the correction exposure , corresponding to the signal measured at the detector 5 to operate a light source 7 to transmit a correction beam upon the light - sensitive tape 10 . it is thereby essential that the correction exposure , with respect to the signal exposure , can be effected spatially and timely separate . the correction exposure is therefore effected in such a way that the entire exposure composed of signal exposure and correction exposure remains constant during each recording interval . therefore , movement of the operational point upon the characteristic of the light - sensitive band during the individual exposures due to strong intensity fluctuations of the pulse amplitude - modulated light beam is prevented . the coding of the information which is to be recorded , according to the present invention , is now effected in such a way that the correction exposure is modulated with a time varying noise intensity signal . for this purpose , a noise generator 8 is provided and connected to the light source 7 and provides the light source 7 with the requisite noise signals . the contrast of the individual holograms recorded upon the light sensitive tape 10 is therefore statistically varied in such a way that a reconstruction of the coded stored information cannot be accomplished without knowledge of the noise signal . the intensity spectrum of the noise signal must thereby be dimensioned in such a way that the linear range of the characteristic of the storage medium is not exceeded during the entire exposures resulting from the process . referring to the arrangement illustrated in fig2 the same reference numerals have been applied for equal component elements which are found in fig1 . in the case of the apparatus illustrated in fig2 however , it is not the correction exposure which is modulated by a noise signal , but the pulse amplitude - modulated light beam itself is modulated . the noise signal emitted by the noise generator 8 is , in this case , supplied to an electronic mixing stage 11 which modulates the signal which is to be stored with the noise signal and then applies the modulated signal to the modulator 2 for modulating the pulse amplitude - modulated beam 1 . in this case , the contrast of the individual holograms recorded on the light sensitive tape is statistically varied . it is also possible with the method according to this invention to encode previously recorded information subsequently by means of adding a noise signal to an exposure beam . if the light - sensitive tape is a photographic emulsion , the coding must be effected before the development process . the reading of stored hologram images must generally be effected with the help of a source of constant intensity , which is herein implied . since , however , the requirements of the coherence during the reconstruction and reproduction of holograms is much less than during the recording of the holograms , as it is known in the art , quasi - coherent light sources , such as gas discharge lamps , luminescent diodes or laser diodes will suffice , with the possibility of also utilizing spatially and / or spectrum filtering . since the diffraction efficiency is directly proportional to the hologram contrast during the reconstruction , the stored information will be retrieved by way of an intensity - sensitive detector . it is particularly favorable in the arrangements illustrated in fig1 and 2 to simultaneously store the noise signal upon a second ( non - illustrated ) light - sensitive storage tape , hereinafter referred to as a &# 34 ; noise tape &# 34 ;. the noise signal employed for coding is therefore retrieved during the reading process by itself , by means of sensing the noise tape with a quasi - coherent light beam . an arrangement for reading the coded stored information has been illustrated in fig3 . a storage tape 14 containing the coded information is guided along a reconstruction light source ( not illustrated ) which emits a quasi - coherent light beam 13 in the direction of the arrow onto the storage tape 14 . the intensity - modulated light beam causes an alternating current at a light detector 15 which is supplied to an amplifier 16 . simultaneously , the noise tape 19 containing only the stored noise signal is permeated by a quasi - coherent light beam 18 , and an alternating current corresponding to the noise signal is produced at the detector 20 whose output signal is supplied to an amplifier 21 and from there to an electronic control device 22 . the output signals of the amplifier 16 and of the electronic control device 22 are supplied to a filter 17 which filters out the noise signal so that the original decoded signal is available at the output of the filter 17 . fig4 illustrates an arrangement for reading coded stored information wherein the decoding is carried out on an optical basis . for this purpose , the storage tape 14 containing the coded information is permeated by a quasi - coherent light beam 13 which impinges upon a light detector 15 , as in fig3 . simultaneously , the noise tape 19 is permeated by a second light beam 18 and a corresponding alternating current is produced at the detector 20 . the alternating current of the detector 20 is supplied to an electronic control device 22 which , in turn , controls a light source 23 in such a way that its correction exposure is directed directly upon the light detector 15 which also registers the intensity of the reconstructed coded hologram images . after amplification by means of the amplifier 16 , the decoded stored information appears at the output of the filter 17 . in order to guarantee synchronization of the signal tape and the noise tape during the reading process , a timing frequency of clock pulses is recorded upon both tapes . for this purpose , for example , a portion of the post non - modulated light beam can be employed during the recording process . a fraction of the pulsed light beam may be mirrored out before the modulation by means of a beam divider and guided to a photodetector . a subsequently connected , possibly electronic , counter passes an nth pulse which effects recording of a synchronization mark upon the two light sensitive tapes . since the level of the coding pulses is important during the decoding process in the arrangements of fig3 and 4 , it is recommended to further store some calibration pulses upon the signal and noise tapes with the help of which levels of the coding pulses can be automatically or manually adjusted , if required . although i have described my invention by reference to a specific illustrative embodiment thereof , many changes and modifications of my invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . i therefore intend to include within the patent warranted hereon all such changes and modifications as may reasonably and properly be included within the scope of my contribution to the art . | 6 |
fig1 schematically illustrates the r . f . glow discharge deposition apparatus 30 comprising this invention . glow discharge apparatus 30 is of the capacitive type of discharge . apparatus 30 comprises the receptacle 32 which may be evacuated with an exhausting device ( not shown ) via port 34 . the chamber 36 of receptacle 32 contains a support member 38 upon which the workpiece or substrate 14 is supported . workpiece 14 may be in the form of a cylindrical member or drum 40 . drum 40 rests on the flange 39 at the bottom end of member 38 . also included in chamber 36 is a rotatable squirrel cage electrode 42 and a circular counterelectrode 44 which is electrically part of the receptacle 32 . the counterelectrode 44 may be an envelope of sheeting or sheathing comprising solid sheet metal or open wire grid or screen mesh . a plasma is created between electrode 44 and squirrel cage electrode 42 . squirrel cage electrode 42 comprises a plurality of hollow tubes 50 supported at their bottom ends by the hollow fitting 46 and at their upper ends by a ring member 48 . in the embodiment shown , there are six vertical tubes 50 . each tube is coupled to fitting 46 as indicated at 52 . also , each tube has a plurality of apertures or openings 54 along its entire length with apertures 54 exposed toward the surface of drum 40 . squirrel cage electrode 42 is supported at its lower end on bearing 56 which is supported on electrically insulating support member 58 . support member 58 is supported in receptacle 32 by suitable means 59 . gas inlet receptacle 60 is secured to the lower end of insulating member 58 by means of suitable fasteners . tube 62 extends from chamber 61 of receptacle 60 through member 58 and is secured to bearing 56 . the output of motor 64 is connected to lower electrically conductive shaft 66 which , in turn , is connected to upper electrically conductive shaft 68 via flexible and electrically conductive coupler 70 . the shaft 66 is hermetically sealed relative to chamber 61 of receptacle 60 by means of a magnetic rotary shaft seal 65 manufactured and sold by ferrofluidics corporation of nashua , nh . seal 65 is secured over and seals an opening in the bottom of receptacle 60 . the upper end of shaft 68 is secured to fitting 46 . motor 64 , therefore , rotates squirrel cage electrode 42 at fitting 46 rotatably supported on bearing 56 . the upper end of electrode 42 is supported in its rotary movement by means of the annular insulating ring 72 , i . e ., ring member 48 rotates within the annular confine of ring 72 . ring 72 may be made of a ceramic or plastic material such as teflon . alternatively , the structure of apparatus 30 may be modified to provide rotation of drum 40 within the squirrel cage electrode 42 , i . e ., the drum 40 may be adapted for rotation while the squirrel cage electrode 42 is fixed to but electrically insulated from the reactor 32 . a gas inlet 74 is provided into chamber 61 of receptacle 60 for introduction of a gas for decomposition from a gas handling manifold ( not shown ). examples of such gases in the case of a - si : h deposition are sih 4 or si 2 h 6 . in such a case , the selected hydrosilicon gas may also include an impurity for doping , such as , diborane , b 2 h 6 , or phosphine ph 3 . another inlet 76 may be provided for the introduction of other gases for the purpose of improving the properties of the deposited layer . an example is the introduction of either o or n or a combination of these elements with the introduction of sih 4 or si 2 h 6 to improve the photosensitivity and dark discharge properties of a deposited layer of a - si : h . in this manner , the hydrosilicon , impurities and enhancement gases are delivered in desired proportions to the surface of drum 40 to be coated . these gases mix in chamber 61 and then proceed to the confines of the squirrel cage electrode 42 via the openings 63 in tube 62 , fitting 46 , tubes 50 and , thence , out the apertures 54 . improved uniformity of the deposited film relative to composition and layer thickness is brought about by relative rotation between the squirrel cage electrode 42 and drum 40 in the presence of a plasma created between electrodes 42 and 44 . the plasma created between electrodes 42 and 44 is produced from connection of these electrodes to a high frequency supply 80 . the high voltage frequency of supply 80 may be 1 to 30 mhz . one lead 82 of generator 80 is connected to the receptacle 32 , which includes electrode 44 , while the other lead 84 of generator 80 is connected to electrode 42 via electrical commutator 85 and shafts 66 and 68 . the upper end of receptacle 32 is provided with an opening 93 from which drum support member 38 is supported . member 38 has a hollow interior which includes a heater 86 for the full length of the member . also , a thermocouple via electrical lead 88 is provided to monitor the temperature . member 38 is provided with a removable ring collar 90 at its upper end . collar 90 is secured to member 38 by means of set screws 92 . member 38 is supported in a stationary and suspended manner by means of l - shaped support arms 94 and collar 90 . the upper ends of the arms 94 are supported from ring support 96 by means of releasable pins 98 . two or more arms 94 may be employed to support member 38 . a suitable cover 100 is provided for hermetically sealing off chamber 36 . apparatus 30 is set up for use in the following fashion . first , drum 40 is slipped on member 38 down to support flange 39 . the drum 40 , as an example , may be of al and about 0 . 15 inch thick with an internal diameter of 3 inches and a length of about 15 . 75 inches . next , collar 90 is placed on the top of member 38 and is secured into position by means of set screws 92 . then , member 38 with drum 40 is lowered through opening 93 into chamber 36 and the interior of the squirrel cage electrode 42 . the lowering of member 38 into chamber 36 may be accomplished with arms 94 . the openings in the upper ends of arms 94 are then aligned with corresponding openings in ring 96 and the pins 98 are inserted into openings provided in arms 94 and ring 96 . with the necessary electrical connections made to a heater 86 and thermocouple via electrical lead 88 through lid 100 , lid 100 is secured to receptacle 32 by suitable conventional means . an example of deposition parameters for this apparatus to provide low defect density and high photoconductivity employing a hydrosilicon gas are as follows . substrate temperature is maintained at 320 ° c . the net r . f . power density is 150 watts to a matching network . gas flow rate is 100 sccm . the pressure in the chamber 36 is 130 microns . in fig2 a modified form of the squirrel cage electrode 42 is shown . the detailed construction is shown only for one electrode but is applicable to each of the several tubes comprising the squirrel cage structure . the modified form comprises two tubes , an inner tube 51 and an outer tube 50 . the inner tube has a plurality of apertures 53 along its length that are laterally spaced or offset from the apertures 54 of tube 50 . the gases entering the fitting 46 enter only the interior of tubes 51 and are expelled through apertures 53 , thence laterally within the confines between tubes 50 and 51 and thence out of the apertures 54 toward the surface of the drum 40 . the offset of apertures 53 and 54 provides a restriction on the flow of gases between the two tubes . this labyrinth path for the expelled gases improves the uniformity of the presentation of gases to the surface of drum 40 which results in improved uniformity in composition and thickness of the deposited film . in fig3 the inner tube 51 has been rotated 180 ° so that the aligned apertures 53 are opposite to the regions of the outer tube 50 containing aligned apertures 54 . gases expelled from apertures 53 must circulate within the confines of the region between the inner and outer tubes before being expelled from apertures 54 toward the surface of drum 40 . an example of dimensional relationships of inner and outer tubes 51 and 50 is that apertures 53 as well as apertures 54 are spaced 1 inch from each other and the clearance between the inner and outer tubes 51 and 50 is on the order of one one - thousandths of an inch . the apparatus 30 disclosed in fig1 may also be used to fabricate the single and multicomponent , multilayer photoreceptor members disclosed in u . s . patent application ser . no . 335 , 654 filed mar . 8 , 1982 and employing the drum 40 as a substrate . while the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternatives , modifications , and variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
to provide an overall understanding of the invention , certain illustrative embodiments and examples will now be described . however , it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the disclosure . the compositions , apparatuses , systems and / or methods described herein may be adapted and modified as is appropriate for the application being addressed and that those described herein may be employed in other suitable applications , and that such other additions and modifications will not depart from the scope hereof . all references , including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference . no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art . the discussion of the references states what their authors assert , and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents . it will be clearly understood that , although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein , this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art . it is acknowledged that the term ‘ comprise ’ may , under varying jurisdictions , be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusive meaning . for the purpose of this specification , and unless otherwise noted , the term ‘ comprise ’ shall have an inclusive meaning — i . e . that it will be taken to mean an inclusion of not only the listed components it directly references , but also other non - specified components or elements . this rationale will also be used when the term ‘ comprised ’ or ‘ comprising ’ is used in relation to one or more steps in a method or process . referring to fig1 - 6 we see an embodiment of a multi - led light source having two portions , an led cylindrical housing 100 and a power source 102 . note that the use of the term cylindrical is meant to suggest its longitudinal nature , not necessarily its cross section . thus the led cylindrical housing 100 may have a circular , semi - circular , square , octagonal or any other suitable elongated geometrical cross shape that allows for the hosting within it of all or portions of a fiber optic cable 104 , fiber optic cable adapter 110 , one or more led support structures 106 and / or an electrical connection structure 108 . in one embodiment , the led cylindrical housing 100 is designed to be nestled and / or removable from a power source 102 or other suitable power supply . in an alternate embodiment , it is designed to be an integral part of said power source 102 , with the led housing 100 being permanently connected to electrical connection structure 108 through to the led support structures 106 on which the individual leds 502 are mounted . the above arrangements are very common in the medical field , for among other things it allows for any contamination with any fiber optics cable , fiber optic 104 , led housing 100 or other component to be replaced or sterilized , without disposing or exposing the higher cost power supply 102 to damage . in addition , typically the power supply 102 contains all medical grade ac power supplies , and the led housing 100 and its interface module 112 has within it safe dc voltage signals . the interface 112 may be removed from the power supply 102 by pressing a mechanical release button 602 in one embodiment the leds housing 100 has a distal end equipped with a fiber optic cable adapter 110 ( an interface unit designed to connect optically to a longer fiber optic cable ), a fiber optic cable within said housing 100 splitting the fiber optic into two or more fiber bundles 302 . each fiber bundle 302 is routed to an individual led support structure 306 within the led housing 100 . each led support structure 306 is comprised of mechanical and electrical components capable of supporting , powering and removing heat from one or more leds 502 on them . each fiber bundle 302 is individually guided and mechanically secured by a holder 504 within the led support structure 106 so that the end 506 of the fiber bundle 302 is securely and permanently held against the light emitting portion 508 of the led , in such a fashion so that the area of the end of the fiber bundle 506 overlays the light emitting area 508 of the led . in this fashion light losses are minimized . since the leds supports 106 are housed within the led housing 100 , but separated from each other by a significant distance ( determined by the amount of heat being generated by the particular led chosen within a design ), the heat from the leds 502 may be transmitted to the led support structure 106 and / or the electrical connection structure 108 along its length , transferred to the led housing 100 and directly emitted to the environment without the need to be otherwise removed from within said housing 100 . in one embodiment , the interior cavity of the led housing 100 is completely sealed against fluid penetration . in an alternate embodiment , it is made resistant to fluids , so that only prolonged immersion results in contamination . traditional fiber optic cable construction uses various combinations of plastic , composites and / or metal components , materials suited to transmit the heat to the environment . the above is accomplished without any heat sink , fan , or other external heat transfer structure within the connection structure 108 , resulting in passive cooling . alternate embodiments may use peltier thermo electric cooling at the base of the led support structure , and or any other suitable electro thermal heat removal technique . the led support structures 106 may be built of any structural material suitable to transfer the heat from the leds 502 while they operate . in one embodiment , the structures 106 are soldered or otherwise mechanically attached to an electrical and heat transfer structure 108 . such a structure may be a printed circuit board ( pcb ). pcbs may be made of solid materials such as fr4 . in an alternate embodiment , a flex circuit or flex pcb may be used . a flex circuit is a patterned arrangement of printed circuitry and components that utilizes flexible based material with or without flexible coverlay . these flexible electronic assemblies may be fabricated using the same components used for rigid printed circuit boards , but allowing the board to conform to a desired shape ( flex ) during its application . in one embodiment , the electrical connection structure 108 is comprised of a combination cable , a connector or an extension of a flex circuit board , so that in an alternate embodiment , the electrical connection structure 108 may be a composite , wherein a flexible pcb is used for the portion of the structure containing the leds , and a cable is used for the primary electrical coupling function to the power supply . in this fashion , the led housing 100 may be located far along the fiber cable , almost at the point of light deliver , with an electrical cable extending from the power supply 102 to the electrical connection structure 108 proximal end of the housing 100 . note that while the led support structures 106 are shown on top of the transfer structure 108 , in an alternate embodiment , they may be mounted on both sides of the structure 108 . in one embodiment , the leds 502 are being used are devoid of any and all lensing on its surface , allowing for a perfect match of the flat surface at the end of the fiber 506 with that on top of the led active light emitting area . in alternate embodiments , lensing on top of the led active emitting area 508 might be suitable and conformably matched with the end of the fiber 506 . in one embodiment , each fiber bundles 302 is securely attached to the led support structure 106 through chemical means applied to the holder 504 , including gluing using optical epoxy . in an alternate embodiment , they may be screwed in , compressed fitted , or through any suitable mechanical means . in one embodiment , the proximal end of the led structure 100 or of the transfer structure itself 108 will have a connector suitable for interfacing with the power supply 102 , or with a removable interface module or plug - in housing 112 . a connector 114 is similarly electrically connected to the electrical portion of the structure 108 . the led signals ( power , status ) are communicated to the power supply 102 via said connector . in alternate embodiments , the connection may be routed using flex circuits , direct cables , insertion connectors , etc . in concluding the detailed description , it should be noted that it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that many variations and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiment without substantially departing from the principles of the present invention . also , such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims . further , in the claims hereafter , the structures , materials , acts and equivalents of all means or step - plus function elements are intended to include any structure , materials or acts for performing their cited functions . it should be emphasized that the above - described embodiments of the present invention , particularly any “ preferred embodiments ” are merely possible examples of the implementations , merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention . any variations and modifications may be made to the above - described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit of the principles of the invention . all such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of the disclosure and present invention and protected by the following claims . the present invention has been described in sufficient detail with a certain degree of particularity . the utilities thereof are appreciated by those skilled in the art . it is understood to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure of embodiments has been made by way of examples only and that numerous changes in the arrangement and combination of parts may be resorted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed . accordingly , the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the forgoing description of embodiments . | 6 |
hereinafter , the description will be made of embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts through the several views . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a color copier 1 , of a tandem type , as an example of an image forming apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention . the present invention is directed to other types of image forming apparatuses , as would be clearly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art . the color copier 1 includes an image forming unit 1 a located in the middle of the apparatus , a sheet feeder unit 1 b located under the image forming unit 1 b , and an image scanning unit ( not illustrated ) located above the image forming unit 1 a . the image forming unit 1 a includes an intermediate transfer belt 2 with a transfer surface extending horizontally as an intermediate transfer member , and image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b along and above the transfer surface of the intermediate transfer belt 2 as toner image forming devices . the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b hold respective color toners of yellow , magenta , cyanogen , black , which we relate as complementary colors . each image forming member 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b is composed of a roller each rotating in the same direction , which is counterclockwise . around each forming member , there are arranged charging units 4 y , 4 m , 4 c , 4 b , exposure units 5 y , 5 m , 5 c , 5 b , developing units 6 y , 6 m , 6 c , 6 b , first transfer units 7 y , 7 m , 7 c , 7 b , and drum cleaning units 8 y , 8 m , 8 c , 8 b . each developing unit 6 y , 6 m , 6 c , 6 b takes in one respective color toner . inside the intermediate transfer belt 2 are arranged a driving roller 9 and a following roller 10 , and the intermediate transfer belt 2 is tensioned by these rollers 9 , 10 to be rotated . the intermediate transfer belt 2 moves in the same direction at the portion thereof facing each image forming member 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . at the portion of the intermediate transfer belt 2 facing the following roller 10 , a belt cleaning unit 11 is provided . a fixing apparatus 12 is provided near the driving roller 9 , which with intermediate transfer belt 2 operate as a transfer fixing apparatus . the fixing apparatus 12 includes a transfer fixing roller 13 as a transfer fixing member and a pressing roller 14 as a pressing member or an opposite member . the transfer fixing roller 13 , which has toner images transferred thereon from the intermediate transfer belt 2 , includes a metallic cylinder , such as aluminum , and a releasing layer on the surface thereof . in the transfer fixing roller 13 a halogen heater 15 is provided as a heating member for heating the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 . the pressing roller 14 , which forms a nip n between it and the transfer fixing roller 13 , includes a metallic core 14 a and an elastic layer 14 b . the sheet feeder unit 1 b includes a sheet tray 16 , a feeding roller 17 , a pair of conveying rollers 18 , and a pair of resist rollers 19 . the sheet tray 16 holds plural record mediums . the feeding roller 17 separates the top most record medium from others in the sheet tray 16 and feeds the separated record medium . the pair of conveying roller 18 conveys the record medium toward the image forming unit 1 a . the pair of resist rollers 19 temporarily stops the record medium , and sends the record medium to the nip n as the position of the record medium coincides with the position of the toner image in the nip n , after adjusting the position of the record medium . the following is a description of an operation of the color copier 1 . the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b each form a static potential image on their surfaces based on image information output from the image scanning unit , after having their surfaces charged by the charging units 4 y , 4 m , 4 c , 4 b . the developing units 6 y , 6 m , 6 c , 6 b make the static potential images into visible images as toner images . the first transfer units 7 y , 7 m , 7 c , 7 b firstly transfer the toner images from each image forming member 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b to the intermediate transfer belt 2 , and thereby the toner image of each color is put upon on the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 2 . after transferring the toner images , the drum cleaning units 8 y , 8 m , 8 c , 8 b remove residual toner from the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b , and then a discharge lamp ( not illustrated ) initializes an electric potential on the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . a bias supplying member ( not illustrated ) secondarily transfers the composite toner image from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing roller 13 by electrostatic power caused by a bias supplied to the driving roller 9 . the transfer fixing roller 13 and the pressing roller 14 press and fix the toner image onto the record medium p passing through the nip n . the toner image preferably uses the wardell working sphericiry φ of more than 0 . 8 . the sphericiry φ =( a diameter of the circle whose area equals the projected area of the particle / a diameter of the circumscribed circle to the particle ). these are easily calculated by the steps of gathering the toner image on the slide glass , magnifying the toner image 500 times by a microscope , and measuring 100 of the toner images . thereby , it is possible to transfer the toner image from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing roller 13 efficiently , as disclosed in japanese published unexamined patent application no . hei 9 - 2584747 . according to the embodiment described above , the toner image , which is transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing roller 13 , is heated without the record medium , i . e . is heated before being transferred onto the record medium p , and is heated until being fixed on the record medium p . thereby , the toner image can be sufficiently fixed onto the record medium p while being heated at a lower temperature when the record medium p is at the nip n , compared to heating the toner image only when being transferred to the record medium p . the results of experiments conducted by the present inventors show that with this operation the toner image fixed on the record medium is of a high enough quality when the heating temperature on the transfer fixing roller 13 is 110 °˜ 120 ° c . incidentally , the heat capacity to fix a monochrome image is generally about 1 . 5 times the heat capacity to fix a color image . thereby , the record medium p may be excessively heated in the case of heating the toner image on the record medium p , and the toner image may excessively adhere to the record medium p in such a case . according to this embodiment described above , however , the record medium p is not excessively heated because the heating temperature at the time of transferring the toner image to the record medium p is reduced . further , the toner image is not excessively adhered to the record medium p , because the toner image is heated independently of heating the record medium p , particularly in the case of the color toner image necessary for large energy . further , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat on the intermediate transfer belt 2 , because the toner image is heated by the transfer fixing roller 13 , not by the intermediate transfer belt 2 . thereby , a lifetime of the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b becomes longer , by reducing the heat influence to the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b through the intermediate transfer belt 2 . in this embodiment , the structure reduces the influence of heat on the intermediate transfer belt 2 . furthermore , an insulating plate 20 is arranged between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 , as a heat restraining member that restrains the heat from the transfer fixing roller 13 from impacting on the intermediate transfer belt 2 . the insulating plate 20 includes a frame forming an opening , the toner image being transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing roller 13 through the opening . the insulating plate 20 can be fixed to a casing of the image forming apparatus or the fixing apparatus . the insulating plate 20 is preferably composed of a metallic plate with a relatively lower radiation rate , more preferably a pair of metallic plates nipping a very small gap or an insulator . furthermore , the insulating plate 20 may include a micro heat pipe mainly used to cool a cpu in a notebook - type personal computer , and thereby the insulating plate 20 is kept at a low temperature . between the portion facing the transfer fixing roller 13 and the portion facing the most upstream image forming member 3 b at the intermediate transfer belt 2 , a cooling roller 210 is arranged as a cooling member dissipating heat from the intermediate transfer belt 2 . the cooling roller 210 , which is composed of a material with a higher heat conductivity , rotates while contacting the intermediate transfer belt 2 . fig2 is a view showing a distance between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 in the image forming apparatus . the intermediate transfer belt 2 is separated from the transfer fixing roller 13 by a thickness g of the toner image . thereby , the toner is transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing roller 13 while contacting the fixing roller , but the intermediate transfer belt 2 and transfer fixing roller do not contact each other in the area without the toner . therefore , it is possible to further reduce the influence of heat on the intermediate transfer belt 2 . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the intermediate transfer belt 2 is exchanged for an intermediate transfer member 26 formed of a cylinder . it is common in such an embodiment for an intermediate transfer belt 2 to be exchangeable for such an intermediate transfer member 26 . according to the first embodiment described above , the toner image is fixed on the record medium p while a heating temperature is lowered . thereby , it is possible to shorten the time to warm up the transfer fixing roller 13 , and it is possible to realize energy conservation in the image forming apparatus . further , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat on the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . thereby , a lifetime of the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b is lengthened . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a second embodiment . in this embodiment , at a portion inside the intermediate transfer belt 2 facing the transfer fixing roller 13 are arranged a pair of bias rollers 22 , 23 as a bias supplying member . the pair of bias rollers 22 , 23 support the intermediate transfer belt 2 and supply bias onto the intermediate transfer belt 2 . the pair of the bias rollers 22 , 23 are formed by an elastic conductor material . between the pair of resist rollers 19 and the nip n in the direction of the conveying record medium , a heater 25 is provided as a record medium heating member . the heater 25 heats the record medium p before it reaches the nip n . the transfer fixing roller 13 , the halogen heater 15 , and the heater 25 are individually exchangeable . in this embodiment , it is possible to better control the interaction between the toner image and the record medium p , because the record medium p is independently heated by the heater 25 , and thereby heating of the toner image can be reduced as even more heat is taken by the record medium . thereby , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium p . further a heating control member ( not illustrated ) is provided , which can continuously or gradually changes the heating value both of the halogen heater 15 and the heater 25 . the heating control member also can continuously or gradually change the ratio between the heating value of the halogen heater 15 and of the heater 25 . the heating control member can change the heating value based on the record medium , e . g . whether an ohp or not , a thermal capacity of the record medium , an amount of toner , a thickness of the toner image , a kind of toner image , etc . the heating control member can also change the above mentioned ratio based on a kind of the record medium , a thermal capacity of the record medium , an amount of the toner , a thickness of the toner image , a kind of toner image , etc . thereby , it is possible to control more minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium p . the bias roller 22 supplies the bias of an opposite polarity as the toner image . this bias prevents an electric field between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 , and generates an electric field to adhere the toner image onto the intermediate transfer belt 2 . thereby , the toner on the intermediate transfer belt 2 is prevented from scattering before approaching the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 . to obtain the same effect , the bias roller 22 may ground the intermediate transfer belt 2 . the bias roller 23 supplies the bias of a same polarity as the toner image . this bias gives an electrostatic repellent to the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 2 . thereby , the toner on the intermediate transfer belt 2 is transferred and adhered onto the transfer fixing roller 13 by the electrostatic power in the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 . to obtain the same effect , the bias roller 23 may be exchanged for a bias board spring 24 . further , the bias roller 23 or the bias board spring 24 is preferably arranged as close , but not contacting , to not short out , to the bias roller 22 . the most suitable gap is about 1 mm . thereby , it is possible to develop a high quality toner image transferred onto the transfer fixing roller 13 . in this embodiment , the intermediate transfer belt 2 is separated from the transfer fixing roller 13 by a thickness of the toner image . thereby , it is further possible to reduce the influence of heat on the intermediate transfer belt 2 . that also prevents reducing the quality of transferring the toner image caused by making the distance between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 too long , because the toner on the intermediate transfer belt 2 is transferred and adhered onto the transfer fixing roller 13 by electrostatic power . fig5 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the bias roller 23 is arranged downstream of a nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 in the direction of rotation of the intermediate transfer belt 2 . therefore , the strength of the bias gradually changes along the direction of rotation of the intermediate transfer belt 2 . thereby , it is possible to develop a high quality toner image transferred onto the transfer fixing roller 13 . fig6 is a schematic front view showing a second modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the bias roller 22 is exchanged for a bias board spring 220 , also supplied with a bias of an opposite polarity to the toner image . therefore , it is possible to develop a high quality toner image transferred onto the transfer fixing roller 13 . fig7 shows a further modification utilizing both the bias roller 22 and bias board spring 220 . fig8 is a schematic front view showing a fourth modification of this embodiment . in this modification , a bias roller 80 is provided close and separated from the transfer fixing roller 13 . the bias roller 80 is electrified by bias multiplexing ac and dc whose polarity is opposite to the toner image . the transfer fixing roller 13 includes a conductor layer near the surface thereof , and then the transfer fixing roller 13 is electrified to eliminate the electrification by the bias roller 80 . thereby , it is possible to stabilize the electric potential on the surface of the transfer fixing roller 13 , to stabilize the toner image fixing on the record medium p , and offset is prevented . according to the second embodiment described above , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . further , there is no reduction of the quality of transferring the toner image caused by making the distance between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 13 too long . in addition , it is possible to be consistent with reducing the influence of heat and maintaining the quality of transferring the toner image . furthermore , it is possible to control the conditions of the interface between the toner image and the record medium . thereby , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . fig9 is a schematic front view showing a third embodiment . in this embodiment a transfer fixing member 27 , which is formed as a belt or a sheet , is flexible . the transfer fixing member 27 is supported by a supporting member 29 , a supporting roller 31 , and a heating roller 33 . the supporting member 29 includes a metallic base 29 a and an elastic layer 29 b . the supporting roller 31 includes a halogen heater 32 as a heating member . the transfer fixing member 27 rotates by the pressing roller 14 rotating . in this embodiment , it is possible to heat the toner image longer because the toner image is heated on the fixing member 27 . fig1 is a control block view showing this third embodiment . the intermediate transfer belt 2 includes a controller 52 , an operating panel 53 including a switch 54 , and a transfer fixing member driving motor 55 as a distance changing member . the operating panel 53 outputs a signal according to operating the switch 54 to the controller 52 , and inputs a signal from the controller 52 . the controller 52 inputs the signal from the operating panel 53 , and outputs signals according to the signal from the operating panel 53 to the operating panel 53 and the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 . in this embodiment , the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 changes the distance or the contacting pressure between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 , by changing the position of the supporting roller 31 between the solid line position and the two - dot chain line position in fig9 . the controller 52 drives the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 except while the toner image is being transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 onto the transfer fixing member 27 . thereby , the supporting roller 31 is moved from the solid line position and the two - dot chain line position in fig9 . the controller 52 may make the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 move the supporting roller 31 as the contacting pressure between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 decreases while the intermediate transfer belt 2 contacts the transfer fixing member 27 . therefore , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . further , it is possible to prevent melted toner from anchoring onto the intermediate transfer belt 2 when a paper jam occurs . fig1 a and 11b are schematic front views showing a modification of the third embodiment . in this modification the transfer fixing member 27 is exchanged for a transfer fixing roller 36 including the halogen heater 15 , a metallic core 34 , and an elastic layer 35 . the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 also lengthens the distance between the pressing roller 14 and the transfer fixing roller 36 , while lengthening the distance between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 . the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 may also decrease the contacting pressure between the pressing roller 14 and the transfer fixing roller 36 , while decreasing the contacting pressure between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 . fig1 a and 12b are schematic front views showing a second modification of the third embodiment . fig1 a shows that the toner image is not being transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing member 27 , when the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 are driven because there is a record medium p in the nip n between the transfer fixing roller 36 and the pressing roller 14 . fig1 b shows that the toner image is not being transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing member 27 , when the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 are driven because the next record medium approaches the nip n between the transfer fixing roller 36 and the pressing roller 14 . in this modification , the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 lengthens the distance or decreases the contacting pressure between the pressing roller 14 and the transfer fixing roller 36 , while the toner image is not being transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 2 to the transfer fixing member 27 when the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 are driven . according to the third embodiment described above , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a fourth embodiment . in this embodiment the heating roller 33 with the halogen heater 32 are arranged at a position such that the position on the transfer fixing member 27 with the highest temperature is away from the portion where the toner image is transferred onto the transfer fixing roller 13 . thereby , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . further , it is possible to efficiently heat the toner image . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment , in which the supporting member 29 is exchanged for a supporting roller 49 with a metallic core 49 a and an elastic layer 49 b . according to this embodiment , it is possible to reduce the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the image forming members 3 y , 3 m , 3 c , 3 b . further , it is possible to efficiently heat the toner image . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a fifth embodiment . in this embodiment , vibration caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented from being transmitted to the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 , because the transfer fixing member 27 itself and the elastic layer 29 b absorb the vibration by being deformed . thereby , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented , particularly in a case of transferring a color toner image that is easily influenced by vibration . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment in which inside the transfer fixing member 27 are provided a board spring 28 , which supports the portion forming the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing member 27 , and a reflector 30 reflecting the heat by the halogen heater 15 . in this modification , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a second modification of this embodiment in which a rubber or a foamed material is used for the material of the elastic layer 35 . the maximum thickness of the elastic layer 35 is decided by a thickness with which the bias on the surface of the transfer fixing roller 36 is still generated . in this modification , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented . in the fifth embodiments described above , the toner image can be formed by a resolution of more than 600 dpi , which is easily influenced by vibration , and a total thickness of the elastic layer in the transfer fixing member and the pressing member is more than a thickness of the record medium . in fig1 , the total thickness of the elastic layer 35 and the elastic layer 14 b can be more than the thickness of the record medium . the total thickness of the elastic layer in the transfer fixing member and the pressing member is preferably more than twice the thickness of the record medium . thereby , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n , in particularly a case of the toner image formed by a resolution more than 600 dpi , is prevented . the following is a detailed description regarding the effect described above . human beings can recognize the difference of an image more than 10 cycle / mm frequency ( 254 dpi , 100 μm pitch ) based on mtf characteristic ( the vtf ) “ basic and application of electric photography technology .” p . 717 - 718 , electric photography society , 1988 jun . 15 . thereby , differences of an image of more than 100 μm is a problem . further , when a smaller image such as a photograph is formed in the image forming apparatus with a resolution of 600 dpi , a dot interval is 42 . 3 μm . in this case , human being cannot clearly recognize overlapping of each other dot , but can feel uncomfortable while seeing the image . incidentally , in the case of a resolution of 1200 dpi , a dot interval is 21 . 2 μm . in this case , human being can not recognize overlapping of each other dot , because this interval is smaller than a fifth of 100 μm based on the vtf . a thickness of the record medium used in the electric photograph is actually 60 ˜ 100 μm . the difference of the image caused by the thickness of the record medium is maximized to equal the thickness of the record medium , when the direction in which the record medium approaches the nip n is a right angle to the common tangent to the intermediate transfer member and the transfer fixing member . meanwhile an elastic layer , whose rubber hardness is between 5 and 90 , is easily compressed to about 30 % of a thickness thereof . based on these parameters , in the case that the thickness of the elastic layer is twice 60 μm , the maximum difference of the image = 60 −( 60 * 0 . 3 )= 42 μm . in the case that the thickness of the elastic layer is twice 60 μm , the maximum difference of the image = 60 −( 120 * 0 . 3 )= 24 μm . in the case that the thickness of the elastic layer is twice 100 μm , the maximum difference of the image = 100 −( 200 * 0 . 3 )= 40 μm . these parameters give rise to the following expression . the difference of the image =( a thickness of the record medium − the total thickness of the elastic layer )*| sin θ |& lt ; 42 . 3 μm ( preferable )& lt ; 100 μm ( necessary ). θ is an angle between the direction in which the record medium approaches into the nip n and the common tangent to the intermediate transfer member and the transfer fixing member . in this embodiment described above , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented , especially in a case of the toner image formed at a resolution of more than 600 dpi . furthermore , in the second modification of this embodiment in fig1 , the transfer fixing roller 36 is driven by the driving source ( not illustrated ), but is not driven by the pressing roller 14 . the pressing roller 14 is driven by a driving source or by the transfer fixing roller 36 . thereby , a substantial increase of the driving radius of the pressing roller 14 caused by the record medium being a part on the pressing roller 14 is prevented , when the record medium reaches the nip n , compared with the case that the transfer fixing roller 36 is driven by the pressing roller 14 . therefore , a change of a line speed on the surface of the transfer fixing roller 36 caused by a substantial increase of the driving radius of the pressing roller 14 is prevented . then , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the change of the line speed on the surface of the transfer fixing roller 36 is prevented . the following is a detailed description regarding the effect described above . the difference of the image is maximized in the case that there is no elastic layer in the pressing roller 14 . in this case , the difference of the image = the line speed of the transfer fixing roller 36 *( a thickness of the record medium / the radius of the pressing roller 14 in the nip n )* transferring time in the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 = the transferring width in the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 *( a thickness of the record medium / the radius of the pressing roller 14 in the nip n )& lt ; 42 . 3 μm ( preferable )& lt ; 100 μm ( necessary ). in a case that the transferring width in the nip is less than 10 mm , the radius of the pressing roller 14 in the nip n is 20 mm , and a thickness of the record medium is 0 . 1 mm , the difference is less than 50 μm . in a case that the transferring width in the nip is less than 5 mm , the radius of the pressing roller 14 in the nip n is 20 mm , and a thickness of the record medium is 0 . 1 mm , the difference is less than 25 μm . thereby , it is better to prevent the difference of the image when the transferring width in the nip is shorter . further , it is better to prevent the influence of heat to the intermediate transfer belt 2 when the transferring width in the nip is shorter . in addition , in a case that a thickness of the record medium is about 0 . 1 mm , the following expression can satisfy the difference of the image to be less than 42 . 3 μm as a dot pitch in the image forming apparatus with a resolution of 600 dpi ; the difference of the image =( the transferring width in the nip between the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 / the radius of the pressing roller 14 in the nip n )& lt ;= 0 . 423 . according to the fifth embodiment described above , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into nip n is prevented , especially in a case of the toner image formed at a resolution more than 600 dpi . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a sixth embodiment . the embodiment includes a pressing member 37 including the pressing roller 14 , a supporting roller 38 , and a pressing belt 39 supported by the pressing roller 14 and the supporting roller 38 . the transfer fixing roller 36 and the pressing belt 39 form an upstream nip na and a downstream nip n in the direction in which the record medium is passing . the upstream nip na is pressed by the tension of the pressing belt 39 ; the downstream nip n is pressed by the pressure of the pressing roller 14 . the pressure of the pressing roller 14 and the tension of the pressing belt 39 are set up so the pressure at the upstream nip na is weaker than the pressure at the downstream nip n . in this embodiment , the record medium is pressed in the upstream nip na with a weaker pressing , before pressed in the downstream nip n with a stronger pressing . thereby , the record medium can smoothly approach the downstream nip n , and vibrations caused by the record medium approaching the nip are reduced . in addition the vibration is further reduced because of the same reason as in the fifth embodiment based on the elastic layer 35 in the transfer fixing roller 36 . therefore , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented , especially in case of a thick record medium . further , the width of the nip na can be less than 5 mm . thereby , a rumple that arises on the thin record medium caused by the weaker pressure in the nip na is prevented . thereby , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the rumple on the record medium is prevented , especially in a case of a thin record medium . fig1 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment in which inside the pressing belt 39 a board spring 40 is provided at the upstream nip na . in this modification it is easy to regulate the pressure in the nip na by regulating the pressure of the board spring 40 . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a second modification of this embodiment in which a transfer fixing member 41 includes the heating roller 33 , a supporting roller 42 including a metallic core 42 a and an elastic layer 42 b , and a transfer fixing belt 43 supported by the heating roller 33 and the supporting roller 42 . a pressing roller 44 includes a metallic core 44 a and an elastic layer 44 b . the transfer fixing belt 43 and the pressing roller 44 form an upstream nip na and a downstream nip n in the direction in which the record medium is passing . the upstream nip na is pressed by the tension of the transfer fixing belt 43 , and the downstream nip n is pressed by the pressure of the pressing roller 44 . the pressure of the pressing roller 44 and the tension of the transfer fixing belt 43 are set up so that the pressure at the upstream nip na is weaker than the pressure at the downstream nip n . therefore , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a third modification of this embodiment in which inside the transfer fixing belt 43 a board spring 40 is provided that presses the upstream nip na . in this modification it is easy to regulate the pressure in the nip na by regulating the pressure of the board spring 40 . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a fourth modification of this embodiment , in which a magnetic body 45 is provided inside the transfer fixing belt 43 , and the pressing roller 44 includes a magnet 46 . the magnetic body 45 presses the upstream nip na by the magnetism of the magnet 46 . in this modification it is easy to regulate the pressure in the nip na by regulating the magnetism of the magnet 46 . according to the sixth embodiment described above , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a seventh embodiment . in this embodiment , a bias roller 48 as an opposite member 12 is provided separated from the transfer fixing roller 13 by at least a thickness of the record medium . the bias roller 48 , which is supplied a bias by an adhesive power supplying member ( not illustrated ), supplies electrostatic adhesive power to the record medium p . thereby , the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 is transferred and fixed onto the record medium p by the electrostatic adhesive power . therefore , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented , because there is no vibration when the record medium reaches the nip n . in this embodiment further , the heater 25 heats the record medium p before reaching the nip n . that prevents the toner image transferred onto the record medium from losing too much heat by the record medium . thereby , the toner image is certainly fixed on the record medium . further , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium p . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a modification of the seventh embodiment , using the flexible transfer fixing member 27 as in the earlier described modifications . the effect of this modification is the same as in the embodiment in fig2 . according to the seventh embodiment described above , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented . further , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . fig2 is a schematic front view showing an eighth embodiment . in this embodiment , the direction in which the record medium approaches the nip n is substantially parallel to the common tangent to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 . according to the description in the fifth embodiment , the difference of the image =( a thickness of the record medium − the total thickness of the elastic layer )*| sin θ |& lt ; 42 . 3 μm ( preferable ). in a case of the total thickness of the elastic layer = 0 , the thickness of the record medium = 60 to 100 μm , θ satisfying this expression is within ± 45 ° or ± 25 °. thereby , substantially parallel means within ± 45 °, or ± 25 ° in a case of a thicker record medium . in this embodiment , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the direction in which the record medium approaches the nip n is parallel to the common tangent to the intermediate transfer belt 2 and the transfer fixing roller 36 . thereby , it is more certain that reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching the nip n is prevented , because the vibration direction l does not affect the difference of the toner image transferred . further , in this modification , the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 36 is heated longer . thereby , it is possible to make the transfer fixing roller 36 smaller . according to the eighth embodiment described above , reduction of image quality of transferring the toner image caused by the record medium approaching into the nip n is prevented . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a ninth embodiment . in this embodiment , outside the transfer fixing roller 13 , an outer heating member 21 is arranged to heat the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 from the surface side of the toner image . the surface side of the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 is the side with the toner image fixed on the record medium . the halogen heater 15 as an inner heating member heats the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 from the surface side of the transfer fixing roller 13 . according to the structure described above , it is possible to heat the surface of the toner image on the transfer fixing member not based on the thickness of the toner image . further , it is possible to control the interface between the toner image and the record medium , because the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 is heated from outside . thereby , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . further , that prevents the toner image from being excessively heated from the transfer fixing roller 13 to prevent melting the outside of the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 . thereby , a luster of the toner image fixed on the record medium is prevented from being damaged by excessive heating . further in this embodiment , it is possible to control both the luster and the adhesion degree of the toner image on the record medium , because the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 is heated from both the side of the transfer fixing roller 13 and outside . in other words , it is possible to control the temperature gradation along the thickness direction of the toner image . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 is formed as a metallic heating board with a relatively lower radiation rate . the transfer fixing roller 13 is preferably formed transparently . thereby , the outer heating member 21 can effectively reflect the heat that the transfer fixing roller 13 transmits to the outside . therefore , it is possible to effectively use the heat by the halogen heater 15 to heat the toner image from the outside . the following describes a comparison of this embodiment in fig2 with the background art in fig5 and fig5 . l in fig5 , l 1 in fig5 , and l 4 in fig2 show the time while the toner image is heated . as thereby shown , the toner image in this embodiment is heated longer than the background art in fig5 , and as long as the background art in fig5 . l in fig5 , l 2 in fig5 , and l 5 in fig2 show the time while the record medium is heated . as thereby shown , the record medium in this embodiment is heated as long as the background arts in fig5 and fig5 . l 1 in fig5 and l 3 in fig2 show the time while the intermediate transfer member is heated . as thereby shown , the intermediate transfer member in this embodiment is heated shorter than the background art in fig5 . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment in which the outer heating member 21 is not a board but a thicker member . fig2 is a schematic front view showing a second modification of this embodiment in which the outer heating member 21 is formed as a heating board with a higher radiation rate . the outer heating member 21 generates heat itself by electric power . the outer heating member 21 preferably includes a black coating on the surface facing the transfer fixing roller 13 . thereby , the radiation rate of the outer heating member 21 is further increased . further a heating control member ( not illustrated ) can be provided , which continuously or gradually changes heating values both by the halogen heater 15 and by the outer heating member 21 . the heating control member can also change the ratio between the heating value of the halogen heater 15 and of the outer heating member 21 . the heating control member can change the heating value based on a kind of the record medium , a thermal capacity of the record medium , an amount of the toner , a thickness of the toner image , a kind of toner image , etc . the heating control member can also change the above mentioned ratio based on a kind of the record medium , a thermal capacity of the record medium , an amount of the toner , a thickness of the toner image , a kind of toner image , etc . the heating control member preferably gives priority to the heat by the outer heating member 21 to improve the toner image fixing on the record medium . thereby , it is possible to control minutely both the luster and the adhesion degree of the toner image on the record medium . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a third modification of this embodiment in which the intermediate transfer belt 2 is exchanged for an intermediate transfer member 26 formed of a cylinder as described in the first embodiment . according to the ninth embodiment , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . further , the luster of the toner image fixed on the record medium is prevented from being damaged by excessive heating . in addition , it is possible to control both the luster and the adhesion degree of the toner image on the record medium , and it is possible to control the temperature gradation along the thickness direction of the toner image . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a tenth embodiment . in this embodiment the outer heating member 21 includes a radiating heater 21 a as a halogen heater and a reflector 21 b that reflects the heat radiated by the radiating heater 21 a to the transfer fixing member 27 . thereby , the outer heating member 21 radiates the toner image on the transfer fixing member 27 from the surface side of the toner image . in this embodiment , it is easy to concentrate the heat energy on the toner image on the transfer fixing member 27 , because the toner image is radiated by the outer heating member 21 . thereby , it is possible to increase heating efficiency to the toner image , and it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . further , the surface of the transfer fixing member 27 is preferably formed by a material with a high reflective rate . thereby , there is nothing to absorb the radiation by the outer heating member 21 except for the toner on the transfer fixing member 27 , and then the toner absorbs the radiation even more . the surface of the transfer fixing member 27 may be coated by black , but should not be formed transparent . fig3 is a view showing the temperature distribution in the toner image and the record medium in the direction of the thickness just before the toner image is fixed onto the record medium in the nip . fig3 includes each temperature distribution of the background art in fig5 , the tenth embodiment in fig2 , and this embodiment in fig3 . the “ 0 ” side in the toner image means the side of the toner image fixed onto the record medium , and the surface side of the toner image on the transfer fixing member . fig3 shows experimental results carried out in the condition that the transfer fixing or fixing member and the pressing member both include a gum layer and a releasing layer , and the temperature inside the gum layer in the transfer fixing member is 160 ° c ., and the temperature inside the gum layer in the pressing member is 100 ° c . according to fig3 , the temperature distribution in the direction of the thickness of the toner image in the background art is equally and as high as the record medium . the temperature distribution in the direction of the thickness of the toner image in this embodiment is equally and much higher than the record medium . the temperature distribution in the direction of the thickness of the toner image in this embodiment is that the temperature of the surface side is higher than the opposite side , and much higher than the record medium . the following describes the temperature distribution in the direction of the thickness of the toner image on the record medium just after the record medium reaches the nip , based on the results in fig3 . in this embodiment , the temperature of the fixing side in the toner image becomes lower than the opposite side , because the record medium directly takes the heat from the fixing side , but does not directly take the heat from the opposite side . the fixing side of the toner image does not keep the lower temperature than the opposite side , despite the record medium taking the heat from the fixing side . thus , in this embodiment , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . in this view , the outer heating member 21 radiates heat to the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 without the halogen heater 15 . further it is possible to control both the luster and the adhesion degree of the toner image on the record medium , and it is possible to control the temperature gradation along the thickness direction of the toner image . in this view , the outer heating member 21 preferably radiates heat to the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 with the halogen heater 15 . fig3 is a view showing the temperature distribution in the toner image and the record medium in the direction of the thickness according to the time 10 ms , 30 ms , 100 ms while the toner image and the record medium is passing through the nip . fig3 includes each temperature distribution of the background art in fig5 , the eighth embodiment in fig2 , and this embodiment in fig3 . fig3 is a view showing the temperature difference between the surface side and the opposite side in the toner image on the record medium , based on fig3 . according to these fig3 , 34 , the temperature difference in this embodiment is much smaller ( h 1 & lt ; h 2 & lt ; h 3 ). further the temperature gap in this embodiment at 10 ms is almost the same as in the background art at 30 ˜ 70 ms . thereby , the toner image is prevented from returning to be transferred onto the fixing member caused by the larger temperature gap . further in this embodiment , it is possible to not excessively heat the toner image from the side of the fixing member . thereby , the outer heating member 21 may radiate heat to dry the object , instead of radiating heat to melt the toner image . in this case , an ink is suitable as the object . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the halogen heater 15 and the reflector 30 are exchanged for the halogen heater 32 and the heating roller 33 , and the board spring 28 is exchanged for the supporting roller 31 . according to the tenth embodiment , it is possible to increase heating efficiency to the toner image , and it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . fig3 is a schematic front view showing an eleventh embodiment . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 as a thick member is located above the intermediate transfer belt 2 , and the transfer fixing roller 13 is located above the outer heating member 21 . thereby , heating of the intermediate transfer belt 2 by the transfer fixing roller 13 and the outer heating member 21 is reduced . further , it is possible to heat the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 by heat convection between the transfer fixing roller 13 and the outer heating member 21 , to thereby increase heating efficiency to the toner image . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 is formed by a board , and the driving roller 9 is exchanged for a pair of driving rollers 99 . the portion of the intermediate transfer belt 2 between the driving rollers 99 is transformed according to the surface of the transfer fixing roller 13 . further , the intermediate transfer belt 2 contacts the transfer fixing roller 13 from the opposite side to the pressing roller 14 . thereby , it is possible to heat the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 longer . according to the eleventh embodiment , it is possible to efficiently heat the toner image , and it is possible to control the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . fig3 is a schematic front view showing a twelfth embodiment . in this embodiment , the heating roller 211 as a heating member , which is located below the transfer fixing roller 13 , heats the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 from the surface side of the toner image , and heats the record medium before it reaches the nip n . the heating roller 211 includes a radiant source 300 and a double transparent tube surrounding the radiant source 300 . the double transparent tube includes a vacuum or decompression chamber between the outer tube and the inner tube . further , the heating roller 211 forms a nip , where the record medium passes between itself and a resist roller 19 . in addition , between the heating roller 211 and the transfer fixing roller 13 is arranged a heating preventing member , which protects the transfer fixing roller 13 from the heat from the heating roller 211 . in this structure , a toner dropped from the transfer fixing roller 13 is prevented from directly contacting the radiant source 300 . that prevents emitting smoke or a burning smell caused by excessive heating of the toner . further , the radiant source 300 can effectively radiate the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 . incidentally , in a case of calling the radiant source 300 a heating member , the double tube is a contact restraining member that transmits the heat radiation by the radiant source 300 and prevents the toner image from contacting the radiant source 300 . further , the heating roller 211 heats the record medium p before reaching the nip n as a medium heating member . thereby , it is possible to control the interface between the toner image and the record medium , because the toner image is prevented from taking too much heat by the record medium . thereby , it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . in addition , the radiant source 300 can be electrically turned on while the record medium is being transferred . thereby , the heating roller 211 heats the toner image on the transfer fixing roller 13 while the record medium is being transferred . that prevents overheating around the heating roller 211 and wasting of energy . incidentally , in a case of calling the radiant source 300 a heating member or a medium heating member , the double tube is a movement restraining member that transmits the heat radiation by the radiant source 300 and prevents the record medium before reaching the nip n from moving to contact the radiant source 300 . further , the heating roller 211 and the resist roller 19 may be referred to as a heating member . the heating roller 211 preferably heats the record medium with a radiation wavelength easily absorbed by cellulose in a short time . thereby , it is possible to efficiently heat just the interface but not all of the record medium whose thermal capacity is large . fig3 is a view showing temperature distribution in the direction of the thickness in the record medium according to the heating time . fig3 shows calculation results in the condition that the electric power irradiated is 48 w , the width of the record medium is 300 mm , and the thickness of the record medium is 70 μm . a difference equation of one - dimensional heat conduction is solved by the explicit method . the calculation unit of the thickness is every 2 . 5 μm , and the calculation unit of the time is 50 μm . an actual measurement corresponds to the calculation result in a case that the absorbable efficiency of the record medium is 40 ˜ 60 %. according to the results in fig3 , it is preferable to heat the record medium for 2 . 5 ms ˜ 10 ms , because the temperature of the opposite side of the record medium does not rise much . according to the twelfth embodiment , smoke or a burning smell caused by excessive heating of the toner is prevented , and it is possible to control minutely the fixing and adhering conditions of the toner image on the record medium . further , the record medium is prevented from directly contacting the radiation source . in addition , it is possible to efficiently heat the record image . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a thirteenth embodiment . in this embodiment , the transfer fixing roller 13 does not include an inner heating member , and a movement restraining member 72 is connected to the reflector 21 b by a hinge 74 . the movement restraining member 72 , which transmits the heat radiation by the radiating heater 21 a as a medium heating member , prevents the record medium p before reaching the nip n from moving into the radiating heater 21 a . a guide member 75 guides the record medium p before reaching the nip n together with the movement restraining member 72 . thereby , it is possible for the outer heating member 21 to also heat the record medium p , while preventing the record medium p from directly contacting the outer heating member 21 . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the movement restraining member 72 is connected to the reflector 21 b , and is arranged between the transfer fixing roller 13 and the radiating heater 21 a . thereby , the radiating heater 21 a is surrounded by the reflector 21 b and the movement restraining member 72 , and then it is possible for the outer heating member 21 to also heat the record medium p , and prevent the record medium p from directly contacting the radiating heater 21 a . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a fourteenth embodiment . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 as a radiation heating member includes a carbon 76 as a radiation source , a reflector 77 , and a transparent member 77 a surrounding the carbon 76 . the transparent member 77 a is arranged between the transfer fixing roller 13 and the carbon 76 . the carbon 76 , whose shape is like a board or a sheet , makes substantially a right angle to a tangent to the surface of the transfer fixing roller 13 . the carbon 76 radiates the heating radiation in the direction of thickness thereof , and the reflector 77 reflects the radiation by the carbon 76 to the transfer fixing roller 13 . thereby , it is easy to make the radiation zone narrow , and then it is easy to make the temperature gradient of the toner image large in the thickness direction of the toner image . further , part of the heating radiation through the transparent member 77 a radiates onto the record medium p . fig4 is a view showing relations between the wavelength and the radiation strength of the halogen heater , the radiation strength of the carbon heater , and the transmissivity of cellulose . cellulose , which is main component of the record medium , has an oh combination and a ch combination . an absorbable zone of the cellulose is around 2 . 6 ˜ 3 . 3 μm by the vibration of the oh expanding and contracting , and about 3 . 6 μm by the vibration of the ch expanding and contracting according to measuring the infrared rays absorbed . on the other hand , the peak of the halogen heater is about 1 . 2 μm , and the peak of the carbon heater is about 2 . 5 μm . thereby , it is possible to use a halogen heater as a medium heating member , but it is preferable to use a carbon heater as a medium heating member . further , it is possible to regulate the radiation strength of the carbon heater in a wider zone than the halogen heater . the heating efficiency to the record medium increases when the electric power decreases , because the wavelength shifts to be longer . further , the toner preferably includes a binder with the oh as a polyol or a polyethylene , or a chemical to absorb the infrared rays . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a modification of this embodiment . in this modification , the carbon 76 is substantially parallel to a tangent to the surface of the transfer fixing roller 13 . in this case , the part of the radiation reflected by the reflector 77 returns to the carbon 76 . according to the fourteenth embodiment , it is easy to make the radiation zone narrow . further it is possible to heat the record medium efficiently . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a fifteenth embodiment . in this embodiment the heating roller 33 is exchanged for a plane heater 50 with pct characteristics whose electrical resistance rapidly rises . fig4 is a view showing the resistance changing and the calorific value changing according to the temperature of the plane heater 50 . in this embodiment , it is possible to apply the plane heater 50 to the heating member , because it is not necessary to heat higher the toner image on the transfer fixing member 27 . further , the heating member can also serve as a temperature safety device on the transfer fixing member 27 . according to the fifteenth embodiment , it is possible to efficiently heat the toner image . fig4 is a schematic front view showing a sixteenth embodiment . in this embodiment the pressing member includes the pressing roller 14 , a supporting roller 56 , and a pressing belt 57 supported by the pressing roller 14 and the supporting roller 56 . in this embodiment , the width of the nip n changes from n 1 to n 2 , by changing the position of the supporting roller 56 from the solid line position to the two - dot chain line position . thereby , the toner image is heated longer in the nip n , to prevent an uneven toner image being fixed on the record medium . fig1 is cited again to describe a seventeenth embodiment . in this embodiment , the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 changes a line speed of the transfer fixing member . the switch 54 is pushed when a record medium with high thermal capacity is used . the controller 52 drives the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 as the line speed of the transfer fixing member slows down . thereby , the toner image on the transfer fixing member is heated longer , to prevent an uneven toner image being fixed on the record medium . further , the transfer fixing member rotates with the line speed less than the intermediate transfer member , because the transfer fixing member driving motor 55 slows down the line speed of the transfer fixing member . thereby , the toner image is transferred from the intermediate transfer member to the transfer fixing member according to the line speed gap between the intermediate transfer member and the transfer fixing member . that prevents the center part in the toner image area missing in a case that the toner image area is large . fig4 a and fig4 b are schematic front views showing an eighteenth embodiment . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 radiates heat to the toner image on the transfer fixing member 27 . the toner image device holds the toner image of plural colors , yellow , magenta , cyanogen , black on the surface thereof , the color black with the highest radiation rate among the plural colors being formed at the outermost portion of the transfer fixing member 27 . the black circles show the black toner image in fig4 a and fig4 b . thereby , the toner image including plural colors can efficiently absorb the heat by the radiating heater 21 a . fig4 a and fig4 b are schematic front views showing a nineteenth embodiment . in this embodiment , the outer heating member 21 heats the toner image on the transfer fixing member 27 by heat convection between the outer heating member 21 and the toner image . the toner image device holds the toner image of plural colors , yellow , magenta , cyanogen , black on the surface thereof , the color with the lowest radiation rate among the plural colors being formed at the outermost position of the transfer fixing member 27 . the white circles show the toner image of the color with the lowest radiation rate among the plural colors , the black circle showing the black toner image as in fig4 a and fig4 b . thereby , the toner image including plural color is prevented from radiating outside . fig5 is a schematic front view showing a twentieth embodiment . in this embodiment , each of the transfer fixing roller 13 and the outer heating member 21 is accommodated in each of a unit v 1 and a unit v 2 that are individually modularized in a casing 1 a . thereby , the transfer fixing roller 13 and the outer heating member 21 as an image heating member or a medium heating member are individually exchangeable , or the halogen heater 15 and the outer heating member 21 are individually exchangeable . therefore , it is unnecessary to exchange all members if only one member becomes defective . fig5 is a schematic front view showing a twenty first embodiment . in this embodiment , the transfer fixing roller 13 is arranged at an upper side in the image forming unit 1 a and above the intermediate transfer belt 2 . the image forming unit 1 a includes an upper surface with an output for the record medium , and the upper surface connects a tray 1 a 1 arranged above it , which receives the record medium sent from the output . the transfer fixing roller 13 and the upper surface and the tray 1 a 1 are arranged as the record medium is continuously passed from the transfer fixing roller 13 to the tray 1 a 1 . thereby , the record medium sent from the transfer fixing roller 13 moves upward . further , the intermediate transfer belt 2 just after transferring the toner image moves downward . in this embodiment , heating of the intermediate transfer belt 2 by the transfer fixing roller 13 is reduced , because the transfer fixing roller 13 is arranged above the intermediate transfer belt 2 . in addition , it can be realized easily that the direction of the record medium sent from the transfer fixing roller 13 is opposite to the direction of the intermediate transfer belt 2 just after transferring the record medium , because the transfer fixing roller 13 is arranged between the record medium and the intermediate transfer belt 2 . further , it is possible to regulate the direction of the record medium sent from the transfer fixing roller 13 in a small space , because the transfer fixing roller 13 is a roller . thereby , it is possible that the record medium sent from the transfer fixing roller 13 moves upward , and the intermediate transfer belt 2 just after transferring the toner image moves downward . therefore , it is possible to use the space above the apparatus efficiently , and it is possible to make the space for the tray 1 a 1 smaller . thereby , it is possible to make the space for the entire apparatus smaller . further , as the transfer fixing roller 13 transfers and fixes the toner image onto only one surface of the record medium , the transfer fixing roller 13 and the upper surface are arranged so the surface with the toner image of the record medium faces downward on the tray 1 a 1 . thereby , it is unnecessary to change the turn of plural record mediums . according to the twenty first embodiment , heating of the intermediate transfer belt 2 by the transfer fixing roller 13 is reduced , and it is possible to make the space for the apparatus smaller . fig5 is a schematic front view showing a twenty second embodiment . in this embodiment , a roller 81 is arranged to contact the intermediate transfer belt 2 just after transferring the toner image , a driving roller 82 is provided nipping the intermediate transfer belt 2 between itself and the roller 81 , and a roller 83 is provided nipping the record medium between itself and the roller 82 . thereby , changes in the line speed of the intermediate transfer belt 2 caused by the thickness of the toner image changing are reduced . further , the roller 82 is preferably formed by metal including copper or by a heat pipe . thereby , it is possible to cool the intermediate transfer belt 2 and to heat the record medium . fig5 is a schematic front view showing a twenty third embodiment . in this embodiment , a transfer fixing roller 70 , which includes mainly a 1 and carbon fiber cs to strengthen it , has a modulus of elasticity of three times iron , and a flexibility of a third of iron . thereby , the transfer fixing roller 70 can equally contact the intermediate transfer member , and then the toner image can be equally transferred from the intermediate transfer member onto the transfer fixing member . in the embodiments describe above , the heating member may include individual or assorted of various heaters such as an induction heater , except for the embodiment including the characteristic regarding a kind of heating member . further , the transfer fixing member and the opposite member or the pressing member may be assorted by a roller and a belt , except for the embodiment including the characteristic regarding a kind of them . in a case that they are both belts , their thermal capacity is the smallest . in addition , the surface of various members contacting the toner image may include the combination of a releasing layer and an elastic layer . further , the surface of the transfer fixing member may include a lower radiation rate material as a metal . thereby , it is possible to reduce the difference of the temperature between the potion with the toner image and the portion without the toner image on the transfer fixing member . furthermore , the pressing member may include plural portions whose pressure is individually set up . thereby , the pressure of the downstream portion may be higher to cope with the melted toner image . it is possible to increase pressure , by combining with other pressing members . fig5 is a flow chart showing a manufacturing process in a twenty fourth embodiment . in this embodiment a record medium recycling method includes forming a toner image on an toner image carrier , primarily transferring the toner image onto an intermediate transfer member , secondarily transferring the toner image on the intermediate transfer member onto a transfer fixing member , thirdly transferring and fixing the toner member on the transfer fixing member onto a record medium , according to one of all the embodiments described above . further , the record medium recycling method includes a heating step of heating the toner image on the transfer fixing member according to one of any of the embodiments described above , and a removing step of removing the toner image from the record medium . the removing step includes feeding the record medium with the toner image ( s 1 ), primarily eliminating the toner image on the surface of the record medium ( s 2 ), second eliminating the toner image in the fiber tissue of the record medium ( s 3 ), third eliminating the residual toner image isolated around the surface of the record medium ( s 4 ), restoring the surface of the record medium ( s 5 ), and discharging the recycled record medium ( s 6 ), as published in japanese published unexamined patent application no . hei 10 - 63121 . further , a recycling apparatus includes a means corresponding to each step in the removing step . fig5 a , 55 b , 55 c , 55 d are schematic front view showing this embodiment . in this embodiment , a blade roller 60 as a first eliminating means eliminates a toner image 61 on the surface of a record medium p . a pair of heating pressing rollers 62 as second eliminating means eliminates the toner image in the fiber tissue of the record medium p by the toner image transferred onto the surface of the heating pressing roller 62 . a pair of magnetic rollers 63 as third eliminating means eliminates the residual toner image isolated around the surface of the record medium p by magnetism . a pair of elastic rollers 64 as a restoring means presses to restore the surface of the record medium p . a brush 65 is used to clean the blade roller 60 . according to the method and the structure , it is easy to control the interface between the toner image and the record medium , and the toner image and the record medium are prevented from being excessively heated , by heating the toner image on the transfer fixing member . therefore , it is easy to eliminate the toner image from the record medium . obviously , numerous additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein . | 6 |
the invention will now be described in detail on the basis of the preferred embodiment illustrated in the drawings . fig1 shows an overall schematic view of the optical system of the three - dimensional shape measurement system according to the invention . a laser beam 2 emitted by a helium - neon ( he -- ne ), semiconductor or other such laser beam source 1 has its shape formed by passage through a lens 3 and then enters an acoustic - optical deflector ( aod ) 4 by which it is scanningly deflected . prisms 5 and 6 are disposed before and after the aod 4 to compensate for the light - wavelength dependency of the laser beam &# 39 ; s angles of incidence and egression with respect to the aod 4 . these prisms are not absolutely necessary if a laser beam source which produces only monochromatic light is used . the aod 4 scanningly deflects the laser beam in one dimension at , for example , a frequency of 15 . 75 khz , which corresponds to the horizontal scanning frequency used in ordinary tv systems . the laser beam scanned by the aod passes through lenses 7 and 8 , whereafter it is partially reflected and partially transmitted by a beam splitter 9 . the beam passing through the beam splitter 9 is received by a photodiode or the like ( not shown ) for monitoring the laser luminous energy . the beam reflected by the beam splitter 9 is reflected and turned back by mirrors 10 and 11 . the mirrors 10 , 11 are mounted on a movable support 12 which is moved by a motor ( stepping motor or the like ) 13 for adjusting the focal point of the laser beam . the beam reflected by the mirrors 10 , 11 passes through a lens 14 and falls incident on a mirror ( galvanometer mirror ) 16 mounted on a galvanometer 15 . for preventing the image quality from being degraded by surface - reflected light ( stray light ) , it is preferable to dispose the lens 14 eccentrically with respect to the optical axis of the optical system , as shown in the drawing . the portion between the lens 8 and the lens 14 is constituted as a telecentric optical system wherein the scanned laser beam is in a parallel state , and the mirrors 10 , 11 are disposed in the optical system light path . it is therefore a characteristic of the system that the position at which the scanned laser beam forms an image on the galvanometer mirror 16 , i . e . the center point about which the scanned beam swings , is maintained constant at all times notwithstanding changes in the focal position of the beam itself caused by movement of the mirrors 10 and 11 . the galvanometer mirror 16 scanningly deflects the laser beam at , for example , a frequency of 60 hz , which corresponds to the vertical scanning frequency used in ordinary tv systems . since the direction of the scanning by the galvanometer mirror 16 is perpendicular to that by the aod 4 , there is formed a two - dimensional laser raster corresponding to tv scanning lines . this raster is reflected by a mirror 17 and an objective mirror 18 to be projected through the center of the pupil of the eye 19 under examination and onto the eye fundus . the light scattered by the eye fundus passes back along the optical path constituted by the elements 18 , 17 , 16 , 14 , 11 and 10 and then , after passing through the beam splitter 9 , advances through a lens 20 , is reflected by a mirror 21 and continues on through a glass plate 22 . as the center of the glass plate 22 is blackened to make it opaque , it shuts out the reflected light from the cornea of the eye 19 under examination . the beam of light passing through the glass plate is condensed by a lens 23 , split by a half mirror 24 , and focused in the vicinity of confocal apertures 25 and 26 . the light beams passing through the two apertures are detected and photoelectrically converted by detectors 27 and 28 ( photomultipliers , avalanche photodiodes or other such high - sensitivity detectors ). as was explained earlier , the two confocal apertures 25 , 26 are located at positions on the optical axes offset slightly in opposite directions with respect to the points at which the images of the eye under examination are focused . this makes it possible to measure irregularities of the object ( eye fundus ) extending in the direction of the optical axis . as shown in the drawing , the two apertures are offset for enabling the three - dimensional measurement . in this case , however , when the output signals of the two detectors are added together for ordinary image observation , the image contrast becomes somewhat inferior to that in the case where the apertures are perfectly aligned with the focal plane . ideally , therefore , when this optical system is to be used for ordinary image observation , a fine adjustment mechanism should be provided for fine adjusting the positions of the two confocal apertures 25 , 26 by shifting them slightly in the directions of the arrows 25a 26a for bringing them into perfect alignment with the focal planes . as another way for pr eventing contrast degradation during ordinary observation , it is possible for example to use a full mirror in place of the half mirror 24 , position the aperture 26 in perfect alignment with the focal plane , and use only the output signal from the detector 28 ( not use the output signal from the detector 27 ). fine adjustment of the positions of the apertures in this way makes it possible to use the same optical system not only for conducting the three - dimensional measurement but also for observation of ordinary images ( perfect confocal images ) with minimal contrast degradation . fig2 is a block diagram of the electrical system for processing the received light signals in the three - dimensional shape measurement system according to the invention . output signals i1 and i2 from the detectors 27 , 28 ( such as of the photomultiplier or avalanche photodiode type ) are amplified in amplifiers 31 and 32 and then forwarded to an adder 33 and a subtracter 34 . the sum and difference signals are sent to a divider 35 where they are subjected to division processing . in the illustrated example , this means carrying out the calculation ( i1 - i2 )/( i1 + i2 ) mentioned earlier ( eq . 4 ). the output signal from the divider is forwarded to a gradient converter 36 where it is corrected for nonlinearity , and then through a selector circuit 37 to a tv monitor or other such output device 38 . although the sum and difference signals are divided in the aforesaid example , as was explained earlier the three - dimensional information can also be obtained in other ways , such as by direct division in the form of i1 / i2 or by using the relationship log i1 - log i2 = log ( i1 / i2 ) ( i . e ., by using logarithmic conversion ). in the case where the selector circuit 37 selects the output signal ( i1 + i2 ) from the adder 33 , an image of the object ( fundus ) for ordinary observation is displayed on the tv monitor . on the other hand , when it selects the division processed signal ( i1 - i2 )/( i1 + i2 ), a three - dimensional image of the object ( fundus ) for detection of irregularities ( bumps and depressions ) is displayed . in either case , the image information can if necessary be stored using a video tape recorder , magnetic disk drive , an optical disk drive or other such storage device 39 . the output signals from the adder 33 and the subtracter 34 are also sent to a discriminator 40 which uses them for checking the intensity levels of the signals and the focus condition of the optical system . the discriminator 40 has an internal comparator and logic circuit which discriminate the validity of the signals on the basis of reference voltages v1 and v2 from a reference voltage generator 41 . fig3 shows an example of the intensity levels of the two output signals from the detectors , before and after processing . as was explained earlier , each detector output signal i1 , i2 exhibits an intensity curve which peaks at the position of one of the apertures a1 or a2 and the region between the peaks is the range over which measurement in the z direction is possible . if the focal plane of the object being measured should fall outside of this measurement range , measurement error is likely to occur . moreover , since dividers generally have a narrow dynamic range , it is important from the point of measurement accuracy for the level of the divider input signal , particularly the input level of the denominator of the division , to be within an appropriate range . with respect to ( i1 - i2 ) , i max and i min should satisfy the conditions of i max & gt ; 0 , i min & lt ; 0 and absolute values of i max and i min approximately equal , and with respect to reference voltages v1 and v2 generated by the reference voltage generator 41 , the relationship v1 & lt ; i1 + i2 & lt ; v2 should be met . whether or not these conditions are met is detected by the discriminator 40 . if these discrimination conditions are met , this means that the focal plane of the optical system is within the measurement range in line with the three - dimensional measurement principle and that the denominator input level of the divider is also within the appropriate range . returning to fig2 the result of the discrimination by the discriminator 40 is displayed on a display device 42 , which may be an led display or the like , and , in addition , feedback control is conducted by using the signal intensity discrimination signal to drive a controller or control circuit 43 for controlling the amplification factor of the two amplifiers 31 , 32 so as to optimize the level of the signals . on the other hand , the focus condition discrimination signal output by the discriminator 40 is forwarded through control circuit 44 and a drive circuit 45 to be used for controlling the motor 13 so as to control the optical system for ensuring that the focus condition is constantly maintained within the aforesaid appropriate range . as explained in the foregoing , the present embodiment is provided with signal processing means which discriminates the focus condition of the optical system with respect to the object from the detector output signals and automatically maintains the focus condition of the laser beam in the optical system at optimum at all times , thus controlling the optical system so as to keep it within the focus range appropriate for the measurement . as a result , accurate three - dimensional measurement is possible irrespective of the type of object subjected to measurement . in addition , since the present embodiment is provided with a signal processing means for discriminating the electrical level of the detector output signals and using the discriminated values for automatically maintaining the intensity condition of the signals in a constant state , the accuracy of the division processing is enhanced and , as a result , the accuracy and reproducibility of the three - dimensional measurement is upgraded . while the present embodiment has been explained with respect to the case where the object subjected to measurement is an in vivo eye fundus , the invention is not limited this type of measurement and can also be applied to , for example , a scanning laser microscope or the like for use in examining the three - dimensional shape of microorganisms , cells , the fine wiring patterns of integrated circuits and the like . moreover , while the present embodiment uses an aod and a galvanometer mirror as the scanning means , the invention is not particularly limited as regards the scanning method and it is alternatively possible to use any of various other scanning means such as a resonant type swinging mirror or a rotating polygonal mirror . while the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the invention should not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention , but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims . | 6 |
fig1 shows a schematic view of the configuration of an endoprosthesis for a hip joint 30 . it is a total endoprosthesis with which both the acetabulum 31 and the articular head 32 are replaced . the articular head 32 can be stably anchored in the bone , for example , by means of a stem 33 . the hip joint 30 is a type of ball - and - socket joint . the ball end of one section 32 meshes with the hollow spherical cavity of the other section 31 , which preferably makes a swiveling movement in all directions possible . the invention will be explained using a hip joint 30 as an example . it can , however , also be used in any other joint , for example , the shoulder , hip and / or knee joint . fig2 . a shows a schematic view of a cross section through the acetabulum 31 seen in fig1 . known acetabula 31 frequently are made of specialty plastics or ceramic materials . the acetabulum 31 is designed as a type of shell 13 or hemispherical shell 13 . a hemispherical shell is the set difference between substantially concentric hemispheres with different radii . this is once more illustrated in a perspective view in fig2 . b . the acetabulum 31 is connected to the bone 50 or to the tissue 50 by way of its outside surface 31 a . at least parts of the inside space 31 c of the acetabulum 31 receive the articular head 32 . the movement of the articular head 32 is , so to speak , guided by the acetabulum 31 . the inside surface 31 a of the acetabulum 31 and the outside surface of the articular head 32 ( not shown in this figure ) are adjoining each other . these surfaces are generally smooth to the point that a sliding movement with minimum friction , preferably without the generation of abrasive material , can be ensured . fig3 a shows a schematic view of a cross section through an implant 100 for an acetabulum 31 according to the present invention . the implant 100 comprises a plurality of sections or a plurality of structures . as shown , the implant 100 or the acetabulum comprises or consists of a compression - molded component 11 made of wire 12 , in particular of a molded component 11 made from a compression - molded mesh fabric made of wire 11 , as the first section 10 and of a plastic component as the second section 20 . the second section 20 is disposed in the inside space of the first section 10 or the molded component 11 . the molded component , so to speak , embraces the second section 20 . the outer surface 20 a of the second section 20 preferably rests against the inside surface 10 b of the molded component 11 . to ensure a stable and permanent anchorage , the first section 10 and the second section 20 are fusion - bonded to each other . in the embodiment mentioned in which the second section 20 is made of a plastic material , this section is preferably applied or sprayed onto the first section 10 or molded component 11 . in this case , the molded component 11 , or more specifically the inside surface 10 b of the molded component 11 , constitutes a type of negative mold . the second section 20 should essentially make it possible for an articular head 32 to perform a sliding movement in the acetabulum 31 . in contrast , the molded component 11 is primarily responsible for the dynamic properties of implant 100 and to make possible a stable anchorage in the surrounding tissue 50 or bone 50 . the outside surfaces 10 a of implants 100 that are facing the bone 50 or tissue 50 are porous since the molded component 11 is made from a compression - molded mesh fabric . the porosity of the molded component 11 makes it possible for the tissue 50 to grow into the implant 100 . at the same time , however , the dynamic properties of the implant 100 should not be substantially impaired . this can be ensured especially by specifically influencing the ingrowth of the tissue 50 . to this end , fig3 . b shows an improvement of the implant 100 shown in fig3 . a . the outside surface 10 a , in particular at least in a surface region , is designed or treated in such a manner that it allows ingrowth of the tissue 50 into the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 , in particular in the surface region mentioned . the core or the inside space of the molded component 11 is to remain substantially free from tissue 50 in order to maintain the dynamic properties of the implant 100 intact . this can be accomplished , for example , in that the wires 12 that are located on the outside surface 10 a of the molded component 11 have a surface different from that of the wires 12 that are located in the core of the molded component 11 . to illustrate this , fig3 . b schematically shows the implant 100 seen in fig3 . a with a different outside surface 10 a . one possibility is a wire 12 coated with a coating 14 . for example , titanium or a titanium alloy makes it possible for tissue 50 to grow into a porous structure . in contrast , stainless steel and certain plastic materials prevent or impede ingrowth of the tissue 50 . thus , for example , two possible combinations are titanium / stainless steel and titanium / plastic material . in one embodiment of the present invention , the coating 14 is applied to the finished molded component 11 . in this case , the molded component 11 already has its final appearance . more specifically , the outside surface 10 a is treated preferably down to the depth desired . in a first embodiment , the wire 12 of the molded component 11 is made of a material , such as stainless steel , which inhibits ingrowth of the tissue 50 . by coating the wire area that forms the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 with a material , for example , titanium or a titanium alloy , it is possible for the tissue 50 to grow into the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 . coating can be deposited by a gaseous state process , for example , by evaporation , by a liquid or pasty state process , for example , by spraying , and / or by electrochemical deposition from solutions , for example , by electroplating . electroplating is especially useful since the depth and / or the thickness of the coating 14 in the implant can be determined by way of the depth of immersion and / or the length of time the implant 100 or the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 is immersed in a solution . in a second embodiment , the wire 12 of the molded component 11 is made of a material , for example , titanium or a titanium alloy , which allows ingrowth of the tissue 50 . in this case , the wire 12 as such is covered , preferably even prior to knitting , with a layer or a coating 14 of a material , for example , stainless steel or a plastic material , which suppresses ingrowth of the tissue 50 . by removing the layer or the coating 14 in the region that forms the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 , it is possible for the tissue 50 to grow into the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 . the layer or coating can be removed , for example , my means of etching . etching is especially useful since the depth of the exposed region 14 , in this case titanium or the exposed titanium alloy , in the molded component 11 can be determined by way of the depth of immersion and / or the length of time the implant 100 or , more specifically , the outside surface 10 a of the implant 100 is immersed in an etching solution or liquid . fig4 . a to 4 . c show detailed representations of , respectively , a lateral view , a bottom view and a perspective view of a molded component 11 . clearly visible in these figures are the wires 12 of the molded component 11 which , in a preferred embodiment of the invention , initially have the form of a circular knit mesh fabric . in a second step , the mesh fabric is folded and / or rolled up . the folding and / or rolling step is carried out in a manner to accommodate the shape and / or the density of the mesh fabric desired for the finished molded component 11 . in the next step , the molded component 11 is shaped by compression molding the mesh fabric which has preferably been folded and rolled up prior thereto . fig5 a and 5 b show a section of a vertebral column and an implant 100 for an intervertebral disk 40 . the upper surface 10 a and the lower surface 10 b of the implant 100 rest against the neighboring vertebrae 50 . preferably the molded component 11 alone constitutes the entire implant 100 . to enable a defined growth of the tissue 50 or the bone 50 into the surface of the implant , both the upper surface 10 a and the lower surface 10 b of the implant are appropriately configured , preferably down to a desired depth or in a surface region . fig6 . a shows a schematic view of a cross section through an implant 100 designed for an intervertebral disk 40 according to the present invention . reference numeral 14 designates a coating or an exposed area . for details about the structure of the upper surface 10 a and the lower surface 10 b , reference is made to the description in connection with fig3 . b since this description applies to the presently discussed figure as well . fig6 . b shows a cross section through another embodiment of an implant 100 for an intervertebral disk . in this case , a second , especially a nonmetal , section 20 is disposed on the upper surface 10 a and the lower surface 10 b of the molded component 11 , here on the first component 10 . the two second sections 20 are the interface or the transitional region to the neighboring tissue 50 or bone 50 . the molded component 11 as such is , so to speak , disposed as an elastic core between the two second structures 20 . thus , it is possible to largely prevent the tissue 50 or the bone 50 from growing into the molded component 11 and to maintain the dynamic properties of this component intact . the two second structures 20 can , for example , also have a porous structure , in particular along their upper surface 20 a and lower surface 20 b in order enable or promote ingrowth of the tissue 50 and thus a stable anchorage . preferably , the two second structures 20 are made of a plastic material and are formed by spraying them onto the molded component 11 . fig7 finally shows a detailed top view of an implant 100 for an intervertebral disk 40 according to the present invention . again , this figure clearly shows the wires 12 and the porosity of the molded component 11 . for greater detail , reference is made to the description in connection with fig4 . a to 4 . c . it will be obvious to the person skilled in the art that the embodiments described are merely offered as examples . the present invention is not limited to these examples and can be varied in many different ways without departing from the scope of the invention . features of individual embodiments and the features mentioned in the general part of the description can be combined among and with one another . 10 a outside surface or upper surface of the first section or of the molded component 10 b inside surface or lower surface of the first section or of molded component 20 a outside surface or upper surface of the second section 20 b inside surface or lower surface of the second section | 0 |
turning now to the drawings , wherein like elements are denoted by like reference numerals in the various views , in fig1 there is shown an inflatable restraint 10 for use with an inflator 12 to protect a vehicle occupant 14 from impacting against a dash panel 16 , windshield 18 or other interior surface in the event of a collision . as will be noted , the configuration of the inflatable restraint as illustrated is intended to provide sufficient depth of coverage so as to provide a degree of protection to the vehicle occupant 14 in a number of orientations . in particular , the inflatable restraint is configured to have a generally deep arcuate profile so as to provide good overall coverage . the inflatable restraint 10 illustrated in fig1 is preferably formed from a single piece precut material blank 20 as illustrated in fig2 . in the illustrated and preferred embodiment , the material blank 20 includes an elongate central body portion 24 bounded on either end by extending tab sections 26 , 27 . these extending tab sections , 26 , 27 are used to form the mouth 30 of the inflatable restraint 10 which is mated to the inflator 12 in a manner well known to those of skill in the art . in the preferred embodiment , the material blank 20 is also provided with two side panel structures 32 , 34 which are joined laterally to opposite sides of a first body panel section 36 of the central body portion 24 . as illustrated , this first body panel section 36 preferably extends from a fold - line f -- f to the line of origin a 2 - a 2 of extending tab section 27 . in the illustrated and potentially preferred embodiment , the central body portion 24 further includes a second body panel section 40 extending between fold line f -- f and a 1 - a 1 . the second body panel section 40 is proximate to and in connecting relation with the first body panel section 36 . as shown , the side panel structures 32 , 34 are joined laterally to the opposite sides of the first body panel section 36 of the central body portion 24 . moreover , in the preferred embodiment the side panel structures 32 , 34 are of a generally trapezoidal configuration such that the base of the trapezoids formed thereby are substantially congruent with the lateral boundaries of the first body panel section 36 of the central body portion . while the four - sided trapezoidal configuration for the side panel structures 32 , 24 may be preferred , in some instances it may be desirable to use a configuration having a different number of edge portions . by way of example only , side panels having up to about eight edge portions may be particularly useful in obtaining desired geometries . further , in some instances it may be desirable to use side panel structures having substantially rounded profiles including semi - circular , semi - elliptical , or substantially parabolic profiles . as illustrated , the boundary segments of the second body panel section 40 of the central body portion and the side panel structures 32 , 34 preferably correspond to one another so as to provide a substantially over lying mating relationship when the first and second body panel sections of the central body portion are folded inward towards one another along fold line f -- f . specifically , it is preferred that the line segment c 1 - f be substantially equivalent to the length of line segment c 2 - f , line segment c 1 - b 1 is substantially equivalent to c 2 - b 2 and line segment a 1 - b 1 is substantially equivalent to line segment a 2 - b 2 . a profile of the resulting folded fabric structure formed when material blank 20 is folded along fold line f -- f and the corresponding line segments are joined by sewing or other adhesive means is illustrated in fig3 . while this profile only illustrates the fold lines and points of contact on one side of the inflatable restraint 10 , it is to be understood that in the preferred practice both sides of the inflatable restraint will be substantially symmetrical , although it is contemplated that some asymmetry may be designed into the inflatable restraint 10 if desired to obtain a particular final expanded configuration . in fig4 the inflatable restraint 10 is illustrated in expanded configuration showing the seam lines across one side thereof . as will be appreciated , the formation of the inflatable restraint 10 requires only minimal sewing along a small number of relatively straight seam lines f - c , c - b , and b - a , on either side of the folded material blank 20 to effect substantial closure of the inflatable restraint 10 except for the desired opening at the mouth 30 formed at the intersection of extending tab sections 26 , 27 which may be attached to the inflator 12 as desired . it will be appreciated that the material blank 20 may be formed from any suitable woven or extruded material for use in an inflatable restraint environment so long as the material is sufficiently flexible to permit the requisite folding and mating of corresponding boundary segments as illustrated and described above . potentially preferred materials may include woven or nonwoven fabric constructions of nylon , polyester , or other suitable natural or polymeric materials as are well known to those of skill in the art . fabrics formed from nylon 6 , 6 may be particularly preferred . it is , of course , to be understood that while particular embodiments of the inflatable restraint and material blank 20 have been illustrated and described , it is contemplated that multiple other embodiments may also be utilized . by way of example only and not limitation , the second body panel section 40 of the central body portion could be substantially straight rather than being tapered from the fold line f -- f to the terminus a 1 - a 1 as illustrated in fig2 . should such a straight configuration be utilized , folding would occur substantially in the same manner as described in relation to the potentially preferred embodiment , however , a slight trimming operation may be desired following formation of the seams along the folded edges of the material blank . moreover , while it is preferred to use a single precut material blank 20 in formation of the inflatable restraint , it is likewise contemplated that the various segments which make up the material blank could be formed separately and joined together prior to the folding and seaming operations previously described . thus , while specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto , since modifications may certainly be made and other embodiments of the principals of this invention will no doubt occur to those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains . therefore , it is contemplated by the appended claims to cover any such modifications and other embodiments as incorporate the features of this invention within the true spirit and scope of the following claims . | 1 |
in a demo - supermarket of the present invention , customers base their purchases on demonstration items and / or sample items that are on display but are not for purchase . specifically , the present invention separates two major functions of a conventional supermarket into two entities . the first entity is the demo - supermarket in which customers arrange their purchase . the second entity is a warehouse and packing facility where the customers &# 39 ; orders are packed and prepared for delivery . the separation of these functions into separate entities relieves the demo - supermarket of the operational constraints associated with a conventional supermarket and therefore the demo - supermarket is designed to optimize customer satisfaction . the warehouse and packing facility which is associated with one or more demo - supermarkets ; is preferably optimized for operational efficiency without regard to visual presentation or customer accessibility because the warehouse and packing facility does not receive customers . the term “ warehouse and packing facility ” is defined herein as an area off limits to customers in which goods for purchase are stored , prepared and packed for delivery . the principles and operation of a demo - supermarket according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description . it should be noted that the discussion herein relates to a shopping system with merchandise associated with a conventional supermarket as a non - limiting example . this merchandise includes consumables and disposables such as food items , cleaning supplies , pet supplies , paper and plastic goods , and products for personal hygiene . the present invention may also be configured , as an alternative or in addition , with merchandise associated with a large conventional pharmacy . the merchandise associated with a pharmacy includes over the counter medicines , medical supplies , dietary supplements , perfumes , lotions and other health supplies . the present invention may also be configured , as an alternative or in addition , with merchandise associated with an office supplies store , including paper , pens , pencils , notebooks , ink and other office supplies . the term “ consumable ” as defined herein refers to goods that are eaten , are used up , have limited shelf life or are perishable . a demonstration item is an item on display representing an item available for purchase . the demonstration item itself is not available for purchase . in an embodiment of the present invention , the demonstration item is a sample item . a sample item is an item not for sale that is identical with a purchase item , e . g . a box of kellogg &# 39 ; s corn flakes . alternatively , a demonstration item is a replica representing a real item , e . g . artificial flower , alternatively , a demonstration item is a package of a sample item with at least a portion of the contents removed , e . g . an empty box of kellogg &# 39 ; s corn flakes . the terms “ demonstration item ” and “ display item ” are used herein interchangeably . before explaining embodiments of the invention in detail , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings . specifically , the embodiments of the invention include details of an interior design of a demo - supermarket that are not intended to be limiting . the invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways . also , it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . as such , those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures , methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention . it is important , therefore , that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention . by way of introduction , two principle intentions of the present invention are to : ( 1 ) provide a pleasant and efficient shopping experience to the customer and ( 2 ) provide an efficient shopping system with reduced operations and logistics costs . the warehouse and packing facility , according to an embodiment of the present invention , is associated with several demo - supermarkets situated in a single urban area . the warehouse and packing facility receives merchandise , maintains inventory , packs and delivers to the customers of all the associated demo - supermarkets . the storage of goods only at a central warehouse and packing facility allows the individual demo - supermarkets to be small . there is consequently an overall savings in rental and utilities costs . in an embodiment of the present invention , many of the operational problems of managing conventional supermarket are mitigated . inventory management is centralized , and each supplier transports merchandise and / or produce to a single location only . there is no requirement for individual price labeling in the warehouse as there is in a conventional supermarket . in an embodiment of the present invention , since the goods are stored at a single location at a warehouse and packing facility serving multiple demo - supermarkets ; inventory management is simplified and therefore there is minimal monetary loss due to exceeding the shelf life of perishable items . similarly , there is little loss of goods due to workers &# 39 ; eating or customer damage . security requirements against shoplifting are removed because customers have no direct access to stock . referring now to the drawings , fig1 is a floor plan of a prior art conventional supermarket 10 . in conventional supermarket 10 , a customer area 101 includes rows of shelf units 107 . behind customer area 101 is a service area 103 including refrigerators , deep freezers , preparation rooms and other storage . the front of conventional supermarket 10 is a checkout area 105 devoted to checkout , packing and storage of shopping carts . service area 103 and checkout area 105 are both crosshatched , indicating operations area not useable for displaying goods totaling about one third of the area of conventional supermarket 10 . the term “ operations area ” is defined herein as the floor area not useable for displaying goods for sale . referring now to fig2 showing a prior art shelf unit 12 of conventional supermarket 10 . shelf unit 107 includes multiple shelves 201 each item holding a number of items 203 for purchase . in order to hold a significant number of items 203 for purchase , shelves 201 are relatively wide of width about 60 cm . consequently , shelf units 107 require considerable floor space in conventional supermarket 10 . turning now to the present invention , fig3 shows a floor plan of an embodiment of the present invention , a demo - supermarket 30 . demo - supermarket 30 is divided into two areas , a shopping area 301 and a resource area 305 . near an entrance 309 of demo - supermarket 30 is a service point , for example a service counter 306 . in shopping area 301 are multiple display modules 307 . fig4 shows in cross section an embodiment of a display module 307 according to the present invention . display module 307 includes a support element 401 , e . g . shelf , to hold a single display item 403 representing an item available for purchase . a detail of a single shelf of display module 307 is shown in fig4 a . since in an embodiment of the present invention a single display item of each kind is displayed , display module 307 has a narrow profile , a horizontal depth less than 50 cm ., saving considerable floor space . in an embodiment of the present invention , display module 307 includes a security device 405 , e . g . a wire , that secures display item 403 , so that a customer 407 may take display item 403 in hand , feel it and view it from all sides , but he is unable to remove display item 403 from its proper place on display module 307 . fig5 illustrates , in perspective , a display module 307 in a demo - supermarket 30 , according to an embodiment of the present invention . display module 307 includes two dimensional display screens 409 visible to the shopping customers , for instance , to convey product information . screens 409 show still images and / or moving images , e . g . video . customer 407 preferably carries an information storage device 411 , preferably including a mechanism for retrieving purchase codes from display items 403 to form a shopping list . information storage device 411 is preferably electronic , magnetic and / or optical so that the information , e . g . shopping list , is readily entered and rapidly retrieved subsequently at checkout . in an embodiment of the present invention , information storage device 411 is part of a hand - held electronic device . the hand - held electronic device in an embodiment of the present inventions includes a mechanism of wireless communications , preferably a bar code scanner for retrieving product codes . in another embodiment of the present invention , a customer - operated shopping list assembly system is used to assemble a shopping list . in an embodiment of the present invention , a customer operated shopping list assembly system includes storage for the assembly of shopping lists for all customers 407 at a central location , for example , associated with a main computer situated at service counter 306 . preferably , purchase code and shopping list information associated with a specific customer 407 is transferred to a central location using wireless communications e . g . wireless radio . the “ customer - operated shopping list assembly system ”, herein refers to any system for creating and storing customer shopping lists and storing quantities for purchase items included in the shopping lists . customer - operated shopping list assembly systems , according to the present invention , include diverse systems such as stickers printed with purchase codes , bar code scanners , or magnetic media for magnetically recording purchase codes . referring back to fig3 , of floor plan of demo - supermarket 30 , an embodiment of the present invention includes booths 303 that are optionally used for consumable product promotional purposes , e . g . tasting specific foods , smelling perfumes and / or recreational activities . resource area 305 in demo - supermarket 30 optionally includes in addition to an operations area , e . g ., office and a preparation room , other areas for customers &# 39 ; convenience such as rest rooms , baby changing rooms , and checking of coats and parcels . it is readily seen that resource area 305 of a demo - supermarket is less than 15 % of the total floor area required by a demo - supermarket , whereas operations area including service area 103 and checkout area 105 of conventional supermarket 10 combined require at least 25 % of the total floor area of conventional supermarket 10 . moreover , as discussed above , resource area 305 of a demo - supermarket , according to an embodiment of the present invention , is devoted to customer convenience as opposed to service area 103 and checkout area 105 of conventional supermarket 10 that are required for operations leaving little space for customer services and recreation . other embodiments of the present invention include interior designs suited to the space available or the cost of obtaining rental space . for instance , a demo - supermarket 30 of floor area less than 100 square meters can be designed to include all the items for purchase in a conventional supermarket 10 of more than 400 square meters . the small floor area translates directly into monetary savings in rental cost , and utilities costs . fig6 illustrates a node of a shopping network , according to the present invention . in the embodiment of fig6 , a single warehouse and packing facility 601 serves several demo - supermarkets 30 . in one embodiment of the present invention , a demo - supermarket 36 is located near the warehouse and packing facility 601 . other demo - supermarkets 30 are more distantly located from warehouse and packing facility 601 . the operation of a shopping system including a demo - supermarket 30 , according to the present invention , begins with customer 407 who enters an entrance 309 in demo - supermarket 30 . customer 407 may opt to check her coat and bags and / or use a rest room in resource area 305 . customer 407 may opt at this point to proceed to one or more of booths 303 , for instance , to taste a food item and / or to smell a perfume . alternatively , if customer 407 chooses to begin shopping , she approaches service counter 306 . at service counter 306 , a service point for a demo - supermarket , customer 407 receives information storage device 411 . customer 407 , carrying information storage device 411 , proceeds to view display items 403 shown in display modules 307 . when customer 407 decides to purchase an item identical with display item 403 , customer 407 retrieves a specific purchase code identifying display item 403 ; the code being stored in the information storage device . customer 407 enters a number into information storage device 411 , indicating a quantity of items identical to display item 403 she wishes to purchase . it is noteworthy that during this novel shopping experience , customer 407 is neither burdened with pushing a shopping cart nor does customer 407 need to maneuver around other customers pushing shopping carts . while shopping , customer 407 is free to take in hand and look at display items 403 from all sides , for instance , to read the products &# 39 ; ingredients . in one embodiment of the present invention , display item 403 is a real item containing food , e . g . breakfast cereal . in this case , since display item 403 , is not for sale , the food contained in display item 403 may be available to customer 407 for tasting . in another embodiment of the present invention , for instance , display item 407 is a package of an item for purchase . this is appropriate , for instance , if display item 407 is a package of perishable food items or a food item requiring refrigeration . customer 407 has finished shopping , and approaches service counter 306 . at service counter 306 , customer 407 returns the information storage device 411 and arranges for delivery of the purchased items and payment for the purchase order . customer 407 exits demo - supermarket 30 unburdened with heavy bags of food and other perishable items and she is free to return to work or recreation . the shopping list of customer 407 is transferred , preferably by rapid electronics communications , e . g . electronic mail , to a warehouse and packing facility 601 near the requested delivery point of customer 407 . customer 407 may have done shopping for her mother , for instance , who lives in a different city and therefore she requests delivery to her mother &# 39 ; s residence . alternatively , if for instance , customer 407 has shopped in a demo - supermarket 36 located near warehouse and packing facility 601 , she may opt to waive delivery and pick up her shopping herself from warehouse and packing facility 601 . in an embodiment of the present invention , demo - supermarket 30 includes a sign outside demo - supermarket 30 indicating the number of customers 407 already inside demo - supermarket 30 . a new customer 407 may opt to shop at a later time if the sign indicates that many customers 407 are in the store . as warehouse and packing facility 601 periodically updates the variety of items available for purchase , display items 403 representing items that are no longer available for purchase are removed from display modules 307 and replaced with new display items 403 representing the new variety in stock . with respect to the above description then , it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention , to include variations in size , materials , shape , form , function and manner of operation , assembly and use , are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art , and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention . therefore , the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention . further , since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art , it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described , and accordingly , all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to , falling within the scope of the invention . while the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments , it will be appreciated that many variations , modifications and other applications of the invention may be made . | 6 |
fig3 shows a block diagram of a synchronous circuit in accordance with the present invention for synchronizing a received serial input signal and includes a synchronous circuit 10 receiving the serial input signal s2 and outputting a synchronized serial input signal s3 in accordance with a clock signal s1 supplying the reference frequency . a delay synchronous circuit 12 delays for a predetermined time the synchronized serial input signal s3 that is input from the synchronous circuit 10 ; a reset signal generation circuit 14 generates a reset signal s5 having a negative pulse of a predetermined space at every rising and falling edge of the synchronized serial input signal s3 , inputting the synchronized serial input signal s3 from the synchronous circuit 10 . a frequency divider 16 is reset according to the reset signal s5 output from the reset signal generation circuit 14 for dividing the clock signal s1 by a factor of eight . a detecting signal generation circuit 18 outputs a detecting signal s8 synchronized at the rising edge of the input clock signal s1 after receiving the output signal s7 from the frequency divider 16 . a delayed serial input signal s4 generated by the delay synchronous circuit 12 is detected by the synchronized detecting signal s8 , and input to another receiving circuit ( not shown ). additionally , an and gate 20 outputs a logical product of the clock signal s1 and reset signal s5 to minimize the delay time by the reset signal s5 . fig4 is a detailed circuit diagram of the block diagram of the present invention shown in fig3 ; and fig5 ( a ) to 5 ( q ) are waveforms illustrating the signals output from the components of fig4 . in fig4 the synchronous circuit 10 is comprised of a single d type flip - flop , and when the serial input signal s2 is input to a data input terminal d , and a power reset signal s9 and the clock signal s1 are respectively input to a reset terminal r of the synchronous circuit 10 and a clock terminal , as shown in fig5 d , the synchronous circuit 10 generates the serial input signal s3 that is synchronized by synchronizing the serial input signal s2 at the rising edge of the clock signal s1 . the synchronized serial input signal s3 is input simultaneously to both the delay synchronous circuit 12 and reset signal generation circuit 14 . the delay synchronous circuit 12 is comprised of a d - type flip - flop , and as the serial input signal s4 shown in fig5 ( m ) that is synchronized with the rising edge of the clock signal s1 supplied to the clock terminal , the serial input signal s2 is delayed and the synchronized serial input signal s4 is output . the serial input signal s3 synchronized by the synchronous circuit 10 , is input to the delay synchronous circuit 12 , and at the same time , input to an inverter 141 , an exclusive - or gate 142 of the reset signal generation circuit 14 formed of an and gate 143 outputting a logic product formed by an output signal of the exclusive - or gate 142 , and the power reset signal s9 . the inverter 141 receives the synchronized serial input signal s3 and outputs a signal to which the synchronized serial input signal s3 is delay - inverted for a predetermined time as a serial input signal s31 as shown at fig5 ( e ). the exclusive - or gate 142 receives the synchronized serial input signal s3 and delay - inverted signal s31 of the inverter 141 and operates only at the rising edge and falling edge of the synchronized serial input signal s3 and output the negative pulse just having delayed time of the inverter 141 as shown in fig5 ( f ). the and gate 143 is operated by receiving the output signal s32 of the exclusive - or gate 142 and power reset signal s9 and outputs the reset signal s5 having the negative pulses synchronized at the rising edge c and falling edge d of the serial input signal s3 output and synchronized like s5 of fig5 ( g ), as the power reset signal s9 is always input as a high level signal during the operation of the circuit . the frequency divider 16 includes first , second and third frequency dividers 161 , 162 and 163 , and the reset signal s5 is input to each reset terminal r of the frequency dividers 161 , 162 and 163 respectively dividing the input frequency by a factor of two . simultaneously therewith , the frequency divider 16 receives the clock signal s1 gated through the and gate 26 by the reset signal s5 to minimize the delay time . the first frequency divider 161 divides the output signal s6 of the and gate 20 by a factor of two and outputs a signal like signal s61 in fig5 ( i ). the second frequency divider divides the signal s61 by a factor of two and a signal s62 is output as shown in fig5 ( j ). finally , the third frequency divider 163 divides the signal s62 by a factor of two and outputs a signal s7 as shown in fig5 ( k ). thus , the signal s7 is 1 / 8th the frequency of the output signal s6 of the and gate 20 . after the power reset signal s9 is input to the reset terminal r , the detecting signal generation circuit 18 formed of d type flip - flop receives and synchronizes the divided signal s7 and outputs the detecting signal s8 , as shown in fig5 ( l ). in the case where the clock signal s1 is input periodically without variation of the frequency , as shown in fig5 ( l ), the data &# 34 ; 1110001 &# 34 ; can be detected at the time of changing from a high signal level to a low signal level with reference to the delayed synchronous serial input signal s4 , when the serial input signal s2 is input as shown in fig5 ( b ). on the other hand , in the case where the frequency of the clock signal s1 supplying the reference frequency increases or decreases due to a change in the ambient environment or temperature and the delay in the circuit , a detecting signal such as a signal s10 or s12 of fig5 ( n ) or 5 ( p ) is output in the case where the conventional circuit shown in fig1 is applied . in such a case , if the period of the clock signal s1 increases , the data &# 34 ; 1110011 &# 34 ; is detected at the falling edge of the signal s10 shown in fig5 ( n ,). and if the period of the clock decreases , the data detected by the detecting signal s12 is &# 34 ; 1110000 &# 34 ;. thus , because errors are detected at the 6th and 7th edge , data input thereafter is erroneously detected . according to the present invention , errors are prevented from being input to the next receiving circuit or stage ( not shown by the above - described detection ), the reset signal s5 is newly reset at the rising edge and falling edges of the serial input signal s3 synchronized when the period of the reference frequency increases or decreases , and certain parts of the period of the detecting signal decreases or increases as a signal s11 or s13 shown in fig5 ( o ) or 5 ( q ) thereby solving the problems that may occur due to the period changing in the case where the period of the reference frequency ( clock ) increases or decreases . as described above , according to the operation of the conventional synchronous circuit , the frequency , i . e . the period of the clock signal , was easily changed by the ambient environment or temperature , and the conventional synchronous circuit is quite sensitive to variations of frequency . according to the present invention , synchronous circuit for serial input signal , instead of using an expensive crystal oscillating circuit which is relatively immune from changes in oscillation frequency due to changes in the ambient environment , an inexpensive phase shift oscillating or tuning type oscillating circuit can be used as changes in the clock frequency are automatically taken care of , thereby enabling data stable for all changes of the frequency to be input and provides a synchronized serial input signal suitable for an operation with an integrated circuit . | 7 |
the present invention will now be described more specifically with reference to the following embodiments . it is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for purpose of illustration and description only ; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed . please refer to fig2 ( a ) to 2 ( c ), which illustrate the structures of the double - acting device according to the first embodiment of the present invention . the double - acting device 1 of the present invention includes a sealed chamber 10 and a diaphragm 12 located therein to bisect the chamber 10 into two sub - chambers 10 a and 10 b . the input elements 4 a and the output element 3 a , and the input elements 3 a and the output element 3 b are respectively configured on the wall 11 of the sub - chamber 10 a and 10 b for respectively forming an input system 4 and an output system 3 . accordingly , the output elements 3 a and 3 b , and the input elements 4 a and 4 b are respectively arranged in two paired arrangements . a control circuit 2 is configured inside the chamber 10 to drive the diaphragm 12 and the electricity needed is provided by the power supply 20 . please refer to fig2 ( b ). the diaphragm 12 driven by the control circuit 2 acts in a direction toward to the sub - chamber 10 a , i . e . during the u direction , in the up - stroke . due to the action of the diaphragm 12 , the pressure of the fluid in the sub - chamber 10 a is increased , and some of the working fluid 30 a in the sub - chamber 10 a is accordingly promoted to jet out through the output element 3 a to further form the principal jets 31 a . moreover , the increased pressure in the sub - chamber 10 a also results in a minor flowing of the fluid . in other words , some of the fluid 40 a is accordingly jetted out from the sub - chamber 10 a through the input element 4 a to form minor jets 41 a , if there is no additional check valve cooperated with the input element 4 a . additionally , the mass flux of the minor jets 41 a depends on the structure and the size of the input element 4 a . on the other hand , there is only a periodic difference between the actions of the fluid in the sub - chambers 10 a and 10 b . therefore , the working fluids 30 b and 40 b in the sub - chamber 10 b will flow in a direction , which is opposite to that of the working fluids 30 a and 40 a in the sub - chamber 10 a . that is to say , as the pressure inside the sub - chamber 10 a is increased , the pressure inside the sub - chamber 10 b will be decreased , and the fluid 41 b outside the double - acting device 1 will be accordingly sucked into the sub - chamber 10 b through the input element 4 b and forms the working fluid 40 b . similarly , the fluid 31 b is accordingly sucked into the sub - chamber 10 b through the output element 3 b to form the working fluid 30 b , if there is no additional check valves cooperated with the output element 3 b . please refer to fig2 ( c ). the diaphragm 12 driven by the control circuit 2 is pushed toward the direction away from the sub - chamber 10 a , i . e . along the d direction , in the back - stroke of the double - acting device 1 . the pressure inside the sub - chamber 10 a will be decreased , and the fluid 42 a outside the double - acting device 1 will accordingly flow into the sub - chamber 10 a through the input element 4 a to form a principal input fluid 43 a . moreover , the decreased pressure in the sub - chamber 10 a also results in a minor flowing of the fluid . in other words , the fluid 32 a is accordingly sucked into the sub - chamber 10 a through the output element 3 a to form the minor input fluid 33 a , if there is no additional check valve cooperated with the output element 3 a . additionally , the mass flux of the minor input fluid 33 a depends on the structure and the size of the output element 3 a . considering the situation for the sub - chamber 10 b , the fluid 33 b inside the sub - chamber 10 b is jetted out through the output element 3 b owing to the increased pressure inside the sub - chamber 10 b . the jet fluid 32 b is hence generated . similarly , some of the fluid 43 b inside the sub - chamber 10 b will be accordingly jetted out from the sub - chamber 10 b through the input element 4 b to form the jet fluid 42 b , if there is no additional check valve cooperated with the input element 4 b . please refer to fig3 , which illustrates the structure of the double - acting device for generating synthetic jets according to the second embodiment of the present invention . the arrangement inside the chamber 10 is completely the same as that of the double - acting device 1 according to the first embodiment , which is described in fig2 ( a ) in detail . in the double - acting device 1 according to the second embodiment , however , the control circuit 2 is configured outside the chamber 10 , and the electricity needed is provided by the power supply 20 . such a configuration makes the design of the chamber 10 much simpler and prevents the additional heat generation inside the chamber 10 , however , it is necessary to be mentioned that an additional connector 21 , such as a mechanical connector or an electromagnetic connector , is needed to be located between the control circuit 2 and the diaphragm 12 for helping the control circuit 2 drive the diaphragm 12 . moreover , an independent heat sink configured on the control circuit 2 is also permitted . by a design of the extended surfaces 22 , the heat radiation and convection are enhanced to achieve a great cooling effect . furthermore , the control circuit 2 is able to be arranged partially inside the chamber 10 and partially outside the chamber 10 , if necessary . please refer to fig4 ( a ) to 4 ( d ) and fig5 ( a ) to 5 ( d ), which respectively illustrate the fluids flowing through four different fluid jetting elements , wherein the arrows represent the flowing direction of the fluid . such jetting elements are further applied for being the input elements and the output elements in the double - acting device of the present invention . the jetting element , as shown in fig4 ( a ) and 5 ( a ), is a symmetric element , such as a slot or an orifice . the shape and the structure of such a element is symmetric , so that the flow rate and the field distribution at both sides of the element have no significant differences , when the fluids are flowing through the jetting element from the left side to the right side thereof , as shown in fig4 ( a ), or flowing oppositely , as shown in fig5 ( a ). referring to fig4 ( b ) and fig5 ( b ), when the fluids are flowing through a passive asymmetric element , such as a nozzle or a vortex valve , the fluids would be rectified by such a jetting element . owing to the asymmetric shape of the jetting element and the absence of valves , there would be a difference in flowing when the fluid flows from a different side of the jetting element . this may further result in variations in the flow rate or the velocity in various directions . fig4 ( b ) illustrates the fluid flowing from the left side of the jetting element to the right side , and on the other hand , fig5 ( b ) illustrates the fluid , which flows oppositely . as shown in fig5 ( b ), a large pressure difference between both sides of the asymmetric element is generated due to the asymmetric structure of the jetting element when the fluid flows from the right side to the left side . such a pressure difference will result in the decrement of the flow rate , and moreover , it is able to be considered that the jetting element is at a partially closed state . fig4 ( c ) and 4 ( d ), and fig5 ( c ) and 5 ( d ) are diagrams respectively illustrating the fluid flowing through a passive and an active asymmetric elements , which have a characteristic of “ full diode ”, including the passive and active one - way valves . there are many known types of these valves . fig4 ( c ) and fig5 ( c ) respectively illustrate the motion of the fluid when the fluid flows from the left side to the right side of the passive asymmetric element , i . e . being at an open state , and the motion of the fluid when the fluid flows oppositely , i . e . being at a closed state . moreover , fig4 ( d ) and fig5 ( d ) respectively show the motion of the fluid when the fluid flows from the left side to the right side of the active one - way element , i . e . being at an open state , and the motion of the fluid when the fluid flows oppositely , i . e . being at a closed state . that is to say , the fluid is only permitted to flow from the left sides of the jetting elements to the right side thereof , which results in a one - way flowing of the fluid . based on the above , while using the asymmetric elements as the input elements and the output elements in the double - acting device , the differences in the flow rates and the variation of the fluid field are generated when the fluid is sucked in and jetted out through the asymmetric input ( output ) elements by controlling the valves with cooperation of the various arrangements of the elements . therefore , the non - zero - net - mass - flux fluid is generated accordingly . please refer to fig6 ( a ) and 6 ( b ), which illustrate the structure of the double - acting device for generating synthetic jets according to a third embodiment of the present invention . compared with the forgoing embodiments , is the difference therebetween are the structure of the double - acting device 1 and , accordingly , the arrangements of the sub - chambers 10 a and 10 b , the output elements 3 a and 3 b , and the input element 4 b . as shown in fig6 ( a ) and 6 ( b ), the double - acting device 1 has an axisymmetric structure with the symmetric axis 9 , and the output elements 3 a and 3 b are axisymmetrically arranged relative to the symmetric axis 9 . the action and function of the fluid 30 a , 31 a , 30 b , 31 b , 40 b , 41 b , 32 a , 33 a , 32 b , 33 b , 42 b and 43 b , and the vortices 60 in the double - acting device 1 according to this embodiment are respectively similar to those according to the above embodiments as shown in fig2 ( b ) and 2 ( c ), no matter the double - acting device 1 is during the up - stroke , i . e . the diaphragm 12 acts toward the u direction , as shown in fig6 ( a ), or during the back - stroke , i . e . the diaphragm 12 acts toward the d direction , as shown in fig6 ( b ). in each reciprocating action of the diaphragm 12 , some fluid is sucked into the double - acting device 1 through the input element 4 b , and another fluid is simultaneously jetted out from the double - acting device 1 through the output elements 3 a and 3 b . the fluids inside and outside the double - acting device 1 are hence exchanged effectively . furthermore , two vortices 60 generated by means of the diaphragm 12 reciprocatingly acting will be further enhanced through the streams countered to each other , which are generated when the fluid flows through the axisymmetrical arranged output elements 3 a and 3 b . more surrounding fluids are hence drawn and rolled by the enhanced vortices to further reinforce the cooling of the synthetic jets . please further refer to fig7 ( a ) to 7 ( c ), which are sectional diagrams respectively illustrating the different shapes and axisymmetrical arrangements of the output elements 3 a and 3 b in the output system 3 of the double - acting device 1 according to the third embodiment of the present invention . viewing the output system 3 along the symmetric axis 9 ( in fig6 ( a ) and 6 ( b )) from the outside of the double - acting device , the output elements 3 a and 3 b having different shapes are accordingly configured in the arrangements shown in fig7 ( a ) to 7 ( c ), and moreover , other shapes and arrangements are permitted to be used in the double - acting device . as shown in fig7 ( a ), the output system 3 includes a central output element 3 a with a round shape and a set of output elements 3 b with the same shape surrounding the central output element 3 a . in fig7 ( b ), the output system 3 relates to an individual set of output elements 3 b with a segment shape arranged around the central output element 3 a with a round shape , and in fig7 ( c ), the output system 3 has a central output element 3 a with a round shape and an annular output element 3 b , which rounds the central element 3 a . by such arrangements in fig7 ( a ) to 7 ( c ), more vortices would be generated for the antiphase oscillation of the fluid by the double - acting device 1 of the present invention . such a result is similar to that of the paired arrangements of the output system 3 according to the first embodiment in fig2 ( a ). please refer to fig8 ( a ) and 8 ( b ), which illustrate the field distributions near the outlets of the output elements , wherein the output elements 3 a and 3 b are passive asymmetric output elements as shown in fig4 ( b ), such as nozzles or vortex valves , with rectification effects . referring to fig8 ( a ), the diaphragm 12 acts toward the u direction and pushes the fluid in the sub - chamber 10 a when the double - acting device is acting during the up - stroke . the fluid is pushed and jetted out from the sub - chamber 10 a through the output element 3 a , and the jets 31 a are hence generated . the fluid field outside the double - acting device is changed by the generation of the jets 31 a , and , accordingly , a pair of vortices 60 and 6 a are formed . by an appropriate design for another output element 3 b , the fluid 31 b outside the double - acting device is sucked into the sub - chamber 10 b , simultaneously . the flowing of the fluid 31 b also results in a variation of the surrounding field , and such a variation further enhances the vortex 60 between the output elements 3 a and 3 b . after being enhanced , the vortex 60 will run downstream and away from the double - acting device . similarly , a new pair of vortices 601 and 6 b would be formed by the diaphragm 12 acting toward the d direction , and at the same moment , the vortex 601 is enhanced when the fluid 32 a is sucked into the sub - chamber 10 a . therefore , when the double - acting device of the present invention acts , a train of enhanced vortices would be always generated , no matter which direction the diaphragm 12 acts toward . additionally , the enhanced vortices could further force the fluid outside the double - acting device to flow and convect for a more effective cooling . please refer to fig9 , which illustrates the cooling for an open system having a heat body therein by the non - zero - net - mass - flux fluid generated by the double - acting device according to the present invention . first , a double - acting device 1 , which is mentioned above , is provided on one side of the surface of the heat body 13 , which needs to be cooled . then , the diaphragm 12 of the double - acting device 1 is controlled to make the diaphragm 12 reciprocatingly act . accordingly , when a reciprocating full action including the up - stroke and the back - stroke of the diaphragm 12 is completed , vortices 6 a and 6 b and enhanced vortices 60 and 601 would be formed , and jets 31 a and 32 b would be generated . the jets 31 a and 32 b would be directly and vertically impinged to the surface of the heat body 13 orderly , and further horizontally flowed away from the heat body 13 , such as the fluids 61 a and 61 b . as a result , heat of the heat body 13 is partially taken away . moreover , vortices 6 a and 6 b and enhanced vortices 60 and 601 also help for the heat dissipation of the heat body 13 for the continuous mutual interactions among the vortices 6 a , 6 b , 60 and 601 . what worthy to say is that , for the variation of the fluid field surrounding the double - acting device , the fresh fluids 8 a and 8 b with a lower temperature are also involved in the field interaction . moreover , the fluids 42 a and 41 b , which have a much lower temperature and are much far from the heat body 13 and less influenced thereby , are respectively sucked into the sub - chamber 10 a and 10 b through the input elements 4 a and 4 b . therefore , the fluids in the sub - chambers 10 a and 10 b are exchangeable , which may further help the cooling for the heat body 13 . please refer to fig1 , which illustrates the cooling for a closed system having a heat body therein by the non - zero - net - mass - flux fluid generated by the double - acting device according to the present invention . compared with the cooling for the open system in fig9 , the fluids 8 a and 8 b in the closed system having a heat body 13 , and the fluids 42 a and 41 b would have higher temperatures . however , owing to the reciprocating action of the double - acting device 1 , the fluid is pumped for flowing roundly in the closed system 50 , which improves the heat of the closed system 50 transferring out from the internal wall 51 of the closed system 50 . besides , both of the internal wall 51 and the external wall 52 can be constituted as extended surfaces , such as fins , to augment the heat transfer of the closed system 50 . based on the above , it is known that the non - zero - net - mass - flux jets have more advantages when compared with the conventional zero - net - mass - flux jets . therefore , the range of the parameters , which are necessary to be controlled for the heat transfer and the fluidic applications , is broadened by the present invention . accordingly , the present invention is more potential in the fluid controlling in not only the common scales , but also the micro scales , such as in the micro electromechanical system ( mems ). the double - acting device provided by the present invention and the cooling method used the same adopt a device of double - chamber in cooperation with an arrangement of at least one input element and plural output elements to make the fluid with non - zero - net - mass - flux jets to be jetted due to the working fluid circulating in each reciprocating action of the diaphragm . since the fluid is sucked into the chamber and jetted out at the same time when the double - acting device is operated for the jets generation , the antiphase jets are accordingly formed . furthermore , by the mutual interaction of the antiphase jets , the vortex formed by the double - acting device is further enhanced . therefore , the double - acting device of the present invention provides a more effective heat dissipation and a better cooling effect than that provided by the conventional ones , which only generates a zero - net - mass - flux fluid in a full working cycle including the up - stroke and the back - stroke . the double - acting device of the present invention is more constitutive in the improvements for the highly heat dissipating technology . in conclusion , the double - acting device of the present invention is able to be used as a stand - alone device for cooling and accordingly has the following advantages . first , the non - zero - net - mass - flux jets generated by the double - acting device according to the present invention would make the surface of the heat body have an extremely high heat transfer efficiency , because the jets directly impinge to a heat surface and the fluid for cooling would be exchanged and the vortex is able to be enhanced . second , the geometrical structure of the double - acting device is quite simple . additional devices , such as the pipes , blowers and some other moving parts , which are necessary in the conventional actuators , are not required in the double - acting device of the present invention . therefore , the cooling system , which has the double - acting device provided by the present invention , exhibits a great flexibility in designs and applications , and would be very compact , spatially economical and cost - effective . finally , the double - acting device and the cooling method used the same provided by the present invention can be further applied in a closed system , and the heat body therein is able to be effectively cooled by a forced heat convection . no additional fluid outside the closed system is required . hence , the present invention not only has a novelty and a progressive nature , but also has an industry utility . while the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiments . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures . | 5 |
hydraulic braking system 1 depicted in the hydraulic circuit diagram according to fig1 has a front - axle brake circuit 2 and a rear - axle brake circuit 3 for supplying hydraulic brake fluid respectively to wheel brake apparatuses 8 and 9 on the front wheels and 10 and 11 on the rear wheels . also appropriate in principle are braking systems in which the brake circuit distribution is diagonal , so that a wheel brake apparatus is provided for each brake circuit on a front wheel and on a rear wheel . the two brake circuits 2 , 3 are connected to one shared brake master cylinder 4 that is supplied with brake fluid via a brake fluid reservoir 5 . brake master cylinder 4 is actuated by the driver via brake pedal 6 , and the pedal travel exerted by the driver is measured via a pedal travel sensor 7 . located between brake pedal 6 and brake master cylinder 4 is a brake booster 16 that encompasses , for example , an electric motor may actuate brake master cylinder 4 via a linkage . the positioning motion of brake pedal 6 measured by pedal travel sensor 7 is transmitted as a sensor signal to a control unit 17 of brake booster 16 , in which positioning signals for applying control to brake booster 16 are generated . disposed in each brake circuit 2 , 3 is a switchover valve 12 that is located in the flow path between the brake master cylinder and the respective wheel apparatuses 8 , 9 and 10 , 11 . switchover valves 12 are open in their zero - current idle state . each switchover valve 12 has associated with it a check valve , connected in parallel , through which flow can occur toward the respective wheel brake apparatuses . located between switchover valves 12 and the respective wheel brake apparatuses 8 , 9 and 10 , 11 are inlet valves 13 that are likewise open at zero current and have check valves associated with them through which flow can occur in the opposite direction , i . e . from the wheel brake apparatuses to the brake master cylinder . each wheel brake apparatus 8 , 9 and 10 , 11 has associated with it an outlet valve 14 that is closed at zero current . outlet valves 14 are each connected to the suction side of a pump unit 15 that has a respective delivery pump 18 , 19 in each brake circuit 2 , 3 . the pump unit has associated with it an electric drive motor or pump motor 22 that actuates both delivery pumps 18 and 19 via a shaft 23 . the discharge side of the respective delivery pump 18 , 19 is connected to a conduit segment between switchover valve 12 and the two inlet valves 13 for each brake circuit . the suction sides of delivery pumps 18 and 19 are each connected to a high - pressure switching valve 24 that is hydraulically connected to brake master cylinder 4 . in the context of a vehicle - dynamics control intervention , for rapid brake pressure buildup the high - pressure switching valves 24 that are closed in the zero - current state can be opened so that delivery pumps 18 and 19 draw hydraulic fluid directly out of brake master cylinder 4 . this brake pressure buildup can be carried out independently of an actuation of the braking system by the driver . pump unit 15 , having the two delivery pumps 18 and 19 , electric pump motor 22 , and shaft 23 , is part of a driver assistance system and is a component of an electronic stability program ( esp ) or of an antilock braking system ( abs ). electric pump motor 22 is adjusted via positioning signals of a brake control unit or esp control unit 27 . located between outlet valves 14 and the suction side of delivery pumps 18 and 19 , for each brake circuit 2 , 3 , is a reservoir chamber 25 that serves for temporary storage of brake fluid that is released through outlet valves 14 from wheel brake apparatuses 8 , 9 and 10 , 11 during a vehicle dynamics intervention . associated with each reservoir chamber 25 is a check valve that opens in the direction of the suction sides of delivery pumps 18 , 19 . reservoir chambers 25 are also part of the electronic stability program ( esp ). a pressure sensor 26 is disposed in brake circuit 3 , adjacently to brake master cylinder 4 , for pressure measurement . braking system 1 is furthermore equipped at each vehicle wheel 20 with a wheel rotation speed sensor 21 with which the respective wheel rotation speed can be ascertained . the sensor signal of wheel rotation sensor 21 is delivered as an input signal to esp control unit 27 , in which positioning signals for adjusting electric pump motor 22 are generated . each vehicle wheel has associated with it a wheel rotation speed sensor whose sensor signals are conveyed to esp control unit 27 . fig2 is a block diagram depicting the interaction of control unit 17 , which is associated with brake booster 16 , and esp control unit 27 . each control unit 17 , 27 respectively encompasses a microcontroller 17 a , 27 a and an asic 17 b , 27 b . the block diagram describes the interaction of control units 17 and 27 in the event of a fault in esp control unit 27 , the consequence of which is that autonomous , automatic braking interventions can no longer be carried out via the esp system . in order to allow autonomous braking interventions to continue to be carried out despite a failure of esp control unit 27 , in the event of a fault a functional displacement to control unit 17 of brake booster 16 occurs , whereupon the hydraulic brake pressure in the braking system is modulated via the electrically actuatable brake booster 16 so that single - channel abs braking can be effected with a stabilized vehicle . a switchover unit 29 , preceded by a switchover logic system 28 , is coupled to esp control unit 27 . switchover logic system 28 controls switchover unit 29 with a control signal as a function of input variables that switchover logic system 28 receives from microcontroller 27 a and from asic 27 b of esp control unit 27 . the control signal generated by switchover logic system 28 in order to apply control to switchover logic system 29 contains , for example , the autonomous / non - autonomous driving mode , a test mode for testing switchover unit 29 , or a trigger signal in the event of an electrical fault in the esp system , in particular in esp control unit 27 . switchover unit 29 switches the switches 29 a and 29 b between two different switching states as a function of the control signal that is delivered . first switch 29 a switches the rotation speed sensor signal from the rotation speed sensor either to asic 27 b of the esp control unit or alternatively to asic 17 b of brake control unit 17 of brake booster 16 . in the normal case ( when all components are fully functional ) switch 29 a is set to convey the rotation speed sensor signal to asic 27 b of esp control unit 27 in order to allow an autonomous braking intervention to be carried out , as applicable , by the esp system as a function of the delivered rotation speed sensor signals . in the presence of a fault that is detected in switchover logic system 28 , however , switch 29 a is reset so that the wheel rotation speed sensor signals are delivered to asic 17 b of brake control unit 17 . this makes it possible for the esp functions performed in the context of an autonomous braking intervention to be carried out by brake control unit 17 and by the associated brake booster 16 . second switch 29 b in switchover unit 29 relates to the supply of electricity to wheel rotation speed sensors 21 . in the normal case , electricity is supplied to wheel rotation speed sensors 21 via the electricity supplied to asic 27 b of esp control unit 27 . in the event of a fault , switch 29 b is reset and electricity is supplied , as indicated by dashed line 30 , from a supply voltage obtained from the battery voltage of the vehicle battery . as indicated by the dashed box , switchover logic system 28 and switchover unit 29 are coupled onto esp control unit 27 . | 1 |
the area network illustrated in fig1 includes a first segment 11 , shown as a ring , connected to a first hub 15 and a second hub 17 . the illustrated hubs 15 , 17 in the embodiment of fig1 are standard ibm 8250 and 8230 hubs which connect a plurality of workstations , such as stand alone computers 18 and 19 to the network . the first segment , 11 is connected by the router 13 to a second segment 12 . the first segment 11 may reside in a given building or facility , whereas the second segment 12 may be in another building or facility . the router , as is known in standard network architecture , provides a bridge from the first segment 11 to the second segment 12 for transferring data between segments 11 and 12 . segment 12 is connected to a controller 24 , such as an ibm 3745 communications controller which comprises a gateway to a main frame sna network 25 . communications over the sna network 25 utilize the sna protocol , and the identity of any workstation having privileges to communicate over the sna network 25 is stored as an sna xid within a table of sna database 33 , along with a physical or mac address for the authorized workstation . the sna xid provides the alternative identity of the workstations which is used in the sna network 25 , and a data translation occurs between the sna xid and the mac address which is used on the network segment 12 by controller 24 . other facilities connected to the network of fig1 include a network manager 27 , printer 16 , dumb terminal 30 and diagnostic terminal 21 . in the preferred embodiment , the network manager 27 keeps a router list containing the community name for the router , as well as the router mac address , which is used in the collection process for obtaining connectivity data from each router . the system according to fig1 is capable of collecting connectivity data from each of the devices connected to the area network , and merging the connectivity data with static data representing user identities and network privileges maintained in each of the data bases 31 , 32 and 33 . for instance , the sna xid data base 33 identifies the physical address in the sna protocol form of each user ( identified by an employee number ) that has privileges for communicating over the mainframe sna network 25 as well as the respective sna xid . the name server data base 32 maintains a list of all users , according to their employee serial numbers , their tcp / ip addresses , an associated mac address as well as a machine and node on which the user can be found . where fields within the name server file contain a customer &# 39 ; s name or machine description , a billing field may be provided to identify either a serial number or department number that the machine is registered to . a cable number field contains the cable number that an end user has identified as being connected to his machine . a callup data base 31 contains the lowest level of information about each user of the network . a field within the callup data base contains the employee &# 39 ; s serial number which correlates the information of each record stored in the callup data base to data in the name server data base 32 and sna data base 33 . each record identifies the employee by name , the division in which the employee works as well as his department . an employee &# 39 ; s manager &# 39 ; s serial number may also be included in this record . the system in accordance with fig1 collects the dynamic port connection information for each connection to the network . a user is connected to the network through a network card which has a unique physical , or mac address . as connections change due to employee relocations , new employees joining the system , and deletion of employees who leave the organization owning the network , periodic updates of connectivity information is necessary so that current connection information is available for billing and diagnostic purposes . as will be described , a system for collecting this dynamic data is provided using a series of snmp ( simple network management protocol ) collection components which identify equipment connected to the network by their respective mac addresses . the present invention merges the dynamic connection data obtained through the snmp collection components with the static data in each of the static data bases , and stores the merged data in a data warehouse 28 of a mainframe computer 26 on sna network 25 . the data warehouse 28 provides a data base identifying each connection to a port of the network by employee , employee department and manager , and all other pertinent information for billing purposes . each record of the data base in data warehouse 28 in a preferred embodiment of the invention may be in the following format : the above sample record of the data warehouse 28 includes dynamic port data and static user data stored in dedicated fields of the record . the common key to all the data is the mac address shown in the field beginning with column 1 . from this mac address , through column 39 , the dynamic connection data for that particular mac address is shown . fields beginning with columns 40 , 50 , 60 and 70 contain data obtained from the sna data base 33 . other information such as the corresponding tcp / ip address obtained from a router is shown for a given mac address . the static data from the callup data base 31 is shown in fields beginning with column 155 through 204 . flags in locations at 205 through 215 identify whether some of the data came from the mac address stored in a file of a component on the network , the work file of the name server 32 , the sna data base 33 , or from a netbios file . the final field beginning at column 230 identifies the last date that the dynamic connectivity information in the record was found to be on the network . using conventional data base management software , the compiled data base in warehouse 28 can be used to identify all connection information for a user . alternatively , in a diagnostic application , the employee having a connection to the network which appears problematic can be identified . the dynamic connectivity information is derived from collection routines ( components ) stored on computer readable mediums running on different computer terminals using the snmp protocol with os / 2 ,— tcp / ip operating systems . the collection routines issue snmp base values which retrieve information on port connections from selected network components such as hubs , routers , and controller interfaces to other networks such as a sna network . the collection components are part of a data collection program which runs on a periodic basis , such as once a month , to maintain and update the information relating to port usage by the network users . each of the devices involved in a connection to the network of fig1 is interrogated for information to derive the identity ( mac address ) of users connected to the ports of a device . these collection components include the following : collection component bngetarp . cmd interrogates data base of lan network manager 27 of fig1 for the router lists , so that data from each router identified in the lists to can be obtained . similarly , make hub . cmd is a collection component to create a list for each of the hubs from which data must be collected . the foregoing collection components are executed on the os / 2 port charge machine 18 of fig1 . additional to these collection components are components which run on the lan network manager 27 of fig1 as well as the network aix processor 20 which is dedicated to organize the data recovered from the collection routines . the routines which run on the aix processor 20 collect and consolidate the data collected by the os / 2 machine , and parse the data removing duplicates . a further routine residing on the aix processor 20 executes a set of commands for obtaining the printer connection data for each printer connected to a port of the local area network . the result is a file of collected data which is reformatted , and validated for merging into the data warehouse 28 . other collection components run on the mainframe machine 26 of the sna network 25 along with a program available from the international business machines corporation identified as netview / 390 . these collection components btvufc and cuusca , collect the sna data for identifying users of the sna network 25 who are connected to ports of the area network . the recovered data includes data specific to the 3745 communication controller 24 , along with mac addresses and sna resource information for all devices using the 3745 network controller . additionally , the cuusca component obtains port usage information from any 3174 cluster controllers 29 connected to the network . the identity of each router is maintained within the network manager 27 of the network . the collection routine bngetarp . cmd acquires a list of routers for the network from the network manager , which has this information compiled as a router list . once the router list is obtained , bngetarp . cmd invokes another collection routine , getarp . cmd which collects from each router the router &# 39 ; s media table containing the identity of all mac addresses for devices which are served by the router , and their corresponding tcp / ip address . the two collection routines bngetarp . cmd and getarp . cmd are shown in fig2 and 3 . referring now to fig2 the beginning of the bngetarp . cmd collection routine is shown at 40 . as the program is run by the os / 2 machine 18 , on a periodic basis , steps 39 - 41 determine when it is time to collect the router information . the various file path counters are set in step 42 to permit the collection process to begin . steps 43 and 44 determine whether or not the program has been restarted , or whether it is continuing to run from an earlier initiation phase . step 46 determines whether or not the information contained in the router list of the network manager has been updated . steps 47 - 48 result in a replacement of the old router list with the new router list bearing an update . the process of collecting mac addresses and the corresponding tcp / ip addresses from the read router list , begins by calling the collection routine getarp . cmd 54 . the router list is read line by line , beginning in step 49 , and the router address , name and type for locating the router is identified in step 52 . as will be seen with respect to fig3 the getarp . cmd collection routine 54 reads from each router identified in the router list the connectivity data comprising mac addresses and corresponding tcp / ip addresses for all connected devices served by the router . the results obtained from invoking getarp . cmd are concatenated and parsed in step 56 to remove duplicates and any gaps which may appear in the data . the new data is written in step 57 as newarp . tdt . the number of records within newarp . day , newarp . tdt and arpfile . out , which have been compiled from the recovered information , are written to a log 60 . if the current value of the newarp . tdt information is greater than newarp . day which was stored previously as determined in 64 , newarp . tdt is written in step 62 , and an indication of the rewriting of newarp . tdt is made in step 63 . in the event that the copying of newarp . tdt to newarp . day has not been accomplished , step 64 logs that information . the getarp . cmd collection routine is shown more particularly in fig3 . when invoked , it parses the tcp / ip address , the router name and router type in step 81 . the file directory is set up in step 82 prior to recovering the information from each router . decision block 83 recognizes a condition where all routers may not be the same , and some may require a different community name in order to execute the snmp command for interrogating the media tables in the router . depending on the type of router , steps 84 and 89 will set the appropriate community name in order to recover the information stored in each router media table . the routine continues by sending the restart information to a log in step 85 , and then collects the router internal mac id and tcp / ip addresses in step 86 . the media table for the router , comprising a table identifying the mac addresses and tcp / ip addresses of all network devices utilizing the routers are then collected by the os / 2 machine . other significant port information is obtained using the makehub . cmd collection routine of fig4 . each of the hubs having an output port connected to a device with a mac address is interrogated with the maaehub . cmd collection routine , and each user &# 39 ; s mac address connected to the hub is recovered by the os / 2 machine . in step 100 , an operating system command nslookup is executed in order to obtain a list of hubs which is stored in the name server data base 32 of fig1 . the recovered list , representing a dump of name server records , is recovered by the os / 2 machine and stored as nameserv . hub . from the list of hubs , each line is read in step 101 to identify each hub from which the data is to be recovered . in step 104 , the hub type and community name for the hubs are determined from the read lines . the snmp management system uses in step 105 an snmp mib value to identify a data location within the hub having the segment identification and mac address of the devices and the respectively connected hub port in step 106 . the recovered bit value is written to hubfile . src in step 107 residing in the os / 2 machine 18 . thus , following execution of mac hub . cmd all of the hubs have been interrogated and the connection data identifying the mac address connected to each port is written to a file where they can be read or later merged with other information to identify users of ports on the network . other collection routines running on the os / 2 machine 18 will recover yet other port connectivity data . por instance , a netlmn . cmd collection routine may be used , similar to bngetarp . cmd and gethub . cmd to collect the port data stored in the network manager . the netlmn . cmd routine issues a remote snmp command to the network manager to execute an stl command for obtaining the contents of the network manager table . this information is stored as a file lnmlist . src , and eventually merged with the collected data from other devices on the network . a similar collection routine may be used to collect the mac address for any printer 16 connected to the network . the collected data is stored using the nfs command on the aix machine 20 of fig1 as well as the os / 2 machine 18 . once a month the routine of fig5 is run , which sorts and concatenates the information which has been collected . additionally , it collects from the sna controller 24 the vtam data identifying each tcp / ip address of all devices on the sna network 25 . at the start of each month in step 115 , the monthly routine of fig5 is run on the aix machine 20 which concatenates and stores the files obtained by the collection processes . this includes sorting in step 116 hub list information to create tmt / mac . in step 117 , the newarp table containing port data obtained from the various hubs are stored in a temporary file tmp / newarp . the information from sna controller 24 is collected in step 118 and concatenated and stored as a file tmp / vtam in step 119 . the sna data base files recovered from the routine executed in step 119 are stored as tmp / snab . the collected data is now available on the aix machine in a format which can be merged with the static data appearing in data bases 31 , 32 and 33 . the collected dynamic information constituting the identity of connections to the network is then merged with the static information from data bases 31 , 32 and 33 into a single database of data warehouse 28 stored on a main frame computer of the sna network 25 as shown in fig6 . the process combines the connectivity data including mac address and port connections on all of the hubs , collected in 150 with the newarp data from the router , vtam data from controller 24 and printers 16 . the sets of data representing the different devices which have used the network are merged in a single file in step 156 by a process carried out on the main frame machine 26 of the sna network 28 . the mac address data collected from the hubs in 150 identifies each user connected to a respective hub . the user information from the hubs is updated in 151 with any information from the newarp 151 file , which was recovered from each of the routers . while the newarp data may also include addresses which do not appear connected to any hub , these addresses will form a separate record within the merged data file 156 . additionally , the data recovered from the vtam controller 24 shown as vtam 152 will identify the tcp / ip address of those users recovered from the vtam controller 24 utilized the network . any sna identification information such as the sna xid of the user will be noted for the recovered mac address . other information collected from the network , such as the identification of the connection of printers 27 by their mac address in 153 , is combined with the merged data 156 . the merged data 156 represents an inventory of all of the network connected devices stored as records of each mac address for the device . the merged connectivity data 156 is then in accordance with the process carried out on the main frame computer 26 merged with data from the main server database 32 in step 157 , sna database 33 in step 158 , and the callup database 31 in step 155 . the main server database 32 newname file identifies for each device connected to the network a tcp / ip address as well as the identity of the user . the identity of the user may for instance be an employee serial number and the mac address for the employee representing his network interface card . the records obtained from merging all the devices in accordance with their mac address in step 156 is further merged with the employee serial number from the newname file having the same mac address as is contained in the newname file . the information from the sna database 33 is then merged with the records merged from the newname database 32 . the merger occurs in step 158 under control of the main frame machine 26 . the sna xid &# 39 ; s are checked to identify any mac address having a sna xid , as well as other information such as a pu name from the sna database 33 . the sna database 33 is organized according to the tcp / ip address , and the employee identification number . the sna database organizes information according to the employee identification number , which is now contained in each record following the merger of the newname database 32 in step 157 . the sna xid address is therefore included in each record in step 158 , along with any other information pertaining to the user stored in the sna database 33 . finally , the data contained in the callup database 31 is merged in step 155 with the previous information of the name server database 32 , and sna database 33 . the callup database 31 includes records of each employee &# 39 ; s serial number , containing the telephone number for the employee , his department or division number , and possibly a supervisor identification . as the records obtained in step 158 include the employee &# 39 ; s number as well , they may be updated with employee serial number information to derive a final record in step 155 which is that shown in table 1 of the present application . the merged information is stored in the data warehouse 28 representing an entire inventory of all devices which are connected to the network . the information may thereafter be used to identify , during any diagnostic troubleshooting the owner of any particular device having a mac address which presents a problem , as well as the other information for this mac address , such as its port connection , the identity of the hub or router serving the user , and any other privileges which are noted in the database record . billing or accountability information may be derived from the data warehouse 28 by sorting in accordance with each employee identification number the number of mac addresses connected to the network . the foregoing description of the invention illustrates and describes the present invention . additionally , the disclosure shows and describes only the preferred embodiments of the invention , but as aforementioned , it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations , modifications , and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein , commensurate with the above teachings , and / or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art . the embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such , or other , embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the invention . accordingly , the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein . also , it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments . | 7 |
the knockdown reel of the present invention comprises a barrel , two opposing flanges , a hub that accommodates the secure fastening and easily unfastening of the flanges to the barrel . the hub , referred to herein as a locking mechanism , is fabricated comprises two components , an inner section and an outer section . the inner section of the locking mechanism is fixedly or removeably attached to an end of the barrel as further described herein . the outer section of the locking mechanism is designed such that it comprises the device for securely fastening and easily unfastening the flanges to the barrel of a knockdown reel . fig1 provides a three - dimensional rendering of a disassembled knockdown reel according to the present invention . fig2 depicts a schematic representation of a disassembled knockdown reel according to the present invention . fig3 provides a three - dimensional rendering of a component of the locking mechanism according to the present invention . fig4 provides a three - dimensional rendering of a locking mechanism according to the present invention . fig5 provides a three - dimensional rendering of another embodiment of a locking mechanism according to the present invention . fig6 provides a three - dimensional rendering of another embodiment of a locking mechanism according to the present invention . fig7 provides a three - dimensional rendering of another embodiment of a locking mechanism according to the present invention . one embodiment of the device , as shown in fig1 and 2 , comprises a spool 10 further comprising a barrel 12 and at least one flange 14 . the locking mechanism 16 comprises two components : an outside section 18 and an inside section 20 . the inside section 20 is fabricated to interlock or be conjoined with the barrel 12 on one end 22 . in one embodiment , the outer diameter of inside section 20 and the inner diameter of barrel 12 are conjoined via solvent welding . in another embodiment , the outer diameter of inside section 20 engages the inner diameter of barrel 12 via protruding barbs . in yet another embodiment , the outer diameter of inside section 20 threadedly engages the inner diameter of barrel 12 . there are many known methods for removeably or fixedly securing inside section 20 to barrel 12 on one end 22 , each of which are considered within the scope of this invention . as further shown in fig1 , inside section 20 exhibits a radial flange 24 which , in turn , defines an inner face 26 and an outer face 28 . face 26 is disposed toward barrel 12 and may serve to define connectivity with barrel 12 . face 28 is disposed toward flange 14 and may serve to define connectivity with flange 14 . inside section 20 further defines an inner diameter face 30 and an outer diameter face 32 . flange 14 further defines an inner diameter face 34 . in this embodiment of the invention , flange 14 is brought into contact with and positioned or seated on inside section 20 radial flange 24 face 28 . flange inner diameter face 34 is brought into contact with and positioned proximate to outer diameter face 32 of inside section 20 . the novelty of the embodiment shown in fig1 arises with the connectivity of outside section 18 with inside section 20 , both of locking mechanism 16 , thereby removeably securing flange 14 to barrel 12 . outside section 18 defines keyed elements 36 fabricated to mate with opposing elements ( not shown ) fabricated in inner diameter face 30 of inside section 20 . such elements provide for a secured latching mechanism assuring the connectivity of the mating pieces . the loading of the spool further assures connectivity of the pieces by applying loading such that the locking mechanism is retained in its locked position . correspondingly , the latching mechanism permits a simple detaching of the pieces by an application of force in the opposite direction . the embodiment of outside section 18 described above with respect to fig1 can best be viewed in fig3 . keyed elements 36 exhibit click - locking protrusions 38 designed to engage click - locking receptacles 40 of inner section 20 shown in fig4 . as shown in fig5 , outside section 118 exhibits keyed elements 136 which , in turn , define click - locking protrusions 138 designed to engage click - locking receptacles 140 of inner section 120 . fig6 and 7 provide diagrammatic representations of yet additional embodiments of the locking arrangement of the present invention . as shown in fig6 , outside section 218 defines keyed elements 236 which , in turn , defines protrusions 238 and receptacle 239 . the inner diameter of inner section 220 ( not shown ) would be fabricated to correspond with keyed element 236 . as shown in fig7 , the inner diameter of an alternative embodiment of inner section 320 can form a variety of configurations 340 to correspond with a keyed element of the outer section of the locking mechanism . the apertures shown in the top face 42 of outer section 18 and bottom face 44 of inner section 20 , fig3 and fig4 , respectively , are for manufacturing , molding and utility purposes as well as for users of the goods in commerce . the method of manufacturing locking mechanism 16 wherein the protrusions 38 and receptacles 40 can be integrally formed with outer section 18 and inner section 20 , receptively , is considered within the scope of this invention . the components can be injection molded to include their respective protrusions and receptacles , or injection molded and then stamped . there are many known methods for fabricating protrusions and receptacles as disclosed above such as the use of pins , male - female receptacles , etc ., each of which are considered within the scope of this invention . the knockdown reel of the present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a novel mechanism for the assembly and disassembly of a knockdown reel in an efficient manner . in addition , the present invention provides a device for securely and more robustly fastening and easily unfastening the flanges to the barrel of a knockdown reel . although the invention has been described in considerable detail with respect to particular embodiments of applicant &# 39 ; s locking mechanism for knockdown reels , it will be apparent that the invention is capable of numerous modifications and variations , apparent to those skilled in the art , without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 1 |
the present invention discloses an automatic retractable step apparatus usable with a vehicle which is movable between a deployed position 6 as shown best in fig1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 and 9 and also is movable to a retracted position 8 as shown best in fig3 , 5 and 8 . fig1 shows the apparatus at an intermediate position between fully deployed and fully retracted . the overall size of the construction of the apparatus will be preferably less than 21 ″ in width and , preferably less than 9 ″ in vertical height such that it does not inhibit in any way the operation of the vehicle such as the tilting mechanism for providing engine access for a conventional emergency vehicle such as a fire truck or the like . the construction of the retractable step apparatus includes a main housing bracket 9 which includes a main housing plate 10 which generally extends horizontally and will preferably include side mounting sections 11 which can include a plurality of holes to facilitate mounting with respect to the truck construction . the side mounting sections 11 will often be formed as ears or perpendicular sections extending away from the main section of the housing plate 10 at an angle thereto . the construction of the main housing plate includes an upper surface 14 preferably mountable in abutment with respect to the truck construction and a lower surface 12 oppositely positioned relative to the upper surface and facing downwardly therefrom to which the operating mechanism of the automatically retractable construction can be attached . a step plate 16 is included which is movable between a retracted position 8 immediately adjacent to and below the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 and a deployed position 6 extending downwardly and forwardly relative to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 to facilitate entry and exit from the vehicle passenger compartment . a driven arm assembly 18 controls and powers the swinging movement of the step plate 16 between the deployed position 6 and the retracted position 8 . the construction of the driven arm assembly 18 will preferably include a first driven arm member 20 pivotally secured to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 generally positioned extending downwardly from the main housing plate 10 and a second driven arm member 22 which is also pivotally mounted with respect to both the step plate 16 and the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 and also is positioned extending downwardly therefrom at a location spatially disposed from said first driven arm member 20 . to control coordinating movement between the first driven arm member 20 and the second driven arm member 22 a driven arm cross member 24 which is shown in the figures herein as being in the shape of a rod will be fixedly secured to the first driven arm member 20 and second driven arm member 22 to assure simultaneous movement of the driven arm members 20 and 22 together . the driven arm assembly 18 is also attached to a drive mechanism for facilitating powering of movement of the step plate 16 between the deployed position 6 and the retracted position 8 , respectively . another arm assembly will be included for controlling and guide movement of the step between the deployed and retracted positions which is not powered . this free arm assembly 26 which will include a first free arm member 28 pivotally secured with respect to the step plate 16 and the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . similarly the free arm assembly 26 will include a second free arm member 30 which is pivotally secured with respect to the step plate 16 and the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 at a position spatially disposed from said first free arm member 26 . a free arm cross member 32 will be fixedly secured to the first free arm member 28 and the second free arm member 30 preferably at opposite ends thereof to assure simultaneous coordinated movement of these two free arm members whenever the step plate 16 is driven between the deployed position 6 and the retracted position 8 . the free arm assembly 26 does not power movement of the step plate 16 but does serve to guide , strengthen and control the positioning of the step plate 16 particularly when located in the deployed position 6 . powering of movement of the step plate 16 between the deployed position 6 and the retracted position 8 is provided solely by driving of the driven arm assembly 18 . at least one stop assembly 34 is preferably included in the apparatus of the present invention to limit the movement of the free arm assembly 26 toward the deployed position 6 thereof . this stop assembly is mounted with respect to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . preferably a housing stop boss 36 extends downwardly from the lower surface 12 and defines a housing stop hole 38 extending therethrough extending generally parallel to the lower surface 12 . a stop pin member 40 extends through the housing stop hole 38 . a resilient biasing means 42 such as a stop spring means preferably in the form of a coil spring extends around the stop pin 40 and a stop collar 44 in the form a washer will be positioned extending around the stop pin 40 with the stop spring means 42 positioned between the stop collar 44 and the portion of the housing stop boss 36 which surrounds the housing stop hole 38 . in this manner as one of the free arm members of the free arm assembly 26 moves the step plate 16 toward the deployed position 6 the free arm will come into abutment with the stop assembly which define the location of the fully deployed position and will limit any undesirable excessive movement beyond the deployed position . in the configuration shown in this embodiment of the stop assembly the stop pin member 40 is freely movable axially through the housing stop hole 38 . as such , as one of the free arm members 28 or 30 of the free arm assembly 26 come into abutment with the stop pin member 40 it will move axially within the housing stop hole 38 thereby compressing the stop spring means 42 . this movement will ease the final portion of movement of the free arm assembly 26 toward the deployed position 6 and cushion the stopping thereof so that it will not be abrupt . once the stop spring means 42 is completely compressed the free arm assembly 26 will have stopped movement of the step plate 16 in the desired final location for the deployed position 6 . this position can be adjusted by adjustment of positioning of components of the stop assembly . the apparatus of the prevent invention includes a housing pivot bracket 46 which is generally u - shaped and is secured to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . the housing pivot bracket 46 will preferably define a housing bracket aperture 47 extending therewithin preferably in a direction oriented perpendicularly with respect to the lower surface 12 and therebelow . housing bracket pin 48 is designed to extend through the housing bracket aperture . the housing bracket pin 48 can be threaded and be in the form of a bolt with a nut to facilitate pivotally movable securement relative to the housing bracket aperture 47 . the linkage for driving of the step plate between the deployed position 6 and the retracted position 8 includes an output arm 54 mounted extending generally parallel to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . this output arm 54 will preferably define an output arm aperture 56 therewithin . preferably output arm aperture 56 and housing bracket aperture 47 are vertically registered with respect to one another such that the housing bracket pin or stud 48 can extend through both the housing bracket aperture 47 and the output arm aperture 56 simultaneously for facilitating securement with pivotal relative movement between the output arm 54 and the main housing plate 10 . the apparatus for driving movement of the step plate 16 for the present invention includes a longitudinal drive means 50 preferably pivotally secured with respect to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 and including a drive output rod 52 which is movable to extend outwardly or be retracted inwardly therewithin longitudinal drive means preferably comprises an electrically powered mechanism . in the apparatus of the present invention longitudinal extension of the longitudinal drive means 50 will cause movement of the step plate 16 toward the retracted position whereas retracting of the drive output rod 52 toward a position within the longitudinal drive means 50 will urge movement of the step plate 16 toward the deployed position 6 . in this preferred embodiment the drive output rod 52 is pivotally attached with respect to one end of the output arm 54 to facilitate driving pivotal movement thereof relative to the housing pivot bracket 46 . a drive control linkage provides connection of the drive means 50 to the step plate 16 . drive control linkage includes an intermediate link 58 pivotally secured to the output arm 54 preferably at a position oppositely located from the point of connection of pivotal securement thereof with respect to the drive output rod 52 with the output arm aperture 56 and positioned therebetween . intermediate link 58 is pivotally secured to an intermediate coupling member 60 at the opposite end thereon from the point of pivotal securement with respect to the output arm 54 . the intermediate coupling member 60 is pivotally secured with respect to an inner locking to an inner locking lever 82 . inner locking lever 82 defines an inner locking lever central aperture 83 therein which is adapted to receive a linking pin 80 extending therethrough . inner locking lever 82 includes an inner locking lever abutment surface 84 which can be urged into abutment with the outer surface of the driven arm cross member 24 to limit movement of the stop plate 16 toward the deployed position 6 and facilitate over - center securement of the step plate 16 so positioned . as the step plate 16 is urged to move toward the deployed position 6 . the inner locking lever 82 and , in particular , the inner locking lever abutment surface 84 , will bear against driven arm cross member 24 to terminate powered movement of the step plate 16 toward the deployed position 6 and facilitate temporary locking therein . inner locking lever 82 also defines an inner locking lever outer aperture 85 extending therethrough spatially disposed from said inner locking lever central aperture 83 to facilitate pivotally movement attachment thereof relative to the intermediate coupling member 60 . the locking mechanism of the present invention further includes a housing drive boss assembly 64 . the housing drive boss assembly 64 will include a first housing drive control boss member 66 defining a first housing drive control boss hole 68 extending therethrough in a direction extending generally parallel to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . the housing drive boss assembly 64 also includes a second housing drive control boss member 70 with a second housing drive control boss hole 72 defined therein . preferably the second housing drive control boss hole 72 will be oriented extending approximately parallel to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 in direct axial registration with respect to the first housing drive control boss hole 68 . a housing drive pin 62 is positionable extending axially through the first housing drive control boss hole 68 and the second housing drive control boss hole 72 . this housing drive pin 62 so positioned will provide a means for pivotally moveably mounting of the outer locking lever assembly 74 . the outer locking lever assembly 74 will include a first outer locking lever 76 which defines a first outer locking lever linking pin aperture 104 at an intermediate location therein and a first outer locking lever housing drive pin aperture 106 adjacent one end thereof . in a similar manner a second outer locking lever 78 will be included in the outer locking assembly 74 which defines a second outer locking lever linking pin aperture 108 at an intermediate location therein and a second outer locking lever housing drive pin aperture 110 adjacent one end thereof . with this construction the linking pin 80 can extend through the first outer locking lever linking pin aperture 104 of the first outer locking lever 76 and also through the second outer locking linking pin aperture 108 of the second outer locking lever 78 . the linking pin 80 will also extend through the inner locking lever central aperture 83 of inner lock lever 82 with lever 82 positioned between the first outer locking lever 76 and the second outer locking lever 78 . the mounting of the outer locking lever assembly 74 with respect to the main housing plate 10 is achieved by positioning the housing drive pin 62 in a position extending through the first outer locking lever housing drive pin aperture 106 of first outer locking lever 76 and also through the second outer locking lever housing drive pin aperture 110 of the second outer locking lever 78 . in this manner both the first outer locking lever 76 and the second outer locking lever 78 will each be pivotally secured with respect to main housing plate 10 and will each be pivotally secured with respect to the linking pin 80 at positions on each opposite side of the inner locking lever 82 . linking pin 80 will extend through the inner locking lever central aperture 83 of the inner locking lever to so position the linking pin 80 between the first outer locking lever 76 and the second outer locking lever 78 with all three lever pivotally moveable secured with respect thereto . it should be appreciated that there are three main axes for providing the capability of pivotal movement within the locking mechanism of the apparatus of the present invention including the axis of the housing drive pin 62 and the axis of the driven arm cross member 24 and the axis of the linking pin 80 positioned generally therebetween . control of movement of the linking pin 80 with respect to the housing drive pin 62 is achieved because each of the first outer locking lever 76 and the second outer locking lever 78 are pivotally secured with respect to both pins 62 and 80 . relative movement between the linking pin 80 and the driven arm cross member 24 is achieved by a driven cross member drive link assembly 98 . this driven cross member drive link assembly 98 includes a first driven cross member link 100 and a second driven cross member link 102 . each of these links are pivotally secured with respect to the driven arm cross member 24 and also with respect to the linking pin 80 to achieve coordinated movement therebetween . preferably the first driven cross member link 100 is positioned between the first outer locking lever 76 and the inner locking lever 82 . on the opposite side thereof , preferably , the second driven cross member link 102 is positioned between the inner locking lever 82 and the second outer locking lever 78 . one of the important characteristics of this invention is to appreciate that the inner locking lever abutment surface 84 of inner locking lever 82 and the first outer locking lever abutment surface 77 of first outer locking lever 76 and the second outer lever abutment surface 79 of second outer locking lever 78 will simultaneously be moved into contact with the driven arm cross member 24 which operates as the stop and locking mechanism for holding the main housing plate 10 in the fully deployed position 6 . it is very important further to consider that the movement of the linking pin 80 when the locking mechanism of the apparatus of this invention is brought to the fully deployed position 6 is to a slightly over center position . that over center position is achieved by defining a plane extending between the axis of the housing drive pin 62 and the axis of the driven arm cross member 24 and allowing the longitudinal axis of the locking pin 80 to move completely through and beyond this defined plane immediately prior to the step plate 16 arriving at the fully deployed position 6 . the over center positioning of lining pin 80 achieves a firm and secure locking capability not otherwise possible with an apparatus of this limited size and construction . another important consideration for the apparatus of the present invention is maintaining the linkage of the driving and locking mechanism at a predefined spacing below the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 because it is confined within such a narrow area . the construction of the apparatus of the present invention operate within limited space restrictions and thus portions of the linkage operate in close tolerances relative to the adjacent lower surface 12 of main housing plate 10 for this purpose a linkage position control assembly 86 is included for carefully and accurately controlling linkage movement and positioning at all times . linkage position control assembly 86 preferably includes a position control stud 88 which extends through the coupling member 60 and through a position control slot 90 defined in the main housing plate 10 extending completely therethrough from the lower surface 12 to the upper surface 14 . a lower position control washer 92 is secured to the position control stud 88 in direct abutment with respect to the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . similarly but oppositely , an upper position control washer 94 is secured to the position control stud 88 at a location in abutment with the upper surface 14 of the main housing plate 10 . in this manner the positioning of the intermediate coupling member 60 and the portions of the linkage directly or indirectly secured thereto will be maintained in a close spatial displacement from the lower surface 12 of the main housing plate 10 . this construction achieves the operational strength desired by the apparatus of the present invention while allows operation within a very narrow confined dimension . the position control stud 88 can be a conventional bolt with the head positioned above the upper position control washer 94 above the upper surface 14 and with the lower threaded portion extending through and below the intermediate coupling member 60 with a position control nut 96 secured to the undersurface thereof for achieving effective operation of the linkage position control assembly 86 . one of the unique advantages of the present invention is the use of the over - center mechanism which allows the overall structure and , particularly , the longitudinal drive means 50 and the associated drive output rod 52 , to have lower total strength requirements since the over - center construction affords basic structural strength in the inherent design thereof . this enhanced strength is , thusly , provide by the design of the drive means 50 and output rod 52 rather than by making the locking mechanism of more heavy - duty parts . because of this design , the cost of production and material cost are minimized without sacrificing strength . strength is an important issue in this device because there are large tensile forces exerted through the structural components because a fireman stepping on the step when deployed is often done in a very quick and sudden manner with heavy loads being carried . as such a strong design is needed and present design achieves this result from the over - center movement capability rather than from merely making the components from more heavy duty parts . the use of the lighter duty drive means 50 and output rod 52 allows the use of a smaller actuator for savings in cost as well as in overall size and weight . also space considerations in this design are extremely important because this device usually extends downwardly when in the stored position and downwardly and outwardly when in the deployed position from a location immediately below a passenger entry location such as a truck door . thus , achieving the desire ground clearance for any similarly positioned auto or truck part is an important consideration . this advantage is particularly important for emergency vehicles such as fire trucks which are required to be capable of moving quickly and easily over moderately sized curbs and in other street and / or ground areas that may not be perfectly level . it is important that no part of the truck substructure contact the substrate on which the vehicle is being driven even when used in such demanding situations . all such vehicles need to be fully capable of moving through various angles of approach and department and navigating fairly steep grades often encountered in driveway entrances or highly crowned roads . all devices positioned beneath such emergency - type vehicles need to be fully capable of serious off - road travel without bottoming out . while particular embodiments of this invention have been shown in the drawings and described above , it will be apparent that many changes may be made in the form , arrangement and positioning of the various elements of the combination . in consideration thereof , it should be understood that preferred embodiments of this invention disclosed herein are intended to be illustrative only and not intended to limit the scope of the invention . | 1 |
fig1 illustrates an exterior view of a modular integrated galley comprising a stand - alone beverage station 100 and a stand - alone food preparation station 200 . the beverage station 100 provides coffee , espresso , and a variety of beverages that can be served to passengers , while the food preparation station 200 includes ovens , refrigerators , and equipment necessary for the storage 24 ( see fig2 ), preparation , and clean - up of meal service . on the exterior of each station 100 , 200 is a display screen 110 , 120 , such as for example an led screen , that can be used to provide instructions to passengers , display advertisements that can generate revenue for the airlines , or provide information on the amenities provided by the galley . the exterior of each station is also preferably equipped with a branding placeholder 215 that can be used to promote the airlines or provide advertising space that can be leased by the airlines . the branding placeholder 215 is large and in full view of the passengers for maximum exposure and visibility . both the beverage station 100 and the food preparation station 200 are formed with an outer shell 300 that serves to thermally insulate , and optimally acoustically attenuate , the galley from the environment . fig2 illustrates an exemplary stand - alone beverage station 100 of the galley , comprising a light weight structure 13 encased in a thermal shell 300 . the beverage station 100 is adapted to serve as a beverage distribution center in a commercial aircraft . the modular beverage center 100 features several integrated equipment for servicing passengers , including a side refrigeration unit for self - serving of soft drinks to passengers , two half ovens 12 , two coffee makers 14 , two espresso makers 16 , and two hot water dispensers 18 . the structure 13 includes six beverage cart storage compartments 20 that house beverage carts used to facilitate service to passengers , a sink 30 and faucet 29 , a top loading trash chute , task lighting , and a touch screen user interface . all of the elements are arranged in a cost and space efficient manner that allows functionality without sacrificing performance . fig3 illustrates a food preparation station 200 that operates in conjunction with the beverage station 100 to achieve a full - service galley . the food preparation station 200 includes a side refrigeration unit that serves as a passenger self - service cooler , a double refrigerator 50 , a double oven 60 , a half oven 65 , six beverage cart storage compartments 20 , and an extendable work deck . as with the beverage station , the food preparation station is encased in a thermal shell 300 that insulates the contents of the galley and keeps perishables stored therein at the proper temperature . fig4 illustrates an outer shell 300 enclosing the exterior surface of the aircraft monuments 100 , 200 of fig1 - 3 . the shell 300 includes the back , and both side walls ( e . g . center line galley ), which allows the shell 300 to be easily attached and / or removed when the aircraft is in service . the shell 300 includes an outer layer 310 serving as an impact resistant skin having a depth of approximately 1 . 5 millimeters . the skin 310 is formed of a hard material such as a carbon reinforced composite pre - impregnated , fiberglass , kevlar , or other thermoplastic , and is designed to be fitted in sections to the monument . the skin 310 performs two functions : a protective layer for the vacuum insulated panels (“ vip ”) and as a carrier for an airline &# 39 ; s choice of décor or trim . the skin 310 may be bonded in a conventional manner using a high temperature contact adhesive . below the skin 310 is a layer of carbon fiber composite material 320 that is bonded to the monument . the carbon fiber composite material can have a thickness of approximately ten millimeters ( 10 mm ). sandwiched between the impact resistant outer skin 310 of the shell 300 and the carbon fiber composite panel 320 is a layer of thermal insulation 330 , such as nanopore ™ available from nanopore inc . of albuquerque , n . m . the thermal insulation 330 may be in the form of 3 mm thick vacuum insulation panel ( vip ) tiles , which may alternatively be attached to either the monument structure 13 or to the inner wall of the outer skin 310 . one benefit of using the tiles described above is that the thermal insulation tiles can be selectively located and positioned where an improvement to the thermal insulation properties of the galley are required . for non - chilled areas that do not need thermal insulation , the shell 300 may substitute a light weight filling panel or core , or spacers to maintain the correct distance from the structural outer surface . in this manner , both cost and weight are minimized while maximizing thermal efficiency . to bind the skin 310 of the shell 300 to the carbon fiber composite panel 320 , a series of anchor pins 340 are inserted through the skin and into the panel , compressing the multi - layers into a rigid panel . an aesthetic anchor pin cover 350 can be used over the pin 340 to present a cleaner , sleeker appearance to the galley . fig5 illustrates a second embodiment of a shell 360 that includes the structure of fig4 , but also includes an additional layer consisting of 20 - 25 mm of and acoustic foam 370 , such as an open cell acoustic foam . the foam 370 , together with a 3 mm layer of vip thermal insulation 330 , serves the dual purposes of thermal insulation along with the absorption of the reverberant sound generated at the working face of the galley . the foam 370 may alternatively be attached either to the outer surface of the vip panels 330 , or to the inside surface of the outer skin 310 . thermally , the galley will achieve an even better resistance to heat loss due to the inherent thermal insulation properties of the foam 370 , and the foam and thermal panel combination enhances the monument &# 39 ; s external impact resistance as well as its impact sound absorbent qualities . the removable outer skin 310 serves as a protective barrier that provides damage protection to the otherwise susceptible thermal layer 330 , and acts as a carrier for external décor trim . the vip thermal barrier 330 further serves to enclose all potential cold bridges from chilled compartments on all but the working face of the monument ( e . g ., center line galley ). lateral refrigerated galleys can be insulated on the reverse surface using vip panels without the need for a protective skin 310 . an advantage of the present system is that damaged skin 310 and / or vip panels 330 can be replaced in service without disturbing the monument &# 39 ; s aircraft attachment points . selective placement of the thermal panels 330 ( and the sound absorbing foam 370 ) allow enhanced insulation at the locations where it is identified as being important or effective , leaving other areas untreated to save weight . the invention adds only a minimal increase δ1 of 4 . 5 millimeters in the example of fig4 , and 24 . 5 millimeters in the example of fig5 to the galley &# 39 ; s foot print while providing superior thermal loss resistance and acoustic attenuation . by using an open weave pre - impregnated carbon reinforced panel 380 for the skin 310 , and micro perforating the décor laminate , the outer shell 360 absorbs most exterior noise , reducing the overall sound levels in the passenger cabin . the present invention is adaptable to all types of narrow or wide bodied commercial aircraft monuments both for new and existing airplane types or variants . | 1 |
the illustrated embodiments of the invention are directed to an adhesive pattern for labeling faceplates , surface mount boxes , patch panels and marker ties . [ 0019 ] fig1 shows an adhesive pattern 10 having eight columns of one - port labels 12 . however , it is likewise contemplated that any number of columns of one - port labels 12 can be formed on the label sheet . preferably , each one - port label is 0 . 236 inches in height and 0 . 68 inches in width . as shown in fig1 two adhesive patterns are formed on a 20 ″ wide continuous web . the web is die cut to form individual 8½ × 1 sheets , each having an adhesive pattern 10 . [ 0020 ] fig1 shows adhesive pattern 10 having alternating non - adhesive and adhesive sections , such as non - adhesive section 14 and adhesive section 16 . preferably , non - adhesive section 14 is narrower than adhesive section 16 . the left end of one - port labels 12 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 , and the right end of one - port labels 12 is attached to adhesive section 16 . thus , one - port labels 12 should be removed from the label sheet by peeling each label from left to right , that is , from non - adhesive section 14 to adhesive section 16 . because of the label sheet composition , upon removal of one - port labels 12 from left to right , one - port labels 12 have a non - sticking surface . if one - port labels 12 are removed from right to left , that is , from adhesive section 16 to non - adhesive section 14 , one - port labels 12 will have a sticking surface . the non - sticking label surface can be inserted in a pocket on a telecommunication device , such as a faceplate , patch panel , etc . a cover snaps over the label to retain the label therein . [ 0021 ] fig2 shows a cross - sectional view of the label sheet adhesive pattern shown in fig1 . the label sheet comprises seven layers : 1 ) a twenty - eight pound liner 18 ; 2 ) a 0 . 0005 inch no tack dry adhesive layer 20 ; 3 ) a 0 . 001 inch polyester layer 22 ; 4 ) a hot melt adhesive layer 24 with non - adhesive sections 25 ; 5 ) a 0 . 001 inch polyester layer 26 ; 6 ) a 0 . 0005 inch pressure sensitive adhesive layer 28 ; and 7 ) a top liner 30 . top liner 30 is utilized to protect the label sheet during transportation . thereafter , top liner 30 is removed and a 0 . 004 inch polyester layer is added to the label sheet . the label sheet is then die cut to the hot melt adhesive layer 24 to produce a sheet of one - port , two - port , three - port , four - port or six - port labels . the label sheet can also be die cut to produce a combination sheet having different label sizes , such as one - port , two - port , three - port , four - port and six - port labels . [ 0022 ] fig3 shows adhesive pattern 10 having four columns of two - port labels 32 . however , it is likewise contemplated that any number of columns of two - port labels 32 can be formed on the label sheet . preferably , each two - port label is 0 . 236 inches in height and 1 . 315 inches in width . as in fig1 the left end of two - port labels 32 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 , and the right end of two - port labels 32 is attached to adhesive section 16 . thus , two - port labels 32 should be removed from left to right to achieve a non - sticking surface . if two - port labels 32 are removed from right to left , two - port labels 32 will have a sticking surface . [ 0023 ] fig4 shows adhesive pattern 10 having three columns of three - port labels 34 . however , it is likewise contemplated that any number of columns of three - port labels 34 can be formed on the label sheet . preferably , each three - port label is 0 . 236 inches in height and 1 . 95 inches in width . as in fig1 and 3 , the left end of three - port labels 34 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 , and in column one , the right end of three - port labels 34 is attached to adhesive section 16 . thus , in column one , three - port labels 34 should be removed from left to right to achieve a non - sticking surface . if three - port labels 34 are removed from right to left , three - port labels 34 will have a sticking surface . however , unlike in fig1 and 3 , in columns two and three , the right end of three - port labels 34 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 . thus , in columns two and three , three - port labels 34 can be removed from left to right or from right to left to achieve a non - sticking surface . [ 0024 ] fig5 shows adhesive pattern 10 having two columns of four - port labels 36 . however , it is likewise contemplated that any number of columns of four - port labels 36 can be formed on the label sheet . preferably , each four - port label is 0 . 236 inches in height and 2 . 585 inches in width . as in fig1 and 3 , the left end of four - port labels 36 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 , and the right end of four - port labels 36 is attached to adhesive section 16 . thus , four - port labels 36 should be removed from left to right to achieve a non - sticking surface . if four - port labels 36 are removed from right to left , four - port labels 36 will have a sticking surface . [ 0025 ] fig6 shows adhesive pattern 10 having two columns of six - port labels 38 . however , it is likewise contemplated that any number of columns of six - port labels 38 can be formed on the label sheet . preferably , each six - port label is 0 . 236 inches in height and 3 . 855 inches in width . as in fig1 and 5 , the left end of six - port labels 38 is attached to non - adhesive section 14 , and the right end of six - port labels 38 is attached to adhesive section 16 . thus , six - port labels 38 should be removed from left to right to achieve a non - sticking surface . if six - port labels 38 are removed from right to left , six - port labels 38 will have a sticking surface . as described above , fig1 - 6 show adhesive pattern 10 having columns of one - port labels 12 , two - port labels 32 , three - port labels 34 , four - port labels 36 and six - port labels 38 . fig7 shows adhesive pattern 10 having a combination of one - port labels 12 , two - port labels 32 , three - port labels 34 and four - port labels 36 . however , it is likewise contemplated that six - port labels 38 can be provided in the combination label sheet . the disclosed invention provides an adhesive pattern utilized on sheets of one - port , two - port , three - port , four - port and six - port labels , each sheet having only one label size , as well as on sheets having a combination of different label sizes . it should be noted that the above - described illustrated embodiments and preferred embodiments of the invention are not an exhaustive listing of the form such an adhesive pattern in accordance with the invention might take ; rather , they serve as exemplary and illustrative of embodiments of the invention as presently understood . by way of example , and without limitation , the adhesive pattern can be utilized on a combination label sheet having any combination of the five different label sizes described above . many other forms of the invention are believed to exist . | 8 |
embodiments disclosed herein provide techniques to align video feeds that have varying latencies . often , many video cameras are used to film the same event , program , movie , etc . for example , multiple cameras may be configured to capture different angles of a given hole on a golf course . embodiments disclosed herein facilitate remote production of the video captured by each camera by inserting a timestamp ( or timecode ) in the data space of each video frame . the timestamps for each video frame are based on a first precision time source . the videos with timestamps may then be transmitted to a remote location , such as a broadcast facility , via any number and type of communications media ( such as satellite , internet , etc .). a receiver at the remote location may automatically align each frame of each video based on the timestamps in each frame relative to a second precision time source . in one embodiment , the receiver may compute a time difference between the timestamp in each frame and a current time of the second precision time source . if two received frames have a time difference that is equal , embodiments disclosed herein may output these frames as part of an aligned video feed for the video feeds that include the frames . however , if the time differences between each frame are different , embodiments disclosed herein may queue faster arriving packets until their corresponding frames from other video feeds arrive . similarly , when later arriving packets are received , their queued counterpart frames may be dequeued for inclusion in the aligned video feeds . fig1 illustrates a system 100 configured to automatically synchronize multiple real - time video sources , according to one embodiment . as shown , the system 100 generally includes a remote location 101 that is communicably coupled to a broadcast facility 110 . the remote location 101 includes a plurality of video sources 102 - 104 . generally , the video sources 102 - 104 may be any type of video origination , recording , or playback devices . although three video sources 102 - 104 , any number and type of video sources may be provided at the remote location 101 . in at least one embodiment , the video provided by the video sources 102 - 104 ultimately needs to be synchronized and time - aligned . however , as shown , the remote location 101 and broadcast facility 110 are connected via three example data connections 130 - 132 , each of which may introduce varying latencies for each video feed . therefore , for example , a frame from video source 102 captured at time t = 1 may arrive later than a frame from video source 103 at t = 1 . as shown , each video source 102 - 104 is communicably coupled to a timestamp insertion device 105 - 107 . the timestamp insertion devices 105 - 107 may be under the control of an automation control system . the timestamp insertion devices 105 - 107 may be referenced to a precision time source 108 . the timestamp insertion devices 105 - 107 may be configured to insert a timestamp ( or timecode ) into the data space of each frame of video , where each timestamp is based on the precision time source 108 . examples of video data spaces include the vertical ancillary ( vanc ) data space of a video frame and the horizontal ancillary ( hanc ) data space of a video frame . in at least one embodiment , the timestamp is formatted using proprietary or standard data id ( did ) and secondary data id ( sdid ) identifiers according to processes standardized by the society of motion picture and television engineers ( smpte ). one example of a standard to insert a timecode in the vanc or hanc is the smpte st 12m : 2008 for carriage in smpte 291m did 60 / sdid 60 in the vanc or hanc . in at least one embodiment , the video sources 102 - 104 capture video at 60 frames per second , resulting in timestamps that are accurate to 1 / 60 th of a second being added to the vanc or hanc data space of each video frame . in addition , any of the video sources 102 - 104 may be in an ip domain . in such embodiments , a video frame ( or at least a portion thereof ) is encapsulated in an ip packet , and transmitted via the corresponding medium 130 - 132 . correspondingly , the timestamps may be inserted in the ip packet ( s ) corresponding to a given frame . for example , the timestamp insertion device 105 may insert a timestamp into an ip frame carrying video data from video source 102 . for example , the video sources 102 - 104 may be filming a basketball game . as the video sources 102 - 104 capture video of the basketball game , a timestamp is inserted into each video frame . because the timestamps inserted at the remote locate 101 are based on the precision time source 108 , each video frame has a timestamp that corresponds to the timestamp of the video frames captured at the same time by other video sources . these timestamps may be used by the broadcast facility 110 to ensure that the frames are properly aligned in the final output , even though they may arrive at the broadcast facility 110 at different times . as shown , once timestamps are inserted into the video from video sources 102 - 104 , the videos with timestamps are transmitted to the broadcast facility 110 . as shown , a video with timestamp 140 may correspond to the video from video source 102 , and may be transmitted by communications medium 130 . similarly , a video with timestamp 141 may correspond to the video from video source 103 , and may be transmitted by communications medium 131 , while a video with timestamp 142 may correspond to the video from video source 104 , and may be transmitted by communications medium 132 . generally , the videos with timestamps 140 - 142 may be compressed or uncompressed video streams , which may further introduce varying latency . the communications medium 130 - 132 may be any type of communications media , such as satellite connections , dedicated or shared internet protocol ( ip ) connections , dedicated fiber connections , microwave connections , land line connections , wireless data connections , and the like . as shown , the broadcast facility 110 includes a plurality of video receivers 112 - 114 configured to receive the videos with timestamps 140 - 142 from the communications media 130 - 132 , respectively . the broadcast facility 110 also includes a synchronization logic 115 and a precision time source 111 . the synchronization logic 115 is generally configured to output aligned video feeds 116 - 118 , where the video feeds are aligned in time . when the synchronization logic 115 receives video frames of the videos with timestamps 140 - 142 , the synchronization logic 115 computes , for each frame , a time difference based on the timestamp in each frame and a time produced by the precision time source 111 . if the time differences for video frames match , the frames are correctly aligned in time , and are outputted as frames in the aligned video feeds 116 - 118 . however , if the time differences do not match , the synchronization logic 115 may buffer the frames until the corresponding frames are received . doing so aligns each video with timestamp 140 - 142 so that they are exactly aligned to a frame - by - frame level . the aligned video feeds 116 - 118 , once created , can be used in a production environment without users having to manually synchronize the videos from the video sources 102 - 104 . fig2 illustrates components of the synchronization logic 115 , according to one embodiment . as shown , the synchronization logic 115 includes a timestamp receiver 201 , comparator 202 , alignment logic 203 , and variable length buffer 204 . the timestamp receiver 201 is logic configured to extract timestamps from the vanc ( or hanc ) data space of each video frame or an ip frame carrying at least a portion of a video frame . the comparator 202 is logic configured to compare timestamps and / or computed time differences of video frames . the alignment logic 203 is logic configured to orchestrate the alignment of a plurality of video feeds with timestamps . the alignment logic 203 may compute time differences for each video frame based on the timestamp in a video frame ( or ip frame ) relative to a current time produced by the precision time source 111 . the alignment logic 203 may place video frames in the variable length buffer 204 when these frames arrive “ earlier ” in time than their similarly timestamped counterparts . the alignment logic 203 may also remove video frames from the buffer 204 when a companion video frame is received . the variable length buffer 204 may be any type of buffer that can expand or contract in size based on the current offset between two or more video feeds . the buffer 204 may be a first - in - first - out ( fifo ) buffer . fig3 illustrates techniques to automatically synchronize multiple real - time video sources , according to one embodiment . as shown , fig3 depicts three example tables 301 - 303 . table 301 reflects video frames received by the video receivers 112 - 113 from video sources 102 and 103 ( or corresponding videos with timestamps 140 , 141 ) at example local times t = 0 , t = 1 , t = 2 , and t = 3 . as shown , the local times t = 0 , t = 1 , t = 2 , and t = 3 are based on the time data produced by the precision time source 111 , and are therefore “ local ” to the broadcast facility 110 . in at least one embodiment , the local times are timestamps produced by the precision time source 111 . the cells of table 301 include a received video frame and the timestamp included in the vanc ( or hanc ) the received video frame . for example , as shown , at time t = 0 , video frame 310 1 of video source 102 is received and has a timestamp of t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 15 . however , at time t = 0 , video frame 312 2 from video source 103 is received with a timestamp of t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 17 . the synchronization logic 115 may compute time differences between a local time timestamp and the timestamp in each frame 310 1 , 312 2 , and compare the time difference to determine that the video sources 102 , 103 are not aligned , and are offset by 2 frames . in another embodiment , the synchronization logic 115 may compare the timestamps to determine that the video sources 102 , 103 are not aligned . table 302 reflects the contents of the buffer 204 . as previously indicated , the buffer 204 is a variable length buffer in that as the time difference between video sources changes , the length ( or size ) of the buffer also changes . however , the synchronization logic 115 and the buffer 204 operate similarly regardless of the length of the buffer 204 . therefore , in the example depicted in fig3 , the video sources are two frames apart , and the buffer 204 is a two frame buffer ( having a buffer length of two ). however , as the synchronization logic 115 detects changes in time difference between the video sources , the synchronization logic 115 may modify the size of the buffer 204 . for example , if the video sources 102 , 103 are one frame apart , the synchronization logic 115 may adjust the buffer 204 to be a one frame buffer . similarly , if the video sources 102 , 103 are ten frames apart , the synchronization logic 115 may adjust the buffer 204 to be a ten frame buffer ( for a buffer length of ten ). as shown in table 302 , at t = 0 , the buffer 204 includes frame 311 2 , which specifies a timestamp of t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 16 , and frame 312 2 , which specifies a timestamp t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 17 . video frame 311 2 may be from video source 103 , and was previously placed in the buffer 204 by the synchronization logic 115 based on the timestamp of video frame 311 2 . at time t = 1 , the buffer 204 includes frames 312 2 and 313 2 of video source 103 , and so on . at time t = 1 , when video frame 311 1 arrives , the synchronization logic 115 may remove its counterpart frame 311 2 from the buffer 204 , and output frames 311 1 as part of time - aligned video 116 . table 303 reflects the output of aligned videos 116 and 117 . at time t = 0 , frame 310 1 is outputted for video source 102 as part of aligned video 116 , while frame 312 2 is outputted for video source 103 as part of aligned video 117 . similarly , at time t = 1 , frame 311 1 is outputted for video source 102 as part of aligned video 116 , while frame 312 2 is again outputted for video source 103 as part of aligned video 117 . however , as shown , the videos 116 , 117 are not synchronized until time t = 2 , where frames 312 1 and 312 2 are outputted ( each having timestamps of t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 17 ) as part of their respective aligned videos 116 , 117 . therefore , in outputting frame 312 2 at t = 0 , t = 1 , and t = 2 , the synchronization logic 117 may “ hold ” frame 312 2 until the videos 116 , 117 are time synchronized . similarly , at time t = 3 , frames 313 1 and 313 2 having timestamps of t = 01 : 23 : 20 : 18 are outputted . if additional latency occurs later in the transmission of video from each source 102 , 103 , the synchronization logic 115 may use the buffering techniques depicted in fig3 to re - align the video frames . fig4 illustrates a method 400 to automatically synchronize multiple real - time video sources , according to one embodiment . as shown , the method 400 begins at step 410 , where a precision time source is provided to a plurality of video sources , such as the precision time source 108 at remote location 101 . at step 420 , a timestamp inserter may insert timestamps ( or timecodes ) from the precision time source into the vanc data space ( or hanc data space ) of each frame of video outputted by each of the plurality of video sources . as previously indicated , one example way to insert a timecode is the smpte standard st 12m : 2008 for carriage in smpte 291m did 60 / sdid 60 in the vanc data space or hanc data space . in at least one embodiment , the timestamp or timecode may be inserted into an ip frame encapsulating at least a portion of a video frame . at step 430 , the video frames with timestamps may be transmitted via one or more communications media . as previously indicated , the video frames may be compressed or uncompressed . at step 440 , the video frames with timestamps are received , for example , at the broadcast facility 110 . at step 450 , described in greater detail with reference to fig5 , the synchronization logic 115 may align the received video frames . because the different communications media and compression schemes may introduce varying latencies , data frames that were recorded at the same time may not arrive at the same time . as previously indicated , to align the video frames , the synchronization logic 115 computes a time delta ( or difference ) for each video frame based on the timestamp in each video frame ( and / or the ip frame ) and the local precision time source . therefore , the synchronization logic 115 uses various buffering techniques to time - align each of the video frames . at step 460 , the synchronization logic 115 may output and / or store the time - aligned videos . fig5 illustrates a method 500 corresponding to step 450 to align video frames , according to one embodiment . in at least one embodiment , the synchronization logic 115 performs the steps of the method 500 . as shown , the method 500 begins at step 500 , where the synchronization logic 115 performs a loop including steps 520 - 570 for each received video frame with timestamps ( or timecodes ). at step 520 , the synchronization logic 115 may extract the timestamp from the current frame ( ip frame and / or video frame ). at step 530 , the synchronization logic 115 may compute a time difference between the extracted timestamp and the current local reference time . at step 540 , the synchronization logic 115 may compare the time difference computed at step 540 to the time difference of at least one other received video frame ( and / or ip frame ). the at least one video frame may be another video frame from a different video source received at the same time as the current video frame . the at least one video frame may also be a video frame in the buffer 204 . if the time difference of the current video frame is greater than the time difference of the at least one other received video frame , the method proceeds to step 550 , where the synchronization logic 115 compares the current frame to frames in the buffer . if the time difference of the current frame matches the time difference of frames in the buffer , the synchronization logic 115 may remove those frames from the queue , and output all frames as part of their respective time - aligned video feeds . returning to step 540 , if the time difference of the current frame is equal to the time difference of at least one other frame , the method proceeds to step 560 , where the synchronization logic 115 outputs the frames as part of their respective aligned video feeds . again returning to step 540 , if the synchronization logic 115 determines that the time difference of the current frame is less than at least one other received video frame , the method proceeds to step 570 , where the synchronization logic 115 adds the current frame to the queue , as this frame has arrived earlier than at least one other corresponding video frame . at step 580 , the synchronization logic 115 determines whether other frames remain . if more frames remain , the method returns to step 510 . otherwise , the method 500 ends . fig6 illustrates a system 600 configured to automatically synchronize multiple real - time video sources , according to one embodiment . the networked system 600 includes a computer 602 . the computer 602 may also be connected to other computers via a network 630 . in general , the network 630 may be a telecommunications network and / or a wide area network ( wan ). in a particular embodiment , the network 630 is the internet . the computer 602 generally includes a processor 604 which obtains instructions and data via a bus 620 from a memory 606 and / or a storage 608 . the computer 602 may also include the synchronization logic 115 , one or more network interface devices 618 , the input devices 622 , and output devices 624 connected to the bus 620 . the computer 602 is generally under the control of an operating system ( not shown ). examples of operating systems include the unix operating system , versions of the microsoft windows operating system , and distributions of the linux operating system . more generally , any operating system supporting the functions disclosed herein may be used . the processor 604 is a programmable logic device that performs instruction , logic , and mathematical processing , and may be representative of one or more cpus . the network interface device 618 may be any type of network communications device allowing the computer 602 to communicate with other computers via the network 630 . the storage 608 is representative of hard - disk drives , solid state drives , flash memory devices , optical media and the like . generally , the storage 608 stores application programs and data for use by the computer 602 . in addition , the memory 606 and the storage 608 may be considered to include memory physically located elsewhere ; for example , on another computer coupled to the computer 602 via the bus 620 . the input device 622 may be any device for providing input to the computer 602 . for example , a keyboard and / or a mouse may be used . the input device 622 represents a wide variety of input devices , including keyboards , mice , controllers , and so on . furthermore , the input device 622 may include a set of buttons , switches or other physical device mechanisms for controlling the computer 602 . the output device 624 may include output devices such as monitors , touch screen displays , and so on . as shown , the memory 606 includes the sync application 612 , which is a software embodiment of the synchronization logic 115 . generally , the sync application 612 may provide all functionality described above with reference to fig1 - 5 . the storage 608 includes the aligned video data 615 , which stores time - aligned video feeds created by the synchronization logic 115 and / or the sync application 612 . in the foregoing , reference is made to embodiments of the disclosure . however , it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to specific described embodiments . instead , any combination of the recited features and elements , whether related to different embodiments or not , is contemplated to implement and practice the disclosure . furthermore , although embodiments of the disclosure may achieve advantages over other possible solutions and / or over the prior art , whether or not a particular advantage is achieved by a given embodiment is not limiting of the disclosure . thus , the recited aspects , features , embodiments and advantages are merely illustrative and are not considered elements or limitations of the appended claims except where explicitly recited in a claim ( s ). likewise , reference to “ the invention ” or “ the disclosure ” shall not be construed as a generalization of any inventive subject matter disclosed herein and shall not be considered to be an element or limitation of the appended claims except where explicitly recited in a claim ( s ). as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied as a system , method or computer program product . accordingly , aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment ( including firmware , resident software , micro - code , etc .) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “ circuit ,” “ module ” or “ system .” furthermore , aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium ( s ) having computer readable program code embodied thereon . any combination of one or more computer readable medium ( s ) may be utilized . the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium . a computer readable storage medium may be , for example , but not limited to , an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , or device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following : an electrical connection having one or more wires , a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read - only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), an optical fiber , a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a magnetic storage device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . in the context of this document , a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain , or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein , for example , in baseband or as part of a carrier wave . such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms , including , but not limited to , electro - magnetic , optical , or any suitable combination thereof . a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate , propagate , or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium , including but not limited to wireless , wireline , optical fiber cable , rf , etc ., or any suitable combination of the foregoing . computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages , including an object oriented programming language such as java , smalltalk , c ++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language or similar programming languages . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through any type of network , including a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). aspects of the present disclosure are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer , other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . embodiments of the disclosure may be provided to end users through a cloud computing infrastructure . cloud computing generally refers to the provision of scalable computing resources as a service over a network . more formally , cloud computing may be defined as a computing capability that provides an abstraction between the computing resource and its underlying technical architecture ( e . g ., servers , storage , networks ), enabling convenient , on - demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction . thus , cloud computing allows a user to access virtual computing resources ( e . g ., storage , data , applications , and even complete virtualized computing systems ) in “ the cloud ,” without regard for the underlying physical systems ( or locations of those systems ) used to provide the computing resources . typically , cloud computing resources are provided to a user on a pay - per - use basis , where users are charged only for the computing resources actually used ( e . g . an amount of storage space consumed by a user or a number of virtualized systems instantiated by the user ). a user can access any of the resources that reside in the cloud at any time , and from anywhere across the internet . in context of the present disclosure , a user may access applications or related data available in the cloud . for example , the sync application 612 could execute on a computing system in the cloud and produce time - aligned video feeds . in such a case , the sync application 612 could store the time - aligned video feeds at a storage location in the cloud . doing so allows a user to access this information from any computing system attached to a network connected to the cloud ( e . g ., the internet ). the flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture , functionality , and operation of possible implementations of systems , methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure . in this regard , each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module , segment , or portion of code , which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function ( s ). it should also be noted that , in some alternative implementations , the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures . for example , two blocks shown in succession may , in fact , be executed substantially concurrently , or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order or out of order , depending upon the functionality involved . it will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems that perform the specified functions or acts , or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions . while the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure , other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof , and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow . | 7 |
a mobile phone is shown schematically in fig1 to 5 and comprises a circularity cylindrical housing 1 of rigid plastics or the like . an antenna 2 ( e . g . telescopic or fixed ) and a belt clip 3 are provided in a known manner . in certain cases , the antenna 2 may be internal to the housing 1 . the housing 1 contains a cylindrical roller 4 which is mounted coaxially within the housing 1 such that the roller 4 can rotate about the central axis of the housing 1 . the mounting for the roller is shown in more detail in fig4 and 5 and comprises a pair of cylindrical mounts 5 into which respective ends 6 of the roller 4 are located , the ends 6 being rotatable within the mounts 5 . projecting ends of the roller are received by locating recesses ( not shown in the drawings ) provided in the opposing surfaces of adjacent compartments 7 , which compartments contain the battery supply for the phone and other electrical components . the mounts are fixed to the opposing cylindrical compartments 7 . as is shown in fig5 each mount 5 contains a spirally wound spring 8 which is secured at its outermost end to the inner surface of the mount 5 and at its innermost end to the roller 4 . a flexible rectangular lcd display 9 is electrically and mechanically coupled to the center of the roller 4 by a short length of ribbon cable 10 , the roller 4 and the mounts 5 providing a spring mounting for the display 9 . the display 9 is also secured to the mounts 5 in the same axial plane as the coupling to the roller 4 ( along regions a and b as shown if fig4 ). the mounts 5 bias the roller so that , when no external force is applied to the display and the mounts are not locked ( see below ), the mounts tend to wrap the display 9 around the mounts 5 and the compartments 7 . an elongate slot 12 extends axially along the housing 1 and when the display 9 is fully retracted only a small tab 13 , fixed to the display , projects through the slot 12 . in order to withdraw the display 9 , a user must grasp the tab 13 and pull the display 9 through the slot 12 against the action of the mounts 5 . a lock 35 is provided for the mounts 5 so that when the display 9 is fully withdrawn automatic retraction is prevented . the lock 35 also prevents the display 9 being damaged due to over withdrawal . the lock 35 is engaged automatically following withdrawal of the display 1 and is released by the user pressing that portion of the lock 35 which projects from the housing 1 . a flexible lcd suitable for use in the embodiment described here is disclosed for example in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 948 , 232 . a typical layout for the display 9 is shown in fig6 . that part of the display 9 which is located above the line 14 is always contained within the housing 1 and is the location for the row and column drivers of the lcd pixels . column drivers 15 are located in the central region of the display 9 whilst the row drivers 16 are located at the two end regions . this arrangement allows the row driver connections to be located along opposing edge regions 17 of the display 9 . whilst these edge regions 17 are unusable as active lcd display areas , permanent icons 18 overlaid with a matrix of transparent touch - sensitive elements ( not shown ) can be located there . in use , functions indicated by the permanent icons are activated by touching the overlying elements . the display 9 is coupled to a switch 29 within the housing 1 , the switch 29 being switched from an off - condition to an on - condition when the display is withdrawn from the housing 1 . in the off - condition , the switch isolates the display 9 from the battery supply whilst in the on - condition power is supplied from the battery supply to turn the display 9 on . when an incoming call is received , withdrawal of the display 9 and the consequent actuation of the switch 29 also causes the phone to be taken ‘ off - hook ’. that is to say that the telephone is activated to enable the user to hear and reply to the caller . transparent touch - sensitive elements ( not shown ) are also overlaid on the active areas of the display 9 . in use , icons or text 20 is displayed by the control software under the icons and again functions are activated or information entered by touching these elements . as is indicated by the dashed line 21 in fig6 the display 9 can be sub - divided into a number of segments 22 ( in this case two ) each of which is backlight independently . the outermost segment 22 b may for example be used to display the number of an incoming call or the number of a dialled outgoing call . the mounting for the display 9 may be such that the display lock operates when only the outermost segment 22 b is withdrawn from the housing , causing this segment 22 b to be backlight . if it is necessary to view the innermost segment 22 a , the lock may be released and the display 9 withdrawn further with backlight being supplied to the segments in sequence as they appear . in general , the most used areas of the display 9 are located on the outer segment whilst the least used areas are located on the inner segment . [ 0030 ] fig7 shows a modification to the phone of fig1 and in which the housing 1 is provided with a transparent display window 23 , adjacent to the slot 12 . this window 23 allows a user to view the outermost segment 22 b of the display 9 without having to withdraw it through the slot 12 . additionally , the antenna 2 of the phone of fig1 is replaced by a folding antenna 24 which can be folded ( position ‘ f ’) against the housing 1 or can be unfolded ( position ‘ u ’) to provide support for the display 9 . fig8 shows a side view of the modified phone of fig7 ( with a cross - section taken through the housing only ) and in particular shows the double - sided backlighting utilised . the transparent backlighting strip 31 of the display 9 is attached to the inner surface of the flexible lcd portion 32 so that the outermost display segment 22 b is backlight from both sides . this allows the outermost segment 22 b to be viewed from below ( with reference to fig8 ) through the window 23 when the display 9 is retracted and from above when the display 9 is withdrawn . [ 0031 ] fig9 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention in which the phone housing 25 is rectangular in cross - section . a generally u - shaped compartment 26 is provided within the housing 25 for storing the display 27 . the battery 30 and other electrical components 31 are contained in a central compartment 28 of the housing 25 . the display 27 is arranged to be spring mounted within the housing 25 so that it can be retracted thereinto when not in use . it will be appreciated by the skilled person that modifications may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the invention . for example , the flexible lcd display may be replaced with a simple display comprising a sheet of electroluminescent ( el ) plastics material having an opaque backing sheet attached thereto . alphanumeric characters are printed on the front of the el sheet and the display is electrically divided into segments so that each segment can be individually illuminated to highlight the characters printed on the segment . such a display may be sufficient for indicating , for example , the operating mode of the telephone , e . g . incoming call received , calling , stand - by etc . alternatively a flexible display making use of electronically addressable ink material may be used . such a display is described for example in “ electrophoretic ink : a printable display material ”, b . comiskey , j . d . albert , j . jacobson , society for information display , may 1997 digest , pp . 75 - 76 , ( issn0097 - 0966x / 97 / 2801 - 0075 ). | 6 |
embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings . fig1 is a block diagram for showing one embodiment of the intermittent magnetic recording and reproducing unit according to the present invention . referring to fig1 designates an input terminal , 2 an image signal processing unit , 3 an output terminal , 4 a recording and reproducing control unit , 4a a recording circuit , 4b a recording and reproducing change over switch , 4c a magnetic head change over switch , 4d an azimuth change over switch , 4e an amplifier , 5 an avss unit , 5a an avss change over switch , 5b an avss refitting unit , 5c an avss producing unit , 6 an input terminal , 7 a system control unit , 8 a circuit for generating an azimuth change over pulse , 9 a unit for selecting an azimuth change over pulse , 10 a servo circuit , 11 a ctl ( control ) signal change over switch , 12 a unit for controlling recording and reproducing of a ctl signal , 13 a switch for changing over an azimuth change over pulse , 14 a capstan motor , 15 a cylinder motor , 16 a supply reel , 17 a winding reel , 18 a magnetic tape , 19 a rotating cylinder , 20 to 23 magnetic heads , 24 a ctl head , 25 a pinch roller , 26 a capstan , 27 a magnetic head for sound , 28 an aural signal recording and reproducing unit , 29 an input terminal , and 30 an output terminal . elements with the same reference numbers as those of the elements shown in fig2 designate the same elements , and explanation of these elements will be omitted . fig1 is different from fig2 that shows the conventional time lapse vtr , in that fig1 includes the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 and the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 and excludes the azimuth selecting unit 33 in stead . in the case of driving the magnetic tape 18 at the speed of 1 / n of the normal running speed , a continuous slow assigning pulse sap for assigning a continuous slow mode n is supplied to the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 from the system control unit 7 . when the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 is reset by the reproduction ctl signal from the ctl change over switch 11 , the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 generates an azimuth change over pulse that has 2n rotations of a continuation of &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; ( high level ) and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; ( low level ) by n times , as one cycle , each one rotation covering the distance from a change over edge of the sw 30 pulse to the next change over edge , and also generates an azimuth change over pulse azs of n patterns where the sequence of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; is deviated by one time in each one cycle . the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 selects one of the n patterns of the azimuth change over pulse azs that have been generated by the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 and produces an output as an azimuth change over pulse azp , according to a pulse selecting signal pss sent from the input terminal 6 . the azimuth change over switch 13 changes over an azimuth change over pulse between the azimuth change over pulse azp sent from the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 and an azimuth change over pulse azp &# 39 ; sent from the system control unit 7 , according to the operation mode selecting signal ms , at the time of the normal and intermittent reproduction driving modes and at the time of the continuous slow reproduction driving mode . except the above - described operation , the other operation of the unit of the present embodiment is the same as that of the conventional time lapse vtr . an image signal rvs inputted from the input terminal 1 is processed by the image signal processing unit 2 so that the image signal can be recorded on the magnetic tape 18 . the image signal rvs is then supplied to the recording and reproducing control unit 4 , is passed through the recording and reproducing change over switch 4b and the recording circuit 4a and is then recorded on the magnetic tape 18 by the magnetic heads 20 to 23 . in this case , the recording ctl signal is also outputted from the system control unit 7 , is supplied to the ctl head 24 through the ctl change over switch 11 and the ctl recording and reproducing control unit 12 , and is recorded on the magnetic tape 18 at the same time . a normal mode pulse ma , a continuous slow mode pulse mb and an intermittent mode pulse mc are supplied to the servo circuit 10 from the system control unit 7 , and one of these mode pulses is selected by the operation mode selecting signal ms , so that the capstan motor 14 and the cylinder motor 15 are driven in the selected mode . in the continuous slow mode , a recording of an image signal is carried out by driving the capstan 14 at the speed of 1 / n of the speed of the normal mode ( a standard running mode and a three - time fast speed mode ), and in the intermittent mode , the image recording is carried out by sending the capstan 26 at a predetermined time interval . the aural signal ras is also inputted from the input terminal 29 and is supplied to the sound head 27 through the sound recording and reproducing unit 28 so that the aural signal is recorded on the magnetic tape 18 at the same time . however , the aural signal ras can be recorded in only the normal mode and the continuous slow mode and this can not be recorded in the intermittent mode in which the magnetic tape 18 is driven intermittently . a magnetic pattern ( tracks ) as shown in fig2 is drawn on the magnetic tape 18 on which the above - described recording has been made . referring to fig2 at designates a track for recording a sound , + vta , + vtb and + vtc designate + azimuth tracks , - vta , - vtb and - vtc designate - azimuth tracks and ct designates a recording track for recording the ctl signal . an arrow x designates a direction in which the magnetic tape 18 is proceeding and an arrow y designates a direction in which the magnetic heads 20 to 23 are tracing the tracks . the operation of reproducing signals according to the present embodiment will be explained below . as an example , explanation will be made of the case where the images that have been recorded on the magnetic tape 18 in a continuous slow 1 / 3 speed mode are reproduced at the same continuous slow 1 / 3 speed mode , where the capstan motor 14 rotates at the speed of 1 / 3 of the rotation speed in the ep mode . in vhs - system , the tape speed is 33 . 33 mm / second in the standard speed mode , and 11 . 11 mm / second in ep - mode which is one third of the standard speed . in the ep mode , the width of the track is assumed to be 19 . 3 μm and the width of the tracks of the magnetic heads 20 to 23 is assumed to be 30 μm . in this case , the azimuth pulse change over switch 13 selects the azimuth change over pulse azp from the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 based on the operation mode selecting signal ms . traces of the magnetic heads 20 to 23 on the azimuth tracks + vta , + vtb , - vtb ,-- that have been formed on the magnetic tape 18 are shown in fig2 . since the magnetic tape is driven in the same 1 / 3 slow speed mode for both recording and reproducing of the images , the tracks on the magnetic tape and the tracks formed by the respective magnetic heads become parallel with each other , that is , the magnetic heads are moving along the dotted lines , as shown in fig2 . each magnetic head moves in the lateral direction by every 1 / 3 of the width of the tracks , or every 6 . 4 μm , while tracing the magnetic tape 18 . when a certain magnetic head 66 has finished tracing the tracks from the bottom upwards according to the sw 30 pulse , a next magnetic head 67 starts tracing the tracks from the position 6 . 4 μm deviated from the magnetic head 66 , as shown in fig2 . accordingly , when the magnetic head 66 starts tracing the tracks in the state that the magnetic head 66 is superposed with the + azimuth track + vta and the magnetic heads 67 to 71 sequentially trace the tracks after the magnetic head 66 , the magnetic heads are changed over in the order of the azimuthal angles of +, -, -, -, , +, +, so that it becomes always possible to reproduce more image signals as shown in the shaded portions in fig2 . based on the above observation , the azimuth change over pulse azp from the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 for changing over the azimuthal angles of the magnetic heads may be produced in such a way that the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; appears three times and the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; appears three times , totalling six changes in one cycle , based on a 1 / 2 cycle of the sw 30 pulse as a unit , as an overall relation is shown in fig3 . in fig3 the reset pulse is the signal generated in the plus polarity of the reproduction ctl signal . in this case , when the width of the head tracks is 30 μm , the widths over which the magnetic heads are actually tracing the tracks are as shown in fig4 . as shown in fig4 the tracing width is always secured by at least 17 μm , and the continuity of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; is being secured within one field because the azimuth of the magnetic head will not be changed over in the middle of the tracing , so that a satisfactory reproduced image can be obtained without color noise . in this case , the ctl signal recorded in the magnetic tape 18 corresponding to an azimuth track is utilized to detect that the magnetic head has come to a predetermined position of the azimuth track in the magnetic tape 18 , such as , for example , a position at which the left edge of the + azimuth track and the left edge of the magnetic head are superposed in the case of the magnetic head 66 , as shown in fig2 . the reproduction ctl signal is fed back to the servo circuit 10 by the ctl recording and reproducing control unit 12 so that the magnetic head can trace the azimuth tracks correctly . as one example , when the magnetic head 66 has come to the position as shown in fig2 at the moment when the reproduction ctl signal has been reproduced , a reset pulse is generated at the timing of the positive polarity of the ctl signal to reset the magnetic head so that the azimuth change over pulse azp of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; is generated from the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 always in synchronism with the cylinder control . in this way , the widths shown in fig4 can always be secured as the widths over which the magnetic heads trace the azimuth tracks . on the other hand , when the sw30 pulse for controlling the rotating cylinder 19 is not synchronous with the reproduction ctl signal , that is , when the rotation of the capstan motor 14 is deviated to a slightly higher speed than 1 / 3 of the rotation speed of the normal ep mode , as shown in fig5 for example , the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 detects the position of the magnetic head by using the reproduction ctl signal and generates always a constant azimuth change over pulse azp . therefore , it is possible to correct the deviation and to reproduce always a satisfactory image signal . the relationship between the azimuth tracks and the magnetic heads is shown in fig6 where 110a to 1101 designate the positions of the magnetic heads . when a resetting pulse is produced and the tracing has started from the position of 110a , each of the magnetic heads proceeds tracing by moving a slightly larger distance than 1 / 3 of the width of the azimuth tracks because the rotation of the capstan motor 14 is slightly faster than 1 / 3 of the rotation speed of the ep mode . therefore , the deviation becomes gradually larger as shown in fig6 . however , when one cycle has finished as predicted by the magnetic heads 110a to 110f , that is , a cycle of six pulses including the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; in the azimuth change over pulse azp , and a tracing has been continued further , in the next cycle a resetting is applied by this resetting pulse after five levels of the sw30 pulse , so that a state that the + azimuth track and the + vt are superposed correctly is obtained again , as shown by the magnetic head 110i . as a result , even a maximum deviation can be as small as only 6 . 4 μm 7 as compared with the case of the normal tracing as shown in fig7 . the above also applies to the case where the rotation of the capstan motor 14 is deviated to a slightly slower direction than 1 / 3 of the rotation speed of the ep mode , as shown in fig8 . in this case , since the timing of reproducing the reproduction ctl signal is slow , the deviation can be corrected by counting the sw 30 pulse additionally by one , as shown in one cycle of the magnetic heads 111a to 111g in fig6 . in this case , a maximum deviation can also be restricted to around 6 . 4 μm , as shown in fig7 . as explained above , according to the present embodiment , the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 applies a resetting by using the reproduction ctl signal , to thereby always correct a deviation . each time when the resetting is applied , the azimuth change over pulse azp of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; is generated . with this arrangement ,. the tracing width of 12 . 9 μm can be secured which is a sufficient tracing width for reproducing an image signal . thus , always a satisfactory reproduced image can be obtained . as described above , if the magnetic head is correctly superposed with the + azimuth track when the ctl signal has been reproduced , resetting is applied each time and then the azimuth change over pulse azp of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; is generated to obtain a satisfactory image . in the actual time lapse vtr , however , the magnetic head is not always correctly superposed with the + azimuth track even if the reproduction ctl signal has been reproduced because there is a slight variation in the structure . usually , a position of the magnetic head at the moment the ctl signal has been reproduced is predetermined by the x value . when the recording and reproducing are carried out by the same vtr , the x value will not vary , but when the recording and reproducing are carried out by using different vtr &# 39 ; s the x value may vary slightly . this will be explained with reference to fig9 . referring to fig9 as an example , the magnetic head is located at a position shown by 96 at the moment the reproduction ctl signal has been reproduced , and the tracing is started from this position . in this case , a resetting is applied each time when the ctl signal has been reproduced . when an azimuth change over pulse azp of &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; has been generated , the areas to be traced become as shown in the shaded portions in fig9 and the azimuth tracks + vt and - vt are traced satisfactorily . as explained above , in the case of a positional relationship of the magnetic heads shown in fig9 as compared with the positional relationship between the ctl signal and the magnetic heads shown in fig2 the timings of the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; are deviated in the azimuth change over pulse azp of the cycle having six pulses including three &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;&# 39 ; s and three &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;&# 39 ; s , for the same sw30 pulse . fig1 is a diagram for explaining the above . assume the azimuth change over pulse azp has been generated by a resetting pulse as shown by a in fig1 . the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; levels are deviated one by one by keeping synchronism with the sw30 pulse to generate six patterns of the azimuth change over pulse azs as shown by b , c , d , e , and f in fig1 . by selectively outputting these patterns of azimuth change over pulse azs , positional errors between the ctl signal and magnetic head , which will arise in assembling a rotation cylinder and the other servomechanism into a video tape recorder , can be corrected . fig1 is a configuration diagram for showing an example of the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 shown in fig1 that generates the six patterns of azimuth change over pulse azs and the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 that selects one of the six patterns of the azimuth change over pulse azs as the azimuth change over pulse azp . in fig1 , 8a to 8d designate flip - flops , 8e an inverter , 8f an sw 60 pulse generating circuit for generating an sw 60 pulse that starts at the edge of the sw30 pulse , and 8g a basic pulse pattern generating circuit for generating a basic pulse pattern of the azimuth change over pulse . referring to fig1 , the basic pulse generating circuit 8g generates an azimuth change over pulse azsa which becomes a standard azimuth change over pulse based on the reproduction ctl signal , a linked slow assigning pulse sap and the sw30 pulse . the azimuth change over pulse azsa is delayed by each one clock cycle by the flip - flops 8a to 8d based on a clock which is the sw 60 pulse generated from the sw30 pulse by the sw60 pulse generating circuit 8f . azimuth change over pulses azsb to azsf are generated from these flip - flops 8a to 8d . the azimuth change over pulse azsd is inverted by the inverter 8e to form the azimuth change over pulse azsd and the azimuth change over pulses azse and azsf are generated from the output of the inverter 8e by the flip - flops 8c and 8d , for the following reasons . if the azimuth change over pulses azsb to azsf are the ones that are obtained by sequentially delaying the azimuth change over pulse azsa by the flip - flops 8a to 8d , a resetting is not applied successfully by the reproduction ctl signal . for example , when the azimuth change over pulse azsa which has usually six pulses for one cycle for the sw30 pulse has been applied with a resetting after five pulses by the reproduction ctl signal or when a resetting has not been applied after six pulses and there were seven pulses extensively , the resetting by the reproduction ctl signal becomes unsuccessful , resulting in an error . in accordance with the pulse selecting signal pss , the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 selectively outputs one of the above - described six patterns of azimuth change over pulses azsa to azsf that have been generated by the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 . further , if the azimuth change over pulse can be selectively outputted by the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 , the following merits can be enjoyed . this will be explained by taking an example of the case where a signal that has been recorded on the magnetic tape 18 in the mode other than the 1 / 3 speed of the continuous slow 1 / 3 speed mode , that is a mode other than the mode in which the capstan motor 14 has been rotated at a speed of 1 / 3 of the normal ep mode , is reproduced in the continuous slow 1 / 3 speed mode . fig1 shows azimuth tracks in this case and magnetic heads for tracing these azimuth tracks , where 103 to 108 designate the magnetic heads , and the tracings of these magnetic heads are shown by dotted lines . referring to fig1 , the azimuth tracks and the tracks of the magnetic heads are not parallel with each other , and therefore , it is necessary to change over magnetic heads of which azimuthal angles are different from each other in the middle of a tracing . however , an attempt to do so brings about an occurrence of a fluctuation in the screen and an occurrence of noise as explained in the section of the prior art technique . even if a magnetic head has been changed over to a magnetic head of a different azimuthal angle as predicted by the azimuth change over pulse and even if such a change over is not carried out in the middle of the tracing , the magnetic heads 103 , 104 , 106 and 107 can not reproduce an image signal in the case of a situation shown in fig1 , if only the azimuth change over pulse of &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; h &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; l &# 34 ;, and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; is being reproduced , with a result that there occur many tracking noises on the reproducing screen . further , if the operation mode at the recording time is different from the operation mode at the reproducing time , it is difficult in practice to predict a state for tracing an azimuth track in which a magnetic head has been formed . accordingly , when azimuth change over pulses which can trace the azimuth tracks most satisfactorily are selected , such as the azimuth change over pulses azsa and azsf as shown in fig1 , by the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 according to the operation mode at the recording time , it is always possible to obtain a satisfactory reproduced image with little noise without an influence of a tracking deviation even if image signals are being reproduced in the continuous slow mode from the magnetic tapes of different operation modes at the time of recording . as described above , when the capstan motor 14 has been driven at the speed of 1 / 3 of the speed of the normal ep mode , the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 can generate an azimuth change over pulse azp based on the reproduction ctl signal , the sw30 pulse and the continuous slow mode assigning pulse sap . further , as explained in fig1 , desirable azimuth change over pulses azsa to azsf can be generated by delaying the azimuth change over pulse azp , generated by the basic pulse generating circuit 8g by using the sw30 pulse as the clock , in synchronism with the sw30 pulse by the flip - flops 8a to 8d . further , the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 can selectively output the six patterns of the azimuth change over pulse azs generated by the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 , based on the pulse selecting signal pss that is inputted from the outside . with this arrangement , an image signal can be reproduced to obtain always a satisfactory reproduced image even if a set has been deviated or even if a magnetic tape on which signals have been recorded in different recording modes is used to reproduce the signals in the continuous slow reproduction mode . description has so far been made of the case of the continuous slow mode where the capstan motor 14 is driven at the speed of 1 / 3 of the rotation speed in the ep mode in which the width of the tracks is 19 . 3 μm . it should , however , be noted that the above case is one example of the present invention and the present invention can also be applied to all the cases where the rotation speed of the capstan motor 14 is driven at the rotation speed of 1 / n of the standard rotation speed , where n is a natural number . this will be explained with reference to fig1 . fig1 shows a state of the magnetic heads positioned on the azimuth tracks when the capstan motor is being driven at the speed of 1 / 5 of the normal rotation speed , where 89a to 89k designate the tracks of the magnetic heads formed on the azimuth tracks . in fig1 , if the magnetic head is positioned at 89a when the reproduction ctl signal has been reproduced , the azimuthal angle is sequentially changed over in the sequence of +, +, -, -, -, -, -, +, + and +, as shown by the shaded portions . a time chart for this case is shown in fig1 . referring to fig1 , a resetting pulse is started at the timing the reproduction ctl signal is reproduced and the azimuth change over pulse azp of +, +, -, -, -, -, -, +, + and + is generated at the edge of the sw30 pulse that follows the starting edge of this resetting pulse . with this arrangement , the magnetic heads trace the azimuth tracks satisfactorily even when the capstan motor 14 has been rotated at the speed of 1 / 5 of the normal speed , with a result that a satisfactory reproduced image is obtained . as described above , when the capstan motor 14 has been driven at the speed of 1 / n of the normal speed , a resetting is applied by the reproduction ctl signal and , with the period from the starting edge of the sw 30 pulse to the next starting edge as one time , each magnetic head is changed over by the azimuth change over pulse azp having 2n times in one cycle by continuing the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; by n times . the above also applies to the case where a recording has been carried out in the sp mode with the width of the tracks as 59 μm and the case where a recording has been carried out in the ep mode with the width of the tracks as 19 . 3 μm . this will be explained with reference to fig1 . in this case , it is assumed that signals that have been recorded on the magnetic recording tape in the sp mode are reproduced by rotating the capstan motor 14 at the speed of 1 / 7 of the speed of the normal sp mode . in fig1 , 90a to 90o designate the positions of the magnetic heads on the azimuth tracks and the tracking width of the magnetic heads is assumed to be 64 μm . in fig1 , since the capstan motor 14 is driven at the speed of 1 / 7 of the sp mode , each time the magnetic head starts tracing after finishing one tracing from the bottom to the top , the position of the magnetic head is deviated by 8 . 4 μm . in this case , the magnetic head is changed over to have azimuthal angles in the order of +, +, +, +, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, +, + and +, in the same manner as explained for the ep mode . a time chart for this case is as shown in fig1 . a resetting pulse is generated at the reproduction timing of the reproduction ctl signal and the azimuth change over pulse azp is generated in the order of +, +, +, +, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, +, + and + from the edge of the sw30 pulse immediately after the resetting pulse . as described above , when the capstan motor 14 has been driven at the speed of 1 / 7 of the speed of the sp mode , a resetting is applied by the reproduction ctl signal and , with the period from the starting edge of the sw30 pulse to the next starting edge as one time , each magnetic head is changed over by the azimuth change over pulse azp having 14 times in one cycle by continuing the &# 34 ; h &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; by 7 times . this method is the same as the one as explained for the case where the recording mode is the ep mode . fig1 is a diagram for showing the layout relationship of the magnetic heads 20 to 23 that are fitted to the rotational cylinder 19 of the da - 4 structure . referring to fig1 , there is a time interval of about 2h ( 127 μ sec .) between the two magnetic heads that form the double azimuth heads . assume , for example , a line connecting the magnetic head of the + azimuth (+ a head ) 20 and the magnetic head of the -- azimuth (- b head ) 23 as a reference line as shown in fig1 . in this case , when the - a head 21 or the + b head 22 , each of which is deviated by 2h from the reference line , has been selected , the reproduction of an image signal is delayed by the time of 2h , and this becomes the cause of a fluctuation which occurs in the screen . in order to solve the problem of this fluctuation in the screen , phases of the vertical synchronizing signals of image signals reproduced by the magnetic heads are adjusted according to the reproducing heads to control so that the positions of the vertical synchronizing signals are all the same for all the image signals that have been reproduced by different reproducing heads . for this purpose , the phases of the avss signals added to the image signals reproduced by the magnetic heads 20 and 23 and the phases of the avss signals added to the image signals reproduced by the magnetic heads 21 and 22 have a time difference of 2h . two avss signals of different phases are selected by the magnetic heads . the magnetic heads of different azimuthal angles are changed over by the azimuth change over pulse azp as predicted in advance and the azimuth of the magnetic head to be used for the reproduction is decided . accordingly , as shown in fig1 , it is easy to decide which magnetic head is to be selected in the rotating cylinder 19 by using the azimuth change over pulse azp and sww 30 pulse 3 . with this arrangement , an added vertical synchronizing pulse ( avss ) change over pulse avsw is generated , and by using this avsw the avss with a time delay of 2h and the avss without a time delay are changed over according to the magnetic head to be selected , to thereby replace the vertical synchronizing signal of the reproduced image signal . as a result , a satisfactory screen image without a fluctuation in the screen can be obtained . fig2 is a block diagram for showing one embodiment of the avss generating unit which carries out the above - described operation . in fig2 , 5c1 designates an avss generating circuit without a time delay , 5c2 an avss generating circuit with a time delay , 5c3 an avss change over pulse generating circuit and 5c4 an avss change over circuit . referring to fig2 , the avss change over circuit 5c4 changes over between the avss without a time delay that has been generated from the avss pulse generating circuit without a time delay 5c1 and the avss with a time delay that has been generated from the avss generating circuit with a time delay 5c2 , based on the avss change over pulse avsw that has been generated from the avss change over pulse generating circuit 5c3 , and produces an output as the avss . the time interval between the two magnetic heads of the double azimuth heads disposed in the rotating cylinder 19 ( fig1 ) is about 2h ( 127 μ sec .) but this has a variation . in order to fine adjust this variation , the avss generating circuit with a time delay 5c2 is provided with a variable resistor for adjusting this time delay . fig2 shows another embodiment of the avss generating unit 5 which can make a further fine adjustment of phases than the avss generating unit shown in fig2 . referring to fig2 , 5c1 designates an avss generating circuit without a time delay , 5c2 an avss generating circuit with a time delay , 5c3 an avss change over pulse generating circuit , 5c4 an avss changing over circuit , and 5c5 an avss phase variable circuit for correcting the phases of the avss inputted from the avss change over circuit 5c4 by a predetermined advanced phase or a predetermined delayed phase based on the sw 30 pulse , azp and continuous slow mode pulse mb that have been inputted at the same time and for outputting the avss . the operation of fig2 will be explained below with reference to fig2 to 30 . fig2 is a diagram for explaining the state of points at which magnetic heads start tracing the tracks to reproduce signals when the magnetic heads having a tracking width of 30 μm trace a recorded pattern on a magnetic tape on which the signals have been recorded by magnetic heads having the tracking width of 19 . 3 μm in the same manner as in fig2 . as shown in fig2 , since the signals have been recorded in the track width of 19 . 3 μm ( ep mode ), there is a distance ( α h ) of 0 . 5h between the points where the recording has started in the adjacent tracks . in one track , signals of 1h to 262 . 5h and 263 / 2h to 525h have been recorded together with a horizontal synchronizing signal as a border . usually in the case of reproducing the signals that have been recorded in the manner as described above , the period tv between a vertical synchronizing signal and the next vertical synchronizing signal in the reproduced image signals to be read out is 262 . 5h and therefore the signals are reproduced in a satisfactory manner , because the magnetic heads always trace from the edge of each track , that is the starting point for starting recording . however , in the case of a continuous slow reproduction , the reproducing operation is carried out as shown in fig2 . fig2 shows the case of a continuous slow reproduction . in this case , the magnetic heads are shifted on the magnetic tracks and they start tracing each track starting from the positions as indicated by ( 1 ) to ( 6 ). the magnetic head starts tracing the track from the edge of the minus azimuth track when the magnetic head is located at the position of ( 1 ), so that there is no deviation of phase of the vertical synchronizing signal in the reproduced image signal . however , when the tracing is started from the position of ( 2 ), the magnetic head traces the plus azimuth track as shown in fig2 so that image signal that has been read out becomes shorter by the component shown by t1 in fig2 , resulting in an advancing of the vertical synchronizing signal . this is also the same when the tracing starts from the position of ( 5 ). similarly , in the case of starting the tracing from the positions ( 3 ) and ( 6 ), there is a deviation of t2 between the position from which the magnetic head starts tracing and the minus azimuth track edge as shown in fig2 , so that the phase of the vertical synchronizing signal advances in the reproduced image signal due to this deviation . as a result , there occurs a difference in the tv period of the reproduced image signals , which causes an occurrence of a vertical fluctuation in the monitor screen . fig2 is a table which shows levels of such fluctuation as described above . this table shows types of magnetic heads selected from the magnetic heads of the double azimuth structure , and the level of deviation of the trace starting position of the magnetic head from the track edge for the cases of ( 1 ) to ( 6 ). in the case of the example shown in fig2 , the deviations as shown in this table occur . such deviations with respect to the changing edge of the azimuth change over pulse azp proceeds with the following order . in the continuous slow reproduction mode with 1 / 3 - speed of ep mode , the deviation varies by αh / 3 at each edge of sw30 pulse with respect to the changing edge of the azimuth change over pulse azp . the deviation amount is fixed value at each trace . the deviation can be easily corrected to be zero by compensating with the fixed amount . in order to correct these deviations , the avss phase variable circuit 5c5 is provided as shown in fig2 . with this arrangement , the phase variation that occur due to the deviation of the magnetic head from the track edge at the starting of the trace as shown in fig2 are calculated for each case based on the continuous slow mode pulse , the sw30 pulse and the azp , so that the phase deviation can be corrected by inversely varying the phase of only the level of the phase deviation . fig3 is a diagram for explaining the above . assuming the timing of the avss of ( 1 ) having no deviation at the sw30 edge is expressed as ta , the phase is advanced by t1 in the case of ( 2 ), so that the avss is added by delaying the phase by t1 . similarly , in the case of ( 3 ), since the phase is advanced by t2 due to the deviation the avss is added by delaying the phase by t2 . the similar correction is carried out for the cases of ( 4 ), ( 5 ) and ( 6 ). with this adjustment , the period tv from the avss of the reproduced image signal to the next avss can be set to be the same for all the cases . in this way , satisfactory images can be obtained without a vertical fluctuation in the screen when the images are reproduced in the continuous slow mode . fig3 is a diagram for explaining the case of reproducing images in the continuous slow mode by rotating the capstan at the speed of 1 / 7 of the normal driving speed . the magnetic heads proceed on the magnetic tape by every 1 / 7 of the track width as shown by ( 1 ) to ( 14 ). in this case , a deviation occurs between the point of starting the tracing for reproduction and the edge of the recording track and a fluctuation similar to the one as explained above occurs in the screen . the deviations are shown in fig3 . magnetic heads are selected for ( 1 ) to ( 14 ) and the deviations t1 to t6 occur as shown in fig3 . such deviations with respect to the changing edge of the azimuth change over pulse azp proceeds with the following order . in the continuous slow reproduction mode with 1 / 7 - speed to ep mode , the deviation varies by αh / 7 at each edge of sw30 pulse with respect to the changing edge of the azimuth change over pulse azp . the deviation amount is fixed value at each trace . the deviation can be easily corrected to be zero by compensating with the fixed amount . in the same manner as explained above , the phase deviations that occur due to the deviations from the track edge as shown in fig3 are calculated for each case based on the continuous slow mode pulse , the sw 30 pulse and the azp , so that the phase deviation can be corrected by inversely varying the phase of only the level of the phase deviation . as a result , reproduced images can be obtained satisfactorily without fluctuations in the screen . above described embodiments concerns to the continuous slow reproduction with 1 / n - speed of ep mode . however , the present invention can also applied to the continuous slow reproduction with 1 / n - speed of the standard speed mode . fig2 is a block diagram for showing another embodiment of the intermittent magnetic recording and reproducing unit according to the present invention , where 31 designates an automatic adjusting unit for adjusting an azimuth change over - pulse . in fig2 , portions corresponding to those in fig1 are attached with the same reference numbers and their repeated explanation will be omitted . referring to fig2 , the azimuth change over pulse automatic adjusting unit 31 detects and decides a level of an envelope signal evs , that is outputted from the image signal processing unit 2 , of the image signal that has been reproduced from the magnetic tape 18 , and produces a pulse selecting signal and selects one of the azimuth change over pulse azs and outputs the selected signal as an azimuth change over pulse azp , if the detected envelope level is not satisfactory and the image signals have not been reproduced satisfactorily . next , the operation of this embodiment will be explained with reference to fig2 . image signals are reproduced in the continuous slow mode by driving the capstan motor 14 at the speed of 1 / n of the speed of the normal mode . at first , image signals are reproduced from the magnetic tape 18 by changing over the azimuth change over switch 4d based on the azimuth change over pulse azs of na = n1 ( a = 1 ) pattern that has been produced by the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 ( step 203 ). the envelope signal evs of the reproduced image signal is detected ( step 204 ) and this envelope signal evs is supplied to the azimuth change over pulse automatic adjusting unit 31 and a maximum value and a minimum value of this envelope signal evs are detected . then the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value is obtained ( step 205 ) and the difference obtained is stored as a difference value s1 ( step 206 ). then the azimuth change over pulse automatic adjusting unit 31 sequentially and selectively changes and outputs n2 ( a = 2 ) pattern to nn ( a = n ) pattern of the azimuth change over pulse azs that are outputted from the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 , detects a maximum value and a minimum value of the envelope signal evs that are obtained for each pattern and stores the differences as difference values s2 to sn . after the n patterns of difference values sl to sn have been stored ( steps 202 to 209 ), the smallest difference value smin is selected ( step 210 ). the azimuth change over pulse azs of which the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the envelope signal evs becomes the difference value smin is selected and outputted ( step 211 ). the fact that the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the envelope signal evs is small means that the magnetic head is tracing the azimuth tracks almost in a satisfactory manner even if the magnetic head is in any one of the timings of the sw30 pulse . in other words , it is possible to obtain images satisfactorily without a tracking deviation in this case . with the above - described arrangement , the azimuth change over pulse azs can be automatically selected so that the reproduced images are in the most satisfactory condition . thus the operator is not required to select one of the azimuth change over pulse azs by changing over the azimuth change over pulse azs by himself to obtain reproduced images in a satisfactory condition when reproducing the recorded image signals from the magnetic tape in the continuous slow mode , to thereby significantly facilitate the operation of the operator . fig2 is a block diagram for showing still another embodiment of the intermittent recording and reproducing unit according to the present invention . in fig2 , 32 designate an envelope comparing azimuth holding unit , 32a a change over switch , and 32d and 32e comparing and deciding circuits . those portions which correspond to the portions in fig1 are attached with the same reference numbers and their repeated explanation will be omitted . in the present embodiment , the envelope comparing azimuth holding unit 32 is used in stead of the azimuth change over pulse generating unit 8 and the azimuth change over pulse selecting unit 9 that are shown in fig1 . in fig2 , the envelope comparing azimuth holding unit 32 is structured by a comparing and deciding circuit 32d for comparing the envelope levels of the image signals that have been reproduced from the magnetic tape 18 by the magnetic heads 22 and 23 and deciding a magnetic head of the azimuth head of the larger envelope level , a comparing and deciding circuit 32e for comparing the envelope levels of the image signals that have been reproduced from the magnetic tape 18 by the magnetic heads 20 and 22 and deciding a magnetic head of the azimuth head of the larger envelope level , holding circuits 32b and 32c for holding the respective decision results of the comparing and deciding circuits 32d and 32e between the edges of the sw30 pulse and for generating an azimuth change over pulse for changing over the magnetic head to a magnetic head of the azimuthal angle corresponding to the result of decision that has been held , and a change over switch 32a for changing over the azimuth change over pulses that have been outputted from the holding circuits 32b and 32c based on the sw 30 pulse . referring to fig2 , in reproducing the image signals in the continuous slow mode , when the double azimuth heads start tracing the azimuth tracks on the magnetic tape 18 , the envelope levels of the image signals that are to be reproduced by the magnetic heads are detected by the comparing and deciding circuits 32d and 32e in the envelope comparing azimuth holding unit 32 . the operation is carried out as follows . the time during which the double azimuth heads are tracing the azimuth tracks is predetermined by the edge of the sw pulse 30 so that the tracing is started from the edge of the sw30 pulse and the tracing ends at the next edge . however , in actual practice , the magnetic heads are already in contact with the magnetic tape 18 before the timing of the edge of the sw30 pulse and it is possible to reproduce the image signals before the occurrence of the edge of the sw30 pulse . accordingly , before the image signals are reproduced after the edge of the sw30 pulse has occurred , the envelope levels of the image signals are detected at the portion where the magnetic heads are already in contact with the magnetic tape 18 and they are compared by the comparing and deciding circuits 32d and 32e , and the larger envelope levels are decided and held in the holding circuits 32b and 32c . the holding circuits 32b and 32c keep holding the magnetic heads of the larger azimuthal angles that have been decided during the period from the edge of the sw30 pulse to the next edge and output the azimuth change over pulse for changing over the magnetic head to the magnetic head of the azimuth that has been held . the magnetic head is selectively changed over by the change over switch 32a and the selected magnetic head is outputted . with the above - described arrangement , a magnetic head which is in the middle of the tracing of azimuth tracks will never be changed over to a magnetic head of a different azimuthal angle , so that the conventional problem of the occurrence of the color noise can be eliminated . further , since only the block portion of the azimuth selecting circuit is required to be changed as compared with the conventional unit , the unit of the present invention can be provided at a low cost . as explained above , according to the present invention , when signal images are reproduced in the continuous slow mode by driving the capstan at the speed of 1 / n of the speed of the normal running mode while reproducing aural signals by the aural signal recording and reproducing unit , it is possible to prevent the occurrence of noise due to a color signal processing error that is incurred by the change over of the azimuth of the double azimuth heads in the middle of the tracing of the azimuth tracks , fluctuations in the screen due to a lack of horizontal scanning period and noise due to a tracking deviation , to thereby obtain reproduced images of satisfactory picture quality . further , according to the present invention , when signal images are reproduced in the continuous slow mode while reproducing audio signals by the audio signal recording and reproducing unit , it is possible to obtain reproduced images in satisfactory picture quality , by selectively changing over patterns of the azimuth change over pulse even if the signals are reproduced from the magnetic tape in the capstan driving mode which is different from the capstan driving mode when the images were recorded on the magnetic tape . further , according to the present invention , when signal images are reproduced in the continuous slow mode while reproducing audio signals by the audio signal recording and reproducing unit , envelope levels of the reproduced image signals are detected to select an azimuth change over pulse of which difference between the maximum value and minimum value is the smallest . therefore , the operator does not need to watch the monitoring screen to select by himself the azimuth change over pulse to obtain the most satisfactory reproduced image having no noise , and reproduced images of the most satisfactory picture quality without tracking noise can be obtained automatically . further , according to the present invention , when signal images are reproduced in the continuous slow mode while reproducing aural signals by the audio signal recording and reproducing unit , before starting the reproducing of image signals by starting the tracing of azimuth tracks from the edge of the sw30 pulse , the envelope levels of the image signals are detected from the respective magnetic heads of the double azimuth heads that have already been in contact with the magnetic tape and the image signals are reproduced by holding the selection of the magnetic head of the larger level . accordingly , it is possible to prevent the occurrence of noise due to errors in color signal processing that arise by the change over , in the middle of the tracing of the azimuth tracks , of a magnetic head from one to the other magnetic head that has a different azimuthal angle , fluctuations in the screen due to a lack of horizontal scanning period and noise due to a tracking deviation , to thereby obtain reproduced images of satisfactory picture quality . | 7 |
as shown in fig3 a starting material is used as the repair agent comprising an aqueous solution of one or more organo metallic compounds , e . g . a metal alkoxide , or an inorganic salt . according to a sol - gel method , the repair agent is processed into a desired chemically bonded form by chemical reaction in the liquid state and after chemical reaction from the sol stage to the gel stage , the repair agent is heated to a degree sufficient for hydrolysis and condensation to form a resulting metal oxide or glass . rust and impurities on the damaged area of a glass layer are removed using polishing papers or the like and any polishing powder and remaining oil that result are washed away with ethanol . the damaged area cleaned then is dried and the surface of an underlying metal substrate is exposed . simultaneously , the area of the existing glass layer adjacent to the damaged area also is cleaned . an organo metallic compound , e . g . a metal alkoxide , and an alkaline phosphate are added to an aqueous solution of a phosphoric acid and stirred at 120 ° c . for distillation . when any alcohol present in the aqueous solution has been evaporated , a viscous and transparent solution of phosphoric glass material ( repairing agent ) remains . a thin coating of the repairing agent is applied onto the exposed substrate using a brush or the like . when the repair agent is heated to about 300 ° c . to about 350 ° c ., the remaining water is evaporated and thus , a lower glass repair layer 4 ( fig3 ) of glass is formed . at the same time , a chemically reactive layer of iron phosphate is developed between the glass repair layer and the steel substrate . as shown in fig2 while the existing glass layer 2 is fixedly coated by a conventional melting process to the steel substrate 1 , it remains strengthened by a compressive stress applied at room temperature due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the steel substrate 1 and the glass layer 2 . as the heating temperature increases , the compressive stress decreases and a tensile stress which may cause cracks builds up at the temperature beyond the intersection point between the two thermal expansion curves of glass and steel ( fig2 ). the temperature at the point of intersection varies depending on the thermal expansion coefficients of the glass layer and the steel . in fig2 this temperature is shown at about 350 ° c . according to the present invention , the adhesive or bonding strength between the lower glass repair layer and the steel substrate is increased by the presence of a chemically reactive layer of iron phosphate and , therefore the allowable maximum temperature for heating is about 300 ° c . to about 350 ° c . while preventing the existing glass layer from cracking due to the differences in thermal expansion . to achieve the full advantage of the present invention , the lower glass repair glass layer contains more than about 30 mole % of an alkaline metal oxide . silicon alkoxide , ethanol , water , and acid solution are mixed and stirred at a temperature of about 40 ° c . for partial hydrolysis of the silicon alkoxide . the solution then is mixed with a glass or ceramic filler material prior to gelation , forming a repair agent . the repair agent which contains a filler material allows the repair layer to avoid significant shrinkage when heated and , thus , to avoid cracking . the filler material preferably has the properties of improving the resistance to corrosion and increasing the thermal expansion coefficient of the upper repair layer to approximately the same levels as the existing glass layer , and more preferably , the upper layer is durable in the corrosive environment of glass - lined equipment . as examples of suitable fillers , the filler material can be selected from common ceramic powders ( e . g . alumina , titania ); single - or multi - crystal inorganic fiber materials ; specifically shaped powders , e . g . in spherical or thin strip form , organo metallic compounds ( e . g . metal alkoxides ), specific inorganic powders produced by liquid or gas phase inorganic salts or the like , and mixtures of the aforementioned materials . the repair agent also is available to provide additional properties such as conductivity , magnetization , non - adhesiveness , chromaticity , and the like . it is thus common to select a powder which is inexpensive and easily obtained . the repair agent is applied onto the surface of the lower repair layer coating over the damaged area , with the use of a brush and dried by blowing air on the repair agent for about 10 minutes . the applied repair agent then is heated to form an upper repair layer 5 . to fill the voids which are generated during solidification between the filler materials in the upper repair layer , due to the effect of dispersible volatilization of ethanol , an impregnating agent is prepared by processing a solution of silicon alkoxide , ethanol , water , and acid in the same manner as the processing of the upper repair agent . the impregnating agent is applied onto and penetrated into voids in the upper repair layer , and then heated in the same manner as the heating of the lower repair agent . the procedure of impregnation and heating of the inpregnating agent is repeated several times and the upper repair layer 5 is processed for void sealing . the upper repair layer 5 may be developed through the cycle of the procedures so that the upper repair layer 5 contains less voids and the repaired damage area is approximately equal in thickness to the existing glass layer , as shown in fig3 and 7 . a sodium phosphate an aluminum tri - isopropoxide , an 85 % aqueous solution of phosphoric acid , and a proper amount of water were stirred together at 120 ° c . for distillation and a glass of 21na 2 o -- 12al 2 o 3 -- 67p 2 o 3 ( mole %) was produced having a thermal expansion coefficient ( 100 to 130 × 10 - 7 /° c .) a bit smaller than that of a steel substrate . after the components of isopropanol and water have been evaporated , a viscous and transparent solution of phosphate glass ( the lower repair agent ) was obtained . a test piece of 2 . 5 × 100 × 100 mm was fabricated by coating an ss41 steel plate with a jis r4201 glass lining . a part of the glass layer on the test piece was removed by grinding to have a simulated damaged area of 40 mm in diameter in the center of the glass layer . the damaged area where the steel plate was exposed was degreased using ethanol and dried with a dry rag . the lower repair agent was then applied to the exposed steel surface using a painting brush . the repair agent was heated at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes . after the remaining water was evaporated from the lower repair agent , a transparent lower repair layer 4 was developed and , simultaneously , a black layer of iron phosphate was generated between the repair layer and the steel base . a solution composed of 20 moles of ethanol , 10 moles of silicon tetraethoxide , 5 moles of water , and 1 mole of 85 % phosphoric acid was stirred at 40 ° c . in the atmosphere for 2 hours and then cooled down to room temperature . the resulting solution was provided in which silicon ethoxide was partially hydrolyzed and , thus , found to show no sign of gelation during a onemonth period of sealed storage . for producing an upper repair agent , the solution was then mixed at a weight ratio of 1 : 1 with a filler of soda lime glass powder to provide the composition with a thermal expansion coefficient of 130 to 150 × 10 - 7 /° c . the upper repair agent was applied to the test piece over the lower repair layer using a painting brush . after the upper repair agent was dried at a room temperature for 10 minutes , the upper repair agent was heated by a far infrared heater at 350 ° c . for another 10 minutes . also , a solution composed of 50 moles of ethanol , 10 moles of silicon tetraethoxide , 50 moles of water , and 5 moles of 85 % phosphoric acid was stirred at 25 ° c . in the atmosphere for 2 hours , to provide an impregnating repair agent . the impregnating agent was penetrated into the surface voids of the upper repair layer of the upper repair agent and heated in the same manner as the heating of the upper repair agent . this procedure was then repeated five times . separately , a bar - shaped composite material ( a filler ) which has a thermal expansion coefficient of 100 to 130 × 10 - 7 /° c . can be added to the upper repair agent , and the composite material was prepared by a cycle of the foregoing procedures . the test piece fabricated in example 1 was tested by a series of thermal procedures : 5 hours of heating in boiling water , and 5 hours of cooling at room temperature . after 6 months , neither falling off nor cracking of the repair glass layer was detected . a test piece was fabricated in the same manner as in example 1 . the pinhole test on the repaired area was carried out under the same conditions as the exfoliation test of example 2 , except that a 0 . 1n hydrochloric acid was used in place of the water . after 6 months , both the repaired area and the acid solution exhibited no change of color to brown and , thus , no corrosion of the steel substrate by the hydrochloric acid solution was detected . a test piece of sus304 stainless steel plate , 2 mm in thickness and 100 mm in diameter was fabricated in the same manner as in example 1 . after the exposure of the test piece in boiling water for 6 months , the corrosion rate of the glass repair glass layer measured less than 1 mm / year . a test piece was fabricated , conforming to jis r4201 , from an ss41 steel plate of 6 × 80 × 80 mm in the same manner as in example 1 . then , a steel ball of 36 . 51 mm in diameter ( and 200 g in mass ) was vertically dropped from 40 cm high onto the repaired portion of the test piece and the adhesiveness of the layer was examined . the result was that no crack in the steel substrate was detected in the repaired area treated according to the present invention . for comparison , another test piece was fabricated in which the procedure started from stage 2 of example 1 omitting stage 1 . the test piece also was tested in the same manner as the layer of the present invention . a crack to the steel substrate was detected at a probability of 30 %. an open - type glass - lined tank ( jis r4201 : capacity of about 100 liters ) was fabricated and about 100 cm 2 of its glass layer on the interior wall was removed by grinding simulating an extensive damaged area . the damaged area then was repaired and tested in the same manner as the testing of the repair agent example 1 . the resulting repair exhibited no sign of crack in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . the same repair and test as of example 5 was effected on the curved area of a flange ( 6 mm in curvature radius ) of the tank fabricated in example 6 . again , no crack was detected in the existing layer around the repaired area . the repaired area then was tested for adhesiveness to the steel substrate in the same manner as example 5 and no crack was detected . as shown in fig3 to repair the damage in a glass layer 2 coated on a steel base 1 of glass - lined equipment , a process is provided wherein a lower repair layer 4 having strong adhesiveness to the steel surface is first developed from a repair agent of phosphate sol - gel glass , and then an upper repair layer 5 having better resistance to corrosion and thermal expansion is coated over the lower layer 4 . rust and impurities on the damaged area of a glass layer are removed using polishing papers or the like and any resulting polishing powder and remaining oil are washed out using ethanol . the damaged area cleaned then is dried and the surface of a metal substrate is exposed . simultaneously , the area of the existing glass layer adjacent to the damaged area also is cleaned . an organo metallic compound , e . g . metal alkoxide , and an alkaline phosphate are added to a phosphoric acid water solution and stirred at 120 ° c . for distillation . when any existing alcohol has been evaporated , a viscous and transparent solution of phosphoric glass material remains to serve as the lower repair agent . to achieve the full advantage of the invention , the resulting glass formed from the lower repair agent contains more than 30 mole % of an alkaline metal oxide . the lower repair agent is applied onto the damaged area using a brush or the like . when the damaged area is heated at about 300 ° to about 350 ° c ., the remaining water is evaporated to form the lower glass repair layer 4 . at the same time , a chemically reactive layer of iron phosphate is developed between the repair glass layer and the steel substrate . the glass layer 2 is strengthened by a compressive stress applied at room temperature due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient ( see fig2 ) between the steel base 1 and the glass layer 2 . as the heating temperature increases , the compressive stress decreases . when the temperature rises to over 350 ° c ., however , a tension is generated in the glass layer . although the phosphate glass having a higher adhesive strength at a higher temperature can be heated up to a high temperature ( close to the fusing point of the glass ), it should be heated to less than about 350 ° c . to avoid damage to the adjoining glass layer . an organo metallic compound , e . g . metal alkoxide , and an alkaline phosphate are added to an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid and stirred at 120 ° c . for distillation . when any alcohol has been evaporated , a viscous and transparent solution of phosphoric glass material is obtained to serve as the upper repair agent . to achieve the full advantage of the present invention , the resulting glass formed from the upper repair agent contains more than about 15 mole % of an alkaline oxide . the upper repair agent is applied onto the lower repair layer formed on the damaged area using a brush or the like . the repaired area then is heated at about 350 ° c . for about 10 minutes and after complete evaporation of the remaining water , the upper repair layer 5 of glass is developed . the above procedures 2 and 3 are repeated several times and the upper repair layer 5 is increased in thickness in a laminated arrangement so as to be approximately equal in thickness to the existing glass layer surrounding the repaired area . although the upper and lower repair agents are different in chemical composition , they are similar in the process of development and thus , preferably may be increased in thickness by repeating the above - described process steps to achieve a desired thickness . a potassium phosphate , an aluminum triisopropoxide , an 85 % aqueous solution of phosphoric acid , and water , in amounts appropriate to produce a glass expressed as : 43k 2 o -- 2al 2 o 3 -- 55p 2 o 5 ( mole %), were stirred together at 120 ° c . for distillation . when the components of isopropanol and water had been evaporated , a viscous and transparent solution of phosphate glass ( the lower repair agent ) was obtained . a test piece measuring 2 . 5 × 100 × 100 mm was fabricated by coating an ss41 steel plate with a jis r4201 glass lining . the center of the glass layer of the test piece then was removed by grinding to provide a simulated damage area of 40 mm diameter . after removal of rust and impurities with a polishing paper , the damaged area where the steel substrate was exposed was degreased using ethanol and cleaned with a dry rag . the lower repair agent then was applied onto the exposed steel surface using a paint brush . the repair agent was heated at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes . after the remaining water was evaporated from the lower repair agent by heating , a transparent lower repair layer 4 was formed and , simultaneously , a black layer of iron phosphate was generated between the repair layer and the steel base . also , the materials listed in table 1 , for producing a glass expressed as 63p 2 o 5 -- 10li 2 o -- 10na 2 o -- 12al 2 o 3 -- 4b 2 o 3 -- 0 . 5coo -- 0 . 5y 2 o 3 ( mole %) and having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than the base steel , were stirred at 120 ° c . for distillation . after removal of organic solvents , e . g . isopropanol , and water , a transparent phosphate solution ( the upper repair agent ) was obtained . then , the upper repair agent was applied onto the test piece , carrying the lower repair layer , using a paint brush . the test piece was heated by a heater at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes . the application and heating of the upper repair agent was repeated until the upper repair layer becomes equal in thickness to the existing surrounding glass layer . using a criterion tester of jis r4201 , the test piece fabricated in example 8 was tested by a series of heating cycles : 5 hours of heating in boiling water , and 5 hours of cooling at room temperature . after 3 months of testing , neither falling off nor cracking in the glass repair layer was detected . a test piece was fabricated in the same manner as in example 8 . the pinhole test on the repaired area was carried out in under same conditions as the exfoliation test of example 9 , except that 0 . 1n hydrochloric acid was used in place of the water . after 3 months of testing , both the repaired area and the acid solution exhibited no change of color to brown and , thus , no corrosion of the steel plate by the hydrochloric acid solution was detected . a test piece was fabricated from an ss41 steel plate of 6 × 80 × 80 mm in the same manner as in example 1 . an adhesive test conforming to jis r4201 was carried out in which a steel ball of 36 . 51 mm in diameter ( and 200 g in mass ) was vertically dropped from 40 cm high onto the repaired glass layer of the test piece and the exfoliation on the surface was examined . the result was that no crack to the steel plate was detected in the repaired area treated according to the present invention . an open - type glass - lined tank ( capacity of about 100 liters , jis r4201 ) was fabricated and about 200 cm 2 of the glass layer of the interior wall was removed by grinding to simulate an extensive damaged area . the damaged area then was repaired and tested in the same manner as in example 8 according to the present invention . the resulting repair exhibited no sign of cracking in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . shown in fig4 is the comparison of change in the density between the phosphate glass c of the present invention and another phosphate glass d formed from a similar oxide composition by a conventional melting method , in which the improved glass c , having a higher density , is produced at a lower temperature than d . when an incremental amount of metallic oxide , other than an alkaline oxide is added , the phosphate glass produced by the conventional melting process is enhanced with respect to its resistance to corrosion , but the conventional glass requires a higher temperature for the melting process because of an elevation of its softening point . the upper repair agent of the present invention employing a metal alkoxide in place of the metal oxide can be turned into a glass form at a lower temperature . if the metal alkoxide is used as the only starting material , the abrupt shrinkage of the material during heating will cause cracking , and no crack - free development of a thick layer is possible . the improved phosphate glass of the present invention is , however , increased in the density of bridging as the water evaporates , and , therefore , cracking caused by abrupt shrinkage of materials will be avoided . a basic repair agent is prepared for producing a multi - component glass expressed as na 2 o -- zro 2 -- sio 2 and having a thermal expansion coefficient equal to that of the existing glass layer adjacent the damaged area , from a mixture of the following ingredients : ( 3 ) zirconium oxide chloride ( with 8h 2 o ) ( zrcl 2 o -- 8h 2 o ) the above - listed ingredients are added to a mixture of ethanol and water in a glass beaker and refluxed at 80 ° c . under stirring for 1 hr . as a result , a transparent basic agent is obtained . 2 . an inorganic powder filler , preferably a glass powder having the same or similar properties as those of the existing glass layer , or a ceramic powder approximate or equal in both the thermal expansion coefficient and resistance to corrosion to the existing glass layer , is added to the basic repair agent , yielding an an upper repair agent . 3 . also , an organo metallic compound , e . g . metallic alkoxide , and an alkaline phosphate are added to a phosphoric acid water solution and stirred , with heating for distillation , so that a transparent lower repair agent is obtained . 1 . the damaged area of an existing glass layer of glass - lined equipment , where the steel substrate is exposed , is polished by a grinder and cleaned with an organic solvent . 2 . a lower repair agent is applied on the exposed steel surface . 3 . after being dried by air for about 10 minutes , the lower repair agent is heated at 350 ° c . by a heater for another 10 minutes and , upon solidification , a lower repair layer is formed . 4 . an upper repair agent then is applied onto the lower repair layer . 5 . after being dried by air for 10 minutes , the upper repair agent is heated at 350 ° c . by a heater for another 10 minutes and , upon solidification , an upper repair layer is formed . 6 . the above procedures of steps 4 and 5 are repeated until the repair layers become equal in thickness to the existing glass layer at the area adjacent to the repair . 7 . a basic repair agent is applied onto the upper repair layer for impregnation and then heated in the same manner as described in step 3 . this procedure is repeated five times . accordingly , as shown in fig3 in the damaged area of the existing glass layer 2 , both the lower repair layer 4 , bonded to the steel substrate 1 of the glass - lined equipment , and the upper repair layer 5 , composed of the glass expressed as na 2 o -- zro 2 -- sio 2 , are produced . from the basic repair agent according to the present invention , an improved repair layer having a higher adhesive property can be developed in which the alkoxide solution having a high hydrophilic nature is chemically bonded to the hydroxy ( oh ) groups of an iron oxide generated on the steel substrate . in addition , the lower repair layer 4 can provide a chemically reactive layer of iron phosphate developed directly on the steel substrate 1 , increasing the adhesive strength between the steel substrate 1 and the lower repair layer 4 . in accordance with one important embodiment , the upper repair layer 5 is developed from an upper repair agent that contains a powder filler to provide an improved multi - component composition , so that while voids between particles of the filler are filled with the basic repair agent , further voids caused by shrinkage during solidification are filled and sealed off by repeating the impregnation and solidification procedures of the basic repair agent , thereby avoiding the generation of cracks or pin - holes and ensuring higher durability to water . while using solely the metallic alkoxide , ( e . g . a silicon alkoxide ) provides a common silica glass having a poor resistance to alkali , the multi - component glass of the present invention , expressed as na 2 o -- zro 2 -- sio 2 has improved resistance to alkali by the addition of zro 2 . also , when the filler is selected from materials having a degree of the resistance to corrosion , satisfying the requirements of such glass - lined equipment , the repair layer can be enhanced in its resistance to corrosion . by addition of na 2 o , the thermal expansion coefficient of the repair layer of the na 2 o -- zro 2 -- sio 2 multi - component glass can be increased to 100 × 10 - 7 /° c . corresponding to that of the steel substrate , higher than 5 × 10 - 7 /° c . of the silica glass layer . in general , the glass layer of the glass - lined equipment retains a compression stress caused at room temperature by the difference in thermal expansion and , thus , composite strengthened . as the heating temperature rises , the compressive stress decreases and when the temperature exceeds about 350 ° c ., a tension will be generated . according to the present invention , both the upper and basic repair agents are heated to not more than about 350 ° c ., to ensure sufficient adhesive strength between the repair layers . a basic repair agent was prepared for producing a multi - component glass expressed as na 2 o -- zro 2 -- sio 2 and having a thermal expansion coefficient of 100 × 10 - 7 /° c ., a bit smaller than that of the steel substrate , using the composition described in table 2 . table 2______________________________________composition of basic repair agent ( in grams ) ______________________________________sodium ethoxide ( na - 0 et ) 0 . 5zirconium oxide chloride ( zrcl . sub . 2 o -- 8h . sub . 2 o ) 1 . 0silicon tetraethoxide ( si --( oet ). sub . 4 ) 8 . 5ethanol ( etoh -- h . sub . 2 o ) 10 . 0water ( h . sub . 2 o ) 8 . 0______________________________________ for the preparation , the above - listed ingredients were added to a mixture of ethanol and water in a glass beaker and refluxed at 80 ° c . under stirring for 1 hr . as a result , a transparent basic repair agent was obtained . a glass or ceramic powder filler which has a good resistance to corrosion and a thermal expansion coefficient approximately equal to that of the existing glass layer at the adjacent area , was added to the basic repair agent to form an upper repair agent . a test piece measuring 2 . 5 × 100 × 100 mm was fabricated by coating an ss41 steel base with a jis r4201 glass lining . the test piece then was ground to have a simulated damaged area of 40 mm diameter in the center of the glass layer . the damaged area where the steel substrate was exposed was degreased using ethanol and cleaned with a dry rag . the upper repair agent then was applied to the exposed steel surface . by repeating the above procedure , a desired number of times , a repair layer having a given thickness was formed . then , the basic repair agent was applied onto the repair layer for impregnating and heating . those procedures were repeated five times . also , in the same manner , a repair agent was fabricated in a bar form of 4 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length and its thermal expansion coefficient measured at 100 × 10 - 7 /° c . the thermal expansion coefficient is a bit smaller than that of the steel substrate and , thus , the repair layer remains composite strengthened by a resulting compression stress existing at a room temperature . using a criterion tester of jis r4201 , the above test piece was carried out by a series of thermal procedures ; 5 hours of heating in boiling water , and 5 hours of cooling at room temperature . after 6 months , neither failure of nor cracking of the glass repair layer was detected . a test piece was fabricated in the same manner as in example 14 . the pinhole test was carried out under the same conditions as the exfoliation test of example 15 , except that 0 . 1n hydrochloric acid was used in place of the water . after a 6 month period , both the repaired area and the acid solution exhibited no change of color to brown and , thus , no corrosion of the steel substrate by the hydrochloric acid solution was detected . a test piece of sus304 stainless steel plate , 2 mm in thickness and 100 mm in diameter was fabricated in the same manner as in example 14 . after the exposure of the test piece in boiling water for 6 months , the corrosion rate of the glass repair layer measured less than 0 . 5 mm / year . a test piece was fabricated from an ss41 steel plate of 6 × 80 × 80 mm in the same manner as in example 14 . an adhesive test conforming to jis4201 was carried out in which a steel ball of 36 . 51 mm in diameter ( and 200 g in weight ) was vertically dropped from 45 cm high onto the repaired layer of the test piece and the exfoliation on the surface was examined . as a result , no crack to the steel plate was detected in the repaired area treated according to the present invention . an open - type glass - lined tank ( capacity of about 100 liters , jis r4201 ) was fabricated and about 100 cm 2 of its glass layer on the inner wall was removed by grinding to simulate an extended damage area . the damaged area then was repaired and tested in the same manner as described in example 15 according to the present invention . the resulting repair exhibited no sign of cracking in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . application of repair layer to a region of irregular configuration in container structure the same repair and test of example 19 was effected on the curved area of a flange ( 6 mm in curvature radius ) of the tank fabricated in example 19 . again , no cracking was detected in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . the adhesiveness of the repaired layer to the steel substrate then was tested in the same manner as example 18 and as a result , no cracking was detected . a repair agent is prepared by mixing and stirring at 25 ° c . for one hour a sol - gel solution containing the ingredients listed in table 3 . table 3______________________________________silicon tetraethoxide 20 g85 % phosphoric acid 1 gethanol 20 gwater 1 g______________________________________ separately from the ingredients of table 3 , there are provided different types of inorganic ultrafine powders having a particle size less than about 1 μm in diameter , including silicon carbide ultrafine powder ( particle diameter & lt ; 1 μm ), silica ultrafine powder ( particle diameter : dozens of angstroms ) prepared by a gas phase process , and zirconia spherical ultrafine powder ( particle diameter : dozens of angstroms ). each of the ultrafine powders can be prepared by aggregation of dispersible molecules in gas or liquid phase . a filler powder is selected from the ultrafine powders and added in an amount of about 1 % to about 10 % by weight to the above sol - gel solution , providing an upper repair agent for the top surface . on the other hand , an inorganic filler in grit form , and about equal in thermal expansion coefficient and resistance to corrosion to the existing glass layer , is added to the sol - gel solution to provide a lower repair agent . as shown in a somewhat exaggerated way in fig5 the damaged area 3 of a glass layer 2 provided on a steel substrate 1 in glass - lined equipment is repaired in a manner according to the present invention , in which the procedures of applying the lower repair agent onto the exposed steel surface , drying the repair agent in air for 30 minutes , and heating the repair agent at about 300 ° c . to about 350 ° c . for about 10 minutes are repeated until a lower repair layer 6 becomes almost equal in thickness to the existing glass layer 2 of the adjacent area . then , as shown in fig6 the procedures of applying the upper repair agent to the lower repairing layer 6 ; impregnation ; drying in air for 30 minutes ; and heating at about 300 ° c . for about 10 minutes are repeated several times to develop an upper repair layer 7 . a repair agent was prepared by mixing and stirring at 25 ° c . for one hour the sol - gel solution containing the ingredients listed in table 3 . 3 % by weight of silicon carbide ultrafine powder , having a particle size less than about 1 μm in diameter , was added to the solution , forming the upper repair agent . separately , the lower repair agent was prepared by mixing the solution with grains of glass having about the same thermal expansion coefficient and resistance to corrosion as the existing glass layer . a 1 mm - thick glass layer was fused to a 100 × 100 mm plate of ss41 steel , 3 . 2 mm in thickness , and treated having a simulated damaged area of about 40 mm in diameter in the center thereof . the procedure of applying the lower repair agent onto the exposed steel surface , drying it for 30 minutes , and heating it at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes were repeated until the thickness of a lower repair layer 6 became almost equal to that of the existing glass layer of the adjacent area . then , the procedures of applying the upper repair agent onto the lower repairing layer 6 , drying it for 30 minutes , and heating it at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes were repeated several times to develop an upper repair layer 7 . the surface of the repaired area treated by the repairing method of the present invention exhibited more than 10 times the smoothness of a repaired ( finished ) surface with no upper repair layer 7 . it was also found that the adhesion of the container contents to the improved repair layer in the glass - lined equipment was lessened . for repairing damage to a glass layer of glass - lined equipment , a sheet of inorganic material corresponding to the shape of the damaged portion is filled into the portion to be repaired , and then a basic repair agent prepared from a starting material of a sol - gel solution containing a metallic alkoxide and a metal salt is applied onto the inorganic material sheet and heated at about 300 ° c . to about 350 ° c . the use of such an inorganic material sheet can reduce the number of repeating procedures in applying the repair agent to the damaged area and heating the same . as shown in fig7 the damaged area is filled with a sheet of inorganic material 8 corresponding to the shape of the damaged area for repairing the damaged area of a glass layer 2 provided on a sheet substrate 1 . the inorganic sheet 8 may be of glass cloth woven from long glass fibers , nonwoven fabric of short ceramic fibers , or the like . a ( basic ) repair agent of a sol - gel solution to be applied onto the inorganic sheet is prepared by mixing and stirring the ingredients shown in table 3 at a temperature of 25 ° c . for one hour . the repair agent prepared is then applied onto the inorganic sheet , dried by air for 30 minutes , and heated at 350 ° c . for 10 minutes so as to produce a solidified glass 9 . the inorganic sheet 8 is closely placed onto the damaged area , forming a lower repair layer . also , an inorganic ultrafine powder , having a particle size less than about 1 μm in diameter , is added to the repair agent for the top layer . the procedures of applying the upper repair agent onto a lower repair layer , drying it with air for 30 minutes , and heating it at about 350 ° c . for 10 minutes are repeated to form the top layer . a basic repair agent was prepared by mixing and stirring the ingredients listed in table 3 at 25 ° c . for one hour . a 1 mm - thick glass layer was fused to a 100 × 100 mm plate of ss41 steel , 2 mm in thickness , and treated to provide a simulated damaged area of about 40 mm in diameter in the center thereof . the damaged area was filled with a glass cloth which was approximately equal in shape and properties to the existing glass layer . then , the procedures of applying the basic repair agent onto the glass cloth , drying it for 30 minutes , and heating it at about 350 ° c . for 10 minutes were repeated to form a lower repair layer . also , an upper repair agent was prepared by adding an ultrafine powder of alumina , having a particle size less than about 1 μm in diameter , to the basic repair agent . the procedures of applying the upper repair agent onto the lower repair layer , drying it for 30 minutes , and heating it at about 350 ° c . for about 10 minutes were repeated to develop a top layer . the top layer was smooth on the surface and exhibited better resistance against adhesion to the contents of the glass - lined equipment . the top layer was developed by repeating the above procedures only a few times . as shown in fig8 to 10 , a heater unit 30 is provided including a thermal insulation sheet 24 of alumina fiber which has ceramic rings ( or far infrared ray emitters ) 26 for emitting far infrared rays fitted thereto and incorporated with an electric resistor and heater wire ( of nickel chrome ) 25 . the ceramic rings 26 are arranged in zigzag disposition and fixedly mounted by heat - resistant silica glass strings 37 to the central area of one side of the insulation sheet 24 . a distance retainer 27 of flexible thermal insulation material also is mounted around the insulation sheet 24 . both the sheet 24 and retainer 27 are covered with a silica glass cloth 28 for maintaining the configuration , all of which are integrally bound with silica glass strings , thus constituting an enclosure 29 in the heater unit 30 . both ends of the nickel chrome heater wire 25 are outwardly extended from the sheet 24 and coupled to a connector 31 of ceramic material , which is in turn coupled by a heat - resistant insulated wire 32 to a thermal controller 33 and a power source ( not shown ). for operation of the heater according to the present invention , the heater unit 30 is capable of being placed over the repair area 3 with its distance retainer 27 directly seating on the existing glass layer 2 at the adjacent area and secured in position with rare earth magnets 34 having a powerful magnetic force . also , the far infrared ray emitter 26 remains equally spaced from the repair area 3 . the heater according to the present invention also is applicable to the repair area 3 of a curved glass layer 2 because of the flexibility of the heater unit 30 ( see fig1 ). while the heater unit 30 is set in place , a thermal measuring instrument ( or thermocouple ) 35 also is mounted by magnet ( s ) adjacent to the repair area 3 having a compensation lead line 36 coupled to an exterior thermal controller 33 . when the heater is energized , far infrared rays from the emitters 26 on the nickel chrome wire 25 heat the repair area 3 . simultaneously , the thermal measuring instrument 35 detects a temperature during heating and controls the output of the thermal controller 33 for a fast increase to , and maintenance of a desired temperature . this thermal control can accelerate the dehydration and condensation of the repair agent on the repair area 3 and contribute to optimum repair operation conditions . the flexible thermal insulation sheet 24 was formed of an alumina fiber sheet , 20 mm thick and 150 mm square , available from toshiba monoflux co . and the distance retainer also was cut out from a sheet of the same material . the effective heating area of the enclosure 29 was 120 cm 2 . the heater wire 25 was of 600 w / 200 v and the far infrared ray emitter 26 was a ceramic ring of 8 mm in inner diameter , 10 mm in outer diameter , and 10 mm in length . the magnet 34 used was a samarium cobalt magnet , 5 × 20 × 25 mm . in practice , the heater exhibited a temperature rise to 300 ° c . in about 5 minutes . as shown in fig1 a repair agent is applied by a brush or the like onto the repair area 3 where the steel substrate 1 is exposed and has been cleaned with ethanol and dried . the repair agent is preferably a solution of silicon ethoxide , ethanol , water and acid . then , the repair agent on the repairing area 3 is heated by the heater 30 to a predetermined temperature ( ranging from about 300 ° c . to about 350 ° c .) and the temperature is maintained for acceleration of the solidification of the repair agent to form a glass by hydrolysis and condensation , so that a repair layer having a high adhesive or bonding strength is obtained . the center region of an inner glass layer 2 of an open - type glass - lined tank ( jis r4201 , 1 kiloliter capacity ) was removed by grinding to form a simulated damage area , 80 mm in diameter , and to expose a steel substrate 1 . a repair agent ( prepared by mixing silicon ethoxide , ethanol , water , and acid ) was applied onto the exposed steel surface and heated at 300 ° c . for 10 minutes . the result of repair was excellent showing no sign of cracking in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . a simulated damage area , about 200 cm 2 , was created in the inner glass layer of the tank used in example 23 . the repair was carried out under the same conditions as in example 23 , except that the effective heating area of the heater was 400 cm 2 and the power supply was 1 kw / 200 v . the temperature increase to a predetermined degree took about 10 minutes and no crack was detected in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . the repair according to the present invention was effected on the curved surface , 6 mm in curvature radius , of a flange of the tank used in example 23 . the result of repair on such a small curvature radius region was equally good , such that no crack was detected in the existing glass layer around the repaired area . the adhesive test for the repair layer to the damaged area in the tank used in example 23 was carried out . conforming to jis r4201 , a steel ball of 36 . 51 mm in diameter ( and 200 g in weight ) was vertically dropped from 45 cm high onto the repaired area and the exfoliation on the surface was examined . as a result , no crack to the steel substrate was detected in the repaired area . | 2 |
while this invention may be embodied in many forms , there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail one or more embodiments with the understanding that this disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the illustrated embodiments . turning to the drawings , there is shown in fig1 an exploded view of a thermally insulated “ vip sandwich ” shipper 10 for transporting temperature sensitive products such as that disclosed in co - pending and co - owned u . s . patent application ser . no . 13 / 908 , 607 , incorporated herein by reference . the viup sandwich shipper 10 comprises an outer shell 12 , an inner shell 14 and one or more vacuum insulation panels 16 ( vips ) located (“ sandwiched ”) between the outer and inner shells 12 , 14 . together the outer shell 12 , inner shell 14 and the vips 16 form a box onto which a lid 18 can be fitted to form the shipper 10 . the box and lid 18 together define a payload compartment 20 . the outer shell 12 may be made of expanded foam ( such as expanded polystyrene ( eps ), expanded polypropylene ( epp ), expanded polystyrene / polyethylene ( eps / pe ) or other suitable insulative material and may be shaped like an open topped box . the outer shell 12 may comprise a bottom 24 having a perimeter and sides 26 extending from the bottom perimeter and terminating in a rim 28 . likewise , the inner shell 14 may be made of expanded foam ( such as eps , epp , eps / pe ) or other suitable insulative material and may be shaped like an open topped box , albeit smaller than the outer shell 12 so that the inner shell 14 can nest within the outer shell 12 , leaving a gap therebetween for accommodating the vips 16 . the inner shell 14 may comprise a bottom 32 and four sides 34 extending upward from the periphery of the bottom 32 and terminating in a rim 36 . the inner shell 14 may be spaced from the outer shell 12 to define a gap , the gap being sealed over to create an enclosed space . in the assembled shipper 10 , the vips 16 are located between the nested outer and inner shells 12 , 14 which protect the vips 16 from punctures or tearing . preferably the vips 16 are wedged against each other together so that the edge 40 of one vip panel 16 abuts an adjacent vip 16 , thereby reducing or eliminating edge leaks . the thermally insulated vip sandwich shipper 10 is used to package and ship temperature sensitive products . typically these products have a specified or required temperature range that must be maintained during a specific shipping duration and while the thermally insulated vip sandwich shipper is subject to various ambient temperature conditions . for example , a payload may be expected to be shipped for 120 hours and be exposed to ambient temperatures of between − 20 c and 45 c (− 4 f and 113 f ) but have a temperature tolerance of between 0 c and 15 c ( 32 f and 59 f ). a thermally insulated vip sandwich shipper can be designed to accommodate these requirements . making a thermally insulated vip sandwich shipper in a steam chest mold the thermally insulated vip sandwich shipper 10 may be made using a steam chest molding machine to mold the expanded foam components according to the following method . first , the outer shell 12 is molded in a steam chest molding machine . next , vips 16 may be placed against the bottom 24 and sides 26 of the molded outer shell 12 to create an outer shell / vip assembly . the outer shell / vip assembly may be placed inside a steam chest molding machine . a male plug is positioned within the outer shell / vip assembly , leaving a space therebetween . the inner shell 14 then is molded into the space between the vips 16 and the male plug . after molding the inner shell 14 , the vips 16 are sandwiched between the outer shell 12 and inner shell 14 and enclosed therebetween so that the vips 16 cannot be removed . the method has a number of advantages : the molding of the inner shell 14 to the outer shell / vip assembly in a steam chest mold can create a perfect seal between the outer shell 12 and the inner shell 14 , making it difficult to distinguish where the outer shell 12 ends and the inner shell 14 starts . the method also eliminates the need for adhesive to seal the gap between the outer shell 12 and the inner shell 14 . also , during high pressure steam chest molding every void / gap between vips 16 and the walls of the outer shell 12 and the inner shell 14 are filled with expanded foam , thus creating nearly hermetic seal . finally , high pressure steam chest molding helps push the vips 16 against each other , thus virtually eliminating edge leaks . however , since this method involves subjecting the vips to steam chest molding conditions , there is a need for a vacuum insulation panel that can withstand the high temperatures and pressures experienced in steam chest molding . a “ double bag ” vip has been developed for this purpose . the double bag vip of the present disclosure may be a fully manufactured vip that is then encapsulated inside an outer bag . fig2 shows a fully manufactured vip 16 like that shown in fig1 . the vip 16 may be made by a conventional process , wherein a core 52 having a three dimensional shape lacking cavities and depressions is wrapped in an envelope 54 typically made of plastic film , a vacuum is pulled and the envelope 54 is sealed around the core 52 and conforms to the brick - like shape of the core 52 . the vip 16 may be rectilinear in shape and comprise opposing first and second sides 42 , 44 in addition to the four edges 40 . the inner envelope 54 may define an interior occupied solely by the core 52 . the envelope 54 may be made of common plastic films such as multi - layer polyethylene / ethylene vinyl alcohol ( pe / evoh ) or metalized polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ). the envelope thickness typically is about 1 mil . fig3 a shows the vip 16 being inserted into an outer bag 56 . the outer bag 56 may be pre - formed , that is , pre - shaped so that the vip 16 fits snugly inside . more specifically , the outer bag 56 may be rectilinear in shape and comprise opposing first and second sides 58 , 60 having dimensions similar to the first and second sides 42 , 44 of the vip 16 . a bottom edge 62 and side edges 64 extend between the first and second sides 58 , 60 . once the vip 16 is inserted into the outer bag 56 , the top flap of the outer bag 56 may be sealed as shown in fig3 . fig4 shows the outer bag 56 being sealed around the vip 16 with a sealing strip 66 . a top ( closure ) flap 68 extends from the second side 60 and is configured to be folded over the exposed top edge 40 of the vip 16 and lie flat against the first side 58 . the sealing strip 66 may then be used to secure the flap against the first side 58 . alternatively , and without limitation , the flap 68 may include adhesive for adhering to the first side 58 . fig5 is a perspective view of a “ double bag ” vip 70 according to the disclosure . the fully manufactured vip 16 is securely encapsulated within the outer bag 56 . the outer bag 56 should be temperature and moisture resistant , and may be made of nylon . the outer bag 56 may also be made of other materials such as pet , polyethylene terephthalate glycol modified ( petg ), pe , pp , ethyl vinyl acetate ( eva ), evoh , polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ), polycarbonate ( pc ), polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ), aluminum foil or other plastic materials used in film making , or a combination of these materials . the film used to make the outer bag 56 may be either monolayer or made of multiple layers to give added protection . multiple layers can offer multiple forms of protection . for example , pe has excellent resistance to moisture ; nylon has excellent resistance to oxygen . by selecting each layer carefully , a double bag vip can be created having a strong structure with excellent barrier properties . the outer bag 56 may have a thickness of between about 1 mil and about 15 mil ( about 25 microns and 375 microns ), and preferably between about 6 mils and 10 mils ( about 152 microns and 254 microns ). experiments show that vips subjected to steam chest molding conditions , such as temperatures in the range of 80 - 95 c for about three to seven seconds , have a drop of 20 - 30 % in r value . thus a drop of only 10 % in the r value of a vip after steam chest molding would represent a significant advance over a conventional vip . in one example , a double bag vip 70 according to the disclosure having an outer bag 56 made of multi - layer nylon / evoh film and having a thickness of 8 mil ( about 203 microns ) had an r value drop after steam chest molding of only about 1 %. this there has been described a vacuum insulation panel 70 having an r value of at least about 28 hr - ft 2 —° f ./ btu - in and wherein the r value drops about 10 % or less , and preferably about 1 % or less , after being exposed to a temperature of up to 95 c for up to 7 seconds such as might occur in a steam chest molding machine . it is understood that the embodiments of the invention described above are only particular examples which serve to illustrate the principles of the invention . modifications and alternative embodiments of the invention are contemplated which do not depart from the scope of the invention as defined by the foregoing teachings and appended claims . it is intended that the claims cover all such modifications and alternative embodiments that fall within their scope . | 1 |
the cherry fork pitter of the present invention comprises an extended shaft attaching the forking prongs “ claws ” and a circular cutter “ tunneler ”. the fork - prongs consist of two or more “ u ” shaped curving claws mounted to the shaft . the curvature of the prongs is designed to grip and lock to the stone for unproblematic dislodging from the fruit . this shape is found to cause minimal damage to the outer flesh and inner core during removal . on the opposite end of the utensil is a circular shaped cutter , the tunneler . the tunneler creates the initial puncture in the bottom of the fruit by cutting a small circle the same diameter of the claw end of the utensil . once the fruit is cut and the pits / stones / seeds have been found , the claws are inserted in the punctured bottom to dislodge the pit . cherries and similar fruits vary in size , therefore the convenient small shape of the cutter and claws enable maximize fruit yield . when inserting the cherry fork correctly , the tunneler will puncture the outer bottom flesh of the cherry or similar fruit , creating a clean circular cut of the fruit . the tunneler is thereafter turned in a circular motion to loosen the stone from the inner core of the fruit . the prong side of the utensil is then inserted into the fruit ; thereafter , the claws are gently angled and slid along the side of the stone until the claws reach the top of the stone . the cherry fork is then pressed tightly against the top of the pit to grip the stone . the stone is gently dislodged from the fruit directly through the initial puncture . cherries or similar fruits thereafter can be cooked , marinated , and or served raw as if they have never been touched . the fruit when placed on a flat surface will resemble an untouched cherry directly from the tree . fig1 is a perspective view of a cherry fork according to the invention . fig5 is a perspective view of the cherry fork in use fig1 is a perspective view of the cherry fork according to its intended use . the cherry fork includes a tunneler end ( 3 ) and a claw end ( 6 ) attached by a shaft ( 4 ). starting with the tunneler portion of the utensil fig2 ( 3 ), the tunneler is constructed into a “ u ” shaped cutter ( 2 ) which consist of two sharpen edges ( 2 a & amp ; 2 b ). the tunneler &# 39 ; s sides ( 2 a & amp ; 2 b ) are angled , creating a slight point ( 1 ) where the two sides ( 2 a & amp ; 2 b ) meet at the bottom ( 1 ). 7 a displayed in fig3 displays the diameter of the fork which also matches the diameter between the two claws ( 6 ) and ( 7 ). moving back from the starting point of the tunneler fig2 ( 1 ), two top flaps are shown ( 3 a & amp ; 3 b ). these flaps are constructed for manual adjustment of the size of the tunneler ( 3 ) and gripping when in use . this adjustment can be made by squeezing the sides of the tunneler ( 3 ) decreasing the gap between the sides ( 3 a ). this feature is useful for removal of seeds of smaller fruits ( tart cherries , sour cherries , or pie cherries ). once the sides have been comprised the tunneler can be resized to its original state by expanding the gap between the sides ( 3 a & amp ; 3 b ). in fig1 , the shaft ( 4 ) is shown attaching the tunneler to the claw end of the utensil . the shaft ( 4 ) is constructed of the same material as both ends . the shaft rounds into a tube like structure from the tunneler ( 3 ), penciling out to the claws ( 6 ). it should be noted that the tubular form of the shaft illustrated should not dictate or limit the laws governing the patent , as the cherry fork &# 39 ; s shaft could be flat , squared , circular or decorative . the shaft is created specifically as a connector , binding the two ends together . moving further down the shaft fig3 ( 4 ) the fork begins to split in a “ v ” shaped fashion ( the fork in the utensil ) ( 5 ) which attach the claws ( 6 ). the “ v ” ( 5 ) attaching the claws expands in diameter until it reaches the specified diameter ( 7 ). each end of the “ v ” shape ( 5 ) is then curved into a claw - like hook ( 6 ). each hook is honed at its end ( 6 a ) creating a needle point for easy snagging of pits or seeds . the curvature of the hooks is limited to a small bend enabling minimal damage to the fruit . fig4 , displays an entire view of the cherry fork from its side . note the areas of interest : tunneler ( 3 ), shaft ( 4 ), and claws ( 6 ). fig5 demonstrates the cherry fork in use . image 1 & amp ; 2 shows the tunneler puncturing the fruit and reaching the pit . image 3 & amp ; 4 shows the claws before extraction of pit . fig6 displays a sample of the blade guard used to cover and protect the tunneler side of the utensil when not in use . this patent should not be limited to a specific design or shape , as the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof ; reference should be made to the following claims , rather than to the foregoing specification , as indicating the scope of the invention . | 0 |
reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings . fig2 is an exploded illustration of a ssd according to an embodiment of the present invention . in fig2 , a ssd 100 includes a pcba 112 and a housing . the housing includes an upper cover 114 a and a lower cover 114 b . the upper cover 114 a and the pcba 112 respectively have a set of corresponding through - holes 115 a and 115 b . the through - holes 115 b in the pcba 112 may be flush or uniform through - holes . on the other hand , the through - holes 115 a in the upper cover 114 a preferably are not flush or uniform through - holes but rather step - down ridges on the exterior surface of the upper cover 114 a . the lower cover 114 b includes a set of standoffs 116 at locations corresponding to the set of through - holes 115 a and 115 b in the upper cover 114 a and the pcba 112 . the height of the standoffs 116 is high enough to protrude through the through - holes 115 a and 115 b in the upper cover 114 a and the pcba 112 . further , the height of the standoffs 116 preferably to substantially align with the middle ridge of the through - hole 115 a in the upper cover 114 a and not be higher than or extend beyond the exterior surface of the upper cover 114 a . the upper cover 114 a may include spcc ( cold rolled steel ), secc ( steel , electrogalvanized , cold - rolled , coil ) or aluminum and have the same material as the lower cover 114 b . for example , the material of the upper cover 114 a has density range of about 2 . 68 - 8 g / cc and has an electrical resistivity between about 0 . 00000499 ˜ 0 . 000170 ohm - cm . the upper cover 114 a may be formed using a stamping processing . alternatively , the upper cover 114 a may include acylonitrile butadiene styrene ( abs ) plastic or polycarbonate ( pc ) plastic . the plastic material of the upper cover 114 a has density range of about 0 . 35 - 1 . 54 g / cc and has an electrical resistivity between about 1 . 00e + 5 ˜ 1 . 0e + 1 . 8 ohm - cm . the upper cover 114 a may be formed using a molding processing . the lower cover 114 b may include spcc ( cold rolled steel ), secc ( steel , electrogalvanized , cold - rolled , coil ) or aluminum . preferably , the material of the lower cover 114 b has density range of about 2 . 68 - 8 glee and has an electrical resistivity between about 0 . 00000499 ˜ 0 . 000170 ohm - cm . the lower cover 114 b may be formed using a stamping processing . the standoffs 116 may include a malleable metallic material , such as steel , aluminum , iron , titanium or an alloy thereof . preferably , the material of the standoffs 116 has the same or substantially the same density range and electric resistivity as the lower cover 114 b . for example , the material of the standoffs 116 may have density range of about 2 . 68 - 8 g / cc and has an electrical resistivity between 0 . 00000499 ˜ 0 . 000170 ohm - cm . the standoffs 116 may have varying diameters and the smallest diameter may be about 0 . 5 mm . the standoffs 116 may be pre - installed onto the lower cover 114 b . as shown in fig3 , prior to the standoffs 116 installed onto the lower cover 114 b , the lower cover 114 b may include through - holes 117 . the standoffs 116 are formed separately from the lower cover 114 b . the standoffs 116 may have spiked surfaces in its base . with the exterior surface of the lower cover 114 b facing up , the standoffs 116 are aligned to the through - holes 117 and pushed into the through - holes 117 . for example , the lower cover 114 b may be placed onto a stamping or punching station and the standoffs 116 may be loosely placed in the through - holes 117 . subsequently , the stamping or punching station can push even the widest portion of the standoffs 116 into the through - holes 117 . in particular , due to the force and speed of the stamping punching station and the spiked surface of the standoffs 116 base , the lower cover 114 b may be forced to be deformed and the spiked surface of the standoffs 116 base are wedged around the through - holes 117 . as shown in fig2 , the pcba 112 further has a set of cut - away 118 . the cut - away 118 may be along edges of the pcba 112 . the cut - away 118 correspond to a set of holes 120 in the lower cover 114 b . during operation , the assembled ssd 100 may be mounted onto a host platform . the cut - away 118 and the holes 120 in the lower cover 114 b provide the clearance for mounting means to be mounted onto a host platform . some of the holes 120 may be on the side surface of the lower cover 114 b . one or more memory modules and other electronic components 122 are on the pcba 112 . also , an input / output ( i / o ) interface 124 for ultimately interfacing with a host device ( not shown ) is on the pcba 112 . the i / o interface 124 may be a sata connector , another standardized connector , or a propriety connector designed for a particular host device ( not shown ). to assemble the ssd 100 , the pcba 112 is placed inside the upper and lower covers 114 a and 114 b . the pcba 112 is positioned so that the through - holes 115 a and 115 b in the upper cover 114 a and the pcba 112 are aligned and the standoffs 116 protrude through the through - holes 115 a and 115 b . also , the cut - away 118 and the holes 120 in the lower cover 114 b are aligned . by doing so , the standoffs 116 would protrude through the through - holes 115 a and 115 b in the upper cover 114 a and the pcba 112 , and over the exterior surface of the upper cover 114 a . after the pcba 112 is properly placed inside the upper and lower covers 114 a and 114 b , it may be placed with the upper cover 114 a facing up on a punching station . the punching station ( not shown ) includes a number of punching posts . the number of the punching posts preferably matches the number of the standoffs 116 . the ends of the punching posts are tiered . during operation , the punching station lowers the punching posts with certain predetermined force to punch and deform the standoffs 116 . the pressure or force range of the punching onto the standoffs 116 preferably is about 200 - 300 kg per punch . further , the punching may be rotational or include a torque . due to the tiered ends of the punching posts and / or the torque in the punching , the previously protruded portion of the standoffs 116 deforms around the ridges of the through - hole 115 a in the upper cover 114 a . the deformed standoffs 116 ′ therefore function as rivets . alternatively , the punching of the standoffs 116 may be performed manually . fig4 a is an exploded cross - sectional illustration of the standoff protruding through the through - hole in the upper cover shown in fig2 . fig4 ) is a detailed illustration of standoffs used in an assembly method for a ssd according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig4 c is a detailed illustration of deformed standoffs in an assembly method for a ssd according to an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig4 a and 4 b , the standoffs 116 protrude through the through - holes 115 a in the upper cover 114 a . more specifically , the height of the standoffs 116 preferably to substantially align with the middle ridge of the through - hole 115 a in the upper cover 114 a and not be higher than or extend beyond the exterior surface of the upper cover 114 a . as shown in fig4 c , after punching , the previously protruded portion of the standoffs 116 deforms around the ridges of the through - hole 115 a in the upper cover 114 a . the deformed standoffs 116 ′ therefore function as rivets . fig5 is a flow chart illustrating the steps of an assembly method for a ssd according to an embodiment of the present invention . in fig5 , an assembly method for ssds includes forming or pre - installing standoffs on an inner surface of a first cover . the assembly method further includes the step of aligning through - holes in a printed circuit board over the standoffs . one or more non - volatile memory modules and other electronic components may be on the printed circuit board . subsequently , the assembly method includes the step of aligning through - holes in a second cover over the standoffs . then , the method includes the step of deforming an exposed portion of the standoffs around the through - holes in the second cover . the step of deforming may include applying uniaxial compression onto an end surface of each of the standoffs while torquing the pressing posts . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the ssd assembly and an assembly method for ssds of embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention . thus , it is intended that embodiments of the invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents . | 7 |
with reference to fig1 , computational processor hardware for executing modular multiplication in accord with the present invention may include an arithmetic - logic unit ( alu ) 10 , or similar computational circuitry containing a hardware multiplier , for executing numerical operations , including multiplication , upon the provided operands . the alu 10 generally has access to memory ( ram ) 12 and various working registers 14 . an operation sequencer 16 comprises logic circuitry for controlling the alu , including data transfers to and from the memory 12 and registers 14 , in accord with firmware or software instructions for the set of operations used to carry out the modular multiplication . operation sequencer 16 may access operation parameters in the form of pointers stored in registers 18 that enable the operation sequencer 16 to locate an operand within the ram 12 , as well as information such as the operand sizes , carry injection control information , the destination address of intermediate results , etc . the hardware may also include a pseudo - random number generator circuit 20 that performs calculations and outputs a random numerical value ( interpreted as either an integer or a polynomial ). this random generator 20 may be accessed by the alu 10 , as directed by the operation sequencer in accord with program instructions implementing the modular multiplication method of the present invention , in order to inject a randomized error quantity rand into the quotient estimation , as described herein . modular multiplication of two operands , whether of integers or polynomials , typically consists in calculating a product of the two numbers , and then processing a modular reduction of the product . modular reduction generally solves r ≡ x mod m ≡ x −└ x / m ┘ m , where r is the residue value to be found which is congruent to x for a modulus m , and the symbol └ a ┘ represents the floor function ( the largest integer ≦ a ) so that q =└ x / m ┘ corresponds to an integer division operation to find a quotient q . in the present case , the numerical value x , whether an integer or a polynomial , is the product of two operands , x = v × w , where the operands v and w are themselves either integers or polynomials . thus , the residue r = v × w − q × m . barrett &# 39 ; s reduction method involves pre - calculating and storing a scaled estimate of the modulus &# 39 ; reciprocal , m − 1 , and replacing the long division with multiplications and word shifts to obtain an estimated quotient q ̂. obtaining the estimated quotient q ̂ is much faster than calculating the true quotient . when the estimated quotient q ̂ is used in place of the true quotient , the resulting remainder r ̂ will be slightly larger than , but congruent with , the residue value r . the exact residue value r , if desired , can be obtained from the remainder r ̂ by a final strict reduction . the present invention modifies this approach still further when one of the operands is known in advance or is used many times in the execution of a given algorithm . with reference to fig2 , in order to carry out a processor - implemented function r :=( v × w ) mod m , on one or more operands v , where the other operand w is known in advance , begin by loading ( step 30 ) the operand w that is known in advance , then pre - computing ( step 32 ) a value p :=└( w × 2 n + δ )/ m ┘. this value p will be used for efficiently estimating quotient values needed to quickly reduce the products of w with one or more operands v . the integer n in the expression 2 n + δ is the size in bits of the larger of the known operand w and the modulus m , so that w ≦ 2 n and m ≦ 2 n . the choice of the integer δ depends upon the maximum possible size of the other operand v . if v & lt ; 2 n − φ , then we can choose δ ≧ φ and we will obtain a good estimated quotient as our estimate , that verifies q − 1 ≦ q ̂≦ q , where q is the real quotient . alternatively , we can choose δ & lt ; φ for a faster quotient estimation , but with a greater degree of rounding , so that the estimated quotient will differ from the exact quotient up to some maximum error determined by our choice of δ . the choice δ & lt ; φ may be made , for example , if a bigger error on the quotient is accepted , or if a randomization is applied . if δ & lt ; φ , the result is less than or equal to the real quotient with a error boundary q − 2 φ − δ ≦ q ̂≦ q , where q is the real quotient . if a randomization is applied with a maximum boundary , the error boundary may be equal or near the random boundary . if 0 ≦ e & lt ; 2 s , where e is the random value , then we can take φ − δ = s , so δ = φ − s . as the values of δ are defined by inequalities , it is possible to round them to more practical values , if needed . next , we load ( step 34 ) a first of the operands v for which we wish to calculate a modular product with pre - known operand w . the quotient is estimated ( step 36 ) as q ̂ :=└( v × p )/ 2 n + δ ┘. the estimated quotient q ̂ can be optional diminished ( step 40 ) by a random value e generated ( step 38 ) by a pseudo - random number generator circuit 20 ( in fig1 ), q ′:= q ̂− e . as an option , random value e may have a size of no more than a half - word so as to limit the potential error contributed by that random value e . randomizing provides a layer of security against various cryptoanalytic attacks that rely upon consistency in power usage to determine the modulus m , which may be derived from or otherwise related to a cryptographic key . introducing the random value e , causes the modular multiplication operation to differ from one execution to the next , while still producing a congruent result r ′. alternatively , we may keep near the quotient q by leaving the estimated quotient unchanged , q ′:= q ̂. in either case , the quotient value q ′ is used to compute a remainder r ′ in the modular multiplication operation ( step 44 ), where r ′:=( v × w )−( q ′× m ). the remainder r ′ will usually be larger than the modulus m , because the quotient value used q ′ is not exactly equal to actual quotient q . nevertheless r ′ is congruent to the residue value for the modular multiplication . depending on the needs of the particular application , the residue r can be calculated from the remainder r ′ by applying substractions ( step 46 ) of the modulus m until the number is smaller than the modulus m . then the residue value r can be returned ( step 48 ), possibly together with the particular operand v , for use in the rest of the cryptographic system . alternatively , if a final reduction to the residue is not required , the remainder r ′ could be returned and used in the further calculations , since it is congruent modulo m with the residue value r . next , one can check ( step 50 ) whether there are other operands v to be used in a modular multiplication with the same pre - known operand w . if so , the procedure may return ( path 52 ) to step 34 and load the next operand v . if there are no additional operands v , the procedure may return to the main program . with reference to fig3 , the modular multiplication operation may be adapted for operation upon polynomial operands , e . g ., in a binary finite field gf ( 2 n ). modular arithmetic with polynomials is similar in some respects to modular arithmetic with integers , although extending this to polynomials over a binary finite field gf ( 2 n ) requires certain modifications to the basic operation . let us first introduce polynomials over a field . to any multiple ( a m - 1 , . . . a 1 , a 0 ) of member of a field f , we can associate a polynomial in x of degree ( m - 1 ): a m - 1 x m - 1 +. . . a 1 x 1 + a 0 x 0 . in the case of any binary finite field , the members of the field are { 0 , 1 } and so the polynomial coefficients a i are likewise 0 or 1 . this concept adapts particularly well to computer hardware and other digital processing circuitry , which are binary in nature , since each bit can be interpreted as a finite field element . for example , we can associate each binary byte value [ a 7 a 6 a 5 a 4 a 3 a 2 a 1 a 0 ] with a corresponding polynomial over gf ( 2 n ) of degree 7 or less : a 7 x 7 + a 6 x 6 + a 5 x 5 + a 4 x 4 + a 3 x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0 . hence , e . g ., the byte value [ 01100011 ] is interpreted as the binary polynomial x 6 + x 5 + x + 1 . longer multi - byte sequences may likewise be interpreted as polynomials of higher degree , provided that the polynomial degree ( m - 1 ) is less than n in order for the polynomial to belong to the field gf ( 2 n ). ( note : when comparing the relative sizes of polynomials , the comparison is performed degree by degree , starting with the polynomial coefficients for the largest degree in x ). addition and subtraction of polynomials in a field are carried out in the usual manner of adding or subtracting the coefficients for each degree separately , however , for any binary field , the members are { 0 , 1 }, so that addition and subtraction of the field elements are performed modulo 2 ( 0 ± 0 = 0 , 0 ± 1 = 1 , 1 ± 0 = 1 , 1 ± 1 = 0 ). note that , in this case , subtraction is identical to addition . in computer hardware , addition / subtraction modulo 2 is performed with a logical xor operation upon the array of bits . for example , ( x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1 ) +( x 7 + x + 1 )=( x 7 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 ); or in binary notation [ 01010111 ] { circle around (+)} [ 10000011 ]=[ 11010100 ]. ( again , in a binary field , the summation is performed modulo 2 ). however , in a finite field , this definition must be modified in order to ensure that the product also belongs to the field . in particular , ordinary polynomial multiplication is followed by modular reduction by a modulus m ( x ) of degree n ( where n is the dimension of the finite field , as in gf ( 2 n ). the modulus m ( x ) is preferably chosen to be an irreducible polynomial ( the polynomial analogue of a prime number , i . e . one that cannot be factored into nontrivial polynomials over the same field ). for example , in the aes / rijndael symmetric block cipher , operations are performed on bytes ( polynomials of degree 7 or less ) in the binary finite field gf ( 2 8 ), using the particular irreducible polynomial m ( x )= x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1 as the chosen basis for modular reduction when performing polynomial multiplication . as an example of polynomial multiplication in a binary finite field using the particular m ( x ) specified for aes : ( x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1 ) ·( x 7 + x + 1 )= x 13 + x 11 + x 9 + x 8 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 ), which after reduction , gives ( x 7 + x 6 + 1 ). let f [ x ] be the set of polynomials all of whose coefficients are members of a field f . if the modulus m ( x ) is a polynomial of degree d in f [ x ], then for polynomials p ( x ), r ( x ) ∈ f [ x ], we say that p ( x ) is congruent to r ( x ) modulo m ( x ), written as p ( x )≡ r ( x ) ( mod m ( x )), if and only if m ( x ) divides the polynomial p ( x )− r ( x ); in other words p ( x )− r ( x ) is a polynomial multiple of m ( x ), that is , p ( x )− r ( x )= q ( x )· m ( x ) for some polynomial q ( x ) ∈ f [ x ]. equivalently , p ( x ) and r ( x ) have the same remainder upon division by m ( x ). modular reduction of a polynomial p ( x ), which could be an ordinary product of polynomials a ( x ) and b ( x ) in f [ x ], that is , p ( x )= a ( x )· b ( x ), involves finding a polynomial quotient q ( x ) such that the remainder or residue r ( x ) is a polynomial of degree less than m ( x ), that is , deg ( r ( x )) & lt ; d . the polynomial residue r ( x ), which is congruent with p ( x ), is the polynomial value we ultimately want . in the binary finite field gf ( 2 n ), m ( x ) will be an irreducible polynomial of degree n and the residue polynomial r ( x ) that is sought will be of degree less than n ; but p ( x ) and hence also q ( x ) can be any degree , and at least the polynomial p ( x ) to be reduced is often of degree larger than m , as for example when p ( x ) is a product . in any case , the basic problem in any modular reduction method is in efficiently obtaining a quotient , especially for polynomial p ( x ) and m ( x ) of larger degree . as shown in fig3 , a modular multiplication method in accord with the present invention , where one of the polynomial operands w ( x ) is known in advance , begins by loading ( step 60 ) that known operand w ( x ), then pre - computing ( step 62 ) a polynomial p ( x ):=[ w ( x )· x n + δ ]/ m ( x ). the polynomial p ( x ) will be used to efficiently compute a polynomial quotient q ( x ) for all modular multiplication operations involving the operand w ( x ). the other operand v ( x ), not necessarily known in advance , is loaded ( step 64 ) and the polynomial quotient q ( x ) associated with the product v ( x )· w ( x ) is computed ( step 66 ) as : the q ( x ) can be randomized ( step 40 ) by subtracting a random polynomial value e ( x ), q ′( x ):= q ( x )− e ( x ). the random polynomial value e ( x ) may be generated by any known random or pseudo - random number generator ( hardware or software ), where the binary value generated is interpreted as a polynomial in the manner already described above . as an option , the random polynomial value e ( x ) may be constrained to fall within some specified range , such a 0 & lt ; deg ( e ( x )) & lt ; w / 2 , where here next , the modular multiplication operation is carried out ( step 44 ), producing a remainder r ′( x ): r ′ ( x ):=( v ( x )· w ( x ))−( q ′ ( x )· m ( x )) this remainder r ′( x ) will be congruent modulo m ( x ) with the residue value r ( x ). note that the choice of δ in the equations given above will determine whether the quotient is exact . if deg ( v ( x )) & lt ; n + φ , and δ ≧ φ − 1 , then the polynomial q ( x ) will equal the exact quotient , prior to any randomization . if δ & lt ; φ − 1 , then q ( x ) will differ from the exact quotient , but deg ( r ′( x )− deg ( r ( x )) will be less than a maximum limit defined by δ , deg ( q − q ̂) ≦ φ − δ − 2 , where q is the real quotient . depending upon the needs of the particular application , the residue polynomial r ( x ) can be calculated from the remainder r ′( x ) by applying ordinary gf ( 2 n ) polynomial reduction with the modulus m ( x ) to obtain a polynomial smaller than m ( x ). the polynomial remainder r ′( x ) or the residue r ( x ) may be returned for further use by the application . if modular multiplication on another polynomial operand v ( x ) is to be carried out ( step 80 ) using the same w ( x ), then the procedure goes back ( path 82 ) to loading ( step 64 ) the next v ( x ). | 6 |
a block diagram of a prior art digital processing system is shown in fig1 . a processor such as a digital signal processor ( dsp ) 10 and a cache memory 12 are located on a single processing chip 14 . cache memory 12 may be an instruction cache or a data cache . some systems may include a data cache and an instruction cache . an off - chip flash memory 20 is coupled to cache memory 12 . processing chip 14 may include other components , such as an on - chip memory , a microcontroller for executing microcontroller instructions , a direct memory access ( dma ) controller and various interfaces to off - chip devices . the cache memory 12 and the flash memory 20 form a memory hierarchy in which cache memory 12 has relatively low latency and relatively low capacity , and flash memory 20 has relatively high latency and relatively high capacity . in operation , dsp 10 executes instructions and accesses data and / or instructions in cache memory 12 . the low latency cache memory 12 provides high performance except when a cache miss occurs . in the case of a cache miss , a cache line fill operation is required to load the requested data from flash memory 20 . the time required to load a cache line from flash memory 20 may be several hundred clock cycles of dsp 10 . during the line fill operation , the dsp 10 is stalled , thereby degrading performance . a simplified block diagram of a digital processing system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in fig2 . like elements in fig1 and 2 have the same reference numerals . an example of a suitable dsp is disclosed in pct publication no . wo 00 / 687 783 , published nov . 16 , 2000 . however , the invention is not limited to any particular digital signal processor . further , the dsp 10 may be replaced by a microcontroller , a general purpose microcomputer or any other processor . according to a feature of the invention , instead of stalling the dsp 10 for the duration of the cache line fill operation , the dsp 10 is redirected to execute an alternative software task , such as an interrupt service routine ( isr ). processing of the first software task can resume at a later time , when the cache line fill operation has completed . referring to fig2 , a cache miss interrupt generator 30 detects a cache line fill operation , wherein cache memory 12 performs a cache line fill operation from flash memory 20 , and generates an interrupt to dsp 10 . in response , dsp 10 executes a second software task during the cache line fill operation . the disclosed method enhances performance by utilizing processor time in which the processor would otherwise be stalled waiting for completion of the cache line fill operation . a software organization wherein the software is organized as multiple independent threads , which are managed by an operating system ( os ) scheduler , can also take advantage of this approach . in this case , a new software thread may be started during the cache line fill operation . the multithreaded software organization can be viewed as a more general superset of the main routine / interrupt service routine model . the main / isr model effectively includes two software threads , and the processor interrupt hardware functions as the task scheduler . the elements of a system employing this approach are : ( 1 ) a processor with a much faster cycle time than the memory subsystems it accesses ; ( 2 ) a processor sequencer organization which , upon recognizing an interrupt assertion of higher priority than the current task , aborts the instructions which have already entered the instruction pipeline and redirects instructions fetched to the new task . this functionality allows a load operation to start and to generate a memory access , but then be aborted , allowing another task to start ; ( 3 ) code and / or data caches between the processor and the slower memory subsystems ; and ( 4 ) software modularity such that independent tasks ( e . g ., interrupt processing or multiple threads ) are available to run on the processor at any time . the system may optionally include circuitry to signal the operating system that a cache miss has occurred , allowing the operating system to start the next pending software task / thread . without this circuit , the processor stalls on a cache miss in the conventional way , unless an unrelated interrupt occurs while the processor is stalled . with the additional circuitry , the system can guarantee that the interrupt will always be taken on a cache miss . another option is to include address range checking circuitry , such that the interrupt on a cache miss is generated only if the memory address associated with the cache miss is within a specified address range . the address range may be fixed or programmable . as an optional enhancement in embedded systems with multiple memory subsystems , with different access latencies ( e . g ., off - chip flash memory and on - chip sram memory ), the cache can employ multiple line fill and copyback buffers to further enhance overall throughput . this enhancement also requires either separate buses between the cache controller and each of the memory systems , or a common bus employing out - of - order line fill protocols ( e . g ., bus data tagging ). referring again to fig2 , when the dsp 10 generates a memory access which misses the cache memory 12 , but is cacheable , the cache controller generates a cache line fill operation to the off - chip flash memory 20 . the access time to fetch the entire cache line from flash memory can be hundreds of processor cycles . the cache miss interrupt generator 30 determines that a cache line fill operation has been requested by the cache controller and generates an interrupt to dsp 10 . since the dsp 10 aborts the instructions in the pipeline upon detection of an interrupt , it aborts the instruction which generated the cache line miss and begins execution of the interrupt service routine . the interrupt service routine determines the next appropriate step . for example , the isr may determine that a high priority task , which is resident in the local memory system , is available to run . as long as the isr hits in the local cache ( or , as is often the case , the isr executes out of local ram , which is accessed in parallel with the local cache ), then the dsp 10 is not stalled for the lengthy time required to complete the cache line fill operation . when the isr has run to completion , execution returns to the lower priority task which generated the cache miss . in the more general multithreaded software model , the interrupt invokes the operating system scheduler , which then passes execution to the current highest priority software thread which can run in the available local memory resources . that software thread either ( a ) runs to completion , or ( b ) is preempted by the scheduler at some point , such that another thread can run , such as the thread that was preempted on the cache miss , assuming that the cache line fill operation has now been completed . a block diagram of an embodiment of cache memory for implementing the present invention is shown in fig3 . the cache memory of fig3 corresponds to the cache memory 12 and the cache miss interrupt generator 30 of fig2 . as is conventional , the cache memory includes a tag array 100 , a data array 102 , hit / miss logic 104 , a store buffer 106 and a write buffer 108 . the cache memory further includes a cache controller 110 having circuitry for generating a cache miss signal , one or more line fill buffers 112 a and 112 b and one or more copyback buffers 114 a and 114 b . the cache memory may further include an address range compare circuit 120 . when a read access is generated by dsp 10 during execution of a first task or thread , the read address is supplied to hit / miss logic 104 . the tag array 100 stores upper address bits to identify the specific address source in memory that the cached line represents . the tags are compared with the read address to determine whether the requested data is in the cache . in the case of a hit , the read data is supplied to the dsp 10 . in the case of a miss , a miss signal is supplied to cache controller 110 and a cache line fill operation is initiated . in the cache line fill operation , a cache line containing the requested data is read from flash memory 20 . the cache line is loaded into tag array 100 and data array 102 through line fill buffer 112 and is available for use by dsp 10 . in the case of a cache miss , cache controller 110 supplies a cache miss signal to dsp 10 to initiate execution of a second task or thread by dsp 10 . in the case of a cache miss , the cache line that is replaced may be copied to flash memory 20 through copyback buffer 114 a , 114 b . optionally , the cache memory may include two or more line fill buffers 112 a , 112 b and two or more copyback buffers 114 a , 114 b for enhanced performance in executing a second software task during the cache line fill operation . address range compare circuit 120 may optionally be provided to limit the address range over which a second task is executed during the cache line fill operation . in particular , the address range compare circuit 120 receives an upper address limit and a lower address limit , which may be fixed or programmable . address range compare circuit 120 also receives the memory load address supplied to flash memory 20 in the case of a cache line fill operation . the address range compare circuit 120 may be configured to determine if the memory load address is between the upper address limit and the lower address limit , either inclusively or exclusively . in another approach , address range compare circuit 120 may determine if the memory load address is outside the range between the upper address limit and the lower address limit . in any case , if a specified comparison criteria is satisfied , a signal is supplied to cache controller 110 to enable the cache miss signal to be supplied to dsp 10 . a flow chart of a routine for improving processor performance by switching tasks in response to a cache miss operation is shown in fig4 . in step 200 , the processor ( dsp 10 ) executes task a by referencing operands and / or instructions in cache memory 12 . in step 202 , cache memory 12 determines if a cache miss has occurred . if a cache miss has not occurred , the processor continues to execute task a in step 200 . in the case of a cache miss , cache memory 12 begins a cache line fill operation in step 204 . the cache line fill operation loads a cache line containing the requested data from the flash memory 20 into cache memory 12 . in step 206 , the address range compare circuit 120 in cache memory 12 compares the cache miss address to a selected address range as described above . in step 208 , a determination is made as to whether the cache miss address meets a specified address range comparison criteria . if the cache miss address does not meet the address range comparison criteria , the processor waits for the cache line fill operation to complete in step 210 and returns to execution of task a in step 200 . if the cache miss address meets the address range comparison criteria , the processor is notified to change tasks in step 212 . with reference to fig3 , cache controller 110 sends a cache miss signal to dsp 10 . the processor then executes task b in step 214 during the cache line fill operation . it will be understood that steps 206 , 208 and 210 associated with address range comparison are optional in the process of fig4 . having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention , it is to be appreciated various alterations , modifications , and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art . such alterations , modifications , and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure , and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only . | 8 |
hereinafter , exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to drawings . fig1 is a functional block diagram showing a first exemplary embodiment of an engineering device according to the present invention which is coupled to a distributed type control system . in the figure , portions identical to those of fig7 are referred to by the common symbols , with explanation thereof being omitted . the characterizing portion of the first embodiment of the present invention is a reuse section 100 shown by a block of a thick line . the reuse section refers to a general - purpose part object , the operation thereof having been confirmed , on a drawing builder 71 and registers the general - purpose part object in a general - purpose part management section 74 . fig2 is an image diagram of a screen operation using the reuse section 100 as to the reference and registration of a general - purpose part object the operation of which has been confirmed . the reuse section 100 is not displayed and has a user interface in which the registration is completed by dragging and dropping , on the display screen 74 a of the general - purpose part management section 74 , a general - purpose part object obj - 1 to be reused on a drawing builder dr - 1 displayed on the screen . at the left pain of the general - purpose part management section display screen 74 a , a list of general - purpose parts being registered are displayed hierarchically . the folder of a general - purpose part desired to be registered , for example , pid loop shown by a hatching is selected via the reuse section 100 to open the folder at the right pane , and the general - purpose part object obj - 1 of the drawing builder dr - 1 is dragged and dropped on an are of the opened folder . the general - purpose part management section 74 pastes the general - purpose part object obj - 1 thus registered by the reuse section 100 on a drawing builder at which the object is reused . next , fig3 is a functional block diagram showing a second exemplary embodiment of an engineering device according to the present invention which is coupled to a distributed type control system . in the figure , portions identical to those of fig9 are referred to by the common symbols , with explanation thereof being omitted . the characterizing portion of the second embodiment of the present invention are an edit management section 1100 and a general - purpose part object edit section 1200 each shown by a block of a thick line . the basic function of the general - purpose part object edit section 1200 is same as the general - purpose part edit object section 179 explained with reference to fig9 and so the general - purpose part object edit section 1200 edits the peculiar data of a general - purpose part object quoted by a drawing builder 71 . the edit management section 1100 is started with an edit mode when a general - purpose part object to be edited is designated on the display screen of the general - purpose part management section 74 . all items capable of being edited are displayed on the display screen of the edit management section 1100 and a setting for allowing the edit at each item can be inputted via the screen . fig4 is an image diagram of the display screens for explaining the relation of the settings of the edit management section 1100 and the general - purpose part object edit section 1200 . the display screen 1100 a of the edit management section 1100 with respect to a general - purpose part org - 1 to be edited is activated when the general - purpose part org - 1 shown hierarchically is selected and double - clicked by a mouse . at the left pane of a display screen 1100 a of the edit management section 1100 having been activated , function blocks blk - 1 , blk - 2 , blk - 3 constituting the general - purpose part org - 1 are displayed hierarchically . at the right pain , the detailed data of the editable items of each of the function blocks is displayed . further , at the right pane , a check box for inputting via the screen the allowance of the edit at each of the editable items . when the check box is set to on , the data editing of the corresponding item is allowed on the drawing builder . in a state where the setting for the general - purpose part org - 1 has been executed , when the general - purpose part object obj - 1 on the drawing builder dr - 1 is designated and activated , a display screen 1200 a of the general - purpose part object edit section 1200 is displayed . in the figure , at the left pane , the general - purpose part object on the drawing builder dr - 1 is displayed . obj - 1 shown by a hatching is the general - purpose part object to be edited . at the right pane of the display screen 1200 a , of a plurality of edit items of the function blocks constituting the general - purpose part object obj - 1 to be edited , the edit data concerning only the edit items allowed to be edited is displayed . data of the remaining edit items is masked and so not displayed . in the display example of fig4 , of the edit items of the function block blk - 1 of the general - purpose part org - 1 , the edit of each of tag name , upper limit value sh and unit ( data unit ) is allowed by the on setting of the check boxes . thus , in the display screen 1200 a for the editing of the general - purpose part object , the edit data of fic 100 , 100 and % are displayed at a value column in corresponding to the tag name , the upper limit value sh and the unit of an item column , respectively . a user can edit these data . in this example , actual data is set via the screen in a manner that the tag name is changed from fic 100 to fic 100 a , sh is kept to 100 , and unit is changed from the unit of % to the unit of k ( absolute temperature ). as to the remaining edit items , since the values are masked and not displayed , the setting of the actual data can not be performed . next , fig5 is a functional block diagram showing a third exemplary embodiment of an engineering device according to the invention which is coupled to a distributed type control system . in the figure , portions identical to those of fig1 are referred to by the common symbols , with explanation thereof being omitted . the characterizing portion of the third embodiment of the present invention is a collective updating management section 2100 shown by a block of a thick line . the collective updating management section can set to allow , as to a general - purpose part being registered , the collective updating at each general - purpose part object quoting the general - purpose part by using an edit screen which is activated by a general - purpose part management section 74 . the collective updating management section 2100 includes a user interface for inputting via a screen the setting of the updating allowance at each the general - purpose part object displayed hierarchically at the lower rank of a drawing builder being displayed . fig6 is an image diagram of the display screen of the collective updating management section 2100 . at the left pane of a display screen 2100 a having been activated , a particular project ( pjt 01 ) as the highest rank , control devices ( fcs 1601 , fcs 1609 , fcs 1663 ) operated within the project and drawing builders ( dr 0001 , dr 0002 , dr 0003 ) used in a particular fcs ( fcs 1663 ) are displayed hierarchically . at the right pane of the display screen 2100 a , the general - purpose part objects ( obj - 1 , obj - 2 , obj - 3 , obj - 4 ) quoted on the drawing builder dr 0001 selected at the left pane ( shown by a hatching ) are displayed . a check box for inputting via the screen the allowance of the collective updating is displayed at the head portion of each of the general - purpose part objects being displayed . when the check box is set to on , the collective updating of the corresponding general - purpose part object is allowed . the general - purpose part object not set to on is not allowed as to the collective updating . in the case of the figure , since the check box is set to on as to each of the general - purpose part objects ( obj - 1 , obj - 2 , obj - 4 ), the collective updating is allowed as to each of these general - purpose part objects , whilst the general - purpose part object ( obj - 3 ) is not allowed as to the collective updating . in the aforesaid explanation of the exemplary embodiments , as the basic function of an engineering device 7 , the explanation is made as to a function of generating the control application programs executed in control devices 31 , 32 , - - - 3 n and downloading the control application programs in the control devices . however , a function of generating a gui program run on an operation monitor device 1 and downloading the gui program in the operation monitor device 1 may be applied to the present invention . while the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments , those skilled in the art , having benefit of this disclosure , will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims . | 6 |
the invention described herein is operable to receive a plurality of components ( such as primers ) for a reloading operation , orient those components and load them into a component holder . the holder then can be used in a reloading machine for supplying and positioning the components for insertion into cartridge cases . in fig1 and 2 there is shown a loading device 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention . device 10 includes a tray 12 having an upper component receiving surface 14 and an elongate strip receptacle 16 . in the embodiment shown , the component receiving surface 14 includes a plurality of elongate , substantially parallel friction ribs 18 ( fig2 ) extending substantially normal to strip receptacle 16 . these ribs assist in orienting components loaded onto the component receiving surface 14 . primers 20 have a flat anvil side 22 with relatively sharp outer edges , or corners , and an opposite side 24 with rounded or sloping outer edges , or corners ( see the enlarged view of fig3 ). it is desirable to have all the primers identically oriented ( e . g ., anvil side 22 up ). ribs 18 assist in orienting the primers in the manner explained below . the tray 12 includes supporting feet 26 for supporting and elevating a portion of the tray . the tray also includes protrusions 28 and 30 for connecting to other parts of the loading device 10 . several substantially t - shaped openings 32 are provided , which allow cooperation between various parts of the loading device 10 . the strip receptacle 16 includes a plurality of arranged openings 34 that extend from an upper surface 36 to a lower surface 38 of the receptacle . an elongate pin strip 40 includes a plurality of aligned slightly tapered upstanding pins 42 and substantially t - shaped columns 44 . the columns 44 extend slidably through apertures 32 and pins 42 extend into openings 34 . the loading device 10 also includes a base member 46 which , in conjunction with the feet 26 , supports the tray 12 . holes 48 in the base are sized and positioned to receive protrusions 30 . protrusions 30 may have grips to retain the base 46 . alternatively , the protrusions 30 may be plastic to allow staking so as to rivet the base 46 to the tray 12 . the base 46 also includes several aligned slot openings 50 . an elongate seater bar 52 disposed above the tray and strip receptacle includes a pressure portion 54 and several slot receptacles 56 in the underside thereof . the slot receptacles are configured to receive the upper end of pin strip columns 44 . an elongate plate 58 includes round holes 60 and square openings 62 . the holes 60 receive the protrusions 28 for connecting the plate 58 to the tray 12 similarly to the connection of base 46 to the tray 12 . plate 58 also includes arms 64 that act as a continuation of an upstanding tray rail 66 that corrals components on the component receiving surface 14 . openings 62 permit t - shaped columns 44 to pass through the plate . the pin strip 40 is located substantially within the base 46 and is biased toward the tray 12 by springs , or biasing members , 74 so that pins 42 extend slidably through the strip receptacle openings 34 . columns 44 extend through the tray apertures 32 and plate opening 62 and into the slotted receptacles 56 on the underside of the seater bar 52 . accordingly , the seater bar 52 and pin strip 40 are coupled together and move together . the forces of the biasing members 74 which urge the pin strip upward , toward the tray 12 , also urge the seater bar 52 upward . ( directions are referenced to the embodiments as shown in the figures .) a lever 68 , having a handle portion 70 , engages the base 46 by engagement tabs 72 which are received within the slotted openings 50 . the lever presses against the top of the seater bar 52 , but is free to pivot . because the seater bar is biased upward it holds the lever 68 upward as illustrated in fig1 and 3 . the operation of the strip loading device 10 will now be explained with reference to fig1 - 4 . the device 10 is used to load components , such as primers , into a component holder 76 which includes a plurality of aligned component - receiving receptacles , or openings , 78 . when no external forces operate on the loading device 10 , the biasing members 74 push against the base 46 and urge the pin strip 40 and seater bar 52 upward . the lever 68 likewise is biased upward by its contact with the seater bar 52 . in this position the pins 42 extend through the openings 34 and the tops 80 of the pins 42 are somewhat below the component receiving surface 14 . pressing the lever 68 downward moves the pins 42 downward out of strip receptacle 16 so that a component holder 76 may be slid into the receptacle and aligned with the tray 12 . thereafter , lever 68 is released and pins 42 move upward into the receptacles 78 so that their tops again assume a position somewhat below the component receiving surface 14 . an upper surface of the component holder 76 is substantially flush with the component receiving surface 14 . a plurality of primers 20 then are spilled onto the component receiving surface 14 and assume random orientations . the tray 12 may then be gently rocked end - to - end so that primers 20 which have their anvil side 22 down trip on the ribs 18 and flip over onto their rounded side 24 . a lid 82 is placed over the tray 12 to cover the component receiving surface 14 to prevent spilling of primers 20 . preferably , the lid 82 is clear so that the primers may be viewed through the lid 82 and it must be close enough to surface 14 to prevent the primers from turning over . thereafter , the tray is tipped downwardly in the direction of strip receptacle 16 so that the primers work their way along the component receiving surface 14 toward the strip receptacle 16 until primers abut plate 58 as shown in fig3 . the primers 20 along the plate 58 form a row of primers positioned on top of the holder receptacles 78 and below the seater bar 52 . the columns 44 are properly sized so that the distance between the tops 80 of the pins 42 and the underside of pressure portion 54 of the seater bar 52 is greater than the height of the components being loaded into strip 76 . the tray is then tilted back so that the strip receptacle 16 is oriented upward and primers which have not partially seated themselves in the holder receptacles 78 slide backward out of the way of the seater bar 52 . the pins 42 assist in maintaining proper alignment of the components prior to and during their being pressed into the holder 76 so that they do not go in crooked or become jammed . when the components , such as primers 20 , are in proper position as shown in fig3 the lever 68 may be pressed downward thus moving the seater bar 52 downwardly to press the primers 20 into the holder 76 . as the seater bar 52 moves downward , the pins 42 simultaneously move downward , retreating from the holder receptacles 78 , as shown in fig4 . after the primers 20 are seated in the holder , frictional interference between the primers and the receptacles 78 prevent the spring - biased pin strip from pushing the primers out of the holder even after the lever 68 is released . the preferred embodiment illustrates the biasing members 74 as six helical compression springs ( two rows of three ) pushing against the base 46 and the pin strip 40 . alternative designs of biasing members are available such as leaf springs , rubber bands , or other resilient devices . additionally , the biasing members could be located in different places . for example , the biasing member 74 could be located about column 44 between the seater bar 52 and the plate 58 . additionally , the lever 68 could be pivotally connected directly to the tray 12 or pivoted to the base 46 by alternate methods . a second embodiment of a reloading device is shown as device 90 in fig5 . device 90 includes a tray 92 and a lid 94 . also shown in fig5 is component holder 76 having the component receptacles 78 . in this view , it can be seen that the component holder 76 includes an engaging portion 96 . normally , the purpose of the engaging portion is to engage another component holder 76 for continuous operation in reloading equipment . however , the tray 92 of this embodiment makes use of the engaging portion to assist in aligning the component holder 76 . as can be seen , the tray 92 includes engaging pins 98 for coupling to the engaging portion 96 on the component holder 76 . also , the tray 92 includes component receptacles 100 arranged in a pattern identical to the component receptacles 78 of the component holder 76 . the tray component receptacles 100 are sized to loosely receive reloading components such as primers 20 ( see fig6 - 8 ). with reference to fig9 it can be seen that the lid 94 includes a plurality of ribs 102 for orienting the primers 20 . in a variation of the embodiment , the tray 92 is provided with component receptacles 100 on each side of the tray . the receptacles 100 on the different sides may be differently sized to accept and position different sizes of primers . the tray 92 also includes a scalloped fence 104 that partially surrounds each of the receptacles 100 . the fence 104 also includes beveled distal ends 106 for guiding the primers toward the receptacles 100 . the purpose of the fence 104 is to separate and position the primers into the receptacles 100 . the loading device 90 performs its function as follows . the lid 94 and tray 92 are separated and the lid 94 is oriented with the ribs 102 upward . a number of primers 20 are spilled onto the lid 94 and the lid is rocked back and forth until the primers 20 are all oriented properly . preferably , the number of primers equals or is greater than the number of tray receptacles 100 . recalling the description of orienting the primers above , it will be recalled that the ribs 102 will trip those primers 20 with their anvil side down so that the primers end up with their rounded side down . thereafter , the tray 92 is inserted on top of the lid 94 and the combined lid and tray are turned over so that the primers are located on the tray 92 . as with all embodiments , the tray 92 and lid 94 are sized and arranged so that the primers 20 cannot flip over when the lid 94 is engaged to the tray 92 . after the tray 92 is oriented below the lid 94 , the lid may be removed and all the primers 20 are now oriented with their rounded side 24 upward . the tray is then gently rocked back and forth and tilted so that the primers 20 travel toward the tray receptacles 100 and fall into the receptacles . the fence 104 assists in separating and positioning the primers 20 . thereafter , as shown in fig7 and 8 , the component holder 76 may be lowered onto the primers 20 . the engaging portion 96 couples with an engaging pin 98 to assist in aligning the component holder 76 . a wheeled roller 108 or flat compression bar ( not shown ) may be used to press the component holder 76 down onto the primers 20 . thereafter , it may be necessary to remove the component holder 76 with embedded primers 20 , from the tray 92 and set it on a smooth surface and again press it downward manually or with the roller 108 ( or bar ) to fully seat the primers 20 in the component holder 76 . a third embodiment of a component holder loading device is shown in fig1 as device 110 . this embodiment includes a tray 112 that has a component receiving surface 114 with a plurality of ribs 116 for orienting the primers 20 . the tray 112 also includes a strip receptacle 118 , best seen in fig1 , sized to receive component holders 76 . the tray 112 also includes a perimeter rail 120 and a removable fence 122 . the fence 122 includes distal arms 124 that bridge the strip receptacle 118 . the device 110 also includes at least one ramp constrictor 126 located at an end of the strip receptacle and aligned therewith . as best seen in the exploded view of fig1 and the cross section of fig1 , the ramp constrictor 126 includes a cap 128 and a beveled ramp 130 . the ramp 130 fits into a channel 132 in the cap 128 . the cap 128 and ramp 130 are then affixed to the top of the tray over the strip receptacle 118 . the purpose of the ramp constrictor 126 is to force primers 20 into the component holder 76 in a quick and easy manner . as with previous embodiments , components , such as primers 20 , are spilled onto the tray 112 and oriented by the ribs 116 so that their flat , anvil side 22 is oriented upward . thereafter , the primers 20 may be manually pushed onto a component holder 76 located in the strip receptacle 118 . after the primers 20 are loosely nested in the holder receptacles 78 the component holder 76 is slid along the strip receptacle 118 through the ramp constrictor 126 as best seen in fig1 . as the holder 76 passes through the constrictor the ramp 130 forces the primers 20 into the holder 76 . another embodiment of a component loading device is shown in fig1 where device 140 includes a tray 142 . the tray includes a component receiving surface 144 having a plurality of ribs 146 . the tray 142 also includes a strip receptacle 148 for slidingly receiving a component holder 76 . the tray includes a rail 150 that extends around the component receiving surface 144 for containing components such as primers 20 on the surface 144 . beyond the strip receptacle 148 a fence 152 acts to prevent components 20 from falling off of the tray 142 . the fence 152 includes distal arms 154 that are arranged contiguous with portions of the rail 150 . in this embodiment , components are simply placed on the surface 144 and oriented by the ribs 146 as described above . thereafter , the components 20 are manually guided and pushed into the primer receptacles 78 in the component holder 76 . a roller , such as roller 108 shown in fig8 or a flat compression bar ( not shown ) may also be employed to fully press the components 20 into their respective receptacles 78 . numerous characteristics and advantages of the invention have been set forth in the foregoing description , together with details of the structure and function of the invention . the novel features hereof are pointed out in the appended claims . the disclosure is illustrative only , and changes may be made in detail , especially in matters of shape , size , and arrangement of parts within the principle of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in the claims . | 8 |
referring to the drawings , there is illustrated in fig1 an embodiment of a digital valve positioner 10 . a stepping motor 20 , including shaft 22 and two windings 24 and 26 , is utilized to adjust piston 40 of positioner 10 by means of a spool 30 having a helical land . spool 30 and piston 40 form a hydraulic force assist means . shaft 22 is connected to rotate spool 30 by suitable gear means 32 . the operation and function of one embodiment of a spool having a helical land is described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 245 , 547 . the helical spool identified in fig1 is hydraulically balanced and is adapted to move both inwardly and outwardly in response to rotation of the motor shaft 22 . when electrical current to windings 24 and 26 of stepping motor 20 is shut off , shaft 22 is returned to a desired rotational position by centering means in the form of a centering spring 28 . valve positioner 10 is operably connected to valve 50 . stepping motor 20 , like all stepping motors , includes a rotor having a plurality of north and south poles created by permanent magnets . a first and a second winding are positioned to surround the rotor . rotation o motor shaft 22 is caused by turning the first and second windings on and off and by changing the polarity of the currents to the windings . shaft 22 rotates incrementally with the windings either aligned with the magnetic poles or midway between the points . a full step occurs when the windings move a distance equal to the distance from one magnetic pole to the next . a half step occurs when the windings move only half the distance between two magnetic poles . as used herein , the term &# 34 ; rotational shaft position &# 34 ; refers to an industry standard incremental half step position of the stepper motor shaft 22 . the motor control circuit and apparatus of the present invention provides an effective means to provide an average shaft rotational position which , accordingly , effectively increases the resolution of stepper motor 20 . it is to be understood , however , that the motor shaft 22 is in constant motion and is adapted to rotate one incremental position on each clock signal pulse provided by a clock means as will be hereinafter described . it is noted that the control circuit and apparatus of the present invention does not utilize a technique known as &# 34 ; microstepping &# 34 ; to increase the total number of actual shaft positions by altering the magnitude as well as the polarity of the current applied to the windings . rather , in the present invention the absolute value of the current when applied to the windings of motor 20 is maintained at a constant magnitude . because the motor shaft 22 is adapted to oscillate above and below a commanded average rotational shaft position , the present invention effectively provides greater resolution in the rotational position of the shaft . further , because use of the present invention results in constant oscillation or movement of shaft 22 , it also provides the same benefits commonly associated with dither . operation of the control circuit of the present invention will be explained upon reference to fig2 through 6 . as illustrated in fig5 a through 5d , the control circuit of the present invention is assembled by the interconnection of a number of standard off the shelf electrical components . these components are designated below . counter u1 is a binary up / down counter ( part no . mc14516bcp ) decoder u2 is a bcd to decimal decoder ( part no . mc14028bcp ). &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; gates u3a , u3b and u3c are each triple 3 - input &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; gates ( part no . mc14075bcp ). &# 34 ; nor &# 34 ; gates u4a , u4b and u4c are each triple 3 - input &# 34 ; nor &# 34 ; gates ( part no . mc14025bcp ). &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; gates u5a , u5b , u5c and u5d are each quad 2 - input &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; gates ( part no . mc14081bcp ). flip - flop u6 is a dual type d flip - flop ( part no . mc14013bcp ) counter u7 is a binary up / down counter ( part no . mc14516bcp ). op amps u8a , u8b , u8c and u8d are each operational amplifiers of a quad operational amplifier ( part no . lm324n ) &# 34 ; nor &# 34 ; gates u9a , u9b and u9c are each 3 - input &# 34 ; nor &# 34 ; gates which form a triple 3 - input &# 34 ; nor &# 34 ; gate ( part no . mc14025bcp ). &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; gates u10a , u10b and u10c are each triple 3 - input &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; gates ( part no . mc14073bcp ). inverters u11a through u11f are each inverters which form a hex inverter ( part no . mc14069ubcp ). op amps u12a , u12b , u12c and u12d are each operation amplifiers which form a quad operational amplifier ( part no . lm324n ). flip - flop u13 is a dual type d flip - flop ( part no . mc14013bcp ). switches u14a , u14b , u14c and u14d are each analog switches which form a quad analog switch ( part no . mc14016bcp ) finally , clocks u15a and u15b are each timers which form a dual timer ( part no . ne556n ). scr1 is a silicon controlled rectifier ( part no . 2n5062 ). transistors q1 , q3 , q5 , q7 , q9 and q10 are each pnp power transistors . metal oxide field effect transistors ( mosfets ) q2 , q4 , q6 , and q8 are each n - channel power mosfets and transistors q11 through q17 are each npn transistors . components cr1 through cr13 are each diodes and cr14 is a zener diode . c1 through c30 are capacitors and r1 through r61 are resistors . rp1 and rp2 are each cermet resistor networks and vr1 , vr2 and vr3 are each multi - turn cermet pots . external connections may be made to the circuit at a number of locations as described below . positive power is applied to input designated k ( 13 , 14 ) and the power ground is applied to the inputs designated l ( 15 ), n and m ( 16 ). a signal ground is provided to inputs p ( 19 ) and q ( 20 ). a pot centertap input is provided at d ( 4 ) and pot power and switch power inputs are provided respectively at h ( 9 ) and i ( 10 ). a pressure on / off output is provided at a ( 1 ). a detent set / release input is provided at e ( 5 ), a detent auto release is provided at g ( 8 ) and a detent lamp on / off is an output provided at b ( 2 ). finally , an input command signal is provided at input means c ( 3 ). the power supply means of the present invention ( not shown ) preferably provides between 12 and 15 volts of d . c . current and is connected between positive power input k ( 13 , 14 ) and power ground inputs l ( 15 ), n , m ( 16 ). the clock means of the present invention includes chips u15a together with associated components u14a , u14d , r44 , r32 , r31 , vr3 , c9 and c11 . the up / down counter means of the present invention includes chips u1 and u7 . the comparing means of the present invention includes one of the flip - flops of u13 as well as components r24 , r25 , u12a , cr5 , cr9 , r28 , r29 , r30 , u12b and uf11 . the input means of the present invention consists of input c ( 3 ). the short circuit protection means of the present invention consists of components cr11 , cr12 , scr1 , r55 , r56 , and c4 . the solenoid safety means of the present invention consists of components r20 , q15 , r5 , r14 , q9 , cr6 , and cr7 . the clock stop means of the present invention which in the preferred embodiment includes an indicator lamp is formed of components c13 , r53 , the other flip - flop of u13 , r58 , c5 , u4b , r60 , r61 , c6 , r21 , q16 , r6 , r15 , and q10 . the reset means of the present invention which is connected to the up / down counter preset enable and is utilized to release any detent caused by the clock stop means consists of components cr10 , r45 , r46 , c12 and u14b . the remaining components illustrated in fig5 a through 5d are all a part of the decoding means of the present invention . within the decoding means synchronization means is provided which includes components u10a , u11a , u11b , u9c , u10c , u11c , u9a , u9b , u11d , u11e , u10b and a d input of u2 which acts as an enable of u2 . the operation of the control circuit of the present invention will now be briefly described . the normal stepping sequence of the circuit is decoded by chip u2 , which causes half steps . referring to fig2 the currents applied to winding 1 and to winding 2 are illustrated on each of a normal 8 - count stepping sequence . as shown , during a normal stepping sequence each winding has a positive current for three counts , a negative current for three counts and zero current for two counts . by repeating this 8 - step sequence of current values to the motor windings , shaft 22 is caused to incrementally rotate in half steps in a single rotational direction . the half steps are decoded from the three least significant bits inputted into chip u2 from the up / down counter means formed by chips u1 and u7 . the least three significant bits are those that can operate the fastest or change the quickest . a first input ( a ) of u2 is adapted to change with every clock pulse , a second input ( b ) is adapted to change on every other clock pulse and a third input ( c ) is adapted to change on every fourth clock pulse . the combination of these three inputs provide an octal count from 0 to 7 causing the half steps . chip u2 decodes the least three significant bits to one of eight outputs which are then encoded back into four lines . when the up / down counter means is running steady , the output of the encoder is on for three counts and off for five . each of the outputs from the encoder ( u3a , u3b , u3c , u4a and u4c ) are fed into half of a bridge , which is electrically connected to either winding 1 or winding 2 of stepper motor 20 . as indicated above , the windings of stepper motor 20 may have either a positive or negative voltage applied with an off time in between . any time a winding goes from a positive to a negative voltage there will be a time period in between when the winding has no voltage . fig3 illustrates one possible combination of currents applied to winding 1 and to winding 2 in an operational condition where a desired average shaft rotational position is midway between two incremental shaft positions of stepper motor 20 . in this example , winding 1 is maintained at a constant positive current while winding 2 oscillates between a positive current and zero current . in this operational condition once shaft 22 has rotated to the incremental step nearest beyond the desired average rotational position , the up / down counter means repeats up , down , up , down counts causing shaft 22 to rotate between two adjacent steps , creating an average rotational position equal to the desired position . fig4 illustrates one possible combination of currents applied to winding 1 and to winding 2 in an operational condition where a desired average rotational position is equal to one of the actual incremental shaft positions provided by stepper motor 20 . in this operational condition , once the shaft rotates to an incremental position nearest beyond the desired average rotational position , the stepper motor causes the shaft to rotate between a position above the commanded position , the commanded position and a position below said commanded position , creating an average rotational position equal to the commanded position . to accomplish this an appropriate combination of currents is provided to both windings , in this case both positive , on alternate clock cycles 1 , 3 , 5 and 7 to cause the shaft 22 to actually rotate to the desired rotational shaft position . on a first opposite alternate clock cycle 2 , the current to the first winding is altered from a positive current to zero current and on a second opposite alternate clock cycle 4 , the current to the second winding is altered from a positive current to zero current . in this operational condition , the up / down counter repeats a pattern of up , up , down , down counts causing the current pattern illustrated in fig4 . it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that it may be possible to provide an average rotational shaft position having a resolution less than quarter steps as provided by the preferred embodiment illustrated and described above . this may be accomplished in some circumstances by merely altering the pattern of currents applied to the first and second windings , or , in other circumstances , by causing the shaft to oscillate to positions beyond those nearest above and / or nearest below the commanded average rotational position . fig6 graphically illustrates that the up / down counter means of the present invention is adapted to include a low gain range of counts , a high gain range of counts and an electrical dead band range of counts . as shown , an electrical dead band range of counts (- 8 to + 8 ) is provided approximately midway between a minimum count of - 127 and a maximum count of 128 . the electrical dead band range is included in a high gain range of counts (- 32 to + 32 ) which corresponds to motion of a flow control member through a valve dead band . on opposite sides of the high gain range are low gain ranges of counts (- 108 to - 33 and + 33 to + 108 ) which correspond to motion of a flow control member through a valve metering range . overtravel ranges of counts (- 127 to - 109 and + 109 to + 128 ) may be provided to insure full travel through the metering range . the zero count of the counter means illustrated in fig6 corresponds to a spring centered position of the stepper motor shaft . finally , fig7 illustrates that with the control circuit of the present invention a plurality of valve positioners 60 may be operated by a single pressure source input 82 . positioners 60 operate plurality of valve sections 70 having a common inlet section 75 and a common outlet section 80 . a solenoid safety means 85 is connected to and receives power from each of a plurality of controllers 65 . with this arrangement , only a single solenoid safety means 85 is required . a separate controller 65 is provided for each valve positioner 60 . while i have described the presently preferred embodiment of the present invention , it is to be distinctly understood that the invention is not limited thereto and may be otherwise variously practiced within the scope of the following claims . | 7 |
fig1 shows a bus structure having an information bus 1 to which , at taps 2 , a number of apparatus each having at least a data processing portion 3 including a control unit 4 , are coupled . the figure shows only two of the apparatus 1 to n inclusive , denoted by unit ( 1 ) and unit ( n ), respectively . the actual number is generally much larger , dozens or hundreds of these apparatus may be used . the embodiment described hereinafter is based on 2 12 = 4096 addressable apparatus , but this is in no way a theoretical or other restriction . although , generally , not all apparatus must be capable of communication with all other apparatus , each apparatus will be occasionally in connection with one or more of the other coupled apparatus . some apparatus will then act as &# 34 ; listeners &# 34 ; only , except for acknowledge signals , such as , for example , a washing machine . other apparatus will occasionally act only as a &# 34 ; speaker &# 34 ;, as , for example , a fire and / or burglary protection device . other apparatus will sometimes act as &# 34 ; speaker &# 34 ;, sometimes as &# 34 ; listener &# 34 ;, such as , for example , a minicomputer , a viewdata terminal , etc . in its most simple form the bus has one sole communication channel in the form of , for example , a light conductor , a coaxial cable or a pair of twisted wires (&# 34 ; twisted pair &# 34 ;). such a busy system always requires an allocation regime . a &# 34 ; speaker &# 34 ; occupying the bus line must not be disturbed by other apparatus , as this would result in a mutilation of a transmitted message . whether a line is busy can however be easily detected with known means by other apparatus . the situation becomes more complicated when two &# 34 ; speakers &# 34 ; request use of the bus at the same time ; at the same time being understood to mean simultaneously within , for example , some microseconds . although , at first sight , this seems statistically highly improbable , it often happens in actual practice . it is possible that two or more apparatus want to use the bus at greatly different instants within the period in which the bus line is occupied by a third apparatus . as soon as the latter releases the bus , the apparatus which are standing - by detect this &# 34 ; simultaneously &# 34 ; and all try simultaneously to get the bus at their disposal . when an apparatus requires the bus it will start transmitting a message , the message being of the general form shown in fig2 . during a test period 82 the control unit checks whether pulses are absent for a certain period of time and then supplies a starting bit 84 . for other apparatus this starting bit has the character of a warning (&# 34 ; interrupt &# 34 ;), that a message may be forthcoming . a mode field 86 is then transmitted . when the &# 34 ; master &# 34 ; knows in which mode the prospective &# 34 ; slave &# 34 ; can receive , the mode field corresponding with this mode will generally be transmitted . all lower - mode apparatus listening in stand - by must now release the bus during the whole period of time indicated as a &# 34 ; time slot &# 34 ; 80 . when the bus is not simultaneously requested by another apparatus an identification 88 ( master address ) is then transmitted and thereafter the address 90 of the prospective slave . at the end of the &# 34 ; slave bits &# 34 ; the master waits for one bit cell for an acknowledge signal indicating that the slave is ready to receive . if this acknowledge signal does not come , this means that the relevant slave is not connected . when the master does not know the mode of the slave then it starts in its own highest mode . the absence of the acknowledge signal may then imply that the slave can only receive in a lower mode . the master now restarts the message in a lower mode . should , finally , no acknowledge signal be forthcoming even in the lowest mode , then the master must conclude that the slave is inaccessible , that is to say that it is not coupled to the bus or that it is switched - off . normally the acknowledge signal will come and the rest of the message will be sent . if necessary some check or control bits 92 then follow and , finally , the actual information transfer 94 . at the end of the available time slot 80 the bus is released again 96 . when two or more apparatus require the bus , the arbitration becomes active at the transmission of the mode field . the following description is based , by way of example , on a bus to which apparatus are coupled which have a number of widely different intrinsic speeds . the invention is in no way limited to this example ; much more complicated situations and also simpler arrangements can function in a similar manner . when , for example , only one mode occurs the mode field may of course be omitted . the following table i shows the approximate lengths of bit periods for data information or other bits , as well as the corresponding pulse durations . table i__________________________________________________________________________micro seconds mode 0 1 2 clock freq . ( mhz ) 0 . 55 2 . 2 4 . 43 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 - bit pulse pulse bit pulse pulse bit pulse pulse__________________________________________________________________________resting period 600 600 0start bit 750 250 750 250 750 250mode bit ( s ) 220 96 110 6 25 3 , 5master bits 220 96 24 55 24 6 12 , 5 8 , 5 3 , 5remaining bits 110 64 16 27 , 5 16 4 8 , 32 6 2 , 5__________________________________________________________________________ in this example the time slot 80 has been given an average length of 7 milliseconds , with a maximum of approximately 10 milliseconds . the mode fields have been chosen so that when two or more apparatus request the bus the lower mode apparatus , that is to say the slower apparatus , gets priority . as the bus , being an and - circuit is off - dominant and &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;- pulses are of a considerably longer duration than &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;- pulses , all tolerances included , the bus channel becomes also &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;- dominant . as soon as an apparatus having , for example , mold field 10 starts in mode 1 and another apparatus having a mode field 0 simultaneously starts in mode 0 , then the mode 1 apparatus will immediately detect when checking for the first 1 that , contrary to its expectation , a 0 is present on the bus and will immediately release the bus in favor of the lower mode apparatus . likewise , an apparatus having mode 2 will read , for example , 10 instead of 11 ( 0 ) when a mode 1 apparatus has started simultaneously . when two apparatus of the same mode try to occupy the bus , no distinction can be made on the basis of the mode field . both apparatus recognize the mode field as good during the test and continue with the identification address , both still testing each bit simultaneously . in this case also the bus is immediately released when a deviation is detected . this means that in the case of equal modes the apparatus having the lowest address is given priority . if , for example , the address of apparatus a is 10100110 and the address of apparatus b is 10100011 , then apparatus a will read a 0 instead of a 1 when checking the sixth bit , and it will release the bus . apparatus b detects a correct bus behavior and continues its operation . a must immediately release the bus in order to prevent ( in this example ) that its eighth bit , a 0 , would disturb the eighth bit of b , a 1 . the apparatus which reads its complete mode field and identification address on the bus in an undisturbed manner may now occupy the bus during the remaining part of the time slot 80 . it will be clear that as soon as one or more apparatus are in the arbitration period a third apparatus that tries to get the bus at a significantly later moment , will detect either pulses of mode field and identification addresses or of a subsequent message and must wait until the bus has been free of pulses for some time . the arbitration is only required in the case of simultaneous or approximately simultaneous requests . in this example it was assumed that the 4 . 43 mhz apparatus have a crystal - controlled clock , for example on the basis of a standard crystal for the television pal - frequency of approximately 8 . 86 mhz , while the slower apparatus operate with rc - controlled clock generators . when a mode 2 apparatus transmits a mode 1 or a mode 0 message the control remains unchanged , but first the clock frequency is simply divided by 2 or 8 . for the mode 2 apparatus the difference in length between a &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;- pulse and a &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ;- pulse is approximately a factor of 2 . 4 in this example : for the slower apparatus with the wider frequency tolerances a factor of approximately 4 has been chosen . for a proper understanding of the operation the data included in table i are sufficient . in a practical implementation the various time periods , shown in table ii , have been chosen , by means of a computer program . the nominal times have been chosen so that at the nominal frequencies they always correspond to an integer number of clock periods for each apparatus . only the first part of table ii will be explained in detail . when , for example , a mode 1 apparatus wants to start transmitting then a starting bit designated by the reference numeral 5 will be transmitted with a nominal length of 249 . 2 microseconds . after a certain propagation time and a portion of a clock period of another apparatus this starting bit can be received after approximately 10 . 8 microseconds . thereafter , after 177 . 0 + 55 . 5 microseconds , the 1 bit of the mode field is given at the moment designated by the reference numeral 6 , with a pulse length of 4 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 5 . 9 microseconds . the listening apparatus receives this pulse with certainty within 4 . 1 micro - seconds if it can operate in mode 1 and determine approximately 9 . 9 microseconds after the beginning of the received pulse whether the pulse is a 0 or a 1 . the transmitting apparatus performs this check also at approximately the same moment designated by the reference numeral 7 . if this check gives the correct result , the mode - 1 &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ;- pulse is given thereafter with a pulse duration of approximately 22 microseconds . by means of the bits indicated as &# 34 ; master - bits &# 34 ; the identification address of the master is sent thereafter but shall be interrupted immediately if the check indicates that another apparatus having a lower address must be given priority . table ii__________________________________________________________________________bit periods total bit period master ( μsec ) slave__________________________________________________________________________ ## str1 ## ## str2 ## 758 . 5 ## str3 ## arbiting mode 0 bit ## str4 ## 191 . 4 ## str5 ## mode 1 bit ## str6 ## 97 . 0 ## str7 ## mode 2 bit ## str8 ## 24 . 6 ## str9 ## ## str10 ## mode 0 ## str11 ## 220 . 4 ## str12 ## mode 1 ## str13 ## 55 . 0 ## str14 ## mode 2 ## str15 ## 13 . 5 ## str16 ## ## str17 ## ## str18 ## 157 . 2 ## str19 ## mode 1 ## str20 ## 39 . 3 ## str21 ## mode 2 ## str22 ## 9 . 1 ## str23 ## ## str24 ## ## str25 ## 103 . 0 ## str26 ## mode 1 ## str27 ## 25 . 8 ## str28 ## mode 2 ## str29 ## 8 . 2 ## str30 ## ## str31 ## ## str32 ## 103 . 0 ## str33 ## mode 1 ## str34 ## 25 . 8 ## str35 ## mode 2 ## str36 ## 8 . 2 ## str37 ## ## str38 ## ## str39 ## 117 . 5 mode 1 ## str40 ## 29 . 4 mode 2 ## str41 ## 9 . 0 ## str42 ## ## str43 ## 117 . 5 mode 1 ## str44 ## 29 . 4 mode 2 ## str45 ## 9 . 0__________________________________________________________________________ all times are given in microseconds . fig3 shows an example of a transmitting - receiving portion of a control unit suitable for exciting a symmetrical bus channel . at points 10 and 11 the unit is connected to the bus . the point 10 is coupled to ground by a resistor 12 and the point 11 is coupled to the supply voltage + by a resistor 13 . the bus is also connected to the inputs 14 and 15 , respectively , of a differential read amplifier 16 having an output 17 . so , if there are no pulses on the bus the input 15 has a higher voltage and the input 14 has a lower voltage ; this is the situation defined as the on - condition of the bus . the bus is furthermore connected to outputs 18 and 19 , respectively , of transmit switches 21 and 22 , respectively , which do not carry current in the rest condition . positive digital signals which are generated by a gate circuit , not shown , are applied to an input 23 of the transmitting portion . this input is directly coupled to a control input 24 of the transmit switch 21 and to a control input 26 of the transmit switch 22 by an inverter 25 . as soon as a positive pulse appears at the input 23 , the two transmit switches 21 , 22 become conductive . in the example given here these switches are implemented by transistors for which the resistors 13 and 12 , respectively , also form the collector resistors . as soon as the transmit switches 21 , 22 become conductive , the connecting point 10 rises to a higher voltage , while the connecting point 11 is set to a lower voltage . this is the off - condition for the bus . thus , the input polarity of the read amplifier 16 reverses its sign and an off - signal appears at the output 17 . the on - condition of the bus can only exist when the outputs of all the transmit switches are in the on - condition , that is to say the switches are non - conducting , so that the combination of transmit switches and bus indeed behave as an and - circuit for on - signals . when the output 17 of the read amplifier 16 is at the off - level while no positive signal is applied to the input 23 , this is only possible when the transmit switches in another control circuit are conducting : by means of this it is possible to check whether another apparatus transmits a message , or simultaneously requests the bus . fig4 is a simplified block - diagram of a control unit according to the invention . from the data - processing portion of an apparatus , information is applied to the control unit on the inputs 50 , 51 , usually in the form of data to be transmitted applied to terminal 50 and a destination address applied to terminal 51 . this connection may , for example , be formed by a data bus and address bus , respectively , of a microprocessor . the information is applied to a logic unit 53 , which supervises and controls in a manner which is known per se the information to be transmitted or received . a number of fixed programming data , as well as , for example , an identification address are stored for this purpose in a read - only memory rom , prom or a comparable device 55 , which is coupled to the logic unit . the information to be transmitted is applied by logic unit 53 to a pulse - shaper 56 , which is in the form of a logic gate circuit which ensures that the pulses are given the length as required in accordance with table i or table ii . to this end the pulse - shaper is coupled to a clock generator 57 , which is also the clock for the logic unit 53 . the pulse - shaper 56 applies the pulses with the correct length , counted as an integer number of clock periods , to the transmit switches 59 , their outputs 18 , 19 being connected to the bus 10 and 11 , respectively . for corresponding elements the same reference numbers have been used as in the preceding figure . a signal present at the bus is applied to a receiver 61 , which is coupled to an output buffer circuit 63 , which has an output 65 for the transmission of information to the data - processing portion of the apparatus . for this control this output buffer 63 is also coupled to the logic unit 53 . the output signals of the pulse - shaper 56 as well as the output signals of the receiver 61 are furthermore applied to a comparator circuit 67 an output 69 of which is coupled to an input 71 for a stop signal of the logic unit 53 . this comparator circuit 67 produces a stop signal as soon as the output signals of pulse - shaper 56 and receiver 61 differ from each other as a result of the fact that another apparatus occupies the bus or because another apparatus of a higher priority simultaneously requests the bus , as described in the foregoing . the actual shape and contents of the various gate circuits , logic circuits , stores and buffer registers are not important for the inventive idea . by means of them functions are realized which are comparable to the functions which are also required for other circuits , such as , for example , the functions of the prior art described in the preamble of the present description . any person having normal skill in the art can and will implement these functions as they may be required . the essence of the invention resides in the choice of the ratio between the lengths of &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; pulse which ratio is greater than 2 . 1 , for example 2 . 4 ; 4 or more , so that a reliable transmission of information can be warranted , in spite of considerable tolerances in the clock frequency of the clock generator 57 , of time differences in the edge detection by the receiver 61 of edges having a low value of the steepness and of propagation time differences on the bus line . if the switching time of the transmission switches is too short to comply with local radiation restrictions , the information bus can be terminated by connecting an impedance across the bus connectors , thereby loading any transmitting control unit with an extra load , which load may have a partially capacitive character . thereby it now appears to be possible to perform the transmission of information with the same speed and reliability as in the prior art , in spite of the fact that , particularly with a view to non - professional domestic uses , extremely inexpensive means have to be used , considerable savings being obtained by the use of an inexpensive twisted - pair bus line without shielding , simple rc - coupled clock generators and the omission of expensive synchronization means at the receiver end . at the chosen length of the time slot 80 , the slowest apparatus can transmit , in addition to the overhead consisting of the starting bit , mode field and addresses , one further information - byte of , for example , 9 or 12 bits . at first sight this may seem only little , but it is more than fast enough for processing information coming from a keyboard , either directly or by infrared or ultrasonic remote control . in general , not more than one character will then be supplied every 100 milliseconds ( or much longer ). this can be processed nominally in 7 up to a maximum of 10 milliseconds . an apparatus in the mode - 1 group can transmit approximately 16 bytes in one time slot in addition to the overhead , and a mode - 2 apparatus approximately 71 bytes . in the latter case the transmission was limited for organizational reasons to 2 6 bytes = 64 bytes per message . at a clock frequency of 4 . 43 mhz , as used in this example , the bytes consisting of , for example , 8 information bits and one parity bit , can be transmitted at a speed corresponding to 8 . 5 l microseconds per bit , that is approximately 120 kbaud . for the chosen length of 64 bytes , this results in an average speed of approximately 10 , 000 bytes per second , including the overhead . for a longer time slot corresponding to 256 bytes , the overhead is practically negligible on a percentage base , so that a transmission speed of approximately 13 , 000 symbols per second is obtained which corresponds to 120 kbaud . however , use of the invention is in no way limited to such speeds , the transmission speed for this example was chosen in view of the use of mos - logic . for edge delays of approximately 1 microsecond , a bit rate of e . g . approximation 500 kbaud can be obtained , and when steeper edges are used a correspondingly higher rate . in the latter case shielding of the bus is in general required with a view to the restrictions imposed on noise . the required electronic circuits , the transmission switches included , may be incorporated in one single integrated circuit . | 6 |
one embodiment of the invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . a pump unit according to this embodiment is suitable for a small - sized sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure at a wrist . as shown in fig1 , a pump unit 9 is composed so that a pump section 11 , a normal exhausting mechanism 12 and a rapid exhausting mechanism 13 , which are the major parts of the pump unit 9 , are provided internally in a unit case 10 , made of a resin material , which is rectangular in its plan view and is composed of an upper case 10 a , an intermediate plate 10 b and a lower case 10 c . a motor case 14 is fixed on and attached to the lower face of the unit case 10 , and a motor 15 for driving members in the pump section 11 is accommodated in the motor case 14 . the rotary drive shaft 16 of the motor 15 protrudes into the lower case 10 c along with its bearing portion 17 . a communication opening 18 is provided between the lower case 10 c and the motor case 14 . here , intake ports 19 are provided on the lower part of the motor case 14 in order to take atmospheric air into the motor case 14 . a description is given of the principal mechanism of the pump unit 9 on the basis of the structure of the pump section 11 . the pump section 11 is equipped at an intermediate portion between the normal exhausting mechanism 12 and the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 , and is provided with a diaphragm body 21 having two diaphragm portions 21 a which form pump chambers 20 . the diaphragm body 21 is composed of a member having flexibility such as a rubber material having resiliency or a flexible plastic material , and flange portions 21 b are placed and fixed between the upper case 10 a and the intermediate plate 10 b and are held at the unit case 10 . hollowed bodies 22 are provided so as to protrude from the lower part center portion of the respective diaphragm portions 21 a in the diaphragm body 21 , and a rocking body 23 for vertically rocking the lower face of the respective diaphragm portions 21 a is provided downward of the diaphragm body 21 . axial bodies 24 which are located in the vicinity of both end parts of the rocking body 23 and downward of the center part of the respective diaphragm portions 21 a and has air intake ports 24 a protruding upward . and , the inner faces of the respective hollowed bodies 22 are firmly adhered to the outer faces of the respective axial bodies 24 , and the respective diaphragm portions 21 a are attached to the rocking body 23 . portions corresponding to the air intake ports 24 a on the bottom portion of the respective diaphragm portions 21 a are partially cut off , wherein valve bodies 25 are formed , and the respective air intake ports 24 a can be closed and opened by the valve bodies 25 , thereby forming valve sections v 1 . an eccentric rotary shaft 26 for rocking the rocking body 23 by its eccentric rotation is passed through and fixed at the center part of the rocking body 23 . a protrusion 27 protruded from the intermediate plate 10 b is provided upward of the rocking body 23 , and a recess 28 is formed at the lower part of the protrusion 27 . on the other hand , a drive gear 29 made of a resin material is fixed at and attached to the upper end of the rotary shaft 16 protruding from downward into the lower case 10 c , and a recess 30 is formed at a position apart from the center position of the upper part of the drive gear 29 . and , the upper end of the eccentric rotary shaft 26 is idly fitted in the recess 28 , and the lower end thereof is idly fitted in the recess 30 . in addition , a nozzle 31 is provided so as to protrude from the central part of the upper face of the upper case 10 a and an exhaust port 31 a is drilled and provided at the nozzle 31 . a tubular body 32 having flexibility , which communicates to a cuff ( not illustrated ), is firmly fitted to and connected to the nozzle 31 . on the other hand , two annular grooves 33 are formed so as to face downward , which communicate with the exhaust port 31 a , are formed on the outer circumference of the exhaust port 31 a on the lower face of the upper case 10 a , and exhaust valve bodies 34 extending from the respective diaphragm portions 21 a are pressed to the inner wall face forming the annular grooves 33 , wherein exhaust valve portions v 2 are composed . next , a description is given of a structure of the normal exhausting mechanism . the normal exhausting mechanism 12 is provided so as to correspond to the annular grooves 33 communicating with the inside of a cuff through the exhaust port 31 a , and is provided with a valve body 35 formed at a part of the diaphragm body 21 and an adjuster 36 with a screw , which adjusts the exhaust quantity of the valve body 35 . the adjuster 36 is screwed in a screw hole of a hollow cylindrical portion 37 of the intermediate plate 10 b . the valve body 35 causes a part of the diaphragm body 21 to protrude upward in the annular groove 33 , and the upper end thereof is formed to be like a closed tube . the valve body 35 is brought into contact with the inside lower face of the annular groove 33 , and a slit 35 communicating with the inside is formed on the circumference of the valve body 35 along the lengthwise direction ( the vertical direction in fig1 ) thereof . on the other hand , a press member 36 a having a greater outer diameter than the inner diameter of the lower end opening of the valve body 35 is formed at the tip end of the adjuster 36 with a screw to become integral therewith , and an engagement groove ( not illustrated ) into which the tip end of a screwdriver is inserted when adjusting the exhaust quantity is formed at the base end side of the adjuster 36 with a screw . in addition , a through hole 36 b passed through the both ends of the adjuster 36 is opened and provided at the center part of the adjuster 36 with a screw . the adjuster 36 with a screw is caused to move upward , that is , in the direction along which the adjuster 36 is penetrated into the valve body 35 , by engaging the tip end of a screwdriver with the engagement groove and turning it in the right direction , and move downward , that is , in the direction along which the adjuster 36 comes out of the valve body 35 , by turning the same in the left direction . in the normal exhausting mechanism 12 , if the adjuster 36 with a screw is turned in the right direction and is moved to the valve body 35 side , the press member 36 a is inserted into the valve body 35 . by insertion thereof , the valve body 35 is pressed and widened to be deformed , and in line with the deformation , the slit 35 a is opened . air passed through the opening of the slit 35 a passes through the through hole 36 b of the adjuster 36 with a screw and is exhausted therefrom . the opening amount of the slit 35 a can be adjusted by the amount of deformation of the valve body 35 in accordance with the amount of movement of the adjuster 35 with the screw , so that the rate of gradually reducing the pressure inside the cuff can be adjusted . the adjustment is carried out when assembling . usually , the adjustment is not executed after the assembling , excepting the cases of maintenance and inspection . next , a description is given of a structure of the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 . the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 has an exhaust port 38 drilled at the part of the intermediate plate 10 b , which lets air in the cuff escape . a valve body 39 having a greater area than the area of the opening of the exhaust port 38 is disposed at a high pressure side communicating with the inside of the cuff via the annular groove 33 . the valve body 39 is formed by using a thin rubber sheet 40 having easy deformability such as chloroprene and silicone , etc ., and cutting in the same to become almost semi - circular . the valve body 39 includes an exhaust lever 42 having an exhaust pin 41 which presses and opens the valve body 39 from the rear side through the exhaust port 38 and a lever driving gear 43 , made of a resin material , for driving the exhaust lever 42 . the lever driving gear 43 is rotatably attached to the other end side of the pivot lever 44 , made of a resin material , one end side of which is pivotably attached to the bearing portion 17 , via a pivot shaft 45 and a coil spring 46 serving as a clutch , and is engaged with the drive gear 29 . the z - shaped exhaust lever 42 is formed by a resin material having an adequate thickness . the exhaust pin 41 is provided so as to protrude from one end portion of the upper face opposed to the exhaust port 38 , and a hinge 47 is provided at the other end portion of the upper face . the exhaust lever 42 is provided at the lower case 10 c so as to be pivotable about the hinge 47 . the exhaust lever 42 pivots between an opening position where the exhaust pin 41 presses and opens the valve body 39 and a closing position where the exhaust pin 41 is retracted from the exhaust port 38 . further , an engaging section 48 having a plurality of teeth ( three teeth in fig2 ) is formed at the portion corresponding to the lever driving gear 43 at the lower side in the exhaust lever 42 . as shown in fig2 , the plurality of teeth are formed to be engaged with the gear teeth of the driving gear 43 . a retainer pin 49 is provided so as to protrude from the side of the exhaust lever 42 which is opposite to the side of the engaging section 48 , and a conical coil spring 50 fixed on the retainer pin 49 is disposed between the exhaust lever 42 and the inner wall face of the lower case 10 c while being compressed . the exhaust lever 42 is always pressed to the closing position by resiliency of the conical coil spring 50 . as described above , the lever driving gear 43 is rotatably attached to the other end portion of the pivot lever 44 , one end portion of which is pivotably attached to the bearing portion 17 , via a pivot shaft 45 and a coil spring 46 serving as a clutch . both sides at the other end portion at the pivot lever 44 are slightly swelled . by both the swelled portions 44 a and 44 b being brought into contact with the walls at the lower case 10 , the pivot lever 44 is regulated in terms of its pivot amount in the left and right directions in fig2 . in addition , an arcuate guide rib 51 for guiding the tip end portion of the pivot lever 44 is provided on the bottom face of the lower case 10 c . a flat head portion 45 a which is flush with the upper face of the lever driving gear 43 is formed on the top portion of the pivot shaft 45 for rotatably supporting the lever driving gear 43 . further , a recess 43 a is provided at the middle part of the upper face of the lever driving gear 43 . the coil spring 46 is pressed and provided between the flat head portion 45 a and the recess 43 a , wherein the lower face of the lever driving gear 43 is brought into press contact with the upper face of the pivot lever 44 by resiliency of the coil spring 46 . the lever driving gear 43 rotatably attached to the pivot shaft 45 on the pivot lever 44 is engaged with the drive gear 29 fixed on the rotary drive shaft 16 . when the motor 15 is driven and the drive gear 29 is rotated , the lever driving gear 43 is rotated integral with the drive gear 29 . next , a description is given of operations of the pump unit 9 equipped with a rapid exhausting mechanism as described above . when the motor 15 is driven for rotation in its normal direction and the drive gear 29 is rotated by rotation of the rotary drive shaft 16 , the eccentric rotary shaft 26 eccentrically turns in the pump section 11 , wherein the rocking body 23 is caused to rock , and the lower end portions of the respective diaphragm portions 21 a of the diaphragm body 21 move vertically . when the lower end portion of one diaphragm portion 21 a is moved downward , the pressure in the interior of the diaphragm portion 21 a is made negative , and the exhaust valve body 34 which adheres to the inner wall face of the annular groove 33 closes the exhaust valve portion v 2 and the valve body 25 opens the air intake port 24 a from its closed state , thereby making the valve portion v 1 open , wherein air intake is carried out from the air intake port 24 a into the diaphragm portion 21 a as shown by the arrow e . on the other hand , in the rapid exhausting mechanism , if the drive gear 29 normally rotates ( in the direction of the arrow a in fig2 ) by rotation of the motor 15 in its normal direction , the lever driving gear 43 rotates in its normal direction ( in the direction of the arrow a in fig2 ). at this time , since clutch friction is produced due to resiliency of the coil spring 46 between the lever driving gear 43 and the pivot lever 44 , the pivot lever 44 turns in the direction of the arrow c in fig2 about the bearing portion 17 until the swelled portion 44 a is brought into contact with the right inner wall of the lower case 10 c in fig2 . when , with the contacting , the pivot lever 44 is regulated in terms of its turning , a portion ( clutch portion ) which is friction - coupled as a clutch between the pivot lever 44 and the swelled portion 44 a slides , and only the lever driving gear 43 keeps idly rotating along with the drive gear 29 . thus , when the motor 15 normally rotates , the lever driving gear 43 is apart from the engaging section 48 of the exhaust lever 42 . therefore , the exhaust lever 42 is subjected to a rotating force in the counterclockwise direction in fig1 due to resiliency of the conical coil spring 50 , wherein the exhaust lever 42 is moved to the closing position , and the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 is brought into an inoperable state . in this situation , the valve body 39 having a greater area than the area of the opening of the exhaust port 38 is pressed to the portion of the intermediate plate 10 b in the periphery of the exhaust port 38 by the pressure and is deformed so as to follow the profile of the exhaust port 38 and is adhered thereto . therefore , a closing action of the exhaust port 38 is carried out by the valve body 39 , so that no air leaks even at a high pressure level . next , when the lower end portion of the diaphragm portion 21 a is vertically moved in the pump 11 , the interior of the diaphragm portion 21 a is made into high pressure , and the valve body 25 closes the air intake port 24 a to cause the valve portion v 1 to be closed , and at the same time , the exhaust valve body 34 is made wider than the inner wall face of the annular groove 33 , so that air is exhausted by the exhaust valve portion v 2 as shown by the arrow f . air exhausted from the exhaust valve body 34 is exhausted through the tubular body 32 from the exhaust port 31 a communicating with the annular groove 33 and is sent to the cuff side wound around a wrist . when the inside of the cuff is pressurized to a determined pressure level , air in the air paths is exhausted by the normal exhausting mechanism 12 , and in line therewith , air of a greater amount than the exhaust amount by the normal exhausting mechanism 12 is further sent into the cuff . also , when the inside of the cuff is pressurized to a predetermined pressure level , the motor 15 comes to a stop . that is , the pump action stops . thereby , air in the air path is gradually allowed to escape by using the normal exhausting mechanism 12 . accordingly , the pressure in the cuff is gradually lowered . at this time , patterns of the inside pressure in the cuff and vibration amplitudes in line with pulsation of the artery are processed by a microcomputer , and the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure are measured . when the motor 15 is rotated inversely after the blood measurement is processed , the drive gear 29 is inverted rotated ( in the direction of the arrow b in fig2 ) in the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 , and the lever driving gear 43 is inverted rotated ( in the direction of the arrow b in fig2 ). at this time , since clutch friction is produced by resiliency of the coil spring 46 between the lever driving gear 43 and the pivot lever 44 , the pivot lever 44 is pivoted in the direction of the arrow d in fig2 about the bearing portion 17 . if the lever driving gear 43 is rotated by a predetermined amount in line with rotation of the pivot lever 44 , the lever driving gear 43 engages with the engaging section 48 of the exhaust lever 42 during the pivot motion . if the lever driving gear 43 is further rotated , a force of pressing the engaging section 48 from the lever driving gear 43 side to the outside , that is , a rotating force in the clockwise direction in fig1 is applied to the engaging section 48 , whereby the exhaust lever 42 is pivoted about the hinge 47 from the closing position to the opening position , the valve body 39 is pressed and opened by the exhaust pin 41 and the air in the cuff is forcibly exhausted . thereafter , the pivot lever 44 is pivoted until the swelled portion 44 b is brought into contact with the left inner wall of the lower case 10 c in fig2 . in this situation , a portion which is friction - coupled as a clutch between the pivot lever 44 and the swelled portion 44 b slides , and only the lever driving gear 43 idly rotates along with the drive gear 29 until the motor 15 stops driving . as described above , in the rapid exhausting mechanism 13 according to the present embodiment , when the inside of the cuff wound around a wrist is pressurized by the pump section 11 and when the blood pressure is measured after the inside of the cuff is pressurized to a predetermined pressure level , the valve body 39 , made of a thin rubber sheet 40 , which has a greater area than the opening area of the exhaust port 38 and has easy deformability is pressed to the intermediate plate 10 b portion in the periphery of the exhaust port 38 , and at the same time , is deformed and adhered thereto so as to follow the shape of the exhaust port 38 , whereby it is possible to reduce the air leakage even at a high pressure level . in addition , component members made of resin materials , which are easy to be manufactured and are relatively inexpensive , such as the intermediate plate 10 b , the exhaust lever 42 , the pivot lever 44 , the drive gear 29 and the lever driving gear 43 are assembled in the unit case 10 , and the drive source does not employ any expensive , heavy , and large - sized plunger , which has been conventionally employed , wherein by utilizing a drive force of a motor 15 for driving the pump section 11 , it is possible to provide a small - sized and inexpensive rapid exhausting mechanism . further , the spring 46 serving as a clutch between the lever driving gear 49 and the pivot lever 44 is accommodated in the lever driving gear 43 , wherein the lever driving gear 43 equipped with a clutch feature can be made compact . although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments , various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein . such changes and modifications as are obvious are deemed to come within the spirit , scope and contemplation of the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 5 |
referring now to fig1 a and 1b , there is illustrated a cooling system 10 which circulates a refrigerant as the working fluid . the refrigerant may be any suitable vaporizable refrigerant , such as r - 134a . the cooling cycle can begin at liquid pump 12 , shown as a hermetic liquid pump . pump 12 pumps the liquid phase refrigerant to a liquid manifold 14 where it is distributed to one or a plurality of branches or lines 16 . from the manifold 14 , each branch or line 16 feeds liquid refrigerant to a cold plate 18 . the condensing temperature of the refrigerant is preferably controlled so as to be above the ambient dew point where the cold plate evaporator device is located . as illustrated in fig2 , each cold plate 18 is in thermal contact with an electrical or electronic component or components 20 to be cooled , causing the liquid refrigerant to evaporate at system pressure . none , some , or all of the liquid refrigerant may evaporate at cold plate 18 , depending on how much heat is being generated by component 20 . in most cases , some of the refrigerant will have evaporated and a two - phase mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant will leave each cold plate 18 , as shown by arrow 22 in fig1 a and 1b . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , at this point in the operation of the system , each cold plate 18 discharges its mixture of two - phase refrigerant to conduit 24 , as illustrated in fig1 a and 1b . for most applications , the conduit 24 is a tube . the conduit 24 is attached to condenser 28 , comprised of a condensing coil 30 and a fan 32 . condenser coil 30 , attached to conduit 24 , condenses the vapor phase back to a liquid and removes the heat generated by the electronic components 20 , shown in fig2 . any unevaporated liquid in conduit 24 merely passes through condenser 28 . in fig1 a and 1b , an ambient air - cooled condenser 28 is shown , using fan 32 , although it will occur to those skilled in the art that any suitable form of heat rejection may be used without departing from the scope of the invention , such as an air cooled condenser , a water or liquid cooled condenser , or an evaporative condenser . the condenser 28 operates at a pressure which corresponds to a temperature somewhat higher than the dew point temperature of the ambient air . in this way , it is impossible for water condensation to form , since no system temperature will be below the ambient dew point temperature . the condenser operating point sets the pressure of the entire system by means of the entering coolant temperature and its ability to remove heat from the condenser , thus fixing the condensing temperature and pressure . also , since vaporized refrigerant is being condensed to a liquid phase , the condenser 28 sets up a flow of vaporized refrigerant from the conduit 24 into the condenser 28 , without the need for any compressor to move the vapor from the cold plate - evaporator 18 to the condenser 28 . the liquid refrigerant exits the condenser 28 , travels through conduit 34 as indicated by arrow 35 , and moves to an additional volume 36 , which holds a quantity of liquid refrigerant . pump 12 pumps the liquid refrigerant from the additional volume 36 into the cold plate where the refrigerant evaporates , becoming a two - phase mixture , all without the need of any vapor / liquid separation . the two - phase mixture leaves the cold plate and goes into the condenser , which condenses the vapor into liquid , so that only liquid leaves the condenser . the outlet of the additional volume 36 is connected to the inlet of the liquid refrigerant pump 12 . at the pump 12 , the pressure of the refrigerant is raised sufficiently to overcome the frictional losses in the system and the cooling cycle begins again . the pump 12 is selected so that its pressure rise is equal to or exceeds the frictional loss in the system at the design flow rate . unlike the pumped liquid single - phase system , the present invention operates isothermally , since it uses change of phase to remove heat rather than the sensible heat capacity of a liquid coolant . this allows for cooler temperatures at the evaporator and cooler components than a single - phase liquid system . low liquid flow rates are achieved through the evaporation of the working fluid to remove heat , keeping the fluid velocities low and the pumping power very low for the heat removed . parasitic electric power is reduced over both the pumped single - phase liquid system and the vapor compression refrigeration system . the cooling system of the present invention comprises at least one component generating heat and required to be cooled , and at least one cold plate evaporator device in thermal contact with the at least one component . a vaporizable refrigerant is circulated by the liquid refrigerant pump to the at least one cold plate evaporator device , whereby the refrigerant is at least partially evaporated by the heat generated by the at least component ( s ), creating a vapor . a condenser condenses the partially evaporated refrigerant vapor , creating a single liquid phase . the vaporizable refrigerant from the pump is received by a first liquid conduit connected to the cold plate evaporator device ( s ). a second conduit from the cold plate evaporator devices ), is connected to the condenser . a liquid return line is provided from the condenser to an inlet of the refrigerant pump . an advantage over the heat pipe system is obtained with the system 10 of the present invention because the liquid flow rate does not depend on capillary action , as in a heat pipe , and can be set independently by setting the flow rate of the liquid pump . dry out can thus be avoided . the cold plate / evaporator system of the present invention is insensitive to orientation with respect to gravity . unlike heat pipe systems , the thermal capacity of the evaporator 18 of the present invention does not diminish in certain orientations . another advantage of the present invention over heat pipe and vapor compression based systems is the ability to separate the evaporator and condenser over greater distances . this allows more flexibility in packaging systems and design arrangements . the present invention easily handles variation in thermal load of the components 20 to be cooled . since any unevaporated liquid refrigerant is returned to the pump , multiple cold plates at varying loads are easily accommodated without fear of damaging a compressor . since the current invention does not operate at any point in the system 10 at temperatures below ambient dew point temperature , there is no possibility of causing water vapor condensation and the formation of liquid water . having described the invention in detail and by reference to the preferred embodiment thereof , it will be apparent that other modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims . | 5 |
referring to fig1 a , 2b and 3 , two planar non - conducting substrates 1a and 1b are disposed in adjacent back - to - back relation . the inner surfaces of substrates 1a and 1b are bonded together according to well known printed circuit board techniques to a ground plane 2 , thus forming an integrated writing head assembly 10 . in accordance with the present invention , the pull up and series resistors are formed on the outer and inner surfaces of planar substrates 1a and 1b by thick film techniques . substrates 1a and 1b contain a plurality of writing electrodes 12a , 12b which are configured in parallel arrays disposed on an inner surface and along one edge of each substrate 1a and 1b for depositing an electrostatic charge on a dielectric recording medium 3 which is passed in close proximity to the writing nib end of the writing electrodes . because each substrate 1a and 1b has the same elements , the description may be simplified by referring only to the circuit elements on substrate 1a . the array of writing electrodes 12a consist of traces on a printed circuit board formed according to well known thick film techniques . substrate 1a is preferably a non conducting , glass epoxy material . each writing electrode 12a has a writing nib end disposed for depositing an electrostatic charge on a paper or other dielectric recording medium 3 . the opposite end of each writing electrode 12a is coupled in series with a corresponding high impedance thick film series resistor 14a . the thick film series resistor 14a may be disposed on the outside surface of substrate 1a as shown in fig2 a . in this case , each series resistor 14a is coupled via a through hole 7a with corresponding writing electrode 12a . in an alternate embodiment as shown in fig2 each series resistor 14a is fabricated by thick film techniques on the inner surface of substrate 1a and is coupled directly to corresponding writing electrode 12a . it is preferable to place the series resistors 14a , 14b on the inside surfaces of substrates 1a and 1b and as close as possible to the corresponding connected writing nibs 12a and 12b in order to eliminate inter - electrode capacitances and flaring . in accordance with the present invention , the nib ends of the writing electrodes 12a and 12b are exposed in cross section at the edges of the substrates 1a and 1b where the nibs 12a , 12b make contact with the recording medium as shown in fig3 . in order to enable the writing of dots of a given size at a pitch equal to their size , the writing electrodes 12a , 12b of the respective substrates 1a 1b are arranged in an offset , interleaved pattern as shown in fig3 . the writing electrodes on each substrate 1a and 1b are separated by two dot pitches along the plane of the substrates 1a , 1b . the arrays of writing electrodes 12a , 12b are also separated by two dot pitches perpendicular to the plane of the substrates 1a , 1b . the arrays of writing electrodes 12a and 12b are also separated by ground plane 2 . this separation between arrays of writing electrodes 12a , 12b is compensated for by altering the relative timing of the signals controlling each array of writing electrodes 12a , 12b since the separation is in the direction of relative motion between the writing head assembly 10 and the recording medium . the ground plane functions as a means for preventing electrical interaction between adjacent substrates and for minimizing electrical interaction by shunting the electric field lines of writing electrodes to ground and shielding the writing electrodes of one substrate from the writing electrodes disposed on the opposite substrate . referring now to fig2 a , 2b and 3 , the ground plane is comprised of any conducting material , but is preferably metal . the ground plane typically is spaced away from the nibs at a distance on the order of the width of a writing nib . the ground plane 2 is extremely important in controlling the shape of the electric field lines around each individual writing nib of the writing electrodes 14a , 14b . when there is a large voltage differential between adjacent writing electrodes 12a , 12b on opposite substrates 1a , 1b the ground plane acts to control the shape of the field around the energized writing nib and shunts the electric field lines to ground . it is been found that the electric field lines of high writing voltages at an energized writing nib can be effectively terminated at the ground plane thereby substantially eliminating cross - talk between the nibs . the ground plane 2 is preferably a continuous plane or screen of metal or other conductive material . accordingly , the ground plane provides a means for terminating electric field lines developed around the writing nibs upon discharge . in the preferred embodiment , the ground plane is electrically isolated from the writing nibs by a thin layer of the nonconducting epoxy material . it has been found that the effect of the ground plane in controlling the shape of the electrical field around the writing nibs 12a , 12b can be maximized if each array of writing electrodes 12a , 12b is spaced apart from the ground plane at a distance equal to or less than the width of a writing nib . however , the ground plane should be as close as possible to the nibs . it will be appreciated that the ground plane 2 enables the opposing substrates 1a , 1b to be placed back to back without electrical interaction . it has also been found that the ground plane substantially eliminates intercoupling capacitance between nibs and effectively eliminates flaring . referring to fig4 adjacent arrays of writing electrodes or nibs 12a , 12b are provided on respective separate substrates 1a , 1b which are joined together by any convenient bonding method to opposite sides of a ground plane 2 . the writing nibs 12a , 12b form an offset , interleaved pattern along the axis formed by the ground plane 2 . in accordance with the present invention , each writing electrode 12a , 12b on respective substrates 1a , 1b is connected through a corresponding high impedance series resistor 14a 14b to the drain of a single switch means 25a , 25b . in the preferred embodiment , switch means 25a , 25b comprise high voltage mosfet transistors . each mosfet has its drain connected to the series resistor 14a , 14b its source coupled to a negative voltage line , v write and its gate coupled to a data line via a latch register and shift register . a high voltage line v pull - up provides a high voltage for activating the arrays of writing electrodes 12a , 12b . high voltage line v pull - up has a connection with each drain of switch means 25a , 25b through a corresponding thick film high impedance pull - up resistor 15a , 15b . it will be appreciated that each mosfet switch 25a , 25b , together with its corresponding pull - up resistor 15a , 15b forms a high voltage driver capable of swinging its output voltage between the levels of v write and v pull - up . v write is approximately - 500 volts relative to a counter electrode ( not shown ) which is at ground potential . the high voltage v pull - up is high enough above the negative voltage v write to avoid any electric discharge in the gap between the recording medium and the writing nibs 12a , 12b when the nibs are in their inactive state . the high voltage drivers comprising semiconductor switch means 25a , 25b and associated thick film pull - up resistors 15a , 15b are preferably disposed on the outer layers of corresponding substrates 1a , 1b . the driver circuits connect via plated through holes 8a , 8b ( as shown in fig2 a ) through corresponding substrates 1a , 1b . trace lines then connect the driver circuits to the associated series resistors 14a , 14b and the writing electrodes 12a , 12b . note that the two inner surfaces of substrates 1a , 1b are continuously separated by the ground plane 2 . although the series resistors 14a , 14b may be on the outside surfaces of the respective substrates 1a , 1b , it is preferable to put them on the same inside layers as the writing nibs 12a , 12b and as close as possible to the writing nibs 12a , 12b in order to minimize the capacitance at the writing nib and in order to eliminate a large number of feed through holes . the semiconductor driver circuitry as shown at 20a , 20b in fig4 is packaged in standard surface mount plastic packages which are commercially available . in the preferred embodiment , the semiconductor switches are packaged in groups of 64 with a 64 bit latch and a 64 bit shift register on the same silicon die . the shift registers in all the packages are disposed on respective outer surfaces of substrates 1a and 1b as shown in fig1 and 4 . these shift registers are cascaded together to form a single register of more than two thousand bits . by appropriate control of the shift register clock and data signals and the enable signal to the latch register , it is possible to load any arbitrary pattern into the latch register which directly controls the gates on the high voltage mosfet switches 25a , 25b on each respective substrate 1a , 1b . it will be appreciated that each writing nib on a single substrate , for example 1a , is connected to a single corresponding high voltage driver circuit 20a . thus , in accordance with the present invention , there is one complete drive circuit 20a , 20b associated with each writing nib 12a , 12b of the array of writing nibs . it will be appreciated that the present invention completely eliminates multiplexing at the writing nibs thereby overcoming the prior art problems of banding and striations in the written image . further in accordance with the present invention , each writing electrode 12a , 12b is connected to its associated high voltage driver 20a , 20b through a series resistor 14a , 14b which decouples the corresponding writing electrode 12a , 12b from the capacitance of the printed circuit trace providing the voltage to each writing nib , thereby minimizing the problem of flaring . therefore , the only capacitance capable of delivering energy to form a flare is downstream of the series resistors 14a , 14b . the closer the series resistors 14a , 14b are to the associated writing nibs 12a , 12b the smaller will be the parasitic capacitance of the circuit trace since capacitance is proportional to the printed circuit trace area at each writing nib 12a , 12b . in operation , a high logic signal applied to the gate of a selected switch means 25a ( or 25b ) turns the switch on and current from high voltage line v pull - up flows through pull - up resistor 15a into the drain of switch means 25a and to the negative supply v write . when a switch means 25a or 25b is enabled , the nib voltage is pulled down to the level of v write and discharges . the level of the writing voltage v write is approximately - 500 volts . thus , a large negative voltage is applied across the gap between a writing electrode 14a , 14b and a counter electrode on the opposite side of the recording medium . the large negative voltage creates a discharge from the writing nibs 14a , 14b which deposits charge on the paper or other recording medium . when the gate of a switch means 25a , 25b is in an off state , there is not enough voltage supplied to writing nibs to create a discharge . it will be appreciated that the non - multiplexed nature of the present invention , wherein each high voltage driver 20a is connected to a single corresponding writing electrode 12a , provides a significant advantage over the prior art in terms of writing quality because banding is eliminated . in the present invention , the nibs of writing electrodes 12a , 12b are planar so that when dots of charge are deposited on the recording medium 3 , the size of the dot in the direction of motion is defined by the time that the nib is energized and the speed of the recording medium 3 relative to the writing head 10 . the resistors 15a and 14a in series with writing electrode 12a form an rc circuit . the time constant of the rc circuit is determined by the capacitance between writing electrodes 12a and ground and the series resistors 14a . in the present invention , pull - up resistors 15a are thick film , high impedance resistors on the order of 20 mega ohms . the use of one high voltage driver 20a per writing nib 12a provides a relatively long write time per nib as compared to a prior art multiplexed writing head . therefore , in the present invention the switching means 25a , 25b do not need to be as fast as they would for a multiplexed writing head . furthermore , because in the present invention the entire high voltage driver circuit 20a , 20b is integrated onto a single substrate , stray capacitance is minimized . this , taken together with the lenient timing constraints due to the non - multiplexed nature , allow the use of very high impedance pull - up resistors 15a , 15b . due to the high impedance pull - up resistors 15a power requirements are kept at a minimum . in fact , it has been found that the power required by the present invention is less than one half of that required by a conventional prior art electrographic writing head . at the same time , the charge up time and writing speed of the writing electrodes 12a , 12b is kept within one hundred microseconds . it will be appreciated that the present invention , in using thick film techniques for fabricating the resistor networks , is a significant departure from the prior art . the prior art focuses largely on thin film technology in order to reduce the intercoupling capacitance between writing nibs . for example , in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 766 , 450 it was thought that thin film elements were essential to minimize intercoupling capacitance between writing nibs by reducing the cross sectional area of the nib . accordingly , the writing tips of the writing nibs in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 766 , 450 are only 0 . 5 to 1 micron thick . ( see col . 4 , line 66 .) however , it has been found that according to the present invention , writing nibs and associated elements can be at least 40 microns thick . intercoupling capacitance can be substantially eliminated by using thick film elements fabricated on two separate substrates which are disposed on back - to - back relation and separated by a ground plane . the use of thick film elements according to the present invention provides substantial economic savings in manufacturing costs because thick film elements may be applied by a simple screening process to a glass epoxy substrate . in contrast , thin film elements are expensive to manufacture and must be deposited by a vacuum evaporation or sputtering method . accordingly , the present invention provides an improved integrated thick film writing head consisting of thick film elements which are screened on two separate substrates . the thick film high impedance resistors of the present invention are capable of withstanding high voltages while at the same time providing greatly reduced power dissipation and increased savings in terms of operation costs and reliability . the configuration of back - to - back substrates separated by a ground plane virtually eliminates intercoupling capacitances and provides enhanced writing resolution . finally , the use of thick film resistors allows the present writing head to be non - multiplexed wherein each separate writing nib is connected to a single high voltage driver . while the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment but , on the contrary is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . | 1 |
a gas turbine engine 10 is responsive to analog electrical input signals on a plurality of lines 11 , these signals corresponding to the required position of a fuel metering valve in the engine 10 and to requirements for variation of the engine geometry , such as the operating position of compressor guide vanes . sensed conditions of the engine 10 , for example the aforesaid engine geometry g , the speeds nh , nl of high pressure and low pressure shafts , compressor pressure p1 , p2 and engine intake temperature t1 are supplied on a plurality of lines 12 . the signals on the lines 12 from the engine are combined with a signal θ corresponding to the operating position of an engine speed selector device 13 , to provide analog engine operating condition signals on lines 14 . the signals on lines 14 are supplied to circuit 15 one of whose functions is to convert the analog signals on the lines 14 to digital signals for supply to a first digital computing arrangement 16 . the computing arrangement 16 comprises two identical digital computers of the type available under the designation z8002 from zilog inc ., of cupertino , calif ., u . s . a . the two computers are each responsive to signals from the circuit 15 and are connected for bit - by - bit checking of their outputs , in a manner described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 251 , 873 . in the event that a difference between the outputs of the computers in the arrangement 16 persists for more than a predetermined time a signal is provided on a line 17 to a switching arrangement , later to be described . the output from one of the computers in the arrangement 16 is provided on lines 18 to a digital to analog converter 19 and thence on lines 20 , 21 to a monitoring circuit 22 . the circuit 22 is responsive to the operating signals on the lines 12 and provides analog control signals on lines 23 , 24 in response to the signals on lines 12 and 20 , 21 . drive circuits 25 are responsive to the signals on the lines 23 , 24 to provide the input signals on the lines 11 to the engine 10 . as shown in fig2 the circuit 22 is responsive to the speed nh of the engine high pressure shaft , to the pressure p1 and temperature t1 at the engine air intake and to the position θ of the engine speed selector 13 . the circuit 22 is also responsive to analog signals on the lines 20 , 21 these signals corresponding respectively to desired fuel flow f and to the required angular positions g of the engine inlet guide vanes . an analog function generating circuit 30 is responsive to the speed signal nh and provides on a line 31 , a signal corresponding to the required inlet guide vane position , and this signal is applied , together with the required position signal g on the line 21 , to a minimum - holding circuit 32 , so that the signal on line 24 cannot exceed that generated by the circuit 30 . the signals on lines 21 , 31 are also applied to a comparator 33 which provides a signal on a line 34 to one input of an or gate 35 if a difference between the signals on lines 21 , 31 exceed a predetermined value . the nh signal is also applied to a further function generating circuit 36 which provides an analog output signal on a line 37 , this signal having the characteristic indicated in the element 36 and providing an upper limit of required fuel flow f for values of the speed nh . it will be noted that the value of f decreases sharply at a predetermined value of nh , and the signal on line 37 thus specifies fuel flow which sets an upper limit on the speed nh . a further analog circuit 40 is responsive to the signal θ to generate a signal corresponding to f / p1 √ t1 , which has the characteristic 41 indicated by the solid line curve in the element 40 . the characteristic 40 corresponds to a steady - running value of fuel flow . above and below the characteristic 41 are curves representing permissible maximum and minimum boundaries of fuel flow for acceleration and deceleration respectively . if it is convenient to consider the acceleration curve as having a constant value δf1 above the curve 41 , and the deceleration curve as having a constant value δf2 below the curve 41 . a circuit 42 generates , on a line 43 , a signal corresponding to the square root of the value t1 . the signal from the circuit 40 is applied , together with the signal on line 43 , to a multiplying circuit 44 and the resulting product is multiplied by the p1 signal in a further multiplying circuit 45 . the resulting signal on line 46 corresponds to the desired fuel flow f for steady running of the engine 10 and for a given setting θ . a constant value , corresponding to the aforesaid acceleration increment δf1 , is added by means of a circuit 47 and the sum is applied on a line 48 to a minimum - holding circuit 49 . the fuel demand signals on lines 20 and 37 are also applied to the lowest wins circuit 49 . the fuel demand signal on a line 50 from the circuit 49 thus cannot exceed the value set by the acceleration curve indicated in circuit 40 , or the nh limiting value set by the circuit 36 , whichever is the lower . the signals on lines 20 , 48 are supplied to a comparator 51 which provides a signal on a line 52 to the or gate 35 if the difference between the signals on lines 20 , 48 exceeds a predetermined level . a subtracting circuit 53 is responsive to the signal on line 46 and to a constant value which corresponds to the aforesaid deceleration decrement δf2 . the output signal from the circuit 53 is applied on a line 54 to a maximum - holding circuit 55 to which the signal on line 50 is also applied . the output signal on line 23 from the circuit 55 thus cannot be less than the value set by the deceleration curve shown in circuit 40 . the combined effect of the circuits 49 , 55 and of their input signals is that the fuel demand signal on line 23 will lie between the acceleration and deceleration boundaries indicated in the circuit element 40 , subject to the speed restriction imposed by the circuit 36 , even if the signals from the computer arrangement 16 correspond to a fuel demand which is outside the aforesaid boundaries . the signals on lines 50 , 54 are supplied to a comparator 56 which provides an output signal to the or gate 35 if a difference between the signals on lines 50 , 54 exceeds a predetermined level . the output of the or gate 35 is connected to one input of an and gate 57 and also to the trigger connection of a monostable circuit 58 whose output is connected to the other input of the and gate 57 . the monostable circuit provides an output signal which is delayed by a predetermined amount from the onset of the signal from the or gate 35 . the and gate 57 will thus provide an output signal on a line 59 only when a predetermined difference between the input signals to any of the circuits 32 , 49 , 55 has persisted for the delay time of the monostable circuit 58 . selected ones of the signals on lines 14 are supplied by lines 60 to an analog to digital converter circuit 61 which provides digital input signals to a self - monitoring digital computer 62 which is of the type available under the designation 9900 from texas instruments . the selected signals on the lines 60 are the minimum necessary to enable the computer 62 to effect safe control of the engine 10 , even though this control may not provide optimum operating conditions . digital output signals from the computer 62 are provided on lines 63 to a digital to analogue converter 64 and can be supplied from the converter 64 on lines 65 to a drive circuit 66 , corresponding generally to the drive circuit 25 . the drive circuit 66 can thus provide , on lines 67 , control signals for the engine 10 . the lines 67 are connected to those of the lines 11 which in normal use carry corresponding signals . switch devices 71 , 72 are responsive to signals on respective lines 73 , 74 from a bistable circuit 75 . switch device 71 controls application of the signals on lines 23 , 24 to the drive circuit 25 . switch device 72 controls application of the signals on lines 65 to the drive circuit 66 . in its first , normal state the bistable circuit 75 supplies a signal on line 71 to enable the switch device 71 to pass the signals on lines 23 , 24 . in this state of the circuit 75 the switch device 72 is not enabled . the circuit 75 changes state in response to a signal on either of the lines 17 , 59 , thereby disenabling the switch device 71 and enabling the switch device 72 . thus , in response to malfunction of the computer arrangement 17 or detection by the monitoring circuit 22 of a predetermined and persisting discrepancy between the control signals , control of the engine 10 is shifted to the computer 62 . in a preferred embodiment the circuits 30 , 36 ( fig2 ) are arranged to generate signals whose limiting values are somewhat higher than those of the corresponding signals on lines 20 , 21 , and thereby to ensure that an error signal is not inadvertently transmitted on the line 59 . similarly the values of δf1 and δf2 are arranged to set limits to the acceleration and deceleration boundaries which are respectively slightly higher and lower than those for which the computers in the arrangement 16 will generate , for a corresponding engine operation condition . | 6 |
according to the present invention , the encryption scheme used in the invention is illustrated firstly . to make the illustration clearer and more concise , the following two formulae are employed : where e is an encryption algorithm , x is the message to be encrypted , y is the encrypted message , and k is the key used to encrypt message ; where d is a decryption algorithm , x is the message to be decrypted , y is the decrypted message , and k is the key used to decrypt message . two groups of keys are used in the invention , one group is the symmetrical key ck used for encrypting the digital program when the service provider ( sp ) distributes the digital content and for reversely decrypting on the device ; and the other group is the asymmetrical keys ( pa , pb ) used for protecting the key ck , which includes a key encryption key ( kek ) pa and a key decryption key ( kdk ) pb . pa is used to encrypt ck through the encryption algorithm y = e pa ( ck ), and pb is used to decrypt through the decryption algorithm equation y = d pb ( x ). the digital right protection system will be illustrated as below based on the embodiments . referring to fig2 , the digital right protection system 100 consists of a service provider ( sp ) 201 and a device 202 . the service provider 201 is supported by a server and comprises two functional modules , i . e . a right providing module 2012 and a digital content providing module 2011 , for respectively providing the license and the digital content . said two modules can be integrated within one server , or can be in two separate servers . said two modules do not necessarily provide service simultaneously . according to the embodiment of the invention , a possible instance is that the digital content providing module 2011 can provides digital contents by online way , while the right providing module 2012 provides the license by offline way ; another possible instance is that the digital content providing module 2011 provides digital contents by offline way , while the right providing module 2012 provides the license by online way ; and a further instance is that both the digital content providing module 2011 and the right providing module 2012 provide the digital contents and the license by online way or offline way . the license stipulates the rules for the device to render the digital contents . furthermore , the device 202 cannot render the digital contents without an appropriate license . the online providing mode includes transmitting and exchanging data between the service provider and the device through the internet , wap network , wireless transmission , etc . in conjunction with the wireless interface technique . the offline providing mode includes storing digital contents on a magnetic disc , an optical disc or other removable storage mediums and transferring the digital contents in a conventional way of transmission . the device 202 can be various types of digital terminals having the rendering function , such as a mobile phone having a player , a personal digital assistant ( pda ), a set top box , a lap top , an mp3 , an mp4 , an electronic book reader , etc . according to one embodiment of the invention , device 202 further comprises a storage module 2023 , alternatively , the storage module 2024 of device 202 has an identification code of the device solidified therein , which identification code can be read out and used for determining the identity of device 202 . the storage module 2024 can also store the digital contents and license obtained from the service provider 201 . the digital right management function of device 202 is achieved by a drm module 2022 thereon . the drm module 2022 can be an independent software program or a software pluggable unit , or it can be a hardware circuit . according to one embodiment of the invention , the drm module 2022 is assumed to be an independent software program . generally , said drm module 2022 is provided by the service provider 201 or by other persons or unities authorized by the service provider 201 . an identification code is pre - arranged in the drm module 2022 for determining the identity of drm module 2022 . this identity can be associated with the identity of the digital content rendering device . alternatively , the drm module 2022 can be arranged according to the needs to initiatively authenticate the validity of the digital content and to render only the digital content that passes the validity authentication . according to an embodiment of the invention , among the digital contents provided by the service provider 201 , each digital content 300 includes not only the digital program to be rendered , but also an embedded authentication agent 301 . said authentication agent 301 is in fact a software program module operable on the device 202 , which is used for authenticating ( doing for the service provider 201 ) whether the rendering device 202 ( drm module ) is a valid user ( authorized user ). wherein , this can be realized by authenticating whether the identification code of the drm module 2022 on the device 202 belongs to one of a valid user . thus , the offline digital right protection function is achieved . according to an embodiment of the invention , the device 202 comprises an obtaining module 2021 for obtaining the digital contents provided by the service provider 201 and the authentication agent embedded into the digital contents . according to an embodiment of the invention , the device 202 further comprises a rendering ( playing ) module 2023 for rendering ( playing ) the digital program according to the license obtained by device 202 , said rendering module 2023 may be an audio / video decoding means such as mepg - 2 , mepg - 4 decoder , etc ., and the rendering right is limited by the license . according to an embodiment of the invention , when the service provider 201 distributes digital program contents according to the user &# 39 ; s demand ( by online or offline way ), it usually needs to first convert the digital program into a standard format , such as wma , asf , wmv , etc ., and to encrypt the digital program using a suitable algorithm . generally speaking , in order not to cause too much burden in computation , the symmetric cryptography is usually used , that is , the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting . of course , other ways of encrypting can be used too . in addition to encrypting the digital program , other relevant data are also added to the digital program content , then a digital signature is made and the digital program is packed into a single digital content . as described below , the encoding method used when the service provider 201 provides digital contents is explained in detail with reference to fig3 . fig3 shows an item of digital content edited by the digital content encoding method according to an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in the figure , a single digital content 300 includes an encrypted digital program 304 , an authentication agent 301 , a content id 302 , and some other optional components . alternatively , it further includes a digital signature 303 . the content id 302 is used for indicating the serial number of the digital content . the digital signature 303 can indicate the identity of the digital content issuer and protect the integrity of the content . if the digital content 300 is tampered , it will be identified by authenticating the signature 303 . in addition , according to fig3 , the authentication agent 301 comprises an authentication agent id 3011 , a program code portion 3012 , an encrypted key ck 3013 and a digital signature 3014 , etc . the authentication agent id 3011 indicates the serial number of the authentication agent 301 for associating with the related program content . the digital signature 3014 can indicate the identity of the issuer of the authentication agent 301 and protect the integrity of the authentication agent 301 , etc . the key ck is a key for decrypting the encrypted digital content . the program code 3012 can perform and achieve two functions , one is to authenticate the validity of the rendering device 202 by using the embedded blacklist or whitelist , the other one is to decrypt the encrypted key ck 3013 or to deliver the decryption key of key ck to the drm module 2022 which decrypts the key ck . such decryption is performed through the key decryption key pb by using the decryption algorithm formula . alternatively , the authentication agent 301 also comprises a key decryption key pb . fig4 shows the schematic components of the license 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention . the license 400 provided by the service provider mainly includes a license id 401 , a content id 402 , a rendering constraint 403 , the valid period information 404 , and a digital signature 405 . other optional parts may be present . the license id 401 indicates the serial number of the license 400 , the content id 402 indicates the content program corresponding to said license 400 . the valid period information 404 specifies the period of validity of the license 400 , and the digital signature 405 indicates the identity of the issuer and / or the date of issuance of the license 400 and protects the integrity of the license . the realization of the digital right management function during rendering of the digital program on the device is specifically described as below with reference to fig5 a and 5b . the device is pre - installed a drm module , which is usually provided by the service provider ( facilitator ) that provides the digital contents . the drm modules provided by different facilitators may vary , that is , the drm module provided by one service provider can be only used to render the digital contents provided by said service provider ; or several facilitators maybe share one compatible drm module , and then the drm module provided by one service provider can render the digital contents provided by several service provider ( sp ). the drm module on the device needs to obtain a license for rendering the digital contents from a service provider so as to render the digital contents obtained from the service provider . alternatively , the license can be obtained by downloading from the service provider , or by other feasible ways according to instructions , such as buying an optical disc having the license stored thereon . the user can download the obtained license and the drm software program to the device , or even download them to a portable storage means ( like a universal disc ) and take it with himself to use the license in many devices . the license specifies the rendering right of the drm module , i . e . the rendering ( playing ) rule . the key decryption key pb may be stored in the authentication agent or in the storage module of the device . according to an embodiment of the invention , in case of the key decryption key pb is stored in the authentication agent , as shown in fig5 a , the process of using the device to obtain and render the digital contents includes the following steps : the user of device 202 obtains the desired digital content 300 from the service provider 201 by online or offline way . when the user finds a digital program that he likes through the network or other advertisement , he may obtain the digital content containing said digital program in an online or an offline way , for example , by downloading from the network , or buying an optical disc , etc . the digital program in said digital content is encrypted . at the side of the service provider , during the process in which the digital programs are packaged into digital content , besides encrypting the digital programs , some other data are added thereto , including the authentication agent , id , etc . then the service provider encapsulates the digital content and makes a digital signature . alternatively , after drm module 2022 reads in the digital content 300 , it may be prompted whether the license 400 for rendering said digital content has been obtained , if the license has not been obtained , the device should first obtain the license from the service provider according to the prompt and then move to step s 502 ; if the license has been obtained , it is prompted to read the license 400 and step s 502 is skipped . the user needs to obtain the license 400 to render the digital content , and this is required by drm module 2022 on the device . the license 400 may be a special license for one or several items of digital contents , or it may be a universal license for all the digital contents provided by the server . preferably , the digital content records the web site from which the license can be downloaded , so that the user device can download the license from the web site . the license can also be obtained in an offline way , such as being stored in a medium . wherein , the license specifies the constraint for rendering , such as the times of rendering , the time of rendering , whether the digital content can be saved , whether the digital content can be printed , whether the digital content can be modified and whether an interception photo taking is supported , etc . for the service provider that makes profit through digital right management , the obtaining of the license may be a transaction , and online or offline payment can be required . alternatively , the device 202 firstly authenticates whether the obtained digital content 300 has ever been tampered , including that the drm module 2022 extracts the digital signature of the digital content and the digital signature of the authentication agent from the obtained digital content to authenticate so as to determine whether the digital content per se and the authentication agent are valid , that is , whether they have been illegally tampered and whether it is the digital content provided by the service provider . the object of this operation is to enable the drm module 2022 of device 202 to render only the digital content 300 obtained from the service provider 201 . since the drm module 2022 is generally also provided by the service provider 201 , this can urge the device user to obtain the legal digital content from the service provider . the program 3012 of the authentication agent is run on the device 202 , and the authentication agent 301 begins to authenticate whether device 202 is a valid rendering device . this can be realized by authenticating if the drm module on the device is valid or by reading the inherent device serial number in the device . the whitelisting or blacklisting method is used for authentication ( of course , other methods for determining the validity of the device are not excluded ), or both items can be authenticated . the authentication agent may stores such a whitelist or blacklist with the development and updating of the device , when distributing digital contents , the service provider can continuously update the embedded blacklist or whitelist . if the authentication is successful , which indicating that the device ( i . e ., the drm module ) is legally appropriate or belongs to a specified scope of devices , and then come to the next step . step 504 : key decryption — decrypting to obtain ck by using pb . the authentication agent 2021 extracts the encrypted key ck ( 3013 ) and uses the decryption algorithm formula ck = d pb ( encrypted ck ) to decrypt the encrypted key ck . wherein , the key decryption key pb is added to the authentication agent when the service provider distributes the digital content . then key ck is sent to the drm module . in practical use , the key decryption algorithm d can hardly be reversely compiled , so it is considered to be safe . step 505 : drm module 2022 uses the key ck to decrypt the encrypted digital program . generally , it is believed that the commonly used encryption algorithms have already been pre - formulated in the drm module , and even they can be supported by special hardware devices . possibly , the header file of the digital content file defines the digital encryption and decryption algorithms used by the content . the drm module decrypts the digital content through the ck obtained in step 504 using the algorithm defined in the header file of the digital content . the drm module reads in the license and sends the digital program to the rendering core , such as the rendering core of mepg - 2 , mepg - 4 , flash player , or text reader , to be rendered . the rendering right is limited by the license . according to an embodiment of the invention where the key decryption key is included in the license , referring to fig5 b , the process of rendering the digital content by the device differs from that in the previous embodiment in that in the key decryption process of step s 504 ′, the authentication agent reads in the pre - arranged key decryption key pb from the fixed storage medium of the device , then obtains ck using the key decryption algorithm . while the rest of the steps are substantially the same . furthermore , the above - mentioned digital signature and authentication signature can use various ways of making signature , including public key signature . in the present invention , in order to simplify the solution , the public key signature is used , but this does not mean to exclude other techniques of electronic signature . with respect to public key signature , the key and algorithm for authenticating the signature can be pre - solidified into the drm module , and the drm module authenticates the digital signature using the algorithm and key . if the digital signature is valid , it means that the content is provided by the service provider and is not tampered . those skilled in the art shall understand that any flow chart and drawings of the functional module components included in the technical solution disclosed in the invention represent various different processing that can be embodied substantively in a computer readable medium , so they can be executed by a computer or processor regardless of whether such a computer or processor has been explicitly indicated or not . it shall be understood that the invention is not limited to the above described embodiments and the improvement thereto . those skilled in the art will be able to may many variations and improvement without departing from the concept and scope defined by the appended claims . in the claims , any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim . the word “ comprising ” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim . the word “ a ” or “ an ” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements . the invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements , and / or by means of a suitably programmed processor . in the device claim enumerating several means , several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware . the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage . | 7 |
in the present invention , the polyhydroxycarboxylic acids means polymers and copolymers of hydroxycarboxylic acids . the hydroxycarboxylic acids which may be used in the present invention are aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acids having 2 - 6 carbon atoms such as lactic acid , glycolic acid , hydroxybutyric acid , hydroxyvaleric acid , and hydroxycaproic acid , which may be in any of the d -, l -, and dl - forms . commercially available ones are preferred . the hydroxycarboxylic acids may be used in combination with cyclic dimers thereof . as the oligomers of hydroxycarboxylic acids , oligomers having a weight - average molecular weight of preferably 200 - 3 , 000 are used , which can be usually prepared by subjecting hydroxycarboxylic acids to dehydration polycondensation . the polymers of hydroxycarboxylic acids are prepared by using a single kind of hydroxycarboxylic acid . the copolymers of hydroxycarboxylic acids are prepared from a mixture of 2 or more kinds of hydroxycarboxylic acids or a mixture of at least one kind of hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one kind of cyclic compound derived from hydroxycarboxylic acid , i . e . a mixture of at least one kind of hydroxycarboxylic acid such as glycolic acid or lactic acid and at least one kind of cyclic compound derived from hydroxycarboxylic acid such as γ - butyrolactone or ε - caprolactone . preferred copolymers are those containing lactic acid . the hydroxycarboxylic acids may be used in the form of a solid , an aqueous solution , etc . commercially available 50 - 90 wt % aqueous solutions are preferred . the polycondensation catalysts to be used in the present invention are alkali metal compounds , alkaline earth metal compounds , and compounds of metals of group iiib of the periodic table . examples of the alkali metal compounds and the alkaline earth metal compounds are carbonates , bicarbonates , hydroxycarboxylates , acetates , hydroxides , and oxides of alkali metals such as lithium , sodium , and potassium ( metals of group ia of the periodic table ) and those of alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium ( metals of group iia of the periodic table ). particularly preferred are the above compounds of sodium and calcium . examples of the compounds of the metals of group iiib of the periodic table are carbonates , bicarbonates , hydroxycarboxylates , acetates , hydroxides , and oxides of yttrium and lanthanum , which have the same properties as the alkaline earth metal compounds . preferred are the above compounds of lanthanum . the alkali metal compound , the alkaline earth metal compound , or the compound of the metal of group iiib of the periodic table is added to a polycondensation reaction mixture in such an amount that the concentration of the metal in the reaction mixture becomes preferably 5 - 1 , 000 ppm , more preferably 40 - 600 ppm . however , the amount of the compound to be added is not limited to this range because the metals differ from one another in properties . the above polycondensation catalysts are usually used alone , but may be used in combination . the polycondensation reaction is preferably carried out at 120 - 150 ° c . for 5 - 10 hours at an atmospheric pressure in a stream of nitrogen to prepare oligomers . the polycondensation reaction after the preparation of oligomers may be carried out at 160 - 250 ° c ., preferably 180 - 240 ° c ., more preferably 180 - 220 ° c ., at 0 . 05 - 25 mmhg , preferably 0 . 1 - 25 mmhg , for 5 - 50 hours , preferably 10 - 30 hours . the polycondensation reaction in the process of the present invention may be carried out by either continuous operation or batch operation . as the viscosity of the reaction mixture becomes high in the latter stage of the polycondensation reaction , the use of a reactor having good stirring efficiency is preferred . after the reaction is completed , the reaction product obtained in the molten state is cooled to room temperature to give solidified polyhydroxycarboxylic acid . the weight - average molecular weight of the polyhydroxycarboxylic acids obtained by the use of the above catalysts is usually 30 , 000 - 100 , 000 , though it varies with the kind and amount of catalysts , reaction temperature , reaction pressure , reaction time , etc . the polycondensation catalysts used in the process of the present invention have only weak toxicity and are added in a very small amount . as a result , the polyhydroxycarboxylic acids produced are of high purity , are almost non - toxic and removal of the catalysts therefrom is not necessary . specifically , by the use of a sodium or calcium compound as the polycondensation catalyst , toxin - free polyhydroxycarboxylic acids of high purity can be produced . the polyhydroxycarboxylic acids produced according to the process of the present invention are excellent as biodegradable plastics because of their high molecular weight . the weight - average molecular weight of polymers and copolymers was measured in the following manner in examples and comparative examples . a polymer or copolymer was dissolved in chloroform to prepare a 0 . 2 wt % solution , and the weight - average molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) using standard polystyrene of known molecular weight . as gpc columns , tosoh g - 5000 , tosoh g - 3000 , and tosoh g - 1000 ( tosoh corporation ) connected in series were used , and the measurement was carried out at a column temperature of 40 ° c . a commercially available 90 wt % aqueous solution of l - lactic acid ( 500 . 0 g ) was put into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer , a dean - stark trap , and a nitrogen - introducing tube . after substitution of nitrogen gas was carried out three times , the solution was subjected to reaction at 140 ° c . for 5 hours in a stream of nitrogen , simultaneously with the removal of the distilled water from the reaction system , to give 365 g of lactic acid oligomer ( weight - average molecular weight : 235 ). the weight - average molecular weight was calculated after the lactic acid oligomer was dissolved in acetone and the resulting solution was titrated with 0 . 1 n koh ethanol using bromothymol blue ( btb ) indicator . to 20 g of the obtained lactic acid oligomer was added sodium carbonate ( na 2 co 3 ) in such an amount that the concentration of the metal in the reaction mixture becomes 77 ppm , and the temperature was raised to 200 ° c . with stirring . the pressure was reduced gradually to 20 mmhg over 30 minutes , followed by stirring at 200 ± 5 ° c . for one hour . then , the pressure was reduced gradually to 1 mmhg over 30 minutes , followed by stirring at 200 ± 5 ° c . for 9 hours . the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature to give 6 . 8 g of lactic acid polymer as a light brown solid ( yield : 37 . 0 %). the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated , except that calcium carbonate ( caco 3 ) was added instead of sodium carbonate ( na 2 co 3 ) in such an amount that the concentration of the metal in the reaction mixture becomes 140 ppm . the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature to give 9 . 6 g of lactic acid polymer as a light yellow solid ( yield : 52 . 2 %). the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated , except that lanthanum oxide ( la 2 o 3 ) was added instead of sodium carbonate ( na 2 co 3 ) in such an amount that the concentration of the metal in the reaction mixture becomes 420 ppm . the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature to give 8 . 8 g of lactic acid polymer as a light yellow solid ( yield : 47 . 9 %). a commercially available 90 wt % aqueous solution of l - lactic acid ( 400 . 0 g ) and 100 . 0 g of glycolic acid were put into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer , a dean - stark trap , and a nitrogen - introducing tube . after substitution of nitrogen gas was carried out three times , the mixture was subjected to reaction at 140 ° c . for 5 hours in a stream of nitrogen , simultaneously with the removal of the distilled water from the reaction system , to give 320 . 2 g of lactic acid - glycolic acid oligomer ( weight - average molecular weight : 212 ). the weight - average molecular weight was calculated in the same manner as in example 1 . to 20 g of the obtained lactic acid - glycolic acid oligomer was added sodium carbonate ( na 2 co 3 ) in such an amount that the concentration of the metal in the reaction mixture becomes 77 ppm , and the temperature was raised to 200 ° c . with stirring . the pressure was reduced gradually to 20 mmhg over 30 minutes , followed by stirring at 200 ± 5 ° c . for one hour . then , the pressure was reduced gradually to 1 mmhg over 30 minutes , followed by stirring at 200 ± 5 ° c . for 9 hours . the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature to give 6 . 1 g of lactic acid - glycolic acid copolymer as a light brown solid ( yield : 33 . 0 %). the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated , except that sodium carbonate ( na 2 co 3 ) as a catalyst was not added . the reaction product was cooled to room temperature to give 12 . 3 g of lactic acid polymer as a light yellow solid . | 2 |
a signal mirror assembly constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in fig1 - 9 and generally designated 10 . the assembly 10 includes a mirror 20 , a signal indicator 30 , a housing 40 , a gasket 50 and a support 60 . the signal indicator is coupled with wiring 39 to signal circuitry of the vehicle 100 . for purposes of this disclosure , the signal mirror assembly is described in connection with its use on a heavy duty truck , however , the assembly is well suited for use with any vehicle , equipment , or movable machine that requires occasional monitoring of a field behind or beside the machine . the mirror 20 includes a front reflective surface , defined to form a generally convex surface , a rear surface , and a perimeter 22 . the mirror 20 defines a recess or cut - out region 23 that interrupts the perimeter 22 . as shown , the perimeter interruption includes a first edge 24 that projects generally inward from the perimeter 22 a first distance toward a central region 21 of the mirror . the edge 24 intersects a second edge 25 a pre - selected distance inward from the perimeter . this second edge 25 is generally in the shape of an arc of a circle or other shape concentric to the perimeter 22 of the mirror , and extends a second distance . notably , the second edge can be any other shape as desired , or can be excluded from the design . the second edge intersects a third edge 26 , which projects generally outward from the central region 21 to the perimeter 22 a third distance . the first , second and third distances may be selected to accommodate a signal indicator of a given dimensions as desired . optionally , any of the edges may be eliminated , or additional edges may be added , to provide a cutout in a desired configuration . alternatively , the edges may be combined to form a continuous curved edge . the cutout region 23 of the mirror can be distal to an exterior side of the vehicle . with this positioning of the signal indicator , the activation of the signal will alert a driver of the vehicle when the signal is activated , but generally will not blind the driver with the signaling . the mirror 20 is shown as being of a generally circular shape , however , it may be configured in a variety of other shapes , for example , elliptical , rectangular , square , trapezoidal and other shapes as desired . in addition , although the mirror is referred to as being a convex mirror , it is noted that this term can encompass any mirror that is not flat and / or provides wide angle viewing . the signal indicator 30 , which can be a modular indicator light , a signal lamp , and / or an area lamp , includes one or more lights 32 and a signal housing 34 . although the lights 32 as shown are leds , other lights , such as incandescent bulbs and cold cathode light emitters may be used . the led lights 32 shown are attached to a circuit board 33 shown in fig4 . wires 35 are in electrical communication with the circuit board 33 . these wires are fed via any acceptable path to an electrical system of the vehicle 100 , which is conventional , and therefore will not be described in detail here . the lights 32 may be activated in response to a vehicle operator &# 39 ; s activation of a turn signal mechanism . optionally , the signal indicator lights 32 of the mirror assembly flash to signal to an observer outside the vehicle of intended movement of the vehicle in the direction of the flashing light , for example , to indicate that the vehicle driver intends to turn or change lanes . the flashing of the mirror assembly signal indicator can be synchronized so that it flashes with a front and rear turn signal indicator on the vehicle 100 . the lights 32 included in the mirror assembly 10 may be alternatively connected to indicate other functions of the vehicle , for example , braking or vehicle back - up . the lights 32 can be configured to emit one or more of a variety of colors , depending on user preference and local governmental regulations . when the mirror assembly signal indicator is a dedicated turn signal , the lights 32 can emit red light . when the mirror assembly signal indicator serves an informational function such as an indication of braking or backing , the lights pan emit white , yellow , orange or red light , or combinations of these as desired . the signal housing 34 is transparent or translucent and is configured to shelter the lights 32 from the elements . in general , the housing is configured in the same shape as the cut - out region 23 , butts dimensioned slightly smaller than the region so that it nests neatly within the region . the housing can include a flange 36 which projects outward from the body 38 of the housing . this flange can be sized so that when the housing fits within the cut out region , the flange projects outward , over a portion of the reflective surface of the convex mirror ( shown in broken lines in fig8 ). optionally , the flange can include a radiused edge 37 to provide a smooth transition from the mirror surface to the housing outer surface 39 . in addition , this housing outer surface 39 can be configured so that it is generally parallel to the surface of the convex mirror reflective surface . optionally , the flange can be absent from the housing , in which case the housing outer surface 39 can be parallel to and generally continue the convex mirror reflective surface . further optionally , the signal housing 34 can include focusing elements , such as cube corners or other light reflective structures or reflective coatings therein , to enhance the lighting capabilities of the signal indicator 30 . the signal indicator 30 and convex mirror 20 can be joined with the housing 40 and / or spacers with an adhesive 45 , which can be any suitable adhesive , for example , a urethane based adhesive . other fasteners , such as bolts , screws and rivets can be used as desired . to space the mirror and / or signal indicator an appropriate distance from the housing if required , spacers 46 can be used . these spacers can be rubber spacers , or portions of double sided tape , which can also operate to hold the mirror in place as the adhesive ( if used ) sets . the housing 40 shown is generally configured to be of the same shape as the mirror . the housing includes a ledge 43 and a flange 49 projecting upward therefrom . the flange 49 can be positioned and formed so that when the mirror perimeter 22 contacts the ledge 43 ( and is optionally adhered to the ledge ), the perimeter is immediately adjacent the flange 49 . as shown , the housing is an eight inch round housing , but other housings may be used as desired . with reference to fig5 , 8 and 9 , the housing is joined to support 60 . the support can be any structure that supports the housing . as shown , the support 60 includes a base 62 which is secured to a ball 63 . the ball is caged in a ball joint 65 via plates 66 , which are fastened to the housing . in this configuration , the support enables the housing to pivot relative to another structure on the vehicle . the bolt 64 of any other fasteners can be used to secure the support 60 to another vehicle structure . other pivotable or non - pivotable joints as desired may be included in the support 60 to enable the user to adjust the mirror assembly to a preferred position . to offer some protection to the components of the mirror assembly 10 from the elements , a gasket 50 is joined with the assembly 10 . the gasket 50 shown circumferentiates and offers a seal around the outer edge of the housing 40 , including the flange 49 , and in some cases a portion of the ledge 43 , as well as the perimeter 23 of the mirror 20 . in addition , the gasket 50 can cover and seal a portion of the signal indicator 30 , which is located in the cut - out region of the mirror . by “ sealing ,” it is meant that the gasket engages a portion of a component significantly enough so as to prevent moisture , in gaseous or liquid form , and / or debris from readily passing between the interface of the gasket and the component . the gasket can be constructed of any suitable natural or synthetic material , for example , rubber , plastic or combinations of these materials . the above descriptions are those of the preferred embodiments of the invention . various alterations and changes can be made without departing from the spirit and broader aspects of the invention as defined in the appended claims , which are to be interpreted in accordance with the principles of patent law including the doctrine of equivalents . any references to claim elements in the singular , for example , using the articles “ a ,” “ an ,” “ the ,” or “ said ,” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular . | 1 |
in fig9 the electrode 1 is named the anode ( although for a fraction of the time it may be the cathode when pulse plating is employed ). a net loss of metal occurs at this electrode , hence the name anode . phosphorized copper is utilized with copper plating in a sulfuric acid electrolyte ( similar to printed circuit board applications ). pure copper may be employed if so desired , but may adversely affect anodic polarization and particulate generation . other metal systems ( such as silver or gold ) would use that particular metal as the anode . an inert anode could also be used with the complication of constantly changing the electrolyte composition . the area of this electrode is similar to the area of the exposed wafer . references in the printed circuit board literature imply that there is an optimum anode current density utilizing the acid copper bath for proper anode passivation . this will depend on the exposed area of the wafer ( area without photoresist ) as well as the deposition current density . this may not prove to be as important a parameter with this process due to the thinner nature of the deposited layer compared to printed circuit board application thicknesses ( 0 . 5 microns compared to 25 microns ). masking part of the anode could be used to decrease the area of the anode exposed to the electrolyte if a specific ( larger ) anode current density is necessary . the anode gasket 2 seals the anode to the cell body 10 preventing leakage of the electrolyte . this gasket must be inert with respect to the electrolyte . for acid copper plating , viton or ptfe ( teflon ) materials are excellent choices . other electrolyte and metal systems must be addressed accordingly . the anode 1 is secured firmly to the anode gasket 2 . since the anode is not changed for a multitude of wafers , it is secured in a permanent manner to the cell ( using clamps or bolts ). the cathode gasket 3 has the same inertness requirements as the anode gasket 2 . its function is to seal the cathode to the cell and prevent electrolyte leakage . cathode wires 4 ( a , b , c and d ) are sewn into cathode gasket 3 as shown in fig1 . in order to maximize the exposed area of wafer 5 to the electrolyte , the cathode gasket 3 is not round , it follows the circumference of the wafer which has flat regions oriented with specific crystallographic orientations . by matching the shape of the gasket to the wafer , a uniform displacement of the cathode wires 4 from the edge of the wafer is achieved while preventing electrolyte leakage between cathode gasket 3 and wafer 5 due to wafer flats . obviously , the wafer must be properly oriented when placed on wafer gasket 3 . referring back to fig9 when the cathode ( wafer ) 5 is secured against the cathode gasket • 3 , electrolyte is excluded from contacting the area of the wafer contacting this cathode gasket 3 as well as the cathode wires 4 . the cathode wires 4 penetrate the photoresist ( where present ) on the active side of the wafer and make ohmic contact with the nucleating layer / diffusion barrier ( this would be the top surface observed in fig5 ). four separate cathode wires 4 ( a , b , c and d ) are employed to allow the confirmation of good contact between the wafer and electrode wires ( by making a resistance measurement ) before electrolyte is introduced into the cell and electrodeposition is initiated . a knowledge of the diffusion barrier / nucleation layer sheet resistance along with the cell geometry will allow the determination of good cathode wire to cathode contact . wires a and c may be checked followed by the resistance between wires b and d . this concept may be extended to include even more cathode wires if desired . after this check has been made , all cathode wires 4 ( a , b , c and d ) are connected together to act as a single cathode wire making multiple contacts to the wafer 5 . the wafer is the cathode 5 with the active side facing the cathode gasket 3 ( the side with photoresist and nucleation layer metal shown in fig5 ). the area of the cathode 5 encircled by the cathode gasket 3 is exposed to the electrolyte . the fraction of this area that is not covered by photoresist ( exposed nucleation layer metal ) is the actual plating area . the edge of the cathode 5 in contact with the cathode gasket 3 and the back of the wafer are not exposed to the electrolyte . neither are the cathode wires 4 that are woven into the cathode gasket 3 . wafer clamp 6 applies pressure to the back of the cathode 5 to secure the wafer firmly against the cathode gasket 3 and make good contact to cathode wires 4 . it must seal the cathode 5 well enough to prevent electrolyte from leaking between the cathode 5 and cathode gasket 3 and the cathode gasket 3 and cell body 10 . this will also ensure that cathode wires 4 do not contact the electrolyte . its configuration must be such that it is compatible with moving wafers on and off the cathode gasket 3 with the wafer handling apparatus . another requirement of the wafer clamp 6 is that it apply a uniform force to the cathode 5 . if any bending ( non - uniform ) force is applied to the wafer , this extrinsic stress will be added to the intrinsic stress of the electrodeposited metal . the probable result will be undesirable and non - uniform stress in the metal layer . a more desirable approach is to not apply extrinsic stress with wafer clamp 6 and to deposit a low stress film resulting in a metal layer of low and uniform total stress . the virtual anode 7 is so named due to its manipulation of the cell geometry to create a primary current distribution that does not coincide with the real anode and cathode geometry , but with an anode that approximately coincides with the opening in the virtual anode 7 . the advantage of this is that it creates a more uniform primary current distribution which has beneficial consequences on the deposited metal thickness uniformity . a cross section of the cell in fig1 shows the more uniform potential distribution near the cathode surface ( which implies a more uniform primary current distribution ) using a virtual anode compared to a cell with no virtual anode . additionally , a virtual anode is much simpler to construct than a complexly shaped anode to achieve a desired primary current distribution . without the virtual anode , there is a greater tendency for the thickness of the deposited metal to be greater closer to the cathode wires 4 . manipulation of the process variables can now be done to optimize other metal layer requirements ( stress , film morphology and step coverage ) without concern about degrading thickness uniformity . alternatively , by using a virtual anode , the acid content of the electrolyte can be decreased if more photoresist inertness is desired without degrading the metal thickness uniformity . another potential advantage is that a higher current density ( growth rate ) can be used with a virtual anode to achieve a desired thickness uniformity . also , the fluid dynamics of the anode compartment and cathode compartment can be individually optimized . in addition , any particulate generation from the anode can be partially isolated from the cathode compartment by the virtual anode . the size and shape of the virtual anode opening , the wafer size , the nucleating layer / diffusion barrier sheet resistance , the electrolyte conductivity , the anode to virtual anode distance and the cathode to virtual anode distance are manipulated to optimize the uniformity of the primary current distribution . virtual anode gaskets 8 seal the virtual anode 7 to the cell body 10 preventing electrolyte leakage . different virtual anodes can be easily exchanged to optimize the primary current distribution using this configuration . electrolyte inlets and outlets 9 establish proper fluid dynamic conditions in the anode compartment and cathode compartment . a single pump and filtration system may feed both compartments , or two separate systems may be employed to optimize each compartment . the number and geometry of these inlets and outlets are chosen to provide a controlled and uniform electrolyte boundary layer thickness over the entire exposed cathode and anode surfaces . this is critical for achieving proper film properties such as film morphology , stress and step coverage on the cathode as well as establishing a proper passivation layer on the anode . filtration of the electrolyte in the anode compartment also needs to be optimized to minimize any particulates ( generated by the anodic corrosion process ) from entering the cathode compartment . the pump 11 , filtration system 12 , temperature controller 13 , reservoir 14 and fluid tubing 15 complete the cell as shown in fig1 . their function is to provide a clean , constant temperature , controlled flow of electrolyte 16 to the cell , while minimizing any external contamination or evaporation . the electronics 17 ( shown schematically in fig1 ) applies a voltage or current to the cell ( potentiostat or galvanostat mode ) in a controlled manner . a voltmeter measures cell potentials , an ammeter monitors cell currents and a coulometer measures the amount of charge passed through the cell . the use of a coulometer along with the knowledge of the exposed area of the wafer ( area without photoresist ) and the coulombic efficiency ( very close to 100 % with the acid copper process ) will allow the average thickness of the film to be monitored during the deposition process , typically impossible with present deposition techniques . the complete cell and electronics may comprise a part of a total system that includes wafer handling , wafer cleaning , other wafer processing ( such as resist strip ) and laminar gas flow . there may also be a multitude of cells and electronics if multiple wafers are to be processed simultaneously to improve throughput . table i compares current and proposed metallization processes with the selective metal electrodeposition scheme . each currently used process has some significant disadvantage when used in an advanced semiconductor process . the present invention has no apparent major disadvantage . compatibility with present state of the art process flows with respect to economics and performance . compatible with salicide , schottky diodes , sub - micron contacts and vias and gaas processes . it may be employed for first metal or any subsequent metal layer . this process may be employed to form heat sink layers between active metal layers or as ground planes between metal layers . the possibility of performing both functions simultaneously also exists . employs a diffusion barrier which conducts electrons to all parts of the cathode surface allowing uniform metal electrodeposition as well as providing a barrier to metal species interfering with properties of the underlying active devices . uses a nucleation layer for optimum electrodeposited film morphology . this does not hinder device performance while only increasing process complexity slightly . an inverted metal mask is required as compared to present masking technology . the requirement of removing resist from the bottom of contacts or vias to ensure good ohmic contact between the electrodeposited metal and the nucleation layer / diffusion barrier is added . this is a consequence of the mask step preceding the metal deposition instead of following it as is the case with standard metal processing . improved linewidth control is a result of the resist profile defining the metal linewidth without bias from the standard metal etch step which is essentially eliminated ( a blanket nucleation layer / diffusion barrier etch does not significantly affect metal linewidth ). techni - copper u additive 0 . 4 % by volume ( this is a product of technic inc . p . o . box 965 , providence , r . i . 02901 ) a small cell of approximately 42 milliliters with two electrolyte inlets and &# 39 ; two electrolyte outlets was employed . the flow rate was approximately 1 . 5 liters per minute . no virtual anode was employed . any other set of above conditions which meet the requirements for metal thickness uniformity , film morphology , film resistivity , step coverage and throughput will also be acceptable . the control of micro - levelling , geometric leveling and mass transport conditions allows the formation of a metal line with void - free contacts or vias in a single deposition step ( step coverage in excess of 100 %). an alternative process flow utilizing selective tungsten plugs removes the requirement for excellent step coverage of the selective metal electrodeposition process while keeping the advantages of low resistivity metal and no electromigration concerns . the standard metal etch step is much simplified to a blanket etch step only having to remove the nucleation layer and diffusion barrier between electrodeposited metal areas . no plasma etching of the electrodeposited metal is required . a modified second dielectric deposition process is employed to avoid complications due to the rapid diffusion of copper or silver in silicon dioxide and adhesion complexities . a slight modification of the second dielectric via etch process will also have to be made to compensate for the ( thin ) silicon nitride at the bottom of the vias . system allows execution of selective metal electrodeposition process in a semiconductor wafer process flow meeting all future metallization requirements while providing economical and reliable alternative to presently considered processes . system prevents electrolyte from contacting back surface of wafer ( cathode ) as well as cathode wires due to unique cathode gasket and cathode wire configuration . wafer is secured against cathode gasket in a uniform manner preventing complications from added extrinsic stress . the virtual anode improves the primary current distribution improving the metal thickness uniformity while allowing process variables to be optimized for other electrodeposited film properties ( film morphology , stress and step coverage ). it also allows independent optimization of the fluid dynamic conditions in the cathode compartment and the anode compartment . it allows the possible particulate generation problem from the anode to be minimized as well . virtual anode gaskets prevent electrolyte leakage and make it a simple and rapid process to change the geometry of the virtual anode . this is done to optimize the primary current distribution for different diffusion barrier sheet resistances and electrolyte compositions . the electrolyte inlets and outlets along with the cell geometry , pump , pumping rate and electrolyte tubing establish the proper fluid dynamic conditions for uniform diffusion layers on the anode and cathode . this is essential for achieving uniform and reproducible electro - deposited film properties and a properly passivated anode . the associated electronics applies the desired potential or current , measures cell potentials , currents and charge . it provides the unique feature of allowing the average film thickness to be measured during the deposition process . this described cell is part of a system that incorporates wafer handling and other components common to semiconductor processing equipment •( laminar flow , computer for human interfacing . . . ). table i__________________________________________________________________________comparison of present and proposed metallization processes resistivity stepprocess ( micro - ohm - cm ) coverage economics throughput reliability__________________________________________________________________________sputtered good poor good good fairaluminum 3 . 0lpcvd good excellent fair fair fairaluminum 3 . 0hot good good fair fair fairaluminum 3 . 0reflowed good good fair fair fairaluminum 3 . 0lpcvd w fair excellent fair fair excellent 8 . 0w plugs / good excellent fair fair fairaluminum 3 . 0selective excellent excellent excellent excellent excellentcopper 2 . 0__________________________________________________________________________ table ii__________________________________________________________________________silicon process flow utilizing selective metalelectrodeposition for the first metal layer__________________________________________________________________________front end wafer processing ( active device formation ) first dielectric processingcontact etchplatinum silicide formation ( optional ) diffusion barrier depositionnucleation layer depositionfirst metal maskselective metal electrodepositionphotoresist removalelectrochemical metal etchnucleation layer / diffusion barrier blanket etchsecond dielectric deposition / planarizationsecond dielectric via mask and etch__________________________________________________________________________ | 7 |
the system and method of the present invention is configured to convert a physical media content into a digital media file for viewing on digital playback device , such as a personal mobile digital device . to this end , as illustrated in fig1 , a physical media content 10 is shown in the form of a standard book . it is understood that any physical media content such as pamphlets , brochures , comic books etc . . . . may be converted for to a digital media file via the present invention . for illustrative purposes however , book 10 is referred to throughout interchangeably with physical media content 10 . as shown in fig1 , book 10 maintains a plurality of pages 12 each of which have a visual aspect 14 and an audible aspect 16 . visual aspect 14 refers to any images contained on the page and audible aspect 16 generally refers to any text that may be read . the present invention contemplates that children &# 39 ; s books , which have many visual aspects 14 to accompany the audible content 16 , are the focus of the system and method of the present invention , as many adult books only have an audible content 16 . however , the invention is not limited in this respect . in one embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig2 , the physical to digital conversion system 20 ( referred to hereinafter as system 20 ), maintains a visual input module 22 , an audio in put module 26 , a visual rendering module 24 , a processor 28 , editing module 30 , and a storage module 32 . visual input module 22 is configured to receive visual aspects 14 from book 10 . this can be done by scanning the pages 12 of book 10 via a typical scanner . alternatively , digital representations of visual aspects 14 of page 12 may be directly imported on - line from outside or third party source such as a publisher or writer . any additional methods of inputting physical images to digital format are also within the contemplation of the present invention . visual rendering module 24 is configured to render the imported visual aspects 14 of page 12 into an accessible and storable format . audio input module 26 is configured to receive audio input , such a voice over input via a microphone or other such sound collection device . this audio input corresponds to the audible aspect 16 of pages 12 of book 10 . audio module 26 is preferably outfitted with some form of editing software allowing the operator of system 20 to place the generated audio files into some manageable format . ideally , audible aspects 16 input through audio input module 26 and visual aspects 14 input via visual input and visual rendering modules 22 and 24 are in compatible or even the same format ( program ). processor module 28 is configured to generate a digital media file corresponding to the physical media content 10 ( book 10 ) using the input from audio input , visual input and visual rendering modules 22 , 24 and 26 . in one embodiment of the present invention , processor 28 is configured such that for each page 12 of book 10 , the input visual aspects 14 are correlated with the corresponding audible aspects 16 . this data can be stored in storage module 32 . once each page 12 of book 10 is stored , processor 28 is further configured to generate a single digital media file that corresponds to the entire physical media content 10 . the digital media file generated by system 20 for book 10 may be in any available format that stores combined audio and visual components including but not limited to . mov , h264 , . mp4 , wmv , 0 . 3 gp , etc . . . . in one embodiment of the present invention , processor 28 is further configured to insert a ring , bell , or tone noise instruction between each page 12 stored in the digital media file for book 10 . as explained below , when a user views the digital media file and changes pages , the user will hear the tone to let them know that the current view is literally from a different page 12 from the original physical media content than from the previously viewed page 12 . likewise , processor 28 , is further configured to insert a page flipping image / animation instruction between each page 12 stored in the digital media file for book 10 . as explained below , when a user views the digital media file and changes pages , the user sees the flipping page image to let them know that the current view is literally from a different page 12 from the original physical media content 10 than the previously viewed page 12 . these characteristics assist in generating the feel of reading an actual book rather than viewing a movie or cartoon , even though it is being viewed on a personal digital device . editing module 30 is configured to allow a user to review the digital media file created from book 10 , allowing each page 12 view to be edited or re - mastered to enhance stored visual and audible aspects 14 and 16 to ensure that they look as close to page 12 of book 10 as possible and that the audible aspect 16 matches the stored audio portion of the file for that page 12 . furthermore , editing module 12 can also be used to insert certain embellishments such as background music or sound effects to accompany each page view . to form the digital media file , processor 28 and editing module 30 may employ such programs as flash , pinnacle , premier , final cut , windows movie maker etc ., although any similar editing and program creation software may be employed . it is understood that the above modules and descriptions for system 20 are intended only as exemplary modules to illustrate the salient features of the invention . for example , any of the various modules may be combined or further subdivided for performing their functions and such modules may be implemented as either hardware or software . furthermore , modules such as storage module 32 may be located off - site or handled by third party vendors . it is shown above only to illustrate its function within system 20 . it is understood that the present invention contemplates any system 20 that employs similar functional modules to perform similar tasks as described below . thus , according to one embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig3 , the process for converting book 10 into a digital book file via system 20 begins at step 100 where a user selects a book 10 to be converted into a digital media file . at step 102 , the visual aspect 14 of each page 12 is entered into system 20 via visual input and visual rendering modules 22 and 24 . at step 104 , the audible aspects 16 are added ( by way of voice over recordings etc . . . . ) by way of audio input module 26 . at step 106 , processor 28 , for each page 12 of original book 12 , correlates the visual and audible aspects 14 and 16 to one another . next , at step 108 , processor 28 collects the correlated visual and audible aspects 14 and 16 from each page 12 and stores it in storage module 32 as a single digital media file that corresponds to book 10 . optionally , at step 110 , the user may use editing module 30 to review the file to re - master any of the visual or audible aspects 14 and 16 from pages 12 or to add background music or sound effects to the file . it is understood that the above description of the generation of a digital media file from book 10 is by way of example only . any similar process using similar components from system 20 is within the contemplation of the present invention . turning now to the viewing of the digital media file of book 10 , in one embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig4 , a user has a digital playback device 200 , such as a mobile viewing device having a storage module 202 , a viewer 204 and an interface 206 . it is contemplated that digital playback device can be any one of televisions , computers , personal video players , gaming devices , pocket computers / pda &# 39 ; a , mobile phones , automobile entertainment centers and others . furthermore , it is contemplated that device 200 employ a program that can run digital audio / visual files , including but not limited to windows media , real player , quicktime , flash , and other such programs . the operation of such device 200 begins at step 300 , illustrated in fig5 , where by the user contact system 20 or some or some other secondary host of the digital media files and selects a book 10 . at step 302 , device 200 is then given the information via upload from a physical media or through download from the internet or other wireless communication . the present invention contemplates that the digital media file for book 10 may communicated to playback device by way of , but not limited to mobile streaming , mobile on demand , satellite streaming , satellite on demand , internet streaming , internet on demand , and hard media , including but not limited to cd , dvd , cf , sd . at step 304 , the digital media file for book 10 is stored in storage module 202 . next , at step 306 , the user access the digital media file for book 10 and selects a playback mode . an example of a first playback mode is a continuous mode where each page 12 of book 10 is displayed for a pre - defined time and then the next page is automatically cued up . alternatively , a non - continuous manual mode may be selected whereby the user can first initiate a digital media file for book 10 and then each successive page 12 turn is initiated through some interaction with interface 206 . this process is repeated until book 10 is finished or the viewer interrupts viewing via interface 206 . it is understood that the above description of the viewing of a digital media file from book 10 is by way of example only . any similar process using similar components is within the contemplation of the present invention . as such , the present invention contemplates a system and method for converting a book or other physical media content 10 into a digital format using system 20 . viewers may then purchase the books 10 and download them to their viewing devices 200 . the digital file plays to the viewer with the feel of a real book , rather than as a typical digital file such as a movie or cartoon . such books 10 can be purchased by the user for a fee or advertisements may be added before the content of the digital media file by a sponsor so that the file may be downloaded for free by the viewer . although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof , many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art . it is preferred , therefore , that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein , but only by the appended claims . | 6 |
embodiments of the present invention will be described . in detail with reference to the drawings . fig2 is a sectional view of clutch members attached to a rotary disc and to an eccentric rotation shaft according to the present invention . although not illustrated in fig2 , a grinding disc 3 is fixed to an end of an eccentric rotation shaft 4 , and an abrasive member 2 is attached to the grinding disc 3 as in fig1 . likewise , although not illustrated , a driving motor is connected to an end of a drive shaft 5 . a rotary disc 7 is rotated by a driving force of a motor . as described above with reference to fig1 , the eccentric rotation shaft 4 is attached to a position that is eccentric with respect to the drive shaft 5 . when the motor rotates the drive shaft 5 , the rotary disc 7 rotates and the eccentric rotation shaft 4 performs an orbital motion . moreover , the eccentric rotation shaft 4 , which is attached to the rotary disc 7 through a bearing 9 , performs a rotational motion about its axis . in fig2 , the eccentric rotation shaft 4 is attached to the rotary disc 7 through the bearing 9 . a grinding - disc - side clutch member 12 is fixed to the eccentric rotation shaft 4 using a clutch attachment screw 14 . a rotary - disc - side clutch member 11 and push springs 16 are attached to the rotary disc 7 in such a way that the rotary disc 7 and the clutch member 11 are movable relative to each other and elastic forces of the push springs 16 can be transmitted to the clutch member 11 . the rotary - disc - side clutch member 11 and the grinding - disc - side clutch member 12 are disposed so as to be in close contact with each other along a sliding surface 13 having a conical shape . the sliding surface 13 is capable of sliding and capable of transmitting a driving force . the friction of the sliding surface 13 is larger than the friction of the bearing 9 . when the rotational speed of the eccentric , rotation shaft 4 about its axis increases considerably , the sliding surface 13 functions as a brake . when the rotational speed of the eccentric rotation shaft 4 about its axis decreases , the sliding surface 13 functions to transmit a driving force . a force that presses the clutch members 11 and 12 against each other can be adjusted by adjusting the elastic forces of the push springs 16 . braking power and the ability to transmit a driving force can be increased by using springs having larger elastic forces or by compressing the springs more strongly . braking power and the ability to transmit a driving force can be decreased by making adjustment in the opposite way . the eccentric rotation shaft 4 is attached through the bearing 9 in such a way that a gap 15 is formed between the rotary disc 7 and the grinding - disc - side clutch member 12 , so that the function of the sliding surface 13 described above may not be hindered . as described above , the clutch members 11 and 12 are partially engaged all the time , and the sliding surface 13 is capable of sliding and capable of transmitting a driving force . the grinding tool , having such a combination of clutch members , has high grinding performance and workability as described above . it is preferable that to sliding surface 13 have a conical shape , with which a large surface area can be easily provided . however , the shape of the sliding surface is not particularly limited , and may be disc - shaped . fig3 and 4 illustrate clutch members according to another embodiment . fig3 is a sectional view , and fig4 is a top view . in the clutch members according to the present embodiment , a sliding surface 23 includes a plurality of conical shapes . a grinding - disc - side clutch member 22 is fixed to an eccentric rotation shaft 4 , and a rotary - disc - side clutch member 21 is formed by cutting a rotary disc 7 . because the sliding surface 23 includes four conical surfaces , the rotary disc 7 is divided along a segment surface 7 b , a segment 7 a is removed , and the eccentric rotation shaft 4 is set while fixing the grinding - disc - side clutch member 22 to the eccentric rotation shaft 4 . then , the segment 7 a , which has been removed , is fixed to the rotary disc 7 using connection screws 25 . the grinding - disc - side clutch member 22 is attached to the eccentric rotation shaft 4 using an attachment screw 24 . the rotary - disc - side clutch member 21 may be made not by cutting the rotary disc 7 but by fixing a clutch member on which the sliding surface 23 having the same shape has been formed to the rotary disc 7 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig3 , a bearing 9 is not necessary because the clutch members also function as a bearing . however , a metal bearing is used in the embodiment . fig5 illustrates an embodiment in which a grinding - disc - side clutch member is directly attached to a grinding disc . in this embodiment , a grinding - disc - side clutch member 32 is attached to a grinding disc 3 . in fig5 , a clutch attachment screw 34 is screwed into an eccentric rotation shaft 4 . alternatively , the attachment screw 34 may be screwed into the grinding disc 3 . a rotary - disc - side clutch member 31 is fixed to an upper surface of a rotary 7 . the clutch members 31 and 32 are disposed so as to be in close contact with each other along a sliding surface 33 having a conical shape . the rotary - disc - side clutch member 31 and the rotation shaft 4 are not in direct contact with each other , and a gap 35 is formed therebetween . the grinding disc 3 is connected to the rotary disc 7 along the sliding surface 33 . as with the rotary - disc - side clutch member 11 in fig2 , the rotary - disc - side clutch member 31 may be attached to the rotary disc 7 in such a way that they are movable relative to each other and the rotary - disc - side clutch member 31 can be pressed against the grinding - disc - side clutch member 32 by using push springs . fig6 is a sectional view of an embodiment in which part the clutch members illustrated in fig2 is modified . in the present embodiment , an eccentric rotation shaft 4 for driving a grinding disc is attached to an inner casing 40 , which is connected to a rotary disc 7 , through a bearing 9 . a sliding surface 43 of the clutch members includes a combination of two conical shapes . a grinding - disc - side clutch member 42 has a convex ring - like shape , and a rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 has a concave ring - like shape . the convex and concave surfaces of the clutch members , which are in close contact with each other , form the sliding surface 43 . the grinding - disc - side clutch member 42 is attached to the eccentric rotation shaft 4 using a clutch attachment screw 44 . the rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 is attached to the rotary disc 7 through a push spring 46 . the inner casing 40 is connected and fixed to the rotary disc 7 by a pressing force of the push spring 46 , which is applied via the clutch members 41 and 42 and the bearing 9 , and by retention using a snap ring 47 . with such a structure , in the case where the bearing 9 is used , damage to the bearing due to a force in the axial direction can be prevented . as in other embodiments , the sliding surface 43 according to the present embodiment is capable of sliding and capable of transmitting a driving force . the friction of the sliding surface 43 is larger than the friction of the bearing 9 . when the rotational speed of the eccentric rotation shaft 4 about its axis increases considerably , the sliding surface 43 functions as a brake when the rotational speed of the eccentric rotation shaft 4 about its axis decreases , the sliding surface 43 functions to transmit a driving force . a force that presses the clutch members 41 and 42 against each other can be adjusted by adjusting the elastic forces of the push spring 46 . in the present embodiment , it is preferable that the grinding - disc - side clutch member 42 be made of a plastic material and the rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 be made of a metal material . in present embodiment , a polyamide - imide is used as the plastic material , and steel ( s45c ) is used as the metal material . with this structure , as the grinding tool is used over a long period , the grinding - disc - side clutch member 42 , which is made of a plastic material , wears along the sliding surface . as the wear develops , the rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 , which is made of a metal material , advances upward and may cause trouble in the rotation mechanism . however , with the embodiment illustrated in fig6 , such an upward advancement of the rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 can be limited , because a gap 45 , which is formed between a peripheral edge portion of the rotary - disc - side clutch member 41 and a lower edge portion of the inner casing 40 , becomes narrower and eventually eliminated . the presence / absence of the gap 45 may be used as an indicator of a replacement time of the grinding - disc - side clutch member 42 . in any of the embodiments described above , they grinding disc 3 and the rotary disc 7 are connected to each other and partially engaged with each other along a sliding surface that is capable of sliding and capable of transmitting a driving force . therefore , during a grinding operation , the grinding disc 3 performs a rotational motion in which a rotational motion and an orbital motion are combined in a complex way as described above , so that an efficient grinding operation can be realized . metals and plastic materials can be used as the materials of the clutch members . as described above , it is preferable that a combination of a plastic material and a metal material be used . as the plastic material , a material having high heat resistance and high wear resistance is used . as described above , it is preferable that the plastic material be a fluorocarbon resin , peek ( polyether ether ketone ), a polyamide - imide , or a fiber - reinforcement of such a martial . it is preferable that the fiber be glass fiber or carbon fiber . it is preferable that the fluorocarbon resin be ptfe ( polytetrafluoroethylene ). alternatively , a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene , ethylene , hexafluoropropylene , or the like may be used . examples of other usable plastic materials haying high heat resistance and high wear resistance include polyacetal ( polyoxymethylene ), polyetherketone , and polyethersulfone . examples of usable metal materials include steel ; a copper alloy , such as bronze , lead bronze , phosphor bronze , or the like ; an aluminum alloy ; a white metal ; an oil - impregnated sintered metal material , such as that of iron , a copper alloy , or an iron copper alloy ; and a sintered material that is a combination of such a metal and graphite . the clutch members are manufactured by molding , casting , or cutting such a material . as necessary , a lubricant such as a lubrication oil may be applied to the sliding surface . the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above , and the embodiments may be modified within the spirit and scope of the present invention . | 1 |
the polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene is a relatively uncomplicated process when compared with the polymerization of higher alpha olefin monomers such as propylene . alpha olefin polymerization monomers can form three different steric types of polymers due to the alkyl group attached to the monomer . today , highly isotactic polypropylene resins are useful in the plastic industry , and more valuable than the atactic and syndiotactic structures . the preparation of catalysts for use in such processes is relatively complicated . moreover , in the industry today , successful catalysts of this type generate large amount of waste . this process waste called “ effluent ” is composed mainly of titanium ( or other transition metal ) based compounds , solvents , electron donors and impurities . titanium halides materials are the major and most valuable components in the effluent and they are the principal source of active sites of the catalyst of the present invention . solvents are the second main components in the effluent . these solvents end up in the effluent during the catalyst preparation because part of it is used as a reaction medium and the other part is used to wash the catalyst at the end of the preparation . impurities and electron donors are next in term of their quantity in the effluent . the impurities are generated mainly as byproducts during the reaction of the ingredients with each other and the catalyst support source . they are mainly mixtures of chlorinated components of the form ti ( ro ) y cl x , eb and ticl 4 . neb complexes . the x value can be between zero and four , whereas y can be between four and zero , respectively . they are accumulated into a critical concentration at which active propylene catalysts can no longer be prepared from the effluent , until these impurities are isolated and disposed off . solid components are also found in the effluent . these solids are either catalyst solids passed through catalyst filter cloth or solids formed from the impurities through side reactions . almost all solids are isolated from the liquid effluent and disposed off separately . in the industry today , the effluent is fed into two vacuum distillation columns to recover both titanium halides and the solvents and dispose the impurities as described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 242 , 549 in this invention , it was discovered that the effluent can be used to prepare highly active ziegler - natta catalysts for the polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene without the need to isolate titanium halides from the rest of the effluent components . titanium halides can be extracted from the effluent by direct contact with magnesium alkoxides and form active polyethylene catalysts despite the presence of the impurities . the impurities show no harmful effects on the catalysts prepared to polymerize ethylene , whereas they demonstrate a contrary effect to catalysts used for propylene polymerization . the performance and activity of these catalysts was superior to other ziegler - natta catalysts utilized commercially in the industries today . 4 . 4 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a custom designed glass flask fitted with a medium pore size fritted disk . 110 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on top thereof and the two components were heated up to 110 ° c . for one hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted at the end of one hour and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted effluent materials from the catalyst solid . the catalyst was then left overnight to dry by ultra pure nitrogen flowing through the flask filter . samples of the catalyst were characterized for titanium ( 6 . 2 wt %), magnesium ( 18 . 5 wt %) as well as organic composition such as ethoxide content ( 4 . 9 wt %), monochloro benzene ( 0 . 1 wt %), isopentane ( 0 . 52 wt %) and ethylbenzoate ( 9 . 5 wt %). ethylene polymerization was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars hydrogen partial pressure and teal ( triethylaluminum alkyl ) was used as the polymerization cocatalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for one hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run of this catalyst produced nearly 310 grams of homo - polyethylene resin with a productivity close to 40 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 438 . 4 kg pe / g ti . 7 . 6 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a custom designed glass flask fitted with medium pore size fritted disk . 190 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on top thereof and the two components were heated up to 110 ° c . for one hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted at the end of one hour and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted materials from the catalyst solid . the catalyst then was left overnight to dry by ultra pure nitrogen flowing through the flask filter . samples of the catalyst were characterized for titanium ( 6 . 2 wt %), magnesium ( 15 . 6 wt %) as well as organic composition such as ethoxide content ( 6 . 4 wt %), monochloro benzene ( 0 . 04 wt %), isopentane ( 0 . 58 wt %) and ethylbenzoate ( 9 . 8 wt %). ethylene polymerization was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars hydrogen partial pressure and teal ( triethylaluminum alkyl ) was used as the polymerization cocatalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for one hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run on this catalyst produced nearly 210 grams of homo - polyethylene resin with a productivity close to 27 . 2 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 647 . 2 kg pe / g ti . 4 . 4 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a custom designed glass flask fitted with medium pore size fritted disk . 110 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on top thereof followed by 1 . 84 ml of ethylbenzoate . the three components were heated up to 110 ° c . for one hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted at the end of one hour and then an additional 110 ml of fresh effluent was added followed by 0 . 46 ml of benzoyl chloride . the content stirred again for one half hour at 110 ° c ., then the excess liquid was decanted again . a third amount of 110 ml of fresh effluent was used again and the flask was heated to 110 ° c . for another one half - hour . finally , the excess liquid was decanted and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted materials from the catalyst solid . the catalyst then was left overnight to dry by ultra pure nitrogen flowing through the flask filter . samples of the catalyst were characterized for titanium ( 3 . 7 wt %), magnesium ( 18 . 3 wt %) as well as organic composition such as ethoxides content ( 2 . 2 wt %); monochloro benzene (& lt ; 0 . 1 wt %), isopentane (& lt ; 0 . 1 wt %) and ethylbenzoate ( 14 . 1 wt %). ethylene polymerization was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars hydrogen partial pressure and teal ( triethylaluminum alkyl ) was used as the polymerization cocatalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for one hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run on this catalyst produced nearly 394 grams of homo - polyethylene resin with a productivity of 30 . 4 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 822 . 5 kg pe / g ti . 4 . 4 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a custom designed glass flask fitted with medium pore size fritted disk . 110 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on top thereof followed by 3 . 6 ml ethylbenzoate and the three components were heated up to 110 ° c . for one hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted at the end of one hour and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted materials from the catalyst solid . the catalyst then was left overnight to dry by ultra pure nitrogen flowing through the flask filter . samples of the catalyst were characterized for titanium ( 1 . 5 wt %), magnesium ( 9 . 5 wt %) as well as organic composition such as ethoxide content ( 2 . 4 wt %); monochloro benzene ( 0 . 1 wt %), isopentane (& lt ; 0 . 1 wt %) and ethylbenzoate ( 15 . 2 wt %). ethylene polymerization was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars hydrogen partial pressure and teal ( triethylaluminum alkyl ) was used as the polymerization cocatalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for one hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run on this catalyst produced nearly 292 grams of homo - polyethylene resin with a productivity of 9 . 1 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 609 . 6 kg pe / g ti . 4 . 4 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a custom designed glass flask fitted with medium pore size fritted disk . 110 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on top thereof followed by 3 ml benzoyl chloride and the three components were heated up to 110 ° c . for one hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted at the end of one hour and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted materials from the catalyst solid . the catalyst then was left overnight to dry by ultra pure nitrogen flowing through the flask filter . samples of the catalyst were characterized for titanium ( 2 . 92 wt %), magnesium ( 16 . 3 wt %) as well as organic composition such as ethoxide content ( 2 . 93 wt %), monochloro benzene (& lt ; 0 . 1 wt %), isopentane ( 0 . 1 wt %) and ethylbenzoate ( 17 . 3 wt %). ethylene polymerization was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars hydrogen partial pressure and teal ( triethylaluminum alkyl ) was used as the polymerization cocatalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for one hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run on this catalyst produced nearly 99 grams of homo - polyethylene resin with a productivity of 6 . 0 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 206 kg pe / g ti . 300 grams of magnesium ethoxide were placed in a 12 - liter pilot unit glass vessel equipped with electric stirrer . 1500 ml of decanted effluent waste was added on the top thereof and the two components were heated up to 90 ° c . for one and a half hour with continuous stirring . the excess liquid was decanted and the resulting yellow solid of the catalyst was washed with isopentane six times to remove the residual non - reacted material from the catalyst solid . the catalyst was heated up to 65 ° c . and left to dry under vacuum . samples of the catalyst were characterised for titanium ( 9 . 5 wt .-%), magnesium ( 15 . 8 wt .-%) as well as organic composition such as ethoxide content ( 8 wt .-%), monochloro benzene ( 1 . 6 wt .-%) isopentane ( 0 wt .-%), and ethylbenzoate ( 0 . 07 wt .-%). ethylene co - polymerization with hexene was carried out over this catalyst at 15 bars of ethylene including 3 bars of hydrogen partial pressure , 50 ml hexene - 1 , and teal ( tryethyl aluminum alkyl ) was used as the co - polymerization co - catalyst to result in a al / ti molar ratio of about 150 . the reaction was run for 1 hour at a temperature of 85 ° c . the lab polymerization run of this catalyst produced nearly 600 grams of polyethylene copolymer resin with a productivity close to 12 kg pe / g catalyst and an activity of 126 . 3 kg pe / g ti . the features disclosed in the foregoing description and / or in the claims may , both separately and in any combination thereof , be material for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof . | 2 |
fig1 shows a first preferred embodiment of a high - pressure injection valve according to the invention in a first switching position . the improved rotor 8 has grooves 81 , 83 , 85 . the difference from the valve according to prior art ( fig2 ) is that grooves 83 and 85 were lengthened in comparison to grooves 23 and 25 , so that they do not end at ports 13 and 15 , respectively , in the first switching position but extend beyond them . groove 81 was likewise lengthened in the other direction , so that it extends beyond port 16 . stator 1 is unchanged with respect to the prior art . this first embodiment is shown in a plan view in fig1 and with connected external components . the representation , as well as the connections and mode of operation correspond exactly to fig4 , i . e ., the valve is in the load position . the extensions of grooves 83 , 85 represent dead ends , which have no influence on the mode of operation in the load position . after the sample loop 50 has been filled , the valve is moved into the inject position . the switching direction is not arbitrary , unlike the prior art ; according to the invention , the rotor must be turned in the direction of the arrow in the switching from load to inject , so that groove 81 is moved towards port 15 . fig1 shows the valve according to the invention in a first critical phase shortly before reaching the inject position . ports 11 and 12 are both depressurized , so that no problems are expected there . groove 81 just reaches port 15 , at which the pressure built up by the pump is present . the solvent flows from port 15 in the direction of groove 81 . thus , the flow relationships are analogous to fig1 and there is no damage to rotor 8 or stator 1 . the pump pressure can now put sample loop 50 under pressure via groove 81 . during the process , the rotor turns further in the direction of the arrow . fig1 shows the valve according to the invention in a first critical phase shortly before reaching the inject position . in comparison with fig1 , the rotor has now turned sufficiently further that groove 85 is just reaching port 13 . at this point , groove 81 already covers port 15 completely , so that sample loop 50 is subject to the full pressure of pump 40 . since pump 40 builds up pressure during the switching process , while the pressure in column 41 becomes lower , the flow direction here is analogous to fig1 as well , i . e ., from sample loop 50 via port 13 into groove 85 . therefore no material damage occurs here . fig1 shows the valve according to the invention after it has reached the inject position . the flows run just as in a valve according to prior art ; the sample material present in sample loop 50 is transported with the liquid stream of pump 40 into column 41 . the processes during the switching back of the valve into the load position according to the invention must now be considered . this takes place in the reverse direction , as is indicated by an arrow in fig1 . again only those switching processes in which large pressure differences appear are relevant . fig1 shows the third critical phase , which appears during the switch back from inject to load . groove 83 , which is connected to pressure - free sample needle 44 , reaches port 13 , which is under the pressure of sample loop 50 . in this case as well , the pressure reduction takes place analogously to fig1 , from port 13 to groove 83 , so that no material damage occurs . the pressure of pump 40 can likewise be reduced from port 15 in the direction of groove 85 , without damage occurring . fig1 shows the position of the rotor shortly before reaching the load position . at this point , port 13 is already completely covered by groove 83 , so that the pressure in sample loop 50 can be quickly reduced . therefore , no pressure difference is in effect between port 11 and groove 81 , so that no harmful flow can form . as compared with the prior art this simultaneously has the advantage that no pressure surge appears at peak 42 . the reaching of the load position again corresponds to fig1 . this consideration shows that with the valve according to the invention , and while maintaining the switching direction specified by the invention , all switching processes in which high pressure differences appear run such that the pressure from the respective port is reduced in the direction of the groove . in this way , the damage to the rotor and stator shown in fig6 and 7 is avoided . in the first embodiment described to this point , the invention has , in principle , already solved the problem completely . the mode of operation of the invention is based , among other things , on an expedient temporal sequence of the individual sub - steps of the switching processes . due to the above - described lengthening of the grooves , the temporal sequence of the switching processes is established in such a manner that the damaging situations are avoided . the prerequisite for the mode of operation is that a sufficient pressure equalization can actually take place in the time between the individual sub - steps . therefore , dynamic aspects must also be taken into account . in the changeover from the inject into the load position , the pressure reduction begins in sample loop 50 as soon as the switching position of the valve shown in fig1 has been reached . how quickly the pressure is reduced depends on the volumes and flow resistances of sample loop 50 , groove 83 , ports 12 , 13 , sample needle 44 and their connection capillaries . the moment of inertia and the compressibility of the liquid in these components also play a role . in addition , turbulent flows can appear due to the high flow velocities . for these reasons , the pressure reduction is a complex dynamic process that can last longer than expected under certain circumstances , particularly when a sample loop 50 with a large internal volume is used . the time available for the pressure reduction should therefore be as long as possible . for this purpose , the groove 83 could be made as long as possible , so that it reaches port 13 in fig1 earlier . with increasing length of the grooves 81 , 83 , 85 , however , the distance or width of the remaining ridge between the ends of the grooves , which is necessary for the sealing action of the valve , is reduced . therefore the grooves must not be overly lengthened . a practical compromise is a lengthening of the grooves by roughly 5 % to 35 % relative to the original length of grooves 21 , 23 , 25 . since only the order of the switching processes is decisive for the functioning of the invention , the percentage by which the grooves are lengthened plays only a subordinate role . the time available for the pressure equalization also depends on the rotational speed of rotor 8 during the switching process , in addition to the length of grooves 81 , 83 , 85 . since the flow paths are temporarily interrupted during the switching process , the drive unit of such valves according to prior art is designed such that the switching process runs as quickly as possible . for commercially available valves at this time , the total duration of a switching process lies in the range of tenths of a second , e . g ., 0 . 2 s . thus , the time available for pressure equalization in case of a lengthening of the grooves by 20 %, for example , is on the order of ten milliseconds . in this time , pressure differences can generally be reduced to an extent that damage to the valve can no longer occur . as already mentioned , a pressure surge onto syringe 42 can occur during the switching from inject to load if the pressure in sample loop 50 is not reduced quickly enough . to avoid this , as complete a pressure equalization as possible should be achieved . in addition , a sudden pressure reduction due to dynamic processes can result in the formation of gas or vacuum bubbles , which leads to a severe slowdown of the pressure reduction . for these reasons , it is desirable to make as much time as possible available for pressure reduction . this can be assured in a practical refinement of the invention by sharply braking the driving of the valve or stopping it completely for a short time , as soon as sample loop 50 is connected to needle 44 and pump 40 to column 41 . fig1 shows a possible position in which driving of the valve can be stopped or braked . this position is reached immediately following fig1 . pump 40 is already connected via groove 85 to column 41 , and sample loop 50 can reduce its pressure in the direction of sample needle 44 via groove 83 . since the next load process need be carried out only much later , namely , after conclusion of the chromatographic separation process , sufficient time is now available for pressure reduction in sample loop 50 . for this purpose , the valve driving can be stopped for a predetermined time after the position illustrated in fig1 is reached , but before the position illustrated in fig1 is reached . operation after load in fig1 need continue only when sample loop 50 is to be filled again with new material . instead of completely stopping the driving of the valve , the speed of the drive unit can be markedly reduced after the position shown in fig1 has been reached , so that rotor 8 runs only slowly to the load position . the achievement in both cases is that the pressure in the sample loop is reduced before the load position is reached . pressure surges onto syringe 42 can be completely avoided by this braking according to the invention . in the discussions thus far , the injection has been performed in that a sample to be introduced into the high - pressure circuit is first drawn by syringe 42 into a fixed sample loop 50 . this injection principle is referred to as “ pulled loop ” or “ fixed loop .” additional widespread injection principles are the “ pushed loop ” and the “ split loop .” the invention can be applied 11 accordingly to these principles as follows . fig1 shows the application of the invention to the known “ pushed loop ” principle . the load position is shown . syringe 42 here is connected directly to the sample needle 44 via a buffer capillary 46 . the sample liquid 43 can now be drawn into buffer capillary 46 . then sample needle 44 can be moved into a needle seat 45 that is connected to port 12 . this is indicated in fig1 by an arrow . sample liquid can now be pressed with syringe 42 into sample loop 50 . a waste capillary 47 , via which the displaced liquid is disposed of , is connected to port 11 . the “ pushed loop ” principle differs from the previously described “ pulled loop ” principle in the type of low - pressure side filling of sample loop 50 . therefore , all discussions with regard to the invention apply in the same manner as described above . however , the decompression of sample loop 50 now takes place via needle seat 45 , which is connected to port 12 . this is undesirable because sample liquid can escape at the needle seat , which leads to contamination of the next sample in the next filling of the sample loop . fig2 shows an improved embodiment of a high - pressure injection valve for the “ pushed loop ” principle . the arrangement largely corresponds to fig1 ; however , an additional groove 66 that allows a decompression of sample loop 50 without liquid appearing at needle seat 45 is provided in modified rotor 6 alongside grooves 61 , 63 , 65 ( which correspond to grooves 81 , 83 , 85 ). the critical point in time at which the decompression of the sample loop begins during the changeover from the inject position into the load position is shown in fig2 . groove 66 is already connected via port 11 to waste capillary 47 and is just reaching port 13 . the pressure in the sample loop can then be reduced via groove 66 , with the direction of flow again corresponding to the non - harmful situation demonstrated in fig1 . by means of the groove 66 according to the invention , the pressure in sample loop 50 can be successfully reduced without damage occurring to the rotor or stator and without liquid escaping at needle seat 45 during a decompression of the sample loop . fig2 shows the application of the invention to the known “ split loop ” principle . here the sample loop consists of two parts 501 , 502 . the upper part 501 is connected to sample needle 44 and the lower part 502 is connected to a needle seat 45 . for taking a sample , the sample needle is placed in sample container 43 . sample liquid can now be drawn via the syringe 42 connected to port 11 into the upper part 501 of the sample loop . subsequently the sample needle is moved into needle seat 45 so that the sample loop 501 , 502 is thereby sealed tightly against high pressure . in the “ split loop ” principle as well , the differences are limited to the type of low - pressure side filling of the sample loop . after the closing of the sample loop , exactly the same pressure and flow conditions again result as were described above . therefore , here as well , the mode of action of the invention does not differ from the discussions above . as already explained , a fixation of the switching direction of the valve in relation to the connection sequence of the components is necessary for the realization of the invention . the decisive aspect is that in the switching from load to inject the rotor is moved from the pump connector port 15 in the direction towards the column connector port 14 , and in the reverse direction when switching back . the actually required rotational direction thus depends on the connection sequence of pump and column . to simplify the description , an arbitrarily established connection sequence and the associated rotational direction were used . if the connection sequence is selected in reverse in the practical implementation of the invention , the rotation directions must be correspondingly adapted . the invention can also be used in the same manner if a valve with more than six ports is used for the injection . for example , an autosampler is described in wo 2007062642 that can simultaneously perform a sample fractionation and operate with an 8 - port injection valve . the two additional ports are used here to distribute already separated sample components exiting at the output of a chromatography column into different sample containers . these two ports are located between the connectors for the syringe and the sample needle , and are operated exclusively with low pressure so that no significant pressure differences can occur there . therefore no measures for avoiding damage are required in this case . with regard to the other ports and the associated grooves , the invention can be applied in the same manner as described above . in the injection valve according to the invention , all three grooves 81 , 83 , 85 are lengthened in comparison with prior art . the lengthening of groove 81 serves only to prevent damage to groove 85 from the hydraulic energy stored in column 41 . since the column and its feed line are constructed for chromatographic reasons with very little dead volume , this energy is generally so slight that no significant material damage arises even without the lengthening of groove 81 . therefore a lengthening of groove 81 can be dispensed within the practical configuration of the first embodiment , i . e ., only grooves 83 and 85 are lengthened in comparison with prior art , while groove 81 can have the same length as groove 21 . this has the advantage that the distance between the ends of groove 85 and groove 81 need not be further reduced than is already the case due to groove 85 , which has been lengthened in comparison with prior art . one can therefore prevent an excessively small distance between the groove ends from leading to sealing problems . the decisive aspect for the functioning of the invention is that the switching processes take place in the proper temporal sequence . this is achieved by , among other things , the above - described lengthening of the grooves in the rotor . since the rotor can be machined relatively easily ( even retroactively ), this is the preferred embodiment of the invention . the necessary fixation of the switching sequence can also be achieved in an additional embodiment by modification of the stator , with an unchanged rotor . in the same representation as in fig1 , fig2 shows an injection valve according to the second embodiment of the invention with grooves 131 , 151 machined into the modified stator 7 . rotor 2 is unchanged with respect to fig1 , with grooves 21 , 23 , 25 . groove 131 runs from port 13 in the direction of port 12 and has the effect that groove 23 is connected somewhat prematurely to port 13 when the valve is switched from the inject position into the load position . therefore the effect is exactly the same as shown in fig1 . groove 151 runs from 11 port 15 in both directions . groove 25 is thereby connected somewhat prematurely to port 15 in the switch from load to inject , on the other hand , from inject to load ; groove 21 is connected prematurely to port 15 . fig2 shows the second embodiment of the invention in the same representation and the same switching position as fig1 . grooves 131 , 151 in the stator are shown hatched for better distinction . one recognizes that , just as in fig1 , groove 23 is connected somewhat prematurely to stator groove 131 and thus to port 13 , and groove 25 is connected to stator groove 151 and thus to port 15 . in the switch back , groove 21 is prematurely connected to the other end of stator groove 151 and thus to port 15 . since the flow is directed into the grooves of the rotor here as well , no damage occurs . thus , the effect of grooves 131 , 151 in stator 7 is identical to the already described effect of the lengthened grooves 81 , 83 , 85 in rotor 8 . this embodiment of the invention likewise prevents the damage observed in the prior art . as can be seen in fig6 , the most serious damage 201 arises in the prior art at the end of groove 23 . therefore a substantial improvement of the valve &# 39 ; s service life can be achieved if the damage is simply prevented from arising at this point . this can be achieved according to the first embodiment of the invention by undertaking the connection of the valve as in fig1 and using only a single lengthened groove 83 , while grooves 81 and 85 have the same length as grooves 21 and 25 in valves according to the prior art . corresponding to the previously described embodiment , the damage 201 can be avoided 11 merely by omitting groove 151 in fig2 . this yields an additional embodiment , which is illustrated in fig2 . here stator 9 contains only a single groove 131 that , originating from port 13 , runs the direction of port 12 . fig2 again shows the critical situation during the switching from inject to load , when the pressurized sample loop 50 is just being connected to sample below 44 . pressure reduction takes place from stator groove 131 in the direction towards rotor groove 23 , so that no damage appears . this embodiment has the particular advantage that it can be realized with a “ make - before - break ” functionality by proper connection of an available finished valve , since only a single groove in the stator is required . the port furnished with a stator groove is not connected to the pump or column as actually foreseen however , but to the sample needle , so that the structure illustrated in fig2 results . by means of this connection , the improvement of service life is achieved according to the invention in place of the actually envisioned “ make - before - break ” functionality . it goes without saying that this embodiment can also be applied to other injection principles in the same manner as the previously described embodiments . in conclusion it may be pointed out that the individual embodiments and refinements of the invention can be used both individually and in combination . as used herein , the terms “ comprising ,” “ including ,” “ having ,” “ is provided ,” and the like are to be understood to be open - ended , that is , to mean including but not limited to . the above described preferred embodiments are intended to illustrate the principles of the invention , but not to limit the scope of the invention . various other embodiments and modifications to these preferred embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention . | 6 |
in various embodiments of the present invention , different components of a voltage regulator may be coupled to a secondary side of a circuit board , such as a motherboard . more specifically , such components may be placed within a keepout zone of an ic located on the primary side of the circuit board . for example , a processor of a system may be coupled to a motherboard by a socket . such a socket may have a keepout zone associated therewith on the primary side that prevents any other component from being located within the keepout zone . thus , by locating one or more voltage regulator components on a secondary side of the circuit board , such components may be located closer to their load ( i . e ., the microprocessor ) than if the components were located on the primary side of the circuit board . in such manner , a substantially shorter loadline and therefore a smaller loadline impedance may be accommodated . while the types of components that may be placed on the secondary side may vary , in certain embodiments such components may include output inductors , board bulk and high - frequency ( hf ) capacitors , and one or more mosfets . such location of voltage regulator components may improve current and voltage transients , provide for better power delivery efficiency , and lower operating temperatures for a voltage regulator . furthermore , such location may also enable operation at higher current levels . further , by providing such components on a secondary side of a circuit board , additional space may be open on the primary side , which either frees up space or permits use of a smaller circuit board to support all desired components . referring now to fig1 , shown is a cross - sectional view of a circuit board of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig1 , circuit board 20 may support multiple components . as shown in fig1 , some components may be surface mounted onto the circuit board , while others may be mounted by use of conductive through - holes within the circuit board . circuit board 20 may be any desired circuit board , such as a motherboard of a pc . for example , circuit board 20 may be a four - layer motherboard for a desktop computer , although the scope of the present invention is not so limited . as shown in fig1 , a primary side ( i . e ., the upper side ) of circuit board 20 supports a semiconductor device 30 ( also referred to herein as “ ic 30 ”), which may be coupled to circuit board 20 via a package 35 . package 35 may provide connections to pins of semiconductor device 30 . in one embodiment , semiconductor device 30 may be a microprocessor , such as a central processing unit ( cpu ) of the system . in turn , package 35 may be coupled to a socket 38 that may be formed of a housing that includes conductors to couple connections from semiconductor device 30 to connections on circuit board 20 . an integrated heat spreader 37 may be mounted to package 35 ( e . g ., via an epoxy ) and coupled to semiconductor device 30 to aid in cooling . in turn , a heat sink ( not shown in fig1 ) may be coupled to integrated heat spreader 37 to provide heat dissipation . such a heat sink may provide retentions to circuit board 20 . as shown in fig1 , package 35 may form a keepout zone . that is , the dimensions of package 35 define an area within which components typically cannot be mounted on circuit board 20 . to reduce loadline impedance and provide better voltage regulator operation , multiple voltage regulation components may be coupled to a secondary side ( i . e ., the lower side ) of circuit board 20 . as shown in fig1 , such components may include a plurality of bulk capacitors 41 and a plurality of output inductors 46 . collectively , capacitors 41 and inductors 46 may form one or more output inductor - capacitor ( lc ) filters used as output filters for a voltage regulator . such a voltage regulator may be a single regulator with multiple phases . in other embodiments , multiple regulators may be present , each having multiple phases . in certain embodiments , such an lc filter may be located directly under semiconductor device 30 and may provide a relatively short low impedance path to the load . in some embodiments such an impedance path may be only a few millimeters , for example , between two and five millimeters . further shown in fig1 , the secondary side of circuit board 20 may support multiple mosfets 51 b . in certain embodiments , mosfets 51 b may act as synchronous fets ( sync fets ) that may be used in setting up and controlling a pulse width modulation ( pwm ) of the voltage regulator . while these secondary side components are shown for purposes of illustration in fig1 , it is to be understood that in other embodiments more , fewer or different components may be located on a secondary side of a circuit board and substantially within or near a keepout zone of an ic on the primary side . still referring to fig1 , additional components may be located on the primary side of circuit board 20 . such components may include a plurality of hf capacitors 44 that may act as decoupling capacitors . further , a plurality of mosfets 51 a may be located at an immediate periphery of package 35 . such mosfets 51 a may be control fets ( ctrl fets ) used in controlling the pwm of the voltage regulator . further components may include bulk capacitors 55 a and 55 b that may be used to filter incoming unregulated voltages to circuit board 20 . in other embodiments , sync fets 51 b maybe on the primary side of a circuit board and ctrl fets 51 a may be on the secondary side . in still other embodiments , both types of fets may be present on a secondary side of a circuit board . further shown in fig1 is a connector 60 that is coupled to receive one or more source voltages , for example , from a power supply of the system . such voltages may then be converted to voltages used by components on circuit board 20 . for example , a 12 volt level may be converted to a lower voltage , such as a 1 . 3 or 0 . 9 volt level used by a microprocessor . referring now to fig2 , shown is a plan view of a layout of a circuit board having an integrated circuit and voltage regulator components in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . in the embodiment of fig2 , the vr components may be associated with a multiple phase voltage regulator , and more specifically a six - phase regulator , although the scope of the present invention is not so limited . as shown in fig2 , ic 30 may be mounted to package 35 , which in turn maybe mounted via a socket ( not shown in fig2 ) and a retention mechanism 36 to a top side of a circuit board 20 . interconnects of ic 30 may form a pin field within the boundaries of ic 30 . ic 30 may have packaging in accordance with a land grid array ( lga ) type package , although the scope of the present invention is not so limited . for example , in other embodiments , a ball grid array ( bga ) package or a pin grid array ( pga ) package may be used . the term “ pin ” is used herein to refer to any type of interconnect , and it is to be understood that such interconnects may be pins , balls , pads or other types of interconnects , in different embodiments . still referring to fig2 , ic 30 may be supported and coupled to a package 35 that in turn is coupled via board retention 36 to circuit board 20 . while not shown in fig2 , it is to be understood that an integrated heat spreader may support heat sink and other thermomechanical components . as shown in fig2 , various voltage regulator components may be positioned on a secondary side of motherboard 20 , and certain of these components may be located within the keepout zone of package 35 . for example , a plurality of synchronous mosfets 51 b may be located on the secondary side . furthermore , a plurality of output inductors may be located on the secondary side at a substantial periphery of pin field 33 . note for ease of illustration only pads 46 of a single inductor is shown in fig2 . furthermore , bulk capacitors 41 may be coupled to the secondary side . as shown , bulk capacitors 41 may be located directly underneath ic 30 but outside of its pin field , in the embodiment of fig2 . such bulk capacitor placement in general may improve vr stability . additional voltage regulator components that may be located on the secondary side may include a plurality of hf decoupling capacitors , one of which is shown in fig2 as hf capacitor 43 . as will be discussed below , such capacitors may be positioned between multiple planes of circuit board 20 . additional hf capacitors 44 may be coupled to a primary side of circuit board 20 . specifically , as shown in fig2 , primary side hf capacitors 44 may be located directly under the pin field ( and substantially in the middle thereof ), and in an unpopulated portion of the pin field . other voltage regulator components may be coupled to the primary side of circuit board 20 . such components may include a plurality of ctrl mosfets 51 a , which may be coupled just outside a keepout zone of package 35 . as shown , such ctrl mosfets 51 a may be located substantially adjacent to sync mosfets 51 b ( although on the other side of circuit board 20 ). further shown in fig2 are shaded regions corresponding to different planes of circuit board 20 . such planes may be various layers of circuit board 20 and corresponding interconnects of the pin field . while referred to herein as “ planes ” of circuit board 20 , it is to be understood that such planes have corresponding areas in the pin field . as shown in fig2 , such planes may include a pwm plane 21 that may be used to couple ctrl mosfets 51 a to corresponding sync mosfets 51 b , a ground plane 22 and a vcc plane 23 ( i . e ., a supply voltage plane ). as shown in fig2 , pwm plane 21 may have an area that extends from a periphery of ground area 22 to couple sync mosfets 51 b to ctrl mosfets 51 a . as shown in fig2 , the pin field may be formed of highly consolidated power and ground areas with substantial crenellations therebetween . ground plane 22 may be situated substantially around a periphery of the pin field of ic 30 . ground plane 22 may have a plurality of crenellations formed therein that provide extensions to abut portions of pwm plane 21 on a peripheral side , and on a proximal side such crenellations may abut a similar crenellated pattern of vcc plane 23 . in such manner , ground plane 22 acts as an intermediate area between vcc plane 23 and pwm plane 21 , and ground plane 22 acts as a moat around vcc plane 23 . in one embodiment , output inductors may have dimensions of approximately 0 . 25 inches by 0 . 25 inches , although the scope of the present invention is not so limited . as shown in fig2 ( and in a close - up in fig3 ), in such an embodiment a pwm side inductor pad 46 ( in fig2 ) sits just outside pin field 33 , while a vcc side inductor pad 46 ( in fig2 ) sits within pin field 33 . the crenellations provide a connection to such inductors and also provide a better opportunity to place hf decoupling capacitors directly between the vcc input and the ground return planes . still referring to fig2 , the overall vr loadline may be reduced by placing sync fets 51 b on the secondary side within the keepout zone of package 35 . since the socket to sync fet conduction path should carry roughly as much current as the vcc line , such placement may have a substantial impact on reducing the overall loadline . due to space constraints , this embodiment may place ctrl fets 51 a on the primary side outside the socket keepout zone , although the scope of the present invention is not so limited . referring now to fig3 , shown is a plan view of circuit board 20 of fig2 and components attached thereto . more specifically , fig3 is a close - up of the embodiment of fig2 . fig3 shows in more detail a portion of the crenellation pattern between vcc plane 23 and ground plane 22 . as shown in fig3 , the crenellations may be of a substantially identical depth and width . while shown in the embodiment of fig3 as being four socket pins deep and four ( and five ) socket pins wide , it is to be understood that the scope of the present invention is not so limited , and different crenellation patterns may be present in different embodiments . as shown in fig3 , the pin field may be formed of a plurality of primary side socket pins 36 ( one of which is designated reference number 36 in fig3 ). also shown in fig3 are various voltage regulator components coupled to both the primary and secondary sides of circuit board 20 . the primary side components include hf capacitors 44 within vcc plane 23 . secondary side components include hf capacitors 43 which as shown , are located between vcc plane 23 and ground plane 22 . placement of the hf capacitors within the pin field may improve performance by lowering the capacitors &# 39 ; parasitic loadline . similarly , output inductors 47 ( one of which is shown for illustration in fig3 ) may be located such that a pwm side inductor pad 46 a is located just outside of the pin field , while the vcc side inductor pad 46 b sits within the pin field , and more specifically within vcc area 23 . note pads 46 a and b are shown coupled to a top inductor in fig3 . thus by placing key vr components on the motherboard &# 39 ; s secondary side , vr components may be located substantially underneath an ic device . as a result , the loadline length may be significantly shorter , resulting in a substantial drop in loadline impedance from the vr to the ic device . this reduction may result in better current and voltage transients , better power delivery efficiency and lower vr temperatures . it may also help enable higher current levels ( e . g ., approximately 150 amperes and more , in certain embodiments ). also , in systems where form factor is important , vr component placement in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may free up more motherboard space , due to the movement of key vr components to the secondary side and underneath the socket keep - out . while the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments , those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom . it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention . | 8 |
referring now to fig1 , a portion of a steering system 10 for a vehicle is schematically illustrated . the architecture of the steering system 10 is referred to as a “ parallelogram ” steering system . it is contemplated that the steering system 10 may be employed in numerous types of vehicles . in one embodiment , the steering system 10 is used in association with heavy duty trucks . the steering system 10 includes numerous components , such as various linkage members , sensors , switches , and accessories . the steering system 10 transfers rotation and torque from an input member , such as a steering wheel assembly ( not illustrated ) to an output member , such as one or more wheels 12 . the steering wheel assembly is operatively coupled to a linkage arrangement 14 of the steering system 10 with a first shaft 16 , which may be referred to as a pitman shaft . the wheels 12 of the vehicle are turned through movement of the linkage arrangement 14 and , more particularly , though movement of a cross - link member 18 . the cross - link member 18 extends in a substantially transverse or cross - car direction of the vehicle and translates in this direction as well . translation of the cross - link member 18 imparts movement of numerous other components that link the cross - link member 18 to the wheels 12 of the vehicle . such intermediary components include a first tie rod 20 rotatably coupled to the cross - link member 18 , as well as one or more additional linkage members 22 that is integrally formed with a first steering knuckle 24 that pivots with respect to a frame of the vehicle . similarly , a second tie rod 26 is rotatably coupled to the cross - link member 18 and is indirectly coupled to a wheel of the vehicle with a linkage member 28 that is integrally formed with a second steering knuckle 30 that pivots with respect to the frame of the vehicle . in the illustrated embodiment , the linkage arrangement 14 includes a first linkage arm 32 that is pivotally coupled to the cross - link member 18 at a location proximate the first shaft 16 . the first linkage arm 32 is pivotally coupled to the frame of the vehicle via a first pivot joint 34 and is free to rotate in response to an input from the first shaft 16 . a second linkage arm 36 is also pivotally coupled to the cross - link member 18 at a pivot location 38 . the second linkage arm 36 is pivotally coupled to the frame of the vehicle via a second pivot joint 40 proximate a first end 42 of the second linkage arm 36 . the second linkage arm 36 is pivotally coupled to a linkage member 44 proximate a second end 46 of the second linkage arm 36 . the linkage member 44 extends from the second linkage arm 36 to an electric actuator 48 that is operatively coupled to the frame of the vehicle . the operative coupling of the electric actuator 48 to the frame comprises a pivotal connection via a pivot joint 50 . in the illustrated embodiment , the electric actuator 48 comprises a linear actuator that translates the linkage member 44 in a substantially cross - car direction of the vehicle . the second linkage arm 36 comprises two portions . a first portion 52 , which may be referred to herein as a power portion , extends from the first end 42 of the second linkage arm 36 to the pivot location 38 between the second linkage arm 36 and the cross - link member 18 . a second portion 54 , which may be referred to herein as an assist portion , extends from the pivot location 38 to the second end 46 of the second linkage arm 36 . the second portion 54 is directly driven by the linkage member 44 that is translated with the electric actuator 48 . therefore , the electric actuator 48 provides a power steering assist to the linkage arrangement 14 via the linkage member 44 and the second portion 54 of the second linkage arm 36 . referring now to fig2 , the steering system 10 is schematically illustrated to show another exemplary embodiment . the illustrated embodiment is similar in many respects to the embodiment shown in fig1 , such that similar reference numerals are employed and duplicative description of the previously described components is not necessary . the linkage arrangement 14 of the steering system 10 includes an intermediate linkage member 56 that extends between , and connects , the second linkage arm 36 and the linkage member 44 that is coupled to the electric actuator 48 . the intermediate linkage member 56 is pivotally coupled to the second linkage arm 36 and the linkage member 44 , thereby allowing a direct mounting of the electric actuator 48 to the frame of the vehicle . referring now to fig3 and 4 , with continued reference to fig1 and 2 , various embodiments of the second linkage arm 36 are illustrated . the second linkage arm 36 of the exemplary embodiments of fig1 and 2 may be configured in numerous manners , with two examples shown in fig3 and 4 . in particular , the first portion 52 ( i . e ., power portion ) of the second linkage arm 36 and the second portion 54 ( i . e ., assist portion ) of the second linkage arm 36 may be located in a common plane ( fig3 ) or may be located in distinct planes ( fig4 ). additionally , regardless of whether the first portion 52 and the second portion 54 are located in a common or a distinct plane , the first portion 52 and the second portion 54 may be angularly displaced from each other along the entire 360 degree spectrum . the embodiment of fig3 illustrates the first portion 52 and the second portion 54 angularly displaced from each other at about 180 degrees , while fig4 illustrates the first portion 52 and the second portion 54 angularly displaced from each other at about 90 degrees . as noted above , the angle of displacement may be anywhere along the 360 degree spectrum . referring now to fig5 , the steering system 10 is schematically illustrated according to yet another embodiment . the linkage arrangement 14 includes the first linkage arm 32 that is pivotally coupled to the cross - link member 18 at a location proximate the first shaft 16 . the first linkage arm 32 is pivotally coupled to the frame of the vehicle via the first pivot joint 34 and is free to rotate in response to an input from the first shaft 16 . the second linkage arm 36 is also pivotally coupled to the cross - link member 18 at a pivot location 38 . the second linkage arm 36 is pivotally coupled to the frame of the vehicle via the second pivot joint 40 . in the illustrated embodiment , the first linkage arm 32 is elongated to extend away from a first end 60 of the first linkage arm 32 proximate the first pivot joint 34 and past the cross - link member 18 to a second end 62 of the first linkage arm 32 . the first linkage arm 32 is pivotally coupled to the linkage member 44 proximate the second end 62 of the first linkage arm 32 . the linkage member 44 extends from the first linkage arm 32 to the electric actuator 48 that is operatively coupled to the frame of the vehicle . the operative coupling of the electric actuator 48 to the frame comprises a pivotal connection via the pivot joint 50 . in the illustrated embodiment , the electric actuator 48 comprises a linear actuator that translates the linkage member 44 in a substantially cross - car direction of the vehicle . as discussed above in relation to alternative embodiments , the first linkage arm 32 comprises two portions . a first portion 64 , which may be referred to herein as a power portion , extends from the first end 60 of the first linkage arm 32 to the pivotal connection between the first linkage arm 32 and the cross - link member 18 at the location of the first shaft 16 . a second portion 68 , which may be referred to herein as an assist portion , extends from the second end 64 of the first linkage arm 32 and the pivotal connection between the first linkage arm 32 and the cross - link member 18 at the location of the first shaft 16 . the second portion 68 is directly driven by the linkage member 44 that is translated with the electric actuator 48 . therefore , the electric actuator 48 provides a power steering assist to the linkage arrangement 14 via the linkage member 44 and the second portion 64 of the first linkage arm 32 . referring now to fig6 , the steering system 10 is schematically illustrated to show another exemplary embodiment . the illustrated embodiment is similar in many respects to the embodiment shown in fig5 , such that similar reference numerals are employed and duplicative description of the previously described components is not necessary . the linkage arrangement 14 of the steering system 10 includes an intermediate linkage member 70 that extends between , and connects , the first linkage arm 32 and the linkage member 44 that is coupled to the electric actuator 48 . the intermediate linkage member 70 is pivotally coupled to the first linkage arm 32 and the linkage member 44 , thereby allowing a direct mounting of the electric actuator 48 to the frame of the vehicle . as is the case with the embodiments described above with respect to fig3 and 4 , the first portion 60 and the second portion 62 of the first linkage arm 32 of fig5 and 6 may be arranged in common or distinct planes and / or may be angularly displaced from each other at any angle in the 360 degree spectrum . referring now to fig7 , the steering system 10 is schematically illustrated in accordance with another aspect of the invention . the illustrated embodiment is similar in many respects to the embodiments described above , such that similar reference numerals are employed and duplicative description of the previously described components is not necessary . in the illustrated embodiment , the linkage member 44 extends from the electric actuator 48 and is directly coupled to the cross - link member 18 . it is to be understood that coupling of the linkage member 44 to the cross - link member 18 may be present along any portion of the cross - link member 18 . the illustrated coupling location is merely illustrative and is not intended to be limiting . the first linkage arm 32 and the second linkage arm 36 extend between their respective pivot joints 34 , 40 and the cross - link member 18 . advantageously , each above - described embodiment of the steering system 10 allows a currently manufactured parallelogram linkage arrangement to be integrated with the electric actuator 48 and associated linkage member 44 that provides electrical assist to the steering system . particularly advantageous is the location of the power steering assist that is transferred to the overall linkage arrangement . specifically , the power assist load is added to the linkage arrangement at a separate location from the command load location , with such a command load being proximate the first linkage arm 32 in one embodiment . additionally , packaging freedom is achieved by optionally elevating the second portion 54 ( i . e ., assist portion ) relative to the first portion 52 ( i . e ., power portion ), thereby changing the planes that the portions are located in . such a configuration allows the electric actuator 48 to be mounted at any height in the vehicle simply by customizing the length of the shaft connecting the first portion 52 and the second portion 54 . modification of the angular orientation of the portions provides yet another degree of packaging freedom . while the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments , it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments . rather , the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations , alterations , substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described , but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention . additionally , while various embodiments of the invention have been described , it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments . accordingly , the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description . | 1 |
the following technique may be used for various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access ( cdma ), a frequency division multiple access ( fdma ), time division multiple access ( tdma ), orthogonal frequency division multiple access ( ofdma ), single carrier - frequency division multiple access ( sc - fdma ), and the like . the cdma may be implemented as a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access ( utra ) or cdma2000 . the tdma may be implemented as a radio technology such as a global system for mobile communications ( gsm )/ general packet radio service ( gprs )/ enhanced data rates for gsm evolution ( edge ). the ofdma may be implemented by a radio technology such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ) 802 . 11 ( wi - fi ), ieee 802 . 16 ( wimax ), ieee 802 . 20 , e - utra ( evolved utra ), and the like . ieee 802 . 16m , an evolution of ieee 802 . 16e , provides backward compatibility with a system based on ieee 802 . 16e . the utra is part of a universal mobile telecommunications system ( umts ). 3gpp ( 3rd generation partnership project ) lte ( long term evolution ) is part of an evolved umts ( e - umts ) using the e - utra , which employs the ofdma in downlink and the sc - fdma in uplink . lte - a ( advanced ) is an evolution of 3gpp lte . the wireless communication system 10 includes at least one base station ( bs ) 11 . respective bss 11 provide a communication service to particular geographical areas 15 a , 15 b , and 15 c ( which are generally called cells ). each cell may be divided into a plurality of areas ( which are called sectors ). a user equipment ( ue ) 12 may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to by other names such as ms ( mobile station ), mt ( mobile terminal ), ut ( user terminal ), ss ( subscriber station ), wireless device , pda ( personal digital assistant ), wireless modem , handheld device . the bs 11 generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with the ue 12 and may be called by other names such as enb ( evolved - nodeb ), bts ( base transceiver system ), access point ( ap ), etc . in general , a ue belongs to one cell , and the cell to which a ue belongs is called a serving cell . a bs providing a communication service to the serving cell is called a serving bs . the wireless communication system is a cellular system , so a different cell adjacent to the serving cell exists . the different cell adjacent to the serving cell is called a neighbor cell . a bs providing a communication service to the neighbor cell is called a neighbor bs . the serving cell and the neighbor cell are relatively determined based on a ue . this technique can be used for downlink or uplink . in general , downlink refers to communication from the bs 11 to the ue 12 , and uplink refers to communication from the ue 12 to the bs 11 . in downlink , a transmitter may be part of the bs 11 and a receiver may be part of the ue 12 . in uplink , a transmitter may be part of the ue 12 and a receiver may be part of the bs 11 . the wireless communication system may be any one of a multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) system , a multiple - input single - output ( miso ) system , a single - input single - output ( siso ) system , and a single - input multiple - output ( simo ) system . the mimo system uses a plurality of transmission antennas and a plurality of reception antennas . the miso system uses a plurality of transmission antennas and a single reception antenna . the siso system uses a single transmission antenna and a single reception antenna . the simo system uses a single transmission antenna and a plurality of reception antennas . hereinafter , a transmission antenna refers to a physical or logical antenna used for transmitting a signal or a stream , and a reception antenna refers to a physical or logical antenna used for receiving a signal or a stream . fig2 shows another example of a wireless communication system . referring to fig2 , a first terminal ms 1 is communicated with a base station a bs a . a second terminal ms 2 is communicated with a base station b bs b . a third terminal ms 3 receives a downlink from the base station a and transmits an uplink to the base station b . on the contrary , a fourth terminal transmits the uplink to the base station a and receives the downlink from the base station b . in other words , it may be considered that uplink transmission and downlink transmission are performed by different base stations . in fig2 , the base station may be one of a micro base station , a pico base station , a femto base station , or a relay station , as well as a common macro base station . in addition , although a case where the uplink and downlink are serviced by different base stations is illustrated in fig2 , the following description is not limited to the base station . that is , if there are a number of nodes , a da that is an antenna node of a distributed antenna system ( das ), an antenna , or a radio remote header ( rrh ) within a cell , the terminal may be serviced from the number of nodes , the da , the antenna , or the rrh . at this time , the uplink and downlink may be serviced by different nodes , da , the antenna or the rrh . that is , a node that transmits the downlink to the terminal may be different from a node that receives the downlink from the terminal . hereinafter , the base station , the node , the da , the antenna and the rrh may be represented by being mixed with each other . in addition , in the present invention , it should be noted that they are equally applied , regardless of the base station , the node , the da , the antenna and the rrh . meanwhile , although the coverage of the base station b is represented to be included in the coverage of the base station a in fig2 , the locations and the coverage of the base stations may be varied . for example , the base station b and the base station a may be neighbor base stations with the same coverage . hereinafter , a system of fig2 , that is , in a system in which the downlink transmission and uplink transmission are performed by different base stations , the operations of the terminal and base station will be described . first , it will be described that the present invention is applied to two base stations with different frequency channel allocation schemes . in the frequency channel allocation scheme where only one of the uplink and downlink between two base stations is differently adaptive , the present invention may be applied . in addition , the present invention may be applied in the frequency channel allocation scheme where some intervals of the frequency domain between two base stations are equally adaptive , but the remaining intervals are differently adaptive . for example , the present invention may be applied in the frequency channel allocation scheme where the control domain is equally adaptive , but the data domain is differently adaptive . in a case where a system of fig2 is applied , a base station transmitting a downlink and a base station receiving an uplink are separated . since it is assumed that the frequency channel allocation scheme ( permutation ) is differently adaptive between two base stations , cell ids of the two base stations may be different from each other . all downlink channels including downlink control channels are transmitted from the base station a , and all uplink channels including uplink control channels are transmitted to the base station b . the base station a and base station b exchange the control information , transmission / reception data and the like through a backbone network . for example , when a downlink packet and allocation information regarding the downlink packet are transmitted from the base station a to a terminal , the base station a provides information regarding an uplink ack / nack ( acknowledgement / non - acknowledgement ) channel for the corresponding downlink packet to the base station b . the base station b receives the uplink ack / nack channel and provides the corresponding contents to the base station a . as another example , the base station a transmits the allocation information regarding the uplink packet to the terminal and also provides the same to the base station b . accordingly , the base station b can receive the uplink packet from the terminal . the base station b receiving the uplink packet transmits the received packet and / or ack / nack information to the base station a . the base station a transmits the received ack / nack information to the terminal through the downlink ack / nack channel . fig3 shows an embodiment of a proposed data transmission method . fig3 represents a case of handed over to the other base station for only uplink transmission , in a state where the terminal has performed the network entry to one base station . referring to fig3 , the terminal is in a network entry to the base station a at step s 100 and hands over to the base station b at the uplink transmission at step s 110 to the base station b . in other words , the terminal connects only the uplink to the base station b in the state where the downlink is connected with the base station a in succession . the uplink handover of the terminal may be performed according to the need of the base station or a request from the terminal . the base station a transmits information necessary for the uplink handover for the base station b to the terminal at step s 120 . at this time , information regarding a cell id of the base station b , an uplink permutation scheme , locations in the frequency domain or time domain of the control channel , the location and pattern of the reference signal , and the like to the terminal . in this case , the information may be unicast to the terminal . in addition , when a number of terminals perform the uplink handover for the base station b , the information may be multicast to the corresponding terminals . when the information is multicast , the terminals that receive the information have a multicast cid , respectively , and the multicast cid should be recognized by the base station and the terminal . for example , in the case of an ieee 802 . 16m system , the information necessary for the uplink handover for the base station b may use the existing handover command message as it is , and at the same time , information regarding the type of handovers indicating a handover for the downlink , a handover for the uplink , or a handover for both the uplink and downlink may be additionally transmitted to the handover command message . the terminal that receives information regarding the uplink handover for the base station b can adjust the uplink synchronization with the base station b using a ranging channel of the base station b at step s 130 . at this time , the ranging channel may use a contention - based ranging channel just as it is , or a dedicated ranging channel for the terminal that performs the uplink handover or a periodic ranging channel . the terminal can receive downlink signals from the base station a and transmit uplink signals to the base station b , after synchronizing with the base station b . the base station b transmits signals transmitted from the terminal to the base station a at step s 140 . this is because that even if the terminal has performed the uplink handover to the base station b , the base station that still controls operations of the terminal may be the base station a . the signals transmitted from the terminal may be transmitted to the base station a through the backbone network . for example , when the base station b receives an uplink burst of the terminal , the success or failure regarding the reception of the uplink burst can be provided to the base station a . the base station a may transmit the ack / nack signal regarding the uplink burst to the terminal , and the terminal may determine whether they are re - transmitted or not , according to the ack / nack signal . in addition , if the terminal transmits the uplink bandwidth signal to the base station b such that the uplink bandwidth is allocated , the base station b transmits the uplink bandwidth signal to the base station a . accordingly , the base station a can transmit the control channel regarding the uplink bandwidth allocation to the terminal . the base station b , connected to the uplink with the terminal , needs to distinguish whether the base station b and the terminal are also connected to the downlink , or they are connected to only the uplink . hereinafter , the case in which the base station b and the terminal are connected to the uplink and the downlink is represented as a du tog state , and the case in which the base station b and the terminal are connected to only the uplink is represented as a u only state . when the signal included with the id ( ms id ) of the terminal is transmitted , the du tog state or the u only state may be distinguished by information such as the network entry or handover of the terminal . in addition , in case of the channel which is dedicated and allocated to the terminal , the du tog state or the u only state may be distinguished , since the base station a and the base station b have the channel allocation information , respectively . the signal that does not include the ms id can be transmitted through a ranging channel or a bandwidth request channel ( brch ; bandwidth request channel ), which are contention - based channels , or a hybrid automatic repeat request ( harq ) feedback channel ( hfbch ; harq feedback channel ) that performs an implicit mapping . the signal transmitted through the ranging channel , the brch or the hfbch can be separated in the following methods . transmit a signal including the msid , or allocate the channel uniquely to the terminal . for example , in a case of an ieee 802 . 16m system , it is possible to transmit a brch signal that includes messages as well as br preambles . in this case , the terminals in the du tog state can transmit the brch signal including the preamble and the message so that the brch signal always including the ms id may be transmitted . in addition , even if the du tog state or the u only state is included , the terminal can always transmit the brch signal including the preamble and the message . the br preamble is composed of 24 orthogonal codes of the code division multiple access ( cdma )- based length , and 18 bit information is included in 36 subcarriers through a tail - biting convolutional code ( tbcc ). the br preamble and message may include information of 12 bit ms ids , 4 bit br sizes , quality of service ( qos ) level and the like . if the base station receives only the br preamble , only the orthogonal codes can be detected . in addition , if the base station receives the preamble together with the message , the information of the ms id , the br size , qos level and the like can be detected . the brch or br header , or the ranging channel area may be periodically pre - allocated , or the orthogonal code may be pre - designated using a polling information element ( ie ). the orthogonal code may be uniquely designated for each of the terminals belonging to the du tog state , or some codes may be designated so as to be used by all terminals belonging to the du tog state . allocate the control channel separately for terminals belonged to the u only state . in other words , information regarding the control channel allocated separately may be broadcasted to the terminals , or unicast or multicast to the terminals belonged to the u only state . for example , in the ieee 802 . 16m system , a dynamic ranging channel of the ranging channels may be allocated as the control channel for terminals belonged to the u only state . in the brch or feedback channel , a new area can be allocated through the aai_scd message and the like and the corresponding information can be broadcasted to the corresponding area . meanwhile , although the case in which the terminal performs an uplink handover to the base station b is described with reference to fig3 , the proposed data transmission method can be also applied in a case of the downlink handover . that is , the proposed data transmission method may be applied to the case in which the terminal performs the network entry to the base station a and the downlink connection is handed over to the base station b , or the terminal performs the network entry to the base station b and the uplink connection is handed over to the base station a . in this case , the terminal receives the preamble of the base station to adjust the synchronization after receiving information regarding the frequency allocation scheme , the cell id for the base station a and the like from the base station b . hereinafter , in the case of the frequency channel allocation scheme where two base stations are equally adaptive , the proposed data transmission method applied to thereof will be described . if the frequency channel allocation schemes of two base stations are the same , the two base stations may be treated as one base station . that is , one base station may be considered to perform functions of a repeater of the other base station . accordingly , the proposed data transmission method could be considered to be applied to a different node , da , an antennas or rrh connected to one base station , rather than to be applied to the two base stations . that is , as shown in fig3 , the handover between two base stations is not applied . the following describes as representing a node , but the present invention can be applied without restriction of the da , the antenna or rrh . first of all , a frame structure of 3gpp lte / lte - a is described below . fig4 shows the structure of a radio frame in 3gpp lte . it may be referred to paragraph 5 of “ technical specification group radio access network ; evolved universal terrestrial radio access ( e - utra ); physical channels and modulation ( release 8 )” to 3gpp ( 3rd generation partnership project ) ts 36 . 211 v8 . 2 . 0 ( 2008 - 03 ). referring to fig4 , the radio frame includes 10 subframes , and one subframe includes two slots . the slots in the radio frame are numbered by # 0 to # 19 . a time taken for transmitting one subframe is called a transmission time interval ( tti ). the tti may be a scheduling unit for a data transmission . for example , a radio frame may have a length of 10 ms , a subframe may have a length of 1 ms , and a slot may have a length of 0 . 5 ms . one slot includes a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( ofdm ) symbols in a time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain . since 3gpp lte uses ofdma in downlink , the ofdm symbols are used to express a symbol period . the ofdm symbols may be called by other names depending on a multiple - access scheme . for example , when a single carrier frequency division multiple access ( sc - fdma ) is in use as an uplink multi - access scheme , the ofdm symbols may be called sc - fdma symbols . a resource block ( rb ), a resource allocation unit , includes a plurality of continuous subcarriers in a slot . the structure of the radio frame is merely an example . namely , the number of subframes included in a radio frame , the number of slots included in a subframe , or the number of ofdm symbols included in a slot may vary . 3gpp lte defines that one slot includes seven ofdm symbols in a normal cyclic prefix ( cp ) and one slot includes six ofdm symbols in an extended cp . the wireless communication system may be divided into a frequency division duplex ( fdd ) scheme and a time division duplex ( tdd ) scheme . according to the fdd scheme , an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission are made at different frequency bands . according to the tdd scheme , an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission are made during different periods of time at the same frequency band . a channel response of the tdd scheme is substantially reciprocal . this means that a downlink channel response and an uplink channel response are almost the same in a given frequency band . thus , the tdd - based wireless communication system is advantageous in that the downlink channel response can be obtained from the uplink channel response . in the tdd scheme , the entire frequency band is time - divided for uplink and downlink transmissions , so a downlink transmission by the bs and an uplink transmission by the ue can be simultaneously performed . in a tdd system in which an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission are discriminated in units of subframes , the uplink transmission and the downlink transmission are performed in different subframes . fig5 shows an example of a resource grid of a single downlink slot . a downlink slot includes a plurality of ofdm symbols in the time domain and n rb number of resource blocks ( rbs ) in the frequency domain . the n rb number of resource blocks included in the downlink slot is dependent upon a downlink transmission bandwidth set in a cell . for example , in an lte system , n rb may be any one of 60 to 110 . one resource block includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain . an uplink slot may have the same structure as that of the downlink slot . each element on the resource grid is called a resource element . the resource elements on the resource grid can be discriminated by a pair of indexes ( k , l ) in the slot . here , k ( k = 0 , . . . , n rb × 12 − 1 ) is a subcarrier index in the frequency domain , and 1 is an ofdm symbol index in the time domain . here , it is illustrated that one resource block includes 7 × 12 resource elements made up of seven ofdm symbols in the time domain and twelve subcarriers in the frequency domain , but the number of ofdm symbols and the number of subcarriers in the resource block are not limited thereto . the number of ofdm symbols and the number of subcarriers may vary depending on the length of a cyclic prefix ( cp ), frequency spacing , and the like . for example , in case of a normal cp , the number of ofdm symbols is 7 , and in case of an extended cp , the number of ofdm symbols is 6 . one of 128 , 256 , 512 , 1024 , 1536 , and 2048 may be selectively used as the number of subcarriers in one ofdm symbol . in general , the reference signal is transmitted in the form of a sequence . a specific sequence may be used as the reference signal sequence without a special limit . a phase shift keying ( psk )- based computer generated sequence may be used as the reference signal sequence . examples of psk include binary phase shift keying ( bpsk ) and quadrature phase shift keying ( qpsk ). alternatively , a constant amplitude zero auto - correlation ( cazac ) sequence may be used as the reference signal sequence . examples of the cazac sequence include a zadoff - chu ( zc )- based sequence , a zc sequence with cyclic extension , and a zc sequence with truncation . alternatively , a pseudo - random ( pn ) sequence may be used as the reference signal sequence . examples of the pn sequence include an m - sequence , a computer - generated sequence , a gold sequence , and a kasami sequence . a cyclically shifted sequence may be used as the reference signal sequence . the downlink reference signals can be separated into a cell - specific reference signal ( rs ), a mbsfn reference signal , a terminal - specific reference signal ( ue - specific rs ), a positioning reference signal ( prs ) and a channel state information ( csi ) reference signal ( csi - rs ). the crs may be used either in data demodulation or channel estimation as a reference signal transmitted to all terminals within the cell . the crs may be transmitted from all downlink subframes within the cell that support the pdsch transmission . the mbsfn reference signal may be transmitted from subframes allocated to transmit the mbsfn , as a reference signal to provide a mbms ( multimedia broadcast multicast service ). the mbsfn reference signal may be defined in only an extended cp structure . the terminal - specific reference signal may be referred to as a dedicated reference signal ( drs ), that is , a reference signal received by a specific terminal or specific terminal group within the cell . in addition , the terminal - specific reference signal may be referred to a demodulation reference signal ( dmrs ) since it may be mainly used in a data demodulation of the specific terminal or specific terminal group . the prs may be transmitted from resource blocks within the downlink subframe configured for transmission of the prs , as a reference signal defined for location estimation of the terminal . the csi - rs may be used for estimation of the channel state information in the 3gpp lte - a system . the csi - rs may be relatively sparsely disposed in the frequency domain or time domain , and may be punctured in the data region of a normal subframe or multimedia broadcast and multicast single frequency network ( mbsfn ) subframe . a channel quality indicator ( cqi ), a precoding matrix indicator ( pmi ), a rank indicator ( ri ) and the like may be reported from the terminal through the estimation of the csi , if necessary . the csi - rs can be transmitted through one , two , four or eight antenna ports . fig6 shows an embodiment of the proposed data transmission method . the base station allocates a first node set including a plurality of nodes for transmitting downlink signals and a second node set including a plurality of nodes for receiving uplink signals in step s 200 . the base station communicates with the terminal through the first node set or the second node set in step s 210 . the plurality of nodes included in the first node set and the second node set is controlled by one base station . accordingly , the base station can allocate the first node set for downlink transmission and the second node set for uplink reception , without the procedure of handover . at this time , the first node set for the downlink transmission and the second node set for the uplink reception may be allocated by path - loss values provided by the terminal . in other words , if the terminal calculates a downlink path - loss value and an uplink path - loss value for a plurality of nodes and provides the calculated values to the base station , the base station can allocate a first node set for downlink transmission and a second node set for uplink reception based on the path - loss value . the uplink path - loss value may be estimated from the downlink path - loss value . at this time , a plurality of nodes to measure the downlink path - loss value and a plurality of node to measure the uplink path - loss value may be inconsistent with the first node set and the second node set . that is , the first node set and the second node set may be determined based on the downlink path - loss value and the uplink path - loss value for a third node set different from the first node set and the second node set . in addition , if all the path - loss values for the plurality of node are measured and transmitted , signaling overhead may be increased . accordingly , the base station can separate nodes for measuring the downlink path - loss value and nodes for measuring the uplink path - loss value . as a result , the terminal can measure any one of the downlink path - loss value or uplink path - loss value for each node and provide the measured value to the terminal . for example , the first node set and the second node set may be determined based on the downlink path - loss value for the third node set and the uplink path - loss value for fourth node set . in order that the terminal measures the downlink path - loss value and the uplink path - loss value , the reference signal of each node may be used . at this time , since the location or pattern , etc ., of the reference signal of each node may be different , there is a need in that the base station informs the terminal of the reference signal regarding information transmitted by each node . in this case , since the plurality of nodes has the same cell ids , the path - loss value cannot be measured through the existing crs . in addition , since the crs supports up to four antennas , it may not be enough to measure the path - loss value for larger number of nodes . accordingly , the base station can measure the downlink path - loss value and the uplink path - loss value using a csi - rs in 3gpp lte - a . at this time , the base station separates a plurality of csi - rss for a plurality of nodes into a csi - rs for measuring the path - loss value and a csi for measuring the csi and provides information about this to the terminal . in addition , the csi - rs for measuring the path - loss value can be separated into a csi - rs for measuring the downlink path - loss value and a csi - rs for measuring the uplink path - loss value . for example , the terminal measures the downlink path - loss value based on the csi - rs for the third node set and the uplink path - loss value based on the csi - rs for the fourth node set . the base station can determine the first node set and the second node set based on the downlink path - loss value and the uplink path - loss value provided from the terminal . when the plurality of csi - rss are allocated to each node , the csi - rs based on measurement of the downlink path - loss value or the uplink path - loss value may be a representative csi - rs of the plurality of csi - rss allocated to each node . for example , the representative csi - rs may be a csi - rs transmitted from a csi - rs port with the smallest index of a plurality of csi - rs ports of the each node , or a csi - rs transmitted from a csi - rs port used for data transmission of a first layer ( layer 0 ). in addition , even if the plurality of nodes have the same cell ids , the existing system measures the path - loss value using the crs as it is , and the path - loss value can be measured using the csi - rs for added new nodes to minimize the impact on the existing system . in addition , the existing system measures the path - loss value using the crs as it is , and the path - loss value can be measured by the added new nodes using the crs or csi - rs based on another one cell id . thus , if the reference signals are allocated to each of the plurality of nodes , the base station transmits the information regarding the reference signal allocated to the each node to the terminal , and the terminal measures the downlink path - loss value or the uplink path - loss value for the each node based on the information regarding the reference signal to transmit the measured results to the base station . at this time , the terminal can provide a part or all of the measured downlink path - loss value or uplink path - loss value to the base station . when the terminal provides a part or all of the measured downlink path - loss value or uplink path - loss value to the base station , the terminal can provide n smallest path - loss values of the measured path - loss values to the base station . in addition , the terminal can provide the order of the plurality of nodes to the base station according to the size of the measured path - loss values . fig7 is a block diagram showing wireless communication system to implement an embodiment of the present invention . a bs 800 may include a processor 810 , a memory 820 and a radio frequency ( rf ) unit 830 . the processor 810 may be configured to implement proposed functions , procedures and / or methods described in this description . layers of the radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 810 . the memory 820 is operatively coupled with the processor 810 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 810 . the rf unit 830 is operatively coupled with the processor 810 , and transmits and / or receives a radio signal . a terminal 900 may include a processor 910 , a memory 920 and a rf unit 930 . the processor 910 may be configured to implement proposed functions , procedures and / or methods described in this description . layers of the radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 910 . the memory 920 is operatively coupled with the processor 910 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 910 . the rf unit 930 is operatively coupled with the processor 910 , and transmits and / or receives a radio signal . the processors 810 , 910 may include application - specific integrated circuit ( asic ), other chipset , logic circuit and / or data processing device . the memories 820 , 920 may include read - only memory ( rom ), random access memory ( ram ), flash memory , memory card , storage medium and / or other storage device . the rf units 830 , 930 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals . when the embodiments are implemented in software , the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules ( e . g ., procedures , functions , and so on ) that perform the functions described herein . the modules can be stored in memories 820 , 920 and executed by processors 810 , 910 . the memories 820 , 920 can be implemented within the processors 810 , 910 or external to the processors 810 , 910 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processors 810 , 910 via various means as is known in the art . in view of the exemplary systems described herein , methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter have been described with reference to several flow diagrams . while for purposed of simplicity , the methodologies are shown and described as a series of steps or blocks , it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the steps or blocks , as some steps may occur in different orders or concurrently with other steps from what is depicted and described herein . moreover , one skilled in the art would understand that the steps illustrated in the flow diagram are not exclusive and other steps may be included or one or more of the steps in the example flow diagram may be deleted without affecting the scope and spirit of the present disclosure . what has been described above includes examples of the various aspects . it is , of course , not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the various aspects , but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible . accordingly , the subject specification is intended to embrace all such alternations , modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown . this invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art . like numbers refer to like elements throughout . with reference to fig1 through 19 , a first embodiment of a passive thermal control enclosure in accordance with the present invention is shown . fig1 is a perspective view of the passive thermal control enclosure 40 , shown with the inner door 50 and the outer door 60 removed . fig2 is a front elevation of the passive thermal control enclosure 40 with the doors in place , and fig3 and 4 show two cross - sectional views through the passive thermal control enclosure 40 on vertical and horizontal planes , respectively . for convenience of explanation , various terms of direction or orientation such as “ upper ”, “ lower ”, “ top ”, “ bottom ”, “ front ”, “ rear ”, “ vertical ”, “ horizontal ”, etc ., are used herein , it being understood that such terms are with reference to the orientation of the passive thermal control enclosure shown in fig2 with the front of the enclosure being the end having the doors and the rear being the opposite end ; however , the passive thermal control enclosure is not limited to being used in any particular orientation . the passive thermal control enclosure 40 comprises an outer enclosure 70 ( shown in isolation in fig5 ) formed as a generally box - shaped configuration , although the longitudinally extending corners 72 that run from the front end to the rear end of the outer enclosure are formed in a chamfered fashion so as to avoid sharp corners . the outer enclosure comprises a top wall 74 , a bottom wall 75 spaced from and parallel to the top wall , opposite side walls 76 , and a rear wall 77 ( not visible in fig5 but see fig3 and 4 ). the walls 74 , 75 , 76 , and 77 are preferably formed of a composite material having a high strength - to - weight ratio . preferably , the walls comprise a carbon fiber and matrix composite material . as a representative example of suitable dimensions for the outer enclosure 70 , the height measured between the outer surface of the top wall 74 to the outer surface of the bottom wall 75 can be about 9 . 71 inches ( 24 . 7 cm ), the width between the outer surfaces of the side walls 76 can be about 17 . 0 inches ( 43 . 2 cm ), the length of the outer enclosure from front to rear can be about 20 . 0 inches ( 50 . 7 cm ), and the walls can have a thickness of about 0 . 024 inch ( 0 . 6 mm ). the walls are made thin , as noted , in order to reduce the amount of heat conducted along the walls in the longitudinal ( i . e ., front - to - rear ) direction of the enclosure . the front end of the outer enclosure 70 is open and the cross - section of the outer enclosure preferably is constant in the longitudinal direction so that the inner enclosure and insulation can be slid longitudinally into the outer enclosure as further described below . contained within the outer enclosure 70 are an inner enclosure 80 and a plurality of insulators 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , and 98 that surround the inner enclosure and fill the space between the outer and inner enclosures . fig6 shows an exploded view of the inner enclosure 80 and insulators 90 - 98 , and fig3 and 4 show the assembled passive thermal control enclosure in cross - section . the inner enclosure 80 , described in further detail below , defines the interior space in which a temperature - sensitive payload is stored during transportation and storage . the top , bottom , sides , and rear of the inner enclosure 80 are surrounded by the insulators 90 - 98 . more particularly , each of the top and bottom sides of the inner enclosure 80 is covered by a triple - thickness arrangement of insulators 90 , 91 , 92 disposed between the top and bottom walls 74 , 75 of the outer enclosure and the top and bottom sides of the inner enclosure , as shown in fig3 and 6 . each of the other sides of the inner enclosure is covered by a triple - thickness arrangement of insulators 93 , 94 , 95 disposed between the side walls 76 of the outer enclosure and the corresponding sides of the inner enclosure . the rear of the inner enclosure is covered by a triple - thickness arrangement of insulators 96 , 97 , 98 disposed between the rear wall 77 of the outer enclosure and the rear side of the inner enclosure . each of the insulators 90 - 98 comprises a panel - shaped structure . the insulators are sized and shaped so as to collectively fill substantially the entire space between the inner and outer enclosures , as best seen in fig3 and 4 . in this regard , the edges of the outermost insulators that encounter the angled or chamfered corners 72 of the outer enclosure are correspondingly angled or chamfered , as best seen in fig6 . accordingly , there is very little remaining space in which thermally conductive material ( e . g ., air , water , etc .) can collect and thereby increase the thermal conductivity between the interior space of the inner enclosure and the surroundings outside the outer enclosure . each of the insulators 90 - 98 preferably comprises an aerogel material contained within a vacuum - sealed flexible package . aerogel materials are well known as having extremely low thermal conductivity . aerogel can exist in solid or powder form . as a solid , aerogel is a highly porous structure having pore sizes in the nanometer range . as a powder , aerogel has particle sizes in the nanometer range . the thermal conductivity of aerogels is substantially reduced when air is evacuated from the material . accordingly , the insulators used in the passive thermal control enclosure of the present invention preferably comprise an aerogel powder contained in a vacuum - sealed flexible package . there are various types of aerogels including silica aerogels and organic aerogels formed of organic materials such as carbon . the preferred aerogel for use with the present invention is a carbon aerogel . the powdered aerogel is contained within a flexible bag formed of a suitable material that has substantially no gas permeability . for example , mylar ® ( a polyethylene teraphthalate material available from e . i . du pont de nemours & amp ; company ) is a suitable material for containing the aerogel . the bag is evacuated and sealed so that very little air remains in the bag . the result is an insulator that is highly effective , and is also light in weight because of the large void fraction inherent in aerogel materials . an important feature of the present invention is the provision of redundancy in the insulators 90 - 98 . that is , each side of the inner enclosure 80 is insulated by more than one insulator stacked together , rather than using a single insulator having the same overall thickness . although such a single insulator could be used , it would be undesirable to do so with the vacuum - sealed aerogel insulators employed in the present invention , because if the single insulator developed a leak in the sealed bag , the insulating capacity would be seriously impaired . accordingly , the present invention employs multiple stacked insulators so that if one insulator should be breached , there is at least one other insulator that still retains its full insulating capability . turning now to fig7 through 11 , the construction of the inner enclosure 80 is described . the inner enclosure 80 comprises a main portion 81 formed as a generally box - shaped structure that is generally geometrically similar to the outer enclosure 70 but smaller in dimensions so that the main portion 81 can fit inside the outer enclosure with space therebetween on all sides to accommodate the insulators as previously described . the inner enclosure 80 also includes a front support 82 and a rear support 86 that provide increased structural rigidity to the inner enclosure and also perform other functions as noted below . the main portion 81 of the inner enclosure preferably comprises a material having high strength - to - weight ratio and also having a low thermal conductivity particularly in the thickness direction through the walls of the main portion . preferably , the main portion 81 includes a fiber and matrix composite material for high strength , and a thermal insulation material . more particularly , in the preferred embodiment the walls of the main portion 81 are formed of a sandwich or laminate construction having a core of thermally insulating material , and fiber matrix composite skins bonded to the opposite faces of the core . the skins advantageously comprise a carbon fiber and matrix composite material . the core advantageously comprises a honeycomb material such as nomex hrh - 10 , which is a non - metallic nomex ®/ phenolic honeycomb available from hexcel corporation . nomex ® is a registered trademark of e . i . du pont de nemours & amp ; company , and refers to a nonwoven fabric constructed of aramid fibers . the front support 82 is shown in isolation in fig1 . the front support comprises a generally rectangular tubular structure having an integral front lip 83 formed as a flange that extends radially outwardly from the tubular portion 84 of the front support and is normal to the longitudinal axis of the tubular portion . the tubular portion 84 of the front support is sized so that it fits closely around the front end of the main portion 81 of the inner enclosure , and the tubular portion 84 is permanently fastened to the main portion 81 by a suitable adhesive or by any other appropriate fastening technique . the tubular portion 84 of the front support advantageously includes recesses 85 that extend partially through the thickness thereof in order to reduce the weight of the front support . the front support 82 preferably is formed of a composite material for high strength - to - weight ratio . a suitable material is laminated fiberglass composite material . the front lip 83 of the front support provides structural rigidity to the front support , and also covers the front edges of the insulators 90 - 95 so as to protect them from contact with other objects that could puncture or tear the flexible bags of the insulators . the front lip 83 also defines a recess in which a portion of the outer door seats when closed , as further described below . the rear support 86 of the inner enclosure is generally similar in configuration to the front support , and includes a tubular portion 87 and a rear lip 88 . the tubular portion 87 fits closely about the rear end of the main portion 81 of the inner enclosure and is permanently fastened thereto by adhesive bonding or other technique . the rear lip 88 provides structural rigidity to the rear support and also covers the rear ends of the insulators 90 - 95 to protect them . the rear insulators 96 - 98 are contained within the tubular portion 87 of the rear support , as best seen in fig3 and 4 . the tubular portion 87 and the rear lip 88 each includes holes 89 for reducing the weight of the rear support . the rear support advantageously is made of a material similar or identical to that of the front support . turning next to fig1 through 17 , the inner and outer doors of the passive thermal control enclosure are described . the inner door 50 is illustrated in fig1 and 13 , and comprises a support plate 51 of generally rectangular plan shape sized and shaped to fit closely within the front end of the main portion 81 of the inner enclosure . as seen in fig3 , and 7 , the main portion 81 of the inner enclosure includes an inner door stop 100 that is integrally formed on , or more preferably is separately formed and then bonded to , the inner surface of the main portion 81 to provide a stop surface against which the rear - facing surface of the support plate 51 of the inner door seats when the inner door is inserted into the front end of the inner enclosure . just forward of the inner door stop 100 are a series of holes or recesses 102 formed in each of the four walls of the inner enclosure . the inner door 50 includes latch members that engage these holes 102 so as to latch the inner door closed . more specifically , the inner door includes top and bottom latch members 52 that are mounted against the front - facing surface of the support plate 51 adjacent the top and bottom edges , respectively , of the support plate , and opposite side latch members 53 that are mounted against the front - facing surface of the support plate adjacent the opposite side edges thereof . the latch members 52 and 53 are slidable relative to the support plate 51 . in particular , the top and bottom latch members 52 are slidable upward and downward , toward and away from each other , and the side latch members 53 are slidable laterally outward and inward , toward and away from each other . the latch members are made slidable by attaching them to the support plate by shoulder bolts extending through elongated holes formed in the latch members and into the support plate . each of the latch members defines a series of projections or fingers 54 that extend outwardly from the respective edge of the support plate . the latch members and their fingers 54 are arranged such that when the latch members are slid outwardly the fingers 54 project beyond the edges of the support plate so that they can engage the holes 102 in the inner enclosure ; conversely , when the latch members are slid inwardly the fingers 54 will disengage the holes 102 and thus allow the inner door to be removed from the inner enclosure . the fingers 54 preferably have chamfered or inclined surfaces that facilitate initial engagement of the fingers into the holes 102 and also act as ramps or cams as the latch members are slid further outward such that a force is exerted on the latch members , and hence on the inner door , in the longitudinal rearward direction . in this manner , the inner door is urged against the door stop 100 . a seal ( not shown ) can be provided between the inner door and the door stop , if desired , and the ramp or cam action of the latch fingers 54 can facilitate compression of the seal . preferably , as shown best in fig1 , the side latch members 53 act as cams against the top and bottom latch members 52 such that when the side latch members are slid outwardly away from each other they ride along inclined surfaces 55 of the top and bottom latch members 52 and thus force the top and bottom latch members outwardly away from each other . in this manner , the four latch members can be moved into their latched positions engaging the holes 102 in the inner enclosure by grasping only the two side latch members 53 and moving them outwardly . when it is desired to remove the inner door , the latch members are moved to their unlatched positions by first sliding the side latch members 53 inward to disengage the holes 102 in the side walls of the inner enclosure and so that the side latch members clear the top and bottom latch members 52 , and then sliding the top and bottom latch members inwardly to disengage the holes 102 in the top and bottom walls of the inner enclosure . to facilitate grasping and sliding the latch members , each of the latch members includes a lip or projection 56 that extends generally perpendicular to the main surface of the latch member . the latching arrangement of the inner door 50 is beneficial particularly when the thermal control enclosure is used in microgravity such as on an orbiting space station . in microgravity , any net reaction force on the operator of the latches would cause the operator to be propelled in the direction of the reaction force unless the operator were restrained such as with footholds or the like . the use of such restraints , although effective , is cumbersome and hence it would be desirable to eliminate dependence on them . the latching arrangement of the inner door 50 makes this possible . in this regard , the latch members 52 , 53 can be slid between their latched and unlatched positions by applying equal and opposite force pairs . more particularly , the latch members 52 , 53 can be actuated in one of two ways . one way is to simultaneously exert equal and opposite forces on the two latch members of each pair to slide them toward or away from each other , thus producing no net reaction force on the person operating them . another way to actuate the latch members is to slide them one at a time by using the fingers and thumb of one hand and using the structure surrounding the inner door to react the force exerted on the latch member , thereby again producing no net reaction force on the operator . turning now to fig1 through 19 , the outer door 60 and the latching thereof are described . the outer door 60 comprises a front support plate 61 , a plurality of insulators 62 , 63 , 64 , and a rear insulator cover 65 that attaches to the front support plate 61 and captures the insulators therebetween . the insulators 62 - 64 are generally similar in construction to the insulators 90 - 98 previously described , and hence are not further described herein . the outer door also includes a handle 66 attached to the front side of the front support plate 61 , and an o - ring seal 67 whose function is described below . the front support plate 61 is shown in greater detail in fig1 , which is a plan view of the rear side of the plate . the front support plate 61 includes recesses 68 that extend partially through the thickness of the plate in order to reduce the weight of the plate . generally rectangular recesses are shown , creating a rectangular grid of full - thickness material between the recesses . however , alternatively the plate could have generally triangular recesses ( not shown ) arranged such that the full - thickness areas between the recesses create an isogrid arrangement . such isogrid arrangements are advantageous in terms of rigidity because they resist torsional deformations better than do rectangular grids . the rear side of the front support plate 61 also defines a groove 69 that extends all the way around the perimeter of the plate for retaining the o - ring seal 67 . the o - ring seal 67 is held in a portion of the plate 61 that extends outward beyond the rear insulator cover 65 of the outer door . accordingly , when the outer door is inserted into the front opening of the inner enclosure , this outwardly extending portion of the plate 61 confronts a surface of the front support 82 of the inner enclosure , as best seen in fig4 and the o - ring seal 67 is compressed between these two confronting surfaces . the compression of the o - ring seal 67 is facilitated by the latching arrangement for the outer door 60 , which is now described with reference to fig1 - 4 , 18 , and 19 . the latching arrangement for the outer door includes top and bottom latch members 110 slidably mounted to the front side of the front lip 83 of the inner enclosure &# 39 ; s front support . the latch members 110 slide upward and downward , toward and away from each other . fig1 shows a greatly enlarged view of the upper latch member 110 slid upwardly to its unlatched position so that it clears the outer edge of the outer door &# 39 ; s support plate 61 . when the latch member 110 is slid downward to its limit of movement , the lower portion of the latch member 110 extends below the outer edge of the support plate 61 . the other latch functions in a similar fashion . by appropriately sizing the various components , a slight interference fit can be provided such that the outer door must be pressed slightly to the right in fig1 and thereby compress the o - ring seal 67 in order to slide the latches to their latched positions . the sliding of the latches can provide the force for pressing the outer door in this manner . the latching arrangement thus ensures a reliable seal between the outer door and the inner enclosure . the latches can be held in the latched positions by a plurality of ball spring plungers 112 installed in the front lip 83 of the inner enclosure &# 39 ; s front support . the balls 114 of the plungers 112 engage detents 116 formed in the latch members 110 when the latch members are slid to the latched positions , so that it requires a certain level of force in order to move the latch members to the unlatched positions . the passive thermal control enclosure of the present invention is shown in an alternative embodiment in fig2 , which is substantially similar to that previously described except that the enclosure includes at least one , and preferably several , pressure equalization vents 126 that vent the space between the inner and outer enclosures to prevent a large pressure differential across the walls of the enclosures . the vent is shown in exploded detail view in fig2 . the vent comprises a hole formed through the front lip 83 of the inner enclosure into the space between the enclosures , a filter 127 of a material that is permeable to gases but impermeable to liquid ( e . g ., goretex ®) that covers the hole , a support screen 128 that provides additional rigidity to the filter 127 , and a cover plate 129 that is fastened to the front lip 83 to hold the support screen and filter in place covering the hole . the passive thermal control enclosure of the present invention is designed to maintain a payload contained in the inner enclosure 80 at a predetermined temperature for a prolonged period of time with the aid of phase change material that changes from one phase to another ( e . g ., solid to liquid ). as well known , during a change of phase when there are two phases present simultaneously , many materials remain at an essentially constant temperature until all of the material has changed to a single phase . the thermal control enclosure of the present invention reduces heat transfer between the phase change material and the surrounding environment so as to prolong the two - phase condition as long as possible . to this end , the thermal control enclosure of the invention employs sealed packs of phase change material that are placed within the inner enclosure 80 along with the payload that is to be maintained at a controlled temperature . a preferred construction for the packs of phase change material is depicted in fig2 . a pack 120 of phase change material is formed by filling a flexible first package 122 with a quantity of phase change material and sealing the package . the first package 122 preferably is then placed in a second package and sealed so that there are two independent levels of containment for the phase change material . the second package can comprise a box 124 formed in two halves that fit together and are sealed together . the flexible first package 120 can be formed of various materials ; one suitable example is teflon ®. the box 124 can be formed of various materials , such as polycarbonate , polysulfone , ectfe ( halar ), or teflon ®, and preferably is vacuum thermo - formed to have very thin walls in order to facilitate heat transfer to and from the phase change material . various types of phase change materials can be used , partly dependent on the temperature at which the payload is to be maintained . more particularly , different phase change materials have different phase transition temperatures . among the phase change materials that can be used with the present invention are water , heavy water ( deuterium oxide ), various paraffins including n - heptadecane or n - eicosane or others , and tea - 16 ( a blend of cacl 2 , nacl , and kf ). when the thermal control enclosure is used in a spacecraft environment such as on the international space station ( iss ), there are considerations of toxicity , outgassing , reactivity , and others , that can make certain phase change materials more attractive than others . additionally , a suitable phase change material should have a high heat of fusion and a high density . taking these various considerations into account , an ideal phase change material is water , since it is non - toxic , does not outgas , is relatively non - reactive , and has the highest heat of fusion of the materials specifically listed above . thus , where the payload is to be maintained at substantially 0 ° c ., water is an ideal phase change material . if the payload is to be maintained at other than 0 ° c ., then other phase change materials can be used . for instance , many biological samples and specimens may be damaged if frozen and hence it may be desirable to maintain them just above freezing , such as at 4 ° c . heavy water has a phase transition temperature of 3 . 8 ° c ., and thus can be used for maintaining such a payload at the suitable temperature . the packs 120 of phase change material can be loaded into the thermal control enclosure in various configurations depending on the size of the payload and the temperature to be maintained . fig2 shows one exemplary arrangement suitable for use with water as the phase change material when the payload is to be maintained at 0 ° c . a plurality of packs 120 of phase change material are arranged such that they fit together with each other and create a self - supporting structure that lines the inner walls of the enclosure and creates an interior space 130 in which the payload can be stored . this arrangement could also be used to keep a payload at 4 ° c . if the packs 120 contained a suitable phase change material having a phase transition temperature at about 4 ° c ., such as heavy water . alternatively , a payload could be kept at 4 ° c . using water as the phase change material by using the arrangement shown in fig2 , in which thermal insulation 140 is disposed between the packs 120 of phase change material and the payload contained in the space 130 . many other arrangements of the packs of phase change material can also be used . the invention is not limited to any particular arrangement . in some instances , it may be advantageous to contain the packs of phase change material in a flexible webbing or the like that has pockets arranged for receiving the packs . the pockets and the webbing can be arranged such that it is possible to fold the webbing with the packs of phase change material contained therein , so as to form a box - like or cube - like structure that is substantially self - supporting and fits closely within the enclosure . such a webbing and method are illustrated in fig2 and 28 . the thermal control enclosure , when used aboard a spacecraft such as the space shuttle or the international space station , preferably is configured to fit within a standard rack used on such spacecraft . as an example , as depicted in fig2 , one or more of the thermal control enclosures 40 can be contained in a rack 150 . if desired , the rack can also contain other equipment such as freezers 160 for re - freezing packs of phase change material after they have been spent . the present invention encompasses a method of transporting and storing temperature - sensitive payloads to an orbiting spacecraft such as the iss , using the thermal control enclosure . testing of prototypes of the present invention has demonstrated that the thermal control enclosure can maintain a payload at 0 ° c . for 10 days when the ambient temperature is 30 ° c ., and for 15 days when the ambient temperature is 20 ° c ., which are representative temperatures that can be expected aboard the iss in the various locations in which the thermal control enclosure might be stored . in order to keep a payload at 0 ° c . for longer periods of time , it would be necessary to periodically replace spent phase change material with fresh ( i . e ., frozen ) packs of phase change material . various options are possible for providing such fresh packs of phase change material . one option is to re - freeze the packs onboard the iss . investigation of this method by the inventors has revealed that freezing water in microgravity entails certain unique considerations that do not come into play when freezing water on earth . one such consideration is the fact that convection of the water does not occur , which can lead to undesirable results . for instance , the possibility of the water becoming supercooled ( i . e ., cooled to below 0 ° c . yet remaining in liquid form ) is increased in microgravity . if such were to occur during the re - freezing process , and the water were to become supercooled substantially below 0 ° c ., it can occur that the water may suddenly and unpredictably freeze , such as when subjected to a vibration . such rapid freezing could fracture the packaging in which the water is contained . to prevent this from occurring , preferably the water also contains a nucleating agent to provide nucleation sites for ice to form around , thereby preventing supercooling . various types of nucleating agents are known in the art , and hence are not further described herein . the invention also encompasses a method of re - freezing packs of phase change material to reduce the possibility of rupture as a result of expansion of the material . water and heavy water , unlike most phase change materials , expand upon freezing . if the expansion occurs in an uncontrolled manner , localized areas of a pack of water can expand so much that the pack can rupture . fig2 diagrammatically depicts a method of freezing that aims to control the freezing process and the resultant expansion . in accordance with this method , all sides of the pack 120 of phase change material except for one are insulated with suitable insulation 170 . the remaining side is exposed to a suitable source of cold temperature 180 , which can be a powered refrigerator , a radiator radiating into the heat sink of space , or the like . the result is that the phase change material begins freezing adjacent the cold source 180 and proceeds in a direction away therefrom toward the opposite end of the pack . the one - dimensional freeze front helps ensure that the expansion of the phase change material occurs substantially uniformly . in accordance with the invention , particularly when water and heavy water are used as the phase change material , it is preferred to degas the material prior to sealing it in the packs . water that contains air tends to expand to a substantially greater extent than does degassed water . hence , by degassing the phase change material , the degree of expansion during freezing can be minimized . another option for increasing the duration of the phase change thermal control is to place the thermal control enclosure in a region that can be maintained at a temperature lower than that of the normal surroundings . for example , the iss has a low - temperature coolant loop that can be provided to so - called “ cold plates ”. the thermal control enclosure of the present invention can be placed adjacent to such a cold plate . still another option for providing fresh packs of phase change material is to transport them to the orbiting iss aboard the space shuttle . the fresh packs can be transported in the thermal control enclosure of the present invention . many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings . therefore , it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims . although specific terms are employed herein , they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation . | 5 |
with reference now to the drawings , fig1 - 3 illustrate a multi - pin electrical connector shown generally by reference 10 . the connector includes an electrically conductive housing 12 which has an overall tubular shape with a front section 15 and a rear section 17 . an external mounting means is shown as peripheral flange 14 . the flange includes fastener openings 16 for attaching the connector to the wall of a grounded support structure , panel or casing . the interior surface 13 of the housing is provided with keyways 18 for engagement with corresponding projections 20 on exterior portions of mounting block 22 . each of the keyways includes an abutment wall 24 which engages an end surface 26 of each projection 20 . with this construction , the block will be constrained against axial and rotational movement when placed into the housing . to insure against loosening of the blocks , retaining ring 28 is used to engage the opposing end surfaces 32 of projections 20 . inclined teeth 30 serve to engage the housing interior and hold the ring in place . the mounting block is cylindrical in overall shape with an end comprising a first planar face 34 and an opposing end comprising second planar face 36 . the faces are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the center axis x , x of the housing 12 . the block circumference is in electrical contact with the housing interior surface 13 . extending through the block parallel with the center axis are openings 38 . each opening forms a first entrance 40 on the first face and a second entrance 42 on the second face . the openings are preferably round in cross - section , but may have other shapes as determined by the shape of pins 50 . the entrances are rounded and defined by curved edge 44 . each of the openings are filled with vvm 46 . a pin aperture 48 , having a diameter substantially less than each opening and about equal to the diameter of pin 50 , extends through the material concentric with the longitudinal axis of each opening . in this way the pin , when extending through the aperture , will always be spaced - apart from the mounting block by an effective thickness of vvm . the pins are shown as elongated shafts having a circular cross - section . however , ellipsoidal or polygonal shapes could be used . each pin includes a free end 51 and a proximal end 53 . the free end extends into the open front section 15 of the housing for engagement with the corresponding socket of a matching connector receptacle ( not shown ). proximal end 53 extends into base 54 for securement to a sleeve and collar assembly 56 in a manner to be hereinafter described . as shown in fig1 and 3 , five of the pins are oriented in a predetermined pattern about the amounting block crosssection . any number of pins , other sizes or different patterns could be used , however , as required by the intended use of the overall connector . directly adjacent the first face 34 and first end 52 of the vvm is the aforementioned base 54 . the base functions as a foundation for pins 50 and serves to eliminate any air space in the housing rear section 17 . it is preferably formed of a thermosetting resin and corresponds in cross - section to the housing interior . it includes an outer peripheral shoulder 55 . the shoulder engages a corresponding detent 29 of ring 28 for securement of the interior parts . embedded within the base is a sleeve and collar assembly 56 . this assembly retains the proximal end 53 of pin 50 . each assembly includes a crimping extension 58 for direct attachment to an external electrical system ( not shown ). overlying the outer surface of base 54 is a grommet 60 . the grommet is a flexible sealing member and serves to environmentally protect the base and the other interior parts . similarly , seal member 62 is located directly adjacent the second face 36 and second end 64 of the vvm . it seals about the pins , eliminates any air gaps and also protects the interior parts of the connector . fig4 - 5 show a modified connector 10 &# 39 ; with an alternative mounting block 22 &# 39 ;. the alternative mounting block comprises alternating layers of thin plastic 66 bonded to alternating layers 68 to electrically conductive material . in particular , wafers of brass , copper or aluminum may be bonded together with layers of dielectric materials such as heat formable plastics , e . g ., polyethylene , or curable plastics like epoxy resin . each of the layers comprise flat discs of uniform thickness which are perforated with openings 38 &# 39 ;. the discs are oriented with their planar surfaces perpendicular to the center axis of the connector . utilizing a laminated block as described above , serves to minimize the deleterious effect of electrical eddy currents that may occur in a solid metal block . as described with the fig1 - 3 embodiment , the housing interior surfaces 13 &# 39 ; are preferably circular in cross - section as is the mounting block cross - section . a good fit with physical contact of the block circumference to the interior surfaces of the housing is important to insure current flow to the ground plane . although not preferred , it will be understood that the housing , mounting block and other interior parts of both the fig1 - 3 and fig4 - 5 embodiments may have polygonal , ellipsoidal or other cross - sectional shapes or a combination thereof . several block - to - housing contact means may be used to enhance effective current flow . for example , the conductive layers may have a greater radial extent , shown by reference 70 in fig5 than the plastic layers . in this way , the metal edges will have unobstructed engagement with the housing interior surface . also , the circumference of the laminated block may include a thin electrically conductive coating . again , this will facilitate electrical contact with the housing . further , retainer ring 28 may be constructed of electrically conductive material . since it bridges the block - to - housing joint as shown in fig2 it will function as a conduit for current flow . as an additional enhancement to current flow , fig4 shows housing 12 &# 39 ; with an annular recess 72 . the recess contains a contact ring 74 that includes metallic fingers 75 for engaging both the block and housing . in this manner , the fingers provide multiple pathways for current flow . housing 12 &# 39 ; is particularly suited for attachment to an opening in a wall panel or the like . it includes a threaded jam nut 76 which will secure the panel opening periphery against flange 14 &# 39 ;. an o - ring 78 is used to seal the opening against environmental contaminants . in fig4 - 5 , the overall arrangement of interior parts is the same as that shown with the fig1 - 3 connector . block openings 38 &# 39 ; are filled with the vvm 46 . apertures 48 are provided through the vvm for contact pins 50 and the pins , with respective sleeve and collar assemblies , are embedded in base 54 . the vvm is sealed at the connector front section with seal member 62 and across the base outer surface with grommet 60 . the interior assembly presents a solid void - free tightly engaged unit that has great shock and vibration resistance . when an emp occurs , current will flow from pin 50 through the conductive layers 70 and then through any of the abovedescribed pathways to the housing ground plane . the harmful voltage pulse will be dissipated and sensitive circuitry will remain intact . while the invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments , it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention . accordingly , the invention should not be limited by the illustrative embodiments , but only by the scope of the appended claims . | 7 |
the present invention generally relates to microelectronic power regulators . more particularly , the invention relates to regulators suitable for providing high current , high speed power to microelectronic devices and to electronic systems including the regulators . although the present invention may be used to provide power to a variety of microelectronic devices , the invention is conveniently described below in connection with providing power to microprocessors . an exemplary power supply system 100 in accordance with the present invention is schematically illustrated in fig1 . as illustrated , system 100 includes an intermediate regulator 110 , a regulator array 120 , including regulators 120 ( a )- 120 ( n ), and a microprocessor 130 . system 100 may also suitably include a power converter 140 and one or more discrete electronic components , collectively represented as components 150 . in general , system 100 is configured to provide relatively high current ( e . g ., 30 to more than 100 amps ) at relatively low voltage ( e . g ., down to about 1 volt or less ) with a relatively short response time . as discussed in greater detail below , in accordance with the present invention , system 100 provides the high current power to microprocessor 130 by distributing the power regulating duty to a plurality of regulators ( e . g . regulator 110 and / or regulators 120 ( a )- 120 ( n )) converter 140 of system 100 is generally configured to convert alternating current ( ac ) power obtained from a typical ac power outlet to direct current ( dc ) power to , for example , provide suitable dc power for a motherboard of a computer . for example , in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , converter 140 is configured to convert 110 volt ac power to about 3 . 3 volts to about 15 volts dc power at about 1 amp to about 20 amps . in accordance with one aspect of this embodiment , converter 140 includes multiple dc power outputs — e . g ., about 12 volts at about 1 amp , about 5 volts at about 5 amps , at about 3 . 3 volts at about 30 amps to supply the power to , for example , various types of microelectronic devices which may be coupled to the motherboard . in accordance with alternative embodiments of the present invention , converter 140 may include any number of dc power outputs , and the amount of power associated with each output may vary in accordance with a type of device coupled to the output of converter 140 . intermediate regulator 110 is a dc - to - dc converter , which is designed to convert output from converter 140 to higher current , lower voltage power . in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , regulator 110 receives power ( e . g . 3 . 3 volts at 30 amps ) from converter 140 and converts the power to about 1 . 15 volts at about 100 amps . regulator 110 may be a linear regulator , a switching regulator , or any other suitable type of power controller ; however , in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , regulator 110 comprises a switching regulator such as a buck regulator . system 100 may also optionally include discrete components 150 to facilitate rapid response power transfer from regulator 110 to array 120 . in particular , components 150 may include capacitors to store an appropriate charge and discharge the energy as array 120 calls for power from regulator 110 . regulator 120 is generally configured to provide high current ( e . g ., up to 100 amps or more ) power at a relatively low response time ( e . g ., at speeds of 500 mhz and above ) to microprocessor 130 . in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , array 120 includes one or more power regulators ( e . g ., regulators 120 ( a )- 120 ( n )) configured to transform power received from regulator 110 and / or components 150 and convert the power into higher current , lower voltage power suitable for microprocessor 130 . array 120 may include any number of regulators , which may be configured and coupled to processor 130 in a variety of ways . for example , array 120 may include a number ( n ) of substantially identical regulators , wherein each regulator is configured to provide processor 130 with 1 / n the operation power of processor 130 . however , in accordance with alternate embodiments of the invention , array 120 may be configured with regulators of various sizes that are configured to provide power to various portions of processor 130 . for example , array 120 may include relatively high current regulators to provide power to input / output buffers and relatively low current regulators to supply power to logic units of the microprocessor . fig2 illustrates a power supply system 200 in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention . similar to system 100 , system 200 generally includes an intermediate regulator 210 , a regulator array 220 , including regulators 220 ( a )- 220 ( n ), a microprocessor 230 , and optionally a power converter 240 and components 250 . system 200 is configured such that a portion of power supplied to microprocessor 230 may be derived from regulator 210 . for example , in accordance with one aspect of this embodiment , regulator 210 supplies power to input / output contacts of microprocessor 230 and / or a floating point contact of microprocessor 230 . however , the invention is not so limited ; system 200 may suitably be configured such that regulator 110 provides power to any portion of microprocessor 230 . fig3 is a schematic illustration of an array 300 , showing regulators 310 , 320 , 330 , and 340 coupled to a common voltage reference 350 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in fig3 each regulator 310 - 340 is configured to supply substantially the same power ( at the reference voltage ) to a microprocessor — e . g ., microprocessor 130 . regulators 310 - 340 may include switching regulators , linear regulators , combinations thereof , or other suitable devices for controlling power . in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention , regulators 310 - 340 are linear regulators and each regulator 310 - 340 suitably includes a transistor ( e . g ., bipolar transistors 312 , 322 , 332 , and 342 ), an error amplifier ( e . g ., error amplifier 314 , 324 , 334 , and 344 ), and a voltage source ( e . g ., sources 316 , 326 , 336 , and 346 ). as noted above , regulators 310 - 340 are generally configured to provide output power to processor 130 at a voltage substantially equivalent to voltage reference 350 . however , regulators 310 - 340 may suitably be trimmed such that the output voltage can be set to about ± 1 % of the reference voltage . in accordance with alternative embodiments of the present invention , array 300 may include multiple voltage references at various voltages , with one or more regulators tied to each reference . use of multiple voltage references allows for power regulation at the various voltage levels to various portions of microprocessor 130 . in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the invention , all regulators ( e . g ., regulators 310 , 320 , 330 , and 340 ) are suitably coupled together in parallel such that , in addition to each regulator being tied to a common reference voltage , each regulator array 300 is tied to a common collector structure . the parallel coupling of regulators within an array allows for a total current output of array 300 which is equal to the sum of current outputs from each regulator within array 300 . thus , time delays associated with larger regulators are mitigated because smaller regulators within an array are used to provide current to a portion or portions of microprocessor 130 . in other words , microprocessor 130 does not depend on a single , large regulator to supply requisite current . a conductive path between array 120 and microprocessor 130 , or a portion thereof , is preferably relatively short to reduce the effects of parasitic inductance between an array ( e . g ., array 120 ) and microprocessor 130 . providing a relatively short conductive path between array 120 and microprocessor 130 is additionally advantageous because parasitic inductance between array 120 and processor 130 is generally reduced as the distance between the components is reduced . one technique for providing a relatively short conductive path between array 120 and microprocessor 130 in accordance with the present invention is to couple array 120 to processor 130 using conductive bumps such as c 4 ( controlled collapse chip connection ) bumps . in accordance with various aspects of this embodiment , array 120 may be coupled directly to microprocessor 130 , or array 120 may suitably be coupled to a package containing microprocessor 130 . to facilitate fast power delivery from regulators 120 ( a )- 120 ( n ) of array 120 to processor 130 , regulators 120 ( a )- 120 ( n ) are formed on a semiconductor substrate having relatively high electron mobility such as silicon germanium ( sige ), gallium arsenide ( gaas ), or the like . forming regulators on sige or similar substrates that have relatively high electron mobility allows relatively quick power transfer ( e . g ., on the order of ghz speed ) between regulator 120 and microprocessor 130 . in addition , semiconductive substrates such as sige exhibit a relatively high current density , compared to conventional semiconductor materials , which allows for formation of more transistors per surface area of sige compared to substrates having lower current density such as silicon . in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention , a regulator array and microprocessor 130 are formed on a single semiconductive substrate formed of , for example , sige , or other suitable semiconductive materials . integrating an array and a microprocessor on a single substrate allows for even faster power supply from the array to the microprocessor . the integral array may provide power to all or a portion of the microprocessor and may be in addition to or in lieu of an array , such as array 120 illustrated in fig1 . although the present invention is set forth herein in the context of the appended drawing figures , it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the specific form shown . for example , while the invention is conveniently described above in connection with providing power to a discrete microprocessor , the present invention may suitably be used provide power to a plurality of microelectronic devices . various other modifications , variations , and enhancements in the design and arrangement of the method and apparatus set forth herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims . | 7 |
the present invention relates to novel ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid hydrazide compounds of formula ( i ): r 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , linear or branched alkyl ( c 1 - c 6 ), alkenyl ( c 2 - c 6 ), alkynyl ( c 2 - c 6 ) and cycloalkyl ( c 3 - c 6 ); r 2 and r 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , linear or branched alkyl ( c 1 - c 6 ), alkenyl ( c 2 - c 6 ), alkynyl ( c 2 - c 6 ), cycloalkyl ( c 3 - c 6 ) and r 4 co , or both r 2 and r 3 can form , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached , a 5 - 6 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted , or a ncr 5 r 6 group ; r 4 is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched alkyl ( c 1 - c 6 ), cycloalkyl ( c 3 - c 6 ), aryl optionally substituted and heteroaryl optionally substituted ; r 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , linear or branched alkyl ( c 1 - c 6 ), cycloalkyl ( c 3 - c 6 ) and aryl optionally substituted ; r 6 is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched alkyl ( c 1 - c 6 ), cycloalkyl ( c 3 - c 6 ) and aryl optionally substituted ; or both r 5 and r 6 can form , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached , a 5 - 6 membered ring optionally substituted ; preferably r 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl ; and r 2 and r 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , acetyl and 2 - thiophenecarbonyl , or both r 2 and r 3 form , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached , a heterocycle selected from 1 - morpholinyl and 1 , 2 , 4 - triazin - 4 - yl , or a ncr 5 r 6 group selected from ethylideneamino , isopropylideneamino and 4 - chlorobenzylideneamino . the term “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” used herein encompasses any salt formed from organic and inorganic acids , such as hydrobromic , hydrochloric , phosphoric , nitric , sulfuric , acetic , adipic , aspartic , benzenesulfonic , benzoic , citric , ethanesulfonic , formic , fumaric , glutamic , lactic , maleic , malic , malonic , mandelic , methanesulfonic , 1 , 5 - naphthalendisulfonic , oxalic , pivalic , propionic , p - toluenesulfonic , succinic , tartaric acids and the like . thiophene - 2 - carboxylic acid n ′-[ 2 -( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetyl ]- hydrazide ; ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid n ′- acetyl - hydrazide ; ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid hydrazide ; 2 -( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- n - morpholin - 4 - yl - acetamide ; 2 -( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- n -[ 1 , 2 , 4 ] triazol - 4 - yl - acetamide ; ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid n - methyl - hydrazide ; ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid ( 4 - chlorobenzylidene )- hydrazide ; ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid ethylidene - hydrazide ; and ( 6 - methyl - 2 - p - tolyl - imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl )- acetic acid isoprcoylidene - hydrazide . another aspect of the present invention is to provide a process for preparing the compounds of formula ( i ) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts . the compounds of general formula ( i ) may be prepared according to the reaction shown in scheme 1 . a fischer esterification of ketoacid ( ii ) was carried out with an alcohol roh to afford the corresponding ester ( iii ). this ester was brominated in acetic acid at room temperature to yield the bromoketoester ( iv ). a cyclization with 2 - amino - 5 - methylpyridine ( v ) afforded the imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid ester ( vi ). finally , acylic substitution by using a substituted hydrazine ( vii ) in a suitable solvent at reflux yielded the corresponding final imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid hydrazide ( i ). suitable solvents to be used in this reaction are selected preferably from linear or branched alkanols ( c 1 - c 6 ), more preferably methanol , or mixtures thereof . in the case of the n ′- acyl hydrazides ( i , r 2 ═ r 4 co ), a final step is needed , consisting of reacting ( i , r 2 ═ h ) with the corresponding acid chloride r 4 cocl in a suitable solvent at room temperature . suitable solvents to be used in this reaction are selected preferably from halogenated alkanes , more preferably dichloromethane . the reaction occurs conveniently in the presence of a basic compound . non - limitative basic compounds are alkaline or alkaline earth metal carbonates or acid carbonates , or alkyl -, dialkyl - or trialkylamines , specifically triethylamine , or mixtures thereof , and the like . in the case of the alkyl -( or aryl -) iden hydrazides ( i , nr 2 r 3 ═ ncr 5 r 6 ), a final step is needed , consisting of reacting ( i , r 2 ═ r 3 ═ h ) with the corresponding aldehyde or ketone , r 5 cor 6 , in a suitable solvent at room temperature . suitable solvents to be used in this reaction are selected preferably from linear or branched alkanols ( c 1 - c 6 ), more preferably methanol , or mixtures thereof . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing anxiety in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing epilepsy in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing sleep disorders in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing insomnia in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for inducing sedation - hypnosis in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for inducing anesthesia in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for modulating the necessary time to induce sleep and its duration in a human or non - human mammal . another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a compound of formula ( i ) for the preparation of a medicament for inducing muscle relaxation in a human or non - human mammal . the present invention also relates to a method of treatment or prevention of a human or non - human mammal suffering from diseases associated with gaba a receptor modulation , which comprises administering to said human or non - human mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula ( i ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , polymorph , hydrate , tautomer , solvate or stereoisomer thereof , together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers . more specifically , diseases associated with gaba a receptor modulation comprise diseases associated with α 1 - gaba a receptor modulation and / or α 2 - gaba a receptor modulation . a non - limitative list of such diseases comprises anxiety , epilepsy , sleep disorders , including insomnia , and the like . another aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula ( i ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , polymorph , hydrate , tautomer , solvate or stereoisomer thereof in association with therapeutically inert carriers . the compositions include those suitable for oral , rectal and parenteral ( including subcutaneous , intramuscular , and intravenous ) administration , although the most suitable route will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated . the most preferred route of the present invention is the oral route . the compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form , and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy . the active compound can be combined with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques . the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of the preparation desired for administration , e . g . oral or parenteral ( including intravenous injections or infusions ). on preparing the compositions for oral dosage form , any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed . usual pharmaceutical media include , for example , water , glycols , oils , alcohols , flavoring agents , preservatives , coloring agents , and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations ( such as for example , suspensions , solutions , emulsions and elixirs ); aerosols ; or carriers such as starches , sugars , microcrystalline cellulose , diluents , granulating agents , lubricants , binders , disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations ( such as for example , powders , capsules , and tablets ); the oral solid preparations being preferred rather than the oral liquid preparations . because of their ease of administration , tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form , in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed . if desired , tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or non - aqueous techniques . a suitable dosage range for use is from about 0 . 01 mg to about 100 . 00 mg total daily dose , given as a once daily administration or in divided doses if required . the compounds of the present invention have a high affinity for α 1 - and α 2 - gaba a receptors . these in vitro results are consistent with those in vivo results obtained in sedation - hypnosis tests . in accordance with the results obtained , certain compounds of the present invention have evidenced pharmacological activity both in vitro and in vivo , which has been similar to or higher than that of prior - art compound zolpidem . all these results support their use in diseases or conditions modulated by α 1 - and α 2 - gaba a receptors , such as insomnia or anesthesia , in which an induction of sleep , an induction of sedation or an induction of muscle relaxation are needed . the pharmacological activity of the compounds of the present invention has been determined as shown below . a ) ligand - binding assays . determination of the affinity of test compounds for α 1 - and α 2 - gaba a receptor male sprague - dawley rats weighing 200 - 250 g at the time of experiment were used . after decapitation of the animal , the cerebellum ( tissue that mostly contains α 1 - gaba a receptor ) and spinal cord ( tissue that mostly contains α 2 - gaba a receptor ) were removed . the membranes were prepared according to the method by j . lameh et al . ( prog . neuro - psychopharmacol . biol . psychiatry , 24 , 979 - 991 , 2000 ) and h . noguchi et al . ( eur j pharm , 434 , 21 - 28 , 2002 ) with slight modifications . once the tissues weighed , they were suspended in 50 mm tris . hcl ( ph 7 . 4 ), 1 : 40 ( v / v ), or sucrose 0 . 32 m in the case of spinal cord , homogenized and then centrifuged at 20 , 000 g for 10 min at 7 ° c . the resulting pellet was resuspended under the same conditions and centrifuged again . the pellet was finally resuspended on a minimum volume and kept at − 80 ° c . overnight . on the next day , the process was repeated until the final pellet was resuspended at a ratio of 1 : 10 ( v / v ) in the case of cerebellum and at a ratio of 1 : 5 ( v / v ) in the case of spinal cord . affinity was determined by competitive tests using radiolabeled flumazenil as ligand . the tests were performed according to the methods described by s . arbilla et al . ( eur . j . pharmacol ., 130 , 257 - 263 , 1986 ); and y . wu et al . ( eur . j . pharmacol ., 278 , 125 - 132 , 1995 ) using 96 - well microtiter plates . the membranes containing the study receptors , flumazenil ( radiolabeling at a final concentration of 1 nm ) and ascending concentrations of test compounds ( in a total volume of 230 μl in 50 mm [ ph 7 . 4 ] tris . hcl buffer ) were incubated . simultaneously , the membranes were only incubated with the radiolabeled flumazenil ( total binding , 100 %) and in the presence of an elevated concentration of unradiolabeled flumazenil ( non - specific binding , % estimation of radiolabeled ligand ). the reactions started on adding the radiolabeled ligand followed by incubation for 60 minutes at 4 ° c . at the end of the incubation period , 200 μl of reaction were transferred to a multiscreen plate ( millipore ) and filtered using a vacuum manifold and then washed three times with cold test buffer . the multiscreen plates were equipped with a gf / b filter that retained the membranes containing the receptors and the radiolabeled ligand which had been bound to the receptors . after washing , the plates were left till dry . once dried , scintillation liquid was added and left under stirring overnight . the next day the plates were counted using a perkin - elmer microbeta scintillation counter . for analysis of the results the percentage of specific binding for every concentration of test compound was calculated as follows : n : non - specific binding , amount of radiolabeled ligand bound in a non - specific way irrespective of the receptor used . every concentrations of compound were tested in triplicate and their mean values were used to determine the experimental values of % specific binding versus the concentration of compound . affinity data are expressed as % inhibition at 10 − 5 m and 10 − 7 m concentrations . the results of these tests are given in tables 1 and 2 . groups of 5 - 8 male cd1 mice , weighing 22 - 26 g at the time of test , were used . the test compounds were administered in single equimolecular intraperitoneal doses , suspended in 0 . 25 % agar with one drop of tween in a volume of 10 ml / kg . control animals received the vehicle alone . using a smart system ( panlab , s . l ., spain ) the traveled distance in cm was recorded for each mouse at 5 min intervals during a period of 30 minutes after dosing . the inhibition percentage traveled distance of treated animals versus control animals ( the first 5 min were discarded ) was calculated . the results of this test are given in table 3 . indeed , when a dose - response curve was obtained , the compound of example 3 exhibited in vivo a 2 - fold greater potency in inhibiting spontaneous motor activity ( id 50 = 0 . 9 μmol / kg ) compared to zolpidem ( id 50 = 4 . 4 μmol / kg ), the prior art compound used as positive control for this assay . to a solution of ( ii ) ( 1 eq ) in methanol was added dropwise a solution of concentrated h 2 so 4 ( 0 . 5 eq ) in methanol . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 30 minutes . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with dichloromethane / naoh 1n and with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the ketoester ( iii , r ═ ch 3 ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 77 - 7 . 14 ( m , 4h , ar ), 3 . 67 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 2 . 94 ( t , 2h , ch 2 co ), 2 . 44 ( t , 2h , ch 2 coo ), 2 . 35 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ). to a solution of ( iii , r ═ ch 3 ) ( 1 eq ) in acetic acid was added dropwise a solution of bromine ( 2 . 2 eq ) in acetic acid . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane / naoh 1n and with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the bromoketoester ( iv , r ═ ch 3 ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 90 - 7 . 03 ( m , 4h , ar ), 5 . 60 ( t , 1h , chbr ), 3 . 75 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 2 . 85 ( t , 2h , ch 2 coo ), 2 . 32 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ). preparation of the intermediate imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid ester compound ( vi , r ═ ch 3 ) to a solution of ( iv r ═ ch 3 ) ( 1 eq ) in acetonitrile was added a solution of ( v ) ( 1 . 2 eq ) in acetonitrile . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane / hcl 1n and with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid ester ( vi , r ═ ch 3 ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d e ): δ 7 . 80 - 6 . 80 ( m , 7h , ar ), 3 . 95 ( s , 3h , och 3 ), 3 . 45 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 2 . 35 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 3 . 32 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ). general process for preparing n ′- acyl imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid hydrazides ( i , r 2 ═ r 4 co ) to a solution of ( i , r 2 ═ h ) ( 1 eq ) in dichloromethane was added a solution of n ( c 2 h 5 ) 3 ( 2 eq ) in dichloromethane . to this mixture was added dropwise a solution of r 4 cocl ( 1 . 2 eq ) in dichloromethane . the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane / naoh 1 n , with dichloromethane / hcl 1n and with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the n ′- acyl imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - acetic acid hydrazides ( i , r 2 ═ r 4 co ). compounds of examples 1 and 2 were prepared according to this process . to a solution of ( vi ) ( 1 eq ) in methanol was added a solution of ( substituted ) hydrazine ( vii ) ( 5 eq ) in methanol . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 24 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane / hcl 1n and with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over . na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid hydrazides ( i ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 90 - 7 . 03 ( m , 7h , ar ), 3 . 28 ( s , 2h , ch 2 ), 2 . 35 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ), 2 . 32 ( s , 3h , ch 3 ). general process for preparing alkyl -( or aryl -) iden imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid hydrazides ( i , nr 2 r 3 ═ ncr 5 r 6 ) to a solution of ( i , r 2 ═ r 3 ═ h ) ( 1 eq ) in methanol was added a solution of r 5 cor 6 ( aldehyde or ketone ) ( 5 eq ) in methanol . to this mixture were added a few drops of acetic acid . the mixture was stirred at reflux for 3 h . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was extracted with dichloromethane / water . the organic layer was dried over na 2 so 4 and filtered off , and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the alkyl -( or aryl -) idea imidazo [ 1 , 2 - a ] pyridin - 3 - yl - acetic acid hydrazides ( i , nr 2 r 3 ═ ncr 5 r 6 ). | 2 |
continuing now with reference to the drawings , wherein like features are designated by like reference numerals , fig2 is an electrical circuit diagram schematically illustrating a preferred embodiment 10 of apparatus in accordance with the present invention for synchronous operating two excimer lasers ( not graphically depicted ). the lasers are referred to in fig2 as laser a and laser b . lasers a and b are energized , individually , by laser pulsing arrangements 10 a and 10 b respectively , each similar to the above - described prior - art pulsing arrangement 10 of fig1 . each pulsing arrangement includes a high - voltage power supply 32 charging a storage capacitor c 0 ( co a and co b ) via a magnetic isolator 14 . an electrical pulse is generated by commanding ibgt - 1 , via a trigger - voltage applied to the gate thereof , to discharge capacitor c 0 through a pulse transformer l 5 ( as discussed above ). the magnetic pulse compressor 18 temporally compresses the pulse , and delivers the compressed pulse to the laser discharge - electrodes . common features of the arrangements 10 a and 10 b are identified by suffixes a and b applied to the corresponding reference numeral . apparatus 30 is controlled software in a pc or the like ( not shown ) which provides all control signals referred to hereinbelow . as discussed above , absent any pulse - to - pulse charging - voltage differences between storage capacitors co a and co b , optimal synchronization of the output of the lasers , and corresponding minimization of jitter , could be accomplished by taking into account the different transit - times for a pulse generated by discharge of a capacitor , and by synchronizing pulse - trigger signals trigger - a and trigger - b . in apparatus 30 , fluctuations of pulse - to - pulse charging - voltage differences are minimized , as summarized above , by connecting capacitors co a and co b , together , after the capacitors are charged , for a short period before a pulse is triggered by either trigger - a or trigger - b . the connection is established by a switching arrangement 40 including igbt modules 42 a and 42 b , which are driven by drivers 44 a and 44 b respectively . an igbt protection and control circuit 46 generates digital signals for the drivers , responsive to a digital connect signal from the software controlling the apparatus . circuitry 46 also monitors the voltages of capacitors and is arranged to prevent turning on igbts 42 a and 42 b if the voltage difference between the capacitors exceeds a predetermined level , for example 100 v . this serves to protect the igbts in the event that one of hsvps malfunctions , and the corresponding capacitor is not charged or not sufficiently charged . circuitry 40 can be referred to as an “ equilibrium switch ” or equi - switch . igbts 42 a and 42 b are connected as depicted in fig2 in an anti - serial manner . this provides that the igbts are able to switch both positive and negative polarities of the capacitors . this also provides that lasers a and b can be operated separately from each other , and be independent of the relative adjustment of power supplies hvps - a and hvps - b . the power supplies are regulated such that one of the capacitors , for example capacitor co a , is initially charged to a higher voltage than the other ( co b ). in general terms , the voltage difference must be high enough , so that under worst condition the difference is still higher than sum of the flux voltage of one igbt switch plus the flux voltage of the internal freewheeling diode of the other ( anti - serial ) igbt and the residual voltage difference at which the hvps with the lower voltage takes advantage of the fluctuation upward and the power supply unit with the higher voltage takes advantage of the fluctuation downward , i . e ., the voltage - regulation accuracy of the power supplies . as noted above , this is about 4 . 6 v (± 2 . 3 v ) in the example under consideration . only under this condition will there always be charge equalization , with the equalization current always flowing in the same direction . the voltage difference , however , should not be too high , otherwise the equalization may take longer than is practical (& gt ; 100 μs in this example ) or the equalization current may be too high . a voltage about 15 v higher has been determined to be adequate , in the example under consideration . the impedance ( r ) of the connection between co a and co b is chosen ( if necessary , by putting additional resistance in series with igbts 42 a and 42 b ) to satisfy a condition the resulting equalizing current of several tens of amps ensures that voltages of capacitors co a and co b adjust aperiodically , within approximately 50 microseconds ( μs ), up to the flux voltages of the igbt operated in the forward current direction and of the internal freewheeling diode of the other respective igbt . although , as noted above , a residual voltage determined by the regulation accuracy of the hvpss always remains as the difference in the two charging capacitor voltages , it is reproducible and does not contribute to the temporal jitter . because of this , the charge voltages of co a and co b still fluctuate absolutely by about ± 2 . 3 v , but relative to each other by less than 200 mv . this means that , although the gas discharges and , as a result , the light pulses of lasers a and b jitter against the discharge trigger signal of each , the lasers achieve a temporal stability in the nanosecond range relative to each other . realizable values lie between about 2 ns and 5 ns peak - peak . accordingly , the temporal shape of the two spatially and temporally overlapped light pulses , largely corresponds to the temporal shape of the individual pulses . this provides that interaction of the overlapped pulses with a material being processed thereby takes place in the same manner as for any one of the individual pulses having twice the energy . a description of the relative timing of signals operating apparatus 30 as discussed above is next set forth with reference to the timing diagram of fig3 and with continuing reference to fig2 . as noted above , these signals are generated or triggered by control software for apparatus 30 . in fig3 , with an exception of the connection signal , all signals or values are specific to one of the lasers , here , arbitrarily selected as laser a . signals and values for the other laser will temporally evolve in the same manner . the evolution time of the diagram of fig3 is slightly greater that one pulse - repetition period , here , assumed to be greater than about 1 . 67 milliseconds ( ms ) representative of a pulse repetition frequency of 600 hz or less . the control software generates a period trigger signal at time t 0 , by which all others are timed . at time t 0 , the inhibit signal ( inhibit a ) applied to magnetic isolator 14 a goes from low to high , putting the isolator in a low impedance state to facilitate charging . at this time also , a signal hva commands power supply hvps - a to charge capacitor co a to the predetermined voltage for that capacitor . the capacitor is nominally charged at a time t 1 , but charging continues to a time t 2 to take into account possible pulse - to - pulse differences in charging time . values for the period t 0 to t 1 and t 1 to t 2 consistent with the example under consideration are less than or equal to about 1040 microseconds ( μs ) and 100 μs respectively . at time t 2 the inhibit signal goes from high to low , putting the magnetic isolator in a high impedance state to effectively isolate capacitor co a from power supply hvps - a . a relatively short time after time t 2 , for example , about 10 μs after , the connect signal goes from low to high , closing igbts 42 a and 42 b ( the equi - switch ) so that the above - described voltage equalization between capacitors co a and co b can take place . a relatively short time before time t 3 ( here again about 10 μs ), the connect signal goes from high to low opening equi - switch and isolating the capacitors from each other so that capacitors can be independently discharged . at time t 3 , the trigger signal closes igbt - 1a for a period long enough to discharge capacitor co a , an electrical pulse ( not shown ) is generated and compressed , and corresponding light output pulse is delivered from the laser a few microseconds later . during a recovery period between times t 3 and t 4 , after igbt - 1a is re - opened the voltage of capacitor co a jumps up slightly , due to charging by reflected energy from the discharge due to less than perfect impedance matching , then drifts gradually down to about the original uncharged value by time t 5 at which time a new sequence of signals is triggered . here , it should be noted that for a prf of 600 hz the time period between t 4 and t 5 would be relatively short . however , recharging could actually start at time t 4 . a reason for closing the equi - switch shortly after time t 3 and opening the equi - switch shortly before time t 3 is that the equi - switch is common to both lasers . the difference in the equi - switch closed time ( about 100 μs ) and the period t 3 − t 2 allows for the relative trigger times of the lasers to be varied to compensate for any above - discussed relative drift in pulse - propagation time through pulse - compression circuits 18 a and 18 b , thereby optimizing temporal overlap of the corresponding light pulses . it is emphasized , here , that the embodiment of the present invention described above and circuitry and values used are merely one example and should not be construed as limiting the present invention . those skilled in the electrical arts , from the description of the present invention provided above , may devise other circuitry for providing the inventive voltage - equalization function without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . further , while the present invention has been described in terms of synchronizing the output of two lasers with independent pulsing arrangements , the invention could be extended to synchronizing three or more lasers with independent pulsing arrangements . by way of , example , three lasers with independent pulsing arrangements could be synchronized using two of the equi - switch arrangements described herein . in summary , the present invention is described above in terms of a preferred embodiment . the invention however is not limited to the embodiment described herein . rather the invention is limited only by the claims appended hereto . | 7 |
hereinafter , embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that they can be easily practiced by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains . however , in describing embodiments of the present invention , detailed descriptions of well - known functions or constructions will be omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail . in addition , like or similar reference numerals denote parts performing similar functions and actions throughout the drawings . it will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “ connected to ” another element , it can be directly connected to the other element or may be indirectly connected with the other element with element ( s ) interposed therebetween . in addition , unless explicitly described to the contrary , the word “ comprise ” and variations such as “ comprises ” or “ comprising ,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of stated elements but not the exclusion of any other elements . embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig4 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a motor driving apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig4 , a motor driving apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a detecting unit 110 , a driving signal generating unit 120 , a driving controlling unit 130 , and a driving unit 140 . the detecting unit 110 may detect a level of an input signal , particularly , a pwm signal to calculate a duty of the pwm signal . a detailed configuration of the detecting unit 110 will be described in detail with reference to fig5 and 6 . the driving signal generating unit 120 may provide driving signals for soft - switching switches of the driving unit 140 . more specifically , the driving signal generating unit 120 may provide the driving signals according to the duty of the pwm signal calculated by the detecting unit 110 , and the driving controlling unit 130 may receive the driving signals from the driving signal generating unit 120 and provide driving control signals having a power level capable of driving the switches of the driving unit 140 to the driving unit 140 , according to the driving signals . the driving unit 140 may include a total of four switches , wherein the four switches may be formed of two p - channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ( pmos fets ) p 1 and p 2 and two n - channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ( nmos fets ) n 1 and n 2 . a first pmos fet p 1 may be electrically connected between a power supply terminal from which power vdd is supplied and a ground vss , and a first nmos fet n 1 may be electrically connected between the first pmos fet p 1 and the ground . a second pmos fet p 2 may be connected to the power supply terminal in parallel with the first pmos fet p 1 and be electrically connected between the power supply terminal and the ground , and a second nmos fet n 2 may be electrically connected between the second pmos fet p 2 and the ground . fig5 is a diagram showing a detecting unit used in the motor driving apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig5 , the detecting unit 110 used in the motor driving apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention may include a level detector 111 , a counter 112 , and a duty calculator 113 , and may further include a timer 114 . the level detector 111 may detect levels of a pwm signal . here , the level detector 111 may only detect a level of the pwm signal equal to a preset reference level or higher or equal to the preset reference level or lower among the levels of the pwm signal . therefore , the level detector 111 may allow the duty calculator 113 to calculate an on - duty or an off - duty of the pwm signal later . in addition , the level detector 111 may detect the levels of the pwm signal during a time provided by the timer 114 . the counter 112 may count the levels of the pwm signal detected by the level detector 111 . likewise , the counter 112 may count the levels of the pwm signal detected during the time provided by the timer 114 . the duty calculator 113 may calculate a duty of the pwm signal based on the levels of the pwm signal counted by the counter 112 . likewise , the duty calculator 113 may calculate the duty of the pwm signal during the time provided by the timer 114 . the timer 114 may provide a preset time to the level detector 111 , the counter 112 , and the duty calculator 113 , and the time provided to the level detector 111 , the counter 112 , and the duty calculator 113 may be the same . the above - mentioned time may be set to include a plurality of periods of the pwm signal . therefore , the detecting unit 110 may count levels of an on - duty or levels of an off - duty of the pwm signal during the plurality of periods of the pwm signal to accurately detect the duty of the pwm signal while preventing an error generated due to noise . therefore , the longer the time provided by the timer 114 , that is , the larger the periods of the pwm signal included in the provided time , the more accurate the detection of the duty is . meanwhile , the periods of the pwm signal may be varied . therefore , in the case in which the time of the timer 114 is fixed , when a frequency of the pwm signal is high , a detection time may increase longer than required , and when the frequency of the pwm signal is low , the number of periods of the pwm signal during the detection time may decrease to deteriorate accuracy of the duty . therefore , a detecting unit according to another embodiment of the present invention as described below may be considered . fig6 is a diagram showing a detecting unit used in a motor driving apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig6 , a detecting unit 210 used in the motor driving apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention may include a level detector 211 , a counter 212 , and a duty calculator 213 that are the same as the elements shown in fig5 , and may further include a timer 214 , a frequency / period detector 215 , a period setter 216 , a selector 217 , and a comparator 218 . the timer 214 may provide a preset time , and the frequency / period detector 215 may detect a frequency and a period of a pwm signal . the frequency setter 216 may have various preset periods , and the selector 217 may select a period set in the period setter 216 , based on the frequency and the period of the pwm signal detected by the frequency / period detector 215 . the comparator 218 may compare the time from the timer 214 with the period of the selector 217 to provide an appropriate time ( including the periods ) or period to the duty calculator 213 . although not shown , the time or the period by the comparator 218 may be provided to the level detector 211 and the counter 212 . as described above , the detecting unit 210 according another embodiment of the present invention may detect the duty of the pwm signal during the preset time of the timer 214 or detect the frequency and the period of the pwm signal in the case in which the periods of the pwm signal are varied , thereby detecting the duty of the pwm signal during an appropriate period . therefore , the detecting unit 210 may accurately detect the duty of the pwm signal , even in the case that the frequency and the periods of the pwm signal are varied . as described above , according to the embodiment of the present invention , the rising edge or the falling edge of the pwm signal is not detected , but a signal having a predetermined level or higher is counted among signals present in a preset period to detect the duty of the pwm signal , whereby the duty of the pwm signal may be accurately detected and the generation of an error in the duty of the pwm signal may be prevented . as set forth above , according to embodiments of the present invention , a duty of a pwm signal is detected by counting a signal having a predetermined level or higher among signals present in a preset period of the pwm signal , whereby the duty of the pwm signal may be accurately detected . while the present invention has been shown and described in connection with the embodiments , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . | 7 |
fig2 depicts a specific example of an errorless switching network in accord with the present invention . those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous variations from this example that do not depart from the scope of the invention . those skilled in the art will also appreciate that various features could be combined to form multiple variations of the invention . fig2 shows a first node 201 connected to a second node 202 via a first optical fiber 250 and a second optical fiber 260 . the second node 202 is comprised of a first optical - to - electrical converter 220 , a second optical - to - electrical converter 221 , a first fault detector 230 , a second fault detector 231 , a synchronization system 290 , and a switching system 240 . the first node 201 connects to the first optical - to - electrical converter 220 via the first optical fiber 250 . the first optical - to - electrical converter 220 connects to the first fault detector 230 and the synchronization system 290 via electrical data line 251 . the first fault detector 230 connects to the switching system 240 via electrical control line 252 . the synchronization system 290 connects to the switching system 240 via electrical data line 253 . the first node 201 connects to the second optical - to - electrical converter 221 via the second optical fiber 260 . the second optical - to - electrical converter 221 connects to the second fault detector 231 and the synchronization system 290 via electrical data line 261 . the second fault detector 231 connects to the switching system 240 via electrical control line 262 . the synchronization system 290 connects to the switching system 240 via electrical data line 263 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that the switching system 240 is any electronic switch , optical switch , transistor , circuit , processor , buffer , memory controller , gate array , or any other device or method for transferring one of two , or more , data signals when commanded . likewise , the synchronization system 290 is any system that can align two or more signals . in operation , the first node 201 transmits a first data signal over the first optical fiber 250 . the first node 201 also transmits a second data signal over the second optical fiber 260 . the first data signal and the second data signal are typically unaligned . the first optical - to - electrical converter 220 receives the first data signal and converts it from an optical signal to an electrical signal . the first optical - to - electrical converter 220 transfers the first data signal to the first fault detector 230 and the synchronization system 290 via electrical data line 251 . the first fault detector 230 determines if an error has occurred in the transmission of the first data signal , and generates a first error instruction if an error has occurred . the first fault detector 230 transfers any first error instructions to the switching system 240 via electrical control line 252 . the synchronization system 290 receives and aligns the first data signal and the second data signal . the synchronization system 290 transfers the first data signal to the switching system 240 via electrical data line 253 and the second data signal via electrical data line 263 . as stated above , the first node 201 sends the second data signal over the second optical fiber 260 . the second optical - to - electrical converter 221 receives the second data signal and converts it from an optical signal to an electrical signal . the second optical - to - electrical converter 221 transfers the second data signal to the second fault detector 231 and the synchronization system 290 via electrical data line 261 . the second fault detector 231 determines if an error has occurred in the transmission of the second data signal , and generates a second error instruction if an error has occurred . the second fault detector 231 transfers any second error instructions to the switching system 240 via electrical control line 262 . fig3 shows a data - level view of the system in fig2 in operation . the first data signal , shown in the form of blocks of data , travels on electrical data line 251 from the optical - to - electrical converter 220 to the synchronization system 290 . the second data signal , shown in the form of blocks of data , travels on electrical data line 261 from the optical - to - electrical converter 221 to the synchronization system 290 . each sequential number 1 - 14 in fig3 represents a block of data . the first data signal is the same as the second data signal except for an error 310 in the first data signal . the signals are mis - aligned with the second data signal lagging behind the first data signal when they enter the synchronization system 290 . the synchronization system 290 aligns the first data signal and the second data signal before the signals reach the switching system 240 . the first data signal contains the error 310 . if the data signals remained unaligned , switching from first data signal to second data signal to avoid the error 310 would result in duplicate data being transferred . a later switch back to the first data signal from the second data signal would result in a loss of data . with the data signals aligned by the synchronization system 290 , switching from the first data signal to the second data signal to avoid the error 310 does not result in duplicate or lost data . fig4 represents the same concept as fig3 except the first data signal lags behind the second data signal . the first data signal contains the error 310 . if the data signals remained unaligned , switching from the first data signal to the second data signal to avoid transferring the error 310 would result in data being lost . a later switch back to the first data signal from the second data signal would result in duplicate data being transferred . with the data signals aligned by the synchronization system 290 , switching from the first data signal to the second data signal to avoid the error 310 does not result in duplicate or lost data . those skilled in the art will appreciate variations of the above - described embodiments that fall within the scope of the invention . as a result , the invention is not limited to the specific examples and illustrations discussed above , but only by the following claims and their equivalents . | 7 |
the invention will next be described with respect to the figures . fig2 is an exploded diagram of an exemplary actuator 30 of the present invention . fig3 a shows motor plate 20 and components mounted thereon , and fig3 b shows switch plate 32 and its components . as shown in fig2 , switch plate 32 is mounted to underside of motor plate 20 and comprises a pair of opto - interrupter switches 34 and 36 . interrupter vane 38 is rotationally fixed to and extends radially from output shaft 16 . each opto - interrupter switch 34 , 36 , shown schematically in fig4 , comprises a light source 40 , for example a light emitting diode ( led ) such as an infrared led , a phototransistor 42 that is capable of detecting the emitted light 44 , and an interrupter channel 46 positioned between the source and the detector . switches 34 and 36 are radially spaced from shaft 16 and “ rotationally spaced ” from one another , meaning that the interrupter channel 46 of each switch is located along the rotational path of interrupter vane 38 . phototransistor 42 typically converts the detected light into a voltage proportional to the amount of light detected . when nothing blocks light 44 between source 40 and the phototransistor 42 , the interrupter switch transmits a full voltage . when drive shaft 16 rotates into a position in which interrupter vane 38 enters interrupter channel 46 and begins to partially block the light between the source and the - phototransistor , the switch transmits a voltage that is some fraction of the full voltage . when the interrupter vane is located completely within channel 46 , phototransistor 42 is completely blocked from light source 40 , and the switch transmits no voltage . fig5 shows in block diagram form the inputs and outputs of a portion of controller 50 that starts and stops the actuator motor in the desired direction . controller 50 comprises a “ h - bridge ” circuit 52 , which is known in the art , that selects the polarity of the voltage 55 supplied to the actuator motor 12 based upon the inputs to the circuit . circuit 52 receives an external command signal 54 that activates the actuator . when command signal 54 is received in the absence of a threshold voltage from switch 34 ( indicating that interrupter vane 38 is positioned within channel 46 of switch 34 ), voltage 55 having a first value is supplied to motor 12 to turn the motor in the direction that rotates vane 38 toward switch 36 . when command signal 54 is received in the absence of an electrical signal from switch 36 , voltage 55 supplied to the motor is of a second value that is equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity from the first voltage and that turns the motor in the opposite direction . when the end of the desired travel is detected by the opto - interrupter switch , application of voltage to the motor is removed and the motor supply terminals are shorted together to generate “ dynamic braking ” that rapidly stops the motion of the motor . shorting the terminals of the motor together within the controller essentially turns the motor into a generator that converts the angular momentum stored by mass of the rotating system into electrical energy that is applied to the motor to create an opposing torque . the operation of the control system and dynamic braking is depicted in the exemplary oscilloscope plots of fig6 . sinusoidal line 60 depicts the actuator rotation over time , where each cycle represents a degree of output shaft rotation . line 62 depicts motor current over time . line 64 depicts the voltage from the interrupter switch phototransistor over time . in the first region 66 of the plot , lines 60 , 62 , and 64 indicate that the actuator is turning at steady state as motor current is applied at a first polarity and the phototransistor is detecting the full emission of the led source . in the second region 68 of the plot , the phototransistor voltage is in a transition region where the voltage is linearly decreasing as the interrupter vane begins to interrupt the amount of emission that reaches the phototransistor from the led source . at a predetermined threshold position 69 in which the phototransistor voltage reaches a predetermined threshold value that is closer to its low value than its full value , the controller initiates dynamic braking by shorting the terminals of the motor together , thereby causing the motor current to immediately reverse in polarity and decay as the angular momentum of the rotating mass is converted to current that is applied to the motor to urge it in the opposite direction . as shown by the sinusoidal line 60 , from the point 69 at which dynamic braking is initiated until the stopping point 70 of the actuator , the output shaft travels 1 . 5 degrees . it should be understood that the actuator rotation after initiation of dynamic braking may be greater or less than 1 . 5 degrees , depending upon the size of the actuator and the load to which it is attached . the continued motion of the actuator after dynamic braking begins means that it is desirable to optimize the alignment of the actuator with the interrupter vane such that braking is initiated at the proper time . the actuator may be aligned to accommodate the proper stopping zone , for example , by first measuring the voltage from the opto - interrupter switch phototransistor with full light detection ( v 1 ), then measuring the phototransistor voltage with no light detection ( v 2 ). a “ vane setting voltage ” of ( v 2 + k *( v 1 - v 2 )) may then be calculated , where k = a percentage that is typically closer to 0 than 100 %, such as for example 20 %. this is the voltage at which the controller is programmed to initiate dynamic braking . an optimized braking position ( roughly corresponding to point 69 in fig6 ) may then be defined at the nominal stopping point ( point 70 ) minus the lead offset required to ensure the best stopping behavior under normal operating conditions of the actuator . for example , for a particular embodiment ( the ma20a1001 - 1 actuator as converted to use opto - interrupter switches ), the stopping zone was characterized to be between 1 . 5 to 2 degrees for all operating areas for motor load ( 0 - 50 in - lbs ) at the nominal 28 volt motor supply voltage . the stopping zone was also characterized for lower ( 18v ) and higher ( 36v ) voltages to provide an understanding over all reasonable operating ranges for motor voltage . based on these results , the optimal lead offset was chosen to be 1 . 75 degrees . accordingly , for that system , the optimized braking position was defined to be the nominal stopping point minus 1 . 75 degrees . to align the actuator and the interrupter vane , the actuator may then be set at the optimized braking position while the interrupter vane is moved until the vane setting voltage is observed . the interrupter vane is locked into position relative to the output shaft at this position , such as with set screw 39 , shown in fig2 . it should be understood that the above procedure is one exemplary way of aligning the actuator and interrupter for a proper valve closing position , but other procedures may also be developed for proper alignment of the components at either or both ends of actuator travel . as the invention is not limited to any particular embodiment comprising an actuator with opto - interrupter switches , it should be understood that the stopping distances , voltages , loads , lead offsets , and the like are system - dependent and not limited to any particular values . each opto - interrupter switch 34 and 36 , may also activate an associated position switch 56 and 58 , respectively , such as a mosfet switch that enters a low resistance state , to provide remote electronic feedback or visual indication of the position of the actuator ( i . e . whether the attached valve is open or closed ). controller 50 may also have additional features ( not shown ), such as a microcontroller for monitoring motor current and circuit protection features to clamp voltage spikes in the actuator control voltages and to lockout inappropriate control signals , as are generally known in the art . the circuitry and other components that comprise controller 50 may be installed on one or more printed wiring boards ( pwbs ) 60 a , 60 b , and / or 6 0 c , as shown in fig3 a and 3b . the above apparatus provides advantages over the prior art in that opto - interrupter switches eliminate a potential direct current path from the switch wiring to the output shaft because of the air gap between the interrupter vane , the source , and the detector . furthermore , the interrupter vane may comprise a non - conductive material , such as plastic . additionally , unlike electro - mechanical switches , opto - interrupter switches do not create sparking . in addition to the elimination of the mechanical switches , the control electronics of the invention as described above also eliminate the electromechanical relay present in the system of the prior art . the prevention of sparking and other electrical failures are important considerations for aerospace use where the actuators may operate in ambient environments wherein fuel vapor , or at least the risk of fuel vapor , may be present , and in which such events can have catastrophic consequences . the components of the invention as described above can be designed to operate in the harsh environment of aerospace applications , which typically requires qualification for operation at temperatures as low as − 55 c . although actuators of the present invention may be well - suited for aerospace applications , and specifically for use as valve actuators , the actuators are not limited to any particular application or use . the use of two opto - interrupter switches rather than a cam and 4 microswitches also reduces the number of components on the radial axis that need to be aligned for proper function of the actuator , and therefore minimizes tolerance “ stack - up ” that may otherwise require very tight tolerances on all components that may increase the overall manufacturing cost of the actuators . although depicted in fig1 - 6 as a rotary actuator embodiment , it should be understood that the invention also extends to linear actuator embodiments as well . linear actuators using opto - interrupter switches , particularly for airborne applications , have the same advantages as discussed above for rotary actuators . an exemplary linear actuator is shown in fig7 a - c . the overall system and underlying controls relating to such a linear actuator are essentially identical as for a rotary actuator , except that instead of the motor driving a gear train having a rotational output , the motor drives a gear train with a linear output . the term “ gear train ” as used herein relates to any system for converting rotational input of the motor shaft to some output motion , regardless of whether the system literally contains conventional gears . in the rotary actuator example , the gear train comprises planetary gear train 14 . in a linear actuator embodiment , the gear train may comprise , for example , a pinion or worm gear that moves a linear rack along a predetermined path , or as shown in fig7 a - 7c , a screw and bushing arrangement . thus , whereas the output device of a rotary actuator has a rotational path , the output device in a linear actuator moves in a linear path . turning now to fig7 a - 7c , there is shown an exemplary linear actuator 100 comprising a plurality of opto - interrupter limit switches 102 a , 102 b . in the particular design shown in fig7 a - 7c , motor 104 turns pinion 106 at the end of input shaft 108 . pinion 106 drives compound gear 109 which drives idler gear 110 that in turn drives output gear 112 , which turns output screw 114 . bushing 116 , which surrounds output screw 114 , comprises a female - threaded portion 117 that mates with male threads of the output screw . rod 118 having rod end 120 is attached to the end of bushing 116 . rod end 120 , which may be attached to any linear operated device such as a ventilation damper , for example , is therefore the output device that is driven by the actuator . vane positioning screw 122 is axially mounted on idler gear 110 , which turns the opposite direction of output gear 112 . traveler 124 comprises a lower extension 125 that fits within a horizontal channel 126 that runs parallel to output screw 114 for at least the distance between the interrupter switches 102 . traveler 124 also comprises a interrupter vane 130 that extends outwardly perpendicular to the output screw . each switch 102 is attached to a bracket 132 that is fastened to screw housing 134 by a spacer 136 . thus , in operation , traveler 124 moves in the direction of arrow a while bushing 116 moves in the direction of arrow b . vane positioning screw 122 has a smaller diameter than output screw 114 and the size difference between screws 114 and 122 is more substantial than any size difference between gears 110 and 112 , so the overall distance of linear travel of traveler 124 is less than female - threaded portion 117 of bushing 116 . nevertheless , the travel path of interrupter vane 130 “ corresponds to ” the travel path of output device ( rod end 120 ), even though the paths are in the opposite direction , because the paths are proportional to one another . similarly , in the rotary actual embodiment shown in fig2 , the rotational path of vane 38 sweeps a wider radius than the path of output shaft 16 , but both paths are proportional to one another . in other embodiments , the travel paths of the interrupter vane and output device may be nearly identical . in still other embodiments , the interrupter vane may have a rotational path whereas the output device comprises a linear path , or vice versa . in all embodiments , however , it can be said that the interrupter vane travels in a path corresponding to the movement of the output device . it should be understood that the particular rotary actuator embodiment shown in fig1 - 6 and the linear actuator embodiment shown in fig7 a - 7c are exemplary only , and that an infinite number of other embodiments may be provided . it should be further understood that there are an infinite number of gear trains that can be devised by those skilled in the art for translating the rotary output of a motor into a desired motion of an output device in a desired path , and that the invention is not limited to the use of any particular components . although preferred embodiments are described herein in which the interrupter switches comprise opto - interrupter switches , other types of interrupter switches may be used . for example , a hall effect sensor interrupter switch may comprise a source that emits a magnetic field , a detector that detects the magnetic field , and an interrupter vane that absorbs the magnetic field . in all other respects , an invention comprising a hall - effect interrupter switch may be identical to the embodiments described and shown herein for an opto - interrupter switch . while preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein , it will be understood that such embodiments are provided by way of example only . numerous variations , changes and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention . accordingly , it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention . | 5 |
referring to the drawings , there is shown a gaming system having a bonus controller arranged to implement a bonus game having a number of levels . in an embodiment , when a player has a bonus win at a level , all participating players go up a level such that any subsequent win will be at their respective new level . depending on the embodiment , the gaming system may take a number of different forms . in one form , shown in fig1 , the gaming system 100 , includes a bonus controller 110 . the bonus controller 110 is in data communication with a plurality of gaming devices 120 over a network 130 . in another form shown in fig5 , the gaming system comprises a plurality of gaming devices in the form of gaming clients 510 , 540 . a first group of clients 510 a , 510 b , 510 c are connected to a first game sever 520 a which implements a game session 521 a , 521 b , 521 c for each client . a second group of clients 540 a , 540 b , 540 c are connected to a second game sever 520 b which implements a game session 522 a , 522 b , 522 c for each client . the first and second game servers 520 are connected to a bonus controller 110 ′ such that participating gaming clients of either server 520 a , 520 b can play the bonus game . the bonus controller 110 is another server arranged to implement aspects of the bonus game . herein , the term gaming device is used to refer to any device used by a player to play a game and specifically includes stand alone gaming machines and interactive video terminals which implement games in a client / server architecture . a gaming device in the form of a stand alone gaming machine 10 is illustrated in fig2 . the gaming machine 10 includes a console 12 having a display 14 on which is displayed representations of a game 16 that can be played by a player . a mid - trim 20 of the gaming machine 10 houses a bank of buttons 22 for enabling a player to interact with the gaming machine , in particular during game play . the mid - trim 20 also houses a credit input mechanism 24 which in this example includes a coin input chute 24 a and a bill collector 24 b . other credit input mechanisms may also be employed , for example , a card reader for reading a smart card , debit card or credit card . a player marketing module comprising a reading device may also be provided for the purpose of reading a player tracking device , for example as part of a loyalty program . the player tracking device may be in the form of a card , flash drive or any other portable storage medium capable of being read by the reading device . a top box 26 may carry artwork 28 , including for example pay tables and details of bonus awards and other information or images relating to the game . further artwork and / or information may be provided on a front panel 29 of the console 12 . a coin tray 30 is mounted beneath the front panel 29 for dispensing cash payouts from the gaming machine 10 . the display 14 shown in fig2 is in the form of a video display unit , particularly a cathode ray tube screen device . alternatively , the display 14 may be a liquid crystal display , plasma screen , any other suitable video display unit , or the visible portion of an electromechanical device . the top box 26 may also include a display , for example a video display unit , which may be of the same type as the display 14 , or of a different type . fig3 shows a block diagram of operative components of a typical gaming machine 300 which may be the same as or different to the gaming machine of fig2 . the gaming machine 300 includes a game controller 301 having a processor 302 . instructions and data to control operation of the processor 302 are stored in a memory 303 , which is in data communication with the processor 302 . typically , the gaming machine 300 will include both volatile and non - volatile memory and more than one of each type of memory , with such memories being collectively represented by the memory 303 . the gaming machine 300 has hardware meters 304 for purposes including ensuring regulatory compliance and monitoring player credit , an input / output ( i / o ) interface 305 for communicating with peripheral devices of the gaming machine 300 . the input / output interface 305 and / or the peripheral devices may be intelligent devices with their own memory for storing associated instructions and data for use with the input / output interface or the peripheral devices . a random number generator module 313 generates random numbers for use by the processor 302 . persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the reference to random numbers includes pseudo - random numbers . in the example shown in fig3 , a player interface 320 includes peripheral devices that communicate with the game controller 301 comprise one or more displays 306 , a game play mechanism is provided by buttons and / or a touch screen 307 , a card and / or ticket reader 308 , a printer 309 , a bill acceptor and / or coin input mechanism 310 , a coin output mechanism 311 and at least one speaker 315 . additional hardware may be included as part of the gaming machine 300 , or hardware may be omitted as required for the specific implementation . for example , while touch screens and / or buttons are suitable input devices for gaming machines , other input devices may be employed . the game controller 301 determines based on game rules stored in memory 303 , the outcomes of games including whether to award a win to a player . in addition , the gaming machine 300 may include a communications interface , for example a network card 312 . the network card may , for example , send status information , accounting information or other information to a central controller , server or database and receive data or commands from the central controller , server or database . fig4 shows a block diagram of the main components of an exemplary memory 303 . the memory 303 includes ram 303 a , eprom 303 b and a mass storage device 303 c . the ram 303 a typically temporarily holds program files for execution by the processor 302 and related data . the eprom 303 b may be a boot rom device and / or may contain some system or game related code . the mass storage device 303 c is typically used to store game programs , the integrity of which may be verified and / or authenticated by the processor 302 using protected code from the eprom 303 b or elsewhere . it is also possible for the operative components of the gaming machine 300 to be distributed , for example input / output devices 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 to be provided remotely from the game controller 301 . a gaming device as indicated above may also be a gaming client of a client / server architecture where a portion of the game is executed on the client and a portion of the game is executed on the server . in such embodiments , the client typically takes the form of an interactive video terminal which has a similar outward appearance to the gaming machine described above but the terminal is only responsible for limited functions , for example rendering graphically game outcomes generated by a server . further detail of a client / server gaming architecture may be found in wo 2006 / 052213 and wo 2007 / 086779 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference . referring to fig7 , the method 700 of the embodiment involves the bonus controller forming 710 a group of gaming devices to participate in the game for the purpose of seeking bonuses . the participants in the group can be determined in a number of different ways . for example , in a casino based setting , the members of the group can be determined from the players playing a group of physically co - located gaming devices ( e . g . a bank of machines ) who meet a criteria such as that they are playing the maximum bet or are playing an ante bet on the game . in one embodiment , the gaming system treats the gaming devices as the participants in the game . in other embodiments , where the identity of one or more players is known , the player is treated as the participant . in a server based gaming system similar criteria may be employed or players may search for a group or register for group play . in such a system , a group may be formed across a number of different venues . once a group is formed , an initial level is set 720 for the bonus game by the bonus controller which initiates the bonus game . the players then play 730 the game which is on offer with their gaming device . depending on the embodiment , the game may be same for all participating gaming devices or there may be a number of different games which are available . as described above , groups are formed for the purpose of seeking bonuses . during normal play of games on the gaming devices the players win in accordance with the normal rules of the game being played on the gaming device . in one embodiment , each of the gaming devices ( or game instances in the case of the server based gaming ) is arranged to determine whether to award a bonus win 740 . the award of a bonus win can be , for example the award of a feature game , such as a set of free spins or a second screen feature game . the method 700 then involves incrementing 760 the level for the each of the participating gaming devices in the group . the person skilled in the art will appreciate that by incrementing the level for each gaming device that the gaming system is effectively incrementing the level for the participating players . in the embodiment , with each increase in the bonus level , the bonus wins are increased . for example , if the bonus involves the award of free spins , the number of free spins can be increased , for example , by five spins per level . in another example bonus wins can be increased by a defined factor , for example two . in one embodiment , where an ante - bet is employed , the cost of participation in the group game can increase for each level . in one embodiment , ranges of awards may be available at each level . in this embodiment at least the upper boundary of a range of possible wins is increased . referring to fig6 , there is an example of the bonus game controller 110 ′ suitable for use in a server based gaming system such as that shown in fig5 . requests to participate in the group are handled by the group module 120 . group module is arranged to implement group rule data 131 stored in memory 130 of the bonus game controller 110 ′ to control the manner in which groups are formed , for example , membership of a group can be limited to a bank of a gaming devices , to a particular area of a venue , particular casino , particular owner , a geographical area etc . in a server based game , the player operates the input devices of their gaming device to indicate that they wish to participate in a group game . depending on the implementation , the player operates their gaming device to either ask for a list of players that want to participate or to indicate that they want to be added to a group . in the former option , the group module 120 evaluates what groups the player is eligible to join and players contact one another using a messaging service within the gaming system in order to establish a group . this mode of operation is advantageously suited to instances where players wish to participate with people they know in a gaming community . alternatively , the grouping is conducted by the group module 120 . to this end , the group module 120 maintains a list of unassigned gaming devices 132 as groups are being formed . the group module 120 applies participation criteria to determine a set of gaming devices amongst the unassigned gaming devices to form a group . one participation criterion may be that the number of gaming devices is at least a minimum number , for example , 2 , 4 , 10 . another criterion for participation may be that players are playing a side bet or maximum bet as described above . once the group is formed , the group module 120 stores the group in an assigned gaming device data structure 133 in memory 130 . the assigned gaming devices data structure 133 stores the groups including the identity of each participating gaming device ( or player ) and the current level of each gaming device in the group which may be the same or different depending on the embodiment . accordingly , as shown by way of example in fig6 the assigned gaming devices may include first group at level x 133 a and a second group at level y 133 b . during play , each participating game device plays a game from which the player can win a bonus award corresponding to the current level . the games may be the same or different but advantageously each have a fair chance of winning an award of a bonus level . a top box of the gaming device can be configured to display the outcomes being achieved on other gaming devices in the group . in one embodiment , this may be optional and set by the players of specific gaming devices . during play , it may be possible to use a messaging service to chat with other players in the group . when a player wins a bonus win , the win is shown to all players of the group so that everyone knows that the next bonus win will be increased . that is , each player is moved to the next level in the sequence . in one embodiment , the game replay is shown on the top screen for all players in the group . in one embodiment , players may be allowed to join the group after a group has been playing for some time . there may be conditions for allowing the player to join the group . for example , in one embodiment , the existing players of the group may get to decide whether a player joins the group . in another embodiment , the player may be required to place some additional form of wager to join the group . in one example , the group may be playing at a third level of the bonus game . when a new player seeks to enter the game , the player enters the third level . in this example the new player plays with the same number of credits as the players of the group . in another example , the player plays at the same level but must play an increased number of credits ( i . e . a larger wager ) until the player reaches the same level of wage credits as the other players in the group . in an alternative example , each new player level enters at level 1 . such players will then move up the levels in lock step with the other players such that if when the new player joins , the group is at level 3 , when the group advances to level 4 , the new player will go to level 2 and when the group goes to level 5 the new player will go to level 3 . in some embodiments the gaming system may be configured so that the player that won the previous level obtains some additional benefit , for example a percentage of the award made to the next player who has a bonus win . referring again to fig6 , bonus game controller 110 ′ includes a bonus game module 140 which is designed to control the levels and awards . accordingly level module 142 updates the data in the assigned gaming device data structure 133 to indicate the current level of each gaming machine . in one embodiment , the award module 141 makes the award when the bonus is won . for example , if the awards are prize amounts , the bonus awards can be made by the bonus controller 110 ′. ( such an embodiment is particularly useful when a bonus controller is employed in conjunction with stand alone gaming machines as the stand alone gaming machines themselves need not know what level they are on .) in other embodiments , the level module 142 communicates to the game servers 520 and specifically to each game session 521 , 522 which level the gaming device is currently participating in such that the game session 521 , 522 can make the awards at the right level . other embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the art . in addition to the above it will be apparent that various limitations can be placed on the game . for example , the game may be only available during a limited time frame or a new game may be started every hour or the like such that players can only progress to certain levels in that time . limits can be placed on the number of players participating in the group . an upper limit can be placed on the number of levels such that the game resets once the top level is reached . alternatively , the game may plateau at a top level after a period of time . other variations will be apparent to persons skilled in the art . in the above embodiment , gaming devices are described as being the participant in the game . such an embodiment suits anonymous play . however persons skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments , the players of the gaming machines may be identified , for example , via a player tracking or loyalty system . in such embodiments , awards may be made in other ways , for example , directly to a player account . thus , where a player is identified , the player rather than the gaming device may be considered to be the participant . persons skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible for there to be embodiments where there are both identified and anonymous players such that both gaming devices and players may be treated as participants by the game . further aspects of the method will be apparent from the above description of the gaming system . persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that the method could be embodied in program code . the program code could be supplied in a number of ways , for example on a tangible computer readable medium , such as a disc or a memory ( for example , that could replace part of memory 103 ) or as a data signal ( for example , by downloading it from a server ). it will be understood to persons skilled in the art of the invention that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , in particular it will be apparent that certain features of embodiments of the invention can be employed to form further embodiments . it is to be understood that , if any prior art is referred to herein , such reference does not constitute an admission that the prior art forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art in any country . in the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention , except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication , the word “ comprise ” or variations such as “ comprises ” or “ comprising ” is used in an inclusive sense , i . e . to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention . | 6 |
various substances are known for suppressing fires or explosions of carbon - containing fuels . examples of such extinguishants or suppressants are halocarbons such as bromotrifluoromethane , bromochlorodifluoromethane , and 1 , 2 - dibromotetrafluoroethane , or the powder extinguishants such as potassium bicarbonate , sodium bicarbonate , potassium chloride and the urea / potassium bicarbonate complex . systems using such extinguishants or suppressants are also known . such systems may involve means for storing such extinguishants or suppressants under pressure and for discharging such extinguishants or suppressants into the area where the fire or explosion occurs . such systems may , for example , operate automatically in response to output signals produced from fire or explosion detection arrangements . such extinguishants or suppressants are extremely efficient in operation . when used in conjunction with suitable fire or explosion detection systems , they may operate extremely rapidly , within a few milliseconds for example , and may extinguish or suppress the fires or explosions so rapidly that the actual fires or explosion are ineffective in causing any significant harm to human life . however , all fires or explosions of carbon - containing fuels inevitably produce gaseous products which contain some carbon monoxide -- even though the major gaseous product of such a fuel is likely to be carbon dioxide . the ratio of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide will depend on factors such as the temperature and , most importantly , the stoichiometry ( that is , the relative amount of oxygen and fuel present ). in general , if there is an excess of oxygen , the major gaseous product will be carbon dioxide and there may be little or no carbon monoxide present . however , if there is insufficient oxygen , a substantial proportion of the gaseous products will be carbon monoxide . the carbon dioxide usually arises through combustion of carbon monoxide which is the initially formed gas . thus , any restriction of the air and thus the oxygen supply will result in less carbon dioxide and more carbon monoxide found in the gaseous products . injection of an extinguishant or an explosion suppressant into the area where the fire or explosion occurs will tend to restrict the air and thus the oxygen supply and may thus result in incomplete conversion of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide . carbon monoxide is a gas which is extremely poisonous to human beings . tests have shown that , after a fire which has been efficiently suppressed by one of the fire extinguishants described above , it is possible for carbon monoxide concentrations to be sufficiently high to present a significant hazard to human life , and this is particularly so if the fire takes place in an enclosed space from which immediate evacuation is not possible or difficult . for example , monitoring of the carbon monoxide present immediately following suppression of a fire shows concentrations of 0 . 1 to 1 percent of carbon monoxide . even a 0 . 1 percent concentration of carbon monoxide is sufficient to cause death after two hours , while a 1 percent concentration of carbon monoxide can cause death in a few minutes . therefore , even though the concentration of carbon monoxide following such a suppressed fire is considerably lower than the 2 to 15 percent concentration of carbon monoxide which is likely to be present in the region of an unsuppressed fire , it can still present a very considerable hazard . in accordance with features of the invention , therefore , a carbon monoxide removing substance , that is , a substance which by chemical action or reaction ( which terms include catalytic action ) reduces the concentration of carbon monoxide , is introduced into the region of the fire or explosion , in combination with the extinguishant or suppressant . &# 34 ; in combination with &# 34 ; includes introducing such a substance at the same time as the extinguishant or suppressant is introduced or immediately thereafter . advantageously , the carbon monoxide removing substance is introduced in the form of an aerosol of solid or liquid particles . if the carbon monoxide removing substance is in the form of an aerosol of solid or liquid particles , then , because the carbon monoxide itself is a gas , the interaction between them is heterogeneous in nature and , as a result , will be more efficient as the particle size of the carbon monoxide removing substance is reduced . this is because the effectiveness of a given agent will depend upon its specific surface area , or surface area per unit weight , and this is in inverse relationship to the particle size . the carbon monoxide removing substances may take any suitable form . for example , they may take the form of one or more of the so - called &# 34 ; hopcalite &# 34 ; catalysts . these consist of a mixture of transition metal oxides . the major constituents are normally manganese oxide ( mno 2 ) and copper oxide ( cuo ). minor amounts of other oxides such as cobalt oxide ( co 2 o 3 ) and silver oxide ( ag 2 o ) may be present . typical mixtures are given in table 1 below . table 1______________________________________ examples ( percent ) oxide i ii iii iv______________________________________mno . sub . 2 50 60 85 70cuo 30 40 15 30co . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 15 -- -- -- ag . sub . 2 o 5 -- -- -- ______________________________________ hopcalite catalysts function by oxidising the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by means of a catalytic surface reaction . the hopcalite must be protected from moisture during storage . it is dispersed into the region to be protected in the form of a fine solid powder . it may be stored and dispensed with the fire extinguishant or explosion suppressant , that is , dispensed simultaneously with the extinguishant or suppressant . instead , it may be stored in a container which is separate from that storing the extinguishant or suppressant . the containers which respectively contain the extinguishant or suppressant and the hopcalite are controllably interconnected so that discharge of the extinguishant or suppressant is automatically followed , immediately thereafter , by discharging of the hopcalite . thus , as shown in the figure , the fire extinguishant or explosion suppressant , of conventional form , may be stored under pressure in a main container 5 and the hopcalite may be stored under pressure in a secondary container 6 . the containers are connected , via respective electrically controllable discharge means 8 and 10 , pipes 12 and 14 and a connector 16 , to a discharge nozzle 18 . the system is controlled by a control unit 20 . in response to an alarm signal on a line 22 , the control unit 18 opens the discharge means 8 via a line 24 and the fire extinguishant or explosion suppressant is discharged through nozzle 18 via connector 16 . immediately thereafter , the control unit 20 energises a line 26 which opens the discharge means 10 and the hopcalite is discharged through nozzle 18 via connector 16 . hopcalite catalyst , obtained from bdh chemicals ltd . of poole , dorset , england , was activated by drying in an oven at 200 ° c . for 2 hr . the catalyst had an analysis corresponding to 50 % mno 2 , 30 % cuo , 14 % co 2 o 3 and 6 % ag 2 o . its appearance was a free flowing black powder , 3 % of which by weight was retained by a 212 micrometer sieve , 15 % by a 106 micrometer sieve and 63 % by a 53 micrometer sieve . the hopcalite was dispersed by a small charge of compressed air into a large volume containing carbon monoxide and air . the volume of air used to disperse the hopcalite was typically about 4 % of the volume of the air containing the carbon monoxide . the concentration of the carbon monoxide was measured using a proprietary instrument , a neotronics ( trade mark ) c0101 monitor . as a general approximation , the reduction in the concentration of carbon monoxide brought about by the hopcalite was considered to be a first order process with respect to carbon monoxide . this approximation was certainly true for the early stages of the reaction . table 2 shows that the times taken to achieve a 50 % reduction in the carbon monoxide concentration were essentially independent of the initial concentration of carbon monoxide and this supports the treatment of the reaction as a first order process . for all the cases in the table the amount of hopcalite dispersed was such as to achieve a concentration in the large volume of 4 . 1 kg . m - 3 . table 2______________________________________ time to reduceinitial co concentration concentration by 50 % ppm ( by volume ) s______________________________________ 512 851021 1071415 912298 1063020 1093770 103______________________________________ hopcalite catalyst , as in example 1 , was dispersed in varying amounts , into the large volume containing approximately 2300 ppm of carbon monoxide . the reduction in the concentration of carbon monoxide with time was treated as being a first order process with respect to carbon monoxide and corresponding rate constants were calculated , as shown in table 3 . the greater the value of the rate constant , then the faster and more efficient is the agent in removing carbon monoxide . table 3______________________________________ initial co 1st orderhopcalite amount concentration rate constantkg . m . sup .- 3 ppm s . sup .- 1______________________________________0 . 66 2079 5 . 3 × 10 . sup .- 41 . 71 2353 1 . 7 × 10 . sup .- 32 . 87 2321 3 . 0 × 10 . sup .- 35 . 81 2450 6 . 3 × 10 . sup .- 3______________________________________ the hopcalite of example 1 was fractionated into different particle size ranges by sieving , and these were dispersed into large volumes containing carbon monoxide as in examples 1 and 2 . the resulting values for the first order rate constant clearly show ( see table 4 ) the importance of particle size in determining the effectiveness of a given carbon monoxide removing substance . table 4______________________________________hopcalite particle size initial co rateamount range concentration constantkg . m . sup .- 3 micrometers ppm s . sup .- 1______________________________________3 . 21 & lt ; 53 2517 5 . 2 × 10 . sup .- 33 . 21 53 - 106 2134 2 . 8 × 10 . sup .- 33 . 07 106 - 212 2241 9 . 3 × 10 . sup .- 4______________________________________ another carbon monoxide removing substance which may be used is a solution of copper chloride which absorbs carbon monoxide in the presence of ammonia or hydrochloric acid . a further substance which may be used is the palladium sulphate / silicomolybdate complex which catalyses the oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperatures . the complex may be produced by treating silica gel with a solution of pdso 4 and ( nh 4 ) 2 moo 4 . a more specific example of this process is as follows : a sample of palladium catalysed silicomolybdate complex was prepared by a modification of the route of m . shepherd in analytical chemistry ( 1947 ), 19 , 77 - 81 : pd ( no 3 ) 2 . 2h 2 o ( 1 . 0 g ) was dissolved in 33 % h 2 so 4 ( 30 ml ) and added to ammonium molybdate solution ( 150 ml , containing 7 . 5 g of ( nh 4 ) 2 moo 4 ) and the mixture added to approximately 600 ml of activated silica gel . after the resulting slurry had been allowed to stand overnight , the excess water was removed on a rotary evaporator , and then under high vacuum to yield a free - flowing powder ( 271 g ). the calculated mo content of the solid was about 1 . 5 % and this corresponded to about 2 . 4 % of silicomolybdate complex . various amounts of this material were then dispersed into the large volume and the resulting rate constants for carbon monoxide removal determined , as shown in table 5 . table 5______________________________________ initial coamount of complex concentration rate constantkg . m . sup .- 3 ppm s . sup .- 1______________________________________4 . 9 2065 4 . 2 × 10 . sup .- 36 . 9 2250 6 . 0 × 10 . sup .- 38 . 6 2195 7 . 7 × 10 . sup .- 3______________________________________ it may also be possible under certain circumstances to use elemental metals for catalysing the oxidation of carbon monoxide , such as platinum and especially palladium which may be supported on inert materials such as alumina or silica . various amounts of palladium metal on different inert supports were dispersed into the large volume containing approximately 2000 ppm of carbon monoxide . the resulting values ( see table 6 ) for the first order rate constant show that these materials are effective carbon monoxide removing substances . table 6______________________________________ initial co amount concentration rate constantmaterial kg . m . sup .- 3 ppm s . sup .- 1______________________________________5 % pd on alumina 1 . 03 2220 3 . 3 × 10 . sup .- 35 % pd on alumina 2 . 76 1955 7 . 8 × 10 . sup .- 35 % pd on carbon 1 . 03 1967 2 . 5 × 10 . sup .- 35 % pd on carbon 1 . 72 2045 4 . 2 × 10 . sup .- 310 % pd on carbon 1 . 89 2265 1 . 8 × 10 . sup .- 210 % pd on carbon 3 . 34 2049 2 . 1 × 10 . sup .- 2______________________________________ a further possibility consists of ferroporphyrin complexes . such complexes consist of a central iron atom in the 2 + oxidation state chelated by a porphyrin ring system . such complexes are the basis of haemoglobin . they act by forming involatile complexes which do not involve the oxidation of carbon monoxide . another substance which may be used as a carbon monoxide removing substance is acid or ammoniacal copper ( i ) chloride complexes supported on inert materials . such examples act in the same general way as ferroporphyrin complexes in that they form involatile complexes which do not involve the oxidation of carbon monoxide , for example | 0 |
rotary boring systems for making holes through soil are well known . the boring system generally includes drill string comprising a series of drill pipes joined end to end . the drill string is rotated by a rotary drive machine and pushed or pulled through the ground by means of a powerful hydraulic device such as a hydraulic cylinder or a gear rack actuated by a hydraulic motor . a boring head for boring in soil , rock or both is disposed at the end of the drill string and may include an ejection nozzle for water or other drilling fluid to assist in boring . in other applications , tools such as pipe bursters , impactors , slitters and pullers are used to slit , burst and replace existing underground pipelines . reamers may be used along or in combination with any of the aforementioned tools to upsize a borehole . in most horizontal boring operations a pilot bore is drilled between a starting point and an end point . once the boring tool reaches the end point , whether the surface of the ground or a pit , the boring tool is removed and a backreamer may be attached to the drill string . the backreamer is used to upsize the borehole to meet or slightly exceed the outer diameter of the product pipe towed into the bore during pullback . easy attachment of the product pipe to a backreamer assembly in a small access pit is disclosed in u . s . patent application number 2002 / 0112890 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . if attempting to make a switch out in a pit , the swap will require enlargement of the access pit lengthwise to accommodate the length of the backreamer and its connection components . ideally , the operator would like the change of tools to occur rapidly and be easily accomplished without the need to dig a large access pit . the present invention allows an operator to change tools at the downhole end of a drill string in a small access pit . turning now to the figures and specifically to fig1 , there is shown therein a pipe joint 10 of the present invention . as used herein the term “ pipe joint ” may mean a downhole tool used in rotary boring operations , an adapter used to connect various drilling tools to the downhole end of a drill string , or the connection of two drilling system components . the pipe joint 10 of fig1 comprises a first member 12 , a second member 14 , and a ground engaging member 16 . the first member 12 has a first end 18 and a second end 20 ( fig2 ). the first end 18 of the first member 12 may have a diametral upset 22 for a yet to be described purpose . the second end 20 of the first member 12 may be disposed within the ground engaging member 16 . the ground engaging member 16 shown in fig1 comprises a frustoconical outer surface 24 having a plurality of carbide cutting teeth 26 and a helical groove 28 . a plurality of orifices 30 may be spaced about the outer surface 24 to eject fluid from the member into the borehole . the ground engaging member 16 further comprises alignable holes 32 used to connect the ground engaging member to either the first member 12 or the second member 14 using a fastener 33 . in fig1 the alignable holes 32 are shown positioned to connect the ground engaging member to the second member 14 . the second member 14 will be discussed in more detail hereinafter , but as shown in fig1 the second member may comprise a clevis 34 formed for receiving any generic connection to a swivel and product pulling device as may be required to install a utility in the borehole . cross holes 36 formed in the clevis are on a common axis to allow use of a pin or bolt ( not shown ) to carry shear forces during towing of the utility behind the pipe joint 10 . turning now to fig2 , there is shown a longitudinal section view of the pipe joint 10 of fig1 along section line a - a . the first member 12 may be elongate and comprise the first end 18 having coupling member 38 for coupling the first member to the drill string ( not shown ). the second end 20 of the first member 12 may comprise a non - circular exterior surface 40 ( fig4 ) and a first connector comprising a threaded socket 42 . the first connector 42 and non - circular exterior surface 40 may form an upset at the second end 20 of the first member 12 . likewise , the coupling member 38 may form an upset 22 at the first end 18 of the first member 12 . a fluid passage 44 may extend from the first end 18 to the second end 20 to carry fluid such as drilling mud to the ground engaging member 16 . the second member 14 comprises a second connector , depicted as a threaded end portion 46 for mating engagement with the first connector 42 . when threads are used , as shown in fig2 , the first member 12 and second member 14 are rotated relative to each other to matingly engage the threaded end portion 46 of the second member 14 within the threaded socket 42 of the first member 12 . one skilled in the art will appreciate that the first connector 42 and second connector 46 may include any conventional coupling or joint used to connect drilling tools and may comprise part of such a tool . one such coupling system is known commercially as splinelok ™ wherein interlocking splines that pass torque from the drill string to a tool is described in wentworth et al ., published u . s . patent application serial no . 2001 / 0017222 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . as illustrated , the second connector 42 is a tapered threaded end portion disposed between a central collar 48 and a front face 50 of the second member 14 . the second member 14 also comprises a hole 52 that is alignable with a corresponding hole 32 in ground engaging member 16 . alignable holes 52 and 32 allow the second member to be locked in position relative to the ground engaging member 16 with fastener 33 . a first stop member 53 is formed on the second member 14 to abut the ground engaging member 16 and defines a first boundary of the central collar 48 . a second stop member 62 defines a second boundary of the central collar 48 and abuts a front face 64 of the first member 12 . an o - ring 54 may be positioned adjacent front face 50 of the second member 14 and against a wall 56 of the first member 12 in a groove 58 . the o - ring 54 protects the socket 42 , wall 56 and threads 46 from ingress of abrasive materials that would exacerbate wear during operations . the o - ring 54 also prevents the egress of drilling fluid as it passes from passage 44 into passage 60 formed in the second member 14 . a radial passage 65 is formed in the second member 14 allow fluid to flow from the internal passage 60 into the cross - sectional clearance area 68 ( fig3 ) to a circumferential gallery 70 . the fluid then flows through the discharge ports 30 ( fig1 ) to mix with the soil thereby facilitating the ground engagement operation . the cross - sectional clearance area 68 continues forward for the length of the ground engaging member 16 and a fraction of the fluid delivered will flow to the front end 72 of the ground engaging member to reduce wear on the edge when engaged with the soil . carbide teeth 26 and the tapered helical groove 28 produce shearing and mixing between soil and drill fluid as the drill string and ground engaging member are rotated . fig2 and 3 illustrate the ground engaging member 16 comprises a non - circular internal surface 66 positioned over the central collar 48 of the second member 14 . the outer surface 24 may be frustoconical for enlarging the borehole . the non - circular internal surface 66 corresponds to the non - circular exterior surface 40 ( fig4 ) of the both the first member 12 and the second member 14 for slidably mounting the ground engaging member 16 on the non - circular exterior surfaces of the first member and the second member when the first connector 42 is coupled to the second connector 46 to transmit torque between the first member 12 and the second member 14 . in operation , joint 10 is assembled by sliding ground engaging member 16 over the first member 12 . threaded end portion 46 of second member 14 is then screwed into threaded socket 42 and tightened to the desired level . after threaded end portion 46 of second member 14 has been tightened to the desired degree in threaded socket 42 , the alignment of exterior surfaces 48 and 40 is checked . if the profiles of the non - circular exterior surfaces 48 and 40 are not aligned ground engaging member 16 will not slide over second member 14 , consequently , the second member is unscrewed or backed off until the profiles of exterior surfaces 48 and 40 are aligned . the ground engaging member 16 is then slid along first member 12 and over non - circular exterior surface 48 of the second member 14 . in the event that the profiles of exterior surfaces 48 and 40 are not aligned when second member 14 is tightened to the desired level , the degree to which the second member will have to be backed off or loosened to align the profiles depends upon the selected profile . for example , in the case of an octagonal profile , the angle between the centers of each flat surface is 360 / 8 or 45 °. thus , in case of octagonal profile , the maximum number of degrees that second member 14 may have to be backed off after tightening to align the octagonal profiles of exterior surfaces 48 and 40 is the rotational difference between successive surfaces , or 45 °. after the ground engaging member has been positioned over the second member 14 , a retaining bolt or screw 33 is passed through hole 32 in the ground engaging member and engaged with bolt hole 52 in the second member , locking the ground engaging member onto the second member . shoulder 53 prevents the ground engaging member 16 from sliding rearward as ground engagement forces are applied . bolts 33 retain ground engaging member 16 should the normal direction of the drill string be reversed . preferably , one or more of alignable holes 52 and 32 and bolt 33 are provided with npt ( national pipe thread ) threads which provide improved retention and greater shear area than convention straight threads . continuing in fig2 and 3 , fluid such as drilling mud is passed along central bore 44 of first member 12 , continuing flow into internal passage 60 of the second member 14 . the fluid will then pass through the wall of the second member 14 through radial passage 65 . the flow rate of such fluid may be metered through an orifice formed in passage 65 . threading of passage 65 helps to maintain the position of the orifice so as not to maintain offset between the orifice and the inner surface of the ground engaging member 16 . after flowing through passage 65 , the fluid may make its way through a cross sectional clearance 68 along the length of the ground engaging member to the circumferential gallery 70 . finally , the fluid flows through the discharge port 30 ( fig1 ) to mix with the soil thereby facilitating the ground engagement operation . the sectional clearance may continue forward for the length of the ground engaging member and a fraction of the fluid delivered will flow to the front end 72 , thereby reducing wear on this edge when engaged with the soil . turning now to fig4 , an embodiment of the pipe joint of the present invention is shown in exploded view . first member 12 comprises an elongate tubular member having a first end 18 and a second end 20 . the first end 18 has an upset 22 having a threaded connector 38 ( fig2 ) for connecting the first member to the drill string ( not shown ). the second end 20 may comprise the non - circular exterior surface 40 and a connector socket . the second member 14 comprises the connector portion for mating engagement with the connector socket 42 and a non - circular surface 48 corresponding to the non - circular exterior surface 40 of the first member 12 . the second member 14 may comprise a front face 50 and a central collar formed by the non - circular exterior surface 48 . the connector end portion 46 is disposed between the front face 50 and the central collar . the ground engaging member 16 comprises a frustoconical backreaming member having a plurality of helical grooves 28 and carbide teeth 26 for enlarging the borehole . the ground engaging member 16 comprises a non - circular internal surface that corresponds to the non - circular exterior surfaces of the first member and the second member for slidably mounting the ground engaging member on the non - circular surfaces of the first member and the second member when the connector end portion 46 is engaged with the connector socket 42 . such connection allows for the transmission of torque between the first member and the second member . alignable holes 32 and 52 are formed in the ground engaging member 16 and the second member 14 receive fasteners 33 to secure the ground engaging member 16 to the second member 14 . one skilled in the art will appreciate that alignable holes may alternatively be formed in the first member to secure the ground engaging member to the first member instead of the second member or in addition to the holes formed in the second member . fig5 demonstrates a use of the pipe joint of the present invention with an alternative large reamer weldment 74 sized to continue ground engagement work to open the bore while permitting fluid flow from the ground engagement member 16 as well as ports 82 formed in the exterior surface of the reamer 74 . reamer 74 may be joined to the second member 14 by a weld 76 . a product pipe ( not shown ) is towed at product connector 34 behind the combination of stacked reamers . connector 34 is joined to reamer 74 by weld 78 . as shown in fig5 , the fluid flow passage of the second member 14 may continue , in fluid communication with internal passage 80 formed in reamer 74 so that fluid may be injected into the borehole from the reamer through radial ports 82 formed in the reamer . turning now to fig6 , a downhole tool constructed in accordance with the present invention is shown . the downhole tool comprises the previously described first member 12 , second member 14 and ground engaging member 16 of fig1 - 5 . however , the second member 14 of fig6 comprises a boring tool 84 . the boring tool 84 shown in fig5 comprises a directional drill bit commonly used in horizontal drilling operations . one skilled in the art will appreciate the second member 14 may comprise several different boring tools used either to cut a pilot bore or to upsize the borehole and tow in product pipe . in the method for making boreholes in accordance with the present invention , a boring machine having a rotary drive system capable of rotating and axially advancing or retracting a downhole tool attached to a drill string is used . the method comprises connecting the first end 18 of the first member 12 to the drill string . the first member 12 may be connected to the drill string by rotating the first member in a first direction to thread the first member 12 to the drill string . the ground engaging member 16 is slid over the second end 18 of the first member 12 so that the non - circular exterior surface 40 of the first member is positioned with the interior non - circular surface 66 of the ground engaging member . the non - circular surfaces 40 and 66 may comprise a geometric profile . for purposes of illustration only , an octagonal profile will be described . the octagonal profiles of the first member and the ground engaging member 16 are aligned before sliding the ground engaging member over the second end 20 of the first member . the second member 14 is engaged to the socket 42 of the first member 12 and the second member is oriented , by rotation , such that the non - circular surface 66 of the second member fits within the ground engaging member 16 to pass rotation of the drill string and the first member to the ground engaging member and the second member . the second member 14 may comprise a threaded end portion 46 and the socket 42 may comprise corresponding threads . the method comprises threading the threaded end portion into the socket until the external non - circular surface of the second member is adjacent to the ground engaging member . the second member may then be rotated slightly to align the external non - circular surface 48 with the internal non - circular surface of the ground engaging member . the ground engaging member 16 is then moved axially to substantially cover the external non - circular surface of the second member . the holes 32 and 52 are aligned and the fastener 33 is inserted into the holes to fasten the second member 14 to the ground engaging member 16 . as will be appreciated , the joint of the invention is applicable to a variety of applications wherein tools used in horizontal directional drilling are connected to a drill string . joints in accordance with the invention are particularly useful in coupling drill bits , sonde housings , reamers , back reamers , starter rods , impactors and similar drilling tools to a drill string or together in a manner that facilitates rapid replacement of such components while simultaneously providing joints and couplings with an increased usable lifetime and enhanced reliability . various modifications can be made in the design and operation of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof . thus , while the principal preferred construction and modes of operation of the invention have been explained in what is now considered to represent its best embodiments , as herein illustrated and described , it should be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described . | 4 |
a detailed illustrative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed herein . however , techniques , systems and operating structures in accordance with the present invention may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and modes , some of which may be quite different from those in the disclosed embodiment . consequently , the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative , yet in that regard , they are deemed to afford the best embodiments for the purposes of disclosure and to provide a basis for the claims herein , which define the scope of the present invention . moreover , well known methods , procedures , and substances for both carrying out the objectives of the present invention and illustrating the preferred embodiment are incorporated herein but have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure novel aspects of the present invention . none of the terms used herein , including “ product ”, “ insurance policy ”, “ policy ”, “ insurance ”, “ comprehensive insurance ” and “ insurance product ” are meant to limit the application of the invention to one type of insurance instrument . the terms are used interchangeably for convenience and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention . similarly , the use of the terms “ company ”, “ individual ”, “ purchaser ”, “ insured ”, “ client ”, “ applicant ”, and “ corporation ” are not meant to limit the scope of the invention to one type of entity , as any entity or individual can also utilize the present invention . additionally , the use of the terms “ insurance carrier ”, “ carrier ”, “ service provider ”, “ insurance provider ”, “ policy issuer ”, “ insurance institution ”, and “ insurer ” are not meant to limit the scope of the invention to one type of entity . the terms are used interchangeably for convenience . finally , the use of the terms “ disability ”, “ health events ”, “ critical illness ”, “ death ”, “ covered event ”, “ coverage category ”, and “ accident ” are also not meant to limit the scope of the invention as the present invention can be applied to multiple types of insurance options . the following presents a detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the present invention eliminates and / or mitigates financial hardship due to an accident , illness , disability , and / or death . the present invention can be structured as a stand alone product or a rider to a separate product . importantly , the product of the present invention may be implemented in a variety of forms without departing from the spirit of the present invention . thus , the product of the present invention may be implemented as a contract , as an insurance policy , as a security , and / or any other applicable instrument and / or product , without departing from the spirit of the present invention . the product of the present invention may be underwritten by a service provider such as an insurance company , financial institution , or any other organization capable of underwriting the product of the present invention . the product of the present invention has at least two categories of health events . each category of health events under the present invention may comprise at least one benefit . however , the product of the present invention may comprise a total amount of benefits , where a predetermined percentage of the total benefits is allocated to each health event . the present invention provides for the payment of benefits when a covered single event occurs or any combination of covered health events occur or alternatively , the full comprehensive benefit is paid if death occurs . health events covered by the invention include death , serious illness , disability , accident , or any other type of event that affects the client . referring now to fig1 , shown are categories of health events 105 , which are allotted equally on a pro rata basis . accordingly , the aggregate benefit of the present invention is paid on a pro rata share as well . the aggregate benefit is the total sum of the benefits payable to a purchaser . in the one embodiment , shown in fig1 there are three levels of aggregate benefits 104 , $ 25 , 000 106 , $ 50 , 000 107 , and $ 100 , 000 108 . however , any number of aggregate benefit levels can be utilized in accordance with the present invention . several examples are depicted in fig1 as follows : a purchaser who desires 4 levels of protection 101 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 25 %) to each health event category , a purchaser who desires 3 levels of protection 102 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 33 . 33 %) to each health event category and a purchaser who desires 2 levels of protection 103 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 50 %) to each health event category . also shown in fig1 are several combinations of 4 categories of health events 105 . as shown in fig1 , the four categories are : life 110 , accident 112 , illness 113 , and disability 111 . the present invention can , however , accommodate any number of aggregate benefit levels and health event categories . additionally , it should be noted that life 110 may be the only category of health events 105 which may have a single risk factor ( i . e . cause of death ) in accordance with the risk factor structure described above , although other risk factors for life 110 coverage may be added without departing from the spirit of the present invention . importantly , any other health events may be used with the present product without departing from the spirit of the present invention . furthermore , each of the categories of health events 105 may comprise individual risk factors relevant to the specific health event . the risk factors may further be comprised of two categories each , namely the type of health event ( e . g . type of illness 113 , type of disability 111 , etc ) and the cause of the health event 105 ( e . g . cause of illness 113 , cause of disability 111 , etc ). other risk factors not listed here may become obvious upon the implementation of the present invention , additional risk factors may be added to or subtracted from each category of health events without departing from the subject matter of the present invention . the present invention has individual limits for each covered health event , for example , for life 110 , accident 112 , illness 113 , and disability 111 . in this embodiment , depleting benefits for one health event has no impact on the potential disbursement of benefits for other health events . thus , when the insured individual claims benefits under a category of health events 105 , the benefits of each category are subtracted from the total amount of coverage under each category . the total disbursement of benefits is lowered by the amount of benefits collected by the client to date . thus , when the total amount of benefits is entirely depleted under each of two or more categories of health events , the insured individual is no longer eligible to receive any benefits under subsequent covered events in the depleted category . when the insured individual ( i . e . client ) claims a covered health event an amount up to the appropriate allocated percentage of the total benefits for the entire insurance product is disbursed . several payout structures may be used with the present invention , such as a single lump sum payment , weekly installments , monthly installments , etc . it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that any payout structure and / or schedule may be used with the insurance product described herein without departing from the spirit of the present invention . fig2 depicts the variable percentage benefit levels for varying health event categories over time 201 . in this case , the four categories are : life 110 , accident 112 , illness 113 , and disability 111 . fig2 shows three possible methods for varying the coverage percentages 200 for benefits allocated to given health events , namely : equal 202 , increasing 204 , and decreasing 206 . a client may choose to cancel , reduce or reallocate coverage for one or more health events for a variety of reasons . the client may cancel or reallocate coverage for one or more health events after a predetermined period of time , or upon the occurrence of a life altering event such as marriage , death of spouse , retirement , disability , illness , etc . however , any other conceivable reason may be used without departing from the spirit of the present invention . upon canceling or reducing the coverage for a category of covered health events the remaining benefit amount at the time of canceling or reducing is reallocated to the remaining covered health events . reallocating the percentage of benefits associated with each category of health events may be done based on percentages determined by the client , or percentages determined by the insurance provider . these percentages may or may not be equal to each other . different methods for varying the coverage percentages 200 may be used . the equal category 202 depicts charts where coverage percentages for benefits are allocated equally among : four health events as depicted in pie chart 208 , then allocated among three health events as depicted in pie chart 210 , and then allocated among two events as depicted in pie chart 212 . accordingly , the percentages are 25 % of benefits for each category in 208 , the percentages are 33 . 33 % of benefits for each category in 210 , and the percentages are 50 % of benefits for each category in 212 . thus , it can be seen that in the equal category 202 the percentage of benefits reallocated to a given health event category is always equal to that of any other category , as coverage for some categories is cancelled , the percentage of benefits is reallocated among the remaining categories . additionally , the insured individual may decide to reallocate some of the percentage of benefits for each of the covered health events , or any of the covered health events while not altering the others , this may be done as long as the sum of all of the percentages is 100 %. fig2 shows the increasing category 204 where coverage for one category increases as coverage for some categories is cancelled and / or modified for others over time 201 . the increasing category 204 depicts charts where coverage percentages for benefits are allocated among : four health events as depicted in pie chart 214 , three health events as depicted in pie chart 216 , and two events as depicted in pie chart 218 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 214 as follows : 12 % for accident coverage 112 , 20 % for disability coverage 111 , 50 % for illness coverage 113 , and 18 % for life coverage 110 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 216 as follows : 15 % for accident coverage 112 , 30 % for disability coverage 111 , and 55 % for illness coverage 113 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 218 as follows : 25 % for accident coverage 112 , and 75 % for illness coverage 113 . thus , it can be seen that in the increasing category 204 the percentage of benefits allocated to illness coverage 113 is periodically increased as coverage for some categories is cancelled and the percentage of benefits is reallocated among the remaining categories . furthermore , fig2 shows the decreasing category 206 where coverage for one category decreases as coverage for some categories is added and / or modified for others . the decreasing category 206 depicts pie charts where coverage percentages for benefits are allocated among : two health events as depicted in pie chart 220 , three health events as depicted in pie chart 222 , and four health events as depicted in pie chart 224 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 220 as follows : 25 % for illness coverage 113 , and 75 % for life coverage 110 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 222 as follows : 25 % for illness coverage 113 , 25 % for disability coverage 111 , and 50 % for life coverage 110 . the coverage percentages for benefits are allocated in 224 as follows : 25 % for life coverage 110 , 25 % for disability coverage 111 , 25 % for accident coverage 112 , and 25 % for illness coverage 113 . thus , it can be seen that in the decreasing category 206 the percentage of benefits allocated to life coverage 110 is periodically decreased as coverage for some categories is added and the percentage of benefits is reallocated among the remaining categories . as depicted in fig2 and described above the purchaser may choose specific percentages of the total benefit to allocate to each category of health events . these percentages do not necessarily have to be equal . furthermore , the insured individual may not necessarily have to cancel any categories of health events covered in order to reallocate the percentage of benefits among the covered health events . turning now to fig3 , shown are combinations of 4 categories of health events . in this case , the four categories are : life 110 , accident 112 , illness 113 and disability 111 . several examples are depicted using $ 50 , 000 of total coverage plan 107 as follows : a purchaser at the age of 25 who desires 4 levels of protection 101 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 25 %) to each health event , the purchaser in this case may desire to purchase coverage for different durations of time . as depicted in table 301 , coverage of $ 12 , 500 for each of the four covered events would cost the purchaser : $ 10 a month for one year of coverage 304 , $ 11 a month for 10 years of coverage 305 , and lifetime coverage 306 would cost the purchaser $ 83 a month , to be entirely paid off in 10 years . similarly , a purchaser who desires 3 levels of protection 102 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 33 . 33 %) to each health event category . as depicted in table 302 , coverage of $ 16 , 666 for each of the three covered events would cost the purchaser : $ 41 a month for one year of coverage 307 , $ 42 a month for 10 years of coverage 308 , and lifetime coverage 309 would cost the purchaser $ 86 a month , to be entirely paid off in 10 years . finally , a purchaser who desires 2 levels of protection 103 splits the aggregate benefit evenly ( 50 %) to each health event category . as depicted in table 303 , coverage of $ 25 , 000 for each covered event would cost the purchaser : $ 57 a month for one year of coverage 310 , $ 58 a month for 10 years of coverage 311 , and lifetime coverage 312 would cost the purchaser $ 84 a month , to be entirely paid off in 10 years . fig4 depicts the steps taken by an insurance provider in order to generate and offer an insurance product to a client . the procedure starts in step 400 , first it is determined whether the product to be formulated is a separate product or a rider to an existing product in step 402 . next , information regarding the applicant may be purchased by the provider in step 401 . information regarding the applicant may be purchased by the insurance provider from a third party source such as the medical information bureau (“ mib ”). additionally , information regarding the applicant &# 39 ; s insurability may be sold to a third party for the same reasons . generally , sold case information and / or individual applicant information is entered in the insurer &# 39 ; s and / or contracted third party administrator &# 39 ; s front end administrative systems . next , the insurance provider and / or a contracted third party evaluates and screens enrollment forms and received information submitted by the applicant in step 403 for completeness . the insurance provider and / or a contracted third party may then follow up with an individual to obtain missing information which , may contain additional proof with respect to medical evidence of insurability . furthermore , the insurance provider may provide the appropriate forms for the applicant and / or applicant &# 39 ; s physician &# 39 ; s office to complete and to submit back to the insurance provider as medical proof of insurability . it is determined if the applicant meets the underwriting criteria of the present invention in step 405 . underwriting criteria is criteria that an individual purchasing the insurance product of the present invention may be required to meet . these criteria may include a disease free health history , an age limit , a limit on the amount and types of pre - existing conditions , or any other criteria deemed necessary by the insurance provider . importantly , the above listed criteria are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not serve to list any necessary criteria of the present invention . furthermore , the criteria presented above are not presented as an exhaustive list of all possible criteria , which an individual purchasing the insurance product of the present invention may be required to meet , other requirements may be used with the insurance product described herein without departing from the spirit of the present invention . if it is determined in step 405 that the applicant does not meet the underwriting criteria the applicant is notified of failure to meet the underwriting criteria in step 407 , and the procedure ends in step 438 . if it is determined in step 405 that the applicant does meet the underwriting criteria the procedure continues in step 404 . the categories of health events to be covered are then determined in step 404 . it is determined whether death coverage is chosen in step 406 , if death coverage is not chosen steps 408 and 410 are skipped and step 412 is performed . if however death coverage is chosen , it is determined whether the death coverage is term coverage ( i . e . death coverage provided for a specific period of time ) in step 408 . if it is determined that the death coverage is not term coverage in step 408 , step 410 is skipped and step 412 is performed . however , if it is determined that the death coverage is term coverage in step 408 , the age of the client at which death coverage is terminated is determined in step 410 . subsequently , it is determined whether accident insurance is chosen in step 412 , if accident insurance is not chosen step 414 is skipped and step 416 is performed . if accident insurance is determined to have been chosen in step 412 , the types of accidents covered are determined in step 414 . next , it is determined if illness insurance is chosen in step 416 . if illness insurance is not chosen step 418 is skipped and step 420 is performed . however , if illness insurance is chosen the types of illness covered is determined in step 418 . furthermore , it is determined whether disability insurance is chosen in step 420 . if disability insurance is not chosen step 422 is skipped and step 424 is performed . however , if disability insurance is chosen the types of disability and disabling events covered are determined in step 422 . subsequently , the total amount of benefits for all covered health events is determined in step 424 . the amount of benefits for each category of health events is determined in step 426 . further , the payout structure for each category of health events and risk factors is determined in step 428 . next , a payout schedule for each category of health events is determined in step 430 and a premium payment structure is determined in step 432 . finally , the premium payment schedule is determined in step 434 . a bill is then preferably generated by the insurance provider or a contracted third party administrator and sent to the insured individual and / or certificate holder as deemed appropriate by the insurance provider . premiums may be received directly by the insurance provider . alternatively , premiums may be received by a contracted third party administrator and then remitted to the insurance provider , as either a gross premium or a premium net of commissions and / or administration fees . the premiums may also be reconciled by the insurance provider . then the product is offered and generated in step 436 , and the procedure ends in step 438 . in the event that the insured individual becomes disabled , the present invention may be implemented with a premium waiver feature . this feature of the present invention would allow the insured individual to collect benefits on the disability feature of the present invention without paying premiums to the insurance provider while on disability . furthermore , this feature may be extended to other health events covered under the present invention such as illness or accident . any other health events used when implementing the present invention may contain the aforementioned premium waiver provision , wherein an individual collecting benefits on specific covered health events does not make premium payments while receiving benefits . alternatively , the present invention may be implemented without the premium waiver provision altogether . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention . it should be appreciated that the present invention is capable of being embodied in various other forms without departing from its essential characteristics . fig5 shows a flow chart depicting the steps taken when benefits are administered by a third party . the procedure starts in step 500 . the service provider determines the total amount of coverage to issue in step 502 . thus , a third party will receive the total given amount as determined by the service provider . next , the coverage information is transferred to the third party in step 504 , this may be done via either purchase of the predetermined amount of coverage or alternatively through any other arrangement without departing from the spirit of the present invention . subsequently , the third party determines which individuals are to receive coverage 506 . for example , participants may be individuals belonging to a specific affinity group , or employees of the third party , or any individuals who the third party deems fit to receive coverage under the product of the present invention . next , the amount of benefits due to each applicable participant is determined in step 508 . information regarding each applicable participant is then sent , by the third party to the service provider in step 510 . this information may be any information needed ( e . g . date of birth of participant , previous health history , etc ) for the service provider to provide adequate coverage to the applicable participants . finally , the coverage is extended to the qualified participants by the third party in step 512 , and the procedure ends in step 514 . fig6 depicts the steps taken when the benefits of an insurance product generated in accordance with the methods of the present invention are administered by an insurance provider . the procedure starts in step 600 , a claim relevant to a specific event is received in step 602 , it is then determined if the event is covered under the relevant product in step 604 . if it is determined that the event is not covered under the relevant product , the client is notified of the claim status in step 615 and the procedure ends in step 616 . if it is determined that the event is covered , the coverage included in the relevant product is determined in step 606 . when an insured individual files a claim against the insurance provider in the present invention the insurance provider may verify that the insured individual was eligible for coverage and that the premiums were paid to date on the date of the qualifying event . it is determined in step 605 if the individual is required to provide proof of loss . satisfactory proof of loss may include proof of diagnoses , proof of qualifying event or any other information required by the insurance provider . if the individual is required to provide proof of loss , the proof is requested in step 607 , if no proof is required step 607 is skipped and the procedure continues in step 609 . next , it is determined if the submission is incomplete or if additional information is necessary in step 609 . in this case a trained specialized claim team may then adjudicate , however this is not required and the product described herein may be implemented without this feature without departing from the spirit of the present invention . if more information is required , the insurance provider or the insurance provider &# 39 ; s contracted third party administrator ( e . g . employer ) will request the necessary information in step 611 from the insured , the insured &# 39 ; s beneficiary , or directly from the holder of the information . step 611 may consist of providing the appropriate forms for the applicant and / or applicant &# 39 ; s physician &# 39 ; s office to complete and to submit back to the insurance provider as medical proof . the insurance provider or the insurance provider &# 39 ; s contracted third party administrator then determines if the loss qualifies under the product of the present invention based on the received information in step 613 . if the claim is rejected the client is notified of the claim status in step 615 and the procedure ends in step 616 . if the claim is not rejected the procedure continues in step 608 . subsequently , the categories of health events , which are applicable to the claimed event , are determined in step 608 , and the amount of benefits due for each applicable category of health events and risk factors is determined in step 610 . next , the payout structure for the claimed event under the terms of the relevant product is determined in step 612 . finally , the payout schedule for each applicable category of health events and risk factors is determined in step 614 and the client is notified of the claim status in step 615 . the procedure then ends in step 616 . fig7 depicts the hierarchical structure of a product generated in accordance with the methods of the present invention . the product 702 is composed of the different categories of health events 105 . the categories of health events 105 are : life 110 , disability 111 , accident 112 , and illness 113 . each category of health events 105 is further made up of risk factors . the risk factors include : the cause of death 705 a for life 110 , type of disability 705 b and cause of disability 705 c for disability 111 , type of accident 705 d and cause of accident 705 e for accident 112 , and type of illness 705 f and cause of illness 705 g for illness 113 . further , product 702 offers several options of duration of coverage for each category of health events 706 . the duration of coverage for each category of health events 706 may be chosen from the following : 1 year of coverage 706 a , 10 years of coverage 706 b , and lifetime of coverage 706 c . however , any length of coverage may be used with the present methods without departing from the subject matter of the present invention . additionally , product 702 offers several options for a benefit payout structure 708 . the benefit payout structure 708 may be chosen from a lump sum payout 708 a , predetermined multiple payments 708 b or installments , or variable payments based on investment performance of the underlying funds 708 c . furthermore , if variable payments based on investment performance of the underlying funds 708 c option is chosen the insurance provider may invest the premiums into an investment vehicle and thus provide the yield and original premium sum in the instance of a covered event . if the relevant claim is approved , the benefit payment is set up in the system . several payment options are available , as shown in benefit payout structures 708 . the lump sum payout 708 a may also be paid into an interest bearing checking or draft bank account or through a debit or credit card , set up by the insurance provider in the insured individual &# 39 ; s name , which the insured individual can access immediately upon notification of the set - up of the account , and at will any time thereafter . furthermore , a payment schedule 710 may be chosen from a lump sum payment 710 a and predetermined multiple payments 710 b options . if the predetermined multiple payments 710 b option is chosen , payment schedule 710 may then be chosen from one of the following : 5 years of payments 711 a , 10 years of payments 711 b , 15 years of payments 711 c , and 20 years of payments 711 d . finally , the total amount of benefits 712 may be chosen from $ 25 , 000 coverage 106 , $ 50 , 000 coverage 107 , and $ 100 , 000 coverage 108 . fig8 depicts an embodiment of a system on which the methods described above may be implemented . the present invention relates to an improved product generating apparatus and method which includes at least one central processing computer or computer network server . the network server includes at least one controller or processing module 818 ( cpu or processor ), at least one communication module 820 port or hub , at least one random access memory module 832 ( ram ), at least one read - only memory module 832 ( rom ) and one or more databases or data storage modules 822 . all of these latter elements are in communication with the processing module 818 to facilitate the operation of the network server . the network server may be configured in many different ways . for example , the network server may be a conventional standalone server computer or alternatively , the function of the server may be distributed across multiple computing systems and architectures . the network server may also be configured in a distributed architecture , wherein databases and processing modules 818 are housed in separate units or locations . some such servers perform primary processing functions and contain at a minimum , a ram , a rom , and a general controller or processing module 818 . in such an embodiment , these servers are attached to a communications module 820 or port that serves as a primary communication link with other servers , clients or user computers and other related devices . the communications module 820 or port may have minimal processing capability itself , serving primarily as a communications router . a variety of communications protocols may be part of the system , including but not limited to : ethernet , sap , sas ™, atp , bluetooth , gsm and tcp / ip . the data storage module 822 may include a hard magnetic disk drive , optical storage units , cd - rom drives , or flash memory . the data storage module 822 contains databases used in processing transactions and / or calculations in accordance with the present invention , including at least an insurance subscriber database and an insurance database . in one embodiment , database software creates and manages these databases . insurance related calculations and / or algorithms of the present invention are stored in the data storage module 822 and executed by the processing module 818 . the processing module 818 may comprise a processor , such as one or more conventional microprocessors and possibly one or more supplementary co - processors such as math co - processors . the processing module 818 is in communication with a communication module 820 through which the processor communicates with other devices such as other servers , user terminals or devices . the communication module 820 may include multiple communication channels for simultaneous communication with , for example , other processing modules , servers or client terminals . as stated , devices in communication with each other need not be continually transmitting to each other . on the contrary , such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary , may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time , and may require several steps to be performed to establish a communication link between the devices . the processing module 818 also is in communication with a data storage module 822 . the data storage module 822 may comprise an appropriate combination of magnetic , optical and / or semiconductor memory , and may include , for example , ram , rom , flash drive , an optical disc such as a compact disc and / or a hard disk or drive . the processing module 818 and the data storage module 822 each may be , for example , located entirely within a single computer or other computing device ; or connected to each other by a communication medium , such as a usb port , serial port cable , a coaxial cable , an ethernet type cable , a telephone line , a radio frequency transceiver or other similar wireless or wireline medium or combination of the foregoing . the data storage module 822 may store , for example , ( i ) a program ( e . g . computer program code and / or a computer program product ) adapted to direct the processing module 818 in accordance with the present invention , and particularly in accordance with the processes described in detail hereinafter with regard to the processing module 818 ; ( ii ) a database adapted to store information that may be utilized to store information required by the program . the data storage module 822 includes multiple records , each record includes fields that are specific to the present invention such as premiums , clients , insurance products , payouts , claims , etc . the program may be stored , for example , in a compressed , an uncompiled and / or an encrypted format , and may include computer program code . the instructions of the program may be read into a main memory of the processing module 818 from a computer - readable medium other than the data storage module 822 , such as from a rom or from a ram . while execution of sequences of instructions in the program causes the processing module 818 to perform the process steps described herein , hard - wired circuitry may be used in place of , or in combination with , software instructions for implementation of the processes of the present invention . thus , embodiments of the present invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software . suitable computer program code may be provided for performing numerous functions such as providing an insurance product by an insurance provider to a client , wherein the insurance product offers coverage for at least one category of covered health events , and providing by the insurance provider to the client a benefit upon the occurrence of the covered health event . the functions described above are merely exemplary and should not be considered exhaustive of the type of function which may be performed by the computer program code of the present inventions . the computer program code required to implement the above functions ( and the other functions described herein ) can be developed by a person of ordinary skill in the art , and is not described in detail herein . in the preferred embodiment , all of the modules described herein are operably inter - connected via a central communications bus 838 . the communications bus 838 is able to receive information from each of the modules , as well as to transmit information from one module to another . the product administering system 814 further includes a display module 804 , and a reporting module 806 . the product administering system 814 additionally includes a payout module 808 for making payments to an insured individual or group for a predetermined period of time as defined by the insurance product . the system further comprises a risk assessment module 810 for assessing the risks associated with the issuance of the insurance product to a member of a specific demographic . furthermore , the system comprises an analysis module 812 for analysis of client &# 39 ; s behavior , wherein the analysis of client &# 39 ; s behavior comprises analysis of reported insurance claims by said client . additionally , the product administering system 814 includes : a storage drive 816 for receiving data stored on a storage disc , a processing module 818 for processing digital data received by and contained in the product administering system 814 , a communication module 820 for bi - directional communication with external and telecommunications systems , a data storage module 822 for storing and managing digital information , a text data input module 824 for inputting data in the form of text , and a data input module 826 for converting documents and images to digital format and inputting them into the product administering system 814 . finally , the product administering system 814 includes : an audio data input module 828 for receiving and inputting audio information , an audio data output module 830 for outputting data in audio format ( i . e . recorded speech , synthetically generated speech from digital text , etc ), a memory module 832 for temporarily storing information as it is being processed by the processing module 818 , a universal serial bus interface module 834 for receiving and transmitting data to and from devices capable of establishing a universal serial bus connection , and a digital data input interface module 836 for receiving data contained in external digital storage devices . the term “ computer - readable medium ” as used herein refers to any medium that provides or participates in providing instructions to the processor of the computing device ( or any other processor of a device described herein ) for execution . such a medium may take many forms , including but not limited to , non - volatile media , volatile media , and transmission media . non - volatile media include , for example , optical or magnetic disks , such as memory . volatile media include dynamic random access memory ( dram ), which typically constitutes the main memory . common forms of computer - readable media include , for example , a floppy disk , a flexible disk , hard disk , magnetic tape , any other magnetic medium , a cd - rom , dvd , any other optical medium , punch cards , paper tape , any other physical medium with patterns of holes , a ram , a prom , an eprom or eeprom ( electronically erasable programmable read - only memory ), a flash - eeprom , any other memory chip or cartridge , a carrier wave as described hereinafter , or any other medium from which a computer can read . various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to the processor ( or any other processor of a device described herein ) for execution . for example , the instructions may initially be borne on a magnetic disk of a remote computer . the remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over an ethernet connection , cable line , or even telephone line using a modem . a communications module 820 local to a computing device ( or , e . g . a server ) can receive the data on the respective communications line and place the data on a system bus for the processing module 818 . the system bus carries the data to the memory module 832 , from which the processing module 818 retrieves and executes the instructions . the instructions received by the memory module 832 may optionally be stored in memory either before or after execution by the processing module 818 . in addition , instructions may be received via a communication module 820 as electrical , electromagnetic or optical signals , which are exemplary forms of wireless communications or data streams that carry various types of information . servers of the present invention may also interact and / or control one or more user devices or terminals . the user device or terminal may include any one or a combination of a personal computer , a mouse , a keyboard , a computer display , a touch screen , an lcd , voice recognition software , or any other device generally represented by input / output devices required to implement the above functionality . the program also may include program elements such as an operating system , a database management system and “ device drivers ” that allow the processing module 818 to interface with computer peripheral devices ( e . g . a video display , a keyboard , a computer mouse , etc .). for example , a user provides instructions for administering the product of the present invention . it should be understood that the user may communicate with the computing system directly or indirectly through another party , such as the service provider 802 . in the event the user communicates with a service provider 802 , the service provider 802 receives and transfers information , to and from the product administering system 814 via the text data input module 824 , audio data input module 828 , audio data output module 830 and the display module 804 . as used herein the data storage module 822 is also referred to as a storage device . the processing module 818 is contained within the product administering system 814 , which is coupled to the data storage module 822 , the data storage module 822 stores instructions that are utilized by the processor . the present invention can be configured for distribution in multiple markets , and is capable of being configured for issuance to an individual or group . alternatively , the present invention can be sold through the workplace as an employer provided benefit , a voluntarily purchased product , or a combination of both . further , the present invention can be configured for distribution by financial planners and insurance and other agents . it can also be configured for distribution on a direct basis with an endorsement by a sponsoring association ( e . g . an affinity group ). the present invention can also be utilized for direct distribution in retail environments like banks , pharmacies , department stores , and the like . if the present invention is sold through an employer or another group to which the insured individual must belong in order to qualify for the insurance product of the present invention , a conversion and portability feature may be offered to the insured if the insured decides to leave the group or organization through which the insurance product is purchased . the conversion and portability benefit allows the insured individual to maintain their existing insurance product even after leaving the group or organization through which the insurance product is purchased . the insured individual may be required to meet a pre - established set of criteria in order to qualify for the conversion and portability benefit of the present invention . the insured individual &# 39 ; s continued coverage under a carrier sponsored group conversion or portability benefit is still subject to the initial insurance product contract for a specified period of time with payment of premium . alternatively , new rules may be established after the insurance product is issued through the portability and / or conversion benefit . the key features of the present invention presented above are described for illustrative purposes only and do not serve to limit the scope of the invention to the specific features listed , nor do they represent an exhaustive enumeration of all aspects of the invention . accordingly , well known methods , procedures , and substances for both carrying out the objectives of the present invention and illustrating the preferred embodiment are incorporated herein but have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure novel aspects of the present invention . while the present invention has been described with reference to the key features , preferred embodiment and alternative embodiments , which embodiments have been set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete disclosure of the invention , such embodiments are merely exemplary and are not intended to be limiting or represent an exhaustive enumeration of all aspects of the invention . thus , the scope of the invention shall be defined solely by the following claims . further , it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention . it should be appreciated that the present invention is capable of being embodied in other forms without departing from its essential characteristics . | 6 |
fig1 shows a cylinder 1 with a reciprocating piston 2 . between the cylinder block 3 and the cylinder head 4 a sealing element 6 is provided , which is configured as a cylinder head gasket 5 . reference number 6a refers to a cutting plane through the combustion chamber 7 , whilst 8 refers to charge exchange valves for charge exchange passages 8a . into the cylinder head gasket 5 is integrated an optical waveguide 9 , which is optically connected to the combustion chamber 7 in approximately radial direction . the optical waveguide 9 is further connected to a q - variable , coherent light source 10 , such as a pulsed semiconductor laser , which light source 10 is controlled by an ignition control unit 11 . the ignition control unit 11 includes a laser control 12 and a timing control 13 , the control functions being exerted in dependence of engine operational parameters 14 , such as crank angle , speed , engine operating temperature , accelerator position , exhaust quality , measured fuel variables , etc . in the region where the optical waveguide 9 enters the combustion chamber 7 a focusing unit 15 is provided adjacent to the waveguide 9 , which will focus the laser beam onto an ignition location 17 upon entrance of the combustion chamber 7 ( cf . fig2 ). the focusing unit 15 may comprise an optical lens system 18 with one or more lenses . in the variant shown in fig3 a the lens system 18 exhibits a spherical lens 19 which is held in a radial bore 20 of a metal ring 5a of the cylinder head gasket 5 . the spherical lens 19 , which may be made from quartz or sapphire , is in optical contact with the waveguide 9 , i . e ., a glass fiber placed in a metal tube 21 . in the variant shown the spherical lens 19 is introduced in a bore 22 of the cylinder head gasket 5 normal to the optical waveguide 9 , and is secured on both sides by elastic washers 24 , which may be made of teflon and will protect the spherical lens 19 against preload forces in the cylinder head gasket 5 . the washers 24 may be attached to a separate support or foil connected to the cylinder head gasket 5 , or mounted together with the metal ring 5a adjacent to the combustion chamber . focusing of the laser beam carried by the optical waveguide 9 may also be achieved by providing the waveguide 9 with a locally fused - on , approximately sphere - shaped end 25 , as is shown in fig3 b . this kind of focusing unit is easy to make and has the additional advantage of the optical waveguide 9 being axially anchored in the cylinder head gasket 5 by means of the fiber end 25 . the focusing unit 15 could also comprise a lens system 18 with several , successively arranged optical lenses 26a , 26b , 26c . the lenses 26a , 26b , 26c are separated by spacer sleeves 27 , and are fitted into the cylinder head gasket 5a from the side of the combustion chamber . this variant is shown in fig3 c . in the cylinder head gasket 5 several optical waveguides 9 , 9a may be arranged along its circumference . as is shown in fig2 at least one optical waveguide 9a may be utilized to obtain measured variables of the combustion process in the combustion chamber 7 , and transmit them to an evaluation unit 11a ( shown schematically ) and / or the ignition control unit 11 . the evaluated data may further be used as input variables for regulation of the coherent light source 10 . this variant will offer an opportunity of performing an active , optical diagnosis of the combustion chamber , in particular , if measuring light is introduced into the combustion chamber 7 via optical waveguide 9a . 16a refers to the region in the combustion chamber 7 which is accessible to measurement , and 28 to a fuel injection unit . depending on the light source and the type of measuring light and evaluation unit , measurements may be taken as following : by evaluation of the light scattered by fuel droplets , which is supplied by a white light source or a continuous laser and is irradiated into the combustion chamber 7 , fuel droplets may be monitored . the coherent light source 10 could also be used to supply the measuring light . the straylight intensity of fuel droplets is perceived as intensity peaks relative to the background radiation . a pulsed ultraviolet laser is used as a light source , for example . the laser - induced fluorescence of the fuel is measured , the light intensity serving as an indicator for the fuel concentration in the measurement region at the time of the laser pulse . a pulsed ultraviolet laser serves as a light source . by means of suitable sensors the raman lines of o2 , n2 , ch , h2o , etc . may be detected via the optical waveguides 9a . the intensity ratios between wavelength ranges serve as a measure for the gas composition in the measurement region at the time of the laser pulse . ( 4 ) monitoring of the changes in gas composition during the engine cycle the time curve of the spectral intensities may be determined . as a light source a continuous laser may be used . in this way it will also be possible to perform a precise and quantitative simultaneous measurement of lambda value and residual gas component in the charge of spark - ignition engines utilizing uv laser - induced raman scattering , possibly in combination with a high - sensitivity , high - speed camera technology . the raman scattering offers the advantage that the concentrations of fuel , o2 , n2 , and h2o in the end gas may be measured simultaneously in individual cycles . as a consequence , the lambda value and residual gas component may be determined most accurately , since these quantities will result as ratios of two of the concentrations specified , thus eliminating a number of errors otherwise found in optical measuring methods . by means of laser - induced fluorescence the fuel distribution over the area of the combustion chamber may be monitored as a function of crank angle and engine cycle . in this way cycle - related fluctuations may be determined . in the variant shown in fig4 a number of optical waveguides 9 are provided in the cylinder head gasket 5 , which are distributed over its circumference and extend radially towards the combustion chamber 7 . the laser beams entering the combustion chamber 7 through the optical waveguides 9 are focused onto different ignition locations 17 and may be activated individually or in groups . especially in variants , in which the combustion chamber is also monitored and measured as shown in fig2 it will be possible to selectively initiate ignition in those regions of the combustion chamber which actually contain an ignitible mixture . it is evident that the laser ignition proposed by the invention may also be used as auxiliary system for a conventional spark plug 29 indicated in fig4 by a broken line . due to the optical waveguides 9 being integrated in the cylinder head gasket 5 no further bores , windows , etc . are required in the cylinder head 4 or in the walls of the cylinder 1 . for this reason the laser ignition system lends itself to backfitting in conventional internal combustion engines . to obtain a reliable ignition in the combustion chamber 7 at low energy expense , a plurality of laser pulses may be utilized for each ignition . for example , a first laser pulse of high energy density will produce a plasma region in the air - fuel mixture , while a second laser pulse of low energy density but longer duration will supply further energy , until ignition takes place . in this manner lasers of relatively low power can be employed . | 5 |
referring initially to prior art fig1 , a cross sectional view shows a wellbore 11 having vertical section 11 a and horizontal section 11 b . wellbore 11 provides a flow path between the well surface and producing sand or reservoir 31 . tubing string 13 and slotted liner 15 are also shown in fig1 . the horizontal section 11 b of tubing string 13 includes a heel portion 13 a and an opposite toe portion 13 b . slotted liner 15 is a completion device lining horizontal section 11 b of wellbore 11 and is typically isolated by a lead seal 17 from vertical section 11 a of wellbore 11 . live steam is supplied via tubing string 13 and exits from toe portion 13 b at end 19 . the steam flow is as indicated by arrows 21 . direct impingement of live steam onto slotted liner 15 at the area numbered 23 can potentially cause erosion and collapse of the liner 15 , which is an undesirable condition . also , using this technique the steams heat is concentrated near toe portion 13 b in areas 25 and 27 of reservoir 31 rather than along the length of slotted liner 15 . referring now to prior art fig2 , wellbore 29 has vertical section 29 a , which goes to the surface , and horizontal section 29 b that penetrates a long horizontal section of producing sand or reservoir 31 . slotted liner 37 lines horizontal section 29 b of wellbore 29 . tubing string 33 is run in from the surface and , on the lower end thereof is plugged off by plug 35 . the horizontal section 298 of tubing string 33 includes a heel portion 33 a and an opposite toe portion 33 b . the length of tubing string 33 , prior to the plug 35 , is provided with spaced apart drilled holes 39 along its entire horizontal section between heel portion 33 a and toe portion 33 b . each drilled hole 39 is covered with a sacrificial impingement strap 41 . sacrificial impingement straps 41 are constructed of a carbon steel material and may be ceramic coated if desired . sacrificial impingement straps 41 are welded to tubing string 33 with an offset above each drilled hole 39 . a steam generator source ( not shown ) is located at the surface and provides an input of steam into tubing string 33 . the steam travels down tubing string 33 to its lower horizontal section 29 b where it exits via drilled holes 39 . referring to fig3 , wellbore 110 is in fluid communication with a producing zone of subterranean reservoir 31 . wellbore 110 includes substantially vertical section 113 and substantially horizontal section 115 extending from a lower portion of substantially vertical section 113 . according to an embodiment of the present invention , horizontal section 115 includes liner 111 , which extends from vertical section 113 and through which steam is delivered into reservoir 31 . horizontal section 115 includes heel portion 117 , adjacent seals 119 , and toe portion 121 distally located away from seals 119 and vertical section 113 . liner 111 receives steam from string of tubing 123 for delivery into reservoir 31 . a plurality of valves 125 are positioned intermittently between heel and toe portions 117 , 121 . the axial distance between valves 125 can be adjusted for optimum , uniform or targeted delivery of steam into reservoir 31 . referring to fig4 and 5 , valve 125 is shown in the open position ( fig4 ) and the closed position ( fig5 ). valve 125 is positioned to communicate steam from within liner 111 through orifice 127 to the producing zone of reservoir 31 . valve 125 can be positioned on either the internal or external surface of liner 111 . while valve 125 is attached to liner 111 in fig3 , one skilled in the art will appreciate that tubing 123 can extend throughout horizontal section 115 and valve 125 could alternatively be attached thereto . valve 125 includes a valve casing 129 defining the outer portion of valve 125 through which steam flows . valve casing 129 initially extends radially outward from the axis of orifice 127 a predetermined distance to define the diameter of valve 125 . valve casing 129 then extends parallel with the axis of orifice 127 and back radially inward to define the boundaries of valve 125 . valve casing 129 extends radially inward a lesser distance than extending radially outward to define an opening 130 through which steam communicates . valve 125 includes actuation assembly 131 carried within valve casing 129 . actuation assembly 131 comprises valve base 133 and valve housing 135 , which define valve actuation chamber 137 . guide member 139 , which is connected to valve base 133 , guides valve ball 141 between open and closed positions when actuation assembly 131 actuates . valve ball 141 engages and disengages from valve seat 143 formed in the portion of orifice 127 adjacent valve 125 . liner 111 can include recess 145 for receiving valve casing 129 . recess 145 is preferably formed radially outward of orifice 127 a predetermined distance to thereby form valve connector 147 . valve connector 147 extends along the axis of orifice 127 for engagement with valve 125 . those skilled in the art will readily appreciated there are several ways for valve 125 to connect with valve connector 147 . for example , valve connector 147 can be threaded for threadedly engaging valve casing 129 . alternatively , valve casing 129 can have a predetermined clearance over valve connector 147 to form an interference fit , or such that when liner 111 is heated an interference fit is formed . positioning member 149 is preferably positioned between valve casing 129 and valve base 133 of actuation assembly 131 so that there is clearance for communicating steam when valve ball 141 is in the open position ( fig4 ). valve ball 141 engages valve seat 143 when in the closed position ( fig5 ) such that steam communication is ceased or impinged . actuation assembly 131 also includes actuation member 151 that engages valve ball 141 , and actuates valve ball 141 between open and closed positions . actuation assembly 131 actuates between the open and closed positions of fig4 and 5 , respectively , when the temperature exceeds or drops below a predetermined value . such can be achieved with such technologies as bimetallic materials , smart memory metals / alloys , or a combination thereof . u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 262 , 750 provides examples of such technologies and is hereby incorporated by reference . in one embodiment , the actuation mechanism actuates to the closed position when it exceeds 200 degrees celsius , and opens when it drops below 200 degrees celsius . in another embodiment , the actuation mechanism actuates to the closed position when it exceeds 400 degrees celsius , and opens when it drops below 400 degrees celsius . in another embodiment , the actuation mechanism is designed to actuate between about 200 to about 400 degrees celsius . typically the actuation point is determined based on the well characteristics , reservoir characteristics , and the amount of heat needed to mobilize the viscous crude within the reservoir . actuation assembly 131 can be set with an initial spring coefficient such that valve ball 141 is actuated to the closed position until liner 111 is pressurized by the steam being injected . then actuation assembly 131 and valve ball 141 remain open until actuation assembly 131 exceeds the predetermined temperature necessary to actuate valve ball 141 to the closed position . alternatively , a spring ( not shown ) could be positioned between valve ball 141 and valve housing 135 for biasing valve ball 141 to the closed position prior to pressurizing liner 111 with steam . in operation , string of tubing 123 delivers steam to liner 111 . steam travels from heel 117 to toe portion 121 . portions of steam are communicated through open valves 125 and orifices 127 into reservoir 31 while traveling from heel portion 117 to toe portion 121 . in the preferred embodiment , valves 125 are biased to the closed position prior to liner 111 being pressurized by the delivery of steam from string of tubing 123 . once steam is delivered to liner 111 and the pressure within liner 111 is increased above a predetermined amount , valves 125 open such that steam is delivered to reservoir 31 . depending upon whether valves 125 are positioned on the internal or external surface of liner 111 , steam communicates into valve through either opening 130 ( internal positioning ) or between valve seat 143 of orifice 127 and valve ball 141 ( external positioning ). steam flows between the interior of valve casing 129 and the exterior of actuation assembly 131 while communicating between opening 130 and the clearance between valve seat 143 and valve ball 141 for delivery into reservoir 31 . steam also communicates between valve ball 141 and valve actuation base 133 such that steam collects within chamber 137 . actuation member 151 is exposed to the steam within chamber 137 . as steam collects within chamber 137 , the temperature of actuation member 151 increases . when the temperature of chamber 137 and actuation member 151 exceed the predetermined value , actuation member 151 actuates valve ball 141 from the open position shown in fig4 to the closed position shown in fig5 . valve ball 141 sealingly engages valve seat 143 so that steam no longer communicates from liner 111 to reservoir 31 . while valve ball 141 is closed , steam also does not communicate into chamber 137 , thereby allowing actuation member 151 to cool . when actuation member 151 cools below the predetermined temperature , actuation member 151 actuates valve ball 141 back to the open position shown in fig4 . this opening and closing cycle continues to help ensure uniform delivery of steam from liner 111 into reservoir 31 . while the invention has been shown in only some of its forms , it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited , but susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention . | 8 |
an embodiment of the invention will be described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the drawings . fig1 is a block constructional diagram showing an embodiment of an enlarging reading apparatus as a document image processing apparatus according to the invention . reference numeral 1 denotes a lighting device comprising two fluorescent lamps as a light source and a reflecting mirror ( not shown ). the light source is not limited to the fluorescent lamps but can also use a tungsten lamp or a stroboscopic lamp . reference numeral 2 denotes a platen . a document 3 put on the platen 2 is illuminated by an illuminating light 4 ( light source ) from the lighting device 1 . reference numeral 5 denotes a camera having a zoom lens ( not shown ) which can change a magnification by , for instance , an optical magnification of six times . the camera 5 converts the document image transmitted through the zoom lens into the video electric signal by the vidicon or ccd . reference numeral 6 denotes an input unit which is used to input the magnification of the document image or the observing position in the inputting and reproducing mode of the document image . reference numeral 7 denotes a memory which is constructed by either one of a volatile memory device such as a semiconductor memory or the like , a non - volatile memory device such as a magnetic disk or the like , or a combination of the volatile memory device and the non - volatile memory device . the image data is written into the memory 7 . addresses in the memory 7 are constructed by an image identification number or a symbol which has automatically been supplied from the input unit 6 or a controller , which will be explained hereinlater , coordinate data from the platen 2 , and a magnification from the camera 5 . reference numeral 8 denotes a processor which can execute the scan onto the display screen and the image processes such as deletion of unnecessary portions by masking , adjustment of the brightness and contrast of the display screen , black and white inversion of the screen display , and the like of the video electric signal . the processor 8 can also switch the document image which is lighted at present by the lighting device 1 and the document image read out from the memory 7 and also invert the screen display of only one of those document images . reference numeral 9 denotes a display comprising a non - thermion device such as liquid crystal or the like which doesn &# 39 ; t need a high voltage circuit . reference numeral 10 denotes a controller comprising a microcomputer having an operational device whose electric power consumption is small and which can perform an arithmetic operation at a high speed . the controller 10 controls each of the above apparatuses or devices . that is , the controller 10 has the following control functions . ( 4 ) input of the coordinate data of the platen 2 and movement to the designated position . ( 5 ) setting of the operating mode and operation parameters by the input unit 6 . in the above document image processing apparatus , the document image ( document ) is written into the memory 7 in accordance with a flowchart shown in fig2 . first , in step s1 , the controller 10 turns on the light source of the lighting device 1 , so that the document is lighted at an illuminance that is necessary for the camera . subsequently , the platen 2 is moved and a desired location in the document ( target document image ) is selected and the magnification of the camera is adjusted ( step s2 ). the desired location and the magnification are supplied from the input unit 6 to the controller 10 by using a keyboard , a mouse , or the like . the controller 10 subsequently measures the coordinates of the platen 2 ( step s3 ). a title of document is inputted ( step s4 ). further , a predetermined command is inputted to the input unit 6 and the foregoing image data , document name , coordinates of the platen , and magnification are written into the memory 7 ( step s5 ). in steps s6 to s8 , the document image around the present position is written into the memory 7 by the control of the controller 10 . that is , in step s6 , the platen 2 is moved to peripheral position coordinates ( x , y ) of the target document image . when the position of the coordinates ( x , y ) exceeds a movement limit of the platen , the platen is moved to a movable limit position . subsequently , the document title , coordinates of the platen ( relative position with the target document image or absolute position ), and magnification are written into the memory 7 ( step s7 ). further , a check is made to see if the writing operation to the memory 7 has been completed or not with respect to all of the peripheral portions of the target document image ( step s8 ). if yes , step s9 follows and the controller 10 instructs the camera 5 to automatically change the image magnification . consequently , for instance , when the image magnification is set to a small value , that is , when an enlargement magnification is reduced , a visual field can be widened . when the image magnification is set to a large value , namely , when the enlargement magnification is increased , the document image can be further finely observed . the change in magnification can be previously fixed , i . e . programmed , to avoid errors regarding such changes . although the peripheral image data is fetched in steps s6 to s8 , when the image magnification is large , there is a case where a photographing object cannot be sufficiently covered . in such a case , further peripheral image data is fetched . in step s10 , the title of document of the image data , coordinates of the platen , and magnification are written into the memory 7 . in step s11 , a check is made to see if the writing of the predetermined magnification to the memory 7 has been completed or not . after the completion of the writing of the predetermined magnification was confirmed , and controller 10 turns off the power source of the lighting device 1 ( step s12 ) and the program is finished . according to the invention as mentioned above , by turning on the power source of the lighting device 1 only when the necessary data is written into the memory 7 , the electric power consumption can be saved . fig3 is a diagram showing a positional relation on the coordinates of the platen 2 between the target document image and the peripheral document image . in the diagram , the image 22 denotes the target document image written in steps s1 to s5 in fig2 . generally , the periphery of the target document image has a high correlation with the target document image , so that reference to the periphery of the target document image is highly probable . therefore , the images 11 ( left upper position ), 12 ( just over position ), 13 ( right upper position ), 21 ( left side ), 23 ( right side ), 31 ( left lower position ), 32 ( just under position ), 33 ( right lower position ) are written into the memory 7 as peripheral image data of the target image 22 . that is , in steps s9 to s11 , the peripheral document images of the image 22 are sequentially written into the memory 7 in accordance with the order from the image 11 . fig4 is a flowchart showing a control procedure in case of reading out the image data from the memory 7 . in the read only document image processing apparatus , the lighting device , camera , platen , and the like are not required but the document image processing apparatus can be constructed by the processor 8 , display 9 , controller 10 , input unit 6 , and memory 7 . first , in step s21 , a list of stored document images is displayed on the display 9 . subsequently , a desired image number or symbol is supplied to the controller 10 from the input unit 5 by using a keyboard , a mouse , or the like and an image is selected ( step s22 ). in step s23 , the image data is read out from the memory 7 and displayed on the display 9 . in this instance , arbitrary information among the document title of the image data , coordinates of the platen , and magnification is displayed at the corner of the image . in step s24 , the enlargement magnification and the observing position are selected . it will be obviously understood that the data to be selected in the above processing steps is limited to the image data which has already been written in the memory 7 . in the last step s25 , a check is made to see if the reading operation of desired image data from the memory 7 has been completed or not ( step s25 ). if no , the processing routine is returned to step s21 and the list is again displayed . if the reading of the image data has been completed , the program is finished . according to the embodiment as mentioned above , by dividing the process into two operations , namely , the present invention functions in a manner which is not possible in the conventional enlarging reading apparatus . further , in the above embodiment , the document image lighted by the lighting device 1 and the document image stored in the memory 7 are switched by the controller 10 and displayed on the display 9 . however , it is also preferable to construct in a manner such that the display picture plane on the display 9 is divided into two portions and both of the document image which is being lighted at present by the lighting device and the document image stored in the memory 7 are simultaneously displayed on the display screen of the display 9 . according to the invention as described in detail above , there are the following effects . ( 1 ) electric power consumptions of the lighting device and the display decreases , the power source which can be used is not limited , and their lives are also prolonged . ( 2 ) since the images can be stored by adding the memory , it is sufficient to execute the photographing operation once , it is sufficient to light for a short time , and the electric power consumption can be saved . ( 3 ) by using the non - thermion device such as liquid crystal or the like as a display , there is no need to use a high voltage circuit , the electric power consumption decreases , the weight also decreases , and the portability is improved . ( 4 ) the present image and the photographed stored image can be switched and displayed or can be simultaneously displayed . ( 5 ) since the movement of the document in the reading mode can be controlled by the controller , the document can be moved at a high speed . | 7 |
in the following description , for the purposes of explanation , numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of exemplary embodiments . it should be apparent , however , that exemplary embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement . in other instances , well - known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring exemplary embodiments . in addition , unless otherwise indicated , all numbers expressing quantities , ratios , and numerical properties of ingredients , reaction conditions , and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “ about .” the present disclosure addresses and solves the current problem of ild dishing created during gate oxide etching and metal gate recessing . in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure , a low - k cap layer composed of siocn or sioc is used to prevent ild dishing . still other aspects , features , and technical effects will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description , wherein preferred embodiments are shown and described , simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated . the disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments , and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects . accordingly , the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature , and not as restrictive . adverting to fig1 , a semi - conductive fin 101 is provided . the fin 101 is formed of a material such as silicon ( si ), germanium ( ge ), gallium arsenide ( gaas ), an alloy of si and ge , or indium phosphide ( inp ). polysilicon gates 103 are formed over the fin 101 . sin caps 105 are formed over the polysilicon gates 105 . source / drain ( s / d ) regions 107 are formed at opposite ends of each polysilicon gates 103 . sidewall spacers 109 are formed on the sidewalls of the polysilicon gates 103 and a gate oxide liner 111 is formed under each polysilicon gate 103 . a gap fill material 113 composed of tosz is formed between the gates to a height of 20 to 30 nm , e . g . 28 nm , over fin 101 to prevent voids . a hdp oxide 115 is formed over the tozs 113 to protect the tosz 113 during additional processing steps . the hdp oxide 115 is planarized by chemical mechanical polishing ( cmp ) and formed to a height of 30 to 40 nm , e . g . 40 nm , over the fin . adverting to fig2 , a sin etch back is performed to remove the sin cap 105 , followed by cmp to expose an upper surface of the polysilicon gates 103 and hdp oxide 115 . as shown in fig3 , an oxide etch is performed on the hdp oxide 115 to form a recess 301 . the target depth of the recess is no larger than 10 nm . adverting to fig4 , a siocn or sioc cap layer 401 is blanket deposited to a thickness of 20 to 30 nm over the polysilicon gates 103 and hdp oxide 115 . the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 is low - k material ( i . e . having a dielectric constant less than that of sio 2 ) initially deposited as a slurry . in fig5 , the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 is subjected to cmp , and the remaining siocn or sioc cap layer 401 has a thickness of 10 nm over the hdp oxide 115 . the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 is removed at a slow rate to stop on the upper surface of the polysilicon gates 103 . the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 prevents ild dishing of the hdp oxide 115 . the polysilicon gates 103 are removed to form gate openings 601 , as shown in fig6 . the gate oxide liner 111 is subject to an oxide etch and removed , as shown in fig6 . without the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 , ild dishing would occur during the gate oxide liner removal and result in a loss of 12 nm of the hdp oxide 115 . adverting to fig7 , metal gates 701 are formed in the gate openings 601 . excess metal is removed from an upper surface by cmp . the metal gate is formed of copper ( cu ), titanium ( ti ), tungsten ( w ) or tantalum ( ta ). adverting to fig8 , the metal gate 701 is recessed by 40 - 50 nm by rie down to the height of the tosz to form recesses 801 . the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 again prevents ild dishing of the hdp oxide 115 . without the siocn or sioc cap layer 401 ild dishing would occur and result in a loss of 15 nm of the hdp oxide 115 . in fig9 , a sin cap 901 is formed over each metal gate 701 for protecting the metal gate during a self - aligned contact ( sac ) formation . cmp is performed to planarize the sin cap 901 and to remove siocn or sioc cap layer 401 , stopping on an upper surface of the hdp oxide 115 . since the ild cap layer 401 protects the ild from dishing , the ild does not need to be thicker to compensate for the loss , and , therefore , the polysilicon gate can be formed to the desired thickness of the subsequently formed metal gate plus the sac sin cap . thus , the gate height is 60 to 80 nm , for example 68 nm ( 28 nm for the ultimate thickness of the metal gate , plus 30 nm for the sac sin cap , plus 10 nm for the siocn or sioc cap ), over the fin . in contrast , the conventional processes have a gate height of 90 nm ( 28 nm for the ultimate thickness of the metal gate plus 30 nm for the sac sin cap plus 32 nm to compensate for the oxide loss ) over the fin . the present disclosure therefore provides a gate height budget requirement that is 20 nm less than with conventional processing . the embodiments of the present disclosure can achieve several technical effects , including eliminating ild dishing , reducing micro - loading , minimizing gate height budget and improving gate height control during semiconductor processing . the present disclosure enjoys industrial applicability in any of various industrial applications , e . g ., microprocessors , smart phones , mobile phones , cellular handsets , set - top boxes , dvd recorders and players , automotive navigation , printers and peripherals , networking and telecom equipment , gaming systems , and digital cameras . the present disclosure therefore enjoys industrial applicability in any of various types of highly integrated semiconductor devices , particularly for advanced technology nodes . in the preceding description , the present disclosure is described with reference to specifically exemplary embodiments thereof . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the present disclosure , as set forth in the claims . the specification and drawings are , accordingly , to be regarded as illustrative and not as restrictive . it is understood that the present disclosure is capable of using various other combinations and embodiments and is capable of any changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein . | 7 |
fig2 is a block diagram of a tracking system based on user session data according to an embodiment of the present invention . a web server 10 provides web pages which are downloaded to a client ( user ) computer , and include urls 12 and flash , ajax , java , or other local applications 14 . each of the components referred to has associated metadata request elements 16 and 18 , respectively , for tracking clicks by the users 20 . the metadata request elements collect the user click information and transmit it over the internet 22 to a web analytics or tracking server 23 . data is initially provided to a group of web servers , or pixel servers , 23 as a log of click stream data . multiple collectors 26 pull the data , sort the data by session ( using the session id ), and provide the data in multiple messaging queues to the sessionizers ( transformers ) 28 . the data for the same session is sent to the same sessionizer based on a hash id algorithm . the sessionizers organize the collected data as discussed below , then provide it in different formats and based on various business and statistical logic through a variety of different messaging systems 30 to different targets that include but are not limited to : 1 — real time in - memory streaming for real time in - memory analytics 2 — real time in memory streaming through a variety of application apis for other applications . 3 — used for long term database loading or other storage media . any of these messaging systems 30 can pass on any number of well defined alerts coming from any external sources to the ram 35 . ram 35 may also directly receive an rss feed through the internet . thus , data from different sources including the session data from the sessionizer , the alerts or other data types from other external sources can be combined and processed , using any business logic or statistical data analysis in the ram and made available for real time viewing to any target . examples include , for the same client , not only web data , but call center data , bricks and mortar store data , giving a complete overview of business models defined and represented using the data . the data in ram 35 is provided to a variety of web services platforms 42 , which are available for external vendors to pull through any apis for export streaming . also , the data from ram 35 is accessed by a real time browser based application 44 . real - time analytics application 36 includes ram for storage 35 and ram based services 37 . ram based services 37 are programs stored in the main memory of a server which controls the storing , processing , aggregating , accessing , authenticating , authorizing , etc . of data in the ram . such services include a de - serializing service , an aggregator service , a localizer service , a security service , a messaging service , a recovery service , and / or any other service defined on the data in ram . real time reporter 44 may reside on a client computer or may be downloaded from a web analytic server , and can use flash , ajax , a local application or other methods for requesting and rendering reports . the data for the reports is requested from web analytics server 24 across the internet 22 . independent modules within the real time reporter program 44 will retrieve data in ram 35 from real time analytics application 36 asynchronously using interface module 40 , through different protocols ( https , flash , ajax , etc .) for the real time interactions . the system of fig2 is designed to respond at the speed of accessing the data in memory and processing the data in memory . it can also handle data for a large number of clients across a large number of geographically distant web servers . in one embodiment , collectors 26 include a large numbers of servers , with associated disk drive storage . there could typically be fewer servers for sessionizers 28 , and even fewer servers making up messaging system 30 , all with associated disk drives . loaders 31 may include dozens of servers and associated disk drives . ram 35 could be a single or multiple banks of rams . fig3 is a diagram of the flow of session tracking data according to an embodiment of the invention . tracked data is sent over the internet by metadata request elements downloaded to the browser of the computer utilized by any visitor to a client web site . as described above . this data is grouped into click stream events 50 , 52 and 54 which are sent to collector 26 on the web analytics server system . in addition to the tracking id of the prior art ( here , the cookie id is labeled & lt ; core_id & gt ;, for coremetrics id ), a session id is created and assigned by the web analytics server to each new session . the log of information tracked by the metadata request elements is thus associated not only with a core id , but a session id as well . each activity tracked and stored includes the core id and the session id . each stored activity is assigned a time stamp . the time stamp allows establishing the sequence of events and allows easy analysis of the activities that led to other activities . any session is maintained active as long as the user has his browser open , with a timeout ending the session if there is no activity for a designated time period . after the click stream events are transmitted over the internet to the web analytics server system , they are received by various instances of web servers , 60 , 62 , and 64 . the collectors examine the session id , and route the data to appropriate hashed message queues 70 , 72 and 74 based on hash bucket ids . thus , all data on the same session is sent to the same queue . in the course of such processing , load balancing is performed . the different collectors communicate with each other to identify queues that have been assigned to a particular session id . if a new sessionizer is added to the topology of the current sessionizers , they automatically reconfigure with all the routing changes . the data from the queues are sent to sessionizer instances 80 , 82 and 84 residing in sessionizer servers 28 . the sessionizers are transformers that take individual click data and transform it into different formats , such as data warehouse loadable data , data optimized for real time analysis , etc . in addition , the click events are aggregated to give the complete session data . in order to be able to completely recover from any disaster , sessionizers , store their in - memory data based on a defined policy in hierarchical common storage . session objects are stamped with their segmentation group ids as and when the information is available in a click . for example , when an order is complete a click is processed , a segmentation id based on the purchase order level can be stamped , and another segment id based on the kind of goods bought can be stamped . fig4 illustrates the operation of the sessionizers with respect to click streams from three different users . users 410 , 412 and 414 are shown accessing a website . for simplicity , all 3 users are accessing the same website in this example . the web analytic server is actually located on geographically disperse server farms , with multiple web analytics servers at each location . load balancers can route a user clicks to any of the web analytic servers . in the example shown , 4 web analytic servers 416 , 418 , 420 and 422 are shown ( web server 23 of fig2 ). the clicks of user 410 are represented by data paths with small squares . the data path of user 412 is represented by triangles , and user 414 by circles . as can be seen , the first click ( or series of clicks ) by user 410 connects to web analytic server 416 , the second click connects to server 422 and the third click connects to server 424 . for user 412 , the first click connects to server 418 and the second click connects to server 424 . for user 414 , the first click connects to server 416 , the second click to server 422 and the third click to server 424 . the information on each click , as well as session id and a core id from a cookie , are sent as click streams to a log target file on the web analytics server . multiple collector instances 426 , 428 , 430 and 432 pull the data from the target files , and sort and categorize it and then send data from the same user session to the same sessionizer . shown are two sessionizer targeted messaging queues 434 and 436 . as shown by the squares , triangles and circles , all the data for the current session from users 410 and 412 are sent to message queues 434 ( for triangles and squares ) 436 ( for circles ), while all the data for the current session from user 414 is sent to a queue 436 and onto sessionizer 440 . the sessionizers put together all the data from a user session ( as represented by the big square , triangle and circle ), and send them in different formats to a different targets 442 ( e . g ., a database loader , real time ram based analytics server , exporting , etc .). alternate embodiments are possible . for example , part or all of the click streams could be sent from the website server rather than the user computer . the click streams could identify a desired collector , with the data being sent directly to that collector , or to a memory area in ram dedicated to that collector . the collectors could be designated for a particular sessionizer , without having to sort between sessionizers . any number of collectors and sessionizers could be used . once the session is complete the aggregated session object will be marked for completion and the completed session click stream data is available for different targets as explained above . the sessionizer data metrics provided include ( 1 ) in - flight metrics for sessions that are still active ; ( 2 ) completed session metrics and ( 3 ) current session or snapshot statistics ( how many people are on the site , how many shopping carts are active , how many items are in carts , etc .). if there has been no activity for a predetermined time , a session is deemed timed - out , and thus completed . the sessionizer , prior to long term database storage of the clickstream data , aggregates data for each session and calculates certain session metrics . for example , the start and end pages of each session are identified and labeled , the length of each session is calculated , the products browsed , bought and abandoned are identified , etc . the session data is organized as a hierarchical data structure using multiple levels of hashing . ( 1 ) the data is first organized by client ( e . g ., the company with the website ), then ( 2 ) is organized as sets of sessions . ( 3 ) for each session , multiple sub tables can be provided , including : pages , products , technical properties ; shopping carts ; etc . high value sessions ( e . g ., more than 100 page views , order value greater than $ 100 etc .) can also be identified and grouped . the segments can be any grouping of users and user &# 39 ; s sessions based on defined properties or criterion . for example , users that came from google can be grouped in one segment , and those that came from yahoo ! can be grouped in another . multi - level segments can be established , such as users that came from google , looked at the same product and bought the product . users can be grouped by the search terms they use , or by articles bought . this allows a company marketer to target these segments . for example , if a segment for purchases of products from a certain retailer shows a spike , an ad or promotion directed to that retailer &# 39 ; s products could be implemented immediately . segments can be generated for completed sessions , for current ( in - flight ) session data , or for session snapshots . the sessionizers use polls for new segments , or segment information could be pushed . as a new segment is defined , the data fitting that segment is made available . the sessionizer obtains new segment definitions from various sources , such as the real time reporter 44 , reporter 34 , or other tools . a user can define segments , and push them onto the sessionizer . this service retrieves data with segmentation expressions from the database periodically , validates retrieved expressions and locates them in a poll . these expressions will be used for filtering sessions . in one embodiment , click fraud can be detected . the sessionizer can flag when there are more than a predetermined threshold ( e . g ., 5 or 10 ) of clicks on an ad during a single session or across sessions from the same machine . this can be flagged as probable click fraud , and reported to the client . a client can set the threshold , and can take appropriate action , such as not counting clicks from that machine in determining advertising payments . fraudulent accesses can also be flagged , such as by detecting when a suspiciously large number of page accesses are detected , or a large number of purchases . this can be done by setting thresholds , which individual clients can customize . different types of spam can be filtered out , such as a hacker trying to record a large number of fraudulent purchases , or a large number of purchases with different credit cards from the same computer . the sessionizer can fully recover from a server crash . a current session snapshot is saved periodically as set by an administrator . the data is saved using hash buckets to store the data in flat files on secondary storage . thus , after a crash , data can be quickly reloaded up to the last save time . for data after the last save time , the collectors pull the data from the target files again , and send to the sessionizers to reperform the sessionizer recovery operations . this strikes a balance between the amount of data that needs to be recomputed and the amount and timing of backup data stored in secondary storage . it will be understood that modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention . for example , a single sessionizer could be used instead of a large number of sessionizers . in addition to monitoring clicks ( of a mouse , trackball , etc . ), other users actions could be monitored , including words highlighted by a user , the dwell time a user spends looking at a particular page , downloads , transactions , cursor movements , scrolling , and any other detectable actions of a user . accordingly , the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative , but not limiting , of the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims . | 6 |
the present disclosure provides systems and methods for creating a novel user interface that supports not only single - user interactions with a personal computer , but also close pair collaboration , such as that found in distributed pair programming . in one implementation , the methods and systems may be implemented using a personal computer . fig1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary personal computer system that may be used to implement the invention . personal computer 100 includes a display device 102 , console 104 , and camera 106 . a variety of suitable display devices 102 may be used , including a cathode ray tube ( crt ) display , a liquid crystal display , or a projection display . display device 102 does not require any particular display resolution or color capabilities in order to implement the methods and systems described herein . console 104 may be of any commercially available or custom architecture and may be based on a variety of microprocessor architectures , including an intel - style processor , a motorola - style processor , mips , and others . console 104 may include supporting memory , such as ram and rom , and storage devices , including magnetic disk drives and optical drives . console 104 may also include an operating system that provides interface functionality between software applications and the underlying hardware . in one implementation , an apple macintosh running macos x 10 . 2 was used . console 104 may also include interface hardware , such as a graphics interface card , to support display device 102 . the graphics interface card preferably provides standard 3d graphics capabilities and may interface with application software using the opengl standard . in one implementation , an nvidia geforce4 graphics interface card was used . one feature that is preferably provided by the graphics card is the ability to transparently combine images . this feature will be described in further detail below . camera 106 interfaces to console 104 using a suitable high speed interface , such as ieee 1394 , also referred to as firewire . camera 106 is preferably capable of providing a video signal at 30 frames per second for best performance . stored video , such as from a digital versatile disk ( dvd ), may be used to produce a video stream in place of or in addition to the camera 106 . in one implementation , an orangemicro ibot camera was used to produce color video images of user 108 at 30 frames per second with a resolution of 640 pixels by 480 pixels . although the embodiment illustrated in fig1 includes a single camera , the present disclosure is not limited to using a single camera to capture video images of the user or the user &# 39 ; s environment . in an alternate implementation , multiple cameras may be used . for example , one camera may be trained on the user and the other camera may be trained on a whiteboard in the user &# 39 ; s office . in such an implementation , the image of the user and the image of the whiteboard may be combined with the desktop image and sent to a remote user so that the remote user can see the local user , the local user &# 39 ; s desktop , and the whiteboard . as shown in fig1 , camera 106 is placed in proximity to display device 102 and is directed toward user 108 . as described in greater detail below , display device 102 displays a composite image of the computer desktop and a video stream of user 108 generated by camera 106 . in one exemplary implementation , the image of user 108 appears on display device 102 as if the user is viewing the desktop from behind . by placing camera 106 in front of the user 108 , the user 108 is able to easily self - register an image the user &# 39 ; s finger 110 with a desired location on the screen . that is , because the image of user 108 appears to be behind the desktop and camera 106 is located in front of user 108 , when user 108 points to an object on the desktop , the user &# 39 ; s image points at the same object . this alignment of camera 106 , user 108 , the user image , and the desktop image has been found to be very convenient for collaborative applications , such as paired programming , where two users are viewing text or objects on the same desktop . in addition to the display aspect , the present disclosure may also include a control aspect . for example , user 108 may make predetermined movements of finger 110 to control one or more programs executing on computer 100 . in one implementation , the user may train computer 100 to recognize certain movements as mouse clicks or other events to allow user 108 to interact with application programs . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary method of providing the user interface in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure . the method may be implemented as an application running on computer 100 or may be integrated into the operating system . referring to fig2 , camera 106 generates a video stream which is used as an input to video capture process 202 . video capture process 202 may provide various options for handling the incoming video stream , such as displaying the incoming video stream on display device 102 , storing the video stream on one of the storage devices included in console 104 , and / or forwarding the video stream to video intercept process 204 . video intercept process 204 provides an interface to other processes and applications to permit real time processing of the video stream . in an embodiment of the invention , video intercept process 204 receives the incoming video stream from video capture process 202 . in accordance with one aspect of the disclosure , video intercept process 204 forwards the video stream to a custom video analysis process 206 . the video analysis process 206 provides analysis techniques to extract the position of objects in the video frame . in particular , the coordinates of an object of interest , such as a user &# 39 ; s fingertip , are determined and passed to the user interface of the computer , shown in fig2 as the mouse driver process 208 . in order to facilitate recognition of the user &# 39 ; s fingertip , the user may wear a thimble of a predetermined color that preferably does not occur frequently in nature . in one exemplary implementation , the thimble may be a fluorescent red color . the coordinates of the object of interest may be determined by converting each frame of the video stream into a two - color image by applying a filter . the filter may pass a specific color and block others . the resulting image shows a concentration of pixels corresponding to the location of the object of interest . if the image contains more than one concentration of pixels , the largest concentration of pixels closest to the previous location of the object of interest may be selected to be the object of interest . the center of the concentration is determined and used as the location of the object of interest . other algorithms for object detection and tracking may be used in video analysis process 206 , such as edge detection or motion detection . an example algorithm for edge detection uses image analysis to determine the gradient of a greyscale colorspace image to find the most likely edges of objects . an object may then be searched for by looking for particular shapes or sizes of objects and thereby determining their placement in the image . motion detection algorithms detect objects in motion in a video stream by detecting differences between two subsequent video frames . the areas of difference correspond to objects in the video field of view that have moved . in a system such as the video analysis process 206 , this can be used to find frequently moving objects , such as fingertips or other object of interest that a user is using to direct the video , against a nominally non - moving background . other approaches in video analysis process 206 may combine algorithms into new discovery techniques , such as using color filtering to provide a sample set of possible objects of interest and edge detection to further refine the set into the specific objects requested . the location of the object of interest is passed to the mouse driver process 208 , for example as a coordinate pair . the mouse driver process 208 translates the coordinate pair into a format understandable by the application 210 . it should be appreciated that the term “ mouse ” is used generically to describe a user input device and may include other user input devices , such as a trackball , joystick , or tablet . in fig2 , mouse driver process 208 passes information about control events , such as “ click ” events and “ drag ” events , to application 210 . in one exemplary implementation , a mouse click event may be indicated by the disappearance and re - appearance of the thimble within a predetermined time period . in order to initiate the event , the users may cover then uncover the thimble . audio cues or commands may also be used to initiate and / or terminate a control event . other events may be defined by the user using mouse gesture definition software , such as cocoa gestures available for the apple macintosh platform . application 210 may be the computer operating system or an application running on the computer . based on the type of mouse events reported to the application 210 , the application 210 may update or change the information that is displayed on computer display device 102 . for example , a window containing an application may be opened , closed , or resized and this change is displayed on display device 102 . application 210 may forward the updated display information to application stream process 212 . application stream process 212 may be provided as part of the computer operating system to provide a uniform interface for an application to update its appearance on the computer display 102 . application stream process 212 acts as an input to the transparency process 214 , which may alter properties of the application stream . the output from transparency process 214 is forwarded to the compositing process 216 . video analysis process 206 forwards the intercepted video stream to video altering process 218 . video altering process 218 may incorporate various real time filters and effects to manipulate the video stream . for example , an animated overlay layer may be added to the video stream to mark - up archived content . an edge detection filter may also be used to create a minimally intrusive line - drawing effect for the feedback video , which may influence the level of transparency of the video stream that is set by transparency process 214 . video altering process 218 forwards the altered video stream to the visual feedback process 220 . visual feedback process 220 may perform additional image manipulations to provide feedback to the user with regard to the position of the pointer . the manipulations may include horizontally reversing the images of the video stream to produce a mirror image to provide meaningful feedback to the user concerning the location of his hand relative to the desired pointer location on the desktop . the altered video stream is forwarded to transparency process 214 , which may change the display properties of the video stream . the video stream is made up of a series of video frames and an alpha channel . the value of the alpha channel determines the level of transparency of the video frame images . the opengl standard provides an interface for changing , among other things , the alpha channel of the video stream . transparency process 214 forwards the video stream to compositing process 216 . compositing process 216 combines the video stream and the application stream into a single output stream which is displayed on display device 102 . compositing process 216 takes advantage of the powerful image process capabilities of 3d graphics interface cards . the video stream and the application stream images are combined to form a single video stream that is forwarded to the screen buffer and displayed on display device 102 for viewing by the user . the transparency of each stream , which is set by the respective transparency process 214 , determines the level of opacity of each stream . fig3 is a diagram of an exemplary composite image displayed on a user display device 102 in accordance with the present disclosure . in this example , the video stream of image 300 appears as a reflection of user 108 on display device 102 and does not obscure the view of application desktop 302 of the computer . user 108 may control interface pointer 304 by moving his finger 110 to the desired location on the screen . the user &# 39 ; s image on the screen enhances the visual feedback to the pointer &# 39 ; s location and allows the user to naturally correct for spatial offsets , for example due to the camera angle or location , without a formal camera registration process . while controlling the location of interface pointer 304 , user 108 may focus his attention on the composite image displayed on display device 102 . as user 108 moves his finger 110 to point to the desired location on the desktop , user 108 observes the corresponding movement of the interface pointer 304 . if interface pointer 304 is not at the desired location , user 108 may adjust the position of his finger 110 until interface pointer 304 is at the desired location . this self - registration process permits the user to change his location with respect to the camera and still control the location of interface pointer 304 . thus , user 108 is not tied to a particular location with respect to the camera in order to control the user interface . fig3 shows interface pointer 304 displayed in a diagnostic mode . the area around the point of interest , in this case the image of the user &# 39 ; s finger 110 , is displayed as a two - color image . the dark portion of the image corresponds to the location of colored thimble 306 worn on the user &# 39 ; s finger 110 . as previously discussed , the coordinates of thimble 306 on the desktop may be determined by filtering the image and determining a location of a concentration of pixels that correspond to the location of the point of interest . in fig3 , the concentration of pixels corresponds to the location of thimble 306 . the center of the concentration of pixels is determined and used as the location of the point of interest , and the desktop pointer would be moved to that location . fig4 is a block diagram of the software architecture in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure . the embodiment described with reference to fig4 is based on macos x operating system . however , it should be emphasized that the present disclosure is not limited to any particular computer operating system or hardware platform . referring to fig4 , live video ( e . g ., quicktime ™ digital video ) 402 or archived video files 404 are used to produce a video stream . on apple platforms , quicktime ™ intercepts and allows applications to handle the video stream in the same manner regardless of the source . in addition , quicktime ™ provides a well - defined and powerful application programming interface ( api ), referred to as the quicktime ™ effects layer 406 , that permits the processing of the video stream by user - defined processes . in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure , a custom video analysis routine , trackerlib 408 , is implemented as a quicktime ™ api application . trackerlib 408 provides analysis techniques to extract positions of objects in the video frame . in particular , the coordinates of the user &# 39 ; s fingertip are determined and passed to the user interface ( ui ) of the computer , thereby acting like a human interface ( hi ) device . the output of trackerlib 408 is processed by the hi device layer 410 in a manner similar to a traditional external input device , such as a mouse or trackball . as described above , “ click ” events may be generated by gestures of the user , for example by temporarily obscuring the user &# 39 ; s fingertip . in one embodiment , obscuring the user &# 39 ; s fingertip for less than 0 . 5 seconds may be interpreted by trackerlib as a “ single click ”. obscuring the user &# 39 ; s fingertip for more than 0 . 5 seconds but less than 1 second may be interpreted as a “ double click ”. drag events , which involve clicking on an object and dragging it from a first location on the desktop to a second location , may be generated by obscuring the user &# 39 ; s fingertip , moving the fingertip from a first location to a second location , and un - obscuring the fingertip . the first and second locations are the endpoints of the drag event . trackerlib 408 uses positional and object boundary information to alter the video stream for visual feedback to the user . in the present embodiment , various real - time filters and effects 412 native to the operating system are used to perform the desired image manipulations . for example , quicktime ™ sprites 414 may be used to mark - up archived content . sprites are an animated overlay layer that may be used for per - object visual tracking feedback and may respond to various mouse events . edge detection filters may be used to create a minimally intrusive line - drawing effect for the feedback video . the quartz extreme layer 416 combines the video and ui streams into a series of opengl 418 textures with appropriate alpha channels . the textures are composited by the accelerated video hardware &# 39 ; s 420 3d opengl pipeline and sent to the display device 422 . it should be appreciated that applications other than quartz extreme and opengl may be used to provide transparency control of the video streams . in the examples described above , a single video stream is combined with a desktop application stream and composited to form an output stream that is displayed by a display device . it should be appreciated , however , that the method described in fig2 and 4 may be expanded to include multiple input video streams . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary method of providing a computer user interface using two input video streams in accordance with another aspect of the present invention . the methods shown in fig5 have been described above with respect to fig2 . as such , a description of the methods need not be repeated herein . each video stream is handled by a respective video capture process 202 and video intercept process 204 . in a shared application , trackerlib process 206 may be modified to examine each video input stream to determine which stream contains information used to determine the location of the mouse pointer . the location of the point of interest is passed to the mouse driver process 208 , which may result in changes to the application state and application stream as described above . trackerlib process 206 forwards each video stream to its respective video altering process 218 , visual feedback process 220 , and transparency process 214 . compositing process 216 combines the application stream and each video stream to produce a single output stream that is displayed on the display device . it should be appreciated that the method shown in fig5 may be expanded to include additional video input streams by adding the respective processing blocks . collaborative desktop applications currently exist that permit multiple users to control their own mouse pointer on a shared desktop . to accommodate such applications , the method depicted in fig5 may be modified such that the trackerlib process 206 produces a mouse pointer output for each video stream . this may be accomplished by executing an instance of the trackerlib process 206 for each video stream and the respective pointer location information forwarded to the collaborative desktop application . fig6 is a diagram of an exemplary composited image displayed on a user display device showing a collaborative desktop application in accordance with one aspect of the invention . fig6 shows an image 602 of a first user and an image 604 of a second user combined with a computer desktop image 606 . the composite image may be produced by combining a video stream of the first and second users and compositing these video streams with the desktop application stream to produce the displayed image . in one implementation , the users may be in different locations . in such an implementation , the video stream for one user may be sent over a network to the computer of the other user . the receiving computer combines the two user &# 39 ; s images with the desktop on that computer using the process described above . the composite image may then be transmitted over the network to the remote user &# 39 ; s computer where it is displayed . such as implementation allows remote collaboration , such as distributed programming . the implementation may be extended to n users , where n is any number greater than 2 that the video hardware is capable of supporting . in fig6 , the image is displayed using a projector , although a desktop monitor may be used also . the combined image allows each user to view the common desktop and assist in the collaborative efforts of the users . each user may gain control of the shared desktop pointer as described above or may control his own pointer . as previously noted , the methods and systems described herein provide an effective technique for a single user to interact with a personal computer or other computing device . these methods and systems are also effective in applications and devices where two users or more are collaborating on a task or otherwise communicating synchronously . in one implementation , the composite display described above may be implemented by making the video image of the user transparent and placing the video image of the user on top of the desktop contents to let the desktop contents show through . in an alternate implementation the video image of the user may be placed behind the desktop contents so that the desktop contents are in full view with a faint image of the user under the desktop contents . there may be some applications for which the video image of the user may be composited with other video streams such that portions of some streams may be obscured by the video image of the user and others may obscure portions of the video of the user . video images may be generated live from a camera or other real - time capture device or may come from a stored video source , such as a movie file or data repository . in one implementation , a live video image of the user may be displayed simultaneously with stored video content , such as a movie , so that the user can interact with the movie . according to yet another feature of the present disclosure , the level of transparency of the user and / or desktop image may be set dynamically . during use , the user may change the video image from nearly or fully transparent image ( where the user &# 39 ; s image is not visible or is very faint , to emphasize the desktop contents ) to a nearly or fully opaque image ( where the user image is dominant and fully or nearly obliterates the desktop contents ) to emphasize the video information and communication via the user &# 39 ; s image . this dynamic setting may be implemented with explicit interface software controls , such as sliders , buttons , etc ., in the windowing software , by hardware devices , or by image recognition of hand , arm , or face motions , or other video image content . the methods and systems described herein can be applied to personal computer gaming , electronic games on platforms other than a personal computer , such as a game console , arcade platform , game engines running remotely over the internet or other network , or custom game processes embedded in other products . for example , the video image of a user may be transparently combined with a game display , and the user may be able to control objects in the game display using the methods described herein . the methods and systems described herein will function with different camera angles and locations other than directly in front of the user . it may be appropriate for different applications or usage contexts to have the camera closer or further away , above or below the level - plane of the user &# 39 ; s eyes or at a point distant from the user to accommodate angles that provide better ease of arm motion , pointing , or user interactions . the methods and systems described herein allow a single user to control a computer operating system without the aid of a traditional pointing device , such as a mouse or trackball . the single user embodiment may be particularly useful when access to a traditional pointing device is not convenient , such as during a presentation in a lecture hall . the methods and systems described herein also allow multiple users to control a single computer operating system . the methods described may be combined with the networking capabilities of modern personal computers to provide a video stream from remote locations , for example to support teleworking and distance education applications . applications of the methods and systems described herein , in addition to those described above , include video conferencing in which multiple users may desire to transparently register their images on the same desktop and / or control the same desktop . another exemplary application of the methods and systems described herein includes scientific visualization , 3 - d graphics models , virtual reality environments , or any other material in which the image displayed is controlled by a mouse pointer . for example , in a virtual reality environment , instead of using a mechanical mouse to navigate through an image , the user may use the tracked video image of the user &# 39 ; s finger to navigate the virtual reality environment . in yet another application , the methods and systems described herein may be used to drive any external devices that can be driven by a computer interface . for example , telescopes include software interfaces that allow the telescopes to be driven to view particular objects . using the methods and systems described herein , a user may simply point his finger at an object that the user desires the telescope to view and the resulting image of the user &# 39 ; s finger may interface with the telescope control software to point the telescope at the particular object . in yet another application , the methods and systems described herein may implement an all - video desktop . in order to implement an all - video desktop , the methods and systems described herein may be used to track additional objects other than the user &# 39 ; s fingers . for example , the user &# 39 ; s face , and / or icons on the desktop may be tracked in the video frame . in yet another application , the methods and systems described herein may be used to facilitate control of a computer by handicapped users . for example , for visually handicapped users , audio signals or tactile feedback may be provided to the user as the pointer is tracked to indicate desktop objects being manipulated by the pointer . yet another application for the methods and systems described herein is gesture based web browsing . for example , the application being controlled by one or more users using the methods and systems described herein may be a web browser . just as a conventional web browser may be controlled using mouse click events , the methods and systems described herein may be used to generate such events and allow users to control web browsers using a convenient interface . in collaborative web browsing , video images of multiple users may be transparently displayed with the same web browser and each user may point to or control interfaces associated with the web browser using the respective users video image . such an application is particularly important for collaborative research where the research is being performed via internet web pages . it will be understood that various details of the present disclosure may be changed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure . furthermore , the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only , and not for the purpose of limitation , as the present disclosure is defined by the claims as set forth hereinafter . | 6 |
referring to the figures , it can be understood that the present invention is embodied in a cable handling accessory 10 for supporting cables and wires such as are found at mining sites or the like . cable handling accessory 10 comprises an earth moving vehicle 12 , such as a backhoe , or the like . vehicle 12 has a first end 14 which is a front end when the vehicle is in use . an earth moving blade moving mechanism 20 is located on the front end of the vehicle . blade moving mechanism 20 is common to such earth moving vehicles and the details of such mechanism are not important to the present invention . as such , the details of mechanism 20 will not be claimed or discussed . earth moving blade mechanism 20 is movable between a first position in which an earth moving blade connected to mechanism 20 is oriented at an oblique angle to the ground and a second position in which the earth moving blade connected to mechanism 20 is parallel to the ground . a cable handler 30 includes a base 32 which has a first surface 34 which is a front surface when the cable handler is in use and a second surface 36 which is a rear surface when the cable handler is in use . base 32 further includes a first side edge 38 , a second side edge 40 and a width dimension 42 which extends between first side edge 38 and second side edge 40 . base 32 further includes a first end edge 46 which connects first side edge 38 to second side edge 38 , a second end edge 48 which connects first side edge 38 to second side edge 40 and a length dimension 50 which extends between first end edge 46 and second end edge 48 . a mounting bracket 60 is located on second surface 36 of base 32 and , as indicated in fig1 , is sized and adapted to couple to the earth moving blade mechanism of the earth moving vehicle to be moved thereby . base 32 is movable between a first position shown in fig1 in dotted lines in which a plane p 1 containing first surface 34 of base 32 is oriented at an oblique angle to the ground when the earth moving blade mechanism is in the first position thereof and a second position shown in solid lines in fig1 in which plane p 1 containing the first surface of the base is oriented to be parallel to the ground when the earth moving blade mechanism is in the second position thereof . a first spool element 70 is mounted on first surface 34 of base 32 of the cable handler adjacent to first side edge 38 and adjacent to first end edge 46 . first spool element 70 includes a cylindrical base 72 having a first end 74 unitary with first surface 34 of the base of the cable handler and a second end 76 spaced apart from plane p 1 containing first surface 34 . cylindrical base 72 has an outer dimension 78 . a plate 80 is unitary with second end 76 of cylindrical base 72 and is oriented in a plane p 2 that is parallel to plane p 1 . plate 80 has an outer dimension 82 that is larger than outer dimension 78 of cylindrical base 72 . a gap 84 is defined between plate 80 and first surface 34 of base 32 . a second spool element 100 is mounted on first surface 34 of base 32 adjacent to first side edge 38 and adjacent to second end edge 48 . second spool element 100 is spaced apart from first spool element 70 in the direction of length dimension 50 of base 32 . second spool element 100 includes a cylindrical base 102 has a first end 104 which is unitary with first surface 34 of base 32 and a second end 106 that is spaced apart from plane p 1 . cylindrical base 102 has an outer dimension 108 . a plate 110 is unitary with second end 106 of cylindrical base 102 and is oriented in a plane p 3 that is parallel to plane p 1 . plate 110 has an outer dimension 112 that is larger than outer dimension 108 of cylindrical base 102 of second spool element 100 . a gap 120 is defined between plate 110 and first surface 34 of base 32 . the gaps 84 and 120 are sized and adapted to accommodate cable 130 which is retained on the base of the cable handler between the first surface of the base of the cable handler and the plates of the first and second spool elements to move with the base of the cable handler . use of cable handling accessory 10 can be understood from the teaching of the foregoing disclosure and thus will be only briefly discussed . the cable handler 30 is placed on the earth moving vehicle , such as in place of the front bucket of a backhoe , and cable is attached to the spools as necessary to move the cable and to keep proper slack on the cable . while various embodiments of the invention have been described , it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of this invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents . | 1 |
in the following detailed description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings that show , by way of illustration , specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced . these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention . it is to be understood that the various embodiments of the invention , although different , are not necessarily mutually exclusive . for example , a particular feature , structure , or characteristic described herein in connection with one embodiment may be implemented within other embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention . in addition , it is to be understood that the location or arrangement of individual elements within each disclosed embodiment may be modified without departing from the scope of the invention . the following detailed description is , therefore , not to be taken in a limiting sense , and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims , appropriately interpreted , along with the full range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled . in the drawings , like numerals refer to the same or similar functionality throughout the several views . fig1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of a transport system that moves a visible and / or an infrared ( ir ) camera enclosed in an industrial housing along a rail . while the embodiment of fig1 and 2 show a transport system of the invention in connection with an ir camera , those of skill in the art will readily realize that the invention is not limited to an ir camera , but that embodiments of the transport system of fig1 and 2 could also transport other pieces of equipment as well . additionally , while the embodiment of fig1 is discussed in connection with an industrial furnace , those of skill in the art will readily realize that the transport system of fig1 and 2 can be used in connection with other pieces of industrial equipment also . moreover , while the transport system of fig1 and 2 is described as operating with a pneumatic system , one of skill in the art will realize that other means of powering the transport system such as electric powered motors in combination with gears , belts , chains , and / or pulleys could also be used . the support and transport structure 100 of fig1 has a frame 105 . attached to the frame 105 is a first motion transport system . in an embodiment , the first motion transport system is a pneumatic transport system that consists of a rail 110 and a trolley structure 115 . in another embodiment , the rail 110 is one that is manufactured by tol - o - matic ® of hamel , minn . ( www . tolomatic . com ). in an embodiment , the frame 105 is attached to the outside of the wall of an industrial housing 140 , and the pneumatic transport system is attached to the frame 105 . in one particular embodiment , the wall of the industrial housing 140 is an outside wall of a furnace . positioned on top of the trolley structure 115 is an enclosure 120 . the enclosure 120 contains a stepper motor 126 and a shaft 127 . the stepper motor and shaft have wheels 128 , 129 attached thereto respectively , and wheels 128 , 129 are coupled via a belt , a chain , a gearing system or other means 130 . ( see fig2 ). connected to the enclosure 120 via a cable 136 is a control box 137 that houses a control processor and electrical and pneumatic controls . also attached to the control box 137 is a reservoir 138 for the storage of pneumatic air . a second industrial housing 135 is connected to the end of shaft 127 opposite that of the wheel 129 . in an embodiment , the industrial housing 135 encloses a camera , such as an ir camera . also attached to the frame 105 is a second motion transport system that , like the first motion transport system , may be a pneumatic transport system . in the embodiment of fig1 , such a pneumatic transport system has a rail 150 , a second trolley structure 156 , and a door 154 . the second trolley structure is attached to the door 154 with attachments 157 and tension springs 153 that attach the door 154 to the pneumatic transport system via a door trolley structure 156 . the door trolley 156 in fig1 and 2 is depicted in generic form to indicate that several connecting mechanisms known in the art could be used to connect the door 154 to the trolley structure 156 . in one particular embodiment , the details of which are illustrated in fig1 a and 2 a , the attachment 157 includes a triangular bracket 157 a and a roller 158 b to connect the bracket 157 a to the trolley structure 156 . the door covers an opening 160 in the industrial housing wall 140 ( fig2 ). the transport system 100 supports and transports the industrial housing 135 into and out of an industrial environment . in an embodiment , the industrial environment is a furnace , and the industrial housing 135 encloses an ir camera . an exploded view of an embodiment of an industrial housing 135 and an ir camera is illustrated in fig3 . the housing 135 has a bottom plate 171 , and encloses a camera 170 . an opening 172 receives the camera lens ( not shown in fig3 ) that is attached to the camera 170 . the camera lens is enclosed and protected by a window 173 and lens housing 174 that is attached to the industrial housing . a coupling unit 175 attaches onto the housing wall , and serves to connect the housing 135 to the shaft 127 . in an embodiment , the industrial housing 135 is manufactured out of hardened stainless steel , and the window 173 is made out of sapphire . in different embodiments , the lens attached to the camera may be a wide angle lens , a narrow angle lens , and / or a telescoping lens . referring now to fig2 , the door 154 has been moved in the direction of arrow a . as will be explained in detail in connection with fig4 , the movement of the door along arrow a occurs by activating the second pneumatic transport system , which moves door trolley 156 and the door 154 along rail 150 , thereby exposing opening 160 in the industrial wall 140 . referring now to fig2 a , in an embodiment , attachments 157 a & amp ; b and tension springs 153 a & amp ; b secure the door 154 to the door trolley 156 . the attachment 157 between door trolley 156 and the door 154 has compression springs 157 c to ensure a tight seal between the door 154 and the wall 140 when the door trolley 156 is in the lowered position . tension springs 153 a & amp ; b between door 154 and door trolley 156 is to ensure the door is held against the door trolley and away from the wall 140 when the door trolley is in the upper position . when the door trolley 156 first begins to rise , the compression spring force of attachments 157 a & amp ; b releases and tension springs 153 a & amp ; b pull door 154 toward door trolley 156 and away from the wall 140 . this ensures that there is no interference between the door 154 and the wall 140 or other structure . as the door trolley 156 continues to raise , both the door trolley 156 and door 154 move in the direction of arrow a . when the door 154 and door trolley 156 are lowered by activating the second pneumatic transport system , the door first moves with the door trolley down in the direction of arrow b until roller 158 a , which is fixed to door 154 , contacts the horizontal portion of the frame 105 a . the trolley 156 continues to move down while the door 154 can not , causing compression spring loaded attachment 157 b to move the door toward the industrial wall 140 . the detail of the attachment 157 b , roller 158 a and tension spring 153 b is illustrated in fig1 a and 2 a . referring to fig1 a , as the door trolley 156 is moved down by the second pneumatic transport system with the roller 158 b preventing any further movement in the direction of arrow b , attachment 157 a pushes the door 154 away from the door trolley 156 toward wall 140 . when the door trolley 156 is raised by the second pneumatic system , the tension spring 153 a first pulls the door 154 back away from the industrial wall 140 and then door trolley 156 and door 154 move together in the direction of arrow a . in situations in which the industrial housing 140 is cylindrical - like in shape , or the surface of a flat housing wall is not perfectly planar , an adapter can be welded or otherwise coupled onto the wall of the industrial housing . the surface of the adapter that contacts the door 154 can then be machined to accurately mate with the door . fig2 further shows that enclosure 120 , shaft 127 , and housing 135 have been moved along rail 110 via the activation of the first pneumatic transport system . the housing 135 itself has been moved through opening 160 into the industrial housing 140 . fig2 further illustrates that the industrial housing 135 has been rotated from a home position as illustrated in fig1 ( as determined by the direction that the window 173 and lens housing 174 is pointed ), to a deployed position as illustrated in fig2 . in another embodiment , the industrial housing is attached to the shaft 127 by a mechanism that allows the industrial housing 135 to tilt when it is in the industrial housing 140 . in an embodiment , the transport structure 100 is connected to a processor housed in control box 137 that controls the functions of the transport system 100 . a flowchart outlining an embodiment of the control process is illustrated in fig4 . in fig4 , the control process 400 at block 405 ( a process control computer ) transmits a signal to the camera 170 to determine the temperature of the camera . if the temperature of the camera is too high , for example because of a recent incursion into a furnace , the process control will not move the camera into the furnace . in one embodiment , a timed loop is programmed into the processor logic to poll the temperature again , and see if the temperature is low enough to be inserted into the furnace . in other embodiments , the insertion of the camera is on a timed and scheduled basis , and the system then waits for the next scheduled time to insert the camera into the furnace . in yet another embodiment , an operator provides a command to the processor to move the camera into the furnace , and if insertion does not occur because the temperature of the camera is too high , the operator can wait before reissuing the command . in an embodiment , if the temperature of the camera is found to be within operating conditions in block 410 , image and rotation angle commands are transmitted from the camera to a programmable logic controller ( plc ) housed in control box 137 ( block 412 ). the image command readies the ir camera 170 for capturing images , and the rotation command is sent to the plc which communicates with the stepper motor controller , housed in control box 137 , which rotates the camera so that the window 173 and lens housing 174 will be pointed in the desired direction at 427 . at 415 , the plc checks to see if the industrial housing 135 , the enclosure 120 , and the control box 137 have been successfully purged . a purge system 139 , housed in control box 137 , establishes a positive pressure in the enclosure 120 , the control box 137 , and the housing 135 . this positive pressure keeps contaminants from leaking into these structures . if the purge is ok , the plc then checks in block 420 whether the camera 135 is out and the door 154 is closed . if the camera is out and the door 154 to the housing 140 is closed , the plc checks in block 425 to see if the camera window 173 and lens housing 174 are located in the home position . if the camera is home , signals are then sent to the stepper motor at 427 so that the camera is rotated the desired number of degrees to the desired angle ( i . e . the deployed position ). if the purge was not ok in block 415 , or the camera was not out and / or the door was not closed in block 420 , or the stepper motor was not in a home position in block 425 , a variable representing the health or status of the plc is set to zero and sent to the camera in block 430 , and the camera communicates a plc health error indication to the process computer . in block 440 , the processor sends a signal to energize a pneumatic valve which opens the door 154 that seals the housing 140 . in block 445 , the processor checks to see if the door successfully opened . if the door did not open successfully , the plc health status is set to zero at 430 , and the plc sends the information to the camera . if the door successfully opened , the first pneumatic transport system is energized at 447 , and the housing 135 and camera 170 are moved through the housing wall 140 . the processor then determines if the camera was moved into the housing successfully at 450 . if it was not , the plc status is once again set to zero . if the processor determines that the camera was moved into the furnace successfully , images are captured by the camera at 460 . the camera then communicates with the process computer in block 405 and transfers the images . these images may be transmitted via wired or unwired means . then , after a short time in the furnace at 465 ( three seconds in one embodiment ), the plc sends a signal to the first pneumatic transport system at 470 to energize the valve again so that the housing and camera are removed from the furnace . the plc checks to see if the camera was successfully removed from the furnace at 475 . if it was not , the plc status is set to zero . if the camera was successfully removed from the furnace , the close door valve of the second pneumatic transport system is reenergized at 480 , and the door 154 is closed . the plc checks to see if the door was successfully closed ( 485 ), and if it was not , plc status is set to zero . when the transport system senses any of the problems outlined above ( e . g . the door 154 did not successfully close at 485 ), or any other problems such as loss of electrical power or loss of pneumatic pressure , the processor status is set to zero and the system goes into a failsafe state . if instrument air is lost in the failsafe state , the pneumatic air in the reservoir 138 is used by the system to remove the camera from the furnace ( if the camera is in the furnace when the problem occurs ), and to shut the door 154 ( if once again the door is open when the problem occurs ). this failsafe operation prevents the situation where the furnace door remains open because of a failure of some part of the system . in an embodiment that uses an electric motor to move said industrial housing 135 and said door 154 , an alternative power supply , such as a battery or gas - powered generator , could be used to put the system into the failsafe mode . in the foregoing detailed description of embodiments of the invention , various features are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure . this method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the invention require more features than are expressly recited in each claim . rather , as the following claims reflect , inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment . thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description of embodiments of the invention , with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment . it is understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative , and not restrictive . it is intended to cover all alternatives , modifications and equivalents as may be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description . the scope of the invention should , therefore , be determined with reference to the appended claims , along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled . in the appended claims , the terms “ including ” and “ in which ” are used as the plain - english equivalents of the respective terms “ comprising ” and “ wherein ,” respectively . moreover , the terms “ first ,” “ second ,” and “ third ,” etc ., are used merely as labels , and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects . | 6 |
carbocyclyl refers to carbon rings taken from cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , cycloheptanyl , cyclooctanyl , norboranyl , norborenyl , bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 2 ] octanyl , and bicyclo [ 2 . 2 . 2 ] octenyl ; halogen refers to fluorine , chlorine , bromine and iodine ; aryl refers to monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems characterized by delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon atoms of at least one carbocyclic ring ; preferred aryl rings are taken from phenyl , naphthyl , tetrahydronaphthyl , indenyl , and indanyl ; heteroaryl refers to monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems characterized by delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon or heteroatoms including nitrogen , oxygen , or sulfur of at least one carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring ; heteroaryl rings are taken from , but not limited to , pyrrolyl , furyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyridinyl , pyrimidinyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , indolyl , indolinyl , isoindolyl , isoindolinyl , indazolyl , benzofuranyl , benzothienyl , benzothiazolyl , benzothiazolonyl , benzoxazolyl , benzoxazolonyl , benzisoxazolyl , benzisothiazolyl , benzimidazolyl , benzimidazolonyl , benztriazolyl , imidazopyridinyl , pyrazolopyridinyl , imidazolonopyridinyl , thiazolopyridinyl , thiazolonopyridinyl , oxazolopyridinyl , oxazolonopyridinyl , isoxazolopyridinyl , isothiazolopyridinyl , triazolopyridinyl , imidazopyrimidinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , imidazolonopyrimidinyl , thiazolopyridiminyl , thiazolonopyrimidinyl , oxazolopyridiminyl , oxazolonopyrimidinyl , isoxazolopyrimidinyl , isothiazolopyrimidinyl , triazolopyrimidinyl , dihydropurinonyl , pyrrolopyrimidinyl , purinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , phthalimidyl , phthalimidinyl , pyrazinylpyridinyl , pyridinopyrimidinyl , pyrimidinopyrimidinyl , cinnolinyl , quinoxalinyl , quinazolinyl , quinolinyl , isoquinolinyl , phthalaziniyl , benzodioxyl , benzisothiazoline - 1 , 1 , 3 - trionyl , dihydroquinolinyl , tetrahydroquinolinyl , dihydroisoquinolyl , tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , benzoazepinyl , benzodiazepinyl , benzoxapinyl , or benzoxazopinyl ; heterocyclyl refers to monocyclic rings containing carbon and heteroatoms taken from oxygen , nitrogen , or sulfur and wherein there is not delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon or heteroatoms ; heterocyclyl rings include , but are not limited to , oxetanyl , azetadinyl , tetrahydrofuranyl , pyrrolidinyl , oxazolinyl , oxazolidinyl , thiazolinyl , thiazolidinyl , pyranyl , thiopyranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , dioxalinyl , piperidinyl , morpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl s - oxide , thiomorpholinyl s - dioxide , piperazinyl , azepinyl , oxepinyl , diazepinyl , tropanyl , and homotropanyl ; poly - aryl refers to two or more monocyclic or fused aryl bicyclic ring systems characterized by delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon atoms of at least one carbocyclic ring wherein the rings contained therein are optionally linked together ; poly - heteroaryl refers to two or more monocyclic or fused bicyclic systems characterized by delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon or heteroatoms including nitrogen , oxygen , or sulfur of at least one carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring wherein the rings contained therein are optionally linked together , wherein at least one of the monocyclic or fused bicyclic rings of the poly - heteroaryl system is taken from heteroaryl as defined broadly above and the other rings are taken from either aryl , heteroaryl , or heterocyclyl as defined broadly above ; poly - heterocyclyl refers to two or more monocyclic or fused bicyclic ring systems containing carbon and heteroatoms taken from oxygen , nitrogen , or sulfur and wherein there is not delocalized π electrons ( aromaticity ) shared among the ring carbon or heteroatoms wherein the rings contained therein are optionally linked , wherein at least one of the monocyclic or fused bicyclic rings of the poly - heteroaryl system is taken from heterocyclyl as defined broadly above and the other rings are taken from either aryl , heteroaryl , or heterocyclyl as defined broadly above ; lower alkyl refers to straight or branched chain c1 - c6alkyls ; substituted in connection with a moiety refers to the fact that a further substituent may be attached to the moiety to any acceptable location on the moiety . the term salts embraces pharmaceutically acceptable salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts of free acids and to form addition salts of free bases . the nature of the salt is not critical , provided that it is pharmaceutically - acceptable . suitable pharmaceutically - acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid . examples of such inorganic acids are hydrochloric , hydrobromic , hydroiodic , nitric , carbonic , sulfuric and phosphoric acid . appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic , cycloaliphatic , aromatic , arylaliphatic , and heterocyclyl containing carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids , examples of which are formic , acetic , propionic , succinic , glycolic , gluconic , lactic , malic , tartaric , citric , ascorbic , glucuronic , maleic , fumaric , pyruvic , aspartic , glutamic , benzoic , anthranilic , mesylic , stearic , salicylic , p - hydroxybenzoic , phenylacetic , mandelic , embonic ( pamoic ), methane sulfonic , ethanesulfonic , 2 - hydroxyethanesulfonic , benzenesulfonic , pantothenic , toluenesulfonic , 2 - hydroxyethanesulfonic , sulfanilic , cyclohexylaminosulfonic , algenic , 3 - hydroxybutyric , galactaric and galacturonic acid . suitable pharmaceutically - acceptable salts of free acid - containing compounds of the invention include metallic salts and organic salts . more preferred metallic salts include , but are not limited to appropriate alkali metal ( group ia ) salts , alkaline earth metal ( group iia ) salts and other physiological acceptable metals . such salts can be made from aluminum , calcium , lithium , magnesium , potassium , sodium and zinc . preferred organic salts can be made from primary amines , secondary amines , tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts , including in part , tromethamine , diethylamine , tetra - n - methylammonium , n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine , chloroprocaine , choline , diethanolamine , ethylenediamine , meglumine ( n - methylglucamine ) and procaine . the term prodrug refers to derivatives of active compounds which revert in vivo into the active form . for example , a carboxylic acid form of an active drug may be esterified to create a prodrug , and the ester is subsequently converted in vivo to revert to the carboxylic acid form . see ettmayer et . al , j . med . chem , 2004 , 47 ( 10 ), 2393 - 2404 and lorenzi et . al , j . pharm . exp . therapeutics , 2005 , 883 - 8900 for reviews . wherein e1 is selected from the group consisting cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , pyrrolidinyl piperidinyl , phenyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , pyrrolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , furyl , imidazolyl , pyridyl , pyrimidinyl and naphthyl ; wherein a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl , naphthyl , c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , indanyl , tetralinyl , indenyl , g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 and — chr4r8 ; g1 is a heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of pyrrolyl , furyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , pyridinyl , and pyrimidinyl ; g2 is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of indolyl , indolinyl , isoindolyl , isoindolinyl , indazolyl , benzofuranyl , benzothienyl , benzothiazolyl , benzothiazolonyl , benzoxazolyl , benzoxazolonyl , benzisoxazolyl , benzisothiazolyl , benzimidazolyl , benzimidazolonyl , benztriazolyl , imidazopyridinyl , pyrazolopyridinyl , imidazolonopyridinyl , thiazolopyridinyl , thiazolonopyridinyl , oxazolopyridinyl , oxazolonopyridinyl , isoxazolopyridinyl , isothiazolopyridinyl , triazolopyridinyl , imidazopyrimidinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , imidazolonopyrimidinyl , thiazolopyridiminyl , thiazolonopyrimidinyl , oxazolopyridiminyl , oxazolonopyrimidinyl , isoxazolopyrimidinyl , isothiazolopyrimidinyl , triazolopyrimidinyl , dihydropurinonyl , pyrrolopyrimidinyl , purinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , phthalimidyl , phthalimidinyl , pyrazinylpyridinyl , pyridinopyrimidinyl , pyrimidinopyrimidinyl , cinnolinyl , quinoxalinyl , quinazolinyl , quinolinyl , isoquinolinyl , phthalazinyl , benzodioxyl , benzisothiazoline - 1 , 1 , 3 - trionyl , dihydroquinolinyl , tetrahydroquinolinyl , dihydroisoquinolyl , tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , benzoazepinyl , benzodiazepinyl , benzoxapinyl , and benzoxazepinyl ; g3 is a non - fused bicyclic heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of pyridylpyridiminyl pyrimidinylpyrimidinyl , oxazolylpyrimidinyl , thiazolylpyrimidinyl , imidazolylpyrimidinyl , isoxazolylpyrimidinyl , isothiazolylpyrimidinyl , pyrazolylpyrimidinyl , triazolylpyrimidinyl , oxadiazoylpyrimidinyl , thiadiazoylpyrimidinyl , morpholinylpyrimidinyl , dioxothiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl , and thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl ; g4 is a heterocyclyl taken from the group consisting of oxetanyl , azetadinyl , tetrahydrofuranyl , pyrrolidinyl , oxazolinyl , oxazolidinyl , imidazolonyl , pyranyl , thiopyranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , dioxalinyl , piperidinyl , morpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl s - oxide , thiomorpholinyl s - dioxide , piperazinyl , azepinyl , oxepinyl , diazepinyl , tropanyl , and homotropanyl ; the a ring may be optionally substituted with one or more — x1 - a1 moieties ; x1 is selected from the group consisting of —( ch 2 ) n —( o ) r —( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ) n —( nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ) n —( s ) r —( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ) n —( c ═ o ) r —( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 )—( c (═ o )— nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, and —( ch 2 ))—( so 2 — nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, wherein any of the alkylenes may be straight or branched chain ; x2 is selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c2 - c6alkyl , and a direct bond wherein e1 is directly linked to the nr3 group of formula ia ; a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 , c1 - c6 alkyl , branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , halogen , cyano , hydroxyl , — n ( r4 ) 2 , — r5 , — c ( o ) n ( r4 ) 2 , c ( o ) r5 , c1 - c6alkoxy , and fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy wherein the alkyl group is fully or partially fluorinated ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable sp2 - hybridized carbon atom , each respective sp2 hybridized carbon atom may be optionally substituted with a z1 or z3 substituent ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable sp3 - hybridized carbon atom , each respective sp3 hybridized carbon atom may be optionally substituted with a z2 or r3 substituent ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable nitrogen atom , each respective nitrogen atom may be optionally substituted with a z4 substituent ; each z1 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , c1 - c6 alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 nc1 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )-( ch 2 ) n , ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkylo -( ch 2 ) n , ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6alkyl -, c1 - c6alkoxycarbonyl -, - carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, — sor3 , ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — so 2 r3 , — sor4 , — c (═ o ) r6 , — c (═ noh ) r6 , — c (═ nor3 ) r6 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , phenoxy , —( ch 2 ), — o —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - aryl , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , — s ( o ) 2 r5 , — n ═ s ( o ) r6r8 , — s ( o )(═ nr3 ) r6 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , — s ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 ( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n oc ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n s ( o ) 2 nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , — ch ( oh )( ch 2 ) p r5 , — ch ( oh ) ch ( oh ) r4 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n r5 , — c (═ nh ) r5 , — c (═ nh ) n ( r4 ) 2 , — c (═ nor3 ) r5 , — c (═ nor3 ) n ( r4 ) 2 , and — nhc (═ nh ) r8 ; in the event that z1 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z2 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , c1 - c6alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl -, cyano , ( r3 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 nc1 - c6alkyl -, ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )-( ch 2 ) n —, ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkylo -( ch 2 ) n —, ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6alkyl -, carboxyl , carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — so 2 r5 , — so 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) r8 , ═ o , ═ noh , ═ n ( or6 ), —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) n — o —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) n — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - aryl , —( ch 2 ) t , — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n oc ( o ) r5 , and —( ch 2 ) n r5 ; in the event that z2 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z3 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , halogen , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , cyano , hydroxyl , methoxy , oxo , ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, — nnr3 -( ch (═ o ) r8 , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — n ( r4 ) so 2 r5 , — n ( r4 ) so 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n — n ( r3 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — c (═ o ) r5 , — c (═ o ) r8 , and nitro ; in the event that z3 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z4 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )- c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyl - o — c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6alkyl , carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , — c2 - c6alkyln ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , r8 — c (═ nr3 )-, — so 2 r8 , — cor8 , —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) q — o —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) q — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) q — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) q — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) q nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) q c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) q c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) q oc ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) q nr4 ( ch 2 ) q r5 , and —( ch 2 ) q o ( ch 2 ) q r5 ; in the event that z4 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z6 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , hydroxyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , — or4 , c1 - c6alkylthio , ( r3 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 n —, — n ( r3 ) cor8 , — n ( r4 ) cor8 , — n ( r3 ) so 2 r6 -, — con ( r3 ) 2 , — con ( r4 ) 2 , — cor5 , — so 2 n ( r4 ) 2 , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , cyano , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , — o —( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — o —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — r5 , —( nr3 ) r —, —( ch 2 ) n — r17 , —( o ) r — r17 , —( s ) r — r17 , and —( ch 2 ) r — r17 ; in the event that z6 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; wherein each r3 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , and z3 - substituted phenyl ; each r4 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , dihydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , branched hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched c1 - c6alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched dihydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , —( ch 2 ) p — n ( r7 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) p — r5 , —( ch 2 ) p — c ( o ) n ( r7 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n — c ( o ) or3 , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , alkoxy substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , dihydroxy substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , and —( ch 2 ), — r17 ; each r5 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of and wherein the symbol (##) is the point of attachment of the r5 moiety ; each r6 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , phenyl , g1 , and g4 ; each r7 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , dihydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , branched hydroxyc2 - c6 alkyl , branched c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , branched dihydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , —( ch 2 ) n — c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n — c ( o ) or3 , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , alkoxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , dihydroxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , and —( ch 2 ) n — r17 ; each r8 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety is partially or fully fluorinated , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z3 - substituted phenyl , z3 - substituted phenyl c1 - c6alkyl , z3 - substituted g1 , z3 - substituted g1 - c1 - c6alkyl , z2 - substituted g4 , z2 - substituted g4 - c1 - c6alkyl , oh , c1 - c6alkoxy , n ( r3 ) 2 , n ( r4 ) 2 , and r5 ; each r10 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of co 2 h , co 2 c1 - c6alkyl , co — n ( r4 ) 2 , oh , c1 - c6alkoxy , and — n ( r4 ) 2 ; r16 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , halogen , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , cyano , hydroxyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , c1 - c6fluoroalkoxy wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , — n ( r3 ) 2 , — n ( r4 ) 2 , c2 - c3alkynyl , and nitro ; each r17 is taken from the group comprising phenyl , naphthyl , pyrrolyl , furyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , oxetanyl , azetadinyl , tetrahydrofuranyl , oxazolinyl , oxazolidinyl , pyranyl , thiopyranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , dioxalinyl , azepinyl , oxepinyl , diazepinyl , pyrrolidinyl , and piperidinyl ; wherein r17 can be further substituted with one or more z2 , z3 or z4 moieties ; r19 is h or c1 - c6 alkyl ; wherein two r3 or r4 moieties are independently and individually taken from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl and branched c3 - c6alkyl , hydroxyalkyl , and alkoxyalkyl and are attached to the same nitrogen atom , said moieties may cyclize to form a c3 - c7 heterocyclyl ring ; and k is 1 or 2 ; n is 0 - 6 ; p is 1 - 4 ; q is 2 - 6 ; r is 0 or 1 ; t is 1 - 3 . in an embodiment of section 1 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ib in an embodiment of section 1 . 1 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ic in an embodiment of section 1 . 2 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula id wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 3a compounds of formula id which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 3 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ie 1 . 3b additional compounds of formula id which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 3 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula if 1 . 4 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additional preferred a1 moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 2 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ig wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 4a additional compounds of formula ig which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 4 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ih 1 . 4b additional compounds of formula ig which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 4 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ii 1 . 5 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ij wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched z2 - substituted c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 5a additional compounds of formula ij which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 5 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ik 1 . 5b additional compounds of formula ij which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 5 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula il 1 . 6 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula im wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 6a additional compounds of formula im which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 6 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula in 1 . 6b additional compounds of formula im which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 6 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula io 1 . 7 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ip wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 7a additional compounds of formula ip which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 7 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iq 1 . 7b additional compounds of formula ip which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 7 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ir 1 . 8 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula is and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl , cyano , c1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 1 . 8a additional compounds of formula is which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 8 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula it 1 . 8b additional compounds of formula is which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 8 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iu 1 . 9 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iv and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl , cyano , c1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the allyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted c1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 1 . 9a additional compounds of formula iv which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 9 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iw 1 . 9b additional compounds of formula iv which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 9 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ix 1 . 10 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iy wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 10a additional compounds of formula iy which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 10 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iz 1 . 10b additional compounds of formula iy which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 10 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iaa 1 . 11 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ibb 1 . 11a additional compounds of formula ibb which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 11 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula icc 1 . 11b additional compounds of formula ibb which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 11 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula idd 1 . 12 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iee wherein q1 and q2 individually and independently taken from the group consisting of n and ch ; 1 . 12a additional compounds of formula iee which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 12 preferred compounds have the structures of formula iff 1 . 12b additional compounds of formula iee which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 12 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula igg 1 . 13 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ihh 1 . 13a additional compounds of formula ihh which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 13 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iii 1 . 13b additional compounds of formula ihh which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 13 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ijj 1 . 14 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula ikk wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8 - carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 1 . 14a additional compounds of formula ikk which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 14 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ill 1 . 14b additional compounds of formula ikk which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 14 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula imm 1 . 15 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula inn wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 1 . 15a additional compounds of formula inn which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 15 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ioo 1 . 15b additional compounds of formula inn which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 15 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ipp 1 . 16 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 1 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iqq wherein q3 , q4 and q5 are selected from the group consisting of n - a1 and c - a1 , and only one of q3 , q4 , or q5 is n - a1 ; and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 1 . 16a additional compounds of formula iqq which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 1 . 16 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula irr 1 . 16b additional compounds of formula iqq which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 1 . 16 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iss the invention includes methods of modulating kinase activity of raf kinases and other kinases in the ras - raf - mek - erk - map kinase pathway including , but not limited to , a - raf , b - raf , and c - raf . the kinases may be wildtype kinases , oncogenic forms thereof , aberrant fusion proteins thereof or polymorphs of any of the foregoing . the method comprises the step of contacting the kinase species with compounds of the invention and especially those set forth in sections 1 . 1 - 1 . 16 . the kinase species may be activated or unactivated , and the species may be modulated by phosphorylations , sulfation , fatty acid acylations glycosylations , nitrosylation , cystinylation ( i . e . proximal cysteine residues in the kinase react with each other to form a disulfide bond ) or oxidation . the kinase activity may be selected from the group consisting of catalysis of phospho transfer reactions , kinase cellular localization , and recruitment of other proteins into signaling complexes through modulation of kinase conformation . the methods of the invention , especially those of sections 1 . 1 - 1 . 16 , also include treating individuals suffering from a condition selected from the group consisting of chronic myelogenous leukemia , acute lymphocytic leukemia , gastrointestinal stromal tumors , hypereosinophillic syndrome , glioblastomas , ovarian cancer , pancreatic cancer , prostate cancer , lung cancers , breast cancers , kidney cancers , cervical carcinomas , metastasis of primary solid tumor secondary sites , ocular diseases characterized by hyperproliferation leading to blindness including various retinopathies including diabetic retinopathy and age - related macular degeneration , rheumatoid arthritis , melanomas , colon cancer , thyroid cancer , a disease caused by a mutation in the ras - raf - mek - erk - map kinase pathway , human inflammation , rheumatoid spondylitis , ostero - arthritis , asthma , gouty arthritis , sepsis , septic shock , endotoxic shock , gram - negative sepsis , toxic shock syndrome , adult respiratory distress syndrome , stroke , reperfusion injury , neural trauma , neural ischemia , psoriasis , restenosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , bone resorptive diseases , graft - versus - host reaction , chron &# 39 ; s disease , ulcerative colitis , inflammatory bowel disease , pyresis , and combinations thereof . the compounds of the invention , especially those of sections 1 . 1 - 1 . 16 , may form a part of a pharmaceutical composition by combining one or more such compounds with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier . additionally , the compositions may include an additive selected from the group consisting of adjuvants , excipients , diluents , and stabilizers . wherein one of q1 and q2 is n and the other is cr3 ; wherein e1 is selected from the group consisting cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , pyrrolidinyl piperidinyl , phenyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , pyrrolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , furyl , imidazolyl , pyridyl , pyrimidinyl and naphthyl ; wherein a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl , naphthyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , indanyl , tetralinyl , indenyl , g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 and — chr4r8 ; g1 is a heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of pyrrolyl , furyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , pyridinyl , and pyrimidinyl ; g2 is a fused bicyclic heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of indolyl , indolinyl , isoindolyl , isoindolinyl , indazolyl , benzofuranyl , benzothienyl , benzothiazolyl , benzothiazolonyl , benzoxazolyl , benzoxazolonyl , benzisoxazolyl , benzisothiazolyl , benzimidazolyl , benzimidazolonyl , benztriazolyl , imidazopyridinyl , pyrazolopyridinyl , imidazolonopyridinyl , thiazolopyridinyl , thiazolonopyridinyl , oxazolopyridinyl , oxazolonopyridinyl , isoxazolopyridinyl , isothiazolopyridinyl , triazolopyridinyl , imidazopyrimidinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , imidazolonopyrimidinyl , thiazolopyridiminyl , thiazolonopyrimidinyl , oxazolopyridiminyl , oxazolonopyrimidinyl , isoxazolopyrimidinyl , isothiazolopyrimidinyl , triazolopyrimidinyl , dihydropurinonyl , pyrrolopyrimidinyl , purinyl , pyrazolopyrimidinyl , phthalimidyl , phthalimidinyl , pyrazinylpyridinyl , pyridinopyrimidinyl , pyrimidinopyrimidinyl , cinnolinyl , quinoxalinyl , quinazolinyl , quinolinyl , isoquinolinyl , phthalazinyl , benzodioxyl , benzisothiazoline - 1 , 1 , 3 - trionyl , dihydroquinolinyl , tetrahydroquinolinyl , dihydroisoquinolyl , tetrahydroisoquinolinyl , benzoazepinyl , benzodiazepinyl , benzoxapinyl , and benzoxazepinyl ; g3 is a non - fused bicyclic heteroaryl taken from the group consisting of pyridylpyridiminyl pyrimidinylpyrimidinyl , oxazolylpyrimidinyl , thiazolylpyrimidinyl , imidazolylpyrimidinyl , isoxazolylpyrimidinyl , isothiazolylpyrimidinyl , pyrazolylpyrimidinyl , triazolylpyrimidinyl , oxadiazoylpyrimidinyl , thiadiazoylpyrimidinyl , morpholinylpyrimidinyl , dioxothiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl , and thiomorpholinylpyrimidinyl ; g4 is a heterocyclyl taken from the group consisting of oxetanyl , azetadinyl , tetrahydrofuranyl , pyrrolidinyl , oxazolinyl , oxazolidinyl , imidazolonyl , pyranyl , thiopyranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , dioxalinyl , piperidinyl , morpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl , thiomorpholinyl s - oxide , thiomorpholinyl s - dioxide , piperazinyl , azepinyl , oxepinyl , diazepinyl , tropanyl , and homotropanyl ; the a ring may be optionally substituted with one or more — x1 - a1 moieties ; x1 is selected from the group consisting of —( ch 2 ) n —( o ) r —( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ), —( nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ) n —( s ) r —( ch 2 ) n —, —( ch 2 ) n —( c ═ o ) r —( ch 2 ) n — r —( ch 2 ), —( c (═ o )— nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, and —( ch 2 ), —( so 2 — nr3 ) r -( ch 2 ) n —, wherein any of the alkylenes may be straight or branched chain ; x2 is selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c2 - c6alkyl , and a direct bond wherein e1 is directly linked to the nr3 group of formula ia ; a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 , c1 - c6 alkyl , branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , halogen , cyano , hydroxyl , — n ( r4 ) 2 , — r5 , — c ( o ) n ( r4 ) 2 , c ( o ) r5 , c1 - c6alkoxy , and fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy wherein the alkyl group is fully or partially fluorinated ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable sp2 - hybridized carbon atom , each respective sp2 hybridized carbon atom may be optionally substituted with a z1 or z3 substituent ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable sp3 - hybridized carbon atom , each respective sp3 hybridized carbon atom may be optionally substituted with a z2 or r3 substituent ; when a and a1 have one or more substitutable nitrogen atom , each respective nitrogen atom may be optionally substituted with a z4 substituent ; each z1 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , c1 - c6alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 nc1 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )-( ch 2 ) n , ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkylo -( ch 2 ) n , ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6alkyl -, c1 - c6alkoxycarbonyl -, - carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, — sor3 , ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — so 2 r3 , — sor4 , — c (═ o ) r6 , — c (═ noh ) r6 , — c (═ nor3 ) r6 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , phenoxy , —( ch 2 ), — o —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - aryl , —( ch 2 ) n — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , — s ( o ) 2 r5 , — n ═ s ( o ) r6r8 , — s ( o )(═ nr3 ) r6 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , — s ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 ( ch 2 ) n r5 , ( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n oc ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n s ( o ) 2 nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , — ch ( oh )( ch 2 ) p r5 , — ch ( oh ) ch ( oh ) r4 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n r5 , — c (═ nh ) r5 , — c ( nh ) n ( r4 ) 2 , — c (═ nor3 ) r5 , — c (═ nor3 ) n ( r4 ) 2 , and — nhc (═ nh ) r8 ; in the event that z1 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z2 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , aryl , c1 - c6alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl -, cyano , ( r3 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 nc1 - c6alkyl -, ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )-( ch 2 ) n —, ( r4 ) 2 nc2 - c6alkylo -( ch 2 ) n —, ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6alkyl -, carboxyl , carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — so 2 r5 , — so 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n n ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) r8 , ═ o , ═ noh , ═ n ( or6 ), —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ), — o —( ch 2 n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) n — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - aryl , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ), — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) n nhc ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 nhc ( o ) r8 , — c ( o ) nhs ( o ) 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , —( ch 2 ) n nhs ( o ) 2 r5 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , ( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n oc ( o ) r5 , and —( ch 2 ) n r5 ; in the event that z2 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z3 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , halogen , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , cyano , hydroxyl , methoxy , oxo , ( r3 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, ( r4 ) 2 n — c (═ o )—, — n ( r4 - c (═ o ) r8 , ( r3 ) 2 nso 2 —, ( r4 ) 2 nso 2 —, — n ( r4 ) so 2 r5 , — n ( r4 ) so 2 r8 , —( ch 2 ) n — n ( r3 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — c (═ o ) r5 , — c (═ o ) r8 , and nitro ; in the event that z3 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z4 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyln ( r4 )- c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — c2 - c6alkyl - o — c2 - c6alkyl , ( r4 ) 2 n — co — c1 - c6allyl , carboxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxycarbonylc1 - c6alkyl , — c2 - c6alkyln ( r4 ) c ( o ) r8 , r8 - c (═ nr3 )-, — so 2 r8 , — cor8 , —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 )- g4 , —( ch 2 ) q — o —( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) q — o —( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) q — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g1 , —( ch 2 ) q — nr3 -( ch 2 ) n - g4 , —( ch 2 ) q nhc ( o )( ch 2 ) n r5 , ( ch 2 ) q c ( o ) nh ( ch 2 ) q r5 , —( ch 2 ) q c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) q oc ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) q r5 , ( ch 2 ) q nr4 ( ch 2 ) q r5 , and —( ch 2 ) q — o —( ch 2 ) q r5 ; in the event that z4 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; each z6 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , hydroxyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , — or4 , c1 - c6alkylthio , ( r3 ) 2 n —, ( r4 ) 2 n —, — r5 , — n ( r3 ) cor8 , — n ( r4 ) cor8 , — n ( r3 ) so 2 r6 -, — con ( r3 ) 2 , — con ( r4 ) 2 , — cor5 , — so 2 n ( r4 ) 2 , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , cyano , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , — o —( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — n ( r4 ) 2 , — o —( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — o - alkyl , — o —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — n ( r3 )-( ch 2 ) q — r5 , — nr3 ), —( ch 2 ) n — r17 , —( o ) r — r17 , —( s ) r — r17 , and —( ch 2 ) r — r17 ; in the event that z6 contains an alkyl or alkylene moiety , such moieties may be further substituted with one or more c1 - c6alkyls ; wherein each r3 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , and z3 - substituted phenyl ; each r4 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , dihydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , branched hydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched c1 - c6alkoxyc1 - c6alkyl , branched dihydroxyc1 - c6alkyl , —( ch 2 ) p — n ( r7 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) p r5 , —( ch 2 ) p — c ( o ) n ( r7 ) 2 , —( ch 2 ) n c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ) n — c ( o ) or3 , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , alkoxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , dihydroxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , and —( ch 2 ) n — r17 ; each r5 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of and wherein the symbol (##) is the point of attachment of the r5 moiety ; each r6 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , phenyl , g1 , and g4 ; each r7 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of h , c1 - c6alkyl , hydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , dihydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , branched hydroxyc2 - c6 alkyl , branched c1 - c6alkoxyc2 - c6alkyl , branched dihydroxyc2 - c6alkyl , —( ch 2 ) q — r5 , —( ch 2 ), — c ( o ) r5 , —( ch 2 ), — c ( o ) or3 , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , hydroxyl substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , alkoxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , dihydroxy substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , and —( ch 2 ) n — r17 ; each r8 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety is partially or fully fluorinated , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z3 - substituted phenyl , z3 - substituted phenyl c1 - c6alkyl , z3 - substituted g1 , z3 - substituted g1 - c1 - c6alkyl , z2 - substituted g4 , z2 - substituted g4 - c1 - c6alkyl , oh , c1 - c6alkoxy , n ( r3 ) 2 , n ( r4 ) 2 , and r5 ; each r10 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of co 2 h , co 2 c1 - c6alkyl , co — n ( r4 ) 2 , oh , c1 - c6alkoxy , and — n ( r4 ) 2 ; r16 is independently and individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , c1 - c6alkyl , branched c3 - c7alkyl , c3 - c8carbocyclyl , halogen , fluoroalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , cyano , hydroxyl , c1 - c6alkoxy , c1 - c6fluoroalkoxy wherein the alkyl moiety can be partially or fully fluorinated , — n ( r3 ) 2 , — n ( r4 ) 2 , c2 - c3alkynyl , and nitro ; each r17 is taken from the group comprising phenyl , naphthyl , pyrrolyl , furyl , thienyl , oxazolyl , thiazolyl , isoxazolyl , isothiazolyl , imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , oxadiazolyl , thiadiazolyl , triazolyl , tetrazolyl , pyrazinyl , pyridazinyl , triazinyl , oxetanyl , azetadinyl , tetrahydrofuranyl , oxazolinyl , oxazolidinyl , pyranyl , thiopyranyl , tetrahydropyranyl , dioxalinyl , azepinyl , oxepinyl , diazepinyl , pyrrolidinyl , and piperidinyl ; wherein r17 can be further substituted with one or more z2 , z3 or z4 moieties ; r19 is h or c1 - c6alkyl ; wherein two r3 or r4 moieties are independently and individually taken from the group consisting of c1 - c6alkyl and branched c3 - c6alkyl , hydroxyalkyl , and alkoxyalkyl and are attached to the same nitrogen atom , said moieties may cyclize to form a c3 - c7 heterocyclyl ring ; and k is 1 or 2 ; n is 0 - 6 ; p is 1 - 4 ; q is 2 - 6 ; r is 0 or 1 ; t is 1 - 3 . in an embodiment of section 2 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iib in an embodiment of section 2 . 1 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iic in an embodiment of section 2 . 2 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iid wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 3a compounds of formula iid which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 3 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iie 2 . 3b additional compounds of formula iid which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 3 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iif 2 . 4 compounds of formula ia which exemplify additional preferred a1 moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 2 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iig wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched c1 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 4a additional compounds of formula iig which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 4 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iih 2 . 4b additional compounds of formula iig which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 4 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iii 2 . 5 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iij wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of branched z2 - substituted c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 5a additional compounds of formula iij which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 5 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iik 2 . 5b additional compounds of formula iij which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 5 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iil 2 . 6 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iim wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 6a additional compounds of formula iim which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 6 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iin 2 . 6b additional compounds of formula iim which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 6 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iio 2 . 7 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iip wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 7a additional compounds of formula iip which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 7 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiq 2 . 7b additional compounds of formula iip which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 7 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iir 2 . 8 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iis and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl , cyano , c1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 2 . 8a additional compounds of formula iia which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 8 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iit 2 . 8b additional compounds of formula iis which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 8 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiu 2 . 9 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiv and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , halogen , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl , cyano , c1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkoxy , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 2 . 9a additional compounds of formula iiv which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 9 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiw 2 . 9b additional compounds of formula iiv which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 9 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iix 2 . 10 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiy wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fuly or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 10a additional compounds of formula iiy which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 10 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiz 2 . 10b additional compounds of formula iiy which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 10 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiaa 2 . 11 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iibb 2 . 11a additional compounds of formula iibb which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 11 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iicc 2 . 11b additional compounds of formula iibb which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 11 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iidd 2 . 12 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiee wherein q1 and q2 individually and independently taken from the group consisting of n and ch ; 2 . 12a additional compounds of formula iiee which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 12 preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiff 2 . 12b additional compounds of formula iee which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 12 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iigg 2 . 13 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iihh 2 . 13a additional compounds of formula iihh which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 13 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiii 2 . 13b additional compounds of formula iihh which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 13 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iijj 2 . 14 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iikk wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 2 . 14a additional compounds of formula iikk which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 14 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iill 2 . 14b additional compounds of formula iikk which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 14 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iimm 2 . 15 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula inn wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; 2 . 15a additional compounds of formula iinn which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 15 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula ioo 2 . 15b additional compounds of formula iinn which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 15 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iipp 2 . 16 compounds of formula iia which exemplify additionally preferred a moieties in a different embodiment of section 2 . 1 , additional preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiqq wherein q3 , q4 and q5 are selected from the group consisting of n - a1 and c - a1 , and only one of q3 , q4 , or q5 is n - a1 ; and wherein a1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen , z2 - substituted branched c3 - c8alkyl , r19 substituted c3 - c8carbocyclyl , z2 - substituted c1 - c6alkyl , fluoroc1 - c6alkyl wherein the alkyl is fully or partially fluorinated , z3 - substituted phenyl , and z3 - substituted g1 ; and wherein r16 is c1 - c6alkyl , cyano , — cch , or halogen . 2 . 16a additional compounds of formula iiqq which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in an embodiment of section 2 . 16 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iirr 2 . 16b additional compounds of formula iiqq which exemplify more preferred x2 - e1 moieties in another embodiment of section 2 . 16 , preferred compounds have the structures of formula iiss the invention includes methods of modulating kinase activity of raf kinases and other kinases in the ras - raf - mek - erk - map kinase pathway including , but not limited to , a - raf , b - raf , and c - raf . the kinases may be wildtype kinases , oncogenic forms thereof , aberrant fusion proteins thereof or polymorphs of any of the foregoing . the method comprises the step of contacting the kinase species with compounds of the invention and especially those set forth in sections 2 . 1 - 2 . 16 . the kinase species may be activated or unactivated , and the species may be modulated by phosphorylations , sulfation , fatty acid acylations glycosylations , nitrosylation , cystinylation ( i . e . proximal cysteine residues in the kinase react with each other to form a disulfide bond ) or oxidation . the kinase activity may be selected from the group consisting of catalysis of phospho transfer reactions , kinase cellular localization , and recruitment of other proteins into signaling complexes through modulation of kinase conformation . the methods of the invention , especially those of sections 2 . 1 - 2 . 16 , also include treating individuals suffering from a condition selected from the group consisting of chronic myelogenous leukemia , acute lymphocytic leukemia , gastrointestinal stromal tumors , hypereosinophillic syndrome , glioblastomas , ovarian cancer , pancreatic cancer , prostate cancer , lung cancers , breast cancers , kidney cancers , cervical carcinomas , metastasis of primary solid tumor secondary sites , ocular diseases characterized by hyperproliferation leading to blindness including various retinopathies including diabetic retinopathy and age - related macular degeneration , rheumatoid arthritis , melanomas , colon cancer , thyroid cancer , a disease caused by a mutation in the ras - raf - mek - erk - map kinase pathway , human inflammation , rheumatoid spondylitis , ostero - arthritis , asthma , gouty arthritis , sepsis , septic shock , endotoxic shock , gram - negative sepsis , toxic shock syndrome , adult respiratory distress syndrome , stroke , reperfusion injury , neural trauma , neural ischemia , psoriasis , restenosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , bone resorptive diseases , graft - versus - host reaction , chron &# 39 ; s disease , ulcerative colitis , inflammatory bowel disease , pyresis , and combinations thereof , the compounds of the invention , especially those of sections 2 . 1 - 2 . 16 , may form a part of a pharmaceutical composition by combining one or more such compounds with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier . additionally , the compositions may include an additive selected from the group consisting of adjuvants , excipients , diluents , and stabilizers . the compounds of formulae ia and iia are prepared by the general synthetic methods illustrated in the schemes below and the accompanying examples . the compounds of general formula ia , wherein the variables are as defined above , can be prepared by general scheme 1 . thus in step 1 , reaction of amines of formula 1 with isocyanates of formula 2 provides ureas of formula 5 , examples of formula ia . it will be understood that the isocyanates 2 may be either introduced into the reaction directly or may be prepared in situ , for example , by the decomposition of acyl azides ( curtius rearrangement ) in the presence of 1 . it will be further understood by those skilled in the art that certain carbamates , for example trichloroethyl carbamates ( 3 ) and isopropenyl carbamates ( 4 ), also function as isocyanate equivalents and will find use in step 1 . alternatively , when r3 ═ h , amines of formula 1 may be first converted to isocyanate equivalents 9 or 10 by reaction with trichloroethyl chloroformate ( 7 ) or isopropenyl chloroformate ( 8 ), respectively . further reaction of carbamates 9 or 10 with amine 11 provides ureas of formula 12 , a subset of formula 1 . when r3 is not h , mono - r3 - substituted ureas 5 and 12 may be converted to doubly - r3 - substituted ureas as shown in steps 4 and 5 of scheme 1 . alkylation of the nh - ureas 5 or 12 with alkyl halides in the presence of a base , for example potassium carbonate , nah , potassium t - butoxide or bemp , in a suitable solvent such as dmf provides compounds of formula 6 , wherein the newly introduced r3 is alkyl or cycloalkyl . alternatively , exposure of ureas 5 or 12 to copper ( ii ) acetate and phenylboronic acids [ see : chan et . al , tetrahedron lett . 2003 , 44 , 3863 - 3865 ; chan et . al , tetrahedron lett . 1998 , 39 , 2933 - 2936 ; chan , d . m . t . tetrahedron lett . 1996 , 37 , 9013 - 9016 ] provides the analogous compounds of formula 6 wherein the newly incorporated r3 is phenyl . a modified route to compounds of general formula ia ( 16 ) is shown below in scheme 2 . thus , in step 1 , compound 13 ( equivalent to compound 5 , 6 or 12 wherein one of the z6 groups is thiomethyl ) can be oxidized to a sulfoxide ( 14 ) or sulfone ( 15 ). preferred reagents for such transformations include peroxybenzoic acids , oxone , oxaziridines , or other oxidants that will be recognized as standard oxidants of sulfur atoms by those skilled in the art . in practice , mixtures of 14 and 15 are generally as effective as either 14 or 15 alone . purification of mixtures of 14 and 15 is not required prior to usage in step 2 . in step 2 , the sulfoxide 14 / sulfone 15 can be converted to a z6 - substituted compound 16 wherein the new z6 moiety is attached to the pyrimidine ring with a nitrogen atom linkage or an oxygen atom linkage by the contacting of 14 / 15 with an amine z6 - h ( for example , nh ( r4 ) 2 ) or a hydroxyl z6 - h ( for example hor4 ) respectively . preferred solvents for such transformations include dmso , dmf , thf , alcoholic solvents or neat hn ( r4 ) 2 at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to 60 ° c . the synthesis of various amines of formula 1 is further described in the following examples . as indicated in scheme 3 , a suitable chloropyrimidine ester 17 is reacted with an r4 - substituted amine ( step 1 ) to provide compounds of formula 18 . preferred conditions for scheme 3 , step 1 , include polar solvents such as dmf , thf , acetonitrile , dioxane , water or mixtures thereof in the presence of optionally added bases such as triethylamine at temperatures between 0 ° c . and 100 ° c . as shown in step 2 , reduction of ester 18 provides alcohol 19 . preferred reagents for the transformation of step 2 include lithium aluminum hydride in thf at temperatures ranging from − 78 ° c . to 50 ° c . as shown in step 3 , aldehyde 20 can be prepared by oxidation of alcohol 19 with oxidants such as manganese dioxide . in scheme 3 step 4 , amino - aldehyde 20 can be converted into di - amine 22 by a reductive amination with amine 21 . step 4 may be accomplished in a one - pot procedure by in - situ generation of an imminium ion in the presence of a suitable reducing agent . preferred conditions for this one - pot variant of step 4 include the combination of aldehyde 20 , amine 21 and sodium triacetoxyborohydride in the presence of acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature between 0 and 100 ° c . those skilled in the art will recognize that equivalent two - pot procedures exist for the transformation in step 4 . for example , condensation of amine 21 and aldehyde 20 to form a discrete schiff base ( imine , not shown ) that can be isolated and purified by standard methods if desired . subsequent reduction of said imine with reducing agents such as lithium aluminumhydride then provides di - amines of formula 22 . in step 5 , diamines 22 are reacted with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent to provide cyclic ureas 23 . suitable phosgene equivalents include diphosgene , triphosgene and carbonyldiimidazole . preferred conditions for step 5 are contacting diamine 22 with diphosgene in the presence of a tertiary amine base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine at a temperature between 0 and 100 ° c . preferred solvents for step 5 include dioxane or toluene . in scheme 3 step 6 , the nitro group of 23 is reduced to provide amine 24 , an example of general amine 1 . preferred methods for step 6 include exposure of compounds of formula 23 to hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst , for example pd on carbon in a suitable solvent such as ethanol , ethyl acetate or thf . other preferred methods for step 6 include reductions with powdered metal reagents , for example iron powder in the presence of aqueous hcl or zinc dust in the presence of ammonium chloride . in scheme 3 , step 7 , the amino moiety of 24 can be optionally “ alkylated ” to provide an r3 - substituted amine 25 , also an example of general amine 1 . those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of standard synthetic methods exist for the transformation of step 7 including direct alkylation with a reagent of formula r3 - x ( where x is a leaving group such as a halide or tosylate ), reductive amination with r3 - containing aldehydes , or a two - step process in which the amine is first acylated to provide an r3 - containing amide , which can be subsequently reduced to provide an r3 - alkylated compound 25 . in step 8 , the thiomethyl moiety of 25 can be oxidized to a sulfoxide 26 or sulfone 27 . preferred reagents for such transformations include peroxybenzoic acids , oxone , oxaziridines , or other oxidants that will be recognized as standard oxidants of sulfur atoms by those skilled in the art . in an analogous manner to scheme 2 , sulfoxide 26 / sulfone 27 can be converted to a z6 - substituted compound 28 ( step 9 ) wherein the new z6 moiety is attached to the pyrimidine ring with a nitrogen atom linkage or an oxygen atom linkage by the contacting of 26 / 27 with an amine z6 - h [ for example , nh ( r4 ) 2 ] or a hydroxyl z6 - h ( for example hor4 ) respectively . preferred solvents for such transformations include dmf , thf , dmso , alcoholic solvents or neat nh ( r4 ) 2 at temperatures ranging from 0 ° c . to 200 ° c ., optionally in the presence of a base such as potassium tert - butoxide , sodium hydride , hydroxide , or the like or , alternatively , in the presence of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid . those skilled in the art will recognize that in certain instances , compounds of formula 28 can be prepared directly from compounds of formula 25 using the conditions of step 9 . an alternate synthetic route to compounds of formula 22 is shown in scheme 4 . thus , alcohol 19 can be converted to chloride 29 by the action of thionyl chloride or phosphorus oxychloride ( pocl 3 ). reaction of chloride 29 with amine 21 provides diamine 22 . preferred conditions for the scheme 4 step 2 transformation include contacting chloride 29 with amine 21 in the presence of diisopropylethylamine and optionally in die presence of sodium iodide . preferred solvents for step 2 include acetonitrile and dioxane at temperatures between 0 and 80 ° c . those skilled in the art will recognize that the nitro moiety of amine 21 in schemes 3 and 4 represents an amine surrogate and hence the nitro amine 21 may be replaced in schemes 3 and 4 with amine 30 , below , wherein the group “ p ” in formula 30 represents an amine protecting group , such as tert - butyl carbamate ( boc ), benzyl carbamate ( cbz ), acetamide or the like . it will be understood by those skilled in the art that when intermediate 30 is substituted in place of amine 21 in scheme 3 , the protecting group p of formula 30 can be removed by appropriate deprotection conditions ( for example , acidic removal for a boc or hydrogenation for a cbz ) to provide compounds leading to the production of intermediate 25 . it will be further understood by those skilled in the art that the moiety r3 - n — p — x2 in formula 30 might also represent an amino - x2 surrogate such as a cyano that can be converted to an aminomethyl group in an analogous manner by reduction under suitable conditions . non - commercially available pyrimidines 17 can be readily prepared from known intermediate 31 [ see seto , et al biorg , med , chem . lett . 2005 , 15 , 1485 ]. ( scheme 5 ) thus , lithiation of 31 with lda followed by co 2 quench provides acid 32 . conversion of acid 32 to ester 33 provides a scaffold to introduce z6 groups of the invention . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyrimidine ring through a z6 nitrogen atom , a z6 oxygen atom or a z6 sulfur atom , compounds of formula 17 can be prepared by contacting the amine z6 - h , the alcohol z6 - h or the thiol z6 - h with compound 33 , either neat ( z6 - h as solvent ) or in a suitable solvent such as dmf , dmso or an alcoholic solvent at temperatures ranging from − 78 ° c . to 200 ° c . in the presence of suitable base such as triethylamine , potassium carbonate , or potassium tert - butoxide . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyrimidine through a z6 carbon atom , preferred methods include contacting compound 33 with a species of formula z6 - m in the presence of a palladium catalyst , wherein m is a species that participates in transition - metal catalyzed cross - coupling reactions . examples of suitable m groups include but are not limited to , boronic acids and boronic esters , zinc , copper , tin , silicon , magnesium , lithium , and aluminum . some amines of general formula 1 can also be prepared as shown in scheme 6 . thus , reaction of r4 - substituted amines with 5 - bromo - 2 , 6 - dichloropyrimidine ( 34 , commercially available ) provides bromo amine 35 . in step 2 , treatment of bromides 35 with tributylvinyltin in the presence of a palladium catalyst provides 36 . in step 3 , oxidative cleavage of the olefin moiety provides aldehydes of formula 37 . application of steps 4 - 7 of scheme 3 converts aldehyde 37 to amine 38 . in scheme 6 step 8 , chloride 38 can be converted to z6 - substituted 39 by several methods , depending on the nature of z6 . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyridopyrimidine ring through a z6 nitrogen atom , preferred methods include heating 38 with an excess of the amine z6 - h either neat or in a solvent such as dmf , dmso or an alcoholic solvent at temperatures ranging from room temp to 200 ° c . for the case of aryl and heteroaryl amines z6 - h , additional preferred methods include the heating of compounds 38 with an excess of the amine z6 - h and an acid catalyst ( for example , tsoh , hcl , hoac or the like ) in a suitable solvent such as dmf , dmso or an alcoholic solvent . additional preferred methods for aryl and heteroarylamines z6 - h include heating with 38 in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium catalyst in a suitable solvent like 1 , 4 - dioxane or dmf . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyridopyrimidine through a z6 oxygen or sulfur atom , preferred methods include heating 38 with alcohol or thiol z6 - h in the presence of a strong base ( for example , nah or potassium tert - butoxide ) either neat using z6 - h as the solvent , or in a polar solvent such as dmf or dmso at temperatures ranging from room temp to 200 ° c . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyridopyrimidine through a z6 carbon atom , preferred methods include contacting 38 with a species of formula z6 - m in the presence of a palladium catalyst , wherein m is a species that participates in transition - metal catalyzed cross - coupling reactions . examples of suitable m groups include but are not limited to , boronic acids and boronic esters , zinc , trialkyltin , silicon , magnesium , lithium , and aluminum . in the instance that z6 is hydrogen , preferred methods include exposure of 38 to hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst , for example raney nickel ® or pd on carbon in a suitable solvent such as ethanol , ethyl acetate or thf . some compounds of formula iia can be prepared by the methods in scheme 7 . by analogy to scheme 1 , amines 40 or 41 ( wherein all variables are as described above ) are reacted with isocyanate ( 2 ) or isocyanate surrogate such as 3 , 4 or an acyl azide via a curtius rearrangement ( not shown ) to provide ureas 42 and 43 respectively , examples of general formula iia . in the instances where r3 ═ h , amines of formula 40 and 41 may be first converted to isocyanate equivalents 44 - 47 by reaction with trichloroethyl chloroformate ( 7 ) or isopropenyl chloroformate ( 8 ). further reaction of carbamates 44 - 47 with amine 11 provides ureas of formula 48 and 49 , examples of formula iia . when r3 is not h , mono - r3 - substituted ureas 42 , 43 , 48 , or 49 may be converted to doubly - r3 - substituted ureas 50 or 51 as shown in steps 4 and 5 of scheme 7 by the methods described above in scheme 1 . amines of general formulae 40 and 41 are available by the following schemes and accompanying experimental examples . scheme 8 details the preparation of general amine 60 . by analogy to scheme 3 , a z6 - substituted dichloronicotinic acid ethyl ester 52 is reacted with an r4 - substituted amine ( scheme 8 , step 1 ) to provide compounds of formula 53 . preferred conditions for scheme 8 , step 1 , include polar solvents such as dmf , thf , acetonitrile , dioxane , water or mixtures thereof in the presence of optionally added bases such as triethylamine at temperatures between 0 ° c . and 100 ° c . as shown in step 2 , reduction of ester 53 provides alcohol 54 . preferred reagents for the transformation of step 2 include lithium aluminum hydride in thf at temperatures ranging from − 78 ° c . to 50 ° c . as shown in step 3 , aldehyde 55 can be prepared by oxidation of alcohol 54 with oxidants such as manganese dioxide . in scheme 8 step 4 , amino - aldehyde 55 can be converted into di - amine 56 by a reductive amination with amine 21 . step 4 may be accomplished in a one - pot procedure by in - situ generation of an imminium ion in the presence of a suitable reducing agent . preferred conditions for this one - pot variant of step 4 include the combination of aldehyde 55 , amine 21 and sodium triacetoxyborohydride in the presence of acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature between 0 and 100 ° c . alternately , step 4 can be a two - pot procedure in which amine 21 and aldehyde 55 are first condensed to form a discrete schiff base ( imine , not shown ) that can be isolated and purified by standard methods if desired . subsequent reduction of said imine with reducing agents such as lithium aluminumhydride then provides di - amines of formula 56 . more preferably , 56 can also be prepared from alcohol 54 via the corresponding chloride ( not shown ) according to the procedure described above for scheme 4 . in step 5 , diamines 56 are reacted with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent to provide cyclic ureas 57 . suitable phosgene equivalents include diphosgene , triphosgene and carbonyldiimidazole . preferred conditions for step 5 are contacting diamine 56 with diphosgene in the presence of a tertiary amine base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine at a temperature between 0 and 100 ° c . preferred solvents for step 5 include dioxane or toluene . in scheme 8 step 6 , the nitro group of 57 is reduced to provide amine 58 . preferred methods for step 6 include exposure of compounds of formula 57 to powdered metal reagents , for example iron powder in the presence of aqueous hcl or zinc dust in the presence of ammonium chloride . in step 7 , the amino moiety of 58 can be optionally “ alkylated ” to provide an r3 - substituted amine 59 . those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of standard synthetic methods exist for the transformation of step 7 including direct alkylation with a reagent of formula r3 - x ( where x is a leaving group such as a halide or tosylate ), reductive amination with r3 - containing aldehydes , or two - step processes in which the with the amine is first acylated to provide an r3 - containing amide , which can be subsequently reduced to provide an r3 - alkylated compound 59 . compounds of formula 59 can be converted to compounds of formula 60 , an example of general formula 40 , by replacement of the chloride moiety of 59 with a z6 moiety ( step 8 ). there are several methods through which this can be accomplished , depending on the nature of the z6 - h . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyridine ring through a z6 nitrogen atom , preferred methods include heating compounds of formula 59 with an excess of the amine z6 - h either neat or in a solvent such as dmf , dmso or an alcoholic solvent at temperatures ranging from room temp to 200 ° c . for the case of aryl and heteroaryl amines z6 - h , additional preferred methods include the heating of compound 59 with an excess of the amine z6 - h and an acid catalyst ( for example , tsoh , hcl , hoac or the like ) in a suitable solvent such as dmf , dmso or an alcoholic solvent . additional preferred methods for aryl and heteroarylamines z6 - h include heating with compound 59 in the presence of a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium catalyst in a suitable solvent like 1 , 4 - dioxane or dmf . when the z6 moiety is attached to the pyridine through a z6 carbon atom , preferred methods include contacting compound 59 with a species of formula z6 - m in the presence of a palladium catalyst , wherein m is a species that participates in transition - metal catalyzed cross - coupling reactions . examples of suitable m groups include but are not limited to , boronic acids and boronic esters , zinc , trialkyltin , silicon , magnesium , lithium , and aluminum . in the instance that z6 is hydrogen , preferred methods include exposure of compounds of formula 59 to hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst , for example pd on carbon in a suitable solvent such as ethanol , ethyl acetate or thf . a preferred method for preparing amines of general formula 40 in which the pyridine ring z6 substituent is aminomethyl is illustrated in scheme 9 with the preparation of general amine 66 . thus , chloropyridine 61 ( prepared from ethyl 2 , 4 - dichloronicotinate by analogy to scheme 8 , step 1 ) undergoes reaction with n , o - dimethylhydroxylamine hcl to provide aminopyridine ester 62 ( step 1 ). the ester 62 can be reduced to alcohol 63 as described above . in step 3 , alcohol 63 is converted to diamine 64 following the protocols described in scheme 4 above . treatment of 64 with diphosgene as described above provides the cyclic urea 65 . concomitant reduction of the nitro group and cleavage of the methoxyamine n — o bond in scheme 9 step 5 , provides 66 , an example of general amine 40 . preferred conditions for step 5 include exposing 65 to hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst , for example pd on carbon , in a suitable solvent such as methanol , ethanol , ethyl acetate or thf at a pressure of 1 - 100 psi and a temperature of 15 - 80 ° c . amines of general formula 41 can be prepared as shown in scheme 10 . starting with 3 - bromo - 2 , 6 - dichloropyridine ( 67 , available by the procedure of pierrat et al . j . comb . chem . 2005 , 7 , 879 - 886 ), reaction of r4 - substituted amines provides bromo amine 68 . in step 2 , treatment of bromide 68 with tributylvinyltin in the presence of a palladium catalyst provides 69 , and then by analogy to scheme 6 , amine 71 can be prepared as an example of general amine 41 . amines of formula 1 wherein x — y is c ═ n can be prepared as outlined in scheme 11 . thus , in step 1 , selective displacement of one of the chlorine atoms in dichloro - nitropyrimidines 72 ( z6 = h , z6 = methyl , z6 = carboxyethyl are commercially available ) can be accomplished by treatment with r4 - substituted amines in an appropriate solvent such as thf at a temperature between − 78 ° c . and room temp to provide compounds 73 . in step 2 , replacement of the remaining chlorine atom with a z6 moiety can be accomplished by the method discussed above in scheme 6 step 8 to provide compound 74 . reduction of the nitro group provides a diamine of formula 75 ( step 3 ). condensation of compounds 75 with alpha - ketoesters of formula 76 in step 4 provides compounds of formula 77 . in step 5 , the optional protecting group p is removed to provide compounds 78 , an example of amine 1 . by analogy to scheme 11 , examples of amines 40 and 41 wherein x — y is c ═ n can be prepared as shown in scheme 12 . in step 1 , reaction of dichloro - nitropyridines 79 ( z6 = h : see recueil des travaux chimiquies des pays - bas , 1976 , 95 , 127 - 129 ) and 80 ( z6 = h : commercially available ) with r4 - substituted amines in an appropriate solvent such as thf provides compounds 81 and 82 respectively . in step 2 , replacement of the remaining chlorine atom with a z6 moiety can be accomplished by the method discussed above in scheme 6 step 8 to provide compounds 83 - 84 . by analogy to scheme 11 , steps 3 - 5 , nitroamines 83 and 84 can be converted to 85 and 86 , examples of amines 40 and 41 respectively . general method a : to a solution of the starting pyrazole amine ( 1 eq ) in etoac were added 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroethylchloroformate ( 1 . 1 eq ) and saturated nahco 3 ( 2 - 3 eq ) at 0 ° c . after stirring for 3 h at rt , the layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with etoac . the combined organic extracts were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to yield the crude troc carbamate of the pyrazole amine . to the carbamate ( 1 eq ) in dmso were added diisopropylethylamine ( 2 eq ), the appropriate amine ( 2 eq ) and the mixture was stirred at 60 ° c . for 16 h or until all the starting carbamate was consumed . water was added to the mixture and the product was extracted with etoac ( 2 × 25 ml ). the combined organic extracts were washed with brine solution , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to yield crude product , which was purified by column chromatography to yield the target compound . general method b : to a suspension of the amine ( usually 0 . 67 mmol ) in etoac ( 2 ml ) was added aqueous 1n naoh . the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ° c . and treated with isopropenyl chloroformate ( 0 . 1 ml , 0 . 94 mmol ) over 30 sec . the reaction mixture was stirred 15 min at 0 ° c . and 1 h at rt . the reaction was poured into thf - etoac ( 1 : 1 ; 40 ml ) and washed with h 2 o ( 2 × 10 ml ) and brine ( 2 × 10 ml ). the organics were dried ( na 2 so 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified via column chromatography to provide the target ( prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl ) carbamate . to the carbamate ( usually 0 . 26 mmol ) was added the appropriate amine ( usually 0 . 26 mmol ) in thf ( 2 ml ) and 1 - methylpyrrolidine ( catalytic amount ) at 60 ° c . for 18 h . the mixture was diluted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 ml ) and hexane ( 0 . 5 ml ) solution , and stirred for 10 min . the resultant solid was filtered and dried and the resulting solid converted to the amine hydrochloride salt by treatment with 0 . 1 n hcl solution and lyophilization . general method c : to a stirring solution of amine ( 2 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and pyridine ( 4 mmol , 2 . 00 eq ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 18 ml ) at rt was added troc - cl ( 1 . 87 mmol , 1 . 05 eq ). after 4 hours the reaction was washed with 3m hcl ( 1 ×), satd . nahco 3 ( 1 ×), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and evaporated to afford the target 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroethyl carbamate . the material was used as is in the next reaction . the 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroethyl carbamate ( 0 . 7 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ), the appropriate ( 0 . 7 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and ipr 2 net ( 1 . 54 mmol , 2 . 20 eq ) were combined in dmso ( 3 ml ) and stirred with heating at 70 ° c . after 18 h , the completed reaction was diluted with brine ( 30 ml ) and extracted with etoac ( 3 ×). the combined organics were washed with brine ( 2 ×), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and evaporated to give the crude product which was purified via flash column chromatography . general method d : to a stirring solution of carboxylic acid ( 0 . 50 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and dppa ( 0 . 75 mmol , 1 . 50 eq ) in 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 5 . 0 ml ) at rt was added et 3 n ( 1 . 5 mmol , 3 . 00 eq ). after stirring for 30 min at rt , the appropriate amine ( 0 . 76 mmol , 1 . 50 eq ) was added and the mixture was heated at 100 ° c . after 2 h , the completed reaction was cooled to rt , diluted with brine and extracted with etoac ( 2 ×). the combined organics were washed with 3m hcl ( 1 ×), satd . nahco 3 ( 2 ×), and brine ( 1 ×), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and evaporated to give the crude product which was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the target urea . general method e : to a solution of aryl sulfone and / or aryl sulfoxide ( 0 . 4 mmol ) in thf was added the appropriate amine ( 2 mmol , 5 eq ) and the reaction was stirred for 2 h at rt . the mixture was diluted with etoac ( 3 ml ) and resultant solid filtered , washed and dried to provide the desired product aryl amine . general method f : to a stirring suspension of isocyanate ( 0 . 51 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and pyridine ( 0 . 0418 ml , 0 . 51 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 ml ) at rt was added the appropriate amine ( 0 . 51 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ). a thick suspension gradually formed . after 3 . 5 h , the solids were collected by filtration , rinsed well with ch 2 cl 2 and dried on the filter to afford the desired urea . general method g : to a solution of amine ( 11 mmol ) in thf ( 100 ml ) was added lihmds ( 22 mmol ) at − 78 ° c . under ar . after 20 min , prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl chloroformate ( 11 mmol ) was added and the reaction was stirred for 30 min . the mixture was quenched with 2n hcl ( 15 ml ) at − 78 ° c . and warmed to rt . it was diluted with brine ( 50 ml ) and etoac ( 50 ml ), the organic layer was separated and washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . purification by silica gel chromatography or recrystallization provided the appropriate prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl carbamate . to the carbamate ( usually 0 . 26 mmol ) was added the appropriate amine ( usually 0 . 26 mmol ) in thf ( 2 ml ) and 1 - methylpyrrolidine ( catalytic amount ) at 60 ° c . for 18 h . the mixture was diluted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 ml ) and hexane ( 0 . 5 ml ) solution , and stirred for 10 min . the resultant solid was filtered and dried and the resulting solid converted to the amine hydrochloride salt by treatment with 0 . 1 n hcl solution and lyophilization . acetic acid ( 10 ml , 174 mmol ) was added to a mixture of example c2 ( 10 g , 54 . 6 mmol ) and 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitroaniline ( 8 . 5 g , 54 . 6 mmol ) in water ( 350 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight . the solid was collected by filtration and washed with meoh ( 2 × 20 ml ) to give 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylimino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 8 . 0 g , 46 % yield ) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 39 ( m , 1 h ), 8 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 33 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 18 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 61 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 05 ( d , j = 3 . 6 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 322 . 2 ( m + h + ). to a suspension of lialh 4 ( 1 . 3 g , 34 mmol ) in anhydrous thf at 0 ° c . was added the above 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylimino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine portionwise over 20 min . after the addition was complete , the mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 30 min . aqueous 10 % naoh ( 2 ml ) was added and the resultant precipitate was removed by filtration . the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 6 . 0 g , 56 % yield ) as a brown solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 84 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 28 ( dd , j = 6 . 6 , 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 17 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 03 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 42 ( t , j = 3 . 9 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 00 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 82 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 39 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 324 . 1 ( m + h + ). to a solution of diphosgene ( 3 . 5 g , 17 . 7 mmol ) in dioxane ( 350 ml ) at 0 ° c . was slowly added a solution comprised of 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 5 . 2 g , 16 . 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 4 . 5 ml , 32 . 1 mmol ) in dioxane ( 250 ml ). the resultant reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between etoac and h 2 o . the combined organics were dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated to give crude product , which was washed with cold meoh ( 5 ml ) to give 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 5 . 0 g , 89 % yield ) as a brown solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 26 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 20 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 64 ( dd , j = 6 . 9 , 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 82 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 29 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 350 . 3 ( m + h + ). to a solution of 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 . 0 g , 8 . 6 mmol ) in meoh ( 30 ml ) was added 10 % pd / c ( 1 . 2 g , 1 . 1 mmol ). the resultant mixture was stirred overnight under h 2 ( 30 psi ). the mixture was filtered , concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 8 g , 66 % yield ) as a brown solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 21 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 99 ( dd , j = 6 . 6 , 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 70 ( dd , j = 1 . 8 , 6 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 47 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 21 ( br s , 2 h ), 4 . 65 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 26 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 320 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a solution of example a1 ( 400 mg , 1 . 3 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 5 ml ) was added 3 - chloroperoxybenzoic acid ( mcpba ) ( 430 mg , 2 . 5 mmol ) in one portion . after stirring for 2 h , the reaction mixture was quenched with aq nahco 3 and aq nahso 3 . the organic layer was separated and was washed with brine , dried na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . the crude product was dissolved in dmso ( 2 ml ) and was treated with a solution of ammonia in dioxane ( 2 m , 30 ml , 60 mmol ). the mixture stirred overnight at rt . the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 7 - amino - 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 276 mg , 77 % yield ) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 88 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 96 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 6 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 68 ( dd , j = 6 . 3 , 2 . 1 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 52 ( br s , 2 h ), 6 . 44 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 18 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 48 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 19 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 289 . 2 . ( m + h + ). example a1 ( 1 . 0 g , 3 . 1 mmol ), mcpba ( 1 . 1 g , 6 . 3 mmol ) and methylamine were combined by the procedure of example a2 to provide 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 370 mg , 39 % yield ) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 93 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 99 - 6 . 94 ( m , 2 h ), 6 . 69 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 44 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 18 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 23 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 0 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : ( m + h + ) 303 . 2 pocl 3 ( 5 . 86 g , 38 . 6 mmol ) was added dropwise to a solution of example c3 ( 3 . 8 g , 19 . 3 mmol ) in thf ( 25 ml ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to 25 ° c . for 4 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude 5 -( chloromethyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine hcl ( 3 . 5 g , 84 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . a mixture of the above 5 -( chloromethyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine hcl ( 3 . 5 g , 16 . 3 mmol ) and 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitroaniline ( 41 . 5 ml , 0 . 3 mol ) in pyridine ( 150 ml ) was stirred at 50 ° c . for 8 h . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford a crude product which was washed with h 2 o and dried to give 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 3 g , 60 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 83 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 62 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 30 ( t , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 20 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 98 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 81 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 14 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 30 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 89 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 336 . 2 ( m + h + ) to a solution of diphosgene ( 1 . 15 ml , 9 . 5 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 100 ml ) was added a mixture of 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 0 g , 9 . 0 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 2 . 5 ml , 18 . 0 mmol ) in dioxane ( 200 ml ) at 10 ° c . after addition , the resulting mixture was stirred at 30 ° c . for 10 h . h 2 o was added to quench the above reaction and the mixture was neutralized to ph 7 with saturated na 2 co 3 solution . the dioxane was removed under reduced pressure and the remaining aqueous solution was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 50 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried over mgso 4 and concentrated to give 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 1 g , 65 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 15 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 80 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 62 ( t , j = 9 . 3 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 58 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 80 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 72 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 27 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 15 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 362 . 2 ( m + h + ). a solution 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 g , 5 . 5 mmol ) in methanol ( 30 ml ) was stirred with 10 % pd / c ( 1 . 0 g , 0 . 94 mmol ) under hydrogen ( 45 psi ) at 45 ° c . for 24 h . the complete reaction mixture was filtered , and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo . the residue was washed with ethyl ether and dried in vacuo to provide 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 1 g , 66 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 70 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 94 ( t , j = 9 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 66 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 92 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 17 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 13 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 73 ( d , j = 4 . 0 hz , 3 h ), ms ( esi ) m / z : 302 . 1 ( m + h + ). n - butyllithium ( 1 . 6 m in hexane , 109 ml , 0 . 175 mol ) was added dropwise to a − 78 ° c . solution of 1 - bromo - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylbenzene ( 30 g , 0 . 16 mol ) in thf ( 500 ml ) under n 2 . after complete addition , the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at − 78 ° c . the bright yellow solution was quickly cannulated to another flask containing a pre - cooled (− 78 ° c .) solution of diethyl oxalate ( 27 . 8 g , 0 . 19 mol ) in thf ( 400 ml ). after stirring for another 30 min at − 78 ° c ., the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of saturated nh 4 cl solution ( 800 ml ). the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 400 ml ) and the combined organics were dried ( na 2 so 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel chromatography to provide ethyl 2 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 22 . 0 g , yield , 66 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 7 . 73 ( dd , j = 9 . 2 , 5 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 02 - 6 . 96 ( m , 2 h ), 4 . 40 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 60 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 29 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3 h ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 233 . 0 [ m + na ] + hno 3 ( 6 . 92 g , 71 . 4 mmol ) was added dropwise to a suspension of ethyl 2 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 15 g , 71 . 4 mmol ) in conc . h 2 so 4 ( 50 ml ) at ° c . after complete addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 30 min . the mixture was poured into ice water , and extracted with etoac . the organic extract was washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give ethyl 2 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 15 g , 83 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 8 . 53 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 47 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 67 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 43 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). a mixture of ethyl 2 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 15 g , 59 mmol ) and fe ( 46 g , 828 mmol ) in acoh ( 200 ml ) was stirred at rt overnight . the solid was removed by filtration , and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the residue was partitioned with water and etoac . the organic layer was washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo to give ethyl 2 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 9 . 0 g , 70 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 7 . 16 ( d , j = 6 . 9 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 91 ( d , j = 8 . 7 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 41 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 40 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). acetyl chloride ( 3 . 12 g , 40 mmol ) was added to a 0 ° c . solution of ethyl 2 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 9 g , 40 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 8 . 1 g , 80 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 80 ml ). the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2 -( 5 - acetamido - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 10 . 7 g , 100 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 8 . 71 ( d , j = 6 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 37 ( brs , 1 h ), 6 . 95 ( d , j = 8 . 7 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 39 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 10 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 40 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). a mixture of ethyl 2 -( 5 - acetamido - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 - oxoacetate ( 5 g , 19 mmol ), example d3 ( 5 . 7 g , 38 mmol ) and acoh ( 2 ml ) in etoh ( 100 ml ) was charged in steel bomb and heated at 100 ° c . for 48 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give n -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 8 - methyl - 2 -( methylamino )- 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) acetamide ( 1 . 5 g , 23 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 71 ( br s , 1 h ), 8 . 66 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 87 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 11 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 58 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 93 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 18 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 06 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 357 . 2 [ m + h ] − . a solution of n -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 8 - methyl - 2 -( methylamino )- 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) acetamide ( 1 . 5 g , 4 . 2 mmol ) and conc . hcl ( 1 ml ) in meoh ( 20 ml ) was heated at reflux overnight . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure . water was added , and the mixture basified to ph = 8 . the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to give 6 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 8 - methyl - 2 - methylamino ) pteridin - 7 ( 8h )- one ( 1 . 0 g , 78 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 70 ( s , 0 . 3 h ), 8 . 62 ( s , 0 . 7 h ) □ 7 . 96 ( m , 0 . 7 h ) □ 7 . 85 ( m , 0 . 3 h ) □ 6 . 88 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 78 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 98 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 56 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 48 ( s , 1 h ) □ 2 . 91 ( d , j = 4 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 03 ( s , 3 h ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 315 . 2 [ m + h ] + . sodium triacetoxy borohydride ( 2 . 70 g , 12 . 8 mmol ) was added to a solution of example c5 ( 2 . 10 g , 10 . 6 mmol ), 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitroaniline ( 1 . 66 g , 10 . 6 mmol ) and tfa ( 2 . 43 g , 21 . 3 mmol ) in etoac ( 50 ml ). after stirring for 30 min . the reaction mixture was diluted with water ( 50 ml ), and 2n naoh was added to adjust the ph to alkaline . the organic phase was separated , washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give yellow orange solid . the solid was slurried in mtbe , collected by filtration , washed and dried in vacuo to give n - ethyl - 5 -( 4 -( fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ( methyl )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 2 g , 61 % yield ) as a bright yellow solid . to a suspension of n - ethyl - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 20 g , 6 . 5 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 25 ml ) was added et 3 n ( 2 . 7 ml , 20 mmol ) followed by phosgene ( 20 % solution in toluene , 4 . 3 ml , 7 . 8 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt and then diluted with water . the organic layer was separated and washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to provide an orange yellow solid , which on stirring in ethyl acetate followed by filtration provided 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one as a light yellow solid . to a solution of 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 4 g , 6 . 5 mmol ) in ethyl acetate and methanol ( 1 : 1 , 40 ml ) was added pd / c ( 230 mg ) and the mixture was hydrogenated ( 55 psi ) in a parr shaker for 2 days . the reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with methanol . the combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in thf and the solid was filtered . the filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 65 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h - nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 20 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 97 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 70 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 46 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 21 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 64 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 94 ( q , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 334 . 1 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , example a6 ( 0 . 65 g , 1 . 9 mmol ) was treated with mcpba ( 70 % wt , 0 . 58 g , 2 . 3 mmol ) and then n - methylamine ( 2 . 0m in thf , 3 . 9 ml , 7 . 8 mmol ) to afford 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 79 g , 94 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 , major tautomer ): δ 8 . 00 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 04 ( m , 2 h ), 6 . 76 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 2 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 52 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 27 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 99 ( q , j = 6 . 4 hz , 2h ), 2 . 84 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 22 ( t , j = 6 . 4 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 317 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a solution of example a1 ( 700 mg , 2 . 2 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ) was added raney - ni ( 50 % wt slurry in water , 1 . 0 g ) and then the reaction mixture was stirred under 1 atm of h 2 at 60 ° c . for 5 h . the mixture was filtered through diatomite and the cake was washed with thf . the combined filtrate was concentrated to give 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluoro - phenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 1h - pyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 - one ( 460 mg , 76 % yield ) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 77 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 39 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 99 ( dd , j = 11 . 4 , 8 . 7 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 72 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 49 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 24 ( br s , 2 h ), 4 . 73 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3 h ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 274 . 2 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a10 , example c6 ( 7 g , 33 mmol ) and 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamine ( 4 . 7 g , 30 mmol ) were converted to 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 g ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 23 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 97 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 69 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 44 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 22 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 94 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 59 ( s , 2 h ), 2 . 49 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 45 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 348 . 1 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of example c1 ( 10 g , 56 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 120 ml ) was added thionyl chloride ( 10 . 4 ml , 140 mmol ) slowly at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at 80 ° c . for 4 hours . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 11 . 5 g , & gt ; 100 % yield ), which was used directly in the next step . to a solution of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 11 . 5 g ) and example d1 ( 9 . 6 g , 56 mmol ) in anhydrous ch 3 cn ( 160 ml ) was added nai ( 1 . 7 g , 11 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 14 . 6 g , 112 mmol ), then the mixture was stirred at 60 ° c . overnight . after removing the solvent , the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 7 g , 37 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 83 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 22 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 08 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 98 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 79 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 09 ( d , j = 8 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 85 ( d , j = 4 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 37 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 17 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 337 . 9 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of diphosgene ( 0 . 85 ml , 7 . 2 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 20 ml ) was added a solution of 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 2 g , 6 . 5 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 1 . 32 g , 13 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . after the addition , the resulting mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . overnight . water was added and the mixture was neutralized with saturated na 2 co 3 solution to ph 8 . the dioxane was removed in vacuo , and the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 60 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated . the residue was washed with ether and dried in vacuo to afford 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 g , 84 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 8 . 04 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 97 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 73 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 42 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 40 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 25 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 364 . 1 [ m + h ] + . 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 g , 8 . 26 mmol ) was added to a solution of hcl ( 1 . 6 g , 16 . 5 mmol ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) followed by iron power ( 4 . 6 g , 80 mmol ), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . for 6 hours . the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was neutralized with saturated na 2 co 3 solution to ph 8 and the mixture was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 150 ml ). the combined extracts were washed with brine , dried na 2 so 4 ) and evaporated to give 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 9 g , 67 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 19 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 89 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 65 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 01 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 62 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 44 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 24 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 92 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 334 . 1 [ m + h ] + . using the procedure of example a9 , steps 2 - 4 , example d1 ( 3 . 68 g , 22 mmol ) and 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - isopropyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 5 g , 22 mmol ) were combined to afford 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 g , 12 % yield over 3 steps ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 23 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 90 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 67 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 04 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 97 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 60 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 93 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 46 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 362 . 1 [ m + h ] − . a solution of 3 - amino - 5 - nitrobenzonitrile ( 3 . 59 g , 22 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 10 ml ) was added dropwise to a mixture of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - isopropyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine from example a9 ( 5 g , 22 mmol ), sodium iodide ( 0 . 33 g , 2 . 2 mmol ), and diisopropylethylamine ( 2 ml , 12 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 100 ml ) at 0 ° c . the resultant reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight . the solvent was evaporated and the residue was diluted with water , and extracted with etoac . the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 3 -(( 4 -( isopropylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methylamino )- 5 - nitrobenzonitrile ( 2 . 2 g , 28 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 87 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 74 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 56 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 32 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 08 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 63 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 30 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 15 ( s , 2 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 17 - 1 . 15 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 359 . 2 [ m + h ] + . diphosgene ( 5 ml , 41 mmol ), 3 -(( 4 -( isopropylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methylamino )- 5 - nitrobenzonitrile ( 2 . 2 g , 6 . 15 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 2 . 5 ml ) were combined by the procedure of example a4 step 3 to give 3 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 5 - nitrobenzonitrile ( 1 . 2 g , 51 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 3 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 5 - nitrobenzonitrile ( 1 . 2 g , 3 . 13 mmol ), iron powder ( 1 . 75 g , 31 mmol ) and conc hcl ( 0 . 5 ml , 6 mmol ) were combined in methanol ( 100 ml ) by the procedure of example a10 , step 4 , to provide 3 - amino - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) benzonitrile ( 280 mg , 25 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 27 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 89 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 86 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 76 ( t , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 73 ( d , j = 2 . 8 hz , 2 h ), 4 . 98 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 68 ( s , 2 h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 48 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 355 . 1 [ m + h ] + . using the procedure of example a10 , example c4 ( 6 . 0 g , 30 . 2 mmol ) and example d1 ( 3 . 9 g , 23 mmol ) were converted to 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - phenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 5 g , 31 % yield over 4 steps ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 28 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 98 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 75 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 5 . 11 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 72 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 53 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 03 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 57 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 01 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 22 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 348 . 2 [ m + h ] + . using the procedure of example a15 steps 2 - 4 , 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - ethyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine from example a13 ( 2 . 4 g , 10 . 5 mmol ) and example d2 ( 2 . 0 g , 10 . 5 mmol ) were combined to afford 3 -( 5 - amino - 2 - chloro - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 9 g , 26 % yield over 3 steps ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 26 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 31 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 87 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 5 . 51 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 68 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 98 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 18 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 367 . 9 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of example c1 ( 2 g , 11 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 120 ml ) was added thionyl chloride ( 1 . 74 ml , 23 mmol ) slowly at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at 80 ° c . for 4 hours . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 1 g ) which was used directly in the next step . to a solution of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 1 g ) and example d2 ( 2 g , 11 mmol ) in anhydrous ch 3 cn ( 50 ml ) was added nai ( 0 . 32 g , 2 . 2 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 2 . 8 g , 22 mmol ). the resultant mixture was stirred at 60 ° c . overnight . after the solvent was removed , the residue was washed with etoac ( 3 × 100 ml ) and purified by column chromatography to give 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 1 . 2 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 86 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 70 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 16 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 33 ( t , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 17 ( d , j = 8 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 8 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 37 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 357 . 9 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of diphosgene ( 2 . 1 ml , 6 . 8 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 30 ml ) was added a solution of 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methyl - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 2 g , 6 . 2 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 1 . 32 g , 13 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 30 ml ) at 0 ° c . after complete addition , the resulting mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . overnight . water was added and the mixture was basified with saturated na 2 co 3 solution . the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 100 ml ). the combined organic layers were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . the residual solid was washed with ether and dried to afford 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 4 g , 59 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 53 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 26 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 08 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 82 ( d , j = 16 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 57 ( d , j = 16 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 29 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 384 . 1 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 4 g , 3 . 7 mmol ) in etoh ( 30 ml ) was added conc . hcl ( 0 . 75 g , 9 mmol ), followed by active iron power ( 2 g , 36 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at 50 ° c . for 6 hours . the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with water and treated with saturated aq na 2 co 3 solution until ph 8 . the aqueous mixture was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 80 ml ). the combined extracts were dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give 3 -( 5 - amino - 2 - chloro - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 08 g , 84 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 25 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 30 ( d , j = 11 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 84 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 50 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 66 ( d , j = 14 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 53 ( d , j = 14 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 27 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 354 . 3 [ m + h ] + . thionyl chloride ( 3 . 7 ml , 51 mmol ) was added dropwise to a 0 ° c . solution of example c3 ( 4 g , 20 . 3 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 20 ml ). the resultant mixture was stirred at 25 ° c . for 4 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 5 -( chloromethyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 9 g , 89 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . using a procedure analogous to example a4 steps 2 - 4 , 5 -( chloromethyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 9 g , 18 mmol ) and example d1 ( 3 . 08 g , 18 . 1 mmol ) were combined to give 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 5 g , 29 % yield over 3 steps ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 72 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 90 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 65 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 41 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 02 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 33 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 94 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 316 . 2 [ m + h ] + . thionyl chloride ( 5 . 86 g , 23 . 8 mmol ) was added dropwise to a 0 ° c . solution of example c7 ( 2 . 9 g , 11 . 9 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 30 ml ). the resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ° c . for 4 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - isopropyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 2 . 7 g , 87 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . a mixture of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - isopropyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 2 . 7 g , 11 . 1 mmol ) and example d1 ( 1 . 9 g , 11 . 1 mol ) in pyridine ( 60 ml ) was stirred at 50 ° c . for 8 h . the pyridine was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to give 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - isopropyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 0 g , 71 . 6 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 84 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 32 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 22 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 00 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 4 . 28 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 82 ( m , 1 h ), 3 . 72 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 27 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 27 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ). using the procedure of example a4 step 3 , diphosgene ( 1 . 3 g , 6 . 4 mmol ), 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - isopropyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 2 . 0 g , 5 . 3 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 2 . 2 g , 21 . 2 mmol ) were reacted in dioxane to give 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 5 g , 70 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 18 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 55 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 68 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 77 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 45 - 4 . 37 ( m , 2 h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 13 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 14 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 46 ( t , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6h ). using the procedure of example a4 step 4 , a mixture of 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methoxy ( methyl - 3 - amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 5 g , 3 . 7 mmol ) and pd / c ( 0 . 7 g ) was hydrogenated ( 45 psi ) in methanol ( 60 ml ) at 45 ° c . to afford 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 83 g , 65 . 0 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 72 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 87 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 61 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 35 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 98 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 41 - 4 . 20 ( m , 3 h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 90 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 45 ( t , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 344 . 2 . [ m + h ] − . 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitro - phenylamine ( 1 . 4 g , 7 . 4 mmol ) was added to a solution of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine from example a16 ( 1 . 6 g , 7 . 4 mmol ) in pyridine ( 30 ml ) and the mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . for 8 hours . the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the solid residue was thoroughly washed with water to give 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 1 . 5 g , 56 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 34 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 56 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 36 ( d , j = 4 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 31 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 91 - 2 . 92 ( d , j = 4 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 369 . 9 [ m + h ] + . diphosgene ( 0 . 6 ml , 4 . 8 mmol ), 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 , n4 - dimethylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 1 . 7 g , 4 . 6 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 0 . 93 g , 9 . 2 mmol ) were combined by the procedure of example a4 , step 3 to afford 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 . 5 g , 83 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 59 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 15 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1 h ), 6 - 66 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 94 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 61 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 84 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 35 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 25 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 396 . 1 [ m + h ] + . 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydro pyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 1 g , 2 . 5 mmol ), pd / c ( 0 . 3 g ) were combined in meoh ( 30 ml ) and hydrogenated ( 45 psi ) at 50 ° c . for 4 days . the catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo . the residual solid was washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacuo to give 3 -( 5 - amino - 2 - chloro - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 6 g , 71 % yield ). 1 h - nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 26 ( d , j == 10 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 78 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 41 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 94 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 43 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 16 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 336 . 2 [ m + h ] + . thionyl chloride ( 3 . 5 ml , 0 . 048 mol ) was added dropwise to a solution of example c8 ( 5 g , 0 . 024 mol ) in dry thf ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 4 hours and concentrated in vacuo to give 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 5 . 4 g , 98 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 5 . 4 g , 0 . 024 mol ) and example d1 ( 4 g , 0 . 024 mol ) were combined according to example a4 step 2 to provide 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 6 g , 70 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 66 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 05 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 04 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 96 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 24 ( d , j == 8 hz , 2h ), 3 . 67 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 32 ( q , j = 1 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 23 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 18 ( s , 3 h ) 1 . 16 ( t , j = 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 384 . 0 [ m + h ] + . diphosgene ( 2 . 4 ml , 19 mmol ), 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 6 g , 16 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 4 . 6 ml , 32 mmol ) were combined by the procedure of example a4 step 3 to provide 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitro - phenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 4 . 5 g , 70 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 27 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 58 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 58 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 89 ( d , j = 16 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 48 ( d , j = 16 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 73 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 16 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 20 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 19 ( t , j = 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 390 . 2 [ m + h ] + . 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 . 2 g , 8 . 2 mmol ) and pd / c ( 0 . 3 g ) were combined in meoh ( 60 ml ) and subjected to hydrogen ( 45 psi ) at 50 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was filtered , concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography to give 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 1 g , 78 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 88 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 64 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 38 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 99 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 01 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 51 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 29 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 76 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 91 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 14 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 330 . 2 [ m + h ] + . a mixture of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine from example a19 ( 3 . 2 g , 14 . 7 mmol ) and example d2 ( 2 . 6 g , 14 . 7 mol ) were combined using the procedure of example a8 steps 2 - 4 to provide 3 -( 5 - amino - 2 - chloro - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 g ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 72 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 81 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 44 ( bs , 1 h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 42 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 38 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 350 . 2 [ m + h ] + . example a10 ( 0 . 500 g , 1 . 50 mmol ), mcpba ( 70 % 0 . 444 g , 1 . 80 mmol ), and methylamine ( 2 m in thf , 3 . 75 ml ) were combined by the procedure of example a2 to provide 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 363 g , 77 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ 7 . 92 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( d , j = 11 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 64 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 5 . 03 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 48 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 30 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 22 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 94 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 317 . 3 [ m + h ] + . using a procedure analogous to example a2 , example a9 ( 0 . 85 g , 2 . 447 mmol ), mcpba ( 0 . 464 g , 2 . 69 mmol ) and 2m methylamine in thf ( 6 ml ) were combined and purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one as white solid ( 0 . 56 g , 69 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 93 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 96 ( dd , j = 11 . 6 hz , 8 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 68 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 hz , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 44 - 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 12 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 99 - 4 . 92 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 44 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 45 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 331 . 2 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , example a11 ( 0 . 50 g , 1 . 38 mmol ), mcpba ( 0 . 41 g , 1 . 66 mmol ) and methyl amine ( 2 m in thf , 2 . 8 ml , 5 . 6 mmol ) were combined to provide 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 240 mg , 50 % yield ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 345 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a 0 ° c . solution of ethyl 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinate ( 4 g , 18 . 7 mmol , from example c3 ) in thf ( 40 ml ) was added lialh 4 ( 1 . 4 g , 37 . 4 mmol ) portionwise under a n 2 atmosphere . after stirring for 20 min , the reaction was quenched by cautious addition of water followed by aqueous solution of 2 n naoh . the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford ( 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) methanol ( 2 . 9 g , 90 . 6 % yield ), which was used in next step without purification . 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 96 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 63 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 04 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 39 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 81 - 2 . 68 ( m , 3 h ). a mixture of ( 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) methanol ( 2 . 9 g , 16 . 7 mmol ) and mno 2 ( 11 . 7 g , 133 . 6 mmol ) in anhydrous dcm ( 25 ml ) was stirred at 30 ° c . for 6 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to rt , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinaldehyde ( 2 . 5 g , 87 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 83 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 52 ( br s , 1 h ), 8 . 40 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 75 ( s , 1 h ), 2 . 87 ( d , j = 5 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 171 . 0 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinaldehyde ( 1 . 00 g , 5 . 88 in mmol ) and example d1 ( 1 . 00 g , 5 . 88 mmol ) in glacial acetic acid ( 7 . 5 ml ) was added sodium triacetoxy borohydride ( 2 . 49 g , 11 . 7 mmol ). the mixture was stirred overnight at rt . another portion of sodium triacetoxy borohydride ( 1 . 30 g , 6 . 11 mmol ) was added and the mixture was stirred another 24 h . the reaction was diluted with ice water and basified ( ph ˜ 7 - 8 ) with naoh . the yellow precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with h 2 o and dried under vacuum to give crude 2 - chloro - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methylpyridin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 04 g , 107 % yield ), which was used without further purification . ms ( esi ) m / z : 325 . 0 [ m + h ] + . to suspension 2 - chloro - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methylpyridin - 4 - amine ( 2 . 04 g , 6 . 28 mmol ) in dioxane ( 30 ml ) was added et 3 n ( 3 . 50 ml , 25 mmol ) and phosgene ( 20 % solution in toluene , 6 . 90 ml , 12 . 6 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 . 5 h . water 30 ml ) was added and the mixture was extracted with etoac ( 2 × 70 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine ( 15 ml ), dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was stirred with etoac for 15 min and the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to give 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 785 g , 36 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 31 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 61 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 15 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 61 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 351 . 0 [ m + h + ]. zn dust ( 0 . 575 g , 8 . 80 mmol ) was added to a suspension of 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 309 g , 0 . 880 mmol ) and nh 4 cl ( 0 . 471 g , 8 . 80 mmol in meoh / thf ( 1 : 1 , 16 ml ) and the mixture was stirred 1 . 5 h at rt . the mixture was filtered through celite , rinsing forward with meoh and the filtrates were concentrated , diluted with brine and extracted with thf ( 2 ×). the combined organics layers were washed with brine , dried ( mgso4 ), and concentrated to afford 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 7 - chloro - 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 260 g , 92 % yield ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 321 . 0 [ m + h + ]. example a24 ( 0 . 260 g , 0 . 811 mmol ) and n ′, n ′- dimethylethane - 1 , 2 - diamine ( 9 . 25 ml ) were combined and heated to 175 ° c . for 2 days . the excess solvent was removed under reduced pressure . and the residue was partitioned with saturated aq nahco 3 ( 15 ml ) and etoac ( 2 × 35 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine ( 15 ml ), dried ( mgso4 ) and concentrated . the light yellow residue was dissolved in minimal amount of etoac . hexane was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 min . the precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with hexane and dried under vacuum to obtain 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 153 g , 51 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 68 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 88 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 62 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 25 ( t , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 00 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 49 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 30 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 29 ( m , 2 h ), 3 . 13 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 38 ( t , j = 6 . 4 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 16 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 91 ( s , 3 h ). 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 4 . 3 g , 18 . 7 mmol , from example a19 ) and 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitro - phenylamine ( 3 g , 19 mmol ) were combined in pyridine ( 50 ml ) by the method of example a4 to provide n4 - ethyl - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 5 . 6 g , 85 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 65 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 63 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 29 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 23 - 7 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 02 - 7 . 6 . 98 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 84 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 18 ( d , j = 3 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 31 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 32 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 1 . 18 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 350 . 1 [ m + h ] + . diphosgene ( 2 . 4 ml , 20 mmol ), n4 - ethyl - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 5 . 6 g , 16 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 4 . 3 g , 40 mmol ) were combined by the procedure of example a4 to provide 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 4 . 8 g , 80 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 14 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 79 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 61 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 57 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 78 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 88 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 71 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 15 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 20 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 376 . 2 [ m + h ] + . 1 - ethyl - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 4 . 6 g , 12 mmol ), pd / c ( 0 . 5 g ) and hydrogen ( 45 psi ) were reacted in meoh ( 100 ml ) at 50 ° c . overnight to give 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 . 2 g , 84 %). 1 h - nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 70 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 94 ( dd , j = 11 . 2 , 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 67 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 42 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 33 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 14 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 48 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 74 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 73 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 316 . 2 [ m + h ] + . to a solution of example a10 ( 0 . 500 g , 1 . 50 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 10 ml ) was added mcpba ( 0 . 444 g , 1 . 20 eq ) in a portion wise manner . after stirring for 1 h , n ′, n ′- dimethylethane - 1 , 2 - diamine ( 0 . 661 g , 7 . 5 mmol ) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight . water was added and the solution was stirred for 1 h . the aqueous was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 ×) and the combined organics were washed with saturated nahco 3 , 3n naoh , and brine . the organics were dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to provide 3 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 358 g , 64 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 91 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 92 - 6 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 64 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ), 5 . 03 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 48 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 30 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 22 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 38 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 2 . 16 ( s , 6h ), 1 . 94 ( s , 3h ). using a procedure analogous to example a17 , 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - isopropyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 3 g , 13 . 6 mmol , see example a17 ) and 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitroaniline ( 2 . 1 g , 13 . 6 mol ) were combined to provide 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 1 g , 47 % yield over 3 steps ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 81 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 02 ( dd , j = 11 . 2 , 8 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 74 ( dd , j = 8 . 0 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 48 - 6 . 43 ( m , 2 h ), 6 . 22 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 24 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 49 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 39 ( m , 1 h ), 2 . 82 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 52 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 330 . 2 . [ m + h ] + . a solution of ethyl 4 , 6 - dichloronicotinate ( 10 g , 45 . 7 mmol ) in tert - butylamine ( 100 ml ) was stirred at 50 ° c . for 10 h . the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was suspended in h 2 o and extracted with etoac ( 3 × 100 ml ). the organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide ethyl 4 -( tert - butylamino )- 6 - chloronicotinate ( 7 g , 60 % yield ). 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 53 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 39 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 80 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 25 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 1 . 37 ( s , 9 h ), 1 . 27 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). lialh 4 (( 2 . 1 g , 54 . 7 mmol ) was added portion wise to a 0 ° c . solution of ethyl 4 -( tert - butylamino )- 6 - chloronicotinate ( 7 g , 27 . 3 mmol ) in thf ( 100 ml ). after 20 min , the reaction was quenched by the addition of water ( 2 . 1 ml ), followed by 2 n aq naoh ( 2 n , 2 . 1 ml . the resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford ( 4 - tert - butylamino - 6 - chloro - pyridin - 3 - yl )- methanol ( 5 . 0 g , 86 . 2 % yield ), which was used in next step without purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 73 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 61 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 87 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 43 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 38 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 1 . 35 ( s , 9 h ). a mixture of ( 4 - tert - butylamino - 6 - chloro - pyridin - 3 - yl )- methanol ( 5 . 0 g , 23 . 4 mmol ) and mno 2 ( 14 . 3 g , 163 . 6 mmol ) in anhydrous ch 2 cl 2 ( 100 ml ) was stirred at rt for 10 h . the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give 4 -( tert - butylamino )- 6 - chloronicotinaldehyde ( 4 . 0 g , 87 . 0 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 83 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 90 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 44 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 86 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 40 ( s , 9 h ). a mixture of 4 -( tert - butylamino )- 6 - chloronicotinaldehyde ( 4 . 0 g , 18 . 9 mmol ), 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitroaniline ( 2 . 9 g , 18 . 9 mmol ) and nabh ( oac ) 3 ( 7 . 1 g , 37 . 8 mmol ) in ch 3 cooh ( 80 ml ) was heated to 80 ° c . for 10 h . the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a sticky solid , which was suspended in ice water . the mixture was neutralized ( ph 7 ) with 2n aqueous naoh solution and was extracted with etoac . the extracts were washed with brine , dried na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . purification of the residue by chromatography provided n - tert - butyl - 2 - chloro - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl ) pyridin - 4 - amine ( 4 . 3 g , 65 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 87 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 32 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 27 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 04 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 68 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 52 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 46 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 17 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2 h ), 1 . 36 ( s , 9 h ). nah ( 1 . 5 g , 36 . 6 mmol ) was added portion wise to a solution of n - tert - butyl - 2 - chloro - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl ) pyridin - 4 - amine ( 4 . 3 g , 12 . 2 mmol ) in anhydrous dioxane ( 400 ml ) at 0 ° c . and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min . a solution of triphosgene ( 3 . 6 g , 12 . 2 mmol ) in dioxane ( 30 ml ) was added to the above mixture at 0 ° c . after the addition , the mixture was heated at 100 ° c . for 10 h . the cooled reaction was quenched with water and the ph was adjusted to ph & gt ; 7 with saturated nahco 3 solution . the dioxane was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water and etoac ( 3 × 50 ml ). the combined organic layers were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . purification by silica gel chromatography provided 1 - tert - butyl - 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 . 5 g , 76 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 21 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 07 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 71 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 57 ( m , 1 h ), 7 . 32 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 70 ( s , 2 h ) 1 . 57 ( s , 9 h ). iron powder was added ( 5 . 2 g , 93 mmol ) in portions to a solution of 1 - tert - butyl - 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 3 . 5 g , 9 . 3 mmol ) and conc . hcl ( 0 . 35 ml , 4 . 2 mmol ) in 10 / 1 etoh / h 2 o ( 11 ml ). the resulting mixture was stirred at 40 ° c . for 30 min . the reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with etoh . the ethanolic filtrate was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between etoac and h 2 o . the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 80 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography on silica gel to afford 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - tert - butyl - 7 - chloro - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 0 g , 62 % yield ). 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 20 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 26 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 92 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 62 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 34 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 17 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( s , 2h ), 1 . 55 ( s , 9 h ). 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - tert - butyl - 7 - chloro - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 1h - pyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 - one ( 2 . 0 g , 5 . 7 mmol ), cui ( 200 mg , 1 . 05 mmol ) and methylamine ( 200 ml ) were combined in a steel bomb and heated to 180 ° c . for 48 h . the reaction vessel was cooled to − 78 ° c ., unsealed , and warmed to rt . the reaction was partitioned between etoac and h 2 o , and the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac . the combined organics were washed with brine ( 2 × 100 ml ), dried ( na 2 so 4 ), concentrated and purified by neutral aluminum oxide column chromatography to provide 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - tert - butyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 900 mg , 46 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 76 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 91 ( dd , j = 11 . 1 , 8 . 7 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 61 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 35 - 6 . 32 ( m , 3 h ), 5 . 14 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 29 ( s , 2 h ), 2 . 74 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 55 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 344 . 0 [ m + h ] + . by analogy to example a24 , 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinaldehyde ( from example a24 ), 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitroaniline and sodium triacetoxy borohydride are combined in glacial acetic acid to give crude 2 - chloro - 5 -(( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n - methylpyridin - 4 - amine , which is reacted with diphosgene by the procedure of example a75 to give 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one . zn dust is reacted with a suspension of 7 - chloro - 3 -( 4 - fluoro - 3 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one and nh 4 cl in meoh / thf ( 1 : 1 ) to provide 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 7 - chloro - 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one . by analogy to example a25 , 4 - methoxybenzylamine and 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 7 - chloro - 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one are combined and heated to 180 ° c . to provide 7 -( 4 - methoxybenzylamino )- 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one , which is further reacted with trifluoroacetic acid to provide 7 - amino - 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - methyl - 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one . s2 - amino - 6 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 8 - methylpteridin - 7 ( 8h )- one can be prepared by the procedure of example a5 by substituting n4 - methylpyrimidine - 2 , 4 , 5 - triamine sulfate ( o &# 39 ; brien , et . al . j . med . chem . ( 1966 ), 9 , p 121 - 6 ) for example d3 . a mixture of 5 -( chloromethyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 3 . 2 g , 14 . 7 mmol , from example a9 ) and example d2 ( 2 . 6 g , 14 . 7 mol ) were combined using the procedure of example a4 to provide 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 4 . 3 g , 76 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . diphosgene ( 3 . 1 g , 15 . 66 mmol ), 5 -(( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenylamino ) methyl )- n4 - ethyl - n2 - methoxy - n2 - methylpyridine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 4 . 3 g , 13 . 1 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 7 g , 65 . 2 mmol ) were combined by the procedure of example a4 to give 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 7 g , 60 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 55 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 09 ( d , j = 11 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 63 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 91 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 55 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 93 ( m , 2 h ), 3 . 77 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 20 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 23 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 410 . 2 [ m + h ] + . 3 -( 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitrophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 . 7 g , 6 . 6 mmol ), pd / c ( 1 . 4 g ) and hydrogen ( 30 psi ) were combined at 45 ° c . by the procedure of example a4 to provide 3 -( 5 - amino - 2 - chloro - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 2 g , 87 . 0 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 72 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 81 ( d , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 44 ( bs , 1 h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 42 ( s , 2 h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 38 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 350 . 2 [ m + h ] + . phenyl hydrazine and 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 3 - oxopentanenitrile were combined according to literature procedures to yield 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine . see wo 2006 / 071940 . to a solution of quinolin - 6 - ylamine ( 5 g , 35 mmol ) in conc . hcl ( 12 ml ) was added dropwise an aqueous solution ( 4 ml ) of nano 2 ( 2 . 42 g , 35 mmol ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h and then treated dropwise with a solution of sncl 2 . 2h 2 o ( 15 . 8 g , 70 mmol ) in conc . hcl ( 15 ml ) at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt . the precipitate was collected and washed with etoh and et 2 o to yield 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl ) hydrazine hydrochloride ( 4 . 3 g , 77 % yield ) as a yellow powder , which was used for the next reaction without further purification . a mixture of 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl ) hydrazine hydrochloride ( 4 . 0 g , 20 . 5 mmol ) and 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 3 - oxo - pentanenitrile ( 3 . 6 g , 30 mol ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) and conc . hcl ( 5 ml ) was heated at reflux overnight . after removal of the solvent , the residue was purified by column chromatography to yield 3 - t - butyl - 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine ( 2 . 8 g , 51 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 84 ( d , j = 4 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 37 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 40 ( brs , 2h ), 1 . 29 ( s , 9h ). 3 - t - butylisoxazol - 5 - amine was prepared according to the method disclosed in wo 99 / 32111 , 0 . 250 . 4 , 4 , 4 - trifluoro - 3 - oxo - butyronitrile and phenylhydrazine were combined by the procedure of example b11 to provide 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine . 1 h - nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 7 . 59 - 7 . 50 ( m , 4 h ), 7 . 42 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 78 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 73 ( br s , 2 h ). methyl hydrazine and 4 , 4 - dimethyl - 3 - oxopentanenitrile were combined according to literature procedures to yield 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine . see wo 2006 / 071940 . a mixture of 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 - tetramethoxypropane ( 37 g , 226 mmol ), tert - butyl - hydrazine hydrochloride ( 28 g , 226 mmol ) and conc hcl ( 60 ml , 720 mmol ) in etoh ( 300 ml ) was heated at reflux overnight . the mixture was poured into water and the resulting mixture was extracted with ether . the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazole ( 25 g , 89 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ7 . 73 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 17 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 47 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 125 . 1 [ m + h ] + . hno 3 ( 11 . 7 g , 185 mmol ) was added dropwise to a mixture of 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazole ( 23 g , 185 mmol ) in conc . h 2 so 4 ( 30 ml ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 30 min and was poured onto crashed ice . the aqueous mixture was extracted with etoac . the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give 1 - tert - butyl - 4 - nitro - 1h - pyrazole ( 20 g , 64 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ8 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 52 ( s , 9 h ). to a suspension of na 2 co 3 ( 36 g , 339 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 300 ml ) was added 1 - t - butyl - 1h - pyrazole from example b19 ( 21 g , 170 mmol ) and br 2 ( 9 ml ), and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt overnight . the solid was removed by filtration and the filter cake was washed with ch 2 cl 2 . the filtrates were washed with water and brine , dried ( mgso 4 ), and concentrated to give crude 4 - bromo - 1 - t - butyl - 1h - pyrazole ( 29 g , 85 %), used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 7 . 49 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 45 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 53 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 203 [ m + h ] + . to a − 78 ° c . solution of 4 - bromo - 1 - t - butyl - 1h - pyrazole ( 15 g , 74 . 3 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 100 ml ) was added n - buli ( 2 . 5 m in hexane , 53 ml , 132 mmol ) under n 2 , and the resulting mixture was stirred at − 78 ° c . for 30 min . excess dry ice was added at − 78 ° c ., and the mixture was warmed slowly to rt and stirred overnight . the reaction was concentrated in vacuo , water was added and the ph was adjusted to ph 3 by the addition of 2n aq hcl . the aqueous solution was extracted with etoac . the extracts were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . the residue was recrystallized ( etoac - pet . ether ) to give 1 - t - butyl - 1h - pyrazole - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 8 . 0 g , 67 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 8 . 10 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 03 ( s , 1 h ), 1 . 64 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 168 . 9 [ m + h ] + . in ethanol ( 10 ml ) was placed the tert - butylhydrazine hydrochloride ( 1 . 35 g , 10 . 8 mmol ) and ethyl 2 -(( dimethylaminomethylene )- 3 - oxobutanoate ( 2 . 00 g , 10 . 8 mmol ). the mixture warmed to reflux and stirred for 2 hrs , cooled to rt and stirred overnight . the mixture was evaporated at reduced pressure to give an oil which was dissolved in ether ( 25 ml ) and washed successively with water ( 25 ml ), saturated sodium bicarbonate ( 25 ml ) and brine ( 25 ml ), dried ( na 2 so 4 and evaporated at reduced pressure to give an oil . the oil was purified by chromatography ( biotage s1 - 25 column , 10 - 40 % ethyl acetate / hex 750 ml ) to give ethyl 1 - tert - butyl - 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazole - 4 - carboxylate ( 1 . 48 g , 65 % yield ) as an oil . ms ( esi ) m / z : 211 . 0 ( m + h + ). in a mixture of ethanol : water : dioxane ( 1 : 1 : 1 , 21 ml ) was placed ethyl 1 - tert - butyl - 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazole - 4 - carboxylate ( 1 . 48 g , 7 . 04 mmol ) and lithium hydroxide hydrate ( 886 mg , 21 . 12 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at 40 ° c . for 3 hrs and then at rt overnight . the reaction was diluted with water ( 25 μl ) and ether ( 25 ml ). the ether layer was discarded and the aqueous phase made acidic ( ph ˜= 4 ) with 1n hcl . the acidic phase was then extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 25 ml ) and the combined ethyl acetate layers were washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), evaporated at reduced pressure to give 1 - tert - butyl - 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazole - 4 - carboxylic acid as a white solid ( 1 . 12 g , 87 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 1 . 56 ( s , 9 h ), 2 . 67 ( s , 3 h ), 7 . 65 ( s , 1 h ), 12 . 13 ( s , 1 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 183 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a suspension of kcn ( 1 . 90 g , 29 . 1 mmol ) in meoh ( 35 ml ) was added dropwisely 3 - bromo - 1 , 1 , 1 - trifluoropropan - 2 - one oxine ( 5 . 00 g , 24 . 3 mmol ) in meoh ( 72 ml ) at rt . the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 hours . the solution was evaporated and then the residue was dissolved in etoac and stirred at rt . the solid was filtered ( kbr ) and the filtrate was evaporated to obtain the crude product . the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography ( biotage : 25m , 10 % to 60 % etoac / hexane : 550 ml ). pure fractions were combined and evaporated to obtain 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) isoxazol - 5 - amine ( 1 . 38 g , 37 % yield ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 153 . 0 ( m + h + ). in ethanol ( 40 ml ) was placed t - butylcarbamidine hydrochloride ( 3 . 71 g , 27 . 2 mmol ). this was treated with 21 % sodium ethoxide in ethanol ( 8 . 80 g , 27 . 2 mmol ) and stirred at rt for 15 min . to this was added the diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate ( 5 . 87 g , 27 . 2 mmol ) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt . the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and then cooled to rt . the solution was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in water ( 100 ml ) and the ph adjusted to 3 - 4 ( wet litmus ) with acetic acid . the mixture formed a precipitate . the solid collected by filtration , washed with water ( 50 ml ) and dried under vacuum to obtain ethyl 2 - tert - butyl - 4 - hydroxypyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 2 . 18 g , 36 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 12 . 6 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 44 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 20 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 1 . 25 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 23 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 225 . 0 ( m + h + ). in cold (˜ 0 ° c .) pocl 3 ( 20 ml ) was dropped triethylamine ( 0 . 55 ml ) with stirring . to this was added in parts of ethyl 2 - tert - butyl - 4 - hydroxypyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 2 . 18 g , 9 . 72 mmol ). the mixture then warmed to 40 ° c . and stirred under argon for 1 hour . the mixture was evaporated until free of pocl 3 , diluted with chcl 3 ( 100 ml ) and poured carefully into ice ( 300 ml ). the solution was stirred at rt to melt . the organic phase was separated , washed with sodium bicarbonate ( 100 ml ), water ( 100 ml ) and dried ( na 2 so 4 ). the solvents evaporated to give ethyl 2 - tert - butyl - 4 - chloropyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 2 . 0 g , 85 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 34 ( q , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 1 . 33 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 27 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 243 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a stirring suspension of ethyl 4 -( 4 -( tert - butoxycarbonyl ) piperazin - 1 - yl )- 2 - tert - butylpyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 0 . 49 g , 1 . 24 mmol ) in 1 : 1 : 1 thf / etoh / h 2 o ( 9 ml ) at rt was added lioh . h 2 o ( 120 mg , 4 . 94 mmol ) and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt . the reaction mixture was checked by lc - ms and the completed reaction was concentrated to an aqueous residue , acidified ( ph 3 - 4 ) with 3m hcl and the solution was extracted with etoac ( 3 ×). the combined organics were washed with brine ( 1 ×), dried ( mgso4 ), filtered and concentration . the crude was dissolved in isopropanol and the solid ( licl and nacl ) was filtered and washed with isopropanol . the filtrate was concentrated to obtain the desired product 4 -( 4 -( tert - butoxycarbonyl ) piperazin - 1 - yl )- 2 - tert - butylpyrimidine - 5 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 36 g , 80 % yield ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 365 . 0 ( m + h + ). a solution of ethyl trifluoroacetate ( 14 . 2 g , 0 . 1 mol ) and anhydrous acetonitrile ( 5 . 0 g , 0 . 12 mol ) in thf ( 100 ml ) was added dropwise to a suspension of nah ( 60 %, 6 . 0 g , 0 . 15 mol ) in thf ( 100 ml ) at 80 ° c . the resulting mixture was heated to reflux overnight , and then cooled to rt . the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with etoac and 10 % aq hcl . the organic layer was washed with water and brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to yield crude 4 , 4 , 4 - trifluoro - 3 - oxo - butyronitrile ( 15 g ), which was used without further purification . a solution of methylhydrazine ( 5 . 0 g , 60 mmol ) and 4 , 4 , 4 - trifluoro - 3 - oxo - butyronitrile ( 9 . 8 g , 71 mmol ) in etoh ( 50 ml ) was treated with conc . hcl ( 5 ml ) and the resultant mixture was heated to reflux overnight . the solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was dissolved in etoac washed with saturated aq . na 2 co 3 solution until the washings were ph 8 . the organics were concentrated and purified by pre - hplc to provide 2 - methyl - 5 - trifluoromethyl - 2h - pyrazol - 3 - ylamine ( 2 . 07 g , 21 % yield ). 1 hnmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ 5 . 57 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 54 ( br s , 2 h ), 3 . 55 ( s , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 166 . 1 ( m + h + ). to a stirring solution of ethyl 2 -( 5 - amino - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl )- 2 - methylpropanoate ( dp - 2440 , 0 . 240 g , 0 . 86 mmol ) in dry thf ( 8 . 0 ml ) at rt was added lialh 4 ( 1 . 0 m in thf , 2 . 6 ml , 2 . 6 mmol ) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h . the reaction was carefully quenched by the addition of h 2 o ( 0 . 10 ml ), 3m naoh ( 0 . 10 ml ) and h 2 o ( 0 . 20 ml ), and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight . the suspension was filtered through celite and rinsed with etoac ( 20 ml ). the filtrate was dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to afford 2 -( 5 - amino - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl )- 2 - methylpropan - 1 - ol ( 0 . 208 , 105 % yield ) as a yellow oil . ms ( esi ) m / z : 232 . 2 ( m + h + ). to a solution of above 2 -( 5 - amino - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl )- 2 - methylpropan - 1 - ol ( 0 . 208 g , 0 . 85 mmol ) in dmf ( 2 . 0 ml ) was added imidazole ( 0 . 32 g , 4 . 7 mmol ) and tbscl ( 0 . 39 g , 2 . 6 mmol ). the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h . solvent was removed under reduced pressure . the residue was diluted with h 2 o ( 10 ml ) and extracted with etoac ( 2 × 20 ml ). the combined organic layers were dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated . the crude product was purified by chromatography to afford 3 -( 1 -( tert - butyldimethylsilyloxy )- 2 - methylpropan - 2 - yl )- 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine ( 0 . 125 g , 42 % yield ) as a light yellow oil . ms ( esi ) m / z : 346 . 3 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example b13 , ethyl 2 -( 5 - amino - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 3 - yl )- 2 - methylpropanoate ( dp - 2525 ) was converted to 3 -( 1 -( tert - butyldimethylsilyloxy )- 2 - methylpropan - 2 - yl )- 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine in 42 % yield . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ): δ 5 . 59 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 69 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 1 . 26 ( s , 6h ), 0 . 89 ( s , 9h ), 0 . 00 ( s , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 284 . 2 ( m + h + ). a solution of ethyl 4 - chloro - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 42 g , 181 mmol ) in etoh ( 400 ml ) was treated with a solution of methylamine ( 12 . 3 g , 397 mmol ) in etoh ( 100 ml ) at 0 ° c . and the mixture was stirred for 3 h . the mixture was concentrated and then partitioned between h 2 o ( 200 ml ) and ch 2 cl 2 ( 500 ml ). the organic layer was washed with brine , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give ethyl 4 -( methylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate as a white solid ( 36 . 0 g , 88 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , cdcl 3 ), 8 . 59 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 18 ( br s , 1 h ), 4 . 31 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 05 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 34 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 228 . 1 ( m + h + ). to a solution of ethyl 4 -( methylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 30 g , 132 mmol ) in thf ( 300 ml ) was added lialh 4 ( 7 . 5 g , 198 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt . the reaction was carefully quenched with 10 ml water , 7 ml of 10 % aq naoh . the mixture was stirred for 1 h , filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give ( 4 -( methylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methanol ( 22 . 0 g , 90 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): 7 . 79 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 79 ( m , 1 h ), 5 . 04 ( t , j = 5 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 27 ( d , j = 5 . 4 hz , 2h ), 2 . 83 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 40 ( s , 3 h ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 186 . 1 ( m + h + ). a mixture of example c1 ( 22 . 0 g , 119 mmol ) and mno 2 ( 44 g , 506 mmol ) in chcl 3 ( 300 ml ) was stirred at rt for 3 h . the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give 4 -( methylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carbaldehyde as a pale solid ( 20 g , 92 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): 9 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 60 ( br s , 1 h ), 8 . 49 ( s , 1 h ), 2 . 96 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3 h ) ms ( esi ) m / z : 184 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a solution of ethyl 4 , 6 - dichloronicotinate ( 5 g , 22 . 8 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 30 ml ) was added dropwise aqueous methylamine ( 65 %, 5 . 2 g , 45 . 6 mmol ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 8 h . the organic solution was removed under reduced pressure to give the crude product , which was suspended in h 2 o and extracted with etoac ( 3 × 20 ml ). the combined extracts were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give ethyl 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinate ( 4 g , 82 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 hnmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 48 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 4 . 5 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 27 ( q , j = 6 . 9 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 85 ( d , j = 5 . 1 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 29 ( t , j = 6 . 9 hz , 3 h ). a mixture of ethyl 6 - chloro - 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinate ( 8 g , 37 . 4 mmol ) and o , n - dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 91 g , 0 . 94 mol ) in dioxane ( 10 ml ) was heated to 180 ° c . for 6 h . the reaction mixture was cooled to rt , and saturated aq na 2 co 3 solution was added until ph 7 . the aqueous solution was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 100 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to give ethyl 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinate ( 6 . 6 g , 74 % yield ), which was used in the next step without further purification . 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 44 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 82 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 05 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 20 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 67 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 82 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 25 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ), ms ( esi ) m / z : 240 . 1 ( m + h + ) to a solution of ethyl 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 4 -( methylamino ) nicotinate ( 6 g , 25 mmol ) in thf ( 60 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added lialh 4 ( 1 . 9 g , 50 . 2 mmol ) in portions under n 2 atmosphere . after 20 min , the reaction was quenched by addition of water followed by aqueous 2n naoh . the resultant suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford ( 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino )- 4 -( methylamino ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) methanol ( 3 . 8 g , 77 . 6 % yield ), which was used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 61 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 08 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 86 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 88 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 30 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 64 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 04 ( s , 3 h ), 2 . 73 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 198 . 2 ( m + h + ). to a 0 ° c . solution of ethyl 4 - chloro - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 19 g , 82 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 100 ml ) was added a solution of aqueous ethylamine ( 70 %, 8 . 1 g , 126 mmol ). the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 8 h . the organic solution was removed under reduced pressure , and the residue was partitioned between etoac and h 2 o . the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 30 ml ) and the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give ethyl 4 -( ethylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 19 . 5 g , 99 . 1 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 49 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 26 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 23 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 48 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 2 . 44 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 26 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 13 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). to a solution of ethyl 4 -( ethylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 19 . 5 g , 81 . 9 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 100 ml ) was added lialh 4 ( 12 . 3 g , 327 . 6 mmol ) in portions at 0 ° c . under n 2 atmosphere . after stirring for 30 min , the reaction was quenched with water and then 2n aqueous naoh as added . the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford ( 4 -( ethylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methanol ( 15 g , 92 . 0 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 78 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 74 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 05 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 26 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 36 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 37 ( s , 3 h ) 1 . 10 ( m , 3 h ). activated mno 2 ( 52 g , 0 . 6 mol ) was added to a solution of ( 4 -( ethylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methanol ( 15 g , 0 . 075 mol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 300 ml ) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt . the reaction solution was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give 4 -( ethylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carbaldehyde ( 14 g , 93 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 71 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 67 ( br s , 1 h ), 8 . 49 ( s , 1 h ), 3 . 51 ( m , 2 h ), 2 . 48 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 17 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ). a solution of isopropylamine in water ( 7 . 6 g , 0 . 13 mol ) was added dropwise to a solution of ethyl 4 - chloro - 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 15 g , 64 . 7 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 100 ml ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 8 h . the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water and etoac . the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 50 ml ) and the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give ethyl 4 -( isopropylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 16 . 4 g , 99 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 51 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 05 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 31 - 4 . 22 ( m , 3 h ), 2 . 46 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 27 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ), 1 . 20 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ). to a solution of ethyl 4 -( isopropylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidine - 5 - carboxylate ( 16 . 4 g , 64 . 4 mmol ) in anhydrous thf ( 100 ml ) was added lialh 4 ( 6 . 1 g , 0 . 16 mol ) in portions at 0 ° c . under n 2 atmosphere . the reaction mixture was stirred an additional 30 min at rt and was quenched by the addition of water ( 6 ml ) followed by aqueous 2 n naoh ( 6 ml ). the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give ( 4 -( isopropylamino )- 2 -( methylthio ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl ) methanol ( 13 . 5 g , 98 % yield ), which was used without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 79 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 37 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 10 ( t , j = 5 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 4 . 28 - 4 . 20 ( m , 3 h ), 2 . 38 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 13 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ). to a solution of ethyl 4 , 6 - dichloronicotinate ( 5 g , 23 mmol ) in ch 3 cn ( 100 ml ) was added dropwise a solution of isopropylamine in water ( 60 %, 4 . 5 g , 46 mmol ) at 0 ° c . the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 8 h . the organic solution was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water and etoac . the aqueous layer was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 30 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give ethyl 6 - chloro - 4 -( isopropylamino ) nicotinate ( 5 g , 90 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 51 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 97 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 82 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 27 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 85 ( m , 1 h ), 1 . 31 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 15 ( d , j = 6 . 3 hz , 6 h ). a mixture of ethyl 6 - chloro - 4 -( isopropylamino ) nicotinate ( 3 . 0 g , 12 . 4 mmol ), o , n - dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 35 . 0 g , 0 . 35 mol ) in dioxane ( 10 ml ) was heated at 180 ° c . for 6 h . after cooling to rt , the reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated na 2 co 3 solution to ph 7 - 8 . the aqueous mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and was extracted with etoac ( 3 × 100 ml ). the combined organics were washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give ethyl 4 -( isopropylamino )- 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino ) nicotinate ( 3 . 2 g , 97 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 48 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 82 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 10 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 22 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 18 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 27 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ), 1 . 20 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ). lialh 4 ( 0 . 9 g , 24 . 0 mmol ) was added in portions to a solution of ethyl 4 -( isopropylamino )- 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino ) nicotinate ( 3 . 2 g , 12 . 0 mmol ) in thf ( 60 ml ) at 0 ° c . and the resultant reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min . the reaction was quenched by the addition of water ( 1 ml ) and aqueous 2n naoh ( 1 ml ). the resulting precipitates were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to afford ( 4 -( isopropylamino )- 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino ) pyridine - 3 - yl ) methanol ( 2 . 9 g , & gt ; 100 % yield ), which was used without further purification . 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 62 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 16 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 44 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 02 ( bs , 1 h ), 4 . 33 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 69 - 3 . 61 ( m , 4 h ), 3 . 06 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 18 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6 h ). using a procedure analogous to example c7 , ethyl 4 , 6 - dichloronicotinate ( 20 g , 0 . 09 mol ) and ethylamine ( 15 . 3 g , 0 . 22 mol ) were combined to provide ( 4 -( ethylamino )- 6 -( methoxy ( methyl ) amino ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) methanol ( 16 g , 87 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 60 ( s , 1 h ), 6 . 12 ( s , 1 h ), 5 . 64 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 92 ( m , 1 h ), 4 . 31 ( d , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 63 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 12 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 h ), 3 . 04 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 16 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 211 . 9 [ m + h ] + . concentrated nitric acid ( 17 g , 0 . 18 mol ) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylaniline ( 20 g , 0 . 16 mol ) in cone h 2 so 4 ( 300 ml ) at − 10 ° c . the mixture was stirred at − 10 ° c . for 10 min ., and the reaction mixture was poured into ice water . the resultant solid was collected by filtration and partitioned between etoac and aq na 2 co 3 solution ( ph 8 ). the organic solution was washed with brine , dried ( mgso 4 ) and concentrated to give 4 - fluoro - 2 - methyl - 5 - nitroaniline ( 20 g , 74 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 7 . 27 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 14 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1 h ) 5 . 37 ( s , 2 h ), 2 . 10 ( s , 3 h ). concentrated nitric acid ( 8 . 8 g , 91 mmol ) was added drop wise over 30 min to a stirred solution of 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - phenylamine ( 12 g , 82 . 3 mmol ) in conc h 2 so 4 acid ( 100 ml ) at − 10 ° c . the mixture was stirred at that temperature for 10 min . then the reaction mixture was poured into cooled etoac , and ice water was added . the organic layer was separated and washed with brine and saturated nahco 3 solution , dried ( mgso4 ) and concentrated in vacuo . recrystallization ( ethyl ether ) provided 2 - chloro - 4 - fluoro - 5 - nitroaniline ( 5 . 0 g , 32 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ7 . 59 ( d , j = 11 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 48 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1 h ), 5 . 84 ( s , 2 h ). to a solution of 2 , 4 - dichloro - 5 - nitropyrimidine ( 8 g , 41 mmol ) in etoh was added dropwise a solution of methyl amine in etoh ( 65 %, 7 . 8 g , 0 . 164 mmol ) at − 78 ° c ., then the mixture was warmed to rt and stirred overnight . the precipitate was collected by filtration , and the yellow solid was recrystallized ( dmso ) to afford n2 , n4 - dimethyl - 5 - nitropyrimidine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 6 . 5 g , 86 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 98 ( s , 0 . 3 h ), 8 . 90 ( s , 0 . 7h ), 8 . 72 ( m , j = 3 . 9 hz , 0 . 7 h ), 8 . 52 ( s , br , 0 . 3 h ), 8 . 14 ( m , 0 . 7 h ), 7 . 97 ( m , 0 . 3 h ), 2 . 98 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2 . 1 h ), 2 . 90 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 0 . 9 h ), 2 . 85 ( d , j = 3 . 9 hz , 3 h ). to a solution of n2 , n4 - dimethyl - 5 - nitropyrimidine - 2 , 4 - diamine ( 4 g , 21 . 8 mmol ) in etoh was added 10 % pd / c ( 0 . 5 g ) and 1 n aq hcl solution ( 10 ml , 10 mmol ). the mixture was hydrogenated ( 30 psi ) for 2 h . the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give n2 , n4 - dimethylpyrimidine - 2 , 4 , 5 - triamine hcl ( 4 g , 97 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cd 3 od ): δ 9 . 00 ( s , 1 h ), 3 . 45 ( s , 3 h ), 3 . 35 ( s , 3 h ). to a solution of example b1 ( 10 . 00 g , 46 . 4 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and pyridine ( 7 . 58 ml , 92 . 9 mmol , 2 . 00 eq ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 225 ml ) at 0 ° c . was added isopropenyl chloroformate ( 5 . 33 ml , 4 . 8 . 8 mol , 1 . 05 eq ). after 45 min at 0 ° c ., the completed reaction was washed with 3m hcl ( 2 ×), satd . nahco 3 ( 1 ×), and brine ( 1 ×), dried ( mgso 4 ), filtered and evaporated to afford crude product ( 14 . 9 g ) as an oil that solidified on the pump . the crude material obtained was upgraded by triturating in warm ( 60 ° c .) hexanes ( 70 ml ) for 20 - 30 min until a powdery precipitate was obtained . after cooling to rt , the solids were collected by filtration , rinsing forward with hexanes . the cake was washed with more hexanes and then dried on the filter to afford prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl 3 - t - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - ylcarbamate ( 10 . 79 g , 78 % yield ) as a tan powder which was used as is in the next reaction . ms ( esi ) m / z : 300 . 3 ( m + h + ). prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl 3 - t - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - ylcarbamate ( 0 . 100 g , 0 . 334 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ), example a2 ( 0 . 0963 g , 0 . 334 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and 1 - methylpyrrolidine ( 0 . 00174 ml , 0 . 0167 mmol , 0 . 05 eq ) were combined in thf ( 3 . 5 ml ) and stirred with heating at 70 ° c . overnight . the completed reaction was cooled to rt and concentrated to a solid residue . this was treated with ch 2 cl 2 to give a suspension which was thoroughly chilled in ice . the solids were collected by filtration , rinsed well with ice - cold ch 2 cl 2 and dried on the filter to afford 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - t - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 1336 g , 76 % yield ) as a pale yellow solid . this was suspended in mecn , treated with certified 0 . 1n hcl ( 2 . 52 ml , 1 . 0 eq ) frozen and lyophilized to afford the hcl salt ( 0 . 1641 g ) as a pale yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 14 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 99 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 22 - 8 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 58 - 7 . 51 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 04 - 7 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z ; 530 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of example b5 ( 0 . 100 g , 0 . 344 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) and example a2 ( 0 . 0877 g , 0 . 304 mmol , 1 . 00 eq ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - t - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 44 . 4 mg , 31 % yield ) as a white solid which was converted to the hcl salt ( 48 . 0 mg ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 24 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 07 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 31 ( dd , 1h , j = 2 . 8 and 7 . 2 hz ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( dd , 1h , j = 8 . 80 and 10 . 8 hz ), 7 . 03 ( ddd , 1h , j = 2 . 8 , 4 . 40 and 8 . 80 hz ), 6 . 10 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 67 ( brs , 2h ), 3 . 64 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 20 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 468 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method g , 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine ( 2 . 51 g , 11 mmol ) and example a3 ( 0 . 17 g , 0055 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea as an off - white solid ( 0 . 145 g , 48 %, yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 15 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 11 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( dd , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 91 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 58 - 7 . 52 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 21 ( dd , j = 10 . 8 hz , 8 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 98 - 6 . 94 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 83 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 19 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 73 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 556 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method b , prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl 3 - tert - butylphenylcarbamate ( 0 . 070 g , 0 . 30 mmol ) and example a3 ( 0 . 0907 g , 0 . 30 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylphenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 030 g , 21 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ), δ 9 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 59 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( dd , j = 7 . 6 , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 31 - 7 . 21 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 05 - 6 . 98 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 60 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 27 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 478 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the carbamate of example b2 ( 100 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) and example a2 ( 65 mg , 0 . 23 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 76 mg , 58 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 02 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 99 ( m , 1 h ), 8 . 95 ( dd , j = 4 . 2 , 1 . 5 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 48 ( m , 1 h ), 8 . 17 - 8 . 10 ( m , 3 h ), 7 . 92 ( dd , j = 9 . 0 , 2 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 91 ( s , 1 h ), 7 . 60 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 4 . 3 hz , 1 h ), 7 . 23 ( dd , j = 11 . 0 , 8 . 6 hz , 1 h ), 6 . 97 ( m , 1 h ), 6 . 55 ( s , 2 h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1 h ), 4 . 54 ( s , 2 h ), 3 . 29 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 28 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 581 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 100 g , 0 . 317 mmol ) and example a3 ( 0 . 0958 g , 0 . 317 mmol ) were combined and purified by reverse phase chromatography ( 5 - 42 % mecn ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )/ h 2 o ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )) to afford 1 -( 3 - t - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 62 . 7 mg , 42 % yield ) following lyophilization . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 41 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 87 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 14 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 33 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 07 ( ddd , j = 2 . 8 , 4 . 0 , and 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 65 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 31 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 90 ( brs , 3h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 469 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b4 ( 0 . 15 g , 0 . 48 mmol ) and example a7 ( 0 . 15 g , 0 . 48 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 17 g , 62 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 15 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 5 - 7 . 7 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 26 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 8 - 7 . 05 9m , 2h ), 6 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 94 ( q , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 16 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 570 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 35 g , 1 . 1 mmol ) and example a6 ( 0 . 37 g , 1 . 1 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 0 . 17 g , 31 % yield ). ms ( esi ) m / z : 500 . 3 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 16 mmol ) was treated with mcpba ( 70 % wt , 0 . 10 g , 0 . 41 mmol ) and then n - methylamine ( 2 . 0m in thf , 0 . 68 ml , 1 . 4 mmol ) to afford 3 -( 3 - amino - 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 3 , 4 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 2 ( 1h )- one ( 0 . 14 g , 85 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 4 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 95 ( q , j = 4 . 0 hz , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 17 ( t , j = 4 . 0 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 483 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 58 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) and example a5 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 26 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 8 - methyl - 2 -( methylamino )- 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 41 mg , 34 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 74 and 8 . 57 ( s , 1 h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1 h ), 8 . 00 ( br m , 1 h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 12 ( m , 2 h ), 6 . 44 ( s , 1 h ), 3 . 57 and 3 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 92 ( br s , 3 h ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3 h ), 1 . 26 ( s , 9 h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 481 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of b4 ( 0 . 21 g , 0 . 52 mmol ) and example a21 ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 47 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 140 mg , 52 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ9 . 13 ( brs , 2h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 64 - 7 . 51 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 34 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 23 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi , m / z : 570 . 2 , m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 3 g , 0 . 95 mmol ) and example a10 ( 0 . 3 g , 0 . 9 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 220 mg , 46 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ10 . 32 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 74 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 22 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 70 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 3 . 27 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 06 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 500 . 3 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 58 g , 1 . 2 mmol ) and methylamine ( 1 ml , 3 mmol , 3 . 0m in thf ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 995 g , 95 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 31 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 24 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 79 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 2 . 08 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 22 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 483 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of example b5 ( 0 . 16 g , 0 . 47 mmol ) and example a21 ( 0 . 15 g , 0 . 47 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 190 mg , 81 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 86 ( brs , 2h ), 8 . 05 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 59 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 23 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 17 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi , m / z : 496 . 3 , m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 3 g , 0 . 95 mmol ) and example a10 ( 0 . 3 g , 0 . 9 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 22 g , 46 % yield ) 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 32 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 74 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 22 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 70 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 3 . 27 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 06 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 500 . 3 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , oxidation of the sulfide with mcpba followed by reaction with excess n , n - dimethylethylamine provided 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl ) phenyl ) urea which was converted to methane sulfonic acid salt ( 52 % yield ) 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ10 . 35 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 57 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 0 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 3 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 80 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 32 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 03 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 498 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method g , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 0 . 050 g , 0 . 223 mmol ) and example a21 ( 0 . 078 g , 0 . 245 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 042 g , 39 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 82 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 36 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 24 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 79 ( d , j = 4 . 0 hz , 3h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 26 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 483 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenylisocyanate ( 41 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) and example a21 ( 70 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) in the presence of pyridine ( 36 μl , 0 . 44 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 59 mg , 53 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 65 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 94 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 48 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 58 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 24 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 79 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 504 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 50 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) and example a23 ( 77 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 067 g , 59 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 82 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 28 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 511 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 165 g , 0 . 523 mmol ) and example a23 ( 0 . 120 g , 0 . 348 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 022 g , 12 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 32 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 22 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 28 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 511 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 50 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) and example a22 ( 74 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 033 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 86 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 86 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 08 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 84 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 1 . 47 ( d , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 497 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b7 ( 0 . 041 g , 0 . 24 mol ) and example a17 ( 0 . 084 g , 0 . 24 mmol ) in presence of triethylamine ( 0 . 1 g , 0 . 97 mmol ) and dppa ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 73 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 037 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 67 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 48 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 98 - 6 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 02 - 4 . 95 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 28 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 2 . 02 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 47 - 1 . 44 ( m , 15h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 510 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b7 ( 0 . 051 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a22 ( 0 . 1 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) in presence of triethylamine ( 0 . 12 g , 1 . 2 mmol ) and diphenylphospharyl azide ( 0 . 25 g , 0 . 9 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 045 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( dd , j = 7 . 6 hz , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 39 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( dd , j = 11 . 2 hz , 8 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 99 - 6 . 96 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 94 - 6 . 89 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 00 - 4 . 93 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 46 - 1 . 44 ( m , 1h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 496 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b5 ( 50 mg , 0 . 21 mmol ) and example a7 ( 67 mg , 0 . 21 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 0 . 060 g , 58 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 88 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 3 . 2 , and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 11 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 93 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2h ), 3 . 60 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 18 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 496 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b4 ( 70 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) and example a4 ( 68 mg , 0 . 22 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 1 - phenyl - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 066 g , 53 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 14 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 08 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 24 ( d , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 42 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 15 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 555 . 2 ( m + h + ). using a modified general method c , the troc carbamate of example b6 ( 128 mg , 0 . 40 mmol ) and example a4 ( 118 mg , 0 . 39 mmol ) in dmf ( 1 ml ) was treated with ipr 2 net ( 0 . 070 ml , 0 . 40 mmol ). the reaction mixture was heated to 100 ° c . for 4 days . the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography on reverse phase silica gel to provide 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 54 mg , 28 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 53 ( d , j = 2 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 7 . 3 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 22 ( dd , j = 11 . 3 , 8 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 90 ( ddd , j = 8 . 8 , 4 . 3 , 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 41 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 5 . 0 hz , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 467 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b5 ( 0 . 050 g , 0 . 211 mmol ) and example a16 ( 0 . 066 g , 0 . 211 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 061 g , 59 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 89 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( d , j = 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 07 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 95 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 36 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 59 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 16 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 18 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 495 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 254 mmol ) and example a16 ( 80 mg , 0 . 254 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . this was treated with methanesulfonic acid to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea mesylate salt ( 58 mg , 40 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 3 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 78 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 11 . 6 hz , 1h ), 6 . 26 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( d , j = 14 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 25 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 90 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 482 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 70 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ) and example a16 ( 98 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . this was treated with methanesulfonic acid to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea mesylate salt ( 38 mg , 20 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 84 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 84 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 34 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 07 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 12 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 45 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 29 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 68 ( d , j = 15 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 15 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 92 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 29 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 482 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b7 ( 0 . 051 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a16 ( 0 . 096 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) in presence of triethylamine ( 0 . 092 g , 0 . 91 mmol ) and diphenylphospharyl azide ( 0 . 16 g , 0 . 6 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea as a white solid ( 37 mg . 25 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 67 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 80 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 15 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 43 - 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 37 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 16 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 03 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 20 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 481 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 50 mg , 0 . 16 mmol ) and example a18 ( 50 mg , 0 . 15 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 33 mg , 41 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 39 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 92 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 44 ( q , j = 4 . 7 hz , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( d , j = 13 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 7 hz , 3h ), 1 . 22 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 502 . 0 , 504 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 60 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ) and example a17 ( 92 mg , 0 . 27 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 041 g , 30 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 78 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 48 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 39 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( q , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 27 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 1 . 45 ( m , 6h ), 1 . 27 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 510 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 076 g , 0 . 242 mmol ) and example a17 ( 0 . 076 g , 0 . 22 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 025 g , 22 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 32 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 95 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 33 - 4 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 99 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 45 ( t , j = 4 . 8 hz , 6h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 510 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b7 ( 0 . 051 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a17 ( 0 . 104 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) in presence of triethylamine ( 0 . 092 g , 0 . 91 mmol ) and dppa ( 0 . 25 g , 0 . 9 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea as a white solid ( 42 mg . 27 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 67 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 42 - 6 . 39 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 15 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 34 - 4 . 24 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 99 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 46 - 1 . 45 ( m , 15h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 509 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method f , example a18 ( 88 mg , 0 . 29 mmol ) and 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 63 mg , 0 . 34 mmol ) were combined and purified by chromatography on reverse phase silica gel to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 12 mg , 13 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 86 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 27 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 54 - 7 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 34 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 53 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 61 ( d , j = 13 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 44 ( d , j = 13 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 18 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 7 hz , 3h ); ms ( est ) m / z : 523 . 0 , 525 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example 133 ( 0 . 158 g , 0 . 501 mmol ) and example a22 ( 0 . 110 g , 0 . 334 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 056 g , 34 % yield was as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 36 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( d , j = 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 06 ( dd , j = 7 . 2 , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 05 - 6 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 47 ( t , j = 6 . 4 hz , 6h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 497 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of 3 - isopropyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine ( 0 . 061 g , 0 . 16 mmol ) and example a18 ( 0 . 054 g , 0 . 16 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 4 - chloro - 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 - isopropyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea as a white solid ( 24 mg , 26 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 16 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 93 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 55 - 7 . 48 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 44 - 7 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 46 - 6 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 34 ( s , 1h ), 5 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 17 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 89 - 2 . 82 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 74 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 20 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 564 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b6 ( 0 . 096 g , 0 . 43 mmol ) and example a25 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 215 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 020 g , 17 % yield ) as a white solid . it was converted to corresponding bismethylate salt by reacting with msoh ( 2 . 0 eq .). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 50 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 55 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 81 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 20 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 33 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 70 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 72 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 34 - 3 . 28 ( m , 5h ), 2 . 85 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 32 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 47 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 538 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 254 mmol ) and example a19 ( 89 mg , 0 . 254 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 0 . 040 g , 32 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 3 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 39 ( q , j = 4 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 58 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 34 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 2 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 16 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 496 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 254 mmol ) and example a20 ( 89 mg , 0 . 254 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 0 . 030 g , 23 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 4 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 91 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 22 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 64 ( d , j = 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 41 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 58 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 16 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 516 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 170 g , 0 . 911 mmol ) and example a19 ( 0 . 250 g , 0 . 759 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea which was converted to the mesylate salt ( 0 . 130 g , 33 . 2 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): 9 . 49 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 76 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 36 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 21 ( d , j = 12 . 5 hz , 1h ), 6 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 74 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 4 . 48 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 3 . 87 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 92 ( d , j = 6 hz , 3h ), 2 . 32 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 05 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( t , j = 6 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 517 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b1 ( 0 . 500 g , 1 . 670 mmol ) and example a10 ( 0 . 557 g , 1 . 670 mmol ) was combined to furnish 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 64 g , 66 . 7 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 89 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 6 . 37 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 70 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 06 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 24 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) in m / z : 575 . 2 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , the sulfide was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and then treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 163 g , 66 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 85 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 38 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 33 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 25 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 2 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 25 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 558 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example 132 ( 0 . 400 g , 0 . 906 mmol ) and example a10 ( 0 . 302 g , 0 . 906 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 49 g , 86 % yield ). 1 hnmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ9 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 96 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 48 ( brd , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 23 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( dd , j = 9 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( dd , j = 9 , 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 6 . 45 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 70 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 15 hz , 1h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 06 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 28 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 626 . 3 . 3 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , the sulfide was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and then treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 -( quinolin - 6 - yl )- 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 95 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 48 ( m , 1h ); 8 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 60 ( dd , j = 8 , hz , 1h ), 7 . 17 ( d , j = 12 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 33 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 25 brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 2 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 28 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z 609 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - chloro - 4 - isocyanato - 2 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 191 g , 0 . 861 mmol ) and example a1 ( 0 . 250 g , 0 . 783 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea 10 . 29 g , 69 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 26 ( s , 1h )), 8 . 13 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 61 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 55 ( dd , j = 9 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 30 ( dd , j = 12 , 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 74 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 541 . 0 ( m + h + ) using a procedure analogous to example a2 , 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and then treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 045 g , 16 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 : δ 9 . 55 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 12 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h )), 8 . 09 ( dd , j = 8 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( dd , j = 12 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 58 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 28 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 524 . 0 ( m + h + ) using general method f , 1 - chloro - 4 - isocyanato - 2 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 159 g , 0 . 720 mmol ) and example a9 ( 0 . 250 g , 0 . 720 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 37 g , 90 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( brs , 1h )), 8 . 26 ( s , 1h )), 8 . 11 ( d , j = 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( dd , j = 9 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 61 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 56 ( dd , j = 9 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( dd , j = 12 , 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 68 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 51 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 47 d , j = 6 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 569 . 0 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , oxidation with mcpba to sulfone followed by reaction with methylamine provided 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 265 g , 74 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 8 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( dd , j = 8 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 58 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( dd , j = 12 . 9 hz , 1h ), 6 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( brs 3h ), 1 . 47 ( d , j = 6 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 552 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 3 - isopropyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - amine ( 0 . 244 g , 0 . 861 mmol ) and example a1 ( 0 . 250 g , 0 . 783 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 - isopropyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 06 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 92 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 25 s , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( dd , j = 8 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h )), 7 . 51 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 27 ( dd , j = 11 , 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 33 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 72 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 86 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 20 ( d , j = 6 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 547 . 0 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , the sulfide was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 - isopropyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 74 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 8 , 2 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 52 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( dd , j = 12 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 34 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 25 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 86 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 20 ( d , j = 6 hz , 6h ); ms ( est ) m / z : 530 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b6 ( 0 . 375 g , 1 . 696 mmol ) and example a15 ( 0 . 400 g , 1 . 131 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 32 g , 55 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 77 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 73 ( brs , 1h )), 8 . 36 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h )), 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 62 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 72 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 46 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 519 . 2 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , the sulfide was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and then treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 4 - chloro - 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 448 mmol , 73 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 76 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 72 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 32 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 04 m , 1h ), 6 . 34 s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 25 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 47 ( m , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 502 . 2 ( m + h ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 122 g , 0 . 652 mmol ) and example a14 ( 0 . 2 g , 0 . 544 mmol ) were combined to provide to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylthio )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 2 g , 66 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 88 brs , 1h )), 8 . 36 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 66 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 78 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 97 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 52 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 66 ( d , j = 6 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 555 . 0 ( m + h + ). using a procedure analogous to example a2 , the sulfide was oxidized with mcpba to the sulfone and then treated with methylamine to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 279 mmol , 88 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 51 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 32 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 87 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 64 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 95 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 78 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 15 ( t , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 538 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b8 ( 80 mg , 0 . 437 mmol ), triethylamine ( 51 mg , 0 . 502 mmol ), example a17 ( 150 mg , 0 . 437 mmol ) and dppa ( 138 mg , 0 . 502 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 5 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 4 - methylphenyl ) urea ( 35 mg , 15 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 1 . 44 ( t , 6h ), 1 . 52 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 99 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 29 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 76 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 31 ( hep , 1h ), 4 . 39 ( d of d , 2h ), 6 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 60 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( d , 1h ), 7 . 42 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( d , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 52 ( br . s , 1h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 523 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b9 ( 0 . 078 g , 0 . 332 mmol ) and example a21 ( 0 . 070 g , 0 . 221 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) isoxazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 064 g , 59 %) as light yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 88 ( d , j = 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 94 - 7 . 92 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 26 ( d , j = 11 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 48 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 36 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 24 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 79 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 08 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 495 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method b , example b9 ( 0 . 066 g , 0 . 281 mmol ) and example a27 ( 0 . 070 g , 0 . 187 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) isoxazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 039 g , 38 %) as a light yellow solid . it was converted to corresponding mesylate salt by reacting with msoh ( 1 . 0 eq .). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 26 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 15 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 74 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 09 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 552 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of example b5 ( 60 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ) and example a26 ( 80 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 43 mg , 34 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 94 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 86 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 , and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 26 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 11 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 96 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 41 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 78 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 3 . 60 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 75 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 2h ), 1 . 18 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 17 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 495 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method c , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 80 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ) and example a26 ( 80 mg , 0 . 25 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 31 mg , 25 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 4 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 79 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 06 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 75 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( q , j = 4 . 4 hz , 1h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 78 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 2 . 75 ( q , j = 4 . 4 hz , 2h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 18 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 482 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b7 ( 0 . 051 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a26 ( 0 . 096 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) in presence of triethylamine ( 0 . 09 g , 0 . 9 mmol ) and dppa ( 0 . 125 g , 0 . 45 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 1h - pyrazol - 4 - yl )- 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 028 g , 19 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 55 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 7 . 6 hz , 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 82 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 23 ( dd , j = 11 . 2 hz , 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 96 - 6 . 92 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 41 - 6 . 38 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 82 - 3 . 77 ( m , 2h , 2 . 77 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 49 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 19 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 481 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , example b9 ( 0 . 066 g , 0 . 281 mmol ) and example a25 ( 0 . 070 g , 0 . 187 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 7 -( 2 -( dimethylamino ) ethylamino )- 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) isoxazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 0 . 0304 g , 29 %) as a white solid . it was converted to corresponding mesylate salt by reacting with msoh ( 1 . 0 eq .). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 11 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 95 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 83 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 23 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 67 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( d , j = 14 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 23 ( m , 5h ), 2 . 84 ( s , 6h ), 2 . 33 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 551 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , prop - 1 - en - 2 - yl 5 - tert - butyl - 1 , 3 , 4 - thiadiazol - 2 - ylcarbamate ( 55 . 9 mg , 0 . 232 mmol ) and example a3 ( 70 mg , 0 . 232 mmol ) were combined and purified directly by reverse phase chromatography ( mecn ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )/ h 2 o ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )) to afford 1 -( 5 - tert - butyl - 1 , 3 , 4 - thiadiazol - 2 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 37 mg , 33 % yield ) as an off - white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 04 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 14 - 8 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 - 7 . 33 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 11 - 7 . 07 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 31 ( brs , 3h ), 2 . 90 ( brs , 3h ), 1 . 37 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 486 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanatonaphthalene ( 0 . 05 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a19 ( 0 . 1 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl )- 3 -( naphthalen - 1 - yl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 032 g , 21 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 2h ), 8 . 08 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 69 - 7 . 58 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 50 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( d , j = 12 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 47 - 6 . 44 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 06 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 42 ( d , j = 14 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 87 - 3 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 10 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 499 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanatonaphthalene ( 0 . 05 g , 0 . 31 mmol ) and example a26 ( 0 . 1 g , 0 . 31 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( naphthalen - 1 - yl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 061 g , 40 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 24 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 26 ( dd , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 8 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 08 ( dd , j = 11 . 6 hz , 0 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 99 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 71 - 7 . 58 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 52 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 01 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 64 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 84 ( q , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 24 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 485 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanatonaphthalene ( 0 . 05 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) and example a32 ( 0 . 105 g , 0 . 3 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( naphthalen - 1 - yl ) urea as a white solid ( 0 . 059 g , 38 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 33 ( brs , 2h ), 8 . 41 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 20 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 06 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 71 - 7 . 58 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 51 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 1h ), 6 . 46 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 65 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 48 ( d , j = 13 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 80 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ), 1 . 21 ( t , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi m / z : 519 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method d , example b10 ( 70 mg , 0 . 19 mmol ) and example a3 ( 58 mg , 0 . 19 mmol ) in presence of dppa ( 55 μl , 0 . 21 mmol ) and et 3 n ( 30 μl , 0 . 21 mmol ) were combined to afford tert - butyl 4 -( 2 - tert - butyl - 5 -( 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) ureido ) pyrimidin - 4 - yl ) piperazine - 1 - carboxylate ( 32 mg , 25 % yield ) which was treated with hcl ( 4 . 0 m , in dioxane ) to afford 1 -( 2 - tert - butyl - 4 -( piperazin - 1 - yl ) pyrimidin - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea hcl salt ( 24 mg , 88 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 , major isomer ): δ 9 . 60 ( brs , 1h ), 9 . 54 ( brs , 2h ), 8 . 62 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 54 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 21 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 , and 7 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( dd , j = 9 . 2 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 76 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 07 ( brm , 4h ), 3 . 46 ( brs , 3h ), 3 . 35 ( brm , 4h ), 3 . 03 ( brs , 3h ), 1 . 45 ( s , 9h ); ms ( est ) m / z : 564 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 05 g , 0 . 267 mmol ) and example a28 ( 0 . 088 g , 0 . 267 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 11 g , 80 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 48 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 76 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 09 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 82 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 38 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 0 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 22 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 81 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 52 ( d , j = 6 hz , 6h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 517 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - chloro - 4 - isocyanato - 2 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 70 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ) and example a4 ( 95 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 91 mg , 64 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 58 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 68 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 , and 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 33 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 48 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 25 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 82 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 523 . 0 ( m + h + ). to a stirring suspension of example a26 ( 100 mg , 0 . 317 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 3 . 036 ml ), thoroughly cooled to 0 ° c ., was rapidly added 20 % cocl 2 in phme ( 0 . 184 ml , 0 . 349 mmol ). after 10 min at 0 ° c ., the reaction was then treated with et 3 n ( 0 . 133 ml , 0 . 951 mmol ). after another 10 min at 0 ° c ., cyclohexylamine ( 0 . 040 ml , 0 . 349 mmol ) was added and the reaction was stirred for 72 h at rt . the crude reaction mixture was purified directly by flash column chromatography ( 100 % ch 2 cl 2 to 30 % thf / ch 2 cl 2 ). the still impure product was re - purified by reverse phase chromatography ( mecn ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )/ h 2 o ( w / 0 . 1 % tfa )) to afford a white solid . the tfa salt thus obtained was dissolved in thf and converted to the free base with mp - carbonate resin to afford 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -( 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl ) urea ( 15 mg , 12 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 23 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 02 - 6 . 97 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 86 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 73 - 6 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 49 - 6 . 46 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 68 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 89 ( q , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 3 . 57 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 83 - 1 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 64 - 1 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 55 - 1 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 34 - 1 . 17 ( m , 8h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 441 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method b , the carbamate of 5 - t - butylisoxazol - 3 - amine ( 58 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) and example a5 ( 0 . 080 g , 0 . 26 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 5 - tert - butylisoxazol - 3 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 8 - methyl - 2 -( methylamino )- 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 41 mg , 34 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 74 and 8 . 57 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( br m , 1h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 44 ( s , 1h ), 3 . 57 and 3 . 50 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 92 ( br s , 3h ), 2 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 26 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 481 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - chloro - 4 - isocyanato - 2 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 70 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ) and example a4 ( 95 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ) in presence of pyridine ( 51 μl , 0 . 63 mmol ) were combined to afford 1 -( 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 93 mg , 56 % yield ), 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 58 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ), 8 . 13 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 , and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 68 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 63 ( dd , j = 2 . 4 , and 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 33 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 , and 10 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 48 ( q , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 66 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 25 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 82 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 523 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , example a28 ( 100 mg , 0 . 304 mmol ), cyclohexyl isocyanate ( 0 . 078 ml , 0 . 611 mmol ) and pyridine ( 0 . 493 ml , 0 . 611 mmol ) were reacted to afford 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - isopropyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 30 mg , 22 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 27 ( d , j = 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( dd , j = 2 . 8 and 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 19 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 and 11 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 86 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 85 - 6 . 81 ( m , 1 ), 6 . 66 - 6 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 38 ( brs , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 39 ( septet , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 47 - 3 . 39 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 85 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 79 - 1 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 66 - 1 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 52 - 1 . 46 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 46 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 6h ), 1 . 31 - 1 . 07 ( m , 5h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 455 . 3 ( m + h + ). using general method f , example a4 ( 100 mg , 0 . 332 mmol ) and cyclohexyl isocyanate ( 0 . 085 ml , 0 . 664 mmol ) were reacted to afford 1 - cyclohexyl - 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea ( 18 mg , 13 % yield ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 8 . 22 ( d , j = 1 . 6 hz , 1h ), 8 . 08 ( dd , j = 2 . 0 and 6 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 70 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( dd , j = 8 . 8 and 11 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 82 - 6 . 78 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 60 - 6 . 58 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 02 ( brs , 1h ), 4 . 54 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 38 ( brm , 1h ), 3 . 14 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 4 . 4 hz , 3h ), 1 . 74 - 1 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 63 - 1 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 1 . 47 - 1 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 27 - 1 . 08 ( m , 5h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 427 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method a , the troc carbamate of example b3 ( 75 mg , 0 . 238 mmol ) and example a29 ( 80 mg , 0 . 233 mmol ) were combined to provide 1 -( 5 -( 1 - tert - butyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl - 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butylisoxazol - 5 - yl ) urea ( 50 mg , 41 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 10 . 35 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 00 ( dd , j = 7 . 6 , 2 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 79 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 35 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 07 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 38 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ), 1 . 57 ( s , 9h ), 1 . 23 ( s , 9h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 510 . 2 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 050 g , 0 . 267 mmol ) was reacted with example a20 ( 0 . 093 g , 0 . 267 mmol ) in methylene chloride to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea , ( 0 . 022 g , 15 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 11 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 27 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 12 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 86 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( t , j = 8 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 43 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 58 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 82 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 68 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 00 ( q , j = 6 hz , 2h ), 3 . 51 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 24 ( t , j = 6 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 537 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method f , 1 - isocyanato - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzene ( 0 . 05 g , 0 . 267 mmol ) was reacted with example a20 ( 0 . 093 g , 0 . 266 mmol ) in methyl t - butyl ether ( 2 ml ) for 2 hours to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) urea ( 0 . 025 g , 17 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 46 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 26 ( d , j = 8 hz , 1h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 61 ( d , j = 10 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 61 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 14 hz , 1h ), 3 . 77 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 75 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 15 ( t , j = 6 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 537 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method d , 2 , 3 - difluorobenzoic acid ( 0 . 068 g , 0 . 430 mmol ) and example a20 ( 0 . 100 g , 0 . 287 mmol ) were stirred at rt for one hour followed by heating at 80 ° c . for one more hour in dioxane ( 5 ml ) to provide 1 -( 4 - chloro - 5 -( 1 - ethyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 2 , 3 - difluorophenyl ) urea ( 0 . 015 g , 10 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ): δ 9 . 26 ( brs , 1h ), 8 . 31 ( d , j = 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 74 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 65 ( d , j = 11 hz , 1h ), 7 . 17 - 7 . 0 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 47 ( brs , 1h ), 6 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 61 ( d , j = 13 hz , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( d , j = 13 hz , 1h ), 3 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 76 ( d , j = 5 hz , 3h ), 1 . 17 ( t , j = 6 hz , 3h ); ms ( esi ) m / z : 505 . 0 ( m + h + ). using general method a , example b1 and example a3 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1 , 4 - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . using general method a and the same procedure as for example a2 , example b5 and example a3 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrimido [ 4 , 5 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . using general method a , example b1 and example a30 are combined to yield 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . using general method a , example b5 and example a30 are combined to yield 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . using general method a , example 11 and example a4 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . using general method a , example b5 and example a4 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea . using general method a , example b1 and example a31 are combined to yield 1 -( 6 -( 5 - amino - 4 - fluoro - 2 - methylphenyl )- 8 - methyl - 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 2 - yl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . using general method a , example b5 and example a31 are combined to yield 1 -( 5 -( 2 - amino - 8 - methyl - 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl )- 2 - fluoro - 4 - methylphenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - methyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . using general method a , example b1 and example a5 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 4 - methyl - 5 -( 8 - methyl - 2 -( methylamino )- 7 - oxo - 7 , 8 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) phenyl ) urea . using general method a , example a30 and example b1 are combined to yield 1 -( 5 -( 7 - amino - 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl )- 2 - fluorophenyl )- 3 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl ) urea . using general method a , example b1 and example a4 are combined to yield 1 -( 3 - tert - butyl - 1 - phenyl - 1h - pyrazol - 5 - yl )- 3 -( 2 - fluoro - 5 -( 1 - methyl - 7 -( methylamino )- 2 - oxo - 1 , 2 - dihydropyrido [ 4 , 3 - d ] pyrimidin - 3 ( 4h )- yl ) phenyl ) urea is synthesized . the following examples are prepared by the methods described in schemes 1 - 12 , general methods a - g , the above examples and the methods described in wo 2006 / 071940 . b - raf ( v600e ) kinase assay : the activity of b - raf ( v600e ) kinase was determined by following the formation of adp from the reaction through coupling with the pyruvate kinase / lactate dehydrogenase system ( e . g ., schindler , et al . science ( 2000 ) 289 , 1938 - 1942 ). in this assay , die oxidation of nadh ( thus the decrease at a 340nm ) was continuously monitored spectrophotometrically . the reaction mixture ( 100 μl ) contained b - raf ( v600e ) kinase ( 2 . 1 nm nominal concentration ), unphosphorylated , full - length mek1 ( 45 nm ), mgcl 2 ( 13 mm ), pyruvate kinase ( 3 . 5 units ), lactate dehydrogenase ( 5 . 5 units ), phosphoenolpyruvate ( 1 μm ), and nadh ( 0 . 28 mm ), in 60 mm tris buffer , containing 0 . 13 % octyl - glucoside and 3 . 5 % dmso concentration at ph 7 . 5 . the test compounds were incubated with the reaction mixture at 30 ° c . for 2 h or 4 h . the reaction was initiated by adding atp ( 0 . 2 mm , final concentration ). the absorption at 340 nm was continuously monitored for 3 h at 30 ° c . on a polarstar optima plate reader ( bmg ). the reaction rate was calculated using the 1 . 5 h to 2 . 5 h time frame . percent inhibition was obtained by comparison of reaction rate with that of a control ( i . e . with no test compound ). ic 50 values were calculated from a series of percent inhibition values determined at a range of inhibitor concentrations using software routines as implemented in the graphpad prism software package . c - raf kinase assay : the activity of c - raf kinase was determined by following the formation of adp from the reaction through coupling with the pyruvate kinase / lactate dehydrogenase system ( e . g ., schindler , et al . science ( 2000 ) 289 , 1938 - 1942 ). in this assay , the oxidation of nadh ( thus the decrease at a 340nm ) was continuously monitored spectrophotometrically . the reaction mixture ( 100 μl ) contained c - raf kinase ( 0 . 28 nm nominal concentration , available from upstate , catalogue # 14 - 352 ), unphosphorylated , full - length mek1 ( 27 nm ), mgcl 2 ( 13 mm ), pyruvate kinase ( 3 . 5 units ), lactate dehydrogenase ( 5 . 5 units ), phosphoenolpyruvate ( 1 mm ), and nadh ( 0 . 28 mm ), in 60 mm tris buffer , containing 0 . 13 % octyl - glucoside and 3 . 5 % dmso concentration at ph 7 . 5 . the test compounds were incubated with the reaction mixture at 30 ° c . for 2 h or 4 h . the reaction was initiated by adding atp ( 0 . 2 mm , final concentration ). the absorption at 340 nm was continuously monitored for 3 h at 30 ° c . on a polarstar optima plate reader ( bmg ). the reaction rate was calculated using the 1 . 0 h to 2 . 0 h time frame . percent inhibition was obtained by comparison of reaction rate with that of a control ( i . e . with no test compound ). ic 50 values were calculated from a series of percent inhibition values determined at a range of inhibitor concentrations using software routines as implemented in the graphpad prism software package . in general , compounds 1 - 68 disclosed herein exhibited & gt ; 50 % inhibition activity at 0 . 2 - 2 um concentration against v600e braf and craf kinases utilizing the above assay conditions . cell culture : a - 375 cells were obtained from american type culture collection ( rockville , md .). briefly , cells were grown in dulbecco &# 39 ; s modified eagle medium with 4 . 5 g / l glucose , 6 mm l - glutamine , and 10 % certified fetal bovine serum ( invitrogen , carlsbad , calif .) at 37 degrees celsius , 5 % co2 , 95 % humidity . cells were allowed to expand until reaching 80 % confluency at which point they were subcultured or harvested for assay use . cell proliferation assay : a serial dilution of test compound was dispensed into a 96 well black clear bottom plate ( corning , corning , n . y .). five thousand cells ( a375 ) were then added to each well in growth medium . plates were incubated for 72 hours at 37 degrees celsius , 5 % co2 , 95 % humidity . at the end of the incubation period cell titer blue ( promega , madison , wis .) was added to each well and an additional 4 . 5 hour incubation at 37 degrees celsius , 5 % co2 , 95 % humidity was performed . plates were then read on a bmg fluostar optima ( bmg , durham , n . c .) using an excitation of 544 nm and an emission of 612 nm . data was analyzed using prism software ( graphpad , san diego , calif .) to calculate ic 50 values . in general , compounds 1 - 68 disclosed herein exhibited & gt ; 50 % inhibition of proliferation at 1 - 10 um concentration against a375 cells utilizing the above assay conditions . all references mentioned or referred to herein are incorporated by reference into this disclosure . | 2 |
referring now to the drawings , which are not intended to limit the invention , fig1 illustrates a valve - in - star ( vis ) type of low - speed , high - torque ( lsht ) gerotor motor , generally designated 10 , made generally in accordance with the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 211 , 551 , assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference . more specifically , the gerotor motor shown in fig1 is a multiple - speed motor made in accordance with the teachings of the above - incorporated u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 068 , 460 and 6 , 099 , 280 . however , it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to a vis type of gerotor motor , and as was mentioned in the background of the disclosure , the invention is not even limited to only gerotor type devices , but is limited only to the extent specifically set forth in the appended claims . the vis motor 10 shown in fig1 comprises a plurality of sections secured together such as by a plurality of bolts 11 , only one of which is shown in fig1 but all of which are shown in fig3 and 4 . the motor includes an end cap 13 , a spacer plate 15 , a shifter plate 17 ( which may also be referred to as a “ selector plate ”), a stationary valve plate 19 , a gerotor gear set , generally designated 21 , and a forward bearing housing 23 , rotatably supporting an output shaft 25 . the end cap 13 defines a fluid inlet port 13 a and a fluid outlet port 13 b ( which are not shown in fig1 for ease of illustration , but which are shown in the schematics of fig2 and 4 ). as is well known to those skilled in the motor art , if the port 13 a becomes the outlet port and the port 13 b becomes the inlet port , the direction of rotation of the output shaft 25 is reversed . the gerotor gear set 21 , also seen in fig3 and 4 , is well known in the art , is shown and described in greater detail in the above - incorporated patents , and therefore will be described only briefly herein . the gerotor gear set 21 comprises an internally toothed ring member 27 , defining a plurality of generally semi - cylindrical openings , with a cylindrical roller member 29 disposed in each of the openings , and serving as the internal teeth of the ring member 27 . eccentrically disposed within the ring member 27 is an externally toothed star member 31 , typically having one less external tooth than the number of internal teeth or rollers 29 , thus permitting the star member 31 to orbit and rotate relative to the ring member 27 . the orbital and rotational movement of the star 31 within the ring 27 defines a plurality of fluid volume chambers 33 , each of which , at any given instant in time , is either an expanding volume chamber 33 e , or a contacting volume chamber 33 c . as is well know to those skilled in the gerotor art , there is also , at any given instant in time , one of the volume chambers which is in a state of “ transition ” between expanding and contracting . in the subject embodiment , and by way of example only , there is a total of nine volume chambers 33 . referring still primarily to fig1 the star 31 defines a plurality of straight , internal splines which are in engagement with a set of external , crowned splines 35 , formed about one end of a main drive shaft 37 . disposed at the opposite end of the shaft 37 is another set of external , crowned splines 39 , adapted to be in engagement with a plurality of straight , internal splines , defined by the output shaft 25 . referring still primarily to fig1 but now in conjunction with fig3 and 4 , the star member 31 will be described in some additional detail . in the subject embodiment , and by way of example only , the star 31 comprises an assembly of two separate parts including a main star portion 41 , which includes the external teeth of the star , and an insert or plug 43 . the main portion 41 and the insert 43 cooperate to define the various fluid zones , passages and ports which are described in detail in the above - incorporated patents , and therefore , will not be described in detail hereinafter . the star member 31 defines a central manifold zone 45 , defined by an end surface 47 disposed in sliding , sealing engagement with an adjacent surface 49 of the stationary valve plate 19 . the end surface 47 of the star 31 defines a set of fluid ports 51 , each of which is in continuous fluid communication with the manifold zone 45 by means of a fluid passage 53 defined by the insert 43 . the end surface 47 further defines a set of fluid ports 55 which are arranged alternately with the fluid ports 51 , each of the fluid ports 55 extending radially inward and opening into an outer manifold zone 57 ( shown only in fig3 and 4 ), surrounding the central manifold zone 45 . the stationary valve plate 19 defines a plurality of stationary valve passages 59 , only one of which is shown in fig1 . as the star member 31 orbits and rotates , each of the fluid ports 51 and 55 defined by the insert 43 engages in commutating fluid communication with each of the stationary valve passages 59 , thus porting , alternately , high pressure fluid to each volume chamber 33 while it is an expanding volume chamber 33 e , and then receiving low pressure fluid from each volume chamber 33 , while it is a contracting volume chamber 33 c . the valving arrangement just described is well known to those skilled in the gerotor motor art , is illustrated and described in greater detail in the incorporated patents , and is referenced hereinafter in the appended claims as the “ motor valve means ”, i . e ., the valving which achieves the basic operation of the motor . referring now primarily to fig3 and 4 , but also somewhat to fig1 and 2 , the means by which the motor 10 of the present invention achieves multiple speed operation will be described . the motor 10 includes a shift valve spool 61 which , as is shown schematically in fig2 is biased by a compression spring 63 toward a first condition , as shown in fig3 in which the motor 10 is in its normal low - speed , high - torque (“ lsht ”) mode of operation . as is shown schematically in fig2 and as may be seen in fig1 each volume chamber of the motor which is to recirculate ( and therefore is referred to also as a “ recirculating volume chamber 33 r ”) is connected , through its respective stationary valve passage 59 , by means of a fluid passage 65 , to the shift valve spool 61 . it should be noted that in fig3 and 4 , each “ passage ” 65 actually appears , schematically , as two separate passages , one between the shift valve spool 61 and the star port ( 51 or 55 ), and the other between the shift valve spool 61 and the recirculating volume chamber 33 r . however , for the purposes of the subsequent description and the appended claims , each such “ pair ” will be referenced as the passage 65 . in the lsht mode of fig3 the shift valve spool 61 is in a position which isolates each of the passages 65 from the other passages 65 , and also isolates each fluid passage 65 from a “ source ” of recirculation fluid , the source being designated 67 . as is now well know to those skilled in the art , the source 67 may simply be the inlet port 13 a ( see fig3 ), and in the case of a bi - directional motor , the source 67 could also be connected to the other port 13 b ( when the port 13 b is serving as the inlet port ). therefore , some sort of shuttle valve arrangement , generally designated 69 , is positioned such that whichever of the ports 13 a or 13 b is at the higher pressure will be in fluid communication with the fluid passage comprising the source 67 . the structural and operational details associated with the source 67 and the shift valve spool 61 are now well know to those skilled in the art , are not essential to the present invention , and therefore will not be described further herein . referring now primarily to fig2 and 4 , the shift valve spool 61 may be shifted , in opposition to the force of the compression spring 63 , by a pressure signal 71 which is communicated from a source of pressurized fluid , such as a system charge pump 73 . the flow of fluid from the charge pump 73 to the shift valve spool 61 is controlled by a pressure reducing valve 75 , the construction and operational details of which are not essential to the present invention , and are beyond the scope of the present invention , and therefore , will not be described further herein . suffice it to say that the pressure reducing valve 75 is able to control the pressure communicated as the pressure signal 71 to control the shifting of the shift valve spool 61 from the position shown schematically in fig2 ( and in fig3 ) to the position shown in fig4 . the position of the shift valve spool 61 in fig4 comprises a second condition , corresponding to a high - speed , low - torque (“ hslt ”) mode of operation . in the hslt mode of operation , the shift valve spool 61 is in a position such that each of the fluid passages 65 is in open communication with the source 67 , and therefore , is in communication with each of the other passages 65 . as the three recirculating volume chambers 33 r expand and contract , the fluid merely flows back and forth among the volume chambers 33 r , and through the fluid passages 65 and the source 67 . what has been described thus far is in commercial usage and therefore is now generally well known . referring now primarily to fig2 in conjunction with fig1 one important aspect of the present invention will now be described . in fluid communication with the output of the charge pump 73 is a fluid conduit 81 which is in communication with the fluid inlet of a solenoid operated control valve 83 . the control valve 83 is biased by a compression spring 85 toward a “ normal ” mode or position (“ n ”) in which the control valve 83 connects the fluid conduit 81 to a system reservoir r . the control valve 83 can be shifted from its normal mode “ n ” shown in fig2 to a shift mode or position (“ s ”) by an electromagnetic solenoid portion 87 , in a manner to be described subsequently . when the control valve 83 is in the shift mode “ s ”, pressurized fluid is communicated from the fluid conduit 81 to a fluid passage 89 ( also shown in fig1 ) which is in fluid communication with the motor 10 at a fitting 91 ( shown only in fig1 ). referring now to fig1 and 5 , it may be seen that the forward bearing housing 23 defines an annular chamber 93 , and in open communication with the chamber 93 is a plurality of axial fluid passages 95 , there being one of the fluid passages 95 for each recirculating volume chamber 33 r . therefore , in the subject embodiment , there are three of the axial passages 95 ( as is shown schematically in fig2 ). although , in the schematic of fig2 each of the axial fluid passages 95 is shown as being connected to its respective fluid passage 65 ( and , if such were literally true , the desired result would be achieved ), the actual construction of the preferred embodiment is somewhat different , although fully equivalent , functionally . as may best be seen in fig1 and 5 , whereas each of the fluid passages 65 communicates with a recirculating volume chamber 33 r through one of the stationary valve passages 59 , as was described previously , the axial fluid passages 95 are disposed on the opposite axial side of the gerotor gear set 21 . it may be seen that , disposed between the gerotor gear set 21 and the forward bearing housing 23 , is a balance plate 97 which , in the subject embodiment , and by way of example only , is made in accordance with the teachings of u . s . pat . no . 6 , 086 , 345 , assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference . disposed adjacent the balance plate 97 is a belleville washer 99 . it should be understood that the balance plate 97 and the belleville washer 99 do not form any essential part of the present invention . however , in accordance with one aspect of the invention , the balance plate 97 ( which in and of itself is not essential to the invention ) does define a stepped fluid opening 101 . a radially inner portion of the opening 101 is in communication with the adjacent recirculating volume chamber 33 r , whereas , a radially outer portion of the opening 101 is in open communication with an enlarged axial bore 103 . disposed in the bore 103 is a check valve which , in the subject embodiment , comprises a check ball 105 . the intersection of the axial fluid passage 95 and the enlarged axial bore 103 forms a check valve seat 107 , and those skilled in the valve art will understand that whenever the motor 10 is operating in its lsht mode , and the adjacent volume chamber is either an expanding or contracting volume chamber 33 e or 33 c , respectively , the check ball 105 is in engagement with the seat 107 , and there is no substantial fluid communication between the volume chamber and the passage 95 . however , in accordance with one important aspect of the present invention , when the control valve 83 is in the shift mode “ s ”, pressurized fluid is communicated from the charge pump 73 through the fluid passage 89 , to supplement the fluid in the recirculating volume chambers 33 r , such that the passage 89 is also referred to hereinafter , and in the appended claims , as a “ supplemental ” fluid passage . therefore , the pressurized fluid in the supplemental fluid passage 89 flows through the annular chamber 93 and into each of the axial fluid passages 95 , unseating the check ball 105 and providing additional fluid to the adjacent recirculating volume chamber 33 r . it is important to note that the supplemental fluid passage 89 , and the chamber 93 and passages 95 , are all separate from , and in addition to , the “ normal ” motor valving as defined by the stationary valve plate 19 and the fluid ports 51 and 55 . in accordance with another aspect of the invention , the control valve 83 is in the shift mode “ s ” only when there is a need for supplemental fluid to be communicated to those volume chambers which had been recirculating volume chambers 33 r , until the motor was shifted from hslt mode to lsht mode . in order to provide the supplemental fluid only when it is truly needed and beneficial , a position sensor 109 is operably associated with the shift valve spool 61 and provides a signal 111 which may be referred to as a “ change sense ” signal because it indicates a change in state or sense from the lsht mode to the hslt mode ( or vice versa ). the signal 111 is transmitted to motor control logic , schematically designated 113 in fig2 . the control logic 113 receives the change sense signal 111 , and when the condition of the signal 111 ( e . g ., current , duty cycle , etc .) indicates that the shift valve spool 61 is shifting modes ( especially if it is shifting from hslt to lsht ), then the control logic 113 transmits an appropriate command signal 115 to the solenoid portion 87 of the control valve 83 , shifting it from its normal mode “ n ” to its shift mode “ s ”. therefore , in accordance with one aspect of the invention , the control valve 83 is in the shift mode “ s ” only while the shift valve spool 61 is changing between the hslt and lsht modes of operation . the invention has been described in great detail in the foregoing specification , and it is believed that various alterations and modifications of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a reading and understanding of the specification . it is intended that all such alterations and modifications are included in the invention , insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims . | 5 |
referring initially to fig1 through 4 , there is illustrated a coupling sleeve shown generally at 20 . the upper half of the sleeve has been removed for clarity of illustration in fig1 and 2 . the sleeve 20 is generally cylindrical and is provided with a through hole indicated at 21 extending from end - to - end . the center of the sleeve is provided with an interior groove indicated at 22 adapted to receive a stop washer ( also referred to herein as a “ stop disc ”) shown generally at 23 . the stop washer is thus positioned at the substantial mid - point of the sleeve . the stop washer is provided with a central opening 24 smaller than the diameter of the bars being joined , which are shown at 25 and 26 in fig2 . as illustrated in fig2 , the bars 25 and 26 are deformed reinforcing bar for use in concrete construction and the ends of the bars shown at 27 and 28 , respectively , abut against the stop washer or disc 23 . on each side of the center groove 22 and the stop washer 23 , the uniform wall thickness portion of the sleeve 20 is provided with a number of equally spaced grooves . on the left side of the disc 23 , as seen in fig1 , 2 and 3 , the uniform wall thickness center portion of the sleeve is provided with grooves seen at 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , and 35 . these grooves accommodate respective finger washers 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 and 41 , which have their fingers shown generally at 42 oriented toward the mid - point of the sleeve 20 ( toward the stop washer 23 ). on the opposite side of the stop washer , the uniform wall thickness center section of the sleeve is provided with interior grooves seen at 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 and 49 . these six grooves accommodate finger washers 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 and 57 , respectively . these finger washers 52 through 57 in the equally spaced grooves are , however , oriented so that the fingers shown generally at 59 extend oppositely from the fingers 42 of the finger washers 36 - 41 , that is , also toward the center stop washer 23 . in this manner , the two sets of finger washers , six in each set , equally spaced along the uniform wall thickness center section of the sleeve are oriented or face in opposite directions . the ends of the sleeve 20 beyond the uniform wall thickness center section are provided with tapered wedge shaped grooves as seen at 62 , 63 and 64 on the left hand end and at 66 , 67 and 68 on the right hand end , as illustrated . each of the respective wedge shaped grooves forms a right angle stop shoulder . the stop shoulders formed by the wedge shaped grooves 62 , 63 and 64 are shown at 70 , 71 and 72 , respectively . the stop shoulders on the right hand end as illustrated are shown at 74 , 75 and 76 for the wedge shape grooves 66 , 67 and 68 , respectively . as illustrated in fig1 and 2 , the sleeve 20 may be provided with small ports seen at 80 and 81 on each side of the center stop washer or disc 23 . this permits a hardenable matrix such as grout or epoxy resin , for example , to be injected into the sleeve after the bars 25 and 26 are in place . examples of a suitable hardenable matrixes are ciba &# 39 ; s 4036 / rp1500 epoxy system and erico &# 39 ; s hy10l grout . because of the orientation of the fingers , the bar shown at 25 may be inserted into the left hand end of the sleeve 20 seen in fig1 and 2 , and the fingers 42 of the spring finger washers will deflect toward the center of the coupling permitting the bar to be inserted until the bar end 27 abuts against the center stop disc 23 . the opposite orientation of the fingers of the washers on the opposite side permits the same thing with regard to the bar 26 and its end 28 . thus , both bars may be readily inserted into the opposite ends of the sleeve to abut against the center stop disc 23 . however , the reinforced fingers of the washers will bite into the bar exterior surfaces and preclude withdrawal . when the sleeve is filled with the hardenable matrix such as the grout or epoxy , the splice is complete . it will , however , be appreciated that the splice can be accomplished either by inserting the bar ends into the sleeve or inserting the sleeve over at least one bar end . the wedge grooves and axially outwardly facing shoulders at each end of the sleeve enhance the dynamic and / or fatigue strength characteristics of the coupling . it has been found that near the ultimate strength of the bar , the bar shrinks somewhat due to the poisson effect and pulls away from the hardenable matrix . the configuration described above in elongation the hardenable matrix core tends to pull away from the wall of the sleeve at the end of the coupling as the coupling elongates and this structure enables the elongation without destructive consequences . while the splice of fig1 and 2 illustrates a set of six spring finger washers on opposite sides of the center stop disc oppositely oriented , it will be appreciated that more or fewer may be employed . there should be at least three washers in each end of the sleeve and it will be appreciated that a total of more than six may be employed . it will also be appreciated that the washers in each end of the sleeve may not be of the same interior size . thus , the oppositely arranged washer sets may accommodate reinforcing bar of different diameters thus providing a transition splice from one size bar to another . referring now to fig5 , there is illustrated another form of sleeve shown generally at 84 which has a substantially uniform wall thickness throughout . the sleeve is provided with a through - hole or opening 85 and the mid - point of the sleeve is provided with an interior groove indicated at 86 . equally spaced on opposite sides of the center groove 86 are two sets of interior grooves shown at 87 and 88 . in each set , there are sixteen equally spaced grooves which will accommodate sixteen equally spaced finger washers . the two sets of washers in each end will be oppositely oriented . thus , each end of the splice may have as few as three washers in the set or as many as six , eight , ten or even sixteen or more . again , with the washers in place and the bar ends inserted , the sleeve is filled with a hardenable matrix such as epoxy resin , grout or cement paste . referring now to fig7 , there is illustrated the connection of the present invention used as an anchorage connection shown generally at 90 in poured concrete 91 . the connection 90 includes a sleeve 92 which may be approximately half the axial length of the sleeve seen in the embodiments of fig1 and 2 . the sleeve is provided with a blind - hole 94 having an opening 95 . the opposite end of the sleeve is closed by circular anchor plate 96 . the plate 96 has a diameter larger than the sleeve and closes the blind end of the opening or hole 94 . the plate 96 may be secured to the end of the sleeve as by welding . the sleeve 92 includes in its inner uniform wall thickness section 97 equally spaced interior grooves 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 and 103 , in which are mounted spring finger washers 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , and 110 , respectively . the spring finger washers are oriented in the same manner as the right hand set in the embodiment of fig1 and 2 to permit a deformed reinforcing bar to be inserted into the opening 95 through the spring fingers of the washers and to bottom out against the interior of the anchor plate 96 . the outer end of the sleeve is provided with the three wedge grooves seen at 111 , 112 and 113 , which form the respective shoulders 114 , 115 and 116 . the outer or open end of the sleeve is provided with a flange 118 having holes 119 therein to enable the connection to be mounted on a form , not shown , which forms the concrete surface 120 . the connection is simply secured to the form in the desired location by fasteners through the holes 119 . the opening 95 may be plugged to prevent concrete paste intrusion into the interior of the sleeve . when the concrete form is removed after the concrete 91 hardens and the plug is removed , the opening 95 will be exposed at the concrete surface . a anchorage bar may then be inserted into the open end of the sleeve , forced through the fingers of the finger washer set , until the end of the bar contacts the interior of the anchor plate 96 . the sleeve may then be filled with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or epoxy resin . in this manner , an anchorage bar may be anchored into the surface 120 of the previously poured concrete . referring now to fig8 through 12 , it will be seen that the spring finger washer shown generally at 36 is provided with a circular rim 124 , which fits within the appropriate groove inside the sleeve . in the illustrated embodiment , the washer 36 is provided with eight inwardly projecting reinforced fingers shown at 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 and 133 . the detail of the fingers is seen more clearly in fig1 , 11 and 12 . it should be noted that each finger shown in fig8 is separated from the adjacent finger in a clockwise direction by a substantially open v - shape window which provides substantial openings through the spring finger washers to permit the hardenable matrix to flow around a reinforcing bar inserted into the connection and axially along the sleeve . these v - shape windows are shown at 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 and 142 , reading clockwise around the washer from the finger 126 . these openings are formed by bending the inwardly projecting edges of each finger as seen at 144 and 145 in fig9 , 10 and 11 , to form each finger into a general channel - shape . the radially extending bent edges of the fingers are provided with a pointed or chiseled edge indicated at 146 and 147 , respectively , literally designed to bite into the bar as the inner edge of the finger deflects due to bar insertion . each finger is additionally reinforced by a radially inwardly extending barrel vaulted section 150 extending inwardly from the half dome section 151 , which is radially inwardly spaced from the rim 124 . as will be noted from fig8 and 10 , the interior opening of the washer is not completely circular , and that each tooth presents a shallow v - shape configuration with the teeth 146 and 147 formed by the reinforcements 144 and 145 projecting radially further inwardly as seen at 153 and 154 than the center of the tooth as seen at 155 . when the washers are inserted in the mounting grooves in the interior of the sleeve and properly oriented , the fingers will be positioned to deflect as a bar is inserted , but bite into that bar to prevent withdrawal . the filling of the sleeve with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or resin completes the connection to form a connection having not only high compression and tensile strength , but also sufficient fatigue strength or characteristics to complete the cycle tests to qualify as a type 2 coupler useful anywhere in any structure in any of the earthquake zones of the united states . referring now to fig1 , there is illustrated the connection of the present invention used as a dowel bar connection or continuity connection shown generally at 190 in poured concrete 191 . the connection 190 includes a sleeve 192 which may be similar in length and interior configuration to the sleeve seen in the embodiments of fig1 and 2 . the sleeve 192 is provided at a first end 193 with a hole 194 having an opening 195 . the first end 193 includes in its inner uniform wall thickness section 197 equally spaced interior grooves 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 and 203 , in which are mounted spring finger washers 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , and 210 , respectively . the outer end of the sleeve is provided with the three wedge grooves seen at 211 , 212 and 213 , which form the respective shoulders 214 , 215 and 216 . the outer or open end of the sleeve is provided with a flange 218 having holes 219 therein to enable the connection to be mounted on a form , not shown , which forms the concrete surface 220 . the spring finger washers 205 - 210 are oriented in the same manner as the right hand set in the embodiment of fig1 and 2 to permit a deformed reinforcing bar to be inserted into the opening 195 through the spring fingers of the washers and to bottom out against a stop disc 223 , which resides in a center groove 222 . a second end 224 of the sleeve 192 includes means to secure a reinforcing bar 225 . the securing means includes grooves 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , and 235 which accommodate respective finger washers 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , and 241 , which secure the bar 225 in a manner similar to that as described above with regard to the left hand set in the embodiment of fig1 and 2 . the second end 224 also has stop shoulders formed at 270 , 271 , and 272 . ports at 280 and 281 may be provided to permit entry of the hardenable matrix . the sleeve is secured onto the bar 225 in a manner which may be similar to the described above with regard to the embodiment of fig1 and 2 . then the connection may be simply secured to the form in the desired location by fasteners through the holes 219 . the opening 195 may be plugged to prevent concrete paste intrusion into the interior of the sleeve . when the concrete form is removed after the concrete 191 hardens and the plug is removed , the opening 195 will be exposed at the concrete surface . a dowel bar or continuation bar may then be inserted into the open end of the sleeve , forced through the fingers of the finger washer set , until the end of the bar contacts the stop disc 223 . the sleeve may then be filled with a hardenable matrix such as the noted grout or epoxy resin . in this manner , a continuation bar or dowel is anchored into the surface 220 of the previously poured concrete . this may be used in continuing pours , dowel bar connections , or the construction of continuation reinforcing from pour - to - pour in conventional concrete construction . with an additional bar inserted into the exposed end of the sleeve , the sleeve then is further filled with a hardenable matrix such as the grout or epoxy resin . after the connection is made , further pours will embed the additional rod in further concrete . although the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments , it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification . the present invention includes all such equivalent alterations and modifications , and is limited only be the scope of the claims . | 8 |
the present disclosure describes new companders that use a constrained optimization approach for reducing peak - to - average power ratio ( papr ) in orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing ( ofdm ) signals . a constrained optimization approach , in this context , involves optimizing an objective function , specifically an energy function , with respect to changeable elements , i . e . variables , in the presence of constraints on those variables . companders , devices which use both compression and expansion to improve dynamic range and signal - to - noise ratio , in accordance with the present disclosure provide symbol error rate performance improvements over current state - of - the art companders . in digital communications , symbol rate ( also known as baud or modulation rate ) is the number of symbol changes ( waveform changes or signalling events ) made to the transmission medium per second using a digitally modulated signal . the symbol rate is measured in baud ( bd ) or symbols per second . each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data . the symbol error rate is simply the rate at which signalling events fail to convey the intended data . the newly - designed companders also provide design flexibility , thereby expanding the space of tradeoffs between demodulation performance , papr reduction , and out - of - band power rejection . furthermore , the new companders provide solutions in operating regions where certain current companders fail to exit ; solutions may be derived for cutoff amplitude values that are unobtainable using other companders . the new compander solutions enable tuning the cutoff amplitude value based on power amplifier bandwidth . below , we formulate the constrained optimization problem and derive the compander and decompander forms . through numerical simulation , we generate performance results demonstrating the capability of the new companders . this section describes the constrained optimization problem and solution , and derives the compander and decompander . in the above equation , ƒ r ( x ) represents the probability density function of the amplitude values of the ofdm signal . this is a statistical description of the spread of amplitude values of the ofdm signal , which follow a rayleigh distribution . we then look for a function g ( x ) which minimizes : this function is used because we are making the assumption , or operating under the hypothesis , that minimal distortion of the natural signal distribution ( i . e ., the rayleigh distribution ) will incur minimal signal distortion of the companded function and hence reduce the demodulation errors ( i . e ., reduce the symbol error rate ). in the above equation , the piecewise linear form was chosen since it extends previous work on using single linear components , with the view that the increased flexibility of the piecewise approach will lead to better performing companders . another reason it was used is that it allows a closed form expression for the compander weights to be found , by solving a linear system of equations . still referring to the above equation , each u i ( x ) is a compactly - supported linear segment , in this context , meaning a line segment of finite extent , i . e ., of finite length . the u i ( x ) is defined by equation ( 2 ) and for each index i , represents the equation for one of the linear segments shown in fig1 . and ( a 1 , . . . a n + 1 ) is a partition of the interval [ 0 , a ] and the β i are the ordinates at x = a i ( fig1 ). this interval is a standard interval used in papr reduction techniques , and represents an interval of amplitude values , covering amplitude values between 0 and a . any amplitude value in the original ofdm signal that is larger than a gets mapped to something less than or equal to a , so a is the maximum value the companded value can have . as a function of the β i . the function that we are minimizing represents a measure of the deviation of the new , companded function amplitude value distribution from the original ofdm rayleigh amplitude distribution . the beta values are the values of the piecewise linear component functions at the endpoints , as shown in fig1 . ( i . e ., the ordinates ), and described by the functions u i ( x ). there are two constraints on g ( x ); g ( x ) is a probability density function and so must integrate to unity value over xε [ 0 , a ]. this is because , by definition , a probability density function gives an amount of probability per unit of something , in this case , per unit of signal amplitude value . since the total probability of all of the possibilities adds up ( integrates up ) to one , then the integral of the probability density function over all of its values must equal the total probability value of one . this is the unity cumulative distribution function ( c . d . f .) constraint . the c . d . f . itself describes the probability that a real - valued random variable x with a given probability distribution will be found to have a value less than or equal to x . in the case of a continuous distribution , it gives the area under the probability density function ( p . d . f .) from minus infinity to x . in the above equation , equation 5 , the integral on the right represents the total power across all possible amplitude values , and its value is equal to the constant value sigma times sigma , hence the total power is the constant value sigma times sigma . there is actually a third constraint on g ( x ); because g ( x ) is a p . d . f ., we have a non - negativity constraint : however , we forgo the non - negativity constraint , because , as is discussed later , we can slightly perturb the optimal solution to generate non - negative solutions . the constrained optimization problem then becomes : minimize ( 3 ) for the β i subject to ( 4 ) and ( 5 ). we solve this using lagrange multipliers , a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints . to solve the constrained optimization problem , we need to calculate the partial derivatives of f . first consider : this equation results from eq . ( 1 ), where we use the piecewise linear form for function g , and call the whole thing f , and in f we explicitly identify the fact that the expression is now a function of the beta parameters , as shown from eq 2 . because the integrand in ( 7 ) is continuously differentiable and integrable for x ≠ β i , then differentiation is permitted under the integral sign and : in the above equation , j represents an index on the beta parameters . for j = 1 , equation ( 9 ), once simplified , becomes : inspection of ( 13 )-( 15 ) show that the following integral forms are needed : in the above equations , k is used as a compact way to represent the integral on the right side of the equation . after much simplification , straightforward integration produces : where φ ( x ) denotes the gaussian error function , a special function ( non - elementary ) of sigmoid shape that occurs in probability , statistics , and other disciplines : using ( 16 ), ( 17 ), ( 20 ), and ( 21 ) in ( 13 ) through ( 15 ) after much simplification produces for j = 1 : in equation 22 , p is used as a convenient and compact way to represent the expressions shown above . in the preceding equation for 1 & lt ; j ≦ n , q is used as a convenient and compact way to represent the expressions shown above . m , as used above , is similarly a convenient , compact expression , seen in eq . 20 . it is the term inside the first set of brackets in eq . 20 . n , as used above , is also a convenient , compact expression , seen in eq . 20 . it is the term inside the second set of brackets in eq . 20 . the r variables used in the preceding paragraphs are just convenient , compact expressions for the quantities shown directly above this paragraph . ∂ f ∂ β j = { p 1 β 1 + p 2 β 2 + p 0 for j = 1 q 0 ( j ) + q 1 ( j ) β j - 1 + q 2 ( j ) β j + q 3 ( j ) β j + 1 for 1 & lt ; j ≤ n r 1 β n + r 2 β n + 1 + r 0 for j = n + 1 ( 23 ) this equation comes directly from equation 5 , where we replaced the g ( x ) with the assumed form shown earlier . after much simplification , this equation becomes : when we take the partial derivatives of the lagrangian and set them to zero to find the stationary points , we get a system of equations which includes the original system of equations ( i . e ., for f ), plus the two constraint equations . hence , the lagrangian contains or includes or encompasses the constraints along with the original system , allowing the lagrangian , i . e . the mathematical function that summarizes the dynamics of the system , to be defined as : λ ( β 1 , . . . β n + 1 , λ 1 , λ 2 )= f ( β 1 , . . . β n + 1 )+ λ 1 [ g 1 ( β 1 , . . . β n + 1 )− 1 ]+ λ 2 [ g 2 ( β 1 , . . . β n + 1 )− σ 2 ] from ( 32 ), we see that we need the partial derivatives of g 1 , g 2 . we set the partial derivatives to zero , then solve for the betas to give values that under certain conditions represent the maximum or minimum of the function . we do this for the lagrangian , because we want to include the constraints also , so we solve for beta parameter values which maximize or minimize the system and which also satisfy the constraints . from ( 28 ), we have , for j = 1 : combining all the partial derivative expressions from ( 23 ), ( 33 ) and ( 34 ) gives : the vertical three dots , as used above , signify that you continue on with the same pattern for the next value of the index j . so , the first equation gives the expression for j = 1 , then you continue with the same pattern for the remaining j values until the next expression . the reason why the three dots are used is two - fold : first it is compact notation , and second you don &# 39 ; t have an exact number for the maximum value of j ( it is a variable ) so you can &# 39 ; t write out all of the equations , in general . a hessian matrix , sometimes referred to as simply a hessian , is a square matrix of second - order partial derivatives of a scalar - valued function , or scalar field . it describes the local curvature of a function of many variables . this was also previously known by the term “ functional determinants ”. in this case , a hessian matrix is useful in determination of the critical point type , which , after solving the system ( 36 ), can be obtained from the sign test on the sequence of principal minors of the bordered hessian [ 23 ]. to calculate the hessian , we need the second partial derivatives . for the lagrangian system described above , the hessian becomes the bordered hessian , calculated as : performing the sign test numerically shows that the solution to ( 36 ) is a minimum . we now can solve system ( 36 ) numerically . throughout , we take σ =√{ square root over ( 2 )}/ 2 to generate a normalized complex signal with unit power . fig2 through 9 contain plots of the optimal solution compared against the baseline rayleigh distribution , as a function of cutoff amplitude value a . values of n range from 8 to 11 , depending on a . above these n values , numerical problems occur causing the determinant of the system to be close to zero and thus precluding numerical solution . two observations are clear from the plots in fig2 through 9 . the first observation is that as the value of a increases the solution approaches the baseline rayleigh distribution . this is most apparent when comparing the solution prior to the tail of the rayleigh distribution , since most of the solutions appear to match the rayleigh distribution reasonably well before the tail . on the tail , the solution tends to curve upward to satisfy the unity c . d . f . and constant power constraints . this behavior suggests that closely matching the rayleigh distribution when possible , is a desirable solution property . the second observation is that for almost all of the solutions , the first ordinate , i . e . the y - coordinate , representing the distance from a point to the horizontal or x - axis measured parallel to the vertical or y axis , in this case β 1 , is negative and thus a portion of the solution has negative values . this condition violates the non - negativity constraint on probability density functions . there are two methods for overcoming the partial negativity of the optimal solution . the first method increases the first abscissa , the perpendicular distance of a point from the vertical axis , a 1 = 0 value to a small but positive value , specifically until β 1 in the solution becomes positive . in this case , the solution consists of the piecewise solution for x ≧ a 1 , and the up - front portion of the rayleigh distribution for 0 ≦ x & lt ; a 1 . the perturbation of a 1 has generally been observed to be small . as an example , fig1 contains the solution for a = 1 . 4 . in that instance , a value of a 1 = 0 . 0082 is sufficient to make β 1 & gt ; 0 . the solution shown in fig1 is negligibly different from the optimal solution shown in fig5 . the second method for overcoming the negativity of the solution is to use the rayleigh distribution as the front segment of the distribution , and then use a perturbed version of the back - end of the optimal solution . in this approach , the tail of the optimal solution must be perturbed to meet the new unity c . d . f . and constant power constraints , which are generated by replacing the front - end of the optimal solution with the rayleigh distribution . this perturbation approach is discussed in the next section . solutions of the system ( 36 ) tend to give a negative value for the first ordinate value β 1 . therefore , to determine a solution for which the non - negativity condition ( 6 ) holds , we perturb the optimal solution . we choose a k starting at the distribution tail to perturb the solution . for xε [ 0 , a 1 ] we use the original rayleigh distribution ƒ r ( x ), and we perturb the ordinate values for a j with j & gt ; k for some k & lt ; n as depicted in fig1 . we define the perturbed function this way , because we intend to change the beta values by small amounts , i . e . by the epsilon values . for some 1 & lt ; k & lt ; n , where the u i ( x , ε i ) are perturbed , compactly - supported linear segments : here , k represents the index value of the a value immediately before the a values corresponding to the beta values that we are going to change , see fig1 . we pick an index k , past which we adjust the beta parameters . we then take ε k = 0 so that ( a k , β k + ε k )=( a k , β k ) thus leaving the point at index k fixed , maintaining a continuous function . unity c . d . f and constant power constraints must still be satisfied for the perturbed solution ; these are examined next . from the unity c . d . f . condition on g ε ( x ), we have : for t i 1 and t i 2 defined in ( 26 ) and ( 27 ). ∑ i = k n ɛ i ( a i + 1 - a i 2 ) + ɛ i + 1 ( a i + 1 - a i 2 ) = 1 - ∫ 0 a k f r ( x ) ⅆ x - ∑ i = k n t i 1 β i + t i 2 β i + 1 ( 41 ) in general , we want to keep the average power level the same as for the original , uncompanded ofdm signal , while simultaneously reducing the peak power , so as to lower the papr value of the companded ofdm signal relative to the nominal ofdm signal , so a constant power constraint is used . from the constant power constraint on g ε ( x ), we have : combining ( 41 ) and ( 44 ), we get the under - constrained system of equations : our goal here is to find the minimal perturbation g ε ( x ) away from g ( x ). to do so , we &# 39 ; ll choose parameters ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n ) to minimize : because , by definition , we took ε k = 0 . similarly from ( 46 ): h 1 ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n + 1 )= c 1 h 2 ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n + 1 )= c 2 λ h ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n + 1 , λ 1 , λ 2 )= f ε ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n + 1 )+ λ 1 [ h 1 ( ε k + 1 , . . . , ε n + 1 )− c 1 ]+ λ 2 [ h 2 ( ε k + 1 , . . . ε n + 1 )− c 2 ] hence , we need to solve the following system of equations for ε i , λ 1 , λ 2 : perturbation solutions for the system in ( 53 ) are shown for a = 1 . 4 and kε { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 } in fig1 through 15 . in these figures , the perturbation solution with the rayleigh front - end is plotted against the optimal solution . next , we denote the companding function by c , which operates on the input sequence x ( n ) by modifying the amplitude to produce the companded output sequence y ( n )= c { x ( n )}. the compander is monotonic , i . e . it maintains order of the function ( i . e ., either increasing or decreasing ), over its domain xε [ 0 , a ], so the compander may be derived as : c { x ( n )}= sgn { x ( n )} f | y | − 1 f | x | { x ( n )} ( 54 ) where f | x | denotes the c . d . f of the input and f | y | denotes the c . d . f of the output companded signal . to derive the compander , expressions for each c . d . f in ( 54 ) are needed . the p . d . f . of the companded signal is given by : for a i ≦ x & lt ; a i + 1 , the c . d . f . is given by : with the obvious definitions for γ , δ , e , i . e . they correspond to the coefficients of the x times x term , the x term , and the constant term . now , γ might be negative , so divide both sides of ( 57 ) by γ to get : f y ( x ) - z i - 1 γ = ( x + δ 2 γ ) 2 + ( e γ - δ 2 4 γ 2 ) ( x + δ 2 γ ) 2 = f y ( x ) - z i - 1 γ - ( e γ - δ 2 4 γ 2 ) x + δ γ 2 = f y ( x ) - z i - 1 γ - ( e γ - δ 2 4 γ 2 ) ± ( 60 ) ( the above arrows are mathematical shorthand for the phrase : “ which implies ”) in ( 61 ) we need to decide whether to take the positive or negative square - root . the decision is made from ( 60 ) by examining the sign of if positive , the positive square - root is chosen , if negative , the negative square - root should be chosen . of course , if x ≧ a , then we consider the sign on for a i ≦ x & lt ; a i + 1 . to complete the compander derivation , we need to calculate z i from ( 16 ) and ( 55 ): for i & gt ; 0 , z i contains integral terms of the form : which represents a trapezoidal area and can be shown to be : z i = z i - 1 + β i + 1 ( a i + 1 - a i ) + β i ( a i + 1 - a i ) 2 ( 63 ) note that , in ( 64 ), the sgn function refers to retaining either the positive or negative square - root , depending on the sign of x . finally , we need to find the range of the compander for use in the decompander . when a i ≦ x & lt ; a i + 1 , then y min ≦ y & lt ; y max where : simulation results were generated for a quadrature phase shift keying ( qpsk ) ( a type of phase shift keying ) modulated ofdm signal with sixty four subcarriers over an additive white gaussian noise channel . ten thousand realizations of signal - plus - noise were generated for each noise power . for the rayleigh p . d . f ., σ =√{ square root over ( 2 )}/ 2 was chosen . an oversampling factor of four was used so that the discrete papr reasonably approximates the papr from a continuous system as is described y . wang , l .- h . wang , j .- h . ge , and b . ai ., “ an efficient nonlinear companding transform for reducing papr of ofdm signals ”, ieee trans . broadcast ., vol . 58 , no . 4 , pp . : 677 - 684 , december 2012 . papr reduction was measured using the complimentary cumulative distribution function ( ccdf ), which gives the probability that the papr is above a given threshold value . symbol error rates , to measure demodulation performance , and power spectrums , to measure out - of - band power reduction , were also generated . lagrange compander results were then generated and compared against two state - of - the - art companders ; the linear compander ( lin ) in y . wang , l .- h . wang , j .- h . ge , and b . ai ., “ an efficient nonlinear companding transform for reducing papr of ofdm signals ”, ieee trans . broadcast ., vol . 58 , no . 4 , pp . : 677 - 684 , december 2012 , and the two - component , pieceweise linear compander ( lin2 ) in y . wang , j .- h . ge , l .- h . wang , j . li , and b . ai ., “ nonlinear companding transform for reduction of peak - to - average power ratio in ofdm systems ”, ieee trans . broadcast ., vol . 59 , no . 2 , pp . : 369 - 375 , june 2013 . the lin compander was state - of - the - art as of december 2012 . the lin compander was improved to create the lin2 compander . a cutoff value of a = 1 . 6281 was chosen , as this appears to be the maximum cutoff value obtainable with the lin2 compander . the lin compander can attain a maximum cutoff value of about a = 1 . 44 , and this value was used for the lin compander results . therefore the lagrange compander solution can provide higher cutoff values than can be obtained with the lin and lin2 solutions , thereby providing additional compander design flexibility . two lagrange companders were used ; the optimal solution ( lg ) with a perturbed a 1 & gt ; 0 to generate a non - negative solution , and the epsilon - perturbed compander ( ep ), which takes the optimal lagrange compander and perturbs the tail using optimal perturbation values . for each plot , the curve labels have the following meaning : lg = optimal lagrange , ep = epsilon - perturbed lagrange , lw = lin2 , wg = lin . fig1 contains symbol error plots for the four companders . fig1 shows that the lg and ep companders provide an improvement in symbol error rate performance over the lin and lin2 companders . this improvement in symbol error rate comes at the cost of a small reduction in papr performance relative to the lin2 approach , shown in fig1 which contains the ccdf results . the lin approach , under the present scenario , gives the best performance due to the significantly reduced cutoff value , a = 1 . 44 versus a = 1 . 6281 . the lagrange companders , however , provide a small performance improvement in out - of - band power rejection over the lin2 and a significant performance advantage over the lin approach ( fig1 ). the lagrange approach shows an improvement of about 0 . 4 db over the lin2 approach and over 1 . 0 db in out - of - band power rejection over the lin approach . sample lagrange companders , for different cutoff values , are shown in fig1 . those skilled in the art will appreciate that we have developed a family of companders for papr reduction in ofdm signals using a constrained optimization approach . we derived companders and decompanders and demonstrated that the new companders can provide performance improvements over current state - of - the art solutions . the new companders can also provide solutions over ranges of the cutoff values where the current state - of - the - art companders fail to exist . the set of companders developed in this paper increase the solution set of companders to tradeoff between demodulation performance , papr reduction , and out - of - band power rejection . the foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . | 7 |
in order to produce trenches , first the surface of a silicon wafer is oxidized in an oxygen atmosphere in order to produce a thin oxide layer having a thickness of about 5 nm . this thin oxide layer is designated by the reference symbol 1 in fig1 a . the oxidation first reduces stresses in the wafer and second provides an adhesion layer for further layers . a nitride layer having a thickness of approximately 200 nm is subsequently deposited onto the oxide layer 1 by a cvd method , which nitride layer is designated by the reference symbol 2 in fig1 a . for patterning the nitride layer 2 , first a layer made of a hard mask material , for example , a borosilicate glass , is then deposited . a photoresist is subsequently applied , exposed in sections using a mask and is developed using a developer in order to define openings with a diameter of approximately 100 nm for the trenches . the openings are then transferred into the layer of the hard mask using a fluorine - containing plasma , and the corresponding regions of the nitride layer 2 are also removed at the same time . after removing the photoresist layer , the trench 3 is etched into the silicon substrate or wafer 4 down to a depth of approximately 8 μm using a further fluorohydrocarbon plasma . finally , the hard mask is removed using hydrofluoric acid , for example . the silicon wafer then has , on its surface , a nitride layer 2 applied on the thin oxide layer 1 , and also trenches 3 . the walls 5 of the trenches 3 are formed from the silicon of the wafer . for further processing , first a thin oxide layer , having a thickness of approximately 10 nm , is produced on the wall 5 of the trenches 3 by thermally oxidizing the uncovered silicon with oxygen . polysilicon is subsequently deposited on the wafer , so that the trench 3 is completely filled with polysilicon . the polysilicon is etched back anisotropically in order to remove the polysilicon from the surface of the wafer and also in the upper section of the trenches 3 down to a depth of approximately 1 μm . the uncovered oxide layer can then be etched away isotropically at the sections that are uncovered in the upper region of the trench wall 5 . an insulating layer 6 made of an oxide / nitride film and having a thickness of approximately 20 nm is then deposited and the oxide / nitride film is subsequently etched anisotropically , so that the surface of the polysilicon previously deposited in the trenches 3 is uncovered again . the polysilicon still present in the trenches 3 is removed by isotropic etching , so that the trenches 3 are again uncovered down to their entire depth . the arrangement shown in fig1 a is obtained once the thin oxide film produced below the polysilicon at the wall of the trench 3 has also been removed by isotropic etching , for example using hydrofluoric acid . fig1 a shows a detail from a wafer 4 having trenches 3 configured therein . in the lower section of the trench 3 , the silicon of the wafer 4 is uncovered at the wall 5 . on the top side of the wafer 4 , a layer 2 made of a nitride is arranged on a thin oxide layer 1 . in the upper section of the trench 3 , the wall is lined with a nitride layer 6 in collar form . in order to improve the conductivity , the regions of the silicon wafer 4 which are uncovered in the trenches 3 are then doped . this can be done , for example , with gas phase doping using arsine . however , other doping methods can likewise be employed . in region 7 , illustrated by broken lines in fig1 b , the silicon then has an increased electrical conductivity . together with the silicon substrate 4 , this region acts as bottom electrode in the completed capacitor . a nitride / oxide layer 8 having a thickness of approximately 5 nm is then deposited as a dielectric . the arrangement illustrated in fig1 b is thus obtained . the trenches 3 introduced into the wafer 4 are lined with a thicker layer 6 made of an insulating oxide / nitride in their upper section and with a thinner layer 8 of the nitride / oxide dielectric in their lower section . the region 7 of the wafer 4 forming the bottom electrode is doped in order to increase the electrical conductivity . the upper side of the wafer 4 is covered with an insulating nitride layer 2 . in order to be able to fabricate a top electrode in the trenches 3 , it is now necessary first to increase the electrical conductivity at the surface of the wafer 4 . [ 0041 ] fig2 a and 2b show the work steps for fabricating a metal electrode . firstly , a thin electrically conductive layer 9 made of the metal , for example , tungsten is deposited on the dielectric 8 as an initial layer , in order to increase the electrical conductivity . the tungsten is deposited using a cvd ( chemical vapor deposition ) or ald ( atomic layer deposition ) method . in this case , the layer thickness of the deposited electrically conductive layer 9 is chosen to be large enough that a sufficient electrical conductivity is available for the subsequent metal electrodeposition . by way of example , a layer thickness of approximately 10 nm is suitable . the electrically conductive metal layer 9 is electrically contact - connected via the contact 10 . the contact 10 can be chosen in accordance with the design of the wafer and may be effected , for example , annularly around the opening of a trench 3 or by using a contact finger . the wafer is then passed into an electrodeposition bath in which a salt of the metal to be deposited , for example , a tungstate , is dissolved in a suitable solvent . further auxiliaries may also be admixed with the bath . depending on the metal to be deposited and the solvent used , the applied voltage may be up to 2 . 5 volts at a current density of 15 - 25 ma / cm 2 . the layer thickness of the deposited metal layer 11 is generally between 20 and 200 nm . finally , for the further process steps for fabricating a dram , the metal layers 9 and 11 are etched back again isotropically in the upper region 12 of the trench 3 . in the case of tungsten , this may be done for example by isotropic etching - back using a fluorine plasma . the arrangement illustrated in fig2 b is obtained . the further construction of the dram takes place in section 12 . the sequences during the fabrication of a top electrode embodied as a metal silicide electrode are illustrated in fig3 a and 3b . proceeding from the construction shown in fig1 b , first a thin layer 13 made of electrically conductive polysilicon is deposited as an initial layer on the layer 8 of the dielectric by using a cvd method . in this case , it is also possible to introduce a doping into the polysilicon in order to increase the electrical conductivity . the thin polysilicon layer 13 is then electrically contact - connected via contact 10 . the prepared wafer is then passed into an electrodeposition bath containing a salt of the metal to be deposited dissolved in a suitable solvent , for example a tungstate , and a voltage is applied between the wafer and a counterelectrode arranged in the electrodeposition bath , so that the metal is deposited as layer 11 on the layer of polysilicon 13 . in this case , the trench 3 is filled completely or at least partly with the metal . the wafer is subjected to heat treatment in order to produce the silicide . to that end , the wafer is transferred into a furnace and heated to temperatures of at least 500 ° c . as a result , the thin polysilicon layer 13 migrates into the electrodeposited metal 11 . if tungsten , for example , was electrodeposited as the metal , then wsi x forms during the heat treatment , which has an increased thermal stability and can therefore easily be processed , or remains stable , in subsequent processing steps which possibly require high temperatures . a silicon gradient may still remain , depending on the duration of the heat treatment , but such inhomogeneities do not disturb the further processing of the wafer . finally , the metal silicide is etched back isotropically from the upper side of the wafer and in the upper section 14 of the filling 15 of the metal silicide , for example , by using a dry etching process . the construction shown in fig3 b is thus obtained . doped regions 7 are introduced in the wafer 4 , and together with the material of the wafer 4 , form the bottom electrode of the capacitor . an insulating layer is applied as the dielectric 8 in the doped regions 4 and the trench 3 , and the interior of the trench 3 is filled with a metal silicide 15 which later forms the top electrode of the capacitor . proceeding from the arrangements shown in fig2 b and 3b , in order to construct the dram , first the insulating layer 8 is removed from the upper area of the wafer and in the upper regions 12 and 14 of the trench 3 . this can be done , for example , by isotropic etching using phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid . the arrangement shown in fig4 a is thus obtained . the upper area of the wafer 4 is also covered with an oxide layer 1 , while the crystalline silicon of the wafer 4 is uncovered in the upper sections 16 at the walls of the trenches 3 . the further elements of a dram are subsequently constructed , involving great possibilities for variation . a section through a completed dram is shown by way of example in fig4 b . the two capacitors 17 , 18 have been incorporated into the wafer 4 by the method described above . the doped regions 7 , which , together with the wafer substrate , form the bottom electrode , are connected to one another via conduction paths 13 which have been implanted into the wafer 4 . the top electrodes 20 are insulated from the electrically conductive regions 7 by means of an insulation collar 21 . the electrical connection to the top electrode 20 is effected via an electrical lead 22 made of polysilicon , which produces the connection to an electrically conductive , doped region 23 . via the latter , the top electrode 20 is connected to the base of a field - effect transistor arranged above the storage capacitors 17 , 18 . by influencing the field acting on the gate 24 , the storage capacitor 17 , 18 can be charged . adjacent memory cells are electrically insulated from one another , in each case by means of an oxide layer 25 , which is arranged at a so - called “ shallow trench ” between adjacent memory cells . for the sake of clarity , only two storage capacitors 17 , 18 , assigned to separate memory cells , have been illustrated . the illustration of a third storage capacitor arranged to the left of the storage capacitor 17 in fig4 b has been dispensed with . the capacitor , together with the storage capacitor 17 and the assigned transistors , forms a memory cell . [ 0044 ] fig5 a to 7 b show the fabrication of storage capacitors proceeding from an soi substrate . an soi substrate ( soi =“ silicon on isolator ”) includes two layers made of crystalline silicon which are separated by a layer made of an insulating material , for example an oxide . in a manner comparable to the method sequence portrayed in fig1 first a thin oxide layer 27 is produced on the upper crystalline silicon layer 26 by thermally oxidizing the silicon in an oxygen - containing atmosphere . the oxide layer 27 has a thickness of approximately 10 nm . afterward , an insulating nitride layer 28 having a thickness of approximately 200 nm is deposited and a layer made of , a borosilicate glass and having a thickness of approximately 1000 nm is deposited on the nitride layer for fabricating a hard mask . the hard mask is patterned by a procedure in which first a layer of a photosensitive resist is applied and is subsequently exposed and developed . in a first anisotropic etching operation , the structure produced in the photoresist is then transferred into the hard mask and afterward , in a second anisotropic etching operation , the structure is transferred into the soi substrate , the uncovered regions of the nitride layer 28 , of the oxide layer 27 , of the upper layer 26 made of crystalline silicon , and of the buried oxide layer 29 being removed . finally , the photoresist layer is also removed from the surface of the soi substrate . in order to produce the nitride collar 30 illustrated in fig5 a , a nitride layer having a thickness of approximately 5 nm is then deposited by a cvd method . the construction illustrated in fig5 a is thus obtained . trenches 31 are introduced into the soi substrate 32 , which trenches extend through the nitride layer 28 arranged on the surface of the substrate , the upper active silicon layer 26 , the oxide layer 29 and to the lower crystalline silicon layer 33 . the trenches 31 are provided with a nitride layer 30 arranged in collar form at their wall . in a further anisotropic dry etching step , the trench 31 is then lengthened down to its final depth into the lower silicon layer 33 . if necessary , that region of the lower silicon layer 33 which is uncovered in the lower section of the trenches 31 is doped in order to increase the electrical conductivity . this may be done for example by gas phase doping using arsine . the doped regions 34 illustrated in fig5 b are thus obtained . after the doping , a thin layer 35 of a nitride / oxide dielectric is deposited , which later forms the dielectric arranged between bottom electrode and top electrode . [ 0046 ] fig6 a and 6b show the further sequence for fabricating a top electrode constructed from a metal , for example tungsten . first , a conductive metal layer 36 having a thickness of approximately 10 nm , which is illustrated in fig6 a , is applied on the layer 35 of the dielectric using a cvd or ald method . the wafer is passed into an electrodeposition bath in which a salt of the metal to be deposited is dissolved in a suitable solvent , and the conductive layer 36 is electrically contact - connected via the contact 37 . a voltage is then applied between the contact 37 and a counterelectrode arranged in the electrodeposition bath in order to electrodeposit further metal 38 on the thin conductive layer 36 . the arrangement illustrated in fig6 a is obtained . the metal 38 has been deposited on the upper area of the wafer and in the trenches . finally , the metal 36 , 38 is removed from the top area of the substrate and from the upper section of the trenches 31 by isotropic etching , so that the arrangement shown in fig6 b is obtained . the lower part of the trenches 31 are filled with the metal formed from the layers 36 , 38 and which forms the top electrode in the finished capacitor . it is isolated from the doped region 34 of the bottom electrode by the dielectric 35 arranged between the later electrodes . in the upper region of the trenches , the region formed from the layers 36 , 38 is insulated by the nitride layer 30 arranged in collar form and the buried oxide layer 29 of the soi substrate . the production , by electrodeposition , of a top electrode composed of a metal silicide is explained with reference to fig7 a and 7b . proceeding from the arrangement illustrated in fig5 b , first a thin layer 39 made of polysilicon is deposited on the layer of the dielectric 35 by a cvd method . in this case , the polysilicon may also already be provided with a suitable doping . the layer 39 is electrically contact - connected via the contact 37 and the wafer is subsequently passed into an electrodeposition bath containing a salt of the metal to be deposited dissolved in a suitable solvent . a voltage is applied between the contact 37 and a counterelectrode arranged in the electrodeposition bath , so that a layer 40 of metal is electrodeposited on the layer 39 made of polysilicon . the arrangement shown in fig7 a is obtained after the electrodeposition of the metal layer 40 . on the upper side of the soi substrate and in the interior of the trenches , a metal layer 40 has been deposited on the polysilicon layer 39 . a metal silicide 41 is formed from the layers by heat treatment at temperatures of more than 500 ° c . in this case , the heat treatment need not necessarily be carried out until a metal silicide 41 with a uniform composition has formed in the interior . the heat treatment can also be terminated beforehand , so that a silicon gradient still remains over the bulk of the metal silicide 41 . finally , as shown in fig7 b , the regions of the metal silicide 41 which are arranged on the upper side of the substrate and in the upper section of the trenches are removed by an isotropic etching - back . the lower section of the interior of the trenches is filled with the metal silicide 41 , which later forms the top electrode of the capacitor . the further constituent parts of a dram are subsequently constructed in a customary manner . [ 0049 ] fig8 is cross - sectional view taken through a possible arrangement for a dram . the illustration essentially corresponds to the arrangement shown in fig4 b . here , too , only two storage capacitors of adjacent memory cells are illustrated for the sake of clarity . doped regions 34 are defined in the lower layer 33 made of crystalline silicon and are electrically conductively connected to one another via doped sections 42 . toward the top side of the arrangement shown in fig8 the doped sections 42 are insulated by the buried oxide layer 29 , which terminates with the dielectric 35 . the space defined by the dielectric 35 is filled with the metal silicide 41 , which forms the top electrode of the storage capacitor . the top electrode is electrically conductively connected to the base of a field - effect transistor , arranged above the storage capacitor , via a layer 43 made of polysilicon and the doped region 44 defined in the upper silicon layer 26 . the assigned storage capacitor can therefore be charged by influencing the field acting on the gate 45 . storage capacitors of adjacent memory cells are electrically insulated from one another by the oxide layer 46 arranged on the oxide layer 29 . the essential steps for fabricating a bottom electrode by the inventive method are illustrated in fig9 a and 9b . first , an arrangement as shown in fig1 a is fabricated in the manner described above . afterward , in order to improve the electrical conductivity , that region of the wafer that adjoins the uncovered sections of the trenches 3 is doped , for example by gas phase doping with arsine . the arrangement shown in fig9 a is obtained . a thin oxide layer 1 and a pad nitride layer 2 are deposited on the upper side of a wafer 4 . trenches 3 are introduced into the wafer 4 . the walls of upper section of each of the trenches are covered with a thin nitride / oxide layer 6 in collar form . in the lower section of the trenches 3 , a doping is introduced into the silicon of the wafer 4 , so that doped regions 7 having an increased electrical conductivity are obtained . the wafer 4 is electrically contact - connected , for example , using a grid that is applied on the rear side of the wafer , and is passed into an electrodeposition bath . the electrodeposition bath contains a salt of the metal to be deposited dissolved in a suitable solvent . a voltage is applied between the wafer 4 and a counterelectrode arranged in the electrodeposition bath , in order to electrodeposit a layer 47 of the metal on the electrically conductive section of the trenches , which metal forms the bottom electrode in the finished capacitor . if desired , the thin metal layer can be converted into a metal silicide in a subsequent heat treatment step in which the wafer 4 is heated to temperatures of more than 500 ° c . during the fabrication of the bottom electrode , the trench 3 is not completely filled with the metal 47 , rather the metal 47 is only deposited on the walls of the trench 3 , so that a space 48 remains in the center of the trench 3 , in which space a dielectric and the top electrode can be deposited . the further construction of the capacitor and of the dram is then effected in the manner described for fig1 b to 4 b . a dram which includes the above - described electrodeposited bottom electrode in the storage capacitor differs from the illustration shown in fig4 b merely by virtue of a metal layer arranged between the conductive doped region 7 and the dielectric 8 . | 7 |
fig1 shows a schematic view of a device according to an embodiment of the invention for controlling the temperature of an led lamp or led modules of an led lamp and sketches a cooling or heating circuit . the device comprises a supply line ( 1 ) and a return line ( 2 ) that are both divided into different sub - areas . the supply line ( 1 ) and the return line ( 2 ) are formed by pipes . between each of the sub - areas of the supply line ( 1 ) and the return line ( 2 ) there are three t - pieces ( 3 ). at the end of the supply line ( 1 ) and at the beginning of the return line ( 2 ) there is an l - piece ( 4 ). the t - pieces ( 3 ) and the l - pieces ( 4 ) are likewise formed by pipes . between every two adjacent t - pieces ( 3 ) of the supply line ( 1 ) and the return line ( 2 ) and the two l - pieces ( 4 ) there are heat exchangers ( 5 ) that have tubular constructions . all of the pipe pieces ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), that is the supply line parts ( 1 ), the return line parts ( 2 ), the t - pieces ( 3 ), the l - pieces ( 4 ), and the heat exchangers ( 5 ), can be connected to each other in a fluid - tight manner by various methods . the pipes can be either connected rigidly to each other , for example welded , connected to each other by press fittings , or the pipes can be connected to each other in a detachable way , for example one inserted into the other or attached to each other by coupling pieces or hose clamps or also flanged onto each other . as the material from which the pipe pieces ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) can be produced , metals , ceramics , or plastics can be used . it is especially preferred that the supply line parts ( 1 ) and the return line parts ( 2 ) are made from flexible hoses or corrugated boots , while the t - pieces ( 3 ) and the l - pieces ( 4 ) are made from a rigid material , such as rigid plastic , a ceramic , or metal or a combination of these materials , and the heat exchangers are made from metal , preferably copper , and / or a ceramic having a high heat conductivity value . one of the modules of the device comprises the two l - pieces ( 4 ) and a heat exchanger ( 5 ). all of the other modules of the device each comprise two t - pieces ( 3 ) and a heat exchanger ( 5 ). if the modules are connected in a detachable way to the supply line parts ( 1 ) and the return line parts ( 2 ), an additional module can easily be joined to another supply line part ( 1 ) and a return line part ( 2 ). the led lamp to be temperature - controlled or the led modules of the led lamp to be temperature - controlled can be connected to each heat exchanger ( 5 ), so that connections having good heat conduction can be formed between the heat exchangers ( 5 ) and the led lamp or the led modules . the outer dimensions of the heat exchangers ( 5 ) are adapted to the geometry of the led lamp or the led modules . the size of the device , in particular the size of the heat exchangers ( 5 ), the spacing of the t - pieces ( 3 ) and l - pieces ( 4 ), and the diameters of the supply line parts ( 1 ) and the return line parts ( 2 ) are adapted to the size of the led lamp or the led modules and to their purposes . a fluid for controlling the temperature of the heat exchangers ( 5 ) and thus the led lamp or the led modules is guided through the pipes ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) that are connected to each other in a fluid - tight manner . the outlined arrows show the direction of flow of the fluid in the pipes ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). this fluid is a gas , for example compressed air or nitrogen , or a liquid , for example water , which transports the thermal energy away from the heat exchangers ( 5 ) or to the heat exchangers ( 5 ). the return line ( 2 ) can also lead away from the supply in the opposite direction . then , the return line ( 2 ) would be mounted reversed , that is the l - piece of the return line ( 2 ) would be mounted on the first t - piece ( in the direction of flow of the fluid ) of the supply line ( 1 ) and the l - piece of the supply line ( 1 ) would be mounted on the t - piece of the return line ( 2 ) that is connected , in the embodiment shown in fig1 , to the first t - piece of the supply line ( 1 ). the direction of flow of the fluid would then no longer reverse from the supply line ( 1 ) to the return line ( 2 ). fig2 shows a ring - shaped heat exchanger ( 15 ) having a cross section of a six - sided polygon ( hexagon ). the heat exchanger ( 15 ) comprises two connection ports ( 16 ) through which the fluid can be guided through the heat exchanger ( 15 ), as indicated by the outlined arrows . the connection port ( 16 ) of the supply is located at the left , that of the return at the right . a partitioning wall in the form of a wedge ( 17 ) separates the supply from the return in the heat exchanger ( 15 ). the fluid therefore flows around the axis of the heat exchanger ( 15 ) clockwise in a circular motion , as indicated by the outlined arrows . the flow is close to the outer surface ( 18 ) of the heat exchanger ( 15 ), whereby a good heat transfer is achieved . the inner ring of the heat exchanger ( 15 ) offers sufficient space for connecting t - pieces or l - pieces and for passing through cables and hoses ( such as a supply line and a return line ). fig3 shows , in a perspective view , the schematic structure of an arrangement of four heat exchangers ( 15 ) connected in such a way to form a device according to the invention , together with the supply line ( 21 ) and the return line ( 22 ), as well as the t - pieces ( 23 ) and the two l - pieces ( 24 ). the t - pieces ( 23 ) are arranged in the supply line ( 21 ) and the return line ( 22 ), while the two l - pieces ( 24 ) are each arranged on one of the ends of the supply line ( 21 ) and the return line ( 22 ). the supply line ( 21 ) and the return line ( 22 ) are connected to each other in a fluid - tight manner by the heat exchangers ( 15 ). the two connection ports ( 16 ) are connected with t - pieces or l - pieces to the common supply line ( 21 ) ( supply ) or return line ( 22 ) ( return ) of a temperature - control system , such that several such heat exchangers ( 15 ), which can be arranged spatially one behind the other , can be supplied in parallel . fig3 shows , as an example , the structure of a cooling system for a high - power led lamp , which is based on a parallel connection for the cooling medium supply and whose heat exchangers ( 15 ) or led modules acting as cooling bodies are located one behind the other . up to the last cooling body ( 15 ) ( top right at the edge of the fig . ), the supply lines ( 21 ) or return lines ( 22 ) of the cooling bodies ( 15 ) are connected by t - pieces ( 23 ) to a common supply line ( 21 ) or return line / supply line ( 22 ). the last cooling body ( 15 ) is connected to this supply line by l - pieces ( 24 ). such connectors ( 23 , 24 ) can be individual connection elements , which are connected , for example , by hoses and hose clamps to the cooling bodies ( 15 ). they could also be pluggable couplings , which seal by o - rings , or else lines integrated directly in the cooling bodies ( 15 ) with the same function , which are contacted from the ends ( for example by plug - in connectors ). the common main lines ( 21 , 22 ) can be rigid or flexible , for example polyamide hoses . if leds ( not shown ) are mounted on the outer surfaces ( 18 ), a cylindrical led lamp is then realized with which , by suitable selection of the leds , a pipe can be cured or rehabilitated . the current supply lines for the leds can also be guided through the ring opening of the heat exchangers ( 15 ). each heat exchanger ( 15 ), which is equipped on all of its outer sides with leds , is then an led module . the coupling of the led modules with cables for connecting the led modules to a current supply produces an led lamp . the led lamp is then , in the sense of the present invention , for example , a light source for pipe rehabilitation in the field of household connections . fig4 shows an led module ( 30 ) of such an led lamp in a schematic cross - sectional view . on an 8 - sided cooling body ( 31 ) that here functions as a heat exchanger , a plurality of leds ( 32 ) is mounted using chip - on - board technology ( cob technology ). here , several leds ( 32 ) are mounted on a substrate ( 33 ), wherein a substrate ( 33 ) is arranged on each of the eight sides of the cooling body ( 31 ). the led module ( 30 ) is surrounded with a circular housing ( 34 ) in the form of protective glass , which is connected rigidly to the leds ( 32 ) or the cooling body ( 31 ). the geometry of the led module ( 30 ) is designed for a uniform illumination of a cylindrical hollow body , so that the inner walls of this hollow body are homogeneously irradiated by the led module ( 30 ), even if the hollow body has a slightly larger diameter than that of the led module ( 30 ). such a light source is required , for example , in pipe rehabilitation . for applications having strict requirements for the optical output power , in which , due to the typical efficiencies of the leds ( 32 ) in the range of 1 % to 50 %, considerable amounts of heat must be dissipated through the cooling body ( 31 ), liquid cooling media are required as the fluid flowing through the cooling bodies ( 31 ). in the present case , this flow is circular around the axis of the cooling body ( 31 ). the circulating flow is close to the surface of the cooling body ( 31 ), so that the substrates ( 33 ) mounted on this body can be cooled effectively . the shown cross section thus shows the cross section of an led module ( 30 ) of an led lamp comprising several led modules ( 30 ) together with a heat exchanger module ( 31 ) of the cooling device , that is an led module ( 30 ) and a heat exchanger ( 31 ) in the sense of the present invention . the led lamp can also comprise electrical connections ( not shown ), which are required for operating the leds ( 32 ), and a controller ( not shown ), which supplies the leds ( 32 ) with power and optionally controls the drive of the system . the device according to the invention can be just the cooling system or also the cooling system together with the led lamp . fig5 shows schematically and as an example a modular led structure . the shown led lamp ( 40 ) consists of four cylindrical led modules ( 41 ), whose geometry is adapted to the purpose of the application , having connection units ( 42 ) at which supply lines ( 43 ) are connected to the led modules ( 41 ). an led module ( 41 ) comprises at least one substrate having one or more leds that are mounted on a cooling body . as the cooling medium for cooling the leds , gases or liquids are used . the cooling body can be produced in different ways ( for example milling , stamping , cutting , folding , eutectic bonding of metals , etc .). the led modules ( 41 ) are enclosed in a housing ( glass cylinder , stainless steel or plastic housing , etc .). furthermore , sensors ( not shown ), such as temperature , illuminance , current , or voltage sensors , can be integrated in the led modules ( 41 ), wherein these sensors report the operating status to a control and supply unit ( 44 ), allowing the operating conditions of the led lamp ( 40 ) to be adapted to the current state . the connection units ( 42 ) allow a modular expansion having additional led modules ( 41 ), as well as exchangeability for maintenance purposes . from the viewpoint of the cooling circuit , the parallel supply of the led modules ( 41 ) with the cooling medium is advantageous , in particular also in the sense of expandability , because all cooling bodies are always supplied with the same advance temperature . the led modules ( 41 ) can be coupled by rigid or flexible connection elements , so that they are arranged in series with each other either rigidly or flexibly ( by a protective hose , metal springs , corrugated boots , or the like ). in this way , the led lamp ( 40 ) can be pulled along an arc - shaped path in a pipe . a flexible or rigid supply line ( 43 ) connects the led modules ( 41 ) to the control and supply unit ( 44 ), which includes the electrical supply and the supply with the cooling medium , as well as a control and regulation unit for the targeted control of relevant operating parameters . the devices according to the invention are particularly suitable for use in pipe rehabilitation in the field of household connections ( dn50 - dn300 , typically dn120 - dn160 ). in addition , in this field , the use of the technology is also conceivable for larger pipe diameters , because the system allows high outputs and the geometric size can be scaled up . other fields of application could also be down pipes for rain gutters , chimneys , or the like . an led lamp could also be developed to rehabilitate side connections that are sealed by the light curing of so - called ( liner ) caps . other applications are also conceivable , for example , the illumination of tubular spaces or hollow bodies . the possibility of realizing a correspondingly constructed heating system is also possible . with this heating system , flexibly coupled heating elements ( heating medium flowing through heating bodies ) can heat the walls of cylindrical bodies . this can be realized either through radiant flux ( thermal radiation ) or through direct thermal conduction between the heating bodies and cylindrical bodies where they are in contact . the features of the invention disclosed in the preceding description , as well as in the claims , figures , and embodiments , can also be essential either alone or in any arbitrary combination for the realization of the invention in its various constructions . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof . it is understood , therefore , that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed , but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims . | 5 |
the present invention provides an apparatus , which can be used in any clinical environment without the necessity of personal safety equipment . the present invention also gives a large amount of control to the operator as well as the patient . the present invention fulfills laser safety requirements and can be applied to emergency rescue operations or for veterinary applications as well . in these applications , the current precautions often are particularly difficult to sustain . by combining mechanical and optical methods , this approach can be applied to fixed as well as portable devices in a large range of medical applications . the present invention combines ease of use with flexibility . for example , in one embodiment a portable laser disinfecting system is used in ambulances because under the present invention it could be manufactured to meet safety requirements in such use . fig1 illustrates the basic design of a present invention embodiment . the interface towards the patient is formed by conical “ bell ” 1 . alternatively , the specific form of bell 1 may vary depending upon the desired treatment method and the particular optical system chosen . furthermore , varying sizes of bell 1 are used depending on the type of treatment application area . bell 1 is made of a transparent material , which is manufactured with a filter coating on the inside . the filter coating inside bell 1 is chosen to be highly reflective for the particular laser wavelength used . the coating should reflect all angular variation that may occur . conversely , the coating should allow any wavelength not being used in the medical procedure to transmit and pass though . in an alternative , the bell material absorbs a sufficient amount of laser radiation to protect the operator . the bell material can be a colored glass or plastic . since bell 1 , filters out the laser radiation being used in treatment , the potential risk to patient and operator are eliminated . bell 1 is pressed upon the body area to be treated . this means that anyone exterior to the bell is protected from the laser radiation produced in the interior . furthermore , since the coating transmits most wavelengths other than the base wavelength , it is possible to visually inspect the treatment area during a medical procedure . casual light will pass through the walls of the bell . inside the bell - shaped form of fig1 are imaging optics for the radiation source . the setup presented in fig1 includes lens 2 , which is mounted in glass tube 3 . glass tube 3 is transparent to the radiation wavelength used in the desired application . alternatively , glass tube 3 is antireflection coated . in yet another alternative glass tube 3 is in a stable wire frame unit . in another alternative embodiment , the lenses are exchangeable and can be mounted at different positions in the rod . this allows the radiation spot sizes to be varied . in yet another alternative , multiple lenses are used to achieve more complex irradiation profiles such as a cylindrical form or spread point images . these profiles can be achieved be using diffracting optics such as gratings . holder 3 is passed through bell 1 and fastened to bell 1 using flexible fasteners 4 . flexible fasteners 4 allow the laser to move during treatment instead of irradiating a fixed spot . the present invention allows the intensity focused upon any part of the treatment area to be controlled . this is an advantage considering that diseased areas are rarely homogenous . at the top of the unit described in fig1 at least one optical fiber 5 transports the radiation produced by an appropriate beam source 6 . beam source 6 is located elsewhere in the holder . in an alternative , multiple beam sources are used . the fiber is fixed in position to avoid altering the imaging to the treated body parts . the fiber travels completely through power control unit 7 of the invention . fig1 a shows a variation of bell 1 in fig1 . rim 20 of bell 1 has attached to it a soft deformable cushion 22 . cushion 22 contacts the treatment surface . this cushion makes a better easier seal between rim 20 and the surface to be treated . therefore any leakage of laser radiation is minimized . a hard surface with an irregular pattern in the perpendicular direction would especially create a problem for sealing the treatment area . cushion 22 provides a tighter fitting interface without causing discomfort to the patient by increasing pressure on the rim . in an alternative cushion rings of varying diameter can be manufactured to fit different sized bell / cones . in another alternative , the cushions are manufactured with a temporary adhesive . this adhesive allows the cushion to be replaced after use or interchanged with a different thickness . alternative to using a cushion , the entire bell is manufactured from a partially flexible substance . these variations on bell 1 also benefit present invention applications that require a partial vacuum on the enclosed volume within the bell / cone . the lower vacuum would cause less discomfort to the patient and potentially less damage to non - medical substrate requiring laser treatment . fig2 illustrates power control unit 7 of fig1 in greater detail . the power control unit is fixed to the imaging optics holder . the power control unit consists of two basic parts : upper contact shaft 8 and lower contact shaft 9 . lower contact shaft 9 is fixed to optical holder 3 shown in fig1 . upper contact shaft 8 shown in fig2 is movable with reduced up and down friction due to roller bearing 10 . roller bearing 10 is included in lower shaft 9 . the initial position of lower shaft 9 is an elevated state due to the pressure from compression spring 11 . this elevated position keeps upper contact shaft &# 39 ; s 8 electrodes 12 separated from lower contact shaft &# 39 ; s 9 electrodes 13 . lower shaft electrodes 13 are electrically isolated from the shaft itself . when electrically connected , all of them have the same potential . upper shaft electrodes 12 consist of at least two separated elements at a different potential , which are therefore electrically isolated . when upper shaft 8 is pressed down against compression springs 11 , upper shaft electrodes 12 will contact lower shaft electrodes 13 . this closes the optical switch , which is made up of electronics 14 ( shown in fig1 ). this switch mechanism is an integral part of the present invention safety mechanism . upper contact shaft 8 of fig2 is fixed to hand - piece 15 of fig1 . hand - piece 15 serves as a handle for the present invention laser tool . bell shaped cone 1 ( shown in fig1 ) is positioned over the treatment zone . the laser operation cannot be started unless the operator presses down on hand - piece 15 . this pressing creates electrical contact in power control unit 7 to start the laser operation . this assures that no radiation can enter from the exterior , because the apparatus is pressed over the treatment area , which creates a tight enclosure . the included optical fiber must be slightly longer to match the path difference that occurs due to pressing the apparatus down . means such as loop 16 of fig2 solve this problem . if necessary , multiple fiber loops are created . power control unit 7 is completely enclosed in a suitable flexible pipe to accommodate these dimension changes made by pressing . beam source 6 ( shown in fig1 ) is located within the hand - piece itself . beam source 6 is a diode laser which is fiber coupled to at least one optical fiber . alternatively beam source 6 is a miniaturized diode pumped solid - state laser operating at a fundamental wavelength between 1 μm and 3 μm . the latter alternative can further contain means for frequency conversion that allows visible wavelengths that may have different absorption characteristics as well . in another embodiment the invention further includes means for q - switching of this laser . in an alternative ( with any chosen beam source ), the beam source parameters are set externally by switches ( not shown ) on hand - piece 15 . the parameters that are set externally include pulsed / cw operation , laser power level , duty cycle and repetition rate . additionally switching system 14 of several relays is included . switching system 14 is connected to power source 18 . in an alternative , a state of the art battery provides power source 18 . wiring 17 connects battery power source 18 to beam sources 6 and switching unit 7 . using standard electronics , the power control unit may be operated at non - critical levels , such as 5 volts , and current peaks can be avoided . alternatively , the battery can be taken out of the element for recharging , while a fully charged battery replaces it to ensure continuous operation of the apparatus . in yet another embodiment , a power supply ( not shown ) is connected to the battery port of the apparatus to provide equivalent power from a stationary plug . fig3 shows a variation of the above - described concept . there are two basic variations . first , the imaging optics are completely different . optics holder 303 is similar in design to the one in fig1 . optics holder 303 holds curved mirror 319 . mirror 319 is depicted as having a defocusing effect . in an alternative , mirror 319 has a focusing effect . the radiation emitted by the fiber is reflected from mirror 319 through transparent optics holder 303 to the reflecting bell . the exact form of the bell is determined by the optical requirements . usually the bell form is either parabolic or spherical in shape . both alternative shapes have the effect of collimating or focussing the incoming radiation to the treatment zone . while the parabolic shape has the advantage of lower imaging errors , the spherical shape has more flexibility in uses . in an alternative , additional lenses are added to optics holder / mount 303 . by varying the parameters of the lenses , the back reflecting mirror and the reflecting bell optics , the instrument can be used in a greater variety of applications / treatments . second , syringe 320 is added through a lumen 321 . syringe 320 is added in a lower , non - irradiated portion of the bell . this allows the in situ addition of therapeutic substances , such as disinfectants , anaesthetic substances or pdt liquids . this allows the operator to apply therapeutic substances as needed during the operation . furthermore , since the operator can visually inspect the treatment area , the operator can more accurately gauge the amount of therapeutic substance to apply . alternatively , a vacuum line connects to the system through interface lumen 321 . this vacuum line can be used either as part of the treatment procedure or as an additional safety mechanism . in another alternative embodiment , the pressure within the bell is monitored . once the bell is pressed onto a treatment site , the air is partly evacuated through this vacuum line . the apparatus is designed so that the laser can only be started once a specific reduced pressure level is reached . this mechanism ensures that the bell forms an isolated treatment chamber and that no radiation can leave the chamber . using this method , prior art safety methods such as glasses , special clothes or gloves , or constructive safety means such as emergency locks at laboratory doors all become unnecessary . fig4 illustrates another basic design to the present invention . in order to reduce costs it is an advantage to directly apply the laser source instead of first coupling it to a fiber . this also enhances the electrical to optical efficiency and avoids the complications with coupling fiber to a laser source . the drawback to direct laser application in the past is that advanced constructional means were needed . in a present invention embodiment , a simple approach is taken . the beam source itself is included in optics holder 403 or 404 and images the radiation through working bell shaped cone 401 to the diseased body parts . in a preferred embodiment the laser source is placed with the aid of a transparent optics holder 403 , similar to the holder described in fig1 . the laser source then radiates towards the bell surface . in one embodiment micro - optical elements 405 and standard optical elements 422 shape the radiation before it hits the inner bell surface . at the inner bell surface it is directed by mirror to the treatment zone . the bell shape is manufactured to obtain ideal irradiation intensity . preferred forms for the bell are parabolic , hyperbolic or spherical shapes . alternatively the bell shape may be x . y astigmatic bodies that combine the above shapes with different parameters or combinations of different ones . for example , an x - parabolic can be combined with a y - spherical shape in order to correct typical diode laser astigmatisms or to equalize differences in beam quality in the two directions . electric circuitry 417 used to drive the beam source , is guided through shaft contact system 412 and transparent holder 403 to the beam source . all other details of this apparatus are manufactured similar to the description for fig1 . another approach to resolve the problems described above concerning the laser safety during the treatment and the inspection of the treatment process , can also be solved by a stationary apparatus . this stationary apparatus satisfies the high safety demands for a system in a clinical environment . a system of this type must fulfill the highest safety standards for operator and patient , while still providing high ease of use , rapid device preparation and visual online inspection . fig5 illustrates an apparatus designed to fulfill all of these requirements . this embodiment is comprised of closed box 523 made of a highly durable material . this material is chosen to be indestructible by any direct or indirect laser irradiation applied during a treatment procedure . the part of the body to be treated is passed through holes 524 . holes 524 enclose the body part with a rubber ring , so that the interior of the box is sealed from the outside . the rubber ring is designed so that it can either withstand an evacuation to a specified low pressure or withstand an air pressure created artificially within the chamber . in alternative embodiments the pressure changes can be used to contribute to the treatment process . the pressure change however , is preferably used as a safety mechanism . a vacuum line , resp ., gas or air pipe is lead through pipe 529 to the chamber . the apparatus is designed so that electrical lines for any kind of control mechanisms are guided and introduced into the chamber in a way that preserves the isolation of the interior . in a preferred embodiment , one of the control lines incorporates a pressure measurement sensor ( not shown ). when an exterior laser supply mechanism is used , this element is connected to the general supply ( not shown ). the pressure inside the chamber is detected by measurement equipment . if the pressure has reached a specified critical value , the safety mechanism allows the operator to start the laser source . for example , a specific evacuation level is used as the criterion that allows the laser system to start . the box in this embodiment contains at least one hole enclosed with coated window 525 . coated window 525 is manufactured from any suitable glass , crystal or polymer material . the coating on window 525 is designed in a dichroitic way , so that it protects the outer environment from the application laser , while still allowing the visual inspection of the treatment area . the chromatic distortions are insignificant because typical illumination light consists of different wavelengths than most processing lasers . this is particularly true because many medical operation lasers operate in the infrared region . even for lasers that operate in visible wavelengths , the chromatic distortions do not significantly effect affect treatment area visualization . alternatively window 525 is manufactured from a colored material . the colored material absorbs the active laser wavelength to protect the operator from the particular visible or non - visible wavelength being used . the application instrument itself is introduced into the box through isolating interface 526 . in this embodiment it consists basically of the same elements as the instrument in fig1 . the application instrument is preferably hand - piece 527 which contains power control means . the power control means can be realized by switches , pressure controls or a foot - piece . the laser unit has a flexible interface , so that it can be moved over a large distance in the chamber . the flexibility allows the laser unit to cover large treatment areas or to perform the necessary movements in applications such as vessel treatments . fig6 illustrates yet another embodiment that overcomes the safety problem of the prior art . a transparent expandable sheet form creates the safety means . when applied , the form is blown up to a balloon through pipe 629 . an electrical connection is also included through pipe 629 . this serves as the control line for a pressure measurement system . a specific body part is inserted through hole 624 . the “ balloon ” isolates the chosen body part from the surrounding environment . in this embodiment , the pressure inside the balloon is then increased to a specific level . the pressure inside the balloon acts as a gate switch for the laser . if the pressure is sufficiently high , then the treatment site is sufficiently isolated and the laser operation can be started . if the pressure is not high enough , the laser safety switch will not allow the laser to function . furthermore a safety mechanism is included to prevent over - pressurization and damage to the body part . for the laser safety switch to function , the laser source must also be connected to a central control unit ( not shown ) either by cable 628 or a wireless transmission method ( not shown ). the power source for the laser apparatus is included in the form of a battery . alternatively it is positioned in a central control system and connected via a line in pipe 628 . the laser apparatus , itself , is formed by hand - piece 627 and application end 626 . the interior balloon surface is coated to ensure isolation from radiation . the application section of the apparatus is inside the balloon while the hand - piece remains outside . this enables the operator to position the device safely . in another embodiment a pair of gloves is included ( not shown ). in this latter embodiment , the whole laser hand - piece is inside the balloon . the operator uses the gloves to work completely inside the balloon . this is an advantage for treatments requiring multi - spot treatment irradiation , where small areas distributed over a larger area of the body need treatment . balloon foil ( 630 ) is coated in a dichroitic way . this coating completely reflects radiation generated by the laser source , but is still transparent to other wavelengths . the system in fig6 is in particular constructed to irradiate human extremities . in an alternative , minor modifications are made to this design for the irradiation of a torso . in this alternative the dimensions and hole 624 sizes must be altered appropriately . to apply the radiation , a needle system is shown in fig6 similar to that used in interstitial laser therapy . the needle system is guided into a lumen and used to irradiate specific parts of body . fig7 shows another solution to the general problem of combining laser safety with in situ inspection and ease of use . this embodiment consists of the setup illustrated in fig5 of a closed box ( 523 ). one side however is replaced with dichroicly coated window 725 for an observation interface that prevents laser radiation from leaving the enclosed treatment area and entering the environment . at least one central line enters the chamber . included in the central line are the supply lines for the laser system such as optical fibers , wire lines , vacuum lines and fluid lines as well as a pressure or vacuum safety system . the part of the body to be treated is inserted into the chamber through hole 724 . in the embodiment depicted in fig7 hole 724 is specially designed for legs or arms . the whole setup can be scaled to include the patient &# 39 ; s entire body . after the body part is inserted , the interface is then sealed and the chamber is evacuated or filled with air or gas to a predetermined pressure . this critical pressure , whether over pressurized or a vacuum , is the triggering criterion for the laser safety mechanism . if the predetermined pressure is not reached , the beam source cannot be started . this assures that the isolation process is complete and no radiation can exit the chamber . in a preferred embodiment , the laser source rests completely inside the chamber . the interface to the outside is realized through preferably a pair of gloves ( 731 ), which allow the operator to manipulate the instrument inside the chamber . these gloves are made of a durable material , which has a special coating to protect the practitioners &# 39 ; hands and arms from the irradiation . the advantage of this embodiment over the simple handle interface in fig5 is that more complex operations can be performed . it is possible to perform several steps in a single treatment session without the need to depressurize / deflate the chamber and change setups . in alternative embodiments to all the described alternatives , a plurality of additional elements can be lead into the treatment zone through the available interface . for some purposes , e . g . interstitial methods , it is particularly useful to include an endoscopic line through the interface that allows for visualization . this is necessary for in - body treatments , where visualization of the treatment area is not possible . in an alternative embodiment means are included that allow the basic parameters of the beam source to be adjusted . in alternative embodiments a plurality of power source options can be utilized . in one embodiment the power source is at least one rechargeable battery . alternatively the present invention includes a plug interface to allow batteries to be exchanged without interrupting the power flow . in yet another alternative the present invention includes a power adapter , which allows a direct plug connection . having described preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments , and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims . | 0 |
the present invention will be described as it applies to its preferred embodiment . it is not intended that the present invention be limited to the preferred embodiment . it is intended that the invention cover all modifications and alternatives that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention . with reference to fig1 , a conventional refrigerator 10 is shown , refrigerator 10 being of the side - by - side design , wherein refrigerator 10 has a refrigeration compartment sealed by a refrigerator door 12 and a freezer compartment sealed by a freezer door 14 . one of the doors 12 , 14 may be provided with a dispenser 16 , generally including a housing 18 defining a dispensing area 22 for an ice chute 20 and water tube 34 . dispenser 16 may utilize ice and / or water selection buttons 28 and an actuator 29 . the user may select water and / or the type of ice to be dispensed such as ice cubes or crushed ice using buttons 28 . the user selects and dispenses ice and water by pressing actuator button 29 that actuates delivery of ice through the ice chute 20 and / or water through the water tube 34 . it should be noted that the dispenser 16 could also be found in other types of refrigerators , other than those of side - by - side construction , and thus the dispenser of the present invention , as will hereinafter be described in greater detail , can similarly be used in both refrigerators of side - by - side design , as well as other designs . the refrigerator 10 has handles 26 extending outward . the dispenser 16 extends outward from the door 14 . as shown in fig2 the dispenser may extend approximately level with the handles 26 . alternatively , the dispenser may extend beyond the handle especially when no dispensing cavity 22 is provided for and as illustrated in fig8 . fig2 illustrates the side of the ice and water dispenser 16 . dispenser housing 18 frames the control panel 24 , the dispensing area 22 , and a catch tray or drip pan 32 . the control panel 24 and drip pan 32 extend forward the front panel 46 of the outer door panel . as seen in fig2 and fig3 , the forward projecting dispenser 16 permits the ice chute 20 to be the only structure within an inner liner cavity 44 . in contrast , the prior art as seen in fig1 - 12 require an inner liner cavity 44 a to not only accommodate an ice chute but also the dispenser cavity . accordingly , the forward projecting dispenser permits a space 40 to be available for a shelf 42 . this extra space 40 is an 11 - inch to 12 - inch area below the ice chute 20 . in general , the doors , 12 , 14 include an outer door pan 30 and an inner liner 38 . the outer door pan 30 is formed of sheet metal and includes a front panel portion 46 . the door pan 30 can also be constructed of plastic or a combination of metal and plastic . the sheet metal is bent so as to form a top , bottom and opposing side wall portions 48 . typically , the piece of sheet metal is further bent to define a plurality of flange portions ( not shown ). the inner door liner 38 is thermal formed but could also be injection molded . in any event , inner door liner 38 includes a portion which defines the inner liner cavity . the inner liner 38 attaches to the outer door pan 30 typically at the plurality of flange portions . insulation foam is then filled into the void defined by the outer door cavity 50 and the inner liner cavity 44 . as seen in fig4 , the ice chute 20 extends through both the liner cavity 44 and the outer door cavity 50 . storage space is maximized by having the liner cavity 44 partially defined by an angled side 36 that follows the diagonally mounted ice chute 20 . this is different than the prior art as seen in fig1 which only has the ice chute 20 extending through the liner cavity 44 . as further seen in fig4 , the forward projecting dispenser 16 permits a less deep ice dispenser cavity 22 . as seen in fig4 , and 10 the dispenser cavity 22 may have an angled back side or sloped dispensing cavity 23 protruding into the outer door cavity portion of the outer door pan 30 . a drip pan 32 may be placed on the front panel 46 by an attachment such as screws or may be magnetically attached so that it may be removed as seen in fig5 and 6 . the drip pan 32 may be removed whenever larger containers or oversized containers are desired to be filled . fig1 shows an embodiment of an ice and water dispenser 16 with an angled backside or sloped dispensing cavity 23 . the sloped dispensing cavity 23 is preferably projected no more than one inch from the door pan 30 . while other depth of projections are also within the scope of the invention , deeper projections reduce storage space inside the refrigerator door . the back slope of the cavity 23 is angled upward and inward with respect to an inside of the refrigerator to minimize the space required by the dispensing cavity 22 . this configuration maximizes space available inside of the fresh food or freezer compartment . thus , the shallow dispensing cavity 23 allows for extra space 40 and therefore an extra shelf or storage bin 42 in the door . as seen in fig7 - 9 , an alternate embodiment of the forward projecting dispenser 16 does not utilize a dispensing cavity 22 . the dispenser 16 extends forward from the front panel 46 a distance beyond the handle 26 to accommodate large and oversized containers . additionally , a depressible actuator 29 a is provided that is pushed inwardly to actuate the dispensing of ice and / or water . the actuator 29 a doubles as a drip pan 32 and catches excess water when it is released for return back into place under the water tube 34 . the actuator 29 a is removable for cleaning . the prior art , as seen in fig1 - 17 , only shows the ice chute 20 in the inner liner 38 portion and specifically a liner cavity 44 . the liner cavity is elongated to insulate the dispenser cavity 22 b . the actuator 29 b and related circuitry is at the rear of the cavity 22 b . also the drip pan 32 b is within the cavity 22 b . as seen most clearly in fig1 , the dispenser 16 b is approximately flush with front panel 46 as opposed to forward projecting . the dispenser 16 includes a retractable ledge 33 , as best seen in fig1 . the ledge 33 is movable between an extended position shown in fig1 wherein the front edge is positioned outwardly from the front surface of the door 12 and a retracted position in fig1 wherein the front edge is flush with the front surface of the door 12 . the ledge 33 is configured as a tray drip pan 32 but does not have to be . the retracting ledge 33 can be temporarily extended from the shallow main dispenser area 22 to accommodate setting a glass , a pitcher , or other container during ice or water dispensing . the retracting ledge 33 can be designed to pull out , fold up , fold down , or even be removable . as seen in fig1 , the retracting ledge 33 slides in a groove 31 . it is preferred that the retracting ledge 33 have a stop ( not shown ) which prevents the retracting ledge 33 from being easily removed from the dispensing cavity 22 . the groove 31 additionally helps support the retracting ledge 33 when the ledge 33 is supporting a glass , pitcher , or other container during dispensing . the ledge 33 is most useful in dispensers having a shallow dispensing area 22 , however , the ledge 33 can also be used in a dispenser 16 having a deeper dispensing area 22 . as best seen in fig1 and 11 , the dispenser 16 has a lighted dispenser target 60 . the lighted dispenser target 60 is preferably a light pipe which gathers light from the cavity light , such as light emitting diodes 62 , to provide a lighted ring , or similar device , as a target for a glass in the dispenser cavity 22 . a portion of the light provided to the cavity 22 is captured by a portion of the lighted dispenser target 60 which directs the light around the opening for ice and water into the cavity 22 . the lighted dispenser target 60 also helps to contain ice chips and spray from the user of the dispenser 16 . since the lighted dispenser target 60 is capturing light from the dispenser light source 62 , it is preferred to be of a transparent or at least translucent material . the shape of the lighted target dispenser 60 is shown as a rounded arc . this shape works best for containing water spray and ice chips , however , any shape can be used . as best seen in fig1 , the lighted dispenser extends downwardly around or in front of target 60 and the water tube 34 and ice chute 20 so as to protect a user from water or ice spray . prior art dispensers have used lighted actuator arms which provide a target for placement of a glass during use of the dispenser 16 . however , a lighted actuator arm does nothing to help reduce water spray or ice chip splatter . as best seen in fig1 and 13 , the dispenser 16 has a motorized ice chute door assembly 70 . fig1 is a perspective view from the back and side of the assembly 70 . fig1 is an exploded view from the top / front / side of the assembly 70 . a low current draw motor 82 is used to move the ice chute door 21 . the ice chute door 21 substantially closes off the ice chute 20 when not dispensing ice so as to reduce cold air loss from the ice making or storage compartment . the motor 82 opens the ice chute door 21 using a cam 88 . a position switch 92 is provided to register the ice chute door 21 position as “ open ” or “ closed ”. an ice chute door hinge 74 and spring 76 biases the ice chute door 21 to a closed position with respect to the ice chute 20 . the motorized ice chute door assembly 70 replaces the commonly used solenoid - opened - ice chute door . in the preferred operation , the user operates the motorized ice chute door assembly 70 by pressing a glass , pitcher , or other similar container against an actuator 78 or other switch type device . the actuator 78 is shown to be an arm in fig1 , but may alternately be a pad , button , or other mechanism . the actuator 78 can activate an ice or water dispenser , along with the opening of the ice chute door 21 . in one embodiment , the actuator 78 applies pressure against an actuator switch 80 . this requires little force from a user and thus is capable of allowing soft type containers , such as a styrofoam cup , to be used with the dispenser 16 . the actuator switch 80 closes an electrical circuit which powers the motor 82 . the motor 82 rotates a motor gear 84 attached to the shaft of the motor 82 . the motor gear 84 , in turn , rotates a worm gear 86 . the worm gear 86 mates with gears on a cam 88 . the cam 88 thus rotates about a cam shaft 89 and is followed by a cam follower 90 . the cam follower 90 follows the peaks and valleys on the cam 80 and is operatively connected to the ice chute door 21 . the ice chute door 21 pivots along the hinge 74 with the cam follower 90 to open the ice chute 20 . other configurations or gear trains can be used so long as a motor drives them . it is preferred that the cam 88 be constructed so that as the cam follower 90 follows the peaks and valleys on the cam 88 so that the ice chute door 21 will open and close with the peaks and valleys of the cam 88 . it is further preferred , but not necessary , that the cam 88 be constructed with a cam notch 91 such that the cam follower 90 locks into place so as to hold the ice chute door 21 open until the container is disengaged from the actuator arm 78 , afterwhich the ice chute door 21 automatically closes . it is preferred that the motorized ice chute door assembly 70 be constructed to enclose the motor 82 with a motor housing cover 94 . as the ice chute door 21 opens , it comes in contact with the position switch 92 , which instructs the motor 82 to stop turning when the door reaches the proper location . a delay is provided in the control system of the refrigerator 10 using an intelligent controller , which then permits the motor 82 to release force upon the motor shaft , which in turn , permits the ice chute door spring 76 to close the ice chute door 21 . the motorized chute extension door assembly 70 has advantages over a standard solenoid which is used in many dispensers . some of the benefits include reduced size , better control , permitting a spring biased chute door 21 , lower power consumption , reduced electrical noise , and no door snap sound upon opening as with a solenoid . however , the primary benefit of a motorized ice chute door assembly 70 is reduced power consumption over a standard solenoid opened door at approximately 2 watts versus 20 watts . the motorized ice chute door assembly 70 contemplated by this invention , can use any number of gears and / or cams so long as a motor is used for opening the ice chute door 21 . the dispenser 16 of the current invention has an ice chute air seal 100 , as seen in fig1 and 14 a . the seal 100 is preferred to be made of a flexible material compound including components such as pvc ( polyvinyl chloride ), tpv ( thermoplastic vulcanizate ), mpr ( melt - processable rubber ), tpu ( thermoplastic urethane ) or tpe ( thermoplastic elastomer ). seal 100 can be made of any material providing compression and expansion properties in a form suitable for molding to a mating surface or extrusion in the alternate method of construction . the flexible material compound of which seal 100 is comprised may include additive such as kemamide ( stearyl erucamide ) or ptfe ( polytetraflouroethylene ) to reduce the coefficient of friction and therefore improve wear resistance at the interface 100 of the seal and ice - box cover 106 , or at the interface of the seal 100 and door liner 38 in an alternate method of construction . in the present invention , the seal 100 is comprised of a flexible material over - molded upon a rigid plate ( not shown ) having a wand type cross - section and attached to the inner door liner 38 . the seal 100 may also be comprised of a flexible , extruded wand or multi - cavitied bellows profile and attached by means of a relatively rigid plate ( not shown ), or by other means to the inner door liner 38 . alternatively , the seal 100 may be attached to the ice compartment 106 cover . in the preferred embodiment of the invention , the seal 100 is preferred to be attached to the door liner 38 by means of the rigid plate snapping to the top portion of the ice chute 102 with a friction fit . however , the seal 100 may also be attached directly to the inner door liner 38 . the height of the seal 100 is sufficient to reduce the sensitivity of the overall design , with regard to the occurrence of an air leak at the breakable junction 104 between the dispenser 16 and an ice compartment 106 located inside the refrigerator 10 , due to manufacturing variation . in another embodiment of the seal 100 , springs ( not shown ) can supply a resistance force around pegs ( not shown ) which support a plate ( not shown ) inserted into the door liner 38 . the pegs allow for the swiping motion incurred during opening and closing of the refrigerator door 12 , without displacing the seal 100 . the seal 100 can comprise multiple parts , or can be a single part that stays in place with a friction fit . the purpose of the seal 100 is to seal against air leakage at the breakable junction 104 . the door 21 can be opened and closed to gain access to the fresh food compartment 12 or freezer compartment 14 inside the refrigerator 10 . the ice compartment temperature is normally lower than the fresh food compartment temperature and at a higher pressure . the seal 100 , located around a top portion of the ice chute 102 , creates a seal between the ice compartment 106 and the ice chute 20 in order to prevent air from escaping the ice compartment and causing temperature fluctuations , moisture and / or frost buildup . the ice chute air seal 100 can be of any shape or size and is preferred to be replaceable . however , the seal 100 should seal the air gap between the ice chute 20 and the ice compartment 106 . based on the above , it should be readily recognized that the forward projecting dispenser 16 provides an arrangement for dispensing ice and water that enables the door 12 to include additional internal storage space , create the potential for filling oversized containers , reduce power consumption during ice dispensing , and reduce air leakage between the ice chute and the ice compartment more readily than the prior art . although described with respect to the preferred embodiment of the invention , it should be readily apparent that various changes and / or modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof . in general , the invention is only intended to be limited by the scope of the following claims . | 5 |
referring to the drawings in greater detail , the invention can be seen in three different operational modes in fig1 and 3 ; these drawings illustrate the rotor positions and valve linkage mechanism for the three - position livewell control valve which is the subject of this invention . ( while the positions for flappers 12a , 12b and 12c are shown in fig1 the flappers themselves are not shown in fig1 - 3 .) referring now to fig1 the invention is generally directed to a system for directing the flow of water between a water source 1 , such as a lake or river , and a reservoir , such as a livewell 2 which is used on fishing vessels for keeping alive the fish caught . typically , the livewell 2 is filled to a pressure equalized level by utilizing the water source &# 39 ; s natural water pressure . ( see , for example , the water distribution system shown in fig4 of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 708 , 084 ; when the valve 1 of the present invention is operating in the position shown in fig1 the livewell can be filled .) once the livewell is filled , it is desireable to replenish and recirculate the livewell water from the water source , as well as to aerate the water coming from the water source to the livewell . this operation can be referred to as a &# 34 ; dual fill and recirculate mode &# 34 ;, and is accomplished when the valve is operating in the position shown in fig1 and the pump is turned on . thus , referring to fig1 water from the water source 1 can flow through pipe 4 , past the one - way flapper 12b in valve 3 , and into pipe 19 leading to the livewell 2 . additionally , and still referring to fig1 water livewell from pipe 5 can at the same time , due to the negative pressure head generated by water pump 20 , flow through valve 3 and back through pipe 19 to an aerator ( not shown in fig1 ). however , livewell water from pipe 5 is prevented from flowing back to the water source via pipe 4 by one - way flapper 12b in valve 3 . this operation is achieved without regard to whether the boat is moving or is stationary in the water source . the operation system in the &# 34 ; dual fill and recirculate &# 34 ; mode can be seen generally at fig1 . referring now to fig3 when the valve is operating in this position , which can be referred to as a &# 34 ; drain without refilling mode &# 34 ;, the pump is turned off and livewell water can drain from pipe 5 through pipe 4 into the water source , while water from the water source is prevented from flowing back through pipe 4 toward the livewell ( which condition might otherwise occur due to natural pressure differentials between the water source and the livewell ) by flapper 12c . the operation system in the &# 34 ; drain without refilling &# 34 ; mode can be seen generally at fig2 . referring now to fig2 when the valve arm 6 controlling the third , spring - loaded flapper 12a is positioned as shown , the spring - loaded flapper 12a is positioned over the port of pipe 4 leading to valve 3 ; this position can be referred to as a &# 34 ; recirculate - only mode &# 34 ;. referring now to fig1 , livewell water from pipe 5 cannot flow through pipe 4 , but is instead diverted into pipe 19 . the negative pressure created by water pump 20 forces the water from pipe 19 into pipe 21 and through the aerator 22 . water is prevented from flowing from the water source 1 through pipe 4 and into pipe 5 by spring - loaded flapper 12a . therefore , livewell water can only be recirculated through aerator 22 when the valve components are positioned as shown in fig2 even though the boat is still or moving slowly in the water source , and thus will be operating in a &# 34 ; recirculate - only &# 34 ; mode . this &# 34 ; recirculate - only &# 34 ; mode may be used when any one of the following four conditions occurs : 1 ) the boat is operating in excessively warm or muddy water ; 2 ) the fisherman desires to add chemicals to his livewell without diluting their effectiveness ; 3 ) an oscillating pressure wave is generated in the livewell drain due to rough water ( which would otherwise cause a loss of water out the transom drain port ); or 4 ) the boat is out of the water and the pump is operated ( ordinarily creating a need to plug the transom drain port ). the valve and flapper construction necessary to accommodate this third , spring - loaded flapper will now be first generally , and then more specifically , described . generally , referring back to fig1 an extra follower link 7 is required to gain an additional 60 ° of travel for the rotor 11 , necessary to have three separate flap positions . referring now to fig6 in order to properly position a control cable so that the spring - loaded flapper is properly aligned for drip - tight sealing , a detent position is provided . this detent position provides a tactile signal to the operator that the valve is properly aligned to operate in a &# 34 ; recirculate - only &# 34 ; mode with drip - tight sealing . the detent 8 consists of a spring clip 9 mounted on a valve cap 10 located under the arm 6 near a cable attachment point . referring more specifically now to fig7 a preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporates the two flappers disclosed in the similar flow control valve described in u . s . ser . no . 07 / 344 , 000 , as well as a third , spring - loaded flapper . ( fig7 only shows two flapper ; the third flapper has been omitted for ease in reading the drawing .) the construction of this third flapper is in accordance with the disclosure in the above - mentioned , pending application . this third flapper should be identical to the first two flappers in order to maintain the same flow characteristics . accordingly , the same port diameters and general valve dimensions are needed as well . referring again to fig1 the valve 3 is intersected by three pipes , one pipe 4 leading to the water inlet / outlet port , a second pipe 5 leading to the livewell , and a third pipe 19 leading to water pump 20 . when the arm 6 is positioned in the &# 34 ; fill &# 34 ; position , the rotor 11 achieves the flapper position shown in fig1 . it is also desireable to maintain the same cable actuator stroke as for a typical flow control valve ( i . e ., a valve with the two - flapper design shown in fig2 of the &# 39 ; 084 patent , in which a 60 ° rotation of the rotor is required ). as each flapper subtends a 60 ° angle on the rotor , the rotor must rotate 120 ° to be able to have three separate flapper positions . to achieve the same cable actuator stroke , therefore , an extra link 7 is provided to gain the additional 60 ° of travel . fig4 and 5 show top and side views , respectively , of this follower link . there are additional problems of accuracy and security in positioning the cable so that the spring - loaded flapper is properly aligned in the &# 34 ; recirculate - only &# 34 ; mode for drip - tight sealing . the actuator lever must resist bumps ( such as those which might occur when a boat is being buffeted in rough water ) which can move it off - center . unlike the &# 34 ; fill &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; empty &# 34 ; positions , which have stops at the end of the stroke in each direction , the center position cannot have a stop . moreover , simply having a mark on the control panel adjacent the center position is not acceptable for two reasons . first , control cables are not uniform . thus , a variation in the dimensional tolerance which exists on the location of the attachment point ( typically a z bend ) of the cable to the valve arm will result in the actuator arm being off - center when the valve is in the center position . the operator would have no way of knowing whether or not the flapper was properly positioned . second , control cables have some hysterisis -- they don &# 39 ; t provide exactly the same valve center position in the extension and retraction directions . the solution to these problems , of which this invention has as one of its objectives , is to provide a detent position for the valve arm that provides a tactile signal to the operator that the third flapper is in the center position . it is important to position this detent as close as possible to the attachment point of the cable to the valve arm . this method assures that a firm detent can be used without placing stress on the valve linkage and pivot points , as such stress can result in excessive strain and lead to inaccurate valve position , as well as excessive wear of critical valve parts . when the valve arm is centered between the &# 34 ; fill &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; empty &# 34 ; positions in the detent position , the rotor and valve linkage is positioned in the manner shown in fig2 . referring now to fig6 in a preferred embodiment of the invention , the detent 8 consists of a spring clip 9 mounted on the valve cap 10 under the arm 6 near the cable attachment point . fig1 shows a cross sectional side view of the detent clip , fully assembled and mounted on the valve cap under the arm . fig1 and 16 illustrate that the linkage mounting is reversible . this allows an optional cable approach from either the front or rear . referring now to fig7 and 8 , the parts of a valve chamber 14 are shown , together with the position of those parts within the valve 14 . thus , an o - ring 15 fits over the center of a rotor assembly 11 . top and side views of this rotor assembly 11 are shown in fig1 and 12 , respectively . three flappers 12a , 12b and 12c ( only two are shown ) are incorporated within the periphery of the valve 14 ; flapper 12a accommodates a biased spring 13 . an o - ring 16 is positioned at the bottom of valve 14 . referring finally to fig1 , the water distribution system is shown a it operates in the &# 34 ; recirculate - only &# 34 ; mode for a stationary boat . the arrows show the direction of water flow . with control lever 17 in the center position , flow through pipe 4 is obstructed by the spring - loading flapper in valve 3 . thus , water entering pipe 5 from the livewell 2 is diverted through valve 3 into pipe 19 . the negative pressure created by water pump 20 forces water from pipe 19 through pipe 21 , and into the aerator 22 . overflow from the livewell 2 flows into the water source 1 from overflow pipe 23 . when control lever , 17 is shifted to the &# 34 ; empty &# 34 ; position ( see fig3 ) and the pump 20 is turned off , pipe 5 is blocked by flapper 12c . this non - spring - loaded flapper 12c allows the livewell 2 to drain from pipe 5 while automatically preventing refill through drain line 5 . ( the particular flapper construction described in u . s . ser . no . 07 / 344 , 000 causes a seal against loss of water when the direction of flow is toward pipe 5 .) fig1 shows a cross - section of the valve of the present invention , with its three flappers and three ports . | 1 |
fig2 ( a ) illustrates a gel membrane probe constructed in accordance with the principles of a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the measuring probe includes : a plurality of measuring molecules having an affinity for the target molecules whose concentration is to be measured ; a solution that permits the measuring molecules to change their orientation when attracted or repelled by the target molecules ; means for measuring the orientation of the measuring molecules . the type of molecules used as measuring molecules depends on the type of molecules to be measured . for example , if the target molecule is an antibody , then the measuring molecule may be an antigen . alternatively , to measure concentration of an enzyme , a corresponding “ reaction substrate ” or “ reaction product ” may be used . the preferred embodiments of the invention are in principle applicable to any two types of molecules that attract or repel each other on a molecular level by a force sufficient to cause effects at the distance , or across the barrier , separating the measuring and target molecules during a measurement . an example of an enzyme - substrate pair to which the principles of the invention may be applied is a glucose enzyme - glucose pair such as glucose oxidase - glucose , glucose dehydrogenase - glucose , or glucose mutarotase - glucose . glucose is usually monitored in diabetics and sometimes referred to as blood sugar . an example of a suitable antibody antigen pair is crp specific monoclonal antibody — crp , the detection of which in blood is used to determine the presence and severity of infections present in the body . alternatively , the target molecule could be an antigen and the measuring molecule could be an antibody . other examples of target molecules to which the device of the invention may be applied include immunogobulins such as igg , igm , and iga , and lipoproteins . in addition , the device may be used for non - invasive detection of allergic reactions , difficult to detect diseases or infections caused by microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria , and any other type of infection or immune system reaction to a chemical or biological entity . the solution in which the measuring molecules are suspended or otherwise situated will depend on the type of measuring molecule . for example , in the illustrated example , the solution is a gel . alternatively , it might be possible to use liquids , solids , or other materials to contain the measuring molecules while permitting changes in orientation in response to the presence of the target molecule . in addition , the solution in which the measuring molecules are contained may include cofactors as necessary to increase the attractive or repulsive forces . in the example illustrated in fig2 ( a ) and 2 ( b ), electrodes are positioned on either side of the solution to enable measurement of the resistivity of the solution to an applied electric current . the change in resistance δr of a given measuring molecule ( mm ) laden gel layer when brought into proximity with complimentary target molecules ( tm ) across a barrier , such as a patient &# 39 ; s skin , is a function ( f ) of the affinity ( a ) or attractive / repulsive force of the mm - tm pair , the concentration of target molecules ctm , and the inverse of the distance ( d ) between the complimentary molecules . this may be expressed mathematically as follows : δ r ∝ f ( actm d ) where δr ═ rb — rm , rb is the resistivity of the gel layer before being brought into proximity of the target molecules , rm is the resistivity of the gel layer after being brought into proximity with the gel layer , ( f ) is any function , whether linear or non - linear , that describes the relation between δr and actm / d , and both the function ( f ) and affinity variable ( a ) depend on the nature of the affinity pair . in addition to resistivity or conductivity , there are several ways in which the molecular orientation may be measured using this set up , including changes in the nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) of the molecules , or measurement of changes in other properties of the solution , including electrical , magnetic , or optical properties , that are affected or caused to be affected by molecular orientation . those skilled in the art will understand that measuring molecules may be modified , for example , by providing chemically labeled cofactors , etc ., to enhance the affinity forces on the target molecules . furthermore , those skilled in the art will appreciate that spatial orientation may not be the only molecular property affected by the presence of the target molecules . for example , affinity forces may affect the phenomenon of electrophoresis , in which the molecules migrate across the gel in response to an applied field . those skilled in the art will appreciate that changes in such migration may be used instead of , or in addition to , orientation as a way of detecting the presence of affinity forces between the measuring and target molecules . practical implementation of the probe illustrated in fig2 ( a ) and 2 ( b ) requires a probe that can induce uniform molecular rotation in a sample of measuring molecules , to provide a baseline against which target molecule induced changes can be detected . for many applications , at least a 98 % rotation will be required . this unidirectional rotation of measuring molecules may be verified by conventional fluorescence optical spectroscopy techniques . in a preferred embodiment of the invention , in order to achieve the required unidirectional rotation , a uniform unidirectional current may be applied to a measuring molecule solution that has been uniformly applied on the measuring film , or that is homogeneously situated in a gel - like media . the uniform current and verification of the current is provided by an electrophoretic device capable of unidirectional current induction and planar conductivity measurement in a 360 ° array , currently envisioned to be a perpendicular mode relative to the applied current . a roller - type temperature controlled gel coating device may be used to achieve uniform application of the measuring molecular solution , preferably to a uniform thickness of between a few angstroms ( to accommodate at least one layer of measuring molecules and allow for their unhindered molecular rotation ) to a few millimeters . the gel - like media may , by way of illustration and not limitation , be a non - polar gel media readily soluble in water capable of producing a homogenous solution of measuring molecules , and that is liquid between 40 - 60 ° c . and that forms a gel - like solid between 5 - 40 ° c . upon achieving uniform rotation of the measuring molecules , implementation of the invention requires monitoring of molecular orientation , preferably to a rotation accuracy of at least + 5 %, which may again be verified by fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescent labeled measuring molecules . once it is possible to “ see ” the spatial configuration of the uniformly rotated molecules , commercially available measuring devices can be used to measure current variance , directional variance of the applied current , and voltage variance , given a uniformly positioned gel coated film . the conductance of the film at different angles relative to the applied electrophoretic current in the “ off ” mode , i . e ., in the absence of electrophoretic field potential , must then be determined . commercially available measuring devices are currently capable of measuring resistance along and perpendicular to the current direction in a three dimensional mode , at 10 °± 2 ° intervals in a planar 360 ° array . the key is to be able to measure a small enough change in resistance due to current impedance caused by molecular rotation in the path of the current applied . the gel media should be selected to have a large variation in directional conductivity between electrophoretic conduction and conduction perpendicular to the electrophoretic field , with minimal time required for complete rotation of the measuring molecules at a constant voltage and current . widely used gel media include polyacrylamide gel and agarose gels . for each candidate gel , specific electrophoretic parameters of the measuring molecules in each gel should be measured , for a particular apparatus , as a function of concentration , temperature , and solvent composition . in order for the sensor of the invention to detect rotation of the measuring molecules in response the presence of target molecules , as described above , it is helpful to determine the exact effect of measuring molecule rotation on the conductivity or resistivity of the gel solution . this may be accomplished by measuring conductivity using electrophoretic electrodes when the residual electrophoretic current and voltage is zero , and measuring in a perpendicular plane at ten degree increments to the applied electrophoretic current . the sensor thereby determines the relation between measurable changes in conductivity or resistivity as a function of ( a ) direction of measuring current relative to the electrophoretic current applied to the gel media , ( b ) concentration of measuring molecules dissolved in the gel , and ( c ) electrophoretic field application time necessary for complete uniform rotation of the measuring molecules . the rotation of the measuring molecules may be monitored and verified by a fluorescence optical rotation measuring device . once a correlation between applied current and measuring molecule rotation is established , the effect of target solution concentration and proximity of target molecules on the conductance or resistivity of the gel solution can be established by measuring the conductance or resistivity of the gel solution for different target solutions . if a measurable difference in rotation of the measuring molecules is detected , a relationship between target distance and measuring molecule rotation can be established for different molecular pairs . rotation of the measuring molecules in response to proximity of target molecules can again be verified by fluorescence optical spectroscopy . a probe prototype 1 that can be used to verify directional conductance or resistivity changes in response to rotation of measuring molecules , to establish the composition and thickness of the gel media , and to identify the choice and concentration of measuring molecules necessary for targeted sensitivity , is illustrated in fig3 . the probe prototype is a modified electrophoretic cell including a cylindrical body 2 having respective electrodes 3 and 4 at the top and bottom for creating an electrophoretic field across a gel coated membrane 5 wrapped around the cylinder . the electrophoretic field causes the measuring molecules in the gel to orient relative to the field , at which time current to the electrodes is switched off or the effect of the electrodes is neutralized or removed , and the resistance for the gel coated film is measured perpendicular to and across the 360 ° array . as indicated above , once a suitable gel is found and a correlation between rotation of the measuring molecules and the resistance of the gel coated film is established , then measurements can also be made in the presence of target molecules , for example , by bringing the coated membrane into contact with a beaker of solution of the target molecules . for the next phase of verification , the probe should be sensitive enough to produce a measurable change in resistivity when ± 5 % of the measurement molecules rotate , precise enough to achieve a ± 10 % coefficient of variation for a standard solution of target molecules at an upper limit of a clinical normal range of the target , and sufficiently accurate to reproduce standard curves of pure target solution with equimolar mixtures of nonspecific homologues to within ± 15 % coefficient of variation . ultimately , a practical version of the probe with require a sensitivity of at least ± 2 %, precision of ± 5 %, and accuracy , using actual patient serum / blood sample with the following minimum correlation parameter values versus a standard reference method , of 0 . 9 ± 0 . 1 regression coefficient , 0 . 9 ± 0 . 15 slope , and y intercept of ± 10 % of the lower limit of a clinical normal range . having thus described a preferred embodiment of the invention in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the invention , it will nevertheless be appreciated that numerous variations and modifications of the illustrated embodiment may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention , and it is intended that the invention not be limited by the above description or accompanying drawings , but that it be defined solely in accordance with the appended claims . | 0 |
for the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention , reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same . it will nevertheless be understood that no limitations of the inventive scope is thereby intended , as the scope of this invention should be evaluated with reference to the claims appended hereto . alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices , and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates . a series of experiments were conducted to demonstrate the reduction of one embodiment of the present invention to practice . in these experiments , in - situ alloying and brazing was performed using foils of aluminum and silver . three alloy compositions were selected based on the phase diagram shown in fig1 , which represent ag ( sample id # lg10 ), ag 3 al ( sample id # lg25 ), and ag 2 al ( sample id # lg33 ) phases . in each of these the compositions , the sample heated up to 800 ° c . revealed alloying of aluminum and silver and the alloying was mostly complete at 1000 ° c . microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints largely depended on alloy compositions . in the case of the braze foil with lg10 ( 9 . 8 at % al ), a long continuous layer formed parallel to the direction of original aluminum foil . this indicates that aluminum was oxidized simultaneously while aluminum and silver diffused perpendicular to the direction of the foils . in the bend tests , the fracture occurred through the long alumina / braze filler interface , resulting in low bend strength ( 6 ˜ 12 mpa ). the joints brazed with lg25 ( 26 . 5 at % al ) showed cracks possibly due to the series of phase transformations and accompanying abrupt volumetric changes . the fracture initiated through these pre - existing cracks , leading to the extremely low values of joint strength observed in these specimens . the joints prepared using lg33 ( 35 . 1 at % al ) exhibited a good interface with some interfacial alumina particles and crack propagation through the interface between the alumina substrate and in - situ formed interfacial alumina particles or directly through these particles , resulting in the best bend strength among al - added braze compositions . based on the binary ag — al phase diagram shown in fig1 , three basic ag — al braze compositions were developed with al contents ranging from 10 to 33 at %, as shown in table 1 . each composition represents one of the three major equilibrium phases over this range : aluminum alloyed silver , ag 2 al , and ag 3 al . pure silver was used in this study as a reference baseline for mechanical property testing of the brazed joints . since the inclusion of brittle intermetallic phases in the filler metals can make it difficult to produce brazing foils by melting and rolling , each filler metal composition was instead prepared by in - situ alloying during the brazing process . this was done by laying up , in alternating fashion , foils of silver ( alfa aesar , 25 μm thick , 99 . 95 %) and aluminum ( alfa aesar , 25 μm thick , 99 . 45 %) of the appropriate thickness and number to achieve the target composition listed in table 1 . the area specific molar ratio of ag to al foils was calculated by averaging the weight out of five of each foil , all of which were cut into the same areal dimensions ( 3 cm × 5 cm ). the molar ratio of ag to al per unit area of the foils was 1 . 081 . based on this molar ratio , the total number of foils was selected to give similar initial filler metal thickness while maintaining the targeted ag / ag ratio as close as possible . in general the total number of ag and al foils was 11 ˜ 12 , which yielded a foil stack thickness of approximately 265 ˜ 290 μm . each metal foil stack was cut into a circle measuring ˜ 2 cm in diameter and inserted between two alumina discs ( alfa aesar ; 99 . 7 % purity ; 2 cm in diameter × 3 mm high ). a dead load of ˜ 300 g was applied on the top disc to ensure good contact between the stack of foils and the alumina substrates during the brazing process . the assemblies were heated in air at 2 ° c ./ min to a final soak temperature ( 600 , 800 , 1000 , and 1100 ° c .) and held for 6 min before furnace - cooling to room temperature . microstructural analysis was performed on polished cross - sections of the brazed joints using a scanning electron microscope ( sem , jeol jsm - 5900lv ), equipped with an oxford energy dispersive x - ray spectrometer ( eds ). room temperature 4 - point bend testing was conducted to measure the mechanical strength of the as - brazed joints . bend bars were prepared by joining the long edges of two rectangular alumina plates ( alfa aesar ; 98 % dense ; 99 . 7 % purity ; 100 mm long × 25 mm wide × 4 mm thick ) to form a 100 mm × 50 mm × 4 mm plate . to keep both pieces of alumina in good contact with the braze filler during the joining process , a dead load of 400 g was applied to the top plate , resulting in an average pressure of ˜ 10 kpa along the faying surfaces . brazing was again conducted in air at a hold temperature of either 1000 or 1100 ° c . for 6 min . samples were heated to the target temperature at a rate of 2 ° c ./ min and furnace - cooled to room temperature . to understand the effect of heating rate on the joint strength and microstructure of these brazed specimens , samples were also heated to 1000 ° c . at a rate of 5 ° c ./ min . once joined , each plate was machined into 4 mm × 3 mm × 50 mm rectangular bars for flexural strength test . four - point bend tests were carried out with spans between the inner and outer contact points of 20 and 40 mm respectively at a displacement rate of 0 . 5 mm / min . the bend ( flexural ) strength was calculated from the load at failure using the standard relationship derived for monolithic elastic materials : where p is the applied load , l is the length of the outer span , and b and d are the respective width and height of the specimen . five specimens , each cut from the same plate , were used to determine the average room - temperature flexural strength for each joint . scanning electron microscopy ( sem , jeol jsm - 5900lv ) was employed to examine the fracture surfaces of the specimens as means of evaluating the potential mechanisms involved in their eventual failure . low magnification sem micrographs were collected on cross sections of alumina discs joined at 1100 ° c . and are shown in fig2 ( a )-( d ). even though the thicknesses of the initial braze foil stacks were similar ( 11 - 12 foils of 265 - 290 μm total thickness ), the thickness of the filler metal layer after brazing varied significantly and depending on the composition of phases formed during the brazing process . the pure silver resulted in a thin braze filler layer (˜ 20 μm ) containing visible air pockets as seen in fig2 ( a ). at 1100 ° c ., molten silver was squeezed out from the dead loaded joint to form molten beads on the outer surfaces of alumina plates . along with the formation of air pockets in the joint , this is evidence of both the low viscosity and insufficient wettability of pure silver on the alumina surface . alternatively , joints prepared from the aluminum - modified braze fillers ( shown in fig2 ( b ) and 1 ( d ) display no air pockets . the joint brazed with lg10 ( 9 . 8 at % al ) exhibits a thick braze filler layer (& gt ; 120 μm ) and no beading of the molten braze filler , even though the brazing temperature ( 1100 ° c .) was substantially higher than the alloy &# 39 ; s liquidus temperature ( which is less than 950 ° c . and lower than the melting temperature of pure silver ). this finding suggests that this filler metal composition is resistant to squeeze out ( i . e . it displays good compression resistance ), possibly due to a compositional dependent increase in viscosity . joints containing higher aluminum content shown in fig2 ( c ) and 2 ( d ) exhibited similar features ( no air pockets and no beading ), but thinner braze filler layers ( 50 ˜ 60 μm ) when compared to lg10 . since no beading on the alumina plates was found , the al and ag thinner braze filler layer can be attributed to the alloying of aluminum and silver , leading to the formation of intermetallic phases such as ag 23 al . the microstructure of joints prepared from the three aluminum modified filler metal compositions after being heated to 600 , 800 , 1000 and 1100 ° c . are shown in fig3 - 5 . for lg10 ( 9 . 8 at % al ), no signs of significant alloying are observed when the joint heated to only 600 ° c . as shown in fig3 ( a ), the resulting cross - section essentially reveals the initial configuration the stacked foils : one aluminum foil ( point “ b ”) sandwiched between 10 silver foils ( point “ a ” and the opposing side ). the results from quantitative eds analysis collected at each of the spots labeled in fig3 ( a )-( d ) are listed in table 2 . the local chemistries measured at points “ a ” and “ b ” indicate that no measurable alloying takes place in the lg10 material at 600 ° c . however , the foils appear to be well bonded together despite this lack of chemical interaction . at 800 ° c ., obvious alloying between the al and ag takes place , accompanied by shrinkage of the filler metal thickness as seen in fig3 ( b ). however alloying remains incomplete as indicated by the local chemistries measured at point “ c ” and “ d ”, each of which respectively marks the initial sites for the silver and aluminum foils . in addition , there is no indication that extensive oxidation occurs ( despite the fact that brazing was conducted in air ) or that bonding takes place between the filler metal and the alumina substrate . as shown in fig3 ( c ) and table 2 , the joint brazed at 1000 ° c . displays a more homogeneous distribution of aluminum within the filler metal , with distinct regions of alumina formed parallel to the original aluminum foil direction ( e . g . point “ f ”). eds analysis conducted at point “ e ” near the braze / substrate interface reveals 8 . 73 at % al , which is quite close to original target composition for this filler metal ( 9 . 8 at % al ) good bonding between the braze filler and the alumina substrate was observed as indicated by the penetration of molten braze into the rough surface of the alumina substrate . even after brazing at the highest brazing temperature of 1100 ° c . ( shown in fig3 ( d )), the majority of the aluminum still remains in metallic form alloyed with the silver matrix ( point “ g ”: 7 . 16 at % al ) even though it is apparent that more extensive oxidation has occurred at this temperature ( see point “ h ”) than at the lower brazing temperatures . the filler metal composed of 26 . 5 at % al ( lg25 ) exhibited a similar temperature dependent alloying process , as seen in the sequence of micrographs shown in fig4 ( a )-( d ). no significant interaction between the al and ag foils occurs at 600 ° c ., which displays the original foil stacking arrangement shown in fig4 ( a ). alloying is observed upon brazing at 800 ° c . as shown in fig4 ( b ). the more extensive alloying of this braze composition at 800 ° c ., compared to lg10 , is attributed to the lower liquidus temperature of this composition as well as the thinner silver foils employed in preparing this filler metal . however , the eds results given in table 3 indicate some inhomogeneity in the filler metal matrix . while the matrix represented by spot “ c ” contains 24 . 64 at % al , which is close to the initial al content in the braze foil stack , silver - rich particles are also found in the matrix ( e . g . point “ d ”, which displays only 2 . 82 at % al ). an acceptable interface between the braze filler and the substrate is observed , as shown in fig4 ( c ), when the joint is brazed at 1000 ° c . the matrix phase ( point “ e ”) exhibits improved homogeneity , although the silver - rich phase is still observed , predominantly at the braze / substrate interface . a distinctive microstructural feature observed in this joint is the crack found between the filler metal and substrate indicated by point “ f ”. cracking due to embrittlement is possibly related to the complex series of phase transformations that this composition likely undergoes during cooling , as observed in the phase equilibrium diagram of fig1 ( i . e . liquid → ag + liquid → ag + β - ag 3 al → ag → ag + α - ag 3 al ). the joint brazed at 1100 ° c . shown in fig4 ( d ) also exhibits cracks , as well as extensive formation of alumina in particulate form . despite this degree of oxidation , the majority of aluminum still remains in the metallic matrix phase shown at point “ g ” in fig4 ( d ): 21 . 59 at % al . fig5 shows the microstructures of joints brazed using the lg33 filler metal ( 35 . 1 at % al ) at the four different soak temperatures . similar to lg25 , extensive alloying is observed in the entire braze filler layer at 800 ° c . as shown in fig5 ( b ), while no significant interaction between ag and al is detected at 600 ° c . as shown in fig5 ( a ). no significant oxidation of aluminum is observed in the specimen prepared at 800 ° c . the matrix phase ( point “ c ”) contains 32 . 33 at % al ( as indicated in table 4 ), while a silver - rich phase observed along the filler metal / substrate interface displays only 1 . 66 at % al . as shown in fig5 ( c ), the matrix phase ( at point “ e ”) formed at 1000 + c . still contains 30 . 92 at % al even though some alumina formation is observed in the braze filler as well as along the braze / substrate interface . poor bonding between the braze / substrate interface is observed on the right side of the joint , while the interface on the other side looks acceptable . massive oxide formation on the de - bonded interface ( at point “ f ”) implies that poor contact between the braze filler and the substrate may cause oxidation of the braze filler surface before the braze melt wets the ceramic substrate , leading to reduced interfacial bonding . the joint brazed at 1100 ° c ., shown in fig5 ( d ), still contains a majority of al in the braze matrix ( point “ g ” in table 4 ) even though extensive oxide formation takes place in the bulk filler metal , as well as along the interface . fig6 shows magnified sem micrographs collected on the filler metal / substrate interfaces of specimens brazed with each of the al - modified filler metal compositions at 1100 ° c . all of the resulting filler metal compositions exhibit good interfacial bonding due to wetting of the molten braze filler on the substrate . additionally the lg33 material ( containing the highest aluminum content ; 35 . 1 at % al ) displays interfacial oxide formation along the braze / substrate interface . fig7 ( a ) and ( b ) are graphs showing two plots of room temperature flexural strength as a function of aluminum content . fig7 ( a ) displays the effect of the final soak temperature on bend strength , while fig7 ( b ) shows the effect of heating rate . as seen in fig7 ( a ), there is no significant difference in bend strength between the joints brazed at 1000 ° c . and 1100 ° c . even though more extensive formation of alumina was observed at 1100 ° c . the bars joined with pure silver exhibit average bend strength of 71 mpa for the sample brazed at 1000 ° c . and 79 mpa for the sample brazed at 1100 ° c . however , the lg10 ( 9 . 8 at % al ) specimens display poor bend strength , 6 mpa after brazing at 1000 ° c . and 12 mpa at 1100 ° c . in the case of the lg25 ( 26 . 5 at % al ) specimens , the resulting joints were so weak that fracture often took place during sample preparation . the poor bend strength of the lg10 and lg25 joints was unexpected , particularly given that sem examination revealed a decent filler metal / substrate interface in each . the bend bars brazed with lg33 ( 35 . 1 at % al ) exhibit bend strengths of 46 mpa ( 1000 ° c . soak temperature ) and 52 mpa ( 1100 ° c . soak temperature ), comparable with pure silver . fig7 ( b ) shows the effect of heating rate on the mechanical properties of joints . the higher heating rate of 5 ° c ./ min generally shows no improvement in bend strength compared to slower heating rate of 2 ° c ./ min , particularly at the low aluminum containing filler metal compositions . this result corresponds to the evidence found in the sem and eds analyses since most of the al remains in metallic form in the silver matrix phase and there were no apparent differences observed between the filler metal / substrate interfaces in these specimens . therefore rapid heating rate , which can reduce the formation of alumina , may not significantly improve the filler metal / substrate interface . to better understand the mode of failure in these joints , sem analysis was conducted on the fractured surfaces of the bend specimens . fig8 - 11 are back - scattered sem images of comparative sets of fractured joining specimens that were brazed with different filler metal compositions at 1000 ° c . and 1100 ° c . fig8 ( a ) and 8 ( b ) are the two fractured halves of specimen brazed with pure silver at 1000 ° c ., and display cup - cone marking dimples that are indicative of ductile fracture . in these samples , joint failure occurred within the bulk of the joint rather than at the interfaces or within the alumina substrates , which further suggests that good adhesion exists between the filler metal and the substrate . the fracture surfaces of the pure silver specimen brazed at 1100 ° c . also exhibit similar signs of ductile as shown in fig8 ( c ) and 8 ( d ). the corresponding halves of the fractured lg10 specimen brazed at 1000 ° c . are shown in fig9 ( a ) and 9 ( b ). unlike pure silver , these two surfaces display a thin alumina layer ( dark phase ) on a relatively smooth ag — al matrix surface ( white ). since the morphology of the in - situ formed alumina is distinctively different from that of alumina substrate , the thin alumina observed is attributed to an in - situ layer formed in the filler metal , as shown in fig3 ( c ). the fracture surface of this specimen thus indicates that failure occurred through the in - situ alumina layer in the filler metal , and not along the braze / substrate interface . this is why this particular filler metal exhibits low bend strength despite forming a good interface with the alumina substrate . in order to improve the strength of this filler metal , the in - situ alumina must form in a more localized manner as separate particles with sufficient soft matrix in between , rather than as well aligned brittle layers . this could be achieved by using a pre - alloyed braze foil , rather than an in - situ alloyed material . the bar brazed at 1100 ° c ., shown in fig9 ( c ) and 9 ( d ), exhibits the same mechanism of fracture , although the alumina layers are more obviously apparent due to the greater extent of oxide formation in this higher temperature specimen . the fractured surfaces of the lg25 bend bar specimens are shown in fig1 . both of the bars joined at 1000 ° c . as shown in fig1 ( a ) and 10 ( b ), and 1100 ° c . as shown in fig1 ( c ) and 10 ( d ), display pre - fracture cracks , which were also observed in the corresponding cross - sectional micrographs shown in fig4 . the fracture initiated through these pre - existing cracks , leading to the extremely low values of joint strength observed in these specimens . as discussed previously , it is suspected that the existence of these flaws is due to the series of phase transformations ( and accompanying abrupt volumetric changes ) that occur in this material upon cooling form the molten state . as shown in fig1 , the bend bar specimens prepared using lg33 ( 35 . 1 at % al ) exhibit a substantially different fracture surface . one of the surfaces in the bar brazed at 1000 ° c ., shown in fig1 ( a ), displays filler metal covered with fine alumina particles measuring less than 5 μm in size . the corresponding half displays essentially a clean surface of the alumina substrate ( grain size around 10 μm ) with some smaller alumina particles . the smaller particles can be attributed to interfacial alumina that forms during the brazing process . thus , crack propagation appears to take place through the interface between the alumina substrate and in - situ formed interfacial alumina particles or directly through these particles . since fracture occurred at or near this interface and this joint displays a good interface as shown in fig6 ( c ), the best bend strength among al - added braze compositions was achieved using this filler metal composition . while the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description , the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character . only certain embodiments have been shown and described , and all changes , equivalents , and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention described herein are desired to be protected . any experiments , experimental examples , or experimental results provided herein are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and should not be considered limiting or restrictive with regard to the invention scope . further , any theory , mechanism of operation , proof , or finding stated herein is meant to further enhance understanding of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way to such theory , mechanism of operation , proof , or finding . thus , the specifics of this description and the attached drawings should not be interpreted to limit the scope of this invention to the specifics thereof . rather , the scope of this invention should be evaluated with reference to the claims appended hereto . in reading the claims it is intended that when words such as “ a ”, “ an ”, “ at least one ”, and “ at least a portion ” are used there is no intention to limit the claims to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claims . further , when the language “ at least a portion ” and / or “ a portion ” is used , the claims may include a portion and / or the entire items unless specifically stated to the contrary . likewise , where the term “ input ” or “ output ” is used in connection with an electric device or fluid processing unit , it should be understood to comprehend singular or plural and one or more signal channels or fluid lines as appropriate in the context . finally , all publications , patents , and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure as if each were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and set forth in its entirety herein . | 8 |
the present invention is of classification systems , methods , and computer software to identify driving situations from labeled examples of previous occurrences . the purpose of the classifier is to provide physical context to a separate system that mitigates unnecessary distractions , allowing the driver to maintain focus during periods of high difficulty . in one embodiment , while watching videos of driving , different users were asked to indicate their perceptions of the current situation . a classifier was trained to emulate the human recognition of driving situations . in unstructured conditions , such as driving in urban areas and the german autobahn , the classifier was able to correctly predict human perceptions of driving situations over 95 % of the time . the second embodiment advances the first in the following ways : it eliminates the need to determine a priori the useful contexts . the second embodiment automatically identifies the salient patterns , or “ contexts ” in the data . since the contexts are automatically identified from the data itself , the system can be redeployed quickly to new operating environments ( e . g ., transitioning from on - road to off - road conditions ). as a corollary , the second embodiment eliminates the concern about which contexts to identify . for example , are developers not identifying a context that could be potentially useful ? this question is eliminated as the second embodiment automatically finds the statistical regularities in the data . using the first embodiment , difficulty estimates were conducted in an ad hoc manner . the new system allows one to construct optimal difficulty estimates using the contexts as inputs and human - generated estimates of perceived difficulty as the ground truth . the difficulty estimator then minimizes the error between its predictions and those of the human . the first embodiment also did not allow adaptation to new users . the classifier was created from a set of training data , and is thereafter a static system . the second embodiment allows automatic adaptation to new users . the first embodiment of the invention is next described in detail . the test vehicle for experiments employed with the first embodiment of the invention was a mercedes - benz s - class sedan , equipped with specialized sensors for the present research . the vehicle supplies a wide range of physical data such as speed , turn signals , etc . the posture of the driver is measured by a pressure - sensitive chair and ultrasonic six - degree - of - freedom head - tracking system , both developed by the university of pittsburgh . several hours of data were collected in unstructured driving conditions in both urban areas and on the german autobahn . humans were also asked humans to label videos of these driving runs according to a list of potential situations . consequently , the high - level goal of the work was to predict the time - series of human - recognized situations using the various sensors as input . to this end , the sandia cognitive framework ( scf ) as described in c . forsythe and p . g . xavier , “ human emulation : progress toward realistic synthetic human agents ,” in proceedings of the 11 th conference on computer - generated forces and behavior representation , 2002 , was employed to integrate the information of the driver posture and vehicle state to estimate the current driving situations . the pattern - recognition component of scf is a type of nonlinear dynamical system ( nds ). the present invention comprises the learning algorithms used to tune the parameters of the nds to recognize driving situations . a series of experiments was conducted to ascertain the most useful situations to provide the mitigation strategy with the appropriate driving context . as the goals of the mitigation strategy evolved , its information requirements changed accordingly . for example , during what driving situations would a driver least desire to receive a mobile phone call ? conversely , during what driving situations does a mobile phone call least impact safety ? the questions were repeated for each extraneous task that the driver may encounter . in this manner , a list of potentially useful situations were identified and , in later stages , superfluous situations were removed from the list . after several iterations , the remaining situations are assumed to be the minimum set needed to perform the desired classifications and demonstrate an operational performance gain by mitigating extraneous tasks during difficult driving conditions . when the classifier of the invention indicates that the driving context is no longer difficult , mitigation ends and the vehicle operates normally . typically , the driver is unaware that the system proactively intervened on her behalf . five human subjects were instructed to drive on a predefined circuit of german roads measuring about 200 km , ranging from urban streets to the autobahn , and each subject made three runs of the circuit . no modifications were made to the roadways or the ambient driving conditions , such as traffic or road construction . data from the vehicle and driver posture were sampled at a rate of four hertz . from these data - collection experiments , a total of almost 24 hours of data ( 343 , 946 samples ) was obtained . in addition to the sensor streams , a wide - angle video camera was also used to capture a driver - like perspective out the front of the vehicle . in order to use supervised learning to classify the data according to driving situations , it is first necessary to obtain ground - truth labels . as mentioned earlier , candidate situations were vetted by the information required by the mitigation strategy . after several iterations , the following situations were decided to be the most useful : ( 1 ) approaching or waiting at intersection ; ( 2 ) leaving intersection ; ( 3 ) entering on - ramp or high - speed roadway ; ( 4 ) being overtaken ; ( 5 ) high acceleration or dynamic state of vehicle ; ( 6 ) approaching slow - moving vehicle ; ( 7 ) preparing to change lanes ; and ( 8 ) changing lanes . to generate the labels , a tool was created that displayed to the human labeler the frontal video as well as a set of check - boxes , one for each of the eight candidate driving situations . the human labeler indicated their perception of the current driving situation by checking and unchecking the appropriate boxes . the tool also allowed the user to rewind , pause , save , load , and correct previously labeled time periods . after the user completed the labeling of a video segment , a zero - order hold was performed to associate a label with each input sample . this resulted in a sequence of binary vectors , { x * 0 , . . . , x * n } where └ x * n ┘ i = 1 if the ith situation was active at time n , and └ x * n ┘ i = 0 otherwise . two users generated labels for each of the five driver subjects for each of their three circuits , for a total of 15 labeled data sets . formulated as a supervised - learning problem , a goal of the first embodiment of the present invention was to find an “ optimal ” mapping from a time - series of sensory inputs to a time - series of driving - situation labels . since a goal of the invention is human centric , deriving a classifier that emulates the human recognition of driving situations , the sandia cognitive framework ( scf ) was employed . from an engineering perspective , the situation - recognition component of scf is a type of nonlinear dynamical system ( nds ). the inputs to the nds are the processed sensory inputs , described above . the outputs of the nds are estimated activation levels of the various situations as a function of time . the estimated situation activations can be considered a trajectory through the state space of the nds . it is preferred to use the ordered sequence of labels , described above , as the groundtruth targets for a learning algorithm . from this formulation , the goal of a supervised - learning algorithm is to tune the parameters of the nds to minimize the error between the estimated situations and the ground - truth situations generated by the human labelers . to derive the preferred learning algorithm , one needs a few elementary functions and notation . one writes the ( i , j ) th entry of a matrix as [ a ] i , j and the ith entry of a vector as [ x ] i . { tilde over ( τ )} α ( x )= x ( h α ( x )+ ψ h − α ( − x )), ( 1 ) where ψ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) is some small , positive constant to ensure that its derivative is nonzero . in the experiments , the setting was typically 0 . 01 . for convenience , write the piecewise - continuous compression function used in the scf is defined as note that equation 2 has a continuous derivative that is nonzero everywhere , except as x →∞. in the experiments , one typically set l = 3 . for convenience , write equation 1 and equation 2 are both more easily demonstrated in graphical form and are shown in fig1 ( a ) and ( b ). where α & lt ; β . in the experiments , one typically set α = 0 . 4 and β = 0 . 6 . let the vector of inputs at time n be r n ∈ d , where d is the number of sensors . let the vector of estimated activation levels of the situations at time n be { circumflex over ( x )} n ∈ c , where c is the number of situations to classify . the dynamical equations are y n = a { circumflex over ( x )} n − 1 — ƒ l ( bu n ), { circumflex over ( x )} n = ƒ l ({ tilde over ( τ )} β ( y n )) ( 3 ) where a is the ( c × c ) matrix of feedback weights , and b is the ( c × d ) matrix of feedforward weights . from a high - level perspective , the general form of equation 3 implies that the current driving situations are a function of previous driving situations and the current sensor inputs . except in trivial cases , there does not exist a closed - form optimal solution for the parameters of equation 3 , given a sequence of known sensor inputs and desired output trajectory . therefore , any learning algorithm will rely on iterative procedures to compute locally optimal estimates of a and b . to minimize the error between the ground - truth labels and the estimated labels from equation 3 , one may pursue two different approaches . the first uses a gradient - descent approach and the second uses a genetic algorithm ( ga ) formulation . according to the human labelers , the majority of the time ( 52 %) during the experiments , none of the target situations occurred . the most common driving situation , “ begin overtaken ,” occurs 28 % of the time , while the rarest situation , “ entering on - ramp or high - speed roadway ,” occurs less than 1 % of the time . given this imbalanced data set , a typical least - squares estimation procedure , such as regression , will tend to generate only false negatives because it can achieve 99 % accuracy by simply classifying “ not entering on - ramp .” by raising the “ punishment ” for misclassifying rare situations , a system will be forced to learn the causes of those rare , but important , events . one can do this by weighting the samples inversely proportional to how frequently they occur , one of several well - established approaches to the “ rare - event problem ”. with such a weighting scheme , incorrectly classifying a time sample as “ entering on - ramp ” ( false positive ) results in the error being weighted by 0 . 01 , whereas missing a classification of “ entering on - ramp ” ( false negative ) results in an error weight of 0 . 99 . this has the effect of minimizing the number of false negatives , which is important in designing a system that mitigates against potentially difficult , though infrequent , driving situations . let n be the total number of labeled samples gathered during the experiments . let n i be the number of samples where the ith situation was “ active ,” according to the ground - truth labels . define the weighting function as in the experiments , it was found that a classifier performs much better when incorporating this weighting scheme . this is because it is impossible for a system classifying situations based solely on their relative frequency to achieve better than 50 % correct when weighting classifications by equation 4 . one preferably chooses error similar to that of large - margin classification , where learning focuses on finding the most constraining vectors to shatter a training set . consider that an estimated situation is correct if it is “ near ” the target label , i . e ., if the tristate value of the estimated situation equals the target label , α , β ({ circumflex over ( x )} i )= x * i . define the error between the label for the ith situation as the supervised - learning formulation is finding the parameter matrices a and b from equation 3 that minimize the sum - squared error both the gradient descent and the genetic algorithm seek locally optimal solutions to equation 6 . in the gradient - descent formulation , one seeks to minimize the error measure between the target and estimated labels by tuning the parameters according to the gradient of the error . to do this , one needs the gradients of equation 5 with respect to the parameters of equation 3 , namely the feedback matrix a and the feedforward matrix b . at time n , let the estimated situation activation for the ith situation be [{ circumflex over ( x )} n ] i from equation 3 and let the corresponding ground - truth label be └{ circumflex over ( x )}* n ┘ i . the gradient of the error measure with respect to the feedforward weights at time n for the ith situation label is then ∂ ∂ [ a ] i , j 1 2 ɛ ( [ x n * ] i , [ x ^ n ] i ) 2 = { 0 , ϑ α , β ( [ x ^ n ] i ) = [ x n * ] i - ω ( [ x n * ] i ) ( [ x n * ] i - [ x ^ n ] i ) ∂ ∂ [ a ] i , j i [ x ^ n ] i , one must now apply the chain rule several times and , skipping some lengthy steps , one receives the following result : to compute the full gradient , it is necessary to vary the indices ( i and j ) over all possibilities . the derivation of the feedforward weights is similar to equation 7 , the result being : note that both equation 7 and equation 8 use the gradient from the previous time step , which could lead to unstable updates as the error accumulates . various researchers in the field of adaptive control have identified sufficient conditions to ensure that gradient - descent update rules yield stable estimates . the pseudo - code for the preferred gradient - descent algorithm is shown below , where { x * 0 , . . . , x * n } is the sequence of target labels , { r * 0 , . . . , r * n } is the sequence of sensor inputs , η ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) is the step size , and σ & gt ; 0 is the stopping criterion . ν := 0 for all r n ∈{ r 0 , . . . , r n } δ a := ∂ ∂ a 1 2 ɛ ( [ x n * ] i , [ x ^ n ] ) 2 δ b := ∂ ∂ b 1 2 ɛ ( [ x n * ] i , [ x ^ n ] ) 2 a := a − ηδ a b := b − ηδ b ν := ν +∥ δ a ∥ f +∥ δ b ∥ f end for all it can be shown that the algorithm and update rules are stable , and consequently guaranteed to converge and terminate at a local minimum , if the step size η is decayed in the standard manner . for the genetic algorithm embodiment , the dakota optimization package was employed to create a genetic algorithm ( ga ) to find locally optimal solutions for the parameters of the dynamical system in equation 3 . the genome is preferably simply a column - stacked vector of the feedforward and feedback matrices , y = vec ([ a ; b ]). the fitness criterion for a given parameterization was the error measure between all ground - truth and estimated labels , as in equation 6 , which is the same as the gradient - descent formulation . between generations , keep the n best genomes and the stochasticity is preferably handled solely by genome mutations , as crossover was not allowed for . the genome mutations were selected by sampling from a gaussian distribution centered about the keeper genome from the previous generation , y ( i + 1 ) ˜ n ( y ( i ) , σ ). the covariance matrix , σ , was determined by hand a priori to contain reasonable values . the driving data was divided into a training set ( 18 . 3 hours ) and a test set ( 5 . 6 hours ). each of the five subjects drove the roadway circuit three times . each driver had two circuits randomly assigned to the training set and one to the test set . both the gradient - descent and genetic - algorithm formulations were run on these data sets . in every performance statistic that was measured , the gradient - descent algorithm outperformed the genetic algorithm . fig2 shows the performance in absolute percentage correct . the gradient - descent algorithm predicted the human recognition of driving situations over 95 % of the time on the test set , while the ga managed about 85 % correct . as mentioned earlier , a most important statistic in measuring the success of the algorithms is the weighted percentage correct ( equation 4 ). fig3 shows the performance in weighted percentage correct . when weighting the classification score by equation 4 , the gradient - descent algorithm predicted human recognition of driving situations about 88 % of the time on the test set , while the ga managed about 84 % correct . the gradient - descent algorithm is also much more efficient at finding a solution than the ga . on the 18 . 3 hours driving data in the training set , the gradient descent algorithm typically converged in about one hour of computation time and 101 parameter evaluations . the ga , on the other hand , averaged 1611 hours ( about 67 days ) of computation time and 50 , 013 evaluations . the relative efficiency of the gradient - descent algorithm is due to the massive amount of problem - specific knowledge incorporated into the algorithm — the gradient of the error . since this information is not incorporated into the ga , it is not surprising that it used substantially more parameter evaluations to arrive at a locally optimal solution . however , even when the ga was given the solution of the gradient - descent algorithm as its initial genome , the ga was unable to improve performance after several machine - days of computation . the identification and extraction of patterns from observed data goes back to ancient times , and pattern recognition is now a necessary capability in many fields . researchers are still developing novel methods to identify and extract patterns from large amounts of data . other researchers are interested in identifying contexts , or situations , in response to human behavior to improve system performance , with applications in computing and mobile phones . incorporating pattern recognition to assist humans in vehicle driving has a relatively long history in robotics , most notably the navlab project at carnegie - mellon university . in order to simplify the process of writing control software , the navlab project quickly started using supervised - learning algorithms based on observations gained while humans drove the target vehicle . in the present invention , learning algorithms were employed to estimate the optimal parameters of a nonlinear dynamical system . broadly speaking , estimating the parameters of a dynamical system that minimize some cost function is known as optimal control . there has been a substantial amount of work in nonlinear systems , though finding optimal solutions to most nonlinear systems is generally intractable . while one is able to write down the gradient of the system with respect to the tunable parameters and derive stable update equations , this is usually quite cumbersome and time consuming . this is the reason that general stochastic optimization techniques , such as genetic algorithms , are often used to solve for the unknown optimal parameters . while the experiments herein compared the performance of a designed gradient - descent algorithm to a standard genetic - algorithm formulation , there are a large number of other techniques to classify time - series data that could be employed with the present invention , including recurrent neural networks and hidden markov models . the manner by which the contexts are generated in the second embodiment of the invention uses an approach called “ unsupervised learning .” the form of unsupervised learning that is preferred attempts to find regularities in the data . this is done by first transforming temporal sensory signals into a high - dimensional vector . it is preferred to use linear regression to fit a straight line to a temporal signal over a predefined time window , shown in fig5 , resulting in regression coefficients shown in fig6 . the slope ( m ) and offset ( b ) values are two coordinates in a vector space . for n sensors , this regression approach yields a 2 * n dimensional vector . the preferred unsupervised learning algorithm searches for “ clusters ” in this high - dimensional vector space , as shown in fig7 . one of the assumptions of this work is that regularities in this vector space are caused by underlying physical contexts . for example , entering an onramp will result in the driver accelerating , putting on a turn signal , and looking over her shoulder . it is this type of regularity that the second embodiment &# 39 ; s algorithm captures . once the classifier is constructed , and new sensory data are being input into the system , one estimates the vector - space parameters from the regression mentioned above , using a buffer to keep the data on hand . the classifier estimates the probability that the vector - space parameters were generated by each of the k clusters . this probability distribution is the output of the classifier . to perform difficulty classification , as shown in fig4 , one obtains a time series of difficulty estimates from a human , and these human - scored difficulty estimates are analog ( e . g ., 0 - 100 ) and are diagnostic of the context classifier . to estimate the “ optimal ” difficulty classifier , one takes the time series of context probabilities from the unsupervised context classifier as input and the human - scored difficulty estimates as ground truth . one then estimates a cognitive model ( using the approach described in the first embodiment ) that optimally predicts the human perception of difficulty , also on an analog scale of , e . g ., 0 - 100 , using the context probabilities as input . to adapt a system to a new user , suppose one has a context classifier constructed from the approach mentioned above that is constructed from the data of a group of people for which we have human - scored difficulty estimates . then a new user , for whom we do not have difficulty estimates , begins driving the vehicle . in the second embodiment one can adapt the previously constructed context classifier to the unique driving style of this new user . as data from the new user becomes available , simply add these to the training set mentioned above and run the unsupervised - learning algorithms to update the locations of the contexts , resulting in an adapted context classifier . one then uses the probability distributions from the adapted classifier to estimate a new optimal difficulty classifier using only the inputs and outputs for which one has human - scored difficulty estimates . while such an approach may initially sound costly , it can be computed in real time in parallel with the regular operation of the context classification . the present invention , in either embodiment , may be conjoined with a motor vehicle and concomitant sensor inputs in a variety of hardware implementations . for example , the data processing can be performed by an appropriately programmed microprocessor , application specific integrated circuit ( asic ), field programmable gate array ( fpga ), or the like , in conjunction with appropriate memory and bus elements . the methods of the invention can be implemented by appropriate software coded in c ++, java , microcode , etc ., as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art . although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments , other embodiments can achieve the same results . variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents . the entire disclosures of all references , applications , patents , and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference . | 0 |
fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art keyboard with reduced size , which has been previously mentioned . fig2 is an embodiment of a finger - identifying keyboard of the invention , in which the layout of a both - hand keyboard is shown . in this fig2 , different shapes represent different characters actually produced by the keystroke of different fingers . as shown in the figure , the whole inputting device comprises a keyboard and a plurality of finger contacts or touching points . the function of the keyboard is the same as that of a conventional keyboard , while the finger contacts are used to distinguish the fingers that press the keys . here , only four fingers on each hand have the contacts , as conventionally the thumbs are only used for pressing the “ space ” key . thus , final coding can be produced directly for the space key . the left hand 6 contains sensors on the fingers designated by the geometric shapes of a triangle 10 on the little finger 12 , a circle 14 on the ring finger 16 , a diamond 18 on the middle finger 20 , and a square 22 on the index finger 24 . in like manner , the right hand 26 contains sensors on the fingers , comprising a triangle 30 on the little finger 32 , a circle 34 on the ring finger 36 , a diamond 38 on the middle finger 40 , and a square 42 on the index finger 44 . as can be seen in the drawing , the geometric shapes of the sensors on the right hand are truncated to differentiate them from the sensors on the left hand . the implementation of the keyboard connection is the same as that of an ordinary keyboard , with the finger wearing the contacts for connection to the keyboard , and the coding synthesizing components placed inside the keyboard . during a keystroke , the signals from the keyboard and the finger - contacts are simultaneously sent into the coding synthesizing component . after the synthesizing operation , the actual coding is outputted . hence , the keyboard input interface may employ a standard keyboard interface . the various fingers can be distinguished for identification in any number of ways , such as shape or color recognition , fingerprint markers , magnetic coding , photoelectric sensors , luminescence sensors , and inductive and capacitive sensors . all of these employ technology that is readily available and that is known to those skilled in the art . each finger can wear a sensor , which is like a switch that is triggered when a finger contacts a key . triggering the switch generates a signal or pulse which is sent to the coding synthesizer . the sensor can be made as a ring or a cap that is placed on the tip of the finger . each finger wears a different sensor , each of which is wired to a different ‘ and ’ gate circuit whereby different switches represent different fingers . for magnetic sensors , a magnetic material is added to the key cap to trigger magnetic switches on the fingers . among the suppliers of photoelectric , luminescent , inductive , capacitive and magnetic sensors is emx industries , inc . in cleveland , ohio . information concerning this and other suppliers of such products is available at : another approach recognizes that each finger has its own unique fingerprint which can be distinguished by a fingerprint recognition device , such as the type that utilizes ultrasonic technology . obviously , this requires the input of fingerprints of the user or users into a program before use of the keyboard . this approach eliminates the need for the user to wear anything on the fingers . for more information about fingerprint recognition , numerous sites are found on the internet at : when wearing a wired sensor ( switch ), the signal is an electronic pulse that is triggered by the switch or , in the case of fingerprint recognition , the signal can be generated by the device after it recognizes which finger pressed a key . for more information on contact and proximity ( magnetic ) switches , the following links are available : one signal is generated by the key stroke and the second one is generated by the finger recognition . the signals may be of the same type or they may be different . for example , a key stroke signal could be visual , mechanical or electromechanical , while the finger recognition signal could be electromagnetic or visually generated by the finger used to make the key stroke . the synthesizer then combines these signals , and outputs a third signal which characterizes the symbol being typed . employing a finger - identifying keyboard reduces the number of the keys , thus requiring the change of the keyboard layout . for the both - hand keyboard , the keyboard layout can be the same as a conventional one , with the number of keys reduced , thereby reducing the area of the keyboard . for a foldable keyboard , it is easier to fold due to the small number of keys used . the users can readily accept and get used to it by using the conventional keyboard layout . as one key stands for more than one character , it is possible to increase the size or the length of a key appropriately . here , the space key , ctrl key and alt key are combined into one . usually , a thumb is used to press the space key . when the space key is pressed without a contact , a space character is sent out . when the contact of the ring finger is activated at the same time , it means an alt key . similarly , when the contact of the little finger is activated at the same time , it means a crtl key . fig3 is an example of the layout of a finger - identifying keyboard of another embodiment of the invention . this is a single - hand keyboard 102 . in the figure , different shapes represent different characters actually produced through keystroke by different fingers . each key represents four letters and the space key represents “ ctrl ” and “ alt ” keys . four sensors 110 , 114 , 118 , 122 worn on the fingers 112 , 116 , 120 , 124 are used to distinguish the fingers . in such a way , each key is able to produce four kinds of combinations . hence , only ten keys can produce 40 combinations , thereby easily implementing all the character inputting functions . here , there is no need to use additional sensors for the thumbs , since it is only necessary to distinguish different fingers . therefore , in the design , each key may have its default meaning to be flexibly used in actual applications . for example , the digit keys can be added . the number of keys in the figure is 15 , which can be increased or decreased as needed . for the single - hand keyboard , it is still based on the conventional keyboard . changing the key positions will make it difficult for the users to remember . the use of the fingers conforms to the convention as much as possible , thereby letting the users quickly get used to such a configuration . such a miniaturized keyboard layout can reduce the size of the keyboard to that of a pda so that it can be used for the small handheld devices . in actual application , it may be the case that the left hand is used to hold the keyboard while the right hand is used to operate the keyboard . when only one hand is used for operation , it is difficult to use the shift key , so here caps lock key is used . subsidiary functions are used for the combined key functions , i . e . by successively pressing the corresponding keys to implement the combined key functions . fig4 is a block diagram of the coding synthesizing components of a finger - identifying keyboard of the invention . it generates input code by using coding synthesizing components to synthesize the key coding and the finger coding . the actual input operation consists of two parts ; during a keystroke , the pressed key and the contact of the pressing finger produce their coding , respectively , i . e . key coding 1 and finger coding 2 . these two parts of coding are coding - synthesized 3 to form actual input coding 4 . in actual application , the time of a keystroke may be slightly different from the time when the contact of the finger is activated , thus requiring the coding synthesizing components being able to tolerate some time delay . however , the recovery time after the activation of the keystroke and keyboard should be shorter than this time delay . with respect to the speed of keystrokes by human beings , the operating speed of electric components is far higher than that of human beings ; hence , this requirement can be easily met . fig5 is an embodiment of the particular electric circuit of the coding synthesizing of the invention . the coding synthesizing circuit can be implemented by using gate circuits , i . e . coding separation can be implemented by the “ and ” operation of the keystroke and the sensor contact activation . the left hand 206 contains sensors on the fingers with a triangle 210 on the little finger 212 , a circle 214 on the ring finger 216 , a diamond 218 on the middle finger 220 , and a square 222 on the index finger 224 . as shown in the figure , the characters asdf that are on the same key can be distinguished by identifying the fingers used . if the little finger 212 is used to press the key , the contact of the 210 sensor of the little finger will be activated , and the result of “ and ” operation is a character a . similarly , the keystroke of the middle finger 220 will result in a character d . here , the fundamental principle of identification has been explained . the actual coding synthesizing and identification function can be realized by employing conventional electric circuits . gates of the type that are useful in the implementation of the present invention are available from sources such as fairchild semiconductor corp ., micrel semiconductor , and texas instruments , among others . these and gates are typically packaged and sold as a single unit as an and / or / not gate . the implementation of the keyboard of the invention is basically identical to that of the conventional keyboard , with the contacts of the sensors worn on the fingers for connection to the keyboard . the contacts may be connected wirelessly , e . g . some magnetic materials may be used , as long as the fingers used to press the keys can be distinguished . the keyboard and the sensor contacts can use well - known prior art ; the contacts can be implemented by using electricity conducting glue or thin - film switches . to make the finger feel comfortable , the pressure of the contacts should be as weak as possible , i . e . the contacts should be activated once a pressure is sensed such that the fingers will not have unpleasant feeling . while the present invention has been described with reference to the details of the embodiments of the invention shown in the drawings , these details are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed in the appended claims . | 6 |
as shown in fig1 - 3 , the inventive securities trading system , generally designated by the numeral 10 , is organized about a central data processing station 11 tied preferably by a local area network ( lan ) 12 to a plurality of remote consoles 14 - 1 through 14 - n . each of these remote consoles 14 - 1 through 14 - n may be located in an area of some convenience 15 for the trading patrons . moreover , to assure the necessary level of security each of the remote , stations 14 - 1 through 14 - n may be provided with an encryption encoder / decoder 16 - 1 through 16 - n conformed to match the encryption convention utilized by the central processing station 11 . the central processing station is also conformed to receive the video and audio signal vas provided by any of a group of selected commercial news service providers which may be a direct feed from a news carrier devoted to financial information or even a live interview of one or more corporate officers making some public announcement . the audio part of the signal may then be amplified in synchronism with the video portion displayed as a video image vi on one part of a video screen 21 . also displayed on the screen may be the various securities selling offers so and buying offers bo arranged in an orthogonal , crossing data strips vs and hs sequenced in accordance with the highest cross correlation ranking therebetween . graphic illustrations of various autocorrelation probabilities of the transaction success for any security of current interest can also be displayed . in accordance with the present invention each of the selling offers so and buying offers bo also include in their specifics an upper and a lower price limit respectively d 1 and d 2 , computed in the course of execution by the central processing station 11 the sequence of steps shown in fig2 . these selling and buying offers so and bo remain untransacted , regardless of the volume , as long as the buying offers bo + d 1 are outside of the range of the selling offer so − d 2 . should these overlap the transaction is immediately reconciled in a sequence of steps shown in fig4 with appropriate credit and debit booked to the selling and buying console . all these computations and reconciliations are carried out in a processing stage 18 within the central processing station 11 which also computes , on a continuous basis , the cross correlation of various securities and then provides for display , in a histogram form illustrated in fig8 the probability of the offsetting exchanges in accordance with one , two or three standard deviations . the investor can therefore assess the statistical patterns of the market . it is to be noted that the foregoing inventive process is self limiting . by viewing the same histogram the investor whose offer was left unaccepted is advised of the statistical probability that the offer , with all its limitations ( intervals ), will be accepted within the realistic future . to that extent the autocorrelation function is particularly informative as the function typically goes to zero after any significant time interval . stated otherwise , the probability of a successful transaction diminishes with time and the investor will have to reconsider all those offers that are left untransacted for any significant period . referring back to fig2 the buy orders bo are received in step 101 - s 1 to 101 - sn for each security s 1 through sn . at the same time the sell orders so are received in step 102 - s 1 through 102 - sn again for each security s 1 through sn . each of these is at a particular price together with bracketing price intervals d 1 and d 2 . as each of these is received the orders are arranged in a corresponding first - in - first - out fifo stack 103 - s 1 through 103 - sn and 104 - s 1 through 104 - sn . the end orders at the output of each fifo stack are then compared in step 105 to see if the buy order bo price plus the allowable increment d 1 is greater than the sell order so price minus any allowable increment d 2 . if yes then the remaining sell orders so in the fifo stack of step 104 - s 1 are cycled through the same comparison 105 , one by one , each time providing a price difference pd which is compared in step 106 against the prior price difference and if it is less the new sell order so is substituted for a match up with the buy order bo . of course , more than one potential sell order so candidate can result even after this matching process . accordingly , in step 107 all the matching sell order candidates are sorted by the increment d 2 with the highest increment given sort priority . these are then collected in yet another fifo stack 108 and the first one out is then sent as a consummated transaction to the account reconciliation sequence 200 illustrated in fig4 . included in this reconciliation is the fee paid to the system operator that may be distributed between the seller and buyer based on the relative size of d 1 and d 2 as shall be more precisely described below . the foregoing sequence assumes a positive branching at step 105 . if , however , the buy order at the output of the fifo stack in step 103 - s 1 through 103 - sn is outside the range of the corresponding sell order the condition in step 105 is not met and the other output of this step then enables step 109 which resets the fifo of step 103 - s 1 returning the failed buy order to the top of the stack . the sequence is then cycled through , once again testing the condition in step 105 , until all the buy orders are either transacted or returned to the stack . stated otherwise , the process keeps attempting to close the orders until the process fails . this state is recognized by decoding the tag integer column of the fifo stack in step 110 to see if all of the buy orders are outside the range of all the sell orders . this is then indicated on the video screen 21 as a color change in the so and bo symbol display of the security s 1 . of course , the same sequence is carried out for all other securities s 2 through sn that are traded . as shown in fig4 the reconciliation sequence , generally designated by the numeral 200 , receives in step 201 the matching sell order so and buy order bo together with the price difference pd . these are each associated with identifiers of the selling client sc 1 through scx and buying client bc 1 through bcy . at the same time the client &# 39 ; s back - up files 2bc 1 - 2bcy and 2sc 1 - 2scx are incremented and decremented by the transaction amount and transaction fee , by apportioning in step 202 the price difference pd between the seller and the buyer by a ratio of the increments d 1 and d 2 that each has selected . in those instances where a fee is charged for each completed transaction a portion of the price difference pd may be similarly computed in step 203 and thereafter accumulated in a system holding account register 204 . these various deductions and distributions are also reconciled in account balance registers 205 - 1 through 205 - x corresponding to each client &# 39 ; s account . those in the art will appreciate that in any steady state market process the last transaction price for a commodity , security or any other standardized item will be both the bo and so price adjusted for any brokerage fee . accordingly , the principal item of interest is the allowable interval d 1 and d 2 by which that the seller or buyer are willing to depart from this previously successful transaction . in a down market trend there will be some resistance by the seller to reduce the price while an up market will feel the resistance of the buyer . in each instance , however , a delay in consummating the transaction will produce a risk consequence in either one or the other direction and it is this delay that is minimized by the appropriate selections of d 1 and d 2 . to assist the investor in the selection of d 1 and d 2 a computation sequence , shown generally at 300 , is carried out according to the steps shown in fig6 with the results of the computation displayed on the screen as a plot pa of autocorrelation probability distributions for various values of d 1 and d 2 illustrated in fig5 . more precisely the computation sequence 300 can be invoked by an investor for any security s 1 through sn , with the sequence then transferred from the central processing station 11 to the requesting console 14 - 1 through 14 - n in step 301 . once loaded into the processor of the requesting console the sequence 300 will then execute an autocorrelation analysis of any selected security by loading into step 302 a time sequence of the reported transaction price pi and pi + t . in step 303 the mean values of pi and pi + t are computed over a statistically significant interval ( e . g ., fifty transactions ) and the autocorrelation computation is carried out in step 304 in accordance with the following relationship : r k = ∑ i n - 1 ( p i - p i + t ) ( p _ i - p i + t _ ) [ ∑ i n - 1 ( p i - p _ i ) 2 ] 1 2 [ ∑ i n - 1 ( p i + t - p i + t _ ) 2 ] 1 2 where rk describes the autocorrelation of pi and pi + t and t at the time lag at which the price sampling is made . in step 305 the sampling distribution of the autocorrelation coefficients rk is normalized with urk = 0 and srk = 1 / n ** ½ where u and s are the mean and the variance which is then restated in step 306 as a random probability functions pf 1 and pf 2 of the price increments dl and d 2 . it is these probability functions that are then mapped in fig5 to be displayed for the investor who then uses these to increase the probability of a successful securities transaction . it is to be noted that by virtue of this process an effective feedback loop is created that forces the whole set of transactions to the most probable conditions , as those that are less probable are more likely to be left out . in consequence , the resulting autocorrelation functions will more closely follow the natural mass dynamics of the marketplace instead of the extraneous influences of brokers and middle men . at the steady state , closed loop conditions this feedback mechanism will therefore produce a market mechanism that is more likely to be influenced by outside events and the management decisions of the enterprises that are sold as securities . it will be further appreciated that the above arithmetic processing functions do not need to be specifically allocated to a particular remote console . for example , if console 14 - 2 is directed to compute the autocorrelation distributions of a particular stock issue s 2 then these same computations do not need to be repeated elsewhere . accordingly , the system described herein contemplates distributed processing , and reference should be had to fig7 where the various signal exchanges associated with such a processing arrangement are shown . more precisely , as shown in fig7 the central processing station 11 includes its processing stage 18 which may be provided with the necessary encryption facility 19 for communicating with the encrypted user consoles 14 - 1 through 14 - n , a scratch pad [ ram ] memory 181 , a processor 182 and a bulk storage disc file 185 on which the data relating to the various securities s 1 through sn may be stored together with the processing sequences described herein . on each occasion that one of the consoles 14 - 1 - 14 - n is engaged in carrying out the computations of the processing sequence 300 the data corresponding to the particular security s 1 - sn is tagged with a pointer to the particular console 14 - 1 - 14 - n . the next request for the same computations is then routed directly to this specific console and no redundant processing needs to be made . for example , continuing the illustration earlier commenced , when console 14 - 2 elects to compute the correlation distributions of a security s 3 the computation sequence 300 is brought down from storage 185 to the main memory 145 of the console , shown by the signal path s 300 . thereafter the data related to security s 3 , shown as a data stream ds 3 , is transferred on a continuing basis to the scratch pad memory 141 of the console to be processed in accordance with the sequence 300 in processor 144 . of course , each console also includes its own bus 143 and various i / o ports 146 connecting to a local video display 148 . as this computation is carried out on the processing system of console 14 - 2 the data field on the disc storage 185 corresponding to the data ds 3 is tagged with a pointer pt 14 - 2 and thereafter any other console that is requesting the same computations , e . g ., console 14 n , is directly branched to console 14 - 2 . in this manner the processing of the various autocorrelations of interest is distributed amongst the consoles , reducing the processing load of the central processing station 11 . of course , the other processing assignments , like those imbedded in sequences 100 and 200 , can be similarly distributed . as result a shared processing cooperative is devised by which all the data management necessary for correct buy and sell order particulars and the consequent matching can be carried out . this matching can be ‘ local ’ or focused on one particular stock issue , or may be more ‘ global ’ by comparing the cross - correlations between indices , funds or stocks and even between stock exchanges . for example , the computation process 300 may be provided with a further step 308 in which the correlation coefficient is computed on across stock issues . in step 308 , for example , the variable pi + t may be simply be the price of another stock s 4 with the variance and distribution then computed in steps 309 and 310 . in this manner the investor can be informed on the cross - elastic transfers and even investment flows between exchanges as shown in fig8 the foregoing computations can be displayed as histograms of probability levels arranged by the highest absolute correlation figure [ both negative and positive correlation ] which display can then be useful to inform the investor of the current investment flow directions . thus illustrated in fig8 is a set of histograms hs 1 , 1 through hsn , n corresponding to the various cross correlations between the securities s 1 through sn indicating the offsetting directions in the market . this information may be displayed by dollar volume , by securities grouping ( e . g ., technology , transportation or financials ) or may even indicate offsetting flows between indices and exchanges . in each instance a topological display of the cross correlation coefficient cc is provided to indicate visually the highest investment flow directions if 1 through ifn . with these images a quick assessment can be made of any market direction and once made the spreads d 1 and d 2 can be adjusted to compensate for the offset trends . again , these charts can be computed and displayed on the central processing station &# 39 ; s screen as a matter of general interest , or may be effected on the local console 14 - 1 - 14 - n that is interested in one or another form of this information . thus the investor that is tied to this trading system is informed not only on the securities in his or her portfolio , but also on any offsetting trends into or out of other securities that may have a bearing on the securities held . this information can then be factored into the selection of the increments d 1 and d 2 . obviously , many modifications and variations of the foregoing teachings can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . it is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be determined solely by the claims appended hereto . | 6 |
by taking field effect transistors as an example , the relationship between the discrepancy d of lattice constants in a wafer and the characteristics of the devices will be described . fig2 shows the correlation between the distribution in a wafer , of the threshold voltages of depletion - mode mesfets ( metal semiconductor field effect transistors ) fabricated in a prior - art gaas single crystal in the shape of the wafer and the distribution in the wafer , of the lattice constants of the identical crystal at the normal temperature . ( here , when d o denotes the lattice constant of the gaas single crystal of its stoichiometric composition at the normal temperature and d denotes the lattice constant of the measured gaas wafer at the normal temperature , d =. increment . d max -. increment . d min holds in which . increment . d =( d - d o )). fig3 shows the sectional structure of the mesfet which was used for the measurement of the threshold voltage distribution in fig2 . the method of manufacturing the fets , itself was a hitherto known method . si + ions were implanted into a semi - insulating gaas substrate crystal 5 at a dose of 2 . 5 × 10 12 cm - 2 by an acceleration voltage of 75 kv . while sio 2 200 nm thick which was formed by the cvd ( chemical vapor deposition ) process was used as a protective film , the substrate crystal was annealed at 800 ° c . for 20 minutes ( in an h 2 atmosphere ) to form an active layer 6 . numeral 7 designates a layer implanted with the si + ions at the high density in order to form ohmic contacts . numerals 8 and 10 indicate source and drain electrodes respectively , which were made of au / ni / au . ge . numeral 9 indicates a gate electrode , which was made of au / pt / ti and which formed a schottky barrier junction between it and the active layer . the gate length g of the gate electrode was g = 2 μm , and the gate width thereof in a direction perpendicular to the sheet of the drawing was 200 μm . shown at numeral 11 is a passivation film as which sio 2 was deposited by the cvd process . as apparent from fig2 the distribution of the lattice distortions . increment . d / d o in the wafer ( curve 4 ) and the distribution of the threshold voltages of the mesfets ( curve 3 ) have an intense correlation . the axis of abscissas in the figure represents the distance of a measured point from the center of the wafer , while the axis of ordinates represents the lattice distortion at the normal temperature and the threshold voltage of the mesfet . for observing the correlation , it is preferable to measure the lattice distortions with a region 1 - 100 mm 2 in area taken as one unit . it has been exhibited by the measured correlation that reduction in the distribution of the lattice distortions . increment . d / d o in the wafer makes it possible to remarkably reduce the deviation of the semiconductor elements in the wafer . this fact is not limited to the aforementioned mesfets , but it similarly holds for other fets . in order to operate at high speed a gaas lsi which has a density of integration of 1 kb , it is required in case of employing the mesfets that the distribution of the threshold voltages in the wafer be 50 mv or less . however , when the distribution is too small , the manufacture of the fets becomes difficult , and the reproducibility of the manufacture is spoilt . it is accordingly suitable to set the distribution at 5 - 50 mv in consideration of practical use . on the basis of the relationship between . increment . d / d o and v th in fig2 the relationship between the distribution of the threshold voltages and the distribution of the lattice distortions will be evaluated . standard deviations are employed as magnitudes for indexing this relationship . between the standard deviation σv th mv ! of the threshold voltages and the standard deviation σd of the lattice distortions , the following relation holds : with this relational expression , σ d must satisfy the following in order for the threshold voltages to fall within the distribution of 5 - 50 mv : in addition , as apparent from fig5 showing the case of the gaas single crystal of the present invention to be described later , the distribution of . increment . d / d o is sufficiently smooth in a wafer , so that the maximum value and minimum value of . increment . d / d o fall within a range of 3 × σ d from the average value thereof . accordingly , when the following is met as the range of the values of d / d o : the distribution of the threshold voltages of the mesfets can be brought into the predetermined range of 5 - 50 mv . the above threshold voltage v th has been defined by a gate voltage with which when a voltage of 2 v is applied across the source and drain electrodes , a drain current becomes 5 μa for a gate width of 10 μm . to the end of bringing the lattice distortions in the wafer . increment . d / d o into the range limited by eq . ( 1 ) or eq . ( 3 ), a gaas single crystal of high purity ( having an impurity concentration less than 1 × 10 cm - 3 ) was produced by the pulling method . the gaas single crystal of the present invention , however , is not restricted to the pulling method . the method of crystal growth will be described with reference to fig4 . the pulling method itself may be a well - known technique , which is reported in , for example , ` semi - insulating iii - v compound crystal technology ` by takatoshi nakanishi , proceedings of the institute of electrical communication , 66 ( 1983 ), p . 503 . by controlling the conditions of the crystal growth , lattice constants are controlled . the measurement of the lattice constants suffices with , for example , x - ray diffraction based on a well - known double crystal method using double x - ray beams . fig4 is a schematic sectional view which shows the concept of the so - called lec ( liquid encapsulated czochralski ) method . a pbn ( pyrolitic boron nitride ) crucible 16 is charged with ga and as of raw materials , which are brought into a liquid solution or melted state ( 15 ) at a temperature of approximately 1250 ° c ., whereupon a pulling rod 17 to which a seed crystal 12 is secured is pulled up while being rotated as indicated by an arrow in the figure . numeral 13 designates the gaas single crystal pulled up . in the present example , the pulling rate was set at 8 mm / h , and the revolution number at 10 . 5 rpm . shown at numeral 14 is a sealant b 2 o 3 for preventing the vaporization of as . it prevents the gasification of as from the melt , and also adheres to the surface of the pulled gaas single crystal to prevent as from coming out of the crystal . during the crystal growth , the crucible 16 was also rotated at a revolution number of 12 rpm in the direction opposite to the rotating direction of the pulling shaft 17 to the end of making the distribution of temperatures in the melt uniform . numeral 18 indicates a carbon heater , and the rate of crystal growth can be controlled by regulating the output of the heater . heretofore , to the end of controlling the diameter of a pulled crystal , the heater output has been regulated under such a condition that the time variation of the temperature of the melt near the center of rotation of the crucible becomes 2 °- 5 ° c ./ min . such a temperature variation with time , however , changes the crystal growth rate conspicuously and results in greatly affecting the distribution of the lattice distortions . increment . d / d o in the wafer . in the present example , therefore , the crystal growth was performed under a condition under which the temperature variation of the melt became 1 . 5 ° c ./ min . or less . as a result , the magnitudes of the lattice distortions of the produced crystal in the wafer were sharply reduced , and the crystal meeting the conditions of eqs . ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) was prepared . according to the above method , the mixing of si was not noted . fig5 shows the lattice distortion distribution . increment . d / d o of the gaas wafer of high purity ( residual impurity concentration : less than 1 × 10 15 cm - 3 ) and high resistance ( resistivity : at least 10 8 ω . cm ) prepared by the above method , and the distribution in the wafer , of the threshold voltages of mesfet elements fabricated therein by the foregoing method . the axis of abscissas in the figure represents the distance of a measured point from the center of the wafer , while the axis of ordinates represents the lattice distortion . increment . d / d o at the room temperature ( curve 20 ) and the threshold voltage v th v ! of the mesfet element ( curve 19 ). as seen from this figure , by setting the range of distribution d / d o of the lattice constants as follows : the distribution σv th of the threshold voltages was reduced to σv th = 20 mv with respect to the average value v th = 1 . 65 v . the active layer of the fet element used for the estimation had a carrier concentration of approximately 2 × 10 17 cm - 3 . although the effect of reducing the lattice distortions is more remarkable at a lower carrier concentration , it is sufficient even for a wafer of low resistivity which has a carrier concentration of approximately 10 17 cm - 3 . the invention is not restricted to the fet elements , but is also effective when the resistances , threshold currents etc . of photodiodes and photosenstive elements to be fabricated in conductive crystals are made uniform in wafers . | 2 |
referring first to fig1 of the drawings , a wellbore w is shown having been drilled into the earth formations such as for the exploration and production of oil and gas . the illustrated wellbore w includes a generally vertical section a , a radial section b leading to a horizontal section c . the wellbore has penetrated several formations , one of which may be a hydrocarbon - bearing zone f . moreover , the wellbore w was drilled to include a horizontal section c which has a long span of contact with the formation f of interest , which may be a hydrocarbon - bearing zone . with a long span of contact within a pay zone , it is likely that more of the hydrocarbon present will be produced . unfortunately , there are adjacent zones which have fluids such as brine that may get into the production stream and thereafter have to be separated from the hydrocarbon fluids and disposed of at additional costs . accordingly , fluid communication with such adjacent zones is preferably avoided . to avoid such communication with nonproduct - bearing zones , wellbores are typically cased and cemented and thereafter perforated along the pay zones . however , in the highly deviated portions of a wellbore such as the radial section b and the horizontal section c of the wellbore , the casing tends to lay against the bottom wall of the wellbore , thereby preventing cement from encircling the casing and leaving a void for wellbore fluids such as brine to travel along the wellbore and enter the casing far from the formation from which it is produced . in the illustrated wellbore w , a casing string or liner 60 has been run therein which is spaced from the walls of the wellbore by a plurality of downhole activated pistons generally indicated by the number 50 , which serve to centralize the casing . the downhole activated pistons or centralizers 50 are retracted into the casing 60 while it is being run into the wellbore as is illustrated by the centralizers 50 in fig1 which are ahead of an activator or pusher 82 . once the casing 60 is suitably positioned , the centralizers 50 are deployed to project outwardly from the casing as illustrated behind the activator or in fig1 . the centralizers 50 move the casing from the walls of the wellbore if the casing 60 is laying against the wall or if the casing is within a predetermined proximity to the wall of the wellbore w . this movement away from the walls of the wellbore will thereby establish an annular free space around the casing 60 . the centralizers 50 maintain the spacing between the casing 60 and the walls of the wellbore w while cement is injected into the annular free space to set the casing 60 . the pistons , however , are latched in an extended position and will thereby maintain the casing 60 centered even if the casing is not cemented . the centralizers 50 are better illustrated in fig2 and 3 wherein they are shown in the extended and retracted positions , respectively . referring specifically to fig2 seven centralizers 50 are illustrated for supporting the casing 60 away from the walls of the wellbore w although only four are actually shown contacting the walls of the wellbore w . it should be recognized and understood that the centralizers work in a cooperative effort to centralize the casing 60 in the wellbore w . the placement of the centralizers 50 in the casing 60 may be arranged in any of a great variety of arrangements . in particular , it is preferred that the centralizers 50 be arranged to project outwardly from all sides of the periphery of the casing 60 so that the casing 60 may be lifted away from the walls of the wellbore w no matter the rotational angle of the casing 60 . it is also preferred that the centralizers 50 be regularly spaced along the casing 60 so that the entire length of the casing 60 is centralized . the distance between centralizers and their radial orientation on the casing will vary depending upon the circumstances of a particular completion . for example , it is conceivable that the centralizers may be provided only in one radial orientation , or only at the ends of a section of casing . in applicants &# 39 ; copending u . s . pat . no . 5 , 346 , 016 , incorporated herein by reference , various arrangements are shown for mounting centralizer pistons in the wall of a pipe string . referring again to fig2 and 3 , the 7 illustrated centralizers 50 are evenly spaced around the casing 60 . as the casing is centralized , an annular space 70 is created around the casing within the wellbore . the casing 60 is run into the wellbore with the centralizers 50 retracted as illustrated in fig3 which allows substantial clearance around the casing 60 and permit the casing 60 to follow the bends and turns of the wellbore w . such bends and turns particularly arise in a highly deviated or horizontal hole . with the centralizers 50 retracted , the casing 60 may be rotated and reciprocated to work it into a suitable position within the wellbore . moreover , the slim dimension of the casing 60 with the centralizers 50 retracted ( fig3 ) may allow it to be run into wellbores that have a narrow dimension or that have narrow fittings or other restrictions . in fig2 and 3 and in subsequent figures as will be explained below , the centralizers 50 may present small bulbous portions 80 on the outside of the casing 60 . it is preferable not to have any dimension projecting out from the casing to minimize drag and potential hangups while moving the string . the outward projection of the retracted centralizers 50 being within the maximum outer profile of the casing string 60 is believed to minimize any problems of running the casing . referring again to fig1 a deploying device or pusher 82 which moves from the top of the casing to its bottom end is shown positioned within the horizontal curved section b of the casing string . the deploying device 82 is sized to push the pistons 50 from a retracted to an extended position . it is noted that the centralizers or pistons 50 behind or to the left of the pusher 82 are in an extended position having been engaged by the tapered nose portion 85 of the pusher . the tapered portion 85 engages the inner ends of the pistons and pushes them outwardly as the piston travels until the body portion 83 has passed the piston whereupon the piston will be fully extended and locked into an extended position as will be hereinafter described . the centralizers in front of the pusher 82 are still in a retracted position and consequently the horizontal portion c of the casing in front of the pusher is shown lying on the bottom side of the borehole . the upper vertical section a and radial section b are shown centered in that the pistons 50 have been deployed to an extended position . the activator device shown in fig1 is a pumpable activator or deploying device having a tail pipe 81 which extends rearwardly from the main body portion 83 and seals the rear end of the device to the inside of the casing so that the device may be pushed down through the casing 60 by the application of hydraulic pressure . the centralizers or pistons may take many forms and shapes as is illustrated in applicants &# 39 ; u . s . pat . no . 5 , 228 , 518 , incorporated herein by reference . in the present application , the piston or centralizer 50 is shown in fig4 and 5 as including an explosive charge for perforating formations in the borehole . referring first to fig4 the centralizer 50 has a cylindrical or substantially cylindrical barrel portion or piston 12 which is slidably received in a bore in button 14 . the button 14 is threadedly received within a tapped hole 16 which extends transversely through the wall of casing 60 . a bulbous or rounded outer portion 80 extends outwardly slightly beyond the outside wall of the casing 60 but only to provide an adequate seat for the button 14 in thin wall smaller diameter casing and is constructed so that the outer extension of the bulbous portion 80 does not exceed the maximum profile of the pipe string which would normally be represented by the outside diameter of collars 90 in the casing string . the button 14 has a shoulder 17 formed at the base of the bulbous outer portion 80 that provides a surface for seating within a mating recessed surface at the outer end of the threaded hole 16 in the casing wall . the shoulder 17 forms a vertical surface on the button which fits against the mating vertical surface at the outer end of hole 16 . an o - ring 18 is arranged within a groove on the shoulder 17 to provide a seal between the shoulder 17 and a vertical face at the end of hole 16 . the button 14 is arranged so that its inner end does not extend into the interior of the casing 60 . the piston 12 is arranged for axial movement through the button 14 from a retracted position ( fig3 and 4 ) to an extended position ( fig2 and 5 ). the piston 12 and the button 14 are mounted into casing 60 so that their axis are collinear and directed radially outwardly with respect to the axis of the casing 60 . the piston 12 includes a plug 19 secured in an interior bore or passageway 18 in the piston by screw threads 22 . an annular sealing ring 21 is positioned between the plug 19 and the inner end of piston 12 . the piston 12 shown in fig4 and 5 also serves as a housing for a perforating device . the plug 19 is called an initiator plug in that it carries a device for initiating detonation of a shaped charge in the piston . the plug 19 does not fill the entire passageway 18 but is rather approximately the thickness of the casing 60 . the plug 19 further includes a rounded inner end face 25 and a flat distal end face 24 . the rounded surface 25 on the inner end of plug 19 is provided for facilitating the use of a deploying device to push the centralizer 50 into an extended position . the distal end 28 of the piston 12 may be chamfered or tapered inwardly to ease the installation of the piston 12 into the button 14 . the piston 12 is mounted in a central bore in the button 14 which is preferably coaxial to the opening 16 in the casing 60 and is held in place by a snap ring 29 . the snap ring 29 is located in a snap ring groove 31 milled in the wall of the interior bore of the button 14 . piston 12 includes two radial piston grooves 32 and 33 formed in the exterior cylindrical surface of the piston 12 . the first of the two piston grooves is a circumferential securing or locking groove 32 which is positioned adjacent the inner end 27 of piston 12 to be engaged by the snap ring 29 when the piston is fully extended . the second of the two grooves is a circumferential retaining groove 33 positioned adjacent the distal end 28 of the cylinder 12 to be engaged by the snap ring 29 when the piston is in the retracted or running position as shown in fig4 . as the piston 12 is illustrated in fig5 in the extended position , the snap ring 29 is engaged in the radial locking groove 32 . the snap ring 29 is made of a strong resilient material arranged to expand into the snap ring groove 31 when forced outwardly and to collapse when unsupported into the grooves 32 and 33 when aligned therewith . the snap ring 29 is resilient as noted above so that it can be deflected deep into the snap ring groove 31 to slide along the exterior of the piston 12 and allow the piston 12 to move from the retracted position to the extended position . the snap ring 29 must also be strong to prevent the piston 12 from moving unless a sufficient activation force is applied to the piston 12 to deflect the snap ring 29 out of the retaining groove 33 into the snap ring groove 31 to permit the piston 12 to move through the snap ring to the extended position . the piston grooves 32 and 33 have a shape that in conjunction with the snap ring 29 allows the piston 12 to move in one direction but not the other . in the direction in which the snap ring 29 allows movement , the snap ring 29 requires an activation or deploying force of a certain magnitude before it will permit the piston 12 to move . the magnitude of the activation or deploying force depends on the spring constant of the snap ring 29 , the relevant frictional forces between the snap ring 29 and the piston 12 , the shape of the piston groove , and other factors . a particular arrangement of snap ring and grooves is shown in greater detail in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 346 , 016 , incorporated herein by reference . once the casing 60 is positioned in the wellbore for permanent installation , the pistons are deployed to the extended position . the deploying method provides a deploying force on the inner end of each piston to overcome the resistance of the snap ring in the retaining groove 33 and cause the snap ring 29 to ride up and out of the retaining groove 33 whereupon the snap ring 29 is pushed up into the snap ring groove 31 within the button 14 . this allows the piston to move out into the annular space of the wellbore . once the piston encounters the wellbore wall , it will then lift the casing off of the wellbore to centralize the casing until such time as the snap ring 29 aligns with and expands into the locking groove 32 . the pistons should be of such a length that the pistons can be fully deployed to the locking groove 32 while giving the maximum amount of centralization . once the pistons are fully deployed , the inner surface 25 on the plug 19 will be substantially clear of the casing bore for all practical purposes , and the casing bore should be substantially full opened . the button 14 further includes a sealing arrangement to provide a pressure tight seal between the piston 12 and the button 14 . in particular , the button 14 includes two o - rings , 34 and 36 , which are positioned on either side of the snap ring 29 in o - ring grooves 37 and 38 , respectively . the o - rings 34 and 36 seal against the exterior of piston 12 to prevent fluids from passing from one side of the casing wall to the other through the bore of the button 14 . the o - rings 34 and 36 must slide along the exterior of the piston 12 passing the piston grooves 32 and 33 while maintaining the pressure tight seal . accordingly , it is a feature of the preferred embodiment that the spacing of the o - rings 34 and 36 is such that as the piston 12 moves through the bore of the button 14 from the retracted position to the extended position , one of the o - rings 34 or 36 is in sealing contact with a smooth exterior surface of the piston 12 while the other may be opposed to one of the piston grooves 32 and 33 . the piston 12 further includes an outwardly tapered enlarged diameter peripheral edge 39 on its inner end 27 , which edge 39 is larger than the bore in button 14 that receives the piston 12 . thus the edge 39 serves as a stop against the button 14 to limit the outward movement of the piston 12 . the inside face of button 14 includes a chamfered edge 41 for engaging the outwardly tapered peripheral edge 39 on the piston when the inner end 27 of the piston is approximately flush with the inner end face of the button 14 . therefore , while the extended piston 12 is recessed into the button 14 and clear of the interior bore of the casing 60 , the inwardly facing rounded surface 25 of the initiator plug extends slightly into the bore of the casing for purposes to be described so that it is substantially clear of the bore to render the casing bore fully open to permit passage of the deploying device 82 or other similar device such as packers or the like that would be passed through the bore of a casing string . still referring to fig4 the inner bore 18 of the piston 12 is shown having a shaped charge insert installed therein . the shaped charge insert includes a cup - shaped canister or carrier 46 which is sized to be press fit into the bore 18 of the piston 12 . a locking compound is used to hold the canister 46 in the bore cavity of the piston . the carrier 46 is nested against a shoulder 47 in the piston bore 18 , the shoulder 47 being the end of the threads 22 which are cut in the bore 18 of the piston at its inner end to receive plug 19 . an ignition hole 48 is formed in the inner wall 49 of the cup - shaped carrier 46 . a thin metal foil 51 is placed over the outer surface of hole 48 facing the plug 19 . at the distal end of the piston 12 , an outer end cap 54 is fitted within a recessed shoulder 55 and is held in place by its press fit and a locking compound . the shaped charge 58 is positioned in the canister 46 with a conical depression and metal liner 59 in the distal end facing outwardly . the opposite inner end of the piston 12 has the plug 19 enclosing the inner end . the plug 19 has a cylindrical recess 62 which is formed from the inner side of the plug 19 for receiving a detonator shell 64 . the shell 64 is held in place within the recess 62 by means of a thread locking compound or the like . on the rounded outer surface 25 of the plug 19 and central to the plug 19 , a recess 66 is formed in the outer wall surface 25 opposite the recess 62 on the interior of the plug 19 . the recess 66 may be for example 3 / 16 inch in diameter and approximately 0 . 040 inches deep to leave an integral rupture disc portion 68 formed between the recesses 62 and 66 . the rupture disc 66 may be on the order of 0 . 0275 inches thick . the shell 64 which is assembled within the recess 62 has provided within its interior bore a detonating system which is comprised of an optional air space 70 , a primary charge of lead azide 72 , and a base charge of rdx explosive 74 . the fluid actuated detonator described above is particularly useful when incorporated into a holder with the explosive charge with which it is to be employed , such as the shaped charge 58 in centralizer pistons 12 shown in fig4 and 5 . as so incorporated , the rupture disc 68 of the detonator is concealed from accidental activation . an alternative embodiment of the detonator in its most basic form is shown in fig7 and 8 . the detonator comprises a generally tubular shell 64 which is closed at its bottom end . at least one base charge 74 of a detonating explosive composition is located in the bottom of the shell as shown , and a priming charge 72 of a heat sensitive explosive composition is located adjacent to the base charge . the embodiments shown in fig7 and 8 include an open volume 70 between the priming charge 72 and the rupture disc 68 . the space between the top surface of the priming charge 72 and the rupture disc 68 is optional and can be any distance from about 0 to 279 mm ( 0 to 11 inches ). rupture disc 68 may be adapted by any suitable means known in the art to seal the end of the tubular shell 64 . typical base charges that can be used are pentaerythritol tetranitrate ( petn ), cyclortrimethylene trinitramine , cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine , picrylsulfone , nitromannite , trinitrotoluene ( tnt ) and the like . covering the base charge is a priming charge 72 that can be flat as shown or tapered and embedded in the base charge . typical priming charges are of lead azide , lead styphanate , diazodinitrophenol , mercury fulminate and nitromannite . mixtures of diazodinitrophenol / potassium chlorate , nitromannite / diazodinitrophenol and lead azide / lead styphanate also can be used . a separate layer of lead styphanate or a layer of a mixture of lead styphanate can be placed over lead azide . the tubular shell 64 and the rupture disc 68 can be aluminum , magnesium brass or any metal , plastic , or other suitable material . the detonator of fig7 is shown having an explosive charge 96 which represents a booster charge or a main charge to be detonated by the detonating charge in shell 64 . a housing 94 extending upwardly from shell 64 contains a fluid medium 99 which serves as a transmission means for conveying a pressure wave or pulse to the rupture disc 68 . in fig8 the fluid medium 99 is contained in a housing 98 which has a lower detonator portion to house detonator shell 64 . the lower end of the detonator portion of housing 98 has an extension 104 which securably receives a detonating cord 97 . crimps 105 may be provided to hold the cord 97 within the lower end 104 of housing 98 in proximity to the detonator shell 64 . in the detonator arrangement of fig4 and 5 the rupture disc includes a circular groove 61 formed inwardly into the plug 19 from the recess 66 . this groove 61 can be formed on either or both sides of the rupture disc 68 . in order to accommodate this groove 61 , the rupture disc 68 is made thicker so as not to unnecessarily weaken the integrity of the barrier 68 that protects the detonator shell 64 . by undercutting the circular groove or rim 61 around the circumference of the rupture disc 68 , the disc 68 will yield more predictably than by relying solely on normal yield of the metal between the recesses 66 and 62 . this in turn improves initiation reliability . also , a thicker disc 68 can be provided between the recesses 66 and 62 to protect the detonator from inadvertent activation by movement of a piston activating or extending device 82 through the casing bore . in fig5 of the drawings , the centralizing piston 12 is shown having been moved to an extended and locked position wherein the distal end 28 of the piston is in contact with the bore hole wall . a deploying device 82 such as is shown in fig1 has been moved through the interior bore of the casing string to contact the outer surface 25 of plug 19 on the inner end of the piston . as the deploying device 82 passes the position in the casing string where the cylinder is positioned , the cylinder is forced outwardly with sufficient force to override the restraining effect of the snap ring 29 in the retaining groove 33 . this overriding force causes the snap ring to move upwardly and expand outwardly into the groove 31 as it expands over the outer surface of the piston 12 . the piston continues its movement until the tapered enlarged portion 39 on piston 12 abuts the mating chamfered surface 41 on the button 14 whereupon the piston 12 is positioned so that the snap ring 29 retracts into the locking groove 32 to hold the extended cylinder 12 in a predetermined fixed position . at this point , the deploying device 82 ( fig1 ) will have passed the extended piston 12 and proceeded downwardly through the casing string . once the piston is extended and locked in its predetermined fixed position as shown in fig5 the perforating apparatus is now in a position to permit perforation of the formation which the wellbore traverses . it is noted , that alternatively the pistons 12 may be extended by the application of hydraulic pressure to the interior of the casing pipe string which provides a force that impinges on the inner end of the piston to move the pistons outwardly . it is to be noted that one particular advantage of the apparatus described herein is that the centralizing piston and a button 14 which guides the piston , when provided , may be assembled within the casing string at some time just before the casing is run into the wellbore w . accordingly , the handling of the casing pipe up to the point that it is being installed in the wellbore is not subjected to the danger which would be caused by having the explosive devices installed during shipping and handling of the casing prior to its installation . it is also to be noted that there is no means present within the system thus far described to accidentally initiate the detonator device within the piston so that such handling in the configuration described above is considered safe and will not unnecessarily endanger the personnel who are installing the devices in the casing or installing the casing within the wellbore . referring now to fig6 of the drawings , the casing 60 is shown having been run into a well . the centralizers are shown having been extended by means of a pumpable activator device 82 such as shown in fig1 or by the application of hydraulic pressure to the casing string at the surface . this is accomplished by closing a valve at the base of the casing string and applying the necessary activation or deploying force required to move the pistons from the retracted position to the extended position . accordingly , pumps or other pressure generating mechanism would provide the necessary deploying force for the pistons . once the casing has been centralized within the wellbore , an annulus of cement can be injected and set around the entire outer periphery of the casing , over some appropriate interval of casing , to seal the casing from the formation . as suggested by the present invention , the casing string with the centralizer system as described is arranged so that in those portions of the wellbore where it is desired to have a centralizing only function for the centralizers , the centralizers are not configured so as to provide a perforating function . however , within a zone opposite formation f as shown in fig6 where it is desirable to open the casing to permit the recovery of fluids from the formation into the casing string and to perforate the formation , the centralizers are of the embodiment shown in fig4 and 5 which include a shaped charge device or the like for perforating the formation to be produced . in the initial installation of the casing within the wellbore , it is important to note that the centralizers which are not extended permit the casing to be rotated and reciprocated to work past tight spots or other interferences in the hole . these retracted centralizers 50 also do not interfere with the fluid path through the casing string so that fluids may be circulated through the casing to clear cuttings from the end of the casing string . also the casing interior can be provided with fluids that are less dense than the wellbore fluids , in the annular space , causing the casing string to float . clearly , the centralizers 50 of the present invention permit a variety of methods for installing the casing into its desired location in the wellbore . once the casing 60 is in a suitable position , the centralizers are deployed to centralize the casing . as discussed above , there are several methods of deploying the centralizers . once the pistons are all deployed and the snap rings have secured them in the extended fixed position projecting outwardly toward the wall of the wellbore , the cement may be injected by well known techniques into the annulus formed by the centralizing of the casing within the borehole . the cement around casing 60 may be allowed to set while the production string is assembled and installed into the casing . it is important to note that at this point in the process of establishing the well , the casing and wellbore are sealed from the formation . accordingly , there is as yet no problem with controlling the pressure of the formation or with loss of pressure control fluids into the formation . in a conventional completion process , the perforation string is assembled to create perforations in the casing adjacent to the hydrocarbon bearing zone . accordingly , high density fluids are provided in the wellbore and the production string to maintain a sufficient pressure head against the affect of formation pressure to avoid a blowout situation . while the production string is assembled and run into the well some of the wellbore fluids , in an overbalance condition , may be forced into the formation . accordingly , the production string must be installed quickly to begin producing the well once the well has been perforated . however , with the present invention , such problems are avoided . once the casing is set in place , the production string may be assembled and installed in the casing before the casing is opened and perforation of the formation is performed . if the production string is already in place in the well , adequate surface controls are already in place to prevent a blowout , so that the casing and production string can be in an underbalanced condition . thus , production may begin when communication is established with the formation , such as by perforation . accordingly , the well is brought on - line in a more controlled manner . fig6 shows an apparatus and system for initiating the detonators 64 ( fig5 ) in the pistons , in order to fire the shaped charges and penetrate the formation . a small diameter pipe string such as production tubing 76 or coiled tubing is run into the interior of the casing string after the centralizers 50 are extended . the casing pay or may not be cemented in place . a detonating cord 84 may be pre - installed in the lower end of the tubing string 76 and run into the well with the tubing string . alternatively , the tubing string may be located in the casing string and then the detonating cord is run into the tubing string . in the latter case , in order to set the detonating cord 84 in place , the bottom of the tubing string could be provided with a latching mechanism 93 . after the tubing 76 is run into the casing string , a sinker bar with detonating cord trailing behind , can be lowered into the tubing string and latched inside of the tubing . alternatively , a device can be pumped to the latch 93 with a detonating cord trailing . a perforating head 89 would be run at the trailing , upper end of the detonating cord 84 to provide a means for initiating the detonating cord . once the tubing is run , a production packer 86 can be set . at this time a sinker bar 91 can be dropped which would strike the perforating head and initiate the detonating cord . alternatively , a wireline could be connected with the detonating cord or perforating head in order to initiate the detonating cord . the detonating cord is initiated by dropping a latch bar 91 or using a wireline to initiate a perforating head or as another alternative , using a hydraulically actuated perforating head 89 . once the detonating cord is initiated , it results in the development and propagation of a pressure pulse or wave within the pipe string 76 . this pressure wave is then communicated through the fluid in the pipe 76 and casing 60 to the plug 19 at the inner end of the cylinders 12 . if necessary , the pipe string 76 may be centered in the casing by means of conventional centralizers 78 . centering the pipe string 76 in the casing string may be important in view of the importance of propagating a pressure wave to the cylinders 12 on all sides so that the force of this pressure wave is sufficient to rupture membrane or disc 68 in the plug 19 . this rupture of disc 68 sequentially initiate the powders 72 and 74 within the shell 64 positioned in the plug 19 . tests have shown that initiation of the detonator will take place reliably without the provision of an air space 70 in the shell 64 . the amount of pressure required to rupture the disc is increased when the air space is eliminated ; however , detonation does take place . satisfactorily , it is believed that the principle behind the detonation is an adiabatic compression within the shell 64 which is sufficient to initiate the primary charge 72 . therefore , it appears to only be necessary to generate sufficient pressure within the interior of the casing bore to cause the ruptured disc 68 to rupture which will thereby initiate the detonator in the shell 64 . when a shaped charge is present in the piston 12 , initiation of the detonator is communicated through the opening 48 within the carrier 46 to detonate the shaped charge 58 . this detonation produces a penetrating force that is directly applied to the formation f so that all the outwardly directed energy of the shaped charge is applied to perforation and fracturing of the formation . in the configuration shown in fig6 the smaller diameter pipe 76 housing the detonating cord , may be provided with slots or holes in the outside walls thereof to facilitate transmission of a pressure wave emanating from the detonating cord to the perforating cylinders 12 . however , experiments have shown that a pressure wave may be propagated through the walls of solid pipe which is sufficient to initiate the detonators within the plug 19 on the cylinders 12 . the system shown in fig6 with a production packer 86 set in place will permit the completion to take place with an under - balanced fluid in the pipe string , so that upon perforation of the formation f formation , fluids may be readily received into the casing string through the now open cylinder 12 and from there into the production tubing 76 for conveyance to the surface . referring now to fig7 and 8 of the drawings , an alternative system for detonating the perforators includes a pumpdown arrangement for positioning a detonating cord within the interior of a casing string . an important feature of this centralizing and perforating system is that the perforators are not armed when they are installed in the casing string , nor when they are positioned in the borehole . a means is thus provided for initiating the perforators after they are located within the wellbore . in this embodiment , a detonating cord is again provided to generate a pressure wave which in turn ruptures the protective membrane or disc 68 on the end of the plug 19 within the perforating cylinder 12 , with such rupturing of the membrane causing the detonator explosives to fire . firing of the detonator explosives will initiate firing of the shaped charge . the detonating cord 104 is carried in a housing 94 which is attached to a displacement plug 96 . the plug 96 may be pumped down behind cement being injected into the annulus to isolate the casing string from the formation . the detonating cord 104 is shown in fig7 coiled up within the housing 94 which is releasably attached to the pumpdown plug 96 . an electrical wireline or the like 98 which is attached to the housing 94 is pulled into the casing string through a stuffing box ( not shown ) at the surface . once the displacement plug 96 and housing 94 reaches the bottom of the casing string , it lands in a seat 102 whereupon a pressure increase in the casing is registered at the surface to indicate that the plug has seated at the bottom of a casing string in the seat 102 and sealed off the end of the casing at least partially . the seat 102 provides a latching mechanism ( not shown ) for holding the seated plug 96 in place . such displacement plugs and latching mechanisms are commonly used in cementing operations . thereafter the wireline 98 is pulled upwardly as shown in fig8 to release the housing 94 from the displacement plug 96 . the detonating cord 104 which is positioned within the housing and which is attached to the displacement plug 96 is then pulled out behind the upwardly moving housing 94 a sufficient distance to ensure that the detonating cord is positioned within the pipe string opposite the centralizer / perforators which are to be activated by a pressure wave . the upper end of the detonating cord is attached within the housing 94 to an electrically operated detonator ( not shown ) on the end of the electric wireline 98 . when the displacement plug 96 lands at the bottom and we know that all the cement in the pipe string is displaced , 24 to 48 hours is given for the cement to set up . after the cement has set up , an electrical current is passed from the surface through the wireline 98 for detonating cord detonation . firing of the detonating cord generates a pressure wave within the casing pipe 60 which in turn impinges upon the rupture disc or membrane 68 in the end of piston 12 to fire the detonating mixtures 72 , 74 within the detonator cup . this detonation in cup 64 passes energy through the opening 48 within the carrier 46 to initiate a burning of the shaped charge 58 within the cylinder 12 . this in turn causes the shape charge 58 to penetrate into the formation f and to develop a communication path between the interior of the casing string and the formation . in the process of perforating the formation as described in the present invention , it is noted that the word &# 34 ; penetrating &# 34 ; is used to describe the process for opening a communication path into the formation . the reason that penetrating the formation is desirable is that the permeability of porous reservoir rock is usually reduced or plugged near the wellbore due to the leakage of drilling fluids into the first few inches of rocks surrounding the wellbore . this reduces permeability near the wellbore and is referred to as skin damage . in the present perforating technique , the shaped charges are not designed to punch a hole in the casing as in a normal perforating system , but rather to establish communication with the reservoir rock and to penetrate the rock itself with a fracturing and penetrating blast that extends communication beyond the skin damage . whereas normal shaped charges in a perforating system are positioned within the casing string and must therefore progress through the fluids within the casing string , the steel casing string wall , and then into the skin damaged portion of the reservoir . in the present system the shaped charge is positioned directly against the formation and thus a much greater portion of the energy developed by the shaped charge is applied to the formation rock itself . it is readily appreciated that various other techniques could be developed for providing the placement of a detonating cord into the interior of either a casing pipe string or a production string in order to initiate the pressure wave described herein for detonating the perforation devices . for example , the detonating cord could be pumped in behind a pumpable plug or the like to position the detonating cord into a horizontal reach of pipe . in a vertical or nearly vertical pipe section , gravity would be sufficient to lower a detonating cord weighted on its lower end , into a pipe string . in addition other methods could be used to develop a pressure wave for initiating the shaped charge . also , it is readily seen that a variety of detonators might be used to initiate the explosion of the shaped charged within the centralizing cylinder 12 . therefore , while particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described , it is apparent that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and therefore the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention . | 5 |
referring now in greater detail to the drawings , in which like numeral indicate like parts throughout the views and drawings . fig1 and 2 illustrate one example embodiment of a firearm round 2 comprising a sabot 4 and a slug 6 . the slug 6 is mounted in the payload receiving chamber 8 of the sabot 4 . typically , the slug 6 has an interference fit with the sabot 4 ; however , the sabot also can , initially , be a loose fit with the slug . additionally , after the round is fired , the slug typically is further engaged with the sabot 4 by the forces resulting from the sudden acceleration of the firearm round 2 . fig7 and 8 illustrate an alternative embodiment where the slug is substantially hollow and projects forwardly from the compression section 10 of the sabot 4 . additionally , a post 16 substantially fills the payload receiving chamber 8 . fig3 and 4 the sabot 4 portion of the firearm round 2 . the sabot 4 may be made from linear , high - density polyethylene ( hdpe ). however , a wide variety of polymers could serve as a suitable material . the sabot generally comprises two sections that can be integrally formed or can be attached as stages or sections . the forward portion or that portion of the firearm round that is the greatest distance from the charge comprises the compression section 10 . the reward section comprises the solid section 12 . the compression section 10 generally includes a plurality of interconnected fins 20 that define or form the accordion shaped compression section 10 . the fins 20 are further collapsible so as to , partially , compact as the round 2 is discharged from the firearm . additional embodiments are also contemplated for the compression section 10 other than the fins 20 such as , but not limited to , overlapping segmented rims and collapsible wall segments . the solid section 12 may have varying lengths depending upon the embodiment of the sabot 4 . as illustrated in fig9 , the solid section 12 may be shorter in length than that illustrated in fig3 and 4 . the collapse of the compression section 10 produces a volume change to the substantially solid plastic column at the sabot , which allows the internal ballistic characteristics to be modified for optimum performance . the radially symmetric collapse of the compression section 10 walls optimizes the internal ballistics of the loaded round by allowing the forming propellant gases to expand into an increasing volume . for a short duration , this volume expansion allows propellant gases to be expanded while limiting the rise in chamber pressure . the net effect is to allow the projectile to be ejected from the gun at a higher velocity when operating at a maximum peak pressure limit . the area under the pressure - time curve is effectively increased with the peak pressure potentially being held below industry standards for maximum pressure . the compression section 10 is an axisymmetric body of rotation . this allows for substantially uniform , annular compression of the plastic material forming the compression section during the inertial setback of the slug round during firing , which allows the natural centering of the slug post with the sabot and consequently with the bore . therefore , less projectile deformation is experienced and on - target dispersion is significantly reduced . as shown in fig4 , a combination of internal and external ridges forms the plurality of interconnected fins 20 which allows the compression section 10 to collapse and , upon firing , the base of the stem 22 of the slug 6 and the bottom of the cavity in the compression section 10 are driven together with sufficient force to reform the slug 6 . the metal of the slug 6 is swaged into the spaces between the ridges inside the sabot 4 . this forms a positive lock between the slug 6 and sabot 4 and ensures consistent longitudinal placement of both the center of gravity and the center of pressure , and to further minimize dispersion of the round . the bottom of the payload receiving chamber 8 also has a post 16 , as shown in fig4 , which facilitates the expansion of the slug stem 22 . the post 16 is not a requirement , as the stem of the slug will “ nail - head ” significantly without it . additionally , a locking ring 19 generally is mounted in the payload receiving chamber 8 and engages the slug 6 received therein . the ring 19 serves to support the slug 6 , and minimize slug distortion . the ring 19 can be made of plastic and minimizes the contact of the metal portion of the projectile with the rifling , thus reducing lead deformation . the ring 19 can also include an undercut to serve as an additional locking feature , although such an additional feature is not required . the inner diameter of ring 19 can have a chamfer or radius to facilitate the insertion of the slug . furthermore , the sabot 4 includes a propellant powder cup section 14 formed at the rearward section or end of the solid section 12 of the sabot 4 closest to the propellant charge for the round . the cup - shaped propellant or powder cup section 14 is in direct contact with the propellant and seals against the combustion gases generated upon firing . the powder cup section 14 generally is flexible enough to provide a good seal , while possessing the proper rigidity to prevent excessive deformation , which could affect dispersion . the solid section 12 of the sabot 4 primarily functions to set the overall length of the sabot 4 . the length of the solid section 12 can be varied in order to make the sabot suitable for different shell lengths . typically , the sabot 4 has a length that allows it to be used in both 2¾ ″ and 3 ″ shells , although it could also be modified for use in larger or smaller shells as desired . additionally , the solid section 12 may also include holes or cutouts to reduce the mass of the sabot . such holes or cutouts may be desirable to improve the ease with which the part is molded . the slug generally is illustrated in fig5 and 6 . the slug 6 is received and fitted within the payload receiving chamber 8 of the sabot 4 . typically , the slug 6 is formed from lead or a lead alloy , and will include a nose 26 , a driving band 24 positioned adjacent the nose 26 , and a stem 22 connected to and extending rearwardly from the driving band 24 . in greater detail , the slug 6 projectile may be composed of about 95 % by weight lead or greater and may include antimony or other materials as known in the art . additionally , the slug could be coated or plated with a number of materials in order to improve the functional or ballistic characteristics of the system . the stem 22 of the slug is a substantially cylindrically shaped section that generally is small enough in diameter to be easily inserted into the receiving chamber of the sabot 6 . the length of the stem 22 may be adjusted such that it projects into the receiving chamber of the compression section sufficiently to ensure that the sabot remains attached . the relationship of the length of the stem 22 and the compression section is such that the compression section is not allowed to compress completely solid and thereby preventing the slug stem from deforming . if the stem is too long , the compression section will not collapse sufficiently , resulting in unfavorable ballistics . if the stem is too short , the compression section will reach a solid , fully compressed state . this condition prevents the slug from being deformed sufficiently to lock the slug and sabot together . the slug and sabot are locked together to avoid separation forces that could cause increased dispersion . the sabot may either be discarded or retained on impact with the target medium . the stem also has a shallow cavity in its base , or a post cavity 28 , which engages the post 16 in the payload receiving chamber 8 to aid in centering the slug 6 in the sabot 4 as it is formed . the length of the stem 22 can also be used to fine - tune the location of the center of gravity for the improvement of dynamic and gyroscopic stability . the driving band 24 is the portion of the slug 6 that can engage the rifling of the barrel of a rifled firearm . the outer diameter of the band 24 typically is at or near the bore or groove diameter of a firearm such as a rifle , shotgun or other type of firearm in which the sabot of the present invention is used . the length of the band is long enough to ensure that the barrel rifling will induce sufficient spin to stabilize the projectile . however , if the band is too long , the depositing of lead in the barrel may adversely affect dispersion of metal from the lead slug 6 . the nose 26 of the slug 6 is designed such that the aerodynamic center of pressure is well forward of the projectile center of gravity to help ensure that the projectile is gyroscopically stable . furthermore , a nose cavity 30 can be located in the nose 26 of the slug . the nose cavity 30 is a shallow depression in the nose of the slug . the depth of this depression will be optimized to promote expansion without causing the projectile to fragment . this combination can lead to the desirable condition of large expanded diameter ( nearly 1 ″) and high retained - weight ( approximately 98 %). it will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the present invention has been discussed above with respect to various preferred embodiments and / or features thereof , numerous changes , modification , additions and deletions can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims . | 5 |
fig1 shows a diagrammatic representation of the therapy system in which the invention is employed . the therapy unit 1 , for example in the form of a high - intensity focused ultrasound ( hifu ) unit generates a therapeutic action in the form of a focused ultrasound beam 11 . the focused ultrasound beam 11 is accurately directed onto a target zone 2 that includes the actual target 3 . for example the target is a tumor in ( part of ) an organ 2 of the patient to be treated . the hifu unit 1 is operated so that the focused ultrasound beam 11 moves over the volume of the target zone 2 . the ultrasound beam 11 deposits energy in the target zone , causing elevated temperature especially in the tumor . in this way desired parts of the tissue is raised to a level where necrosis of the tissue occurs . ultimately necrosis occurs in the tissue of the tumor and around it in the target zone once the desired thermal dose or temperature is reached . in particular the thermal dose can be calculated in a simple approximation as where r = 0 . 25 when t & lt ; 43 ° c . and r = 0 . 5 when t & gt ;= 43 ° c . a dose limit of 240 equivalent minutes at 43 ° c . is typically thought to result in necrosis . a modified version of the equation exists that takes the effect of uncertainty into account . in this scope one or several limits ( or potentially a lower one ) can be checked to ensure that once reached , deposition of energy is stopped . following temperature only , tells us that necrosis will most probably occur , whereas thermal dose ensures us of it . for example , necrosis is achieved when the intensity at the focus of the focused ultrasound beam is about 1600 wcm − 2 for a duration of the order of tens of seconds . at this maximum energy level efficient necrosis is achieved without the risk of cavitation . the ultrasound beam can also be used to elevate tissue temperatures to non - necrosis temperature levels . these lower temperatures are useful in hyperthermia type applications . the temperature distribution of the measurement field is derived from magnetic resonance signals . to this end the patient is placed in a magnetic resonance examination system ( not shown ) and magnetic resonance signals 22 are generated . the magnetic resonance signals are received by the mr signal acquisition system 21 that is part of the magnetic resonance examination system . the mr signal acquisition system includes rf receiving antennae ( coils ) and a signal processing system , such as a spectrometer . the acquired magnetic resonance signals are applied to the thermometry module 4 which derives the temperature distribution in the target zone . the phase of the magnetic resonance signals , but also other parameters , depends on temperature . the magnetic resonance signals are spatially encoded by means of encoding magnetic gradient fields , such as read and phase encoding gradients . the spatial resolution of the magnetic resonance signals and the ensuing temperature distribution is at the scale of a millimeter ; even sub - millimeter resolution can be obtained where the smallest detail that can de distinguished has a size of a few tenths of a millimeter . for example if there are several slices in the stack monitoring the temperature , then the measurement field used can advantageously be projected to all parallel slices in the focal - region even though the focal - point trajectory is only in the middle slice of the stack . because the widest and hottest plane of the typically ellipsoidal heated region may wander towards the transducer during heating , this reduces the risk of the treated region having a larger radius than desired measured from the beam - axis . a measurement field along the beam - axis can also be applied to control that the 240em dose length does not exceed a maximum length if we have a sagittal plane ( which we do ). this improves safety considerably . off - focus slices ( e . g . two of them ) can also be added at regions of particular interest , e . g . tissue interfaces where acoustic impedance changes significantly as such regions are prone to off - focus heating . these can be used to automatically detect excessive heating and / or thermal dose in these off - focus areas of interest for any single energy deposit and excessive cumulative heating and / or thermal dose for the entire treatment . accurate results in moving tissue are obtained when a motion correction is applied and phase contribution due to motion are separated from phase contributions due to temperature changes . the motion correction can be derived from the magnetic resonance signals , notably by redundant magnetic resonance signals from the central portion of k - space . a motion compensation module 23 is provided to derive the motion correction and apply motion compensation to the magnetic resonance signals . the motion corrected magnetic resonance signals are applied to the thermometry module 4 which derives local temperature distribution of the target zone 3 . alternatively , the motion compensation module 23 can be configured or programmed in software to derive separate the contribution to the phase of magnetic resonance signals due to motion and compute the contribution of the phase due to temperature changes . the local temperature distribution is applied to the control module 5 , which controls the therapy module , i . e . the hifu unit 1 to focus the focused ultrasound beam along a next trajectory . the centre of concentricity can for example be continuously evaluated ( e . g . by gaussian fits or weighted average ) to take into account the possibility of the treated ( notably heated ) region shifting slightly ( typically 1 - 2 voxels or 0 . 5 - 5 mm ) during treatment due to e . g . spasms or slightly non - uniform heat diffusion . the therapy system of the invention is provided with a delay module 6 which delays the activation of the therapy module 1 . the delay leads to the cool - down period . the delay is set by the control unit on the basis of the measured temperature . the delay unit may be configured to trigger the therapy module . in another embodiment the therapy module is configured to apply regular deposits of energy , e . g . apply regular ultrasound pulses ( i . e . sonications ). in this embodiment the delay module is configured to interrupt the therapy module . in practice a number of sonications is interrupted or cancelled so as to cause the cool - down period . fig2 shows an example of the cool - down time to reach within 3 ° c . of the starting temperature as a function of the maximum near - field temperature . the fit is a square , i . e . quadratic function of the maximum temperature fitted through 3 ° c . and the r value is 0 . 90 . in these cases the temperature was filtered with a 5 × 5 voxel median filter ( voxel size 2 . 5 × 2 . 5 mm 2 ). notably , spatial filtering of the measured temperature , e . g . by way of a median filter , improves the signal — to - noise ratio of the temperature measurement . the loss of spatial resolution does not lead to problems since the off - focus heating typically is void of sharp spatial gradients . this data was acquired for a hifu - therapy module with a circular beam - path cross - section . the fit to 3 ° c . may be changed to any desired predefined baseline temperature level . | 0 |
this invention provides a novel dynamic ram for receiving row address and column address signal and writing , refreshing , and reading data into and out of memory cells addressed by these signals . the novel dynamic ram will be described with particular attention to the read and refresh operations , and especially to its provisions for the clamping of word lines . fig1 is a schematic diagram of a novel dynamic ram embodying this invention . only the main component elements are shown . signals and circuit details not relevant to the following description are omitted . this dynamic ram comprises a memory cell array 1 to which are connected a sense amplifier circuit 2 , a word reset circuit 3 , a row address decoder 4 , and a column address decoder 5 . the row address decoder 4 and the column address decoder 5 are connected to an address bus 6 , from which they receive row and column address signals . the row address decoder generates pairs of decode signals denoted dec and dec , each pair corresponding to a different row address . the column address decoder 5 is also connected to an input - output circuit 7 , which is in turn connected to external signal lines such as an external data bus not shown in the drawing . the memory cell array 1 is connected to the word reset circuit 3 , the row decoder 4 , the column decoder 5 , and a precharge circuit 8 . the memory cell array 1 comprises a plurality of memory cells 10 for storing data . the memory cells 10 are connected in a matrix arrangement to a plurality of word lines 11 and a plurality of bit lines 12a and 12b , each memory cell 10 being connected to a single word line and a single bit line . the word lines 11 are connected to the word reset circuit 3 and the row address decoder 4 . the row address decoder 4 provides the word lines with the dec signals , which activate the memory cells 10 when high . the bit lines 12a and 12b are connected to the sense amplifier circuit 2 , which senses the resulting output of the memory cells 10 , and to the precharge circuit 8 , which precharges the bit lines to a certain potential level such as the supply voltage level v cc . the word reset circuit 3 and the row address decoder 4 are also interconnected by a plurality of clamp signal lines 13 which convey the dec signals from the row address decoder 4 to the word reset circuit 3 . the dec signals on the clamp signal lines 13 correspond to the same row addresses as the dec signals on the word lines 11 , but whereas the dec signals on the word lines 11 are active high , the dec signals on the clamp signal lines 13 are active low . fig2 is a more detailed schematic diagram showing structure of a single memory cell 10 . the memory cell 10 comprises an nmos transfer gate transistor 15 , a node 16 , a memory cell capacitor 17 , and a cell plate 18 . the gate electrode of the transistor 15 is connected to a word line 11 , while its source and drain electrodes are connected to a bit line 12 and to the node 16 . the bit line 12 can be either a bit line 12a or a bit line 12b in fig1 . the node 16 is connected to the memory cell capacitor 17 . the memory cell capacitor 17 is also connected to the cell plate 18 , which is held at a fixed potential such as the ground potential v ss , or one - half the supply voltage v cc . a parasitic capacitance 19 indicated by the dashed lines exists between the bit line 12 and the word line 11 . referring back to fig1 the sense amplifier circuit 2 comprises a plurality of sense amplifiers 20 which are connected to pairs of bit lines 12a and 12b . each sense amplifier 20 and each pair of bit lines 12a and 12b corresponds to a different column address . the function of a sense amplifier 20 is to sense the data stored in the memory cells 10 by detecting a slight voltage difference which may exist between the bit lines 12a and 12b and amplifying it to the magnitude of the difference between the supply voltage v cc and the ground potential v ss , thus generating an amplified output signal . the sense amplifiers 20 can be structured as well - known flip - flop latch circuits . the word reset circuit 3 comprises of plurality of switching elements such as nmos clamping transistors 30 , the gate electrodes of which are connected to respective clamp signal lines 13 , and the source and drain electrodes of which are connected to respective word lines 11 and to ground . the function of an nmos clamping transistor 30 is to connect its word line 11 to the ground potential when its clamp signal line 13 is in the inactive ( high ) state and disconnect its word line 11 from ground when its clamp signal line 11 is in the active ( low ) state . the row address decoder 4 receives row address signals from the address bus 6 , and a decode enable ( de ) signal from a source not shown in the drawing . the purpose of the decode enable signal is to enable and disable the decode signals supplied to the word lines 11 . the decode enable signal may be generated from an external control signal such as a strobe signal . the row address signals are received by a plurality of nand gates 40 , which are connected to the address bus 6 in such a way that each combination of row address signals on the address bus 6 produces a low output signal from just one of the nand gates 40 . the output signals produced by the nand gates 40 are provided to the clamp signal lines 13 as the dec signals . the de signal is received by a plurality of and gates 41 , which also receive the inverted output signals from respective nand gates 40 . the output signals generated by the and gates 41 are supplied to the word lines 11 as the dec signals . a dec signal is therefore active ( high ) only when the corresponding dec signal is active ( low ) and the de signal is active ( high ). the column address decoder 5 receives column address signals from the address bus 6 and decodes them to select the output of one or more sense amplifiers 20 in the sense amplifier circuit 2 . the selected output becomes the output of the dynamic ram . the operation of the novel dynamic ram will be explained with reference to the timing chart in fig3 . the operations of reading and refreshing a memory cell will be described in detail , after which a brief description will be given of the operation of writing data in a memory cell . the operation starts with the dynamic ram in the standby state , in which all address lines ar low , all dec signals are inactive ( high ), all nmos clamping transistors 30 are in the on state , and all word lines 11 are clamped to ground level . the bit lines 12a and 12b are precharged to a certain potential ( such as the supply voltage v cc ) by the precharge circuit 8 . to read or refresh the data in a memory cell 10 , the row and column addresses of that memory cell are set up on the address bus 6 . the row address signals select one of the nand gates 40 in the row address decoder 4 , causing its dec output to become active ( low ), at which point the connected nmos clamping transistor 30 turns off , disconnecting the selected word line 11 from ground . the dec signals of the non - selected nand gates 40 remain high , their nmos clamping transistors 30 remain in the on state , and their word lines 11 remain clamped to ground . after the address has been set up on the address bus , the decode enable signal de goes high , causing the output signal of the and gate 41 connected to the selected nand gate 40 to go high , thereby activating the word line 11 connected to this and gate 41 . the current path from the selected and gate 41 to ground is now blocked by the nmos clamping transistor 30 . since decoding is not normally enabled until an address has been set up , the decode enable signal does not become active until after the selected dec signal goes low . this gives the nmos clamping transistor 30 time to turn off before the selected and gate 41 turns on , preventing unnecessary current flow from the and gate 41 to ground . when the selected word line 11 is activated , the transfer gate transistor 15 ( shown in fig2 ) on each of the memory cells of the corresponding row turns on , causing any charge stored in the memory cell capacitors 17 to be applied to either bit line 12a or 12b . if the charge is stored in a memory cell capacitor 17 of a memory cell 10 , the result is a small potential difference between the pair of bit lines 12a and 12b in the column containing that memory cell 10 in fig1 . this small potential difference is amplified to the difference between v cc and v ss by the connected sense amplifier 20 . the sense amplifiers 20 are designed so that the act of latching the data on the bit lines automatically places the amplified potential difference ( if a potential difference is present ) on the bit lines , thus refreshing the data stored in the memory cell 10 . for a read operation , the column address decoder 5 also decodes the address on the address bus 6 , selects one or more of the sense amplifiers 20 , and supplies the output of the selected sense amplifier or amplifiers 20 to the input - output circuit 7 . after the the memory cell has been read or refreshed , to prepare for the next operation cycle , the decode enable signal de goes low , disabling all the and gates 41 and in particular the selected and gate 41 , so that the selected word line 11 goes low . then the dec output of the selected nand gate 40 goes high , turning on the connected nmos clamping transistor 30 and clamping the selected word line 11 to ground . then the precharge circuit 8 charges the bit lines 12a and 12b to , for example , the supply voltage potential v cc and the dynamic ram returns to the standby state . the purpose of clamping the selected word line 11 to ground before precharging the bit lines 12a and 12b is to prevent the charging of the bit lines 12a and 12b from producing a temporary potential rise on the word line 11 through the parasitic capacitance 19 in fig2 which might temporarily activate the word line 11 and cause charge to leak from the memory cell capacitor 17 to the bit lines 12a and 12b . the potential rise that would occur if the word lines were not clamped to ground is indicated by dashed lines in fig3 . to write input data in a memory cell 10 , its address is placed on the address bus 6 , causing this cell to be selected by the row address decoder 4 and the column address decoder 5 as explained above , then an input circuit not shown in the drawings applies the input data to the bit lines 12a and 12b , causing it to be stored in the memory cell capacitor 17 of the selected memory cell 10 . one advantage of the novel dynamic ram is that in a given memory access or refresh cycle , only the nmos clamping transistor 30 connected to the selected word line 11 is switched off and on . it is therefore necessary to charge and discharge the capacitance of only a single word line and a single nmos clamping transistor gate , so only a small amount of charge - discharge current is consumed per memory cycle . another advantage is that non - selected word lines 11 are clamped to ground through the nmos clamping transistors 30 at all times , including both stanby and active times . this greatly improves the data retention margin during memory operation , because it prevents noise on non - selected word lines 11 from causing leakage of charge from the memory cells 10 to the bit lines 12a and 12b . yet another advantage is that no separate circuit is needed to generate the signals that switch the nmos clamping transistors 30 on and off . the circuit configuration of the novel dynamic ram is accordingly simpler than in the prior art . the scope of this invention is not limited to the structures shown in the drawings , but includes many variations and modifications that will be apparent to one skilled in the art . a few of these modifications will be briefly stated below . as one modification , the transfer gate transistors 15 in fig2 can be pmos field - effect transistors instead of nmos field - effect transistors , and instead of just one transistor there can be more , such as three or four . as another modification , the nmos clamping transistors 30 in the word reset circuit 3 can also be pmos field - effect transistors , in which case they may be connected between the word lines 11 and the supply voltage v cc and clamp the word lines 11 to the supply voltage v cc according to the dec outputs of the nand gates 40 . furthermore , in place of nmos or pmos clamping transistors it is possible to use switching elements other than field - effect transistors . as still another modification , the row address decoder 4 can have a gate configuration other than the structure of nand gates 40 and and gates 41 shown in the drawings . | 6 |
in the initial three figures of the drawing there is shown a short length of an elongated watering or irrigation tube or tubing 10 in accordance with the invention . this tube 10 is preferably formed in accordance with conventional practice by the extrusion of a known organic plastic or polymer composition which is somewhat flexible and resilient when present in a thin member having a comparatively limited thickness but which is relatively stiff and inflexible when present in a member having a significantly greater thickness . such compositions are well known in the field of the invention . as formed the tube 10 includes a conventional comparatively thin cylindrical wall 12 which is sufficiently thick so that it will not rupture when the interior pressure within the tube 10 is within an intended range as the tube 10 is used . when common , conventional polymers are used to form the tube 10 in accordance with the usual practice in the field of the invention the wall 12 will be so thin that it is impossible to form a dispensing hole ( not shown ) in it which is significantly longer than a conventional radial hole ( not shown ). in accordance with this invention an enlarged rib or flange 14 is formed integrally with the wall 12 so as to extend outwardly therefrom in a radial manner . this flange 14 extends along the entire length of the tube 10 . the flange 14 is provided on the tube 10 for two purposes . one is to provide room for a slanted hole 16 in the flange 14 which is sufficiently greater in length than the length of a radial hole ( not shown ) so as to provide significant resistance to water flow . such resistance should be sufficient so that less water will be dispensed through the hole 16 than would be dispensed through a conventionally extending radial hole of the same cross - sectional dimension passing through the flange 14 under conditions such that there is no current flowing in the tube 10 . currently it is considered that the angle of the hole 16 relative to the center of the tube 10 should not be a mere token departure from 90 °, but instead should be at least 45 ° so as to achieve a significant resistance to water flow over that provided by a radially extending hole ( not shown ). of course , the less such an angle the greater the resistance to fluid flow occurring as the result of the length of the hole 16 . because of manufacturing difficulties it is presently considered that this angle should not normally be less than about 8 ° from the length of the tube although it is possible to form holes having a slightly less angle in a member such as the flange 14 . the precise flow through a hole 16 will also vary depending upon the cross - sectional configuration of this hole 16 . one advantage of the present invention is that it makes it possible to form the hole 16 of a conventional cylindrical cross - sectional configuration using known techniques . thus , satisfactory results can be achieved using a conventional laser to &# 34 ; drill &# 34 ; or burn a substantially cylindrical hole 16 of a desired length in accordance with established practice . if desired , however , the hole 16 can be of a specialized cross - sectional configuration designed to impede or restrict water flow . configurations of this type are shown in the copending u . s . patent application ser . no . 07 / 919 , 750 , filed jul . 27 , 1992 entitled &# 34 ; irrigation tubing with improved discharge holes &# 34 ;. the entire disclosure of this copending application is incorporated herein by reference . the second purpose for the flange 14 is to provide a flange or rib on the exterior of the tube 10 which can be conveniently used in orienting the tube 10 as the holes 16 are being drilled or as the tube 10 is printed or otherwise processed and in orienting the holes 16 so that they are pointed in a desired direction in connection with the discharge of water . this flange 14 is sufficiently large so that it will conveniently fit into a notch or the like to prevent twisting or rotation of the tube 10 as and after it is installed in a specific location . it also is sufficiently large so that it can normally be engaged by a clip or the like for the same purpose . in fig4 and 5 a modified tube 20 in accordance with the invention is shown . this modified tube 20 has a series of flat , relatively rigid , peripheral , elongated panels 22 joined at their adjacent edges 24 by small , flexible , line like areas 26 serving more or less as hinges so as to enable the entire tube to be manipulated between an essentially flat , folded configuration as it is coiled and otherwise manipulated and an open or expanded configuration substantially as illustrated . this type of tube 20 is more fully set forth in the copending u . s . patent application ser . no . 07 / 919 , 751 , filed jul . 27 , 1992 , now u . s . pat . no . 5 , 224 , 796 , entitled &# 34 ; flat sided irrigation tubing &# 34 ;. the entire disclosure of this copending application is incorporated herein by reference . in the tube 20 one of the panels 22 as designated by the numeral 22 &# 39 ; is significantly thicker than the other panels 22 so as to be capable of serving the same function as the flange 14 . another embodiment of this tubing structure is shown in fig6 and 7 . this tubing structure 30 has a cylindrical exterior wall 32 surrounding an eccentric cylindrical interior wall 34 so as to create an elongated , thickened side region 36 which is sufficiently thick so as to be capable of containing an elongated hole 38 corresponding to the hole 16 . this hole 38 preferably is the same as the hole 16 in every respect . in all other ways the tube 30 is the same as a conventional cylindrical plastic or polymer irrigation tube ( not shown ) | 4 |
the individual vehicle identification information used in the present invention may be any unique identifying number ( such as a serial number ) or other indicia associated with a particular automobile , usually affixed to the vehicle by the manufacturer . for example , many automobiles include a “ vehicle identification number ” ( vin ) that is visible from the exterior of the automobile through the lower edge of the windshield . because use of the vin system is extensive on automobiles , it is currently the preferred identification information for use in the present invention . the vin will be frequently referred to herein as the exemplary individual vehicle identification information , but it should be understood that any alternative identification system used regionally or which may supplant the vin system in the future can be used in place of or in addition to the vin system . it should also be apparent that the present invention may be practiced with any product being painted for which an accurate color match is desired . in addition to automobiles , other vehicles such as trucks , motorcycles , boats , airplanes and recreation vehicles sometimes require accurate color matching . but the objects being painted need not be limited to vehicles , nor are repairs the only occasion in which the invention may find utility . the automobile vin is typically ( but not exclusively ) a seventeen character alphanumeric identifier that provides the following information about the vehicle : this information is employed in the present invention to track and to permit modeling of trends in coloration in coating . consequently , the identified trends and models can be used to predict color formulations for use in repair of a vehicle with increased accuracy . although the present invention is described in connection with a vin , any vehicle - specific designation that can be used to identify the location of the vehicle in a production sequence may be used to determine a best match color formulation according to the present invention . one embodiment of a system for implementing the method of the preset invention includes a central computer and a number of remote terminals . the remote terminals include a scanning device for obtaining coloration data , such as without limitation reflectance data , from a painted surface of a vehicle and a vin input device for obtaining a vin number from a vehicle . the remote terminals also include a remote storage means for temporarily storing the obtained data and a communication device , such as a modem , for transmitting the obtained data to the central computer . in this embodiment , the central computer includes one or more input and one or more output ports , which can be the same port ( s ), a processor and software for implementing the paint match according to the method of the present invention . in connection with the central computer is a central storage device by which a database is stored . the database includes data that is used to determine a requested color match . the data transmitted to the central computer can be stored , at least temporarily , on the central storage device or on a secondary central storage device . referring to fig1 , the present invention in its most basic form utilizes a network of remote terminals into which vehicle - specific information is supplied corresponding to the particular vehicle being repaired . fig1 shows a flow diagram of the method of the present invention as used by one such terminal . this vehicle - specific information , particularly in the case of an automobile , may include the vin number for that automobile , which may be manually input or scanned into the remote terminal in step 10 . additionally , paint color data is input into the remote terminal by scanning a sample of the paint to be matched with an appropriate color - measuring device ( e . g ., a spectrophotometer ) in step 12 . the remote terminals may store the information temporarily . in step 14 , the information on the vin and paint color is transmitted to the central computer . a best match paint formulation is determined by a paint matching process that may be performed in the remote terminal but preferably is performed in a central computer in step 16 . when the paint matching process is performed at the central computer , the vehicle - specific information is also transmitted to the central computer . the central computer determines the best match and then forwards the best match paint formulation to the remote terminal . the vehicle - specific information is matched by comparing information parsed from the vin number with paint formulation information and physical data stored in connection with vin information for other vehicles in a storage device , such as a hard drive . the storage device is connected to or integral with the remote terminal or the central computer . a paint formulation is recalled by this process and communicated to the user of the reading device . if no close vin number is identified , the paint formulation can be interpolated or extrapolated based upon scanned physical data for known paint formulations that are stored in the database . in making a decision on the propriety of a match , the central computer weighs differentially the data provided in the vin number and the scanned data to provide an accurate match . greater weight is given to the vin information when there is one or more close vin numbers stored in the database . once the best match paint formulation is communicated to a remote user by an output device in step 20 , such as a display or a printer , the user prepares the specified paint formulation and the vehicle is repaired . the amount of paint used by a paint shop in repairing a vehicle can be monitored in step 22 with a smart scale which confirms the weight of the components used to prepare the paint , the accuracy of the formula and monitors the inventory of paint components at the repair shop . when the paint has cured or dried , the repaired area of the vehicle is scanned by the color measuring device in step 24 , color data regarding the newly painted area is transmitted to the central computer in step 26 , and the accuracy of the match is determined by comparing the first set of color data ( from the original paint ) with the color data scanned from the repaired paint area in step 28 . if the match is accurate ( within a pre - determined range of accuracy ), the vehicle identifying information and the corresponding paint formulation are recorded in the database for use in future matches . if the match is not accurate , the data is applied to a correction algorithm to improve future matches involving the same family of vehicles . more weight can be given to paint formulations stored in the database in connection with vins having a close production sequence number to the production sequence number parsed from the vin of the vehicle to be repaired . the steps , components and operation of the present invention are described in further detail hereinafter . the remote terminal used in steps 10 and 20 comprises a paint scanning device , for example , without limitation , a spectrophotometer or calorimeter , a vehicle identifying input device , one or more input and output ports ( i / o ports ) and a remote storage means . the remote terminals can be located at a large variety of vehicle repair shops that are geographically remote from each other , world - wide , with no theoretical limit to their number . this number can be substantial considering the large number of body shops , world - wide . all reading devices are in communication with a central computer . the means by which each reading device communicates with the central computer may vary and is limited only by the number of available means by which one computer can communicate with another . the communication can be , without limitation , direct through a local area network ( lan ) or other direct hard - wired communication systems , over a wide area network ( wan ), through a modem over standard telephone lines or by wireless communication through cellular telephone networks , or otherwise or through a variety of combinations of these or other known computer communication methods , including the global computer communications network referred to as the internet . encryption may be employed to preserve the confidentiality of proprietary information . a typical paint scanning device used in step 10 is a handheld device that includes a device that measures the reflectance of a paint sample over the visible spectrum ( about 300 - 700 nm ). the measurement can be made at a number of angles ( i . e ., 3 - 5 different angles ). optionally , other physical data regarding the original finish of the vehicle can be measured by separate devices , such as gloss ( i . e ., at 60 degrees ), depth of image and orange peel . these separate devices may be integrated into a single unit . the paint scanning device , the vehicle identifying input device , the i / o ports and the remote storage device may be provided as separate units in communication with , or capable of communication with each other , or they may be partially or completely integrated into one or more units , such as a handheld unit . this data obtained by the paint scanner and the vehicle identifying input device is stored in memory ( i . e ., random access memory , ram ) or in a storage device , collectively termed a “ remote storage means ,” in the remote terminal . the remote storage means can be integral with the reader or provided as a separate device in direct local communication with the reader , such as a personal computer or another stand - alone storage device . paint scanners ( i . e ., colorimeters ) and vehicle identifying input devices ( i . e ., alphanumeric keyboards or keypads ) are available commercially and can be custom designed to fit into a single handheld device . non - limiting examples of paint scanners are described in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 771 , 580 and 4 , 853 , 879 . storage devices include any device that can store computer information either temporarily or permanently . such devices include , without limitation , hard drives , diskettes , cd - roms , dvd roms , magnetic tapes , high capacity removable disks and other magnetic or optical storage devices onto which computer data may be temporarily or permanently recorded and read at a later time . the vehicle identifying information is provided in step 20 by a vehicle identifying input device . the vehicle identifying input device can be either a scanner for scanning the vehicle identifying information as an image , an alphanumeric keypad or keyboard , other input device compatible with the particular vehicle identifying system . the keypad or the vehicle identifying scanner can be integral with or separate from the reader . if the vehicle identifying information is to be scanned as an image , a simple scanner can be provided , either integral with the reader , or as a separate device . optical character recognition ( ocr ) software or firmware ( collectively , an “ ocr converter ”) can be provided at each remote location to convert the scanned image of the vehicle identifying information to computer recognizable text , such as ascii text or rich text . the ocr converters can be any computer process that converts a scanned image of a number or a letter into a text character that is recognizable by a computer , such as ascii text . alternatively , the conversion of the vehicle identifying image to text can be performed by the central computer . rather than providing the ocr converter at each remote location , the central computer houses the ocr converter . in this embodiment , the vehicle identifying image is forwarded intact to the central computer , which converts the vehicle identifying image to text . although in this embodiment more data would be transferred from the remote storage to the central computer , this option may be more cost - effective than providing each reader with an ocr converter . after the vehicle identifying information and physical color data are scanned into the remote terminal and the vehicle - specific information is transferred into the remote storage means , it is compared to data retrievable by the central computer and a first best match paint formulation is provided to the user at the remote location . the first best match paint formulation can be determined either locally at the remote terminal or ( preferably ) in a central computer . when the determination of a best match paint formulation is to be made at the central computer , the vehicle - specific information is communicated to the central computer , where the match is determined and the formulation is communicated to the remote terminal for use by the user . alternatively , the best match paint formulation is determined at the remote terminal and match information is transmitted to the central computer once the accuracy of the match is determined . in this embodiment , each remote terminal would be connected to the database of paint formulations stored in connection with vehicle identifying information and the database at the remote terminal is updated at fixed intervals . the update could be automatic and could be performed after working hours so as to not interfere with operation of the remote terminal during work hours . the central computer comprises one or more input ports by which data is uploaded from the remote reading devices and / or from other sources , a processor , one or more data storage devices and one or more output ports by which data can be downloaded to the remote reading devices and / or to other locations . the central computer can be a personal computer , a mainframe - type computer , or any type of computer or computer network , so long as it can process data and communicate at a satisfactory rate . the processing and storage capacity of the central computer will therefore depend upon the number of remote reading devices and the level of their activity . the input and output port ( s ) can be the same or different device ( s ) and communicate with the remote reading devices or other devices or locations by the variety of methods described above . the data storage device ( s ) of the central computer includes a database that comprises the paint matching data . the paint matching data comprises paint formulations , vehicle identifying data , physical paint data , which can include one or more of reflectance data , gloss data , depth of image data and orange peel data and data received from remote reading devices . other data may be present , such as data or constants that would enable the processes used to generate paint matches and statistical data that can be used by the administrator of the paint matching system to evaluate the accuracy of the paint matching processes . it must be recognized that database structures differ as well as the manner in which each given database searches and stores data . the data described herein need not be stored in separate tables or records , or in any particular form so long as the processes of the computer can achieve the described processes . the processes described herein are non - limiting examples with respect to a standard database structure . the manner of establishing the relationship between data is not as critical as the fact that the relationships are established . the following non - limiting description is described in reference to a typical relational database structure in which data is stored in tables and relationships are established between the data in the tables . in one embodiment of the present invention , paint formulation tables include a list of ingredients that are combined to create a specifically colored paint . the ingredients comprise base paints and tinting compositions that impart a desired color to the paint . other ingredients may be added , depending upon the nature of the paint . such other ingredients include , without limitation , reflective pigments ( i . e ., metallic flakes ) other special effect pigments ( i . e ., pearlescent ) and gloss enhancers . thus , the paint formulation table may include the formulation for a given matching color . the vehicle identifying data table ( s ) comprise at least one table which includes unique , vehicle - specific identification data ( e . g ., vin numbers ). because certain characters in a vin number have greater relation than others to the color of the vehicle and to color trending ; such as , without limitation , the assembly plant and the production sequence number , these data may be parsed automatically and stored in separate tables of fields . however , these data need not be broken out into separate fields to achieve the purpose of the present invention because a process can be applied that can parse the total vin number for pertinent data . the paint formulation tables are related to physical data tables based upon actual physical readings from surfaces coated ( finished ) with the paint product of the paint formulation . the vehicle identifying table ( s ) are related to the physical data tables and the paint formulation tables . these relationships are based upon readings taken from actual vehicles . in this embodiment , the central computer is configured with software to implement a process that enables the computer to match paint . when information is received from a remote terminal , it is stored in the central computer in one or more tables . all information received regarding one vehicle is stored in relationship to the vehicle identifying information . once data is received from the remote reading device , the vehicle identifying information that describes some or all of the vehicle &# 39 ; s make , model , year , line , series , body type and assembly plant is matched with vehicle identifying information stored on the central computer to retrieve a first set of matches . the physical data received from the remote reading device , especially the reflectance data , is used to narrow the first set of matches to a second set of matches which optimally contains only those vehicles with the same general paint color ( the manufacturer &# 39 ; s designated colors , such as those designated by oem code numbers , hereinafter “ oem colors ”). alternately , the data indicating which vehicles in a production sequence are colored each manufacturer &# 39 ; s designated color may be obtained from a manufacturer , since manufacturers typically paint vehicles in batches . manufacturers &# 39 ; data preferably is transmitted to the central computer in step 30 from vehicle manufacturers and paint manufacturers world - wide . at this point , the computer process determines a paint match from the second set of data that is limited by vehicle identifying information and oem color . an example of such a matching operation is as follows . first , if a vin production sequence number in the second set of matching paint formulations is sufficiently “ close ” to the production sequence number downloaded from the remote reader , the paint formulation corresponding to the stored close production sequence number is recommended , provided that the physical data stored in connection with the paint formulation matches the physical data obtained from the remote location . if a “ close ” production sequence number is not available , the formulation is interpolated or extrapolated from paint formulations for other production sequence number in the same production sequence . lastly , if the paint formulation cannot be interpolated or extrapolated with a predetermined degree of statistical confidence , the paint physical data is used to match the paint by matching or by extrapolation or interpolation . in the first step , if the production sequence number of the received vin is close to that of a vin stored on the central computer , the paint formulation which is related to the stored vin number is considered to be a best match . a “ close ” production sequence number may be within a designated production sequence number unit or can be expressed as a percentage of the total vehicles in a given production sequence . the total number of automobiles in any given production sequence is broadly available from manufacturers and / or from vin searching agencies . it should be recognized that the degree of color trending for a given production series at a given manufacturing facility can vary little or greatly . a close production sequence number for one production series may not be considered close for another . literally , a close match is a match that would be considered acceptable to a vehicle owner , and relates to the inability to discern by eye the differences between the vehicle &# 39 ; s original paint and the matching paint . thus , the measurable physical parameters between matching paints for two vehicles with “ close ” vins should not differ significantly . consequently , one sub - process that can be integrated with the matching process would vary the value for “ closeness ” for any production sequence to account for the degree of trending of color in a production series . for instance , the default setting for a production series may consider a close vin as one having a production sequence number within a certain number of vehicles . if , over time , there is no color trending seen in the entire production sequence , as determined by either the received color data or the formulation data , the limit for “ close ” vehicles could be expanded to a larger number of units . if , on the other hand , color trending is seen which is discernable in vehicles with production sequence numbers differing by fewer units than the default , the limit for “ close ” vehicles can be narrowed . the software for determining a “ match ” can be any software program that is capable of matching two data sets and determining whether certain records in one data falls within predetermined ranges , for example and without limitation , lookup functions . the ranges can be set manually by an operator or can be determined statistically . each parameter can be weighted differently and / or matched in different sequences . for instance , when matching vin information , the world manufacturer identifier might be matched exactly , as might the line , series , body type , model year and assembly plant data . the production sequence numbers could be matched within a predetermined range , within a percentage of the total number of vehicles manufactured in the same production series of vehicles or manufactured within the same fixed time period . in either case , a sub - process may be made available to calculate the “ closeness ” of the match of the production sequence numbers . if the matching criterion for the production sequence numbers is based upon a fixed time period , a sub - process must be available which identifies which production sequence numbers were manufactured within the given fixed time period . the production information necessary to run such a sub - process can be obtained from a manufacturer . the second step of the matching process could optionally be reserved for instances in which the database contains insufficiently “ close ” individual vehicle information for that particular model , or it may be performed in each color matching cycle , or performed only for selected vehicle groups . this process involves interpolation or extrapolation of paint formulations from known matching formulations . typically , in such a case most of the vin information would match exactly , but the production sequence number would not fall within an acceptable “ close ” range . in such a case , the paint formulations corresponding to other production sequence numbers in the same production sequence can be used to generate a new formulation by interpolation and / or extrapolation of values for each ingredient in the formulation based on the amount of ingredients in the other formulations in the same production sequence . optionally , chromaticity values for each tinting composition can be drawn upon to determine the best match color formulation . the interpolated or extrapolated formulation can be obtained by implementing interpolation or extrapolation functions that are commercially available in common spreadsheet or database programs . the interpolations are typically obtained by generating a series of curves ( i . e ., best fit lines ) which relate production sequence number to the amount of each toner ( pigment ) or other ingredient , such as metallic flakes , used in a given formulation and determining the amount of each ingredient for the production sequence number of the vehicle to be matched . chromaticity values for tinting compositions can be considered in this process . more than one flanking formulation can be considered in generating the best fit curve for each ingredient of the formulations . paint formulations can also be extrapolated . extrapolation is necessary in two instances . first , if the production sequence number of the vehicle to be matched is greater than or less than that of all formulations represented in the database for a production series , the formulation values must be extrapolated . second , in the case where the production sequence number of the vehicle to be matched falls between two related production sequence numbers in the database , one or more different ingredients may have been used in the formulations . by generating best fit curves both for those production sequence numbers lower than and / or higher than the production sequence number of the vehicle to be matched , the amount of each ingredient can be extrapolated with reasonable accuracy . for the purposes of the present invention , a best fit curve for each ingredient can be a line or a more complex relationship . the limits to the complexity of the curve can be preset by the operator to optimize the speed of the system and the accuracy of the prediction . in certain cases , a production sequence might not be represented by a paint formulation , or a formulation might not be determinable to a predetermined degree of statistical significance by interpolation or extrapolation . in such a case , the process would use the physical data obtained from the vehicle to be matched and would provide a formulation to best match the physical data according to known approaches . the matching sub - process might be similar to that process for matching formulations based upon the production sequence number , but would consider the physical data as well as the vin information in determining a match . the logic of this process would be the same as the process for matching the formulations based upon physical data , but would use reflectance data , and / or other physical parameters to determine flanking formulations . other processes and apparatuses are available to calculate matches based upon physical data alone , such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 997 , 522 . matching by physical parameters might only be relied upon in determining a match when there is insufficient data to determine the match based upon the vin information . when the match determination is made based upon the vin information , the physical parameters can be used only to limit the formulations under consideration to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s designated color . however , in one embodiment , the paint formulations provided by the paint matching process may be compared to paint formulations based upon measured physical parameters and weighted variably in calculating a match . the greater the number of vin data points and the closer the proximity of the production sequence numbers of the vin data points to the production sequence number of the vehicle under repair , the greater the weight given to the paint formulation calculated by the vin information . however , when there are less vin data points , the physical data may be relied upon more heavily to determine the paint formulation . statistical sub - processes may be employed to determine the potential accuracy of the paint formulation based upon the vin information and , depending upon predetermined criteria , the respective weighting of the vin information and physical parameters , paint formulations can be determined automatically . once a matching formulation is determined by the central computer , it is communicated back to the remote terminal . the formulation can be displayed on a visual display connected to , or integral with , the reading device or it can be printed by a printing device connected to , or integral with , the reading device . by the phrase “ connected to ” it is understood that the “ connected ” devices are in communication with each other by one of many means known in the art , whether “ wired ” or “ wireless ”. for instance and without limitation , if the display and / or the printing device are provided separately from the reading device , they can be connected to the reading device by parallel or serial communication , ethernet , firewire , usb , scsi , infrared or other communication means or interfaces . at this point , the remote user can prepare a paint sample according to the provided formulation and the paint sample can be applied to the vehicle . once the matching paint is applied to the vehicle , irrespective of whether or not a visual match is made , the user again reads the vin and the physical parameters of the repaired surface . the remote terminal might be configured to require input of a vin every time a scan is made of the paint . this data is then communicated to the central computer where it is compared to the original physical parameters measured from the same vehicle in step 12 . if the physical data sets match with a preset degree of correlation , then the formulation , vin information and physical data can be entered into the database for use in future matches . if the correlation between the physical data is imperfect , or if upon visual inspection of the repair the remote user indicates that a match is not perfect , then the match formulation , vin information excluding the production sequence number and physical data for that formulation are stored in the database . this results in a data set that is useful when matching , interpolating or extrapolating a paint formulation based upon physical parameters , but not in matching based upon production sequence number . the software in the central computer may be refined to provide a match based on the most popular variant of oe color ( a shift from an original color ). in cases where the match cannot be made with any statistical confidence , the paint can be applied to an appropriate test surface or only a small portion of the test vehicle prior to painting the entire surface of the vehicle that must be painted . the application of the paint to a test surface may be recommended automatically by the central computer in situations where the paint formulation is determined by interpolation and / or extrapolation , and especially where a predetermined level of statistical confidence in the match cannot be met . the remeasurement of the physical parameters of the painted surface after application of the recommended paint formulation is not an automatic process . the remote user must physically measure the painted surface with the reading device . as such , the central computer can record instances of when a remote user measures the repaired surface and tallies these instances . the provider of the paint matching services can then track these instances and can reward the remote user with rebates and / or product credits for taking the time to measure the painted surface , rather than simply accepting that the paints match visually . an additional process can be integrated with the paint matching and verification processes that identifies data points and data contributed by each individual remote user . every time a remote user communicates with the central computer , a user identification code can be communicated to the central computer and every data point or record contributed by that user can be tagged with that user &# 39 ; s identification code . by this process , the central computer can identify data points that correlate with other data points or data curves to a certain degree of confidence . if a particular user &# 39 ; s ( either a particular person or repair facility ) data points vary too greatly and / or too regularly , the provider of the paint matching services can be notified and field representatives can be sent to the remote user &# 39 ; s facility to determine whether the statistical deviation is due to user error or to equipment malfunction . the equipment can then be repaired or the user trained . the tracking by user can be used as a method for implementing a certification program for technicians and / or facilities . an additional process in optional step 32 can be integrated with the paint matching processes to identify manufacturer &# 39 ; s designated colors that are difficult to match over time . this additional process would identify such colors by measuring the correlation between the original paint physical data and the physical data for the matching paint . if the correlation between the original and the matching paint falls below a predetermined threshold , a predetermined percentage of time ( e . g ., correlation coefficient of less than 0 . 8 ), the provider of the paint matching service can be notified and appropriate research can be conducted in step 34 to determine how to measure that paint accurately or whether to reformulate a color formula and / or recall that color formula in step 36 . the accumulation of data points in any given production sequence benefits future users of the system because the greater the number of data points , the greater the confidence of the matches based primarily upon vin information . therefore , when the system is first set up , based upon known data points either gathered in the field or determined in the laboratory , more extrapolation and / or interpolation will be conducted than later when the database “ matures ”. when many data points are available for a given production sequence , certain statistically disparate data points can be ignored and , thus , the accuracy of matching will increase with the system &# 39 ; s maturity . as such , for many product lines a “ perfect ” match can be ensured . it may be noted that paint application techniques can affect the appearance of the color of a repainted surface . therefore , “ matching ” as used herein , is not intended to mean that an absolutely perfect match can be guaranteed , since there are variable factors beyond the control of the color matching system . it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description . such modifications are to be considered as included within the following claims unless the claims , by their language , expressly state otherwise . accordingly , the particular embodiments described in detail herein are illustrative only and are not limiting to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof . | 8 |
fig1 - 3 illustrate a multi - pharmaceutical storage , mixing and dispensing vial 2 including a container assembly 4 housed within a housing 6 . housing 6 includes a generally cylindrical , hollow cap assembly 8 rotatably mounted to a base 10 . container assembly 4 includes a cup - shaped container 12 , preferably made of glass , having an open end 14 and a closed end 16 . open end 14 has a lip 18 . container 12 has an inner wall 20 defining an upper cylindrical wall portion 22 and a lower cylindrical wall portion 24 . wall portion 22 is a somewhat larger diameter than wall portion 24 , the two wall portions being joined at a ledge 26 . an elastomeric seal ring 28 is positioned snugly against upper cylindrical wall portion adjacent ledge 26 . seal ring 28 is made from a pharmaceutical compatible material , such as 50 durometer silicone rubber . elastomeric seal ring 28 has a central hole 30 in which the distal end 32 and of a plug 34 is lodged . in the as - shipped , pre - use condition of fig1 and 3 , plug 34 and seal ring 28 act as a fluid seal or barrier 37 in container 12 . fluid passage through hole 30 is provided by pushing on an extension 36 of plug 34 so to overlap axial slots 38 with hole 30 . in this position , plug 34 is still retained within seal ring 28 , but fluid passage through hole 30 is achieved . plug 34 / extension 36 is made from a lubricous material , to minimize friction within hole 30 , such as ptfe . this movement of plug extension 36 and plug 34 is discussed below . container assembly 4 also includes an elastomeric convex septum 40 having a periphery 42 that engages open end 14 and around lip 18 of container 12 . septum 42 is made from a pharmaceutical compatible material , such as 60 durometer silicone rubber . septurn 42 is secured in place by a metal , preferably aluminum , retaining band 44 . septum 40 has a convex central portion 46 and a needle - pierceable region 48 at the center of central portion 46 . portion 48 is slightly dished to help in the insertion of a needle cannula , not shown , through septurn 40 at portion 48 . septum 40 and inner wall 20 define a sealed interior 52 of container assembly 4 . barrier 37 separates sealed interior 52 into a first or upper interior region 54 between septum 40 and barrier 37 and a second or lower interior region 56 defined between barrier 37 and closed end 16 of container 12 . first and second pharmaceutical components 58 , 60 are housed within first and second interior regions 54 , 56 , respectively . in the disclosed embodiment , first pharmaceutical component is a liquid and second pharmaceutical component is dry . however , both pharmaceutical components could be liquids , the dry pharmaceutical component could be a slurry and the locations of the liquid and dry pharmaceutical components in the first and second housings could be reversed . dry pharmaceutical component 60 is an lyophilized pharmaceutical component . container 12 could be used to create the lyophilized component . this is done by adding an appropriate amount of a liquid or slurry pharmaceutical component used to create second , dry component 60 . the container 12 is then placed in the lyophilization oven and the volatile components are driven off until a suitably dried second pharmaceutical component 60 is achieved . container assembly 4 can then be assembled , adding first pharmaceutical component 58 to first interior region 54 after installing barrier 37 and just prior to sealing open end 14 with septum 40 and retaining band 44 . a user could , if desired , dislodge plug 34 from hole 30 by simply pressing on needle - pierceable portion 48 of septum 40 . this would drive plug extension 36 and thus plug 34 away from convex septum 40 until axial slots 38 are aligned with hole 30 . this alignment , as shown in fig3 a , permits the liquid first pharmaceutical component 58 to flow into second interior region 56 and mix with second pharmaceutical component 60 . due in part to the natural resilience of septum 40 , septum 40 returns to its normal , convex shape , see fig3 b , once released by the user . once components 58 , 60 are suitably mixed , user can then invert container assembly 4 and access the interior 52 using a needle cannula of a syringe to pierce portion 48 of septurn 40 in a conventional manner . since septum 40 returns to its pre - use condition , an overpressure within sealed interior 52 is eliminated . housing 6 is used for several purposes . it provides a physical protection to container 12 , helping to protect the container against physical damage . housing 6 also covers and thus provides a needle cannula shield to prevent the premature access by a needle cannula into sealed interior 52 prior to mixing . housing 6 also provides a mechanical advantage for the user in driving plug 34 partly through hole 30 of seal ring 28 . base 10 , typically polycarbonate , includes a support surface 62 against which closed end 16 of container 12 rests . support surface 62 is surrounded by an annular space 64 . an outer surface 66 of base 10 partly defines annular space 64 . surface 66 has a number of openings 67 partly bounded by cam ramped surfaces 68 formed in outer surface 66 and used for purposes described below . base 10 also has numerous cut - outs 70 along its lower edge to enhance gripping by the user . cap assembly 8 includes a generally cylindrical upper housing 72 , also typically made of polycarbonate , having externally extending ramped camming lugs 74 configured to fit within openings 67 in outer surface 66 . a number of axially extending slots 78 are formed at lower end 76 of housing 72 to facilitate assembly . slots 78 permit lower end 76 to be deflected inwardly when inserting lower end 76 into annular space 64 and then permit segments of the lower end defined between slots 78 to spring outwardly with ramped camming lug 74 engaged within openings 67 formed in surface 66 . the upper end 80 of upper housing 72 is closed except for a central opening 82 sized and positioned to accept needle pierceable portion 48 of septum 40 . upper end 80 includes a ledge 84 and a slightly concave portion 86 within which central opening 82 is formed . cap assembly 8 also includes a needle cannula shield 88 which is made of a material resistant to puncture by a needle cannula , typically aluminum . shield 88 has a periphery 90 sized to fit snugly , but not with a force fit , against a circumferential shoulder 92 adjacent ledge 84 . shield 88 includes a pin 94 extending downwardly through a corresponding hole 96 in ledge 84 . twisting the two components of housing 6 , that is cap assembly 8 and base 10 , relative to one another , causes upper housing 72 to move downwardly , that is in the direction of arrow 98 in fig3 relative to base 10 through the engagement of lugs 74 with ramped surfaces 68 . this action forces convex central portion 46 of septum 40 in the direction of arrow 98 primarily due to the engagement of concave portion 86 of upper end 80 of upper housing 72 . such axial movement almost immediately causes portion 46 of septum 40 to engage the upper end 50 of plug extension 36 , thus forcing plug 34 in the direction of arrow 98 . this movement causes that portion of plug 34 containing axial slots 38 to be captured within hole 30 of ring 28 , thus permitting first pharmaceutical component 58 to now drain down into and mix with second pharmaceutical component 60 through the now breached barrier 37 . see fig3 a . movement of cap assembly 8 in the direction of arrow 98 also causes distal end 100 of pin 94 to engage retaining band 44 of container assembly 4 , thus forcing pin 94 through hole 96 . the initial movement pin 94 within hole 96 is relatively unrestricted by the pin in the hole ; the pin , over most of its length , is undersized relative to the hole . however , the distal end 100 of pin 94 is slightly larger to create a snug fit of pin 94 within hole 96 . thus , as base 10 and upper housing 72 are rotated relative to one another , thus driving upper housing 72 in the direction of arrow 98 relative to base 10 , while holding vial 2 at an angle to the vertical , causes shield 88 to swing out of the way , thus uncovering needle - pierceable portion 48 of septum 40 during the initial portion of the movement . at the end of the movement of upper housing 72 relative to base 10 , the enlarged distal end 100 of pin 94 becomes snugly engaged within hole 96 so to maintain shield 88 in this septum - exposed position as shown in fig3 b . the nesting of periphery 90 of shield 88 within an annular region defined by shoulder 92 and ledge 84 helps prevent inadvertent or premature removal of shield 88 . however , after vial 2 has been activated by rotating base 10 relative to upper housing 72 , portion 48 of septum 40 is very accessible for cleaning , such as by swabbing with alcohol , and for access by a needle cannula into sealed interior 52 for access to mixed pharmaceutical 102 . in use , a vial 2 is provided with first and second pharmaceutical components 58 , 60 within interior regions 54 , 56 , such as a human growth hormone or a cytotoxin . to mix the pharmaceutical components , user rotates base 10 relative to upper housing 72 causing upper housing to move in the direction of arrow 98 relative to base 10 . this forces concave portion 86 against convex central portion 46 of septum 40 , thus driving plug 34 in the direction of arrow 98 and opening up fluid passageways between regions 54 , 56 along slots 38 . the movement of upper housing 72 towards base 10 also pops away shield 88 , thus exposing needle - pierceable portion 48 of septum 40 . with needle shield 88 pivoted out of the way , user can clean portion 48 , invert vial 2 , pass a needle cannula through portion 48 of septum 40 and withdraw the desired amount of the mixed pharmaceutical 102 . as shown in fig4 plug extension 36a could have a hollow interior 104 and could be sized to normally rest against septum 40 when in the pre - use condition of fig1 and 3 so that the interior is isolated from the first region 54 . this permits hollow interior 104 of plug extension 36a to house a third pharmaceutical component which would mix with the first and second pharmaceutical components 58 , 60 , when the vial is inverted as shown in fig3 b for a two - component pharmaceutical . the third pharmaceutical will flow out of the interior 104 and mix with the first and second components 58 , 60 . barrier 37 has been shown as including elastomeric seal ring 28 and plug 34 . other types of rupturable barriers can be used as well . a thin , taut elastomeric diaphragm could be used as a barrier with an axial extension of the septum extending towards the barrier with the tip of the extension positioned a short distance from the taut membrane . the tip of the septum extension could be sharpened so that , when it touches the taut membrane , the membrane ruptures providing a large opening between the two interior regions with little force and little movement . also , a solid , brittle barrier with a notched or weakened region could be used ; when the tip of a septum extension or some other mechanical coupler pushes against the brittle barrier , the barrier breaks , opening a pathway between the interior regions . the present invention provides a significant advantage by using convex septum 40 ; after mixing , any overpressure in septum 52 is eliminated since the septum returns to its premixed condition . however , the invention could be used with an axially moveable piston 106 in place of the septum . see fig5 . the piston would be mechanically coupled to a barrier so that only a small movement of the piston would cause the barrier to breached . thus , rather than relying on a pneumatic pressure increase created by movement of the piston , the distance the piston must move can be minimized and still cause the rupture or other breach of the barrier so that only a small overpressure may be created . also , in appropriate circumstances , the septum could be a flat septum which returns to its original flat configuration after the barrier has been breached . this may , however , dictate a relatively short distance of movement by the septum to create a breached barrier . other modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed embodiments without deviating from the subject of the invention as defined in the following claims . | 0 |
as indicated above , zeolite materials which may be modified in accordance with the process disclosed herein to produce ideal desiccants are those materials having an initial molar ratio of silica to alumina of at least about 3 and a pore diameter of from about 4 to about 10 angstroms , more preferably from about 5 to about 8 angstroms . these are materials which in their &# 34 ; as synthesized &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; as purchased &# 34 ; form yield an extreme type i isotherm when the isothermal properties are evaluated , as illustrated in fig3 but which may be chemically and structurally tailored in accordance with the processes hereinafter described to provide the ideal isotherm having an isothermal separation factor within the range of from about 0 . 07 to about 0 . 1 , as also illustrated in fig3 . the aluminosilicates treated in accordance with the invention include a wide variety of aluminosilicates , both natural and synthetic , which have an amorphous or crystalline structure . these aluminosilicates can be described as a three dimensional framework of sio 4 and alo 4 tetrahedra in which the tetrahedra are cross - linked by the sharing of oxygen atoms whereby the ratio of the total aluminum and silicon atoms to oxygen atoms is 1 : 2 . in their hydrated form the aluminosilicates may be represented by the formula : ## equ2 ## wherein m is a cation which balances the electrovalence of the tetrahedra , n represents the valence of the cation , w is the moles of sio 2 , and y the moles of h 2 o . the cation may be any or more of a number of metal ions depending on whether the aluminosilicate is synthesized or occurs naturally . typical cations include sodium , lithium , potassium , silver , magnesium , calcium , zinc , barium , iron , manganese , and other cations as known in the art . the cation may also include hydrogen ions , or ammonium ions which may be subsequently thermally decomposed to form the hydrogen ion form of the aluminosilicate . the cation may also include mixtures of two or more of the ions recited above . the degree of hydration of the aluminosilicate may be such that y in the above formula ranges from 0 to about 30 . hydrated aluminosilicates wherein y ranges from about 20 to about 30 are more preferred . the most preferred aluminosilicate starting materials are crystalline materials having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 4 , and more preferably from about 4 to about 20 . the higher the initial ratio of silica to alumina within this range , the more heat stable the zeolite and the less rigorous will be the dealuminization treatment required to achieve the reduction in polarity needed to approach the ideal isotherm properties . examples of suitable natural and synthetic alumino silicates which may be employed as the starting material for the purposes of this invention include synthetic zeolites designated as zeolites y , l3y , hydrated na - y , 100 zeolon na , 100 zeolon h , and naturally occurring aluminosilicates such as erionite , mordenite and clinoptilolite . examples of particularly preferred zeolite starting materials are listed in table 1 below . table 1__________________________________________________________________________ charge pore - size * balancing sio . sub . 2 / al . sub . 2 o . sub . 3 ( angstroms ) zeolites sources cations ratio ( approx . ) __________________________________________________________________________y pq corporation / na . sup .+, h . sup .+, nh . sub . 4 . sup .+ 3 . 0 - 6 . 0 8 union carbidezeolon na pq corporation / na . sup .+ 11 . 2 7 nortonzeolon h pq corporation / h . sup .+ 11 . 2 8 nortonerionite naturally occurring ca . sup . 2 +, mg . sup . 2 +, na . sup .+, k . sup .+ 6 - 8 5 ( minerals research ) mordenite naturally occurring na . sup .+, ca . sup . 2 +, k . sup .+ 8 . 3 - 10 7 ( minerals research ) clinoptilolite naturally occurring na . sup .+, k . sup .+, ca . sup . 2 +, mg . sup . 2 + 8 . 5 - 10 . 5 5 ( minerals research ) __________________________________________________________________________ * pore - size depends on cation saturation dealuminization and hydrogen ion exchange may be accomplished by dispersing particles of the starting aluminosilicate material in an aqueous medium containing an acid or a compound providing a source of ammonium ions , and heating this mixture at a temperature ranging from about 150 ° to 220 ° f . for a period of time sufficient to exchange as much of the original metal cation as possible with protons or ammonium ions . where the ion exchange medium is a protonic acid , the treatment simultaneously leaches aluminum from the polymorphic structure thereby reducing the polarity of the aluminosilicate . where the ion exchange medium is a source of ammonium ions , the treatment initially replaces the original cation with ammonium ions . subsequent heating of the ammonium exchanged material at temperatures within the range of 400 ° to 800 ° c . and preferably in a high moisture environment ( steam ) decomposes at least a portion of the ammonium form to the hydrogen form . the proton in turn attacks the aluminum present in the structure , and leaches it out . the steaming process also tends to solubilize a portion of the sio 2 to the amorphous form allowing it to migrate and occupy the positions in the tetrahedra previously occupied by aluminum . a final calcination step at temperatures of from 400 ° to 1000 ° c . converts essentially all of the residual ammonium complex to the hydrogen form . the concentration of acid present in the aqueous solution may vary between about 0 . 1 to about 20 molar , more preferably from 0 . 1 to 12 molar where the acid is a strong acid . the amount of acid should be in excess of the amount which would be theoretically required to exchange all of the original cations present in the aluminosilicate with protons , even though in many cases it is not possible to exchange 100 % of these original cations . expressed on the basis of moles of acid per mole of aluminum present in the zeolite , the preferred acid concentration ranges from about 0 . 5 to about 1 . 0 moles of acid per mole of aluminum . where the ion exchange material is a source of ammonium ions , the concentration of the ion exchange material in aqueous solution may be within the range of from about 0 . 5 to 2 molar and is preferably at least equivalent to the theoretical amount required to exchange all of the original cations present in the original aluminosilicate with ammonium ions , more preferably from about 3 to 10 times the amount so required . the concentration of aluminosilicate contacted with the ion exchange solution may generally range from about 1 to about 25 % by weight , more preferably from about 2 to 15 % by weight . in many instances , particularly involving ammonium exchange , a single ion exchange treatment is not sufficient to produce the desired degree of exchange and dealumination . the exchange process must therfore be repeated for a number of cycles , generally ranging from 2 to about 10 total cycles . this may be accomplished by separating the aluminosilicate from the aqueous medium after each treatment , washing it with water and then repeating the ion exchange process with fresh ion exchange solution . treatment times will vary as a function of the nature of the starting zeolite and the identity of the ion exchange material . in general , each treatment cycle is preferably carried out by heating the ion exchange material at reflux for a period of from about 1 to about 6 hours , more preferably from about 2 to about 4 hours . a wide variety of acidic materials may be utilized in the dealuminization / ion exchange process of this invention . these include amine acids such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid ( h 4 edta ) as well as derivatives thereof such as diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid , nitrilotriacetic acid and the like . representative inorganic acids which can be employed include acids such as hydrochloric acid , hypochlorous acid , chloroplatinic acid , sulfuric acid , sulfurous acid , hydrosulfuric acid , peroxydisulfonic acid ( h 2 s 2 o 3 ), peroxymonosulfuric acid ( h 2 so 5 ), dithionic acid ( h 2 s 2 o 6 ), sulfamic acid ( h 2 nso 3 h ), amidodisulfonic acid ( nh ( so 3 h ) 2 ) chlorosulfuric acid , thiocyanic acid , hyposulfurous acid ( h 2 s 2 o 4 ) pyrosulfuric acid ( h 2 s 2 o 7 ), thiosulfuric acid ( h 2 s 2 o 3 ), nitrosulfonic acid ( hso 3 . no ), hydroxylamine disulfonic acid (( hso 3 ) 3 noh ), nitric acid , nitrous acid , hyponitrous acid , carbonic acid and the like . typical organic acids which find utility in the practice of the invention include the monocarboxylic , dicarboxylic and polycarboxylic acids which can be aliphatic , aromatic or cycloaliphatic in nature . representative aliphatic monocarboxylic , dicarboxylic and polycarboxylic acids include the saturated and unsaturated , substituted and unsubstituted acids such as formic acid , acetic acid , bromoacetic acid , propionic acid , 2 - bromopropionic acid , 3 - bromopropionic acid , lactic acid , n - butyric acid , isobutyric acid , crotonic acid , n - valeric acid , isovaleric acid , n - caproic acid , ocnanthic acid , pelargonic acid , capric acid , undecyclic acid , lauric acid , myristic acid , palmitic acid , stearic acid , oxalic acid , malonic acid , succinic acid , glutaric acid , adipic acid , pimelic acid , suberic acid , azelaic acid , sebacic acid , alkylsuccinic acid , alkenylsuccinic acid , maleic acid , fumaric acid , itaconic acid , citraconic acid , mesaconic acid , plutonic acid , muconic acid , ethylidene malonic acid , isopropylidene malonic acid , allyl malonic acid and the like . representative aromatic and cycloaliphatic monocarboxylic , dicarboxylic and polycarboxylic acids include 1 , 2 - cyclohexane - dicarboxylic acid , 1 , 4 - cyclohexane - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - carboxy - 2 - methylcyclohexaneacetic acid , phthalic acid , isophthalic acid , terephthalic acid , 1 , 8 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 1 , 2 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , tetrahydrophthalic acid , 3 - carboxy - cinnamic acid , hydrocinnamic acid , pyrogallic acid , benzoic acid , ortho , meta and para - methyl , hydroxyl , chloro , bromo and nitro - substituted benzoic acids , phenylacetic acid , mandelic acid , benzylic acid , hippuric acid , benzenesulfonic acid , toluenesulfonic acid , methanesulfonic acid and the like . representative ammonium compounds which can be employed include ammonium chloride , ammonium bromide , ammonium iodide , ammonium carbonate , ammonium bicarbonate , ammonium sulfate , ammonium hydroxide , ammonium sulfide , ammonium thiocyanate , ammonium dithiocarbamate , ammonium peroxysulfate , ammonium acetate , ammonium tungstate , ammonium molybdate , ammonium benzoate , ammonium borate , ammonium carbamate , ammonium sesquicarbonate , ammonium chloroplumbate , ammonium citrate , ammonium dithionate , ammonium fluoride , ammonium galate , ammonium nitrate , ammonium nitrite , ammonium formate , ammonium propionate , ammonium butyrate , ammonium valerate , ammonium lacate , ammonium malonate , ammonium oxalate , ammonium palmitate , ammonium tartarate and the like . still other ammonium compounds which can be employed include tetraalkyl and tetraaryl ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide , and trimethylammonium hydroxide . other compounds which can be employed are nitrogen bases such as the salts of guanidine , pyridine , quinoline , etc . the precise process conditions and concentration of ion exchange material in solution required to produce the modified zeolites of this invention having ideal desiccation properties for gas fired cooling systems will vary depending upon the identity of the starting zeolite material and its chemical and physical structure . as illustrated in the following examples , a certain amount of trial and error experimentation within the parameters set forth above may be required to achieve a modified material having the ideal isotherm separation factor of from 0 . 07 to 0 . 1 and a relatively low heat of adsorption within the range of from about 11 to about 13 kcal / mole . in the following examples , the polarity on the zeolite surfaces was reduced by dealuminization of the structure by hcl and h 4 edta exchange , and by nh 4 + exchange followed by steam treatment . since the stability of zeolites towards acid depends on the si / al ratio in the structure , the concentrations and the type of treatments ( whether h 4 edta or hcl ) to be employed depends on the type of zeolite . the preferred concentration of acid may be varied from 0 . 1 to 12 m and may be present at a level of from about 0 . 5 to about 1 . 0 moles per mole of aluminum in the zeolite . the ideal shape of the water isotherms was achieved both without calcination and with samples calcined at 600 ° c ., and for crystalline samples , the x - ray crystallinity was also preserved up to 1000 ° c . ( 1832 ° c .) the adsorption capacities of these materials covers a range from 10 to 40 % on the weight basis of the sample , and in some cases , the capacities were greater than those of the original samples . the amorphous sample was similar to silica gel as seen in x - ray diffractograms , but the micropore structure of the parent zeolite was preserved . this invention thus provides for x - ray amorphous , crystalline and composites of both amorphous and crystalline materials which give moderate type i isotherms for water adsorption . water sorption isotherms were measured by a volumetric method at 20 ° or 25 ° c . using a computer interfaced sorption apparatus , such as a schematically illustrated in fig5 . the molar quantity of water vapor sorption ( n ) by the sample can be calculated on the basis of the ideal gas equation : wherein δ p is the pressure difference in the system , vo is the total volume of the system excluding the sample volume , r is the gas constant , and t is the absolute temperature of the vapor . about 50 - 70 mg of precalcined sample is degassed at 200 ° c . for 5 - 10 hr prior to the sorption measurements . the constant volume in which the sample was exposed to water vapor was about 350 ml . the pressure was recorded by a high - accuracy pressure transducer ( mks instrument , inc ., model 390h ). the equilibrium conditions were defined by the pressure diffrence of 0 . 05 torr during 240 seconds , that is , if the pressure difference during 240 seconds & lt ; 0 . 05 torr , equilibrium was assumed . this setting for equilibrium corresponds to the increase in the sorption amount of & lt ; 20 micrograms in 240 seconds . for desorption measurements , the equilibrium conditions are defined by the pressure difference of 0 . 05 torr in 360 seconds . the apparatus is precise and sensitive , inasmuch as the pressure transducer can detect a pressure difference of + 3 micrograms of water . sorption was measured at 20 °, 30 °, and 40 ° c . for the estimation of the heat of adsorption . the isosteric heat of adsorption ( q st ) is calculated according to the following equation : where p , n , q st and t are the equilibrium pressure , amount of adsorption , isosteric heats of adsorption and absolute temperature ( k ), respectively . the plots of lnp vs . l / t at different amounts of sorption ( n ) showed linear relationships , and the value q st is calculated from the slope of the plot . two grams of zeolite 13y ( sio 2 / al 2 o 3 = 4 . 8 ) were heated at 90 °- 100 ° c . ( 194 °- 212 ° f .) with 40 ml of 0 . 25 and 0 . 5 m hcl respectively for 4 hr . after 4 hr ., the samples were washed 5 times by centrifugation with 35 ml of deionized water . after the last wash , the samples were dried overnight at 60 ° c . ( 140 ° f .). samples were calcined at 200 °- 500 ° c . ( 392 °- 932 ° f .) for 20 hr . and degassed at 200 ° c . ( 392 ° f .) for 4 - 10 hr prior to water adsorption measurements at 20 ° ( 68 ° f .) or 25 ° c . ( 77 ° f .) the adsorption capacities were found to be 27 and 18 - 20 % for 0 . 25 and 0 . 5 m hcl treated samples respectively as compared to 32 % water absorption capacity of the original sample . the water adsorption isotherms of the 0 . 5 m hcl treated sample which was degassed at 300 ° c . ( 572 ° f .) along with the ideal curve are given in fig6 . x - ray data indicated that the sample treated with 0 . 25 m hcl was a composite of both the crystalline and amorphous phase , whereas the sample treated with 0 . 5 m hcl was completely amorphous and was similar to silica gel . scanning electron micrographs showed that the amorphous product preserved the crystal morphology of the original sample . six grams of hydrated nay ( sio 2 / al2o 3 = 5 . 3 ) were slurried in 135 ml of deionized water . to the zeolite - water slurries , various amounts of h 4 edta corresponding to h 4 edta / al molar ratio of x = 0 . 5 , 0 . 6 , 0 . 75 , 0 . 9 , and 1 . 0 were separately added and refluxed for 2 hr ( method a ). in another set of experiments , the zeolite - water - h 4 edta slurry was centrifuged and decanted after refluxing for the first 2 hr . to this solid 135 ml of water was added and the mixture was refluxed for an additional 2 hr . ( method b ). after refluxing , the solids were washed 4 times with deionized water using a centrifuge . the supernantant solutions were collected for the determination of na , al , and si . solids were dried at 60 ° c . overnight . xrd patterns of products prepared by method b using x = 0 . 5 , 0 . 75 , and 0 . 9 are given in fig7 . samples prepared by method a also gave exactly the same xrd patterns for x = 0 . 5 and 0 . 9 as shown in fig7 and gave slightly more crystalline products for x = 0 . 75 compared to the sample prepared using method b . the sample prepared using x = 0 . 5 yielded a crystalline product whereas the sample using x = 0 . 9 yielded a completely amorphous product . calcination of samples x = 0 . 5 at 400 ° c . ( 752 ° f .) prepared by either method did not change their x - ray crystallinity . the amounts of al , na and si ( mmoles / 100g of zeolite ) released as a result of the h 4 edta treatments are shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________method a method bx * al na si al na si______________________________________0 . 5 92 150 24 196 202 470 . 6 nd ** nd nd 248 249 54 0 . 75 288 300 22 304 310 450 . 9 352 357 20 360 347 391 . 0 376 366 19 376 394 45______________________________________ x * = h . sub . 4 edta / al molar ratio ** nd -- not determined as may be seen from table 2 , the amount of al and na extraction increased with increasing x . some si was also released which remained constant with increasing x . these elements were extracted more from samples prepared by method b than in the case of method a . the largest difference was found for x = 0 . 5 . the extraction of na and al by method b for x = 1 . 0 corresponds to 91 and 89 % respectively of the total amount of these ions originally present in the zeolite . water sorption isotherm of the original na - y zeolite starting material is given in fig8 . as expected , this sample exhibited an extreme type i isotherm . isotherms of samples treated with x = 0 . 5 are given in fig9 - 12 . these samples yielded isotherms with separation factors in the range of 0 . 07 - 0 . 1 . samples prepared by method b had larger sorption capacity compared to samples prepared by method a . it is , however , evident that the sample prepared by method b was more sensitive to thermal treatment than the sample prepared by method a ( fig1 and 12 ). water isotherms of the sample x = 0 . 75 and x = 0 . 9 are given in fig1 , 14 , 15 , and 16 respectively . as in the case of x = 0 . 5 , samples prepared by method b gave higher sorption capacity . for x = 0 . 75 , the sample prepared by method a gave slightly better shape than sample prepared by method b . scanning electron micrographs of the original na - y sample before and after treatment with h 4 edta ( x = 0 . 9 ) by method b and by method a shows that the surface morphology of these two samples are very similar , indicating that the crystal - like morphology is maintained in the treated sample , even though the latter sample is amorphous to x - ray . isosteric heat of the sample , x = 0 . 9 prepared by method a is given in fig1 . this sample gave a low heat of adsorption which is close to latent heat of vaporization . ( 9 . 7 kcal / mole ) and heat of liquefication ( 10 . 6 kcal / mole ). estimation of heat of adsorption from bet ` c ` constant for other samples also gave a reasonably low heat of absorption . for example , samples with x = 0 . 5 , 0 . 75 and 0 . 9 prepared by method a gave the net heat of adsorption of 2 . 7 , 2 . 1 , and 1 . 9 kcal / mole , respectively . these values are close to the heat of liquefaction . about eight grams of na - y zeolite ( sio 2 / al 2 o 3 = 5 . 3 ) was slurried in 1 n nh 4 cl solution equivalent to five times the cation exchange capacity ( total na content ) of the zeolite . the slurry was divided and portions were refluxed from one to four times . each reflux treatment was performed for a period of two hours followed by separating the solids by centrifugation . a fresh solution of nh 4 cl was added after each reflux treatment . the excess salts were removed by washing with deionized water and centrifugation at the end of each batch experiment . the nh 4 + exchanged samples were placed separately in a tubular furnace and heated at 600 ° c . for 4 hr . in a steam environment . to exchange a very high amount of nh 4 + ions , the sample refluxed four times was steamed at 650 ° c . for 4 hr . followed by refluxing in nh 4 cl solution for 24 hr . and steaming again at 600 ° c . for 4 hr . after steaming , all samples were further calcined at 650 ° c . for 4 hr . in air . x - ray powder diffraction ( xrd ) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of all of the nh 4 + exchanged samples calcined at 600 ° c . in the presence of steam was preserved , whereas samples calcined in air progressively lost their crystallinity as the number of reflux treatments increased . xrd patterns of a sample prepared by refluxing twice with nh 4 cl solution and calcined in air or steam are compared in fig1 . water adsorption isotherms of the original na - y and modified samples are compared in fig1 . the extreme type i water isotherm of the original sample has progressively been converted to type iv by way of moderate type i isotherms . the achievement of a family of curves from an extremely hydrophilic material without destroying its crystallinity is a well known example of the reduction of hydrophilicity ( polarity ) in the original material as a result of decationation ( removal of na + ) and dealumination ( removal of al from the framework ). this process , however , produced some defects and secondary pores which are apparent from increased adsorption (&# 34 ; hump &# 34 ;) at relative pressure ≧ 0 . 75 . these secondary pores were filled near saturation vapor pressure . water isotherms of samples prepared by refluxing once and twice with nh 4 cl solution are compared with ideal isotherms in fig2 and 21 . these crystalline samples yielded close to ideal isotherms at a relative pressure up to about 0 . 2 with high sorption capacities ( 33 % by weight ) and high thermal stability . four grams of zeolites 100 zeolon na ( sio 2 / al 2 o 3 = 11 . 2 ) and 100zeolonh ( sio 2 / al 2 o 3 = 11 . 2 ) were boiled with 40 ml of 2 m , 4 m , 6 m and 12 m hydrochloric acid ( hcl ) respectively for 4 hr . after 4 hr , the slurries were centrifuged , decanted and washed 5 times with 40 ml deionized water . washed samples were dried at 60 ° c . ( 140 ° f .) overnight and calcined at 200 °- 1000 ° c . ( 392 °- 1832 ° f .) for 4 - 20 hr . most of the samples remained crystalline but part of it was rendered amorphous . the isotherm of the sample treated with 12 hcl and degassed at 200 ° c . 392 ° f .) for at least 4 hr is given in fig2 and shows ideal shape . about 17 % increase in total absorption capacity as compared to the original sample was observed . this is attributed to the increase in adsorption volume due to exchange of smaller h + ion for larger na + ions as well as voids created as a result of dealumination after the acid treatment . four grams of erionite ( sio 2 / al 2 o 3 = 7 . 9 ) from shoshone , california was treated with 80 ml of 0 . 5 and 0 . 75 m hcl respectively for 4 hr . after 4 hr , the samples were washed 5 times with deionized water by centrifugation and dried at 60 ° c . ( 140 ° f .). samples dried at 60 ° c . were calcined at 200 °- 400 ° c . before the adsorption measurement . water adsorption isotherm of the sample treated with 0 . 5 m hcl and calcined at 400 ° c . ( 752 ° f .) is given in fig2 and shows ideal shape . again the total absorption capacity was found to increase by 25 % as compared to the original sample . xrd analysis showed that this sample remained largely crystalline . accordingly , microporous materials have been developed which exhibit ideal water adsorption isotherms for use as desiccants in cooling and dehumidification equipment . these materials have large sorption capacity , low heat of asorption , high rate of absorption and high thermal and chemical stability . | 5 |
the device for detecting , isolating and eliminating hazardous microbiological polluting agents of the present invention , will be described referring to a preferred embodiment thereof , which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein the same signs and numbers refer to the same parts of the figure shown , the device of the present invention comprising : a rectangular acrylic container divided in two sections : an opaque section 1 having an interior protective layer which avoids the pass of x - rays to the outside of the container , and a transparent section 2 , wherein both sections are divided by an opaque divisional wall 3 having a protective layer that avoids the pass of uv rays to the transparent section 2 of the container , said wall having a rectangular aperture 4 including an access door 5 having an uv ray protective layer including a handle 6 facing the transparent section 2 ; wherein the transparent section 2 includes a superior 7 and inferior 8 transparent walls , a transparent lateral wall 9 opposed to the opaque divisional wall 3 , a first and a second transparent longitudinal walls , each wall having an interior and an exterior surface ( not shown ), said superior wall 7 having a quadrangular aperture 10 and said first longitudinal wall having a first and a second lined up circular apertures 11 , 11 ′ in a close relationship ; wherein the opaque section 1 includes a superior 12 and inferior ( not shown ) opaque walls , a lateral opaque wall ( not shown ) opposed to the opaque divisional wall and a first 13 and a second ( not shown ) opaque longitudinal walls ; wherein the quadrangular aperture 10 of the transparent section superior wall 7 has a quadrangular transparent access door 14 fitting the quadrangular aperture 10 , including a peripheral rubber seal 15 completely closing and sealing the quadrangular aperture 10 and including a handle 16 for opening or closing the access door ; wherein each circular aperture 11 , 11 ′ located in the first longitudinal wall is sealed by a latex glove 17 , 17 ′ joined by the periphery of its hand access to the periphery of a circular aperture in the first longitudinal wall exterior surface in such way that the glove 17 , 17 ′ remains inside the container ; wherein the internal surface of the inferior wall 8 has an electrostatic charge generator metal plaque 18 attached by a plurality of bolts ( not shown ) to said internal surface and connected to an electric source ( not shown ) by a cable 19 exiting the transparent section 2 of the container trough an aperture 20 located at the first longitudinal wall including a rubber seal ( not shown ), for attracting and retaining any particle having a size of 1 micron or more which may be present inside the container transparent section 2 , said plaque 18 including removable means for retaining particles once the electrostatic charge dissipates comprising a plastic plaque covered with an adhesive substance ( not shown ), which entirely covers the metal plaque 18 ; and wherein the opaque section 1 include means for emitting uv radiations 21 to the interior of the opaque section 1 , attached to the lateral wall and connected to an external energy source by a cable 22 exiting the opaque section 1 trough an aperture 23 located in the lateral wall and having an uv radiation resistant rubber seal ( not shown ). when the superior wall transparent access door 14 is sealing the quadrangular aperture 10 , both sections of the container are completely sealed and no particle can enter or exit the device . the user introduces the object to be inspected into the transparent section 2 trough the transparent access door 14 . once the object is isolated inside the transparent section 2 , it can be manipulated by hand using the integrated gloves 17 , 17 ′. in case the object being inspected is , for example , an envelope , the user may open the envelope and shake it over the plastic strip of the electrostatic charge generator metal plaque 18 so that any bacteriologic content is attracted by the plaque 18 and adhered on the plastic strip . any harmful materials that remain suspended inside the container will be attracted by the metal plaque 18 , achieving that the interior of the container be free of any particles . even though there wasn &# 39 ; t any visible material falling form the object , if the plastic strip appears covered by dust or any other material , the object and plastic strip must be introduced into the opaque section 1 through the opaque divisional wall access door 5 . once the object ( or objects ) and the plastic strip are inside the opaque section 1 , the opaque divisional wall access door 5 must be closed and the uv radiation emitting means 21 activated by means of a switch ( not shown ) located at the opaque section second longitudinal wall , in order to kill any bacteriological agent that may be present inside the opaque section 1 of the container . once the sterilization has been carried out , the container must remain sealed and the public health authorities must be contacted for adequately retiring and analyzing the remaining material . even though there weren &# 39 ; t any trace of dust or material in the plastic strip , the objects and the plastic strip may be introduced in the opaque section 1 for sterilization with uv radiations for a complete protection against any germ or harmful material . although in the preferred embodiment of the invention it was described the use of uv radiation emission means 21 , it may be used means for emitting any kind of radiation authorized for domestic use or means for vaporizing a bactericide substance . and although it has been described the use of an electrostatic charge generator metal plaque 18 for attracting and retaining particles , it must be understood that it can be used any kind of particle attracting and retaining means , such as a fan for attracting particles to a paper or plastic strip covered with an adhesive substance . furthermore , the transparent access door 14 may be substituted by any other access means , provided that they completely seal the access to the container . finally , the container may include means for detecting and notifying the presence of bacteriological agents inside the container or on the particle attracting and retaining means . the method for detecting , isolating and eliminating microbiological agents of the present invention will be described in accordance with a preferred embodiment thereof , wherein the method of the present invention comprises the steps of : providing a container divided in two connected sections : a transparent section and an opaque section having an anti uv radiations protective layer , said container including : an opaque divisional wall covered with anti uv layer having an opaque access door , an access door located at the transparent section which completely seal the container when its in a closed position , removable particle collector means comprising an electrostatic generator metal plaque having a removable plastic strip covered with an adhesive substance and completely covering the plaque , two latex gloves passing trough two apertures located at the transparent section and completely sealing said apertures and uv radiation emission means located inside the opaque section ; introducing an envelope or package inside the transparent section trough the access door ; manipulating the envelope or package by hand using the latex gloves and open it ; seeking for particle traces on the plastic strip which may have been attracted by the electrostatic charge ; if any traces of particles are found , then the following steps must be carried out : manipulating the envelope and its content , and introduce them to the opaque section trough the opaque access door ; activating the uv radiations emission means in order to kill any bacteriological agent that may be present in the envelope or package . if , after shaking the envelope or package on the particle collector means , no trace of particles or any material can be detected on the plastic strip , the envelope or package can be retired from the transparent section of the container . although it was described that only one envelope or package is inspected inside the container , it may be inspected a plurality of envelopes , packages or any other objects depending of the size of the container . finally it must be understood that the device and method for detecting , isolating and eliminating hazardous microbiological polluting agents of he present invention , are not limited exclusively to the above described and illustrated embodiments and that the persons having ordinary skill in the art can , with the teaching provided by this invention , make modifications to the device and method of the present invention , which will clearly be within the true inventive concept and scope of the invention which is claimed in the following claims . while only certain preferred features of the invention have been illustrated and described , many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art . it is , therefore , to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention . | 0 |
embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings ; however , the invention is not limited thereto . fig1 through 3 show a rubber injection molding nozzle according to an embodiment of the present invention . this injection molding nozzle 1 in this embodiment , as in a conventional nozzle , is attached to the front end of the injection cylinder 61 of an injection molding machine shown in fig1 or 15 . the front end 1 a of the nozzle is frusto - conical , adapted to be fitted to a filling port for a mold , while the rear end of the nozzle is an attachment 2 having on its outer periphery a screw thread 2 a for attaching to said injection cylinder 61 . this nozzle 1 has , in its interior , an injection channel 5 extending therethrough to the front end 1 a from an inlet 3 on the side associated with said attachment 2 . this injection channel 5 is internally provided with an orifice 6 disposed between the inlet 3 and the outlet 4 at the front end , for example , as shown , somewhere in the channel for reducing the channel diameter to increase the flow velocity of rubber , which is a molding material . the injection channel 5 has the channel portions 5 a and 5 b , which are located upstream ( inlet side ) and downstream ( outlet side ) of the orifice respectively , and are circular in cross section . the diameter of the downstream channel portion 5 b is set to about 1 / 2 - 1 / 3 of the diameter of the upstream channel portion 5 a . the orifice 6 in the injection channel 5 has at least one non - circular cross section . in the cross sectional shape of this orifice 6 , one of the vertical and horizontal dimensions is larger than the other such that the cross sectional shape is flattened in the direction orthogonal to the longer dimension . it is preferred that at least at the opposite major axial ends , the dimension taken orthogonal to the major axis decreases as said opposite ends are approached . for example , as shown enlarged in fig3 it has a relatively flattened substantially elliptic cross sectional shape . reference numerals 6 a , 6 a designate the opposite major axial ends in the cross sectional shape . meanwhile , reference numerals 6 b , 6 b designate two curved inner wall faces opposed to each other across the major axis of the cross sectional shape . the flattened substantially elliptic cross sectional shape of the orifice 6 may be a shape in which the opposite major axial ends 6 a , 6 a are rounded with a predetermined radius as in a true or usual ellipse . however , in practice , the cross sectional shape is preferably a shape in which , as shown in fig3 the two opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b join together in acute - angled bent form at said opposite ends 6 a , 6 a . the cross sectional shape is more preferably a shape in which two arcuate interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b of relatively large radius are opposed to each other and in which their arcuate opposite ends crosswise join together . that is a shape similar to , as it were , an eye or a biconvex lens . as for the shape having acute - angled bent form at opposite major axial ends 6 a , 6 a , the acute - angled bent form may be slightly rounded . however , in practice , it is preferable that the opposite ends 6 a , 6 a are bent with a radius of not more than 1 . 0 mm . it is more preferable that the opposite ends 6 a , 6 a are bent with a very small amount of roundness having a workable radius in the order of about 0 . 2 mm or with little roundness . it is preferred that the major axial dimension w in the cross sectional shape of said orifice 6 is not more than 8 mm while the two opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b are arcuate with a radius of not more than 14 mm . it is particularly preferable that the major axial dimension w be 2 . 5 - 5 . 5 mm , the radius r of the curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b be in the range of 4 - 8 mm , while the ratio of the minor diameter t , which is orthogonal to the major axis , to the major diameter w ( t / w ), namely the flatness factor , be in the range of 1 / 2 - 1 / 5 . as for the flattened substantially elliptic cross sectional shape of the orifice 6 , it is not limited to a shape in which the two opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b are arcs with a given radius . the cross sectional shape may be somewhat modified substantially elliptic forms . for example , the curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b may have different radii of curvature at major axial middle portion and at major axial opposite end portions . in another example shown in fig4 the middle portion is flat whereas the opposite end portions alone are curved with a predetermined radius of curvature or substantially linear to form a triangle - like shape at the opposite ends . in each of these cases , towards the major axial opposite ends 6 a , 6 a , the opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b gradually approach each other , thereby gradually increasing the shearing stress due to the friction between said interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b and the rubber passing through the opposite end portions . fig5 shows an example in which in the orifice 6 of substantially elliptic cross section , the required region , such as the middle , of at least one of the opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b is provided with a slightly inwardly extending projection 9 . in this case , the peripheral lengths of the interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b of the orifice 6 are increased , thus increasing the area of contact of said interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b with the rubber passing through the orifice 6 . though not illustrated , when recesses are formed in said interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b , the area of contact of the interior wall faces with the rubber also increases . fig6 shows an example in which in the orifice 6 of substantially elliptic cross section , the interior wall face 6 c being peripherally corrugated . in this case , the area of contact between the rubber passing through the orifice 6 and the interior wall face 6 c increases , and the presence of the corrugation makes it easier for the shearing stress to be produced , so that the effect of internal heat generation due to the rubber passing through the orifice 6 is enhanced and the temperature rise due to heat generation easily extends deep into the rubber . further , the orifice having a non - circular cross section is not limited to those described above whose basic form is said substantially elliptic cross sectional shape . for example , as shown in fig7 the cross section may have a flattened substantially rhombic shape in which the opposite major axial ends 6 a , 6 a join together in a corner - forming manner . besides this , the cross sectional shape may be a substantially rectangular shape , a shape in which the longitudinal opposite ends of such substantially rectangular shape are semi - circular , or other elongated integral shapes . however , from the viewpoint of the effect of internal heat generation at the opposite end portions , such cross sections are preferable as one in which the opposite major axial ends are in a corner - forming manner and continuous , as in the embodiment described above , and another which is provided with projections or corrugations . cross sections of other shapes may also be employed . further , the orifice 6 having a non - circular cross section in the injection channel 5 may also be embodied in a form having a plurality of openings 6 d , as shown in fig8 . in this case , as compared with an orifice having the same cross sectional area , the area of contact of the wall face with the rubber passing through the openings 6 d in the orifice 6 is increased . further , passing through the narrow openings results in an increased shearing stress within the rubber , enhancing the effect of the internal heat generation of the rubber , so that the temperature of the rubber being injected from the nozzle uniformly rises throughout . in addition , the plurality of openings 6 d are not limited to circular ones as shown , and various forms may be used ; for example , as shown in fig9 a circular orifice 6 may be internally provided with a crisscross member 6 e to divide the orifice 6 into a plurality of sectorial openings 6 d . in each embodiment described above , the length of the orifice 6 is preferably about 2 - 5 mm , though differing according to configurational factors including the cross sectional shape and area and the major axial dimension . and it is possible to decrease or increase the above - mentioned value of the length , and the greater the length , the higher the constricting effect and the heat generating effect , but the injection resistance correspondingly increases . as shown in fig1 , the orifice 6 might be connected to the upstream and downstream channel portions 5 a and 5 b through respective ledges . however , in usual cases , as shown in fig1 there are taper portions 7 a and 7 b which , preferably , gradually increase in diameter from the orifice 6 and lead to the upstream and downstream channel portions 5 a and 5 b . this construction allows the rubber to smoothly pass through the orifice 6 from the channel portion 5 a via the taper portion 7 a and to flow into the channel portion 5 b while gradually expanding at the downstream taper portion 7 b . particularly , in the case of a sharp increase in diameter starting from the orifice 6 toward the channel portion 5 b downstream of the orifice 6 , the rubber passing through the orifice 6 sharply expands to be deprived of heat , so that its temperature undesirably drops . further , it is preferable that the opening angle α 1 of the taper portion 7 a upstream of the orifice 6 of said channel 5 be 30 - 90 ° and that the opening angle α 2 of the taper portion 7 b downstream of the orifice 6 of said channel 5 be 15 - 60 °. usually , the opening angle α 2 of the downstream taper portion 7 b should be smaller than the opening angle α 1 of the upstream taper portion 7 a . for example , in the case of the embodiment shown in fig1 the opening angle α 1 of the taper portion 7 a is 60 ° and the opening angle α 2 of the taper portion 7 b is 30 °. further , the position of the orifice 6 may be anywhere between the inlet 3 and the outlet 4 of the injection channel 5 in the nozzle ; for example , the orifice may be positioned so as to constitute an outlet 4 . in practice , however , it is located in the range preferably from 10 to 70 mm , more preferably from 20 to 40 mm , from the outlet 4 . on one hand , in order to inhibit the sharp expansion of the rubber passing through the orifice 6 , the taper portion 7 b leading to the channel portion 5 b associated with the outlet is required . on the other hand , the longer the time taken for the rubber passing through the orifice 6 to be injected into the mold , the greater the tendency of the temperature of the rubber to decrease , which means that the effect of vulcanization time reduction cannot be obtained . therefore , it is preferable that it be positioned within the aforesaid range . it is preferable that the cross sectional area of said orifice 6 be not more than 20 . 0 mm 2 and its percentage to the cross sectional area of the upstream channel portion 5 a be not more than 20 %. if the cross sectional area and its percentage exceed said values , the constricting effect due to the provision of the orifice 6 cannot be obtained , nor can it be expected to achieve an increased injection velocity or the effect of heat generation . from the viewpoints of said constricting effect and said effect of heat generation , it is particularly preferable that the cross sectional area of said orifice 6 be not more than 5 mm 2 and be not more than 5 % of the cross sectional area of the upstream channel portion 5 a . if the cross sectional area is too small , the resistance to the flow becomes excessively high , influencing the injection speed ; thus , it is preferable to set it to not less than 2 . 5 mm 2 . fig1 and 11 respectively show other embodiments of rubber injection molding nozzles according to the present invention , each of which embodiments has the same basic arrangement as in the above embodiment , and like reference characters are affixed to like parts . a detailed description thereof is omitted . in the nozzle 1 of the embodiment shown in fig1 , the orifice 6 in the injection channel 5 is disposed more remote from the outlet 4 than in the preceding embodiment . further , the upstream end of said orifice 6 is linked with the upstream channel portion 5 a through a taper portion 7 a having a ledge 8 a around the orifice opening , particularly through a taper portion 7 a forming an opening angle α 1 of about 90 °. further , the downstream end of the orifice 6 is linked with the downstream channel portion 5 b through a ledge 8 b slightly inclined from the orifice opening end . the nozzle 1 of the embodiment in fig1 is the same in the basic arrangement of the orifice 6 in the injection channel 5 in the above embodiment . however , the upstream end of the orifice 6 is linked with the upstream channel portion 5 a through a taper portion 7 a having an opening angle α 1 of 60 ° as in the embodiment shown in fig1 . further , the downstream end of the orifice 6 is linked with the downstream channel portion 5 b through a ledge 8 b which is slightly inclined as in the above . in addition , the portion having at least one non - circular cross section in the injection channel 5 within the nozzle 1 is not limited to an orifice disposed at an intermediate position between ends of the channel or an orifice disposed on the front - end outlet , as in the illustrated embodiments . though not illustrated , the injection channel 5 other than the orifice may be formed to have above - described non - circular cross section . further , a plurality of portions having a non - circular cross section may be formed . the injection molding nozzle 1 for rubber in the embodiments described above is used as in the prior art ; the nozzle 1 is attached to the front end of the injection cylinder 61 of the injection device 60 in an injection molding machine a in fig1 or b in 15 . for example , in injection molding using the nozzle 1 of the embodiment shown in fig1 through 3 , unvulcanized rubber , which is a molding material , plasticized in the injection device 60 and extruded from the injection cylinder 61 in a predetermined heated state passes through the injection channel 5 in the nozzle and then through the orifice 6 disposed somewhere in the channel 5 , so that the flow velocity is increased by the constricting effect of the orifice 6 , so that the rubber is injected from the outlet 4 at the front end into the sprue 41 of the mold 40 at high speed to fill the cavity 43 of the mold 40 through a runner 42 . in this case , the rubber to be injected passes through the orifice 6 , whereby shearing stress is produced within the rubber to internally heat the rubber , so that the temperature of the rubber rises . said orifice 6 has a flattened substantially elliptic cross section , for example , a special substantially elliptic cross section such that two curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b join together to form an acute - angled corner form at the major axial ends 6 a , 6 a in the cross section . thus , the area of contact between the rubber passing through said orifice 6 and the interior wall faces of the orifice increases , increasing the frictional force on the rubber and the shearing stress produced in the rubber . particularly , the nearer to the opposite major axial ends in the orifice 6 , the smaller the distance between the two opposed curved interior wall faces 6 b , 6 b . for this reason , the rubber in the orifice 6 has its shearing stress further increased in the vicinity of said opposite major axial ends 6 a , 6 a . and the effect of internal heat generation of the rubber further increases . furthermore , the temperature rise due to this internal heat generation is effected even at innermost portion in the cross section of the rubber , with the result that the temperature of the entire rubber effectively rises to the extent of minimizing the difference in temperature between the innermost and peripheral portions . a combination of the effect of the temperature rise due to the internal heat generation of the rubber injected into the mold 40 and the effect of the decrease in the difference in temperature in the rubber makes it possible to greatly decrease the vulcanization time , even if the vulcanization time is set on the basis of the portion with the lowest temperature so as to ensure complete vulcanization of the entire rubber . further , the vulcanization time and hence the molding cycle time can be suitably adjusted and set according to the kind of the rubber product to be molded . thus , a plurality of said injection molding machines which differ in the kind of rubber products to be molded may be installed with their molding cycle times adjusted to each other , whereby it is possible to simultaneously produce a plurality of kinds of products by injection molding , facilitating the control of molding operation , rationalizing the small - lot injection molding of a wide variety of rubber products , thus increasing the productivity . the effect obtained by the injection molding nozzle of the invention described above is clear from a comparison of vulcanization time in the following injection molding tests on rubber products shown in fig1 and 13 . the table 1 below shows the results of injection molding tests on a rubber product 10 shown in fig1 , the injection molding being effected using a rubber material having a rubber compound ( a ) shown in the table 3 below , at a mold temperature of 160 ° c . and a controlled screw temperature of 90 ° c . the hardness of the rubber used was 55 degrees ( measured as defined by jis - a using a hardness tester ). in addition , the rubber product 10 in fig1 is a vibration insulator ( with a diameter of 50 mm , and a height of 25 mm ) for automobiles , comprising two attaching metal parts 11 and 12 , and a rubber body 13 integrally interposed therebetween by vulcanization molding . the table 2 below shows the results of injection molding tests on a rubber product 20 shown in fig1 , the injection molding being effected using a rubber material having a rubber compound ( b ) shown in the table 3 below , at a mold temperature of 170 ° c . and a controlled screw temperature of 95 ° c . the hardness of the rubber used was 64 degrees ( measured as defined by jis - a using a hardness tester ). the rubber product 20 shown in fig1 is a hollow spring which comprises a plate - like attaching base metal 21 and a hollow rubber body 22 integrally joined thereto by vulcanization molding . the rubber product 20 is used as an auxiliary implement for spring that is installed , for example , in a rear wheel of an automobile to prevent a metal spring from flexing beyond the limit or abutting against the frame . in the tables 1 and 2 below , the injection molding machine b is an inline type of injection molding machine b shown in fig1 . further , in the tables 1 and 2 , ( i ) in the column titled “ nozzle shape ” refers to the nozzle shape in the embodiment shown in fig1 ( ii ) refers to the nozzle shape in the embodiment shown in fig1 , ( iii ) refers to the nozzle shape in the embodiment shown in fig1 , and ( iv ) refers to a conventional type of nozzle shown in fig1 , the sizes and shapes of the orifice and other portions being as entered in the tables . further , the initial rubber temperature in the mold shown in the tables is obtained by measuring the temperature of the rubber injected into the mold , and the free shot rubber temperature is obtained by measuring the temperature of the rubber free - injected from the nozzle . further , in critical cure ( vulcanization ) time shown in the tables 1 and 2 , uncured ng refers to a case ( or a case of insufficient vulcanization ) in which an unvulcanized portion remains in the rubber of the molded product . according to the comparative tests for vulcanization time in the above table 1 , in the molding of the rubber product shown in fig1 , a vulcanization time of 7 - 8 minutes was required when the conventional nozzle was used , whereas the vulcanization was completed in 5 - 6 minutes when the present inventive nozzle was used . further , in the molding of the rubber product shown in fig1 , a vulcanization time of 4 - 8 minutes was required when the conventional nozzle was used , whereas the vulcanization was completed within 3 minutes when the present inventive nozzle was used . thus , according to the present inventive injection molding nozzle , the effect of temperature rise due to the internal heat generation of the rubber injected into a mold is enhanced , and the difference in temperature in the rubber due to the internal heat generation of the rubber is reduced , thereby greatly reducing the vulcanization time , increasing the efficiency of injection molding of rubber products , improving the productivity , and contributing to the promotion of cost reduction . | 1 |
as is shown in fig1 there is provided a die - cut blank , generally indicated by reference numeral 11 , from which a parallelepiped or six - sided carton may be formed . in the case of a blank for a carton for the packaging of a breakfast cereal , blank 11 may be advantageously formed from expanded general purpose or impact polystyrene in a thickness of the order of 36 - 40 mils ( 0 . 036 - 0 . 040 in .) and of a density of the order of 6 - 8 pounds per cubic foot . preferably blank 11 is also provided with thin layers of a non - expanded polymeric material such as polyethylene on the opposed surfaces thereof for improved resistance to moisture vapor transmission . these surfaces layers , for example 1 . 5 mils in thickness on the outside surface and 0 . 5 mils in thickness on the inside surface , can be formed on a core of expanded polystyrene by co - extrusion , extrusion coating a lamination in a known manner , and preferably involve the use of a suitable agent to effect bonding of these dissimilar materials , such as ethylene vinyl acetate , which can be utilized between the layers or in one both of the adjoining layers . in any case , blank comprises serially connected rectangularly - shaped panels 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 which are integrally connected to one another and which are formed by scoring blank 11 along fold lines 16 , 17 and 18 . also formed in blank 11 is a flap 19 which is integrally connected to panel 15 along fold line 21 , which may also be formed by scoring . as is depicted in fig3 and 4 , the forming of a carton from blank 11 involves folding the blank along fold lines 16 , 17 , 18 and 21 into a tubular configuration , to bring panel 12 into a position overlying flap 19 to form the side seam of the carton . panel 12 and flap 19 are joined to one another in this tubular configuration by heat sealing or by the use of an adhesive , or by other known means for forming a joint in a carton . the portion of the carton which normally comprises the bottom of the carton when it is in an upright position is formed by a series of flaps 22 , 23 , 24 and 25 which are integrally attached to panels 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 , respectively , along fold lines 26 , 27 , 28 and 29 . flaps 22 , 23 , 24 and 25 are separated from one another by slots 31 , 32 and 33 which , to form the corner sealing means in the corners of the bottom structure of the carton , extend only partially to the fold line comprising fold lines 26 , 27 , 28 and 29 . for the same reason , the outermost marginal portion of the edge 22a of flap 22 is inwardly offset from the edge 12a of blank 11 . slot 31 helps to define , with an extension 16a of fold line 16 and a fold line 16b extending from the juncture of fold lines 27 and 16 outwardly to tab 22 , a generally triangularly shaped gusset portion 35 in blank 11 . this gusset is compressed to substantially less than its original thickness in the die - cutting operation which is utilized to form blank 11 , for example , to about the thickness of the scored fold lines or about no more than one half the original thickness of blank 11 . similar triangularly shaped compressed gusset areas 36 and 37 are formed between the ends of slots 32 and 33 , respectively , and another triangularly - shaped compressed gusset area 39 is formed in the extension 19a which extends beyond score line 29 , almost to the end of flap 25 . as is partially shown in fig5 the end structure for the carton to be formed from blank 11 is formed by folding end tabs 22 and 24 to extend inwardly from panels 12 and 14 and generally at right angles thereto . one of the remaining flaps , shown as flap 25 , is then inwardly folded to overlie flaps 22 and 24 , and the remaining flap , shown as flap 23 , is then inwardly folded to overlie flap 25 . the innermost of flaps 23 and 25 , shown as flap 25 , may be advantageously provided with triangularly - shaped notched areas 25a and 25b in its outer corners to engage one of the pair of gusset areas , shown as gusset areas 35 and 36 , to help rigidify the corner areas of the bottom of the carton . in any case , gusset areas 35 and 39 are brought into positions overlying flap 22 , and gusset areas 36 and 37 are brought into position overlying flap 24 , to effectively seal the corners formed at the bottom of the carton . the superimposed flaps may then be joined to one another , as by heat - sealing , to permanently secure the bottom structure of the carton . while the top structure of the carton formed from blank 11 may be identical to the heretofore described bottom structure , in my preferred embodiment it is provided at one end thereof with a reclosable pour - out spout in accordance with the invention covered in the application of james b . foote which is being filed contemporaneously herewith , ser . no . 638 145 . thus , the end away from the reclosable pour - out spout is formed by flap 42 which is attached to panel 12 along fold line 46 similar to the attachment of flap 22 along fold line 26 , and by partial flaps 43 and 45 which are attached to panels 13 and 15 along fold lines 47 and 49 , respectively , flap 43 being separated from flap 42 by partial depth slot 51 ( which is similar to slot 31 ). the pour - out feature is provided by irregularly shaped flap 44 which is attached partially to panel 14 along fold line 48 and partially to panels 13 and 15 along inwardly extending portions 47a and 49a of fold lines 47 and 49 , respectively . flap 44 is comprised of a rectangularly shaped central portion 44a and generally l - shaped portions 44b and 44c which extend outwardly from opposite sides of central portion 44a and which are foldable relative to the central portion 44a along fold lines 18a and 17a respectively . fold lines 18a and 17a , in turn , respectively comprise extensions of fold lines 18 and 17 . flap 44 also comprises an outwardly extending marginal tab portion 44d which is attached to central portion 44a along fold line 44e . additionally , the legs of l - shaped portions 44b and 44c are separated from one another along fold lines 44f and 44g , respectively , and the edges of flap 44 are separated from flaps 43 and 45 by narrow slots 52 and 53 respectively . in the assembly of the top structure of the carton , after the tubular structure of fig4 has been formed , l - shaped portions 44b and 44c of flap 44 are folded outwardly along lines 44f and 44g , respectively , as is shown in fig6 and 7 , to bring the now - folded l - shaped portions 44b and 44c into positions extending outwardly from central portion 44a . as is shown in fig8 the outwardly projecting folded l - shaped portions are then folded downwardly to overlie carton sides 15 and 13 , respectively , and they are secured in these positions until the first opening of the carton by means of a short length of removable pressure sensitive tape 61 . the package is shown in a partially inverted position in fig9 and in an opened position with the structure formed from flap 44 constituting a pour - out spout , and the package can be reclosed , as is desirable when only a portion of the contents is withdrawn , by reclosing the pour - out spout into the configuration depicted in fig8 and the reclosed carton can be secured in such position without the need for reapplying tape 61 , or a replacement therefor , by bending tab portion 44d or flap 44 downwardly to insert it in the slot defined by slots 52 and 53 of blank 11 . the best mode known to me to carry out this invention has been described above in terms sufficiently full , clear , concise and exact as to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the same . it is to be understood , however , that it is within my contemplation that certain modifications of the above - described mode of practicing the invention can be made by a skilled artisan without departing from the scope of the invention and it is , therefore , desired to limit the invention only in accordance with appended the claims . | 1 |
reference is made to said drawings to describe an interesting , although by no means limiting example of production of a measuring device and of the method of implementation according to the invention . in the following disclosure and the claims , the term ‘ eyeglasses ’ designates more specifically eyeglasses which are constituted by a frame equipped with corrective lenses for the purpose of remedying a vision deficiency ; by extension , it applies to any type of eyeglasses , including sunglasses with or without corrective lenses . likewise , in the present description , words are used such as ‘ upper ’, ‘ lower ’, ‘ lateral ’, with reference to the position of the template when it is placed on a face , like a classic pair of eyeglasses . on the other hand , the expression , ‘ outside face ’ designates the visible face of the template when it is positioned on the patient &# 39 ; s face , the ‘ inside face ’ designates the face that is opposite to the ‘ outside face ’. the patient will likewise be called “ client ” in the description and the claims . the invention concerns a measuring devise or measuring kit 1 including two rigid , light and precise elements thanks to which it is possible to recover , by means of two photographs and one account of direct reading , the necessary and sufficient dimensions and information to enable , on the one hand , the complete adjustment of an eyeglass frame on the face of a client , and , on the other hand , the centering of the corrective lenses after having previously determined the correction of the visual deficiencies of the client . these two elements are constituted by a rigid template 2 of optical eyeglasses , illustrated on fig1 , analog to an eyeglass frame , and by a rhinometer 3 , illustrated on fig2 . these elements are especially designed to enable the remote ordering and sale of eyeglasses , in particular via internet . in an advantageous but not limiting manner the eyeglass template 2 is made of rigid or semi - rigid injected plastic . it is demountable and light so that it can easily be mailed . the eyeglass frame 2 , as can be seen on fig1 and 3 , is constituted by a face part 4 and two removable temples 5 . the face part 4 of the template 2 features preferably an essentially rectangular shape of constant thickness and comprises , on both sides of its center line , two parts or “ circles ” 6 that are spaced and connected by a bridge 8 . this face part 4 features , in its lower median part , a notch 9 so that the template 2 can be placed on the nose of a subject . more precisely , the bridge 8 of the face part 4 is shaped so it can straddle the client &# 39 ; s nose . each circle 6 delimits an opening 7 which may present an essentially trapezoidal shape so that on a front view photograph for instance one distinguishes the eyelid fold of the patient . however , the circles 6 may present an elliptical shape or any other shape delimiting a sufficiently large opening 7 to perceive the eyes and their various characteristics . advantageously , the upper edge of the face part 4 is rectilinear . however , this edge could alternatively present a curvilinear shape . according to an important characteristic disposition of the invention , the face part 4 of the template 2 is provided with markings 11 that are precisely positioned on the outside surface of its two circles 6 . according to another characteristic disposition of the invention , each lateral edge of the face part 4 comprises a vertical oblong opening 10 that is shaped to receive and retain a temple 5 . the temples 5 are essentially of constant thickness and are meant to be placed on the patient &# 39 ; s ears . advantageously , they become slightly thinner towards the connecting portion to be rigid , supple and elastic at the same time . the temples 5 joined , in a rigid and removable manner , to the face part 4 by means of their end 13 hereafter called the “ fastening end ”. this end 13 is , according to the illustrated example , equipped with two latching tabs 14 positioned one opposite the other . more precisely , each of the tabs 14 has a tip 35 with a tapered end to facilitate the insertion and the approach of the tabs 14 during their passage in the oblong opening 10 . these tips 35 feature also a large base 37 which constitute a means of retaining the tip 35 outside of the oblong opening 10 . since the tabs 14 are rigid and flexible the temples 5 can clip and embed themselves in the oblong opening 10 of the face part 4 so as to guarantee on the one hand , a rigid connection between the temples 5 and the face part 4 , and , on the other hand , a parallelism between the face part 4 of the eyeglass frame 2 and a virtual line which passes through the pupils of the client . the opening 10 could however have another shape , for example quadrangular , circular , oval , etc . according to an advantageous characteristic illustrated in fig4 , the outside face of each of the temples 5 is also provided with markings 11 that are precisely and regularly distributed or not on at least one rear portion of its length . preferably , the markings 11 are distributed over the entire surface of the two inside and outside faces of the temples 5 , so as to always leave the markings 11 visible in front of and behind the client &# 39 ; s ears . according to another characteristic of the invention , the temples 5 , and in particular their fastening ends 13 in conjunction with the vertical oblong opening 10 of the face part 4 , are shaped so as to enable their permutation ( right or left ) to the other ( left or right ). thanks to this arrangement , the eyeglass frame 2 can be adapted to the head of a subject , depending on whether he or she has a “ wide ” or a “ narrow ” head . to enable this adaptation the axis of the fastening end 13 of the temples 5 which is intended to embed itself in one of the oblong openings 10 of the face part 4 features a shoulder 18 with the couple of latching tabs 14 . this couple of latching tabs 14 is eccentric relative to the plane p in which the temple 5 is included . thanks to this offset or displacement the space separating the two temples 5 when they are fastened to the face part 4 can be more or less large or small , depending on the position to the right or to the left occupied by each of the temples 5 . the space between the temples 5 is thus larger when these are in the wide - head position and smaller when the temples 5 are in the narrow - head position ( see fig5 and 6 ). incidentally , one of the tabs 14 of the fastening end 13 of the temples 5 is provided with a notch 15 the bottom 16 of which presents a mark 17 ( see fig9 and 10 ) which can be easily detected and identified through the opening 10 of the face part 4 of the template 2 and which consequently makes it possible to identify the mounting direction of the temples 5 for a wide head or a narrow head , directly on the front view . this arrangement appears to be a major precision for the final adjustment of the frame . according to another characteristic of the invention illustrated in fig9 to 13 , the upper part 19 of the fastening end 13 of the connecting portion of the temples 5 is equipped with a tab 20 that is meant to embed itself in one of the slots of a number of horizontal and parallel slots provided in the inside face of the face part 4 of the template 2 , above the oblong opening 10 . this arrangement enables an indexation of the temples 5 upward or downward , in view of a vertical position of the eyeglass template worn by the client . this arrangement is advantageous in so far as it allows taking into account any differences in the height of one ear relative to the other and for each individual . the client will adjust for instance the template 2 on his face so as to make it properly perpendicular to his face , by vertically displacing one or the other of the temples 5 and by ensuring that the template 2 sits properly on the nose and the two ears . the height position of the temples 5 can be identified and located through the oblong openings 10 of the face part 4 and on the front view as illustrated for instance on fig7 , thus making it possible to evaluate the adjustment to be made for the final eyeglass frame . advantageously , the tab 20 of the connecting portion of the temples 5 presents a triangular section , a thickness in the order of 2 to 5 mm , and a height in the order of 3 to 10 mm , which allows it to be inserted without any noticeable play in one of the slots 21 . however , this tab 20 may have a quadrangular shape , for example . of course , the number of slots 21 could be located below or on the sides of the oblong opening 10 . according to an important characteristic of the invention the markings 1 are constituted by targets placed at a precise and predetermined distance from each other . more precisely , these targets are constituted by circles and their positioning is fixed , extremely precise and not modifiable . they must be sufficiently large and visible , for example in the form of a dot so as to permit a correct interpretation of the data during the rescaling of the photographic views by means of computer - assisted design software . these targets are plotted through engraving or printing on the various faces concerned of the eyeglass template . according to yet another advantageous characteristic of the invention , illustrated on fig4 and 8 , the temple 5 comprises , in its connecting portion to the face part of the template 2 , a deep horizontal displacement 12 in the downward direction which makes it possible to uncover a large part of the face area to make visible the essential characteristics of the eye and its surroundings . by giving the temple 5 this particular profile , it is possible to particularly evaluate , with no obstruction , the recess of the eyes , the thickness of the eyelids , the height of the superciliary arch , the length of the eyelashes etc ., so many personal characteristics of each individual . also , since the upper part of the face is unobstructed thanks to this horizontal displacement 12 , it is possible to reconstitute the line from the forehead and its juncture with the bridge of the nose . it is also possible to define the axis of the client &# 39 ; s pupils relative to the temple 5 of the template 2 with the help of a marking 22 placed in the exact alignment of the lower rectilinear edge of the temple 5 in contact with the client &# 39 ; s ear . this marking 22 can be useful for the adjustment of the pantoscopic angle . on the other hand , thanks to the particular profile of the temples 5 , the template 2 makes it possible to adjust , remotely , the opening of the temples of the final eyeglass frame , of the height of the tenons and of the bending of the temples at the proper place around the ears ( auricular cartilage ). all these observations are essential for achieving a proper , personalized adjustment of the eyeglass frame . according to an important characteristic disposition , the measuring device 1 includes , as previously indicated , a rhinometer 3 . according to the invention , this rhinometer 3 illustrated , more precisely , on fig1 to 19 , is constituted of two parts 23 , 24 which slide one against the other by means of their plane surface . the parts 23 , 24 are constituted , for example , by a back part 23 and a front part 24 . there are means which permit , on the one hand , to maintain the parts 23 , 24 pressed one against the other and , on the other hand , their guidance during their reciprocal axial movements . according to the example shown , the parts 23 , 24 are kept together by two guide pins 25 placed on the front face of the back part 23 . these guide pins 25 slide , respectively , along two elongated openings 34 , made in the front part 24 and comprising at one of their ends , a circular portion 33 through which these guide pins have been inserted . the circular portions 33 comprise essentially the same diameter as the guide pins 25 so as to enable the insertion of the latter through the elongated openings 34 . according to another way of production , illustrated on fig2 , the holding means of parts 23 , 24 of the rhinometer 3 are constituted by a ring or collar 38 that can be placed around the adjacent end portions of the parts 23 , 24 , these rings or collars 38 which serve to guide the sliding parts 23 , 24 . to this effect the latter are provided , at one of their ends , with a stop 39 working together with the adjacent ring or collar 38 , to prevent a disconnection of parts 23 , 24 . each part 23 , 24 is provided with flanges 26 featuring a slanted edge 27 . the slanted edges of the flanges 26 of one of the parts 23 , 24 have an inverse inclination of that of the flanges 26 of the other part 24 , 23 . each flange 26 of one of said parts 23 , 24 forms with one flange 26 of the other part 24 , 23 a couple of flanges 26 the spacing 30 of which is variable through reciprocal sliding of parts 23 , 24 and their slanted edges 27 form between them a variable angle so as to constitute a device for measuring the flare angle of the nose and the width of the bridge of the client &# 39 ; s nose . when the device is assembled , the slanted edge 27 of each flange 26 , of the back part 23 for example , is judiciously positioned opposite the slanted edge with the same slant of the front part 24 of the rhinometer 3 . the flanges 26 are provided with markings 29 placed on their slanted edges 27 and make it possible to determine the flare angle of the client &# 39 ; s nose . according to the invention , the back part 23 features on its front face a diagonal line 31 that is very judiciously positioned and visible through a diagonal slot 28 of the face part 24 , the diagonal slot 28 is inversely oriented relative to the diagonal line 31 and has markings 32 on its sides which constitute a measuring system . depending on the position of one part 23 , 24 in relation to the other part 24 , 23 , and hence of the flanges 26 of each couple of flanges 26 of angle measurements , this arrangement makes it possible to obtain the value of the width of the client &# 39 ; s nose bridge by a simple direct reading through the slot 28 with associated markings 32 which affords the visibility of a thin portion of the diagonal line 31 . these markings 32 consist of the graduations of any measuring system , such as for example the metric system , the anglo - saxon measuring system or any other measuring system . the slot 28 with its associated markings could be placed vertically relative to the face part 24 . each part 23 , 24 is provided with a number of flanges 26 extending from its upper edge , and a number of flanges 26 extending from its lower edge . according to the example shown , the rhinometer 3 features six couples of flanges 26 ( three in the upper part and three in the lower part ), so as to form a number of means for measuring the flare angle and the width of the nose bridge of the client . for this purpose the inclination of the slanted edges 27 of the flanges 26 of each couple is different from the inclination of the slanted edges 27 of the flanges 26 of the other couples . each of these couples of flanges 26 is provided to measure a specific angle value , for example 30 °, 40 °, 50 °, 60 °, 70 °, 80 ° which provides a wide range of possible measurements . this rhinometer 3 makes it possible to determine at the same time the flare angle of the nose as well as of the nose bridge of the client . knowledge of these two values , angle and width of the bridge will then enable the precise adjustment of the nose pads . more precisely , it makes it possible to perform a direct and precise reading at the exact location where the nose pads of the eyeglass frame will position themselves when it is in use . as far as taking the measurements with the rhinometer 3 is concerned , the client will advantageously get the help of the third person to place the rhinometer on his nose , perpendicularly to the line of the nose ( seen in profile ) and closest to the juncture of the nose with the forehead . it will then be necessary to choose the flare angle that corresponds best to the client &# 39 ; s nose and to carefully slide the parts 23 , 24 so as to establish a contact between the nose and the slanted edges 27 , and between the bridge of the nose and the central portion of the rhinometer 3 . the flanges 26 will touch the nose at the exact place where the nose pads of the eyeglass frame will eventually rest , after adjustment . since this positioning is being done on the nose of the subject , it suffices to directly read the flare angle and the bridge width in the graduation ( marking 32 ) of the slot 28 . this rhinometer 3 may be made of any adequate material such as cardboard , stamped or injected plastic etc . the invention concerns also a method for the remote production of eyeglasses thanks in particular to the characteristics of the aforementioned measuring device or measuring kit 1 . according to the method of the invention , the person wanting to develop a mail - order sales system for eyeglasses will create a website offering different eyeglasses . these eyeglass frames are shown on actual photographs or correlatively they are modeled ( reproduction of the image of the actual eyeglass frame ) in the manner of a sheet of tracing paper in a front view and in profile . these modeled frames are designated by the term “ tracing ” in the description and claims below . the client experiencing vision problems goes to an ophthalmologist in order to determine the cause of his problems . the ophthalmologist writes him a prescription stating the diagnosed pathology and , if such is the case , indications prescribing eyeglasses with lenses with the appropriate optical characteristics . this client then visits this website to order a pair of eyeglasses with lenses prescribed by an the client indicates , on line , the frame model he or she desires and informs the supplier of the prescription issued by the ophthalmologist . the website owner then sends , free of charge , an innovating measuring device 1 , after the client has visited said website . the measuring device 1 comprises , on the one hand , an optical eyeglass template 2 featuring a face part 4 and temples 5 , and on the other hand , a rhinometer 3 featuring the technical characteristics previously mentioned in the present description . the client himself takes , or has a third person take two photographs , each of the shots having a role to play , be it in the adjustment of the frame in conformance with the client &# 39 ; s face , be it in the mounting and cutting of the appropriate corrective lenses in the frame . the client puts the template 2 on his face and takes the shots showing a photograph of his head in a front view ( fig7 ), taken at a distance of more than 2 . 5 m and a photograph of his head in profile ( fig8 ) taken at a distance of about 1 m . the client also performs , with the rhinometer 3 , the measurements of the value of the flare angle of his nose as well as the measurements of the width of the nose bridge , by effecting a direct reading of these values in order to model the shape of the client &# 39 ; s nose , in particular in the area where the nose pads will touch the nose . the website receives the order , the shots and the various directly read measurements sent by the client . the website owner processes , or has this done under his control , the data sent by the client . this processing is done by means of software that has been configured so as to permit the analysis of the information transmitted by the client and the instructions given for the production of the eyeglasses in accordance with the client &# 39 ; s selection and morphology . finally , the eyeglasses are produced on the basis of the information resulting from this processing . according to an important characteristic of the method according to the invention , this processing done by means of the software comprises the following steps : rescaling of the photographic shots of the client wearing the template 2 , utilizing the markings 11 located in a predetermined manner on the face part 4 and the temples 5 , said photo shots featuring a front view taken at no less than two and a half meters and a profile view taken at approximately one meter ; determination of the precise value of the pupillary distance ( or of the two pupillary half - distances ) relative to the virtual axis of symmetry of the template 2 and of the measurement of the distance between the centers of the pupils of each of the client &# 39 ; s eyes derived from the markings 11 of the face part 3 of the template 2 on the rescaled front view and also utilizing the markings 11 located on the temples 5 ; determination of the value of the optimal pupillary height utilizing the front and profile shots comprising : overlay of the tracing of the frontal view of the frame selected by the client on the front view , these having been rescaled ; overlay of the tracing of the profile view of the frame selected by the client on the profile view , in order to confirm the proper position of the frame on the client &# 39 ; s face , taking into account the position of the bridge of the chosen frame relative to the client &# 39 ; s nose , the distances between the eye , the eyelids and the lenses ; evaluation of the value of the ideal pupillary height on the front view , this height corresponding to the distance between the bottom of the tracing of the frame and the pupillary axis . determination of the opening to provide for the tenons and temples based on the information collected from the face shot that has been rescaled by means of the marking 11 located on the face part 4 of the template 2 , of the direction adopted by the client for the mounting of the temples 5 of the template 2 ( wide - head or narrow - head position visible with the positions of the markings 17 of the tabs 14 of the fastening end 13 of the temples 5 ) and the overall dimension of the template 2 ; determination of the bending zone of the temples of the frame by means of the profile view that has been rescaled by utilizing the marking 11 , of the tracing of the profile view of the chosen frame , of the distance between the bridge of the frame chosen by the client and a particularly characteristic cartilaginous fold of the ear visible on the profile shot ; the evaluation of this distance is made possible because of the temples 5 of the eyeglass template 2 which serves also as a scale . a reading of the distance between the bridge and the client &# 39 ; s nose by means of the profile view and the profile tracing of the eyeglass frame chosen by the client ; a progressive adjustment of the nose pads of the chosen frame by positioning these eyeglasses on a “ false nose ” having the same width of the nose bridge and the same flare angle of the client &# 39 ; s nose . the proper position of the nose pads is determined by the orientation , the tightening and by the plastic deformation of the arms of the nose pads , so as to ensure the flat fit of each nose pad on the two sides of a “ false nose ” produced earlier with the same characteristics ( bridge width and flare angle ) as those read on the rhinometer 3 supplied to the client . by successive approaches the nose pads will be made perfectly parallel to the sides of the client &# 39 ; s nose so as to ensure a comfortable fit of the frame on the wearer &# 39 ; s nose . incidentally , this adjustment assumes the constitution of a “ false nose ” to cover the range of possible combinations including each individual &# 39 ; s characteristics , namely the bridge width and the flare angle of the nose . once these measurements have been taken , the website owner ships the ordered pair of corrective eyeglasses to the client . the present invention concerns also eyeglasses produced by the implementation of the method and of the measuring device according to the previously described characteristics . | 6 |
aspects of the invention are directed to systems and methods for providing a payment card whereby a variable rebate is given for payment card , based on how quickly payment is authorized . in the closed loop network of certain embodiments , a full interchange rate is charged up front , as with a traditional interchange , but , in some embodiments , a portion of that interchange may be rebated back to the supplier by the card issuing bank , based on the length of time it takes for the buyer to approve the underlying invoices for payment . as is known to those of skill in the art , an interchange is a fee , typically paid by an acquiring bank / merchant bank to the issuing bank . the fee is meant to compensates the issuer for the time after settlement with the acquiring bank / merchant bank and before it recoups the settlement value from the cardholder . by way of embodiments of the invention , a merchant / supplier is assessed the standard interchange rate if the associated invoice is approved and payment is initiated within a first predetermined number of days , and a reduced interchange rate if payment is not made until a second predetermined number of days , or later . thus each day delay beyond the first predetermined number of days in initiating payment results in a reduction in net interchange . a benefit to the supplier in this scenario is that electronic payment with cash can be accelerated in time with the amount of the interchange . the interchange is thus adjusted in a manner being somewhat proportional to ( or related to ) the number of days the cash is accelerated . fig1 illustrates a payment card scenario in accordance with embodiments of the invention . in step s 1 , a disburser ( payer ) 10 gets supplier ( merchant ) 20 to accept payment via a purchasing card with variable ( or dynamic ) interchange terms . the disburser 10 will be able to induce the supplier 20 to accept such payment terms if , for example , the payer is a large account , or otherwise has commercial leverage over the supplier 20 . in step s 2 , the supplier 20 enrolls in an online payment processor 30 service to enable such payment with variable ( or dynamic ) interchange terms . as part of this online enrollment process , the supplier 20 provides its merchant acquiring number , as is known to those of skill in the art , and bank demand deposit account ( dda ) number . ( as is known to those of skill in the art , a dda is an account from which deposited funds can be withdrawn at any time without any notice to the depository institution . most checking and savings accounts are demand deposits , accessible by the account holder at any time ). in step s 3 , the online payment processor 30 contacts the merchant acquirer 60 and the supplier &# 39 ; s bank 40 , respectively , to verify these numbers . in step s 4 , the supplier 20 sends an invoice to the disburser 10 with a stated invoice due date and net terms ( e . g ., day 30 ). in step s 5 , the disburser 10 approves payment for the invoice and sends a payment file to the online payment processor 30 , which contains a dummy merchant acquiring number . in step s 6 , the online payment processor 30 overlays an actual merchant acquiring number and acts as a virtual point of sale ( pos ) terminal which generates a standard card payment authorization request which gets sent to the merchant acquirer 60 . in step s 7 , the merchant acquirer 60 sends a payment authorization request to the issuing bank 50 via the mastercard / visa network 70 . in step s 8 , the issuing bank 50 approves the authorization request back to merchant acquirer 60 via a mastercard / visa network ( or other such credit card network ) 70 and payment funds get deposited to the supplier &# 39 ; s bank 40 . in step s 9 , following successful authorization of the payment , the online payment processor 30 calculates the number of days between the day on which the payment was authorized / settled and the due date on the invoice . if the card settlement date precedes the invoice date , then the online payment processor 30 calculates the interchange rebate due back to the supplier at a “ daily interchange rebate rate .” the online payment processor 30 then generates an automatic clearinghouse ( ach ) debit file which debits a house demand deposit account ( dda ) owned by the issuing bank 50 for the calculated rebate amount . in step s 10 , this ach file gets sent to the issuing bank &# 39 ; s 50 ach department for processing , as is known to those of skill in the art , which results in the supplier &# 39 ; s bank 40 being credited with funds equal to the calculated rebate amount and the issuing bank &# 39 ; s 50 house dda being debited for the same . in some embodiments , at the time of enrollment ( initiation of the account relationship ) the supplier 20 and disburser 10 agree on card payment terms inclusive of an interchange rebate . as used herein , the “ daily interchange rebate rate ” is calculated as the difference between an “ earliest payment date ” ( e . g ., day ten after invoice issuance ) and the invoice due date ( e . g ., day thirty , or other mutually agreed upon date ). for example , for terms of 2 . 2 % on day ten and 1 . 0 % on day thirty , the “ daily interchange rebate rate ” would be 1 . 2 % divided by twenty days , or 0 . 06 %. other daily interchange rates can be used at would be known to those of skill in the art , as informed by the present disclosure . in addition , the terms of the transaction can also be related to the size and / or quantity of the order . in use , in some embodiments , a payment card settlement product can be implemented as follows . suppliers 20 can enroll in an online closed - loop network involving a merchant acquirer 60 and an online payment processing application 30 . payments in this closed loop network are uniquely identified , and thus , can be treated differently than other card transactions . the unique identifier can be , for example , a predefined number or pool of numbers or digits related to , or that are a part of , the payment card number . merchants / suppliers 20 can enroll online and either ( 1 ) authorize the network to act as a virtual point of sale (“ pos ”) terminal to initiate payments from participating buyers / clients in the network ; or ( 2 ) initiate payments from participating buyers / clients in the network using their own pos terminals . in general , in some embodiments , features of the interchange on the closed loop network more closely align cost and benefit as compared to a traditional interchange . ( as is known to those of skill in the art , interchange fees are fees charged between businesses as part of the operation of credit card networks ). by way of non - limiting example , a traditional interchange is fixed at a level of approximately 2 . 20 % plus merchant acquiring fees , regardless of when payment is initiated . in contrast , by way of embodiments of the invention , the full 2 . 20 % is charged up front , as with traditional interchange , but a portion of that interchange may be rebated back to the supplier 20 by the card issuing bank 50 based on the length of time it takes for the buyer to approve the underlying invoices for payment . in one example , a supplier 20 agrees to accept payment via payment card with terms of “ 2 . 20 / 10 , 1 . 00 / 30 .” these terms mean that the merchant / supplier 20 would be assessed the standard interchange of 2 . 20 % if the associated invoice is approved and payment is initiated within ten days , and a net interchange of only 1 . 00 % if payment is not made until day thirty or later . thus , each day delay beyond day ten in initiating payment results in a reduction in net interchange of 0 . 055 %. a ten day delay would result in a net reduction of 0 . 550 % or net interchange of 1 . 65 % versus the standard 2 . 20 %. as the transaction in this example is continued , upon invoice approval , which in this example occurs on day twenty , the online payment processing application 30 automatically initiates settlement via payment card and the supplier is assessed an interchange of 2 . 20 % using standard merchant acquiring processes and rails ( i . e ., infrastructure ). at the same time , a credit equivalent to 0 . 55 % is initiated by the issuing bank back to the merchant / supplier , either directly via the ach network , or via the merchant acquirer 60 . this 0 . 55 % reflects the ten day delay in approving the invoice and initiating payment resulting in net interchange of 1 . 65 % to the supplier 20 . a benefit to the supplier in this scenario is electronic payment with cash accelerated up to twenty days with the amount of the interchange being somewhat proportional to the number of days of cash is accelerated . the minimum 1 . 00 % interchange for payment at day thirty or later would be required to compensate the issuing bank and card association ( e . g . visa / mastercard , etc .) for costs incurred by initiating electronic payment via the payment card method described herein . ( it is assumed that this 1 . 00 % discount would be acceptable to a significant percentage of suppliers 20 , even with no cash acceleration , to the other above - described benefits ). a benefit to the buyer in this scenario is migration from checks to electronic payments , plus some level of payment card rebate , also proportional to the number of days cash is accelerated to the supplier . the buyer is therefore motivated to approve and pay invoices as early as possible , to increase the level of rebate captured . this , in turn , benefits suppliers interested in cash accelerated at modest incremental cost ( e . g ., 1 . 00 % at day thirty versus . 2 . 20 % at day ten or earlier ). in some embodiments , a rebate can also be issued to the buyer , thus providing additional motivation for the buyer to use the system . the rebate to the buyer can also be based on accelerated payment , thus providing additional incentive to pay the supplier quickly . by way of embodiments of the invention , the issuing bank 50 benefits when payments are made via payment cards as opposed to other payment methods due to the capture of some level of net interchange which is pre - determined by the card associations ( e . g ., visa / mastercard , etc .) for payments made via the unique closed - loop network of the invention . the issuing bank 50 could also benefits by having a unique and superior value proposition versus all other payment card providers . in accordance with the invention , other payment schedules and interchange rates can be used , as would be known to one of skill in the art , as informed by the present disclosure . it is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and that many variations of the above - described embodiments can be devised by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention . it is therefore intended that all such variations be included within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents . | 6 |
exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . the inventive concept may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that those of ordinary skill in the art thoroughly understand this inventive concept . these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those of ordinary skill in the art . in the following description , the technical terms are used only for explaining a specific exemplary embodiment while not limiting the inventive concept . the terms of a singular form may include plural forms unless referred to the contrary . the meaning of ‘ comprises ’ and / or ‘ comprising ’ specifies a property , a region , a fixed number , a step , a process , an element and / or a component but does not exclude other properties , regions , fixed numbers , steps , processes , elements and / or components . as used herein , the term ‘ and / or ’ includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items . also , though terms like a first and a second are used to describe various members , components , regions , layers , and / or portions in various embodiments of the inventive concept , the members , components , regions , layers , and / or portions are not limited to these terms . these terms are used only to discriminate one region or layer from another region or layer . therefore , a member , a component , a region , a layer , or a portion referred to as a first member , a first component , a first region , a first layer , or a first portion in an embodiment can be referred to as a second member , a second component , a second region , a second layer , or a second portion in another embodiment . additionally , the embodiment in the detailed description will be described with cross - sectional views as ideal exemplary views of the inventive concept . accordingly , shapes of the exemplary views may be modified according to manufacturing techniques and / or allowable errors . therefore , the embodiments of the inventive concept are not limited to the specific shape illustrated in the exemplary views , but may include other shapes that may be created according to manufacturing processes . fig1 through 6 are plan views , perspective views , and cross - sectional views illustrating a universal serial bus ( usb ) device 100 according to an embodiment of the present inventive concept . in more detail , fig1 , 3 , and 5 are a plan view , a perspective view , and a cross - sectional view of the usb device 100 , respectively , before a package 10 and a pin module 20 are combined . fig2 , 4 , and 6 are a plan view , a perspective view , and a cross - sectional view of the usb device 100 , respectively , after the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined . fig7 through 9 are cross - sectional views taken along the line a - a ′ of fig1 . referring to fig1 through 6 , the usb device 100 includes a package 10 , first to nine planar electrodes 11 to 19 , and a pin module 20 providing first to fifth pins 21 to 25 . this embodiment represents the inventive concept about the usb 3 . 0 standard and thus includes nine planar electrodes and five pins , but the inventive concept is not limited thereto . that is , as the usb standard changes , more or less than nine planar electrodes and more or less than five pins may be configured . referring to fig7 through 9 , the package 10 may be a chip on board ( cob ) package where a semiconductor chip is directly mounted on a substrate such as a printed circuit board ( pcb ). in more detail , the cob package 10 may include a substrate 105 , a memory chip 110 , a controller chip 120 , a passive device 130 , and a sealing material 140 . although not illustrated in the drawings , the package 10 may be a package where a surface mount device ( smd ) with a sealed semiconductor chip ( not shown ) or a through hole type ( tht ) device is mounted on a pcb . a substrate 105 may include a first side and a second side opposite to the first side . the memory chip 110 , the controller chip 120 , and the passive device 130 may be mounted on the first side of the substrate 105 . in more detail , as shown in fig7 and 8 , the memory chip 110 and the controller chip 120 may be mounted on the substrate 105 by wire bonding or flip - chip bonding . in addition , as shown in fig9 , the memory chip 110 and the controller chip 120 with a stacked structure may be mounted on the substrate 105 , and a through - silicon - via technique may be used for mutual electrical connections . the sealing material 140 may seal the memory chip 110 , the controller chip 120 , the passive device 130 , and the first to ninth planar electrodes 11 to 19 . the sealing material 140 may include an epoxy molding compound ( emc ), underfill , and glop - top . the memory chip 110 may be a flash memory chip and the controller chip 120 may be configured to control the flash memory chip . the passive device 130 may include electronic components ( such as a resistor , an inductor , and a capacitor ) and a meander metal line ( not shown ). the first to ninth planar electrodes 11 to 19 may be formed on the second side of the substrate 105 . the sealing material may expose one side of the first to ninth planar electrodes 11 to 19 . referring to fig1 to 6 again , the first to fourth planar electrodes 11 to 14 may transmit signals based on the usb 2 . 0 standard . in more detail , the first planar electrode 11 is formed on one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a vbus signal of the usb 2 . 0 standard . the second planar electrode 12 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a d − signal of the usb 2 . 0 standard . the third planar electrode 13 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a d + signal of the usb 2 . 0 standard . the fourth planar electrode 14 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a gnd signal of the usb 2 . 0 standard . the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 may transmit signals based on the usb 3 . 0 standard . in more detail , the fifth planar electrode 15 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a stda_ssrx − signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the sixth planar electrode 16 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a stda_ssrx + signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the seventh planar electrode 17 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a gnd_drain signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the eighth planar electrode 18 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a stda_sstx − signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the ninth planar electrode 19 is formed on the one side of the package 10 and is configured to transmit a stda_sstx + signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the pin module 20 may include first to fifth pins 21 to 25 , a fixing unit 33 , and an insertion unit 35 . the pin module 20 may be combined with the package 10 such that the usb device 100 including a plug for the usb 3 . 0 standard may be formed . the fifth to ninth pins 21 to 25 may transmit signals based on the usb 3 . 0 standard . the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may be formed of a conductive material . in more detail , the first pin 21 may be configured to transmit a stda_ssrx − signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the second pin 22 may be configured to transmit a stda_ssrx + signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the third pin 23 may be configured to transmit a gnd_drain signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the fourth pin 24 may be configured to transmit a stda_sstx − signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . the fifth pin 25 may be configured to transmit a stda_sstx + signal of the usb 3 . 0 standard . if the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined , the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may be disposed on the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 , respectively . the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may directly or indirectly contact the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 . that is , the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may directly contact the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 . that is , regardless of whether the usb device 100 is inserted into a host or not ( see fig1 a and 10b ), if the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined , the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may continuously and directly contact the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 . selectively , the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may not contact the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 when the usb device 100 is not inserted into the host ( see fig1 a ) and may directly contact the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 when the usb device 100 is inserted into the host ( see fig1 b ). these will be described in more detail with reference to fig1 a , 10 b , 11 a , and 11 b . the fixing unit 33 may fix the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 . the fixing unit 33 may be formed of a non - conductive material . the insertion unit 35 provides a space s in the pin module 20 . a portion or all of the package 10 including the substrate 105 of fig9 and the sealing material 140 of fig9 may be inserted into the insertion unit 35 such that the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined . fig1 a , 10 b , 11 a , and 11 b are cross - sectional views when the usb device 100 of fig1 to 6 is combined with a host . hereinafter , redundant descriptions will be omitted . referring to fig1 a and 10b , when the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined , the first pin 21 may directly contact the fifth planar electrodes 15 . that is , before the usb device 100 is inserted into the host 200 as shown in fig1 a and after the usb device 100 is inserted into the host 200 as shown in fig1 b , the first pin 21 may continuously and directly contact the fifth planar electrodes 15 . referring to fig1 a , when the usb device 100 is not inserted into the host 200 , the first pin 21 may not contact the fifth planar electrode 15 . referring to fig1 b , when the usb device 100 is inserted into the host 200 , the first pin 21 may directly contact the fifth planar electrode 15 . although only the contact relationship between the first pin 21 and the fifth planar electrode 15 is illustrated in the drawings , the inventive concept is not limited thereto . that is , the contact relationships between the second to fifth pins 22 to 25 of fig1 and the sixth to ninth planar electrodes 16 to 19 of fig1 may be the same as shown in fig1 and 11 . fig1 a , 12 b , and 13 illustrate usb devices according to embodiments based on the technical idea of the inventive concept . fig1 a , 12 b , and 13 illustrate usb devices in which the pin module 20 of the usb device of fig1 to 6 is partially modified . hereinafter , redundant descriptions will be omitted . referring to fig1 a , 12 b , and 13 , the entire package 10 is inserted into the insertion unit 35 of the pin module 20 , such that the package 10 and the pin module 20 are combined . for example , as shown in fig1 a and 12b , the package 10 and the pin module 20 may be combined through a sliding combination method . additionally , as shown in fig1 , the package 10 and the pin module 20 may be combined through a vertical combination method . fig1 a and 14b illustrate a usb device according to embodiments based on the technical idea of the inventive concept . fig1 a and 14b illustrate the usb devices in which the usb device 100 of fig1 to 6 is partially modified . hereinafter , overlapping description in two embodiments will be omitted . referring to fig1 a and 14b , first to fourth planar electrodes 11 to 14 for transmitting signals based on the usb 2 . 0 standard may be disposed at a first edge region e 1 on one side of the package 10 . the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 for transmitting signals based on the usb 3 . 0 standard may be disposed at a second edge region e 2 on one side of the package 10 . the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 may be disposed on the fifth to ninth planar electrodes 15 to 19 , respectively , at the second edge region e 2 . the usb device 100 may further include sixth to tenth pins 26 to 30 that penetrate the fixing unit 33 . the sixth to tenth pins 26 to 30 may be directly connected to the first to fifth pins 21 to 25 , respectively . in order to provide a usb 3 . 0 plug to be inserted in a host , the sixth to tenth pins 26 to 30 may extend toward the first edge region e 1 . it should be construed that a form of each portion of the accompanying drawings is just an example to clarify the inventive concept . it should be obvious that various forms different from the drawings are possible . like reference numerals refer to like components . while the inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof , it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims . | 7 |
fig1 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus 25 according to the invention for cutting labels . here , a cutting roller 30 is provided which initially carries an endless label strip . this cutting roller has a plurality of counter - cutting channels 28 which are distributed in the circumferential direction of the counter - cutting roller 30 . furthermore , this counter - cutting roller has suction devices for drawing the label onto the outer circumference of the counter - cutting roller 30 . during operation , the counter - cutting roller 30 rotates in a predefined direction of rotation , here for example in the anticlockwise direction . a cutting tool 1 according to the disclosure cooperates with the counter - cutting roller in order to cut the labels . more specifically , the rotation of the cutting rotor or housing 2 of the cutting tool 1 is synchronised with the rotation of the cutting roller in such a way that the cutting elements 4 in each case coincide with the counter - cutting channels during the movement , in order to cut the labels . the cutting tool 1 here has two cutting elements 4 . the cutting tool is driven by a motor ( not shown ), for example , with a linear motor drive . fig2 shows a more detailed diagram of a cutting tool 1 . this cutting tool 1 has a housing 2 which rotates about a rotation axis x . the housing may also be referred to in its entirety as the cutting rotor . the housing has a recess 18 for fitting a cutting element 4 , which has a cutting edge 6 . arranged in this recess is a spring body 10 which is denoted in its entirety by 10 and spring - mounts the cutting element 4 in the direction r . here , the spring body 10 is arranged inside the cutting element 4 in a radial direction relative to the rotation axis x . more specifically , the cutting tool 1 has a plurality of the illustrated spring bodies 10 which are arranged one behind the other in the direction of the rotation axis x , which extends perpendicular to the plane of the figure . a support 8 on one side contacts the spring body 10 , and on the other side of said support the cutting element 4 is fixedly arranged . this support 8 or the section 8 a thereof thus serves as a clamping bracket for fixing the cutting element 4 . the cutting element 4 is clamped between the support 8 and a clamping bracket 32 . this clamping bracket 32 in turn rests in a recess 34 which is formed in the housing 2 , and thus cannot move in the direction r . this clamping bracket 32 may be made from plastic ; however , it may be made from metal , for example , carbide . the support 8 in turn has an edge 36 which likewise supports the cutting element 4 in the direction r , so that the cutting element is always spring - mounted together with the support 8 in the direction r . it would also be conceivable that further mutually engaging elements are provided , which couple the movement of the cutting element 4 to the movement of the support 8 . the section 8 b of the support can move in the recess 18 in the direction r and contacts the first guide body 10 . the support 8 can also move relative to the second spring body 20 in the direction r . a further bracket 40 may be arranged fixedly on the support via a screw connection 48 . a recess 52 is provided above this further bracket 40 , in which recess a second spring body 20 is provided . this second spring body 20 holds the cutting element in the housing . more specifically , this second spring body 20 , as soon as it is subjected to the action of compressed air , presses against the support 8 or more specifically against the section 8 a of the support and thus presses the cutting element 4 in the direction p against the clamping bracket 32 . the spring bodies 20 and 10 are subjected to the action of compressed air via an air supply device 22 . here , the supply may be designed as a circuit or as a plurality of separate circuits , an individual control or adjustment of the air pressures then being possible . on the whole , therefore , via the clamping bracket 23 and membranes of the second spring body 20 , which is inserted in a holder 40 , the cutting element 4 is securely clamped as soon as the second spring body 20 is subjected to the action of compressed air , i . e . as soon as air is supplied to a membrane of this second spring body 20 . during operation , this membrane is continuously supplied with air , which is introduced through a rotary distributor into the rotating rotor or housing 2 . the air passes to the spring body 20 via screw connections and hoses . in order to change the blade , the compressed air simply has to be switched off . the holder 40 serves not only to hold the spring body 20 but also as a front stop for the support 8 and thus defines the extent to which the cutting element protrudes or is preloaded . the position of the holder 40 relative to the support 2 is adjusted by means of adjusting screws 54 . after adjustment , the holder 40 is fixed in place by a plurality of screws 48 . the first spring body 10 , which likewise has a membrane continuously supplied with air and is arranged behind the support , has three functions . on the one hand , it serves to push the cutting element forwards from one step to the next . furthermore , the cutting element is intended to be gently spring - mounted during the actual cutting operation and finally is also intended to generate the necessary cutting force . it is possible to increase the cutting force by changing the air pressure acting on the spring body 10 . instead of the air - filled spring body shown here , however , it would also be possible to use other adjustable spring elements , such as helical springs for example . the arrangement of the spring bodies 20 gives rise to a clamping force of approximately between 200 and 1500 n . the spring force applied by the first spring body 10 lies in the range from about 500 n to about 3000 n . fig3 a to 3 d show several diagrams of a housing or rotor 2 according to the disclosure . in the diagram shown in fig3 a , the housing 2 is fully assembled , i . e . even the holder 40 has already been screwed onto the housing 2 and positioned . a corresponding second holder is located on the rear side ( not shown ) of the rotor 2 , said holder being arranged in a rotatable manner via a shaft 14 . fig3 b shows one of the corresponding rear sides , wherein the pressure supply connections 22 are respectively shown both in fig3 a and in fig3 b . the rotor 2 may have a rotationally symmetrical design in order to prevent imbalances during its rotation . in fig3 c , the holder 40 has been removed so that the second spring bodies 20 located therebelow can be seen . as mentioned above , these second spring bodies 20 act between the holder 40 and the support 8 and thus give rise to a preloading of the cutting element 4 in the housing 2 . further spring bodies are provided here . fig3 d shows a further diagram , wherein the support 8 has also been removed here . it is possible to see here the first spring bodies 10 , wherein three such spring bodies 10 are provided here in the direction of the rotation axis . these first spring bodies 10 cause the support to be spring - mounted together with the cutting element in the radial direction . fig4 shows a perspective diagram of a holder 40 . provided in this holder are two spring bodies 20 which in fig4 are subjected to the action of compressed air from behind . reference 42 denotes a frame strip , by means of which the holder 40 can be screwed onto the housing 2 . the spring bodies 20 are inserted in a support part 44 . fig5 shows a spring body 20 or 10 . this spring body 20 has a membrane 20 a which is pushed outwards when subjected to the action of compressed air . a corresponding bead 20 c , which together with the membrane forms a recess 20 b , means that the membrane 20 a can be extended out of the spring body 20 . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the cutting tool for cutting labels of the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the invention . other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein . it is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only . | 1 |
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