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version: 1
n_points: 4
{
1087.500 219.500
1087.500 383.500
1239.500 383.500
1239.500 219.500
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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The overall goal of this project is to verify the performance advantages of a new dome-swaging ultrafiltration membrane sealing design which has been invented to permit development of a reusable microcentrifugal concentrator system. The system design features have been disclosed in a U.S. Patent Application and optimization results with machine prototypes indicate very competitive filtration rates. Demonstration of overall feasibility for ultimate use in the life science research lab will require construction of R&D molds to produce parts to exact tolerances on key dimensions with mirror-smooth seal surfaces. Creep testing will confirm part stability under high stresses required to reversibly seal membranes without gaskets at accelerations up to 12,000 rcf and beyond. Seal reliability and concentration rate will be tested by measuring permeation of highly-retained proteins, compared to o-ring-sealed reference devices using the same membrane and to commercial disposables of comparable cutoff rating. Performance of a novel skimming deadstop trough with improved sanitary features will be qualified by retentate recovery and carryover. Disposable membranes precut with cutoff-rating-embossed handles will be qualified for ergonomics. Overall system performance and acceptable convenience will be evaluated by independent scientists at several beta sites. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: A microvolume concentrator with extended component life, permitting simple user assembly and disassembly at the lab bench, could offer a cost and waste-saving alternative to sealed disposable membrane microconcentrators now widely used to concentrate, desalt, buffer exchange and fractionate macromolecules. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Q:
How to fix java.lang.NullPointerException
My java code passes parameters as system current date-time and one hour before time in stored procedure call.
Date d = new Date();
Date currentDate = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - 3600 * 1000);
clstmt.setDate("date", new java.sql.Date(currentDate.getTime()));
clstmt = con.prepareCall("exec vcs_gauge 'vs1_bag', 'd', 'date'");
When I run the corresponding JSP page then the java.lang.NullPointerException is thrown.
A:
First create the CallableStatement and then bind the value. That is swap the order of your statements like
// clstmt.setDate("date", new java.sql.Date(currentDate.getTime()));
clstmt = con.prepareCall("exec vcs_gauge 'vs1_bag', 'd', 'date'");
clstmt.setDate("date", new java.sql.Date(currentDate.getTime()));
You get a NullPointerException because clstmt is null until you prepareCall().
Edit
I think your syntax should be something like
clstmt = con.prepareCall("{call vcs_gauge('vs1_bag', 'd', ?) }");
clstmt.setDate(1, new java.sql.Date(currentDate.getTime()));
Edit 2
Based on your additional details,
String sql = "exec vcs_gauge @gauge_name=?,@first_rec_time=?,@last_rec_time=?";
DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
clstmt = con.prepareCall(sql);
clstmt.setString(1, "vs1_bag");
clstmt.setString(2, df.format(d));
clstmt.setString(3, df.format(currentDate));
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
var LazyWrapper = require('../internal/LazyWrapper'),
LodashWrapper = require('../internal/LodashWrapper'),
thru = require('./thru');
/**
* Reverses the wrapped array so the first element becomes the last, the
* second element becomes the second to last, and so on.
*
* **Note:** This method mutates the wrapped array.
*
* @name reverse
* @memberOf _
* @category Chain
* @returns {Object} Returns the new reversed `lodash` wrapper instance.
* @example
*
* var array = [1, 2, 3];
*
* _(array).reverse().value()
* // => [3, 2, 1]
*
* console.log(array);
* // => [3, 2, 1]
*/
function wrapperReverse() {
var value = this.__wrapped__;
var interceptor = function(value) {
return value.reverse();
};
if (value instanceof LazyWrapper) {
var wrapped = value;
if (this.__actions__.length) {
wrapped = new LazyWrapper(this);
}
wrapped = wrapped.reverse();
wrapped.__actions__.push({ 'func': thru, 'args': [interceptor], 'thisArg': undefined });
return new LodashWrapper(wrapped, this.__chain__);
}
return this.thru(interceptor);
}
module.exports = wrapperReverse;
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
1970年4月12日の朝4時すぎ（日本時間）、ケネディ宇宙センターから3回目の有人月面探査を目指す「アポロ13号」が打ち上げられました。このときサターンVロケットの第2段（S-II）に搭載されていた5基のエンジンのうち1基が飛行中に停止してしまうというトラブルに見舞われたものの、アポロ13号は月へと向かう軌道へと無事に投入されています。
しかしミッション2日目となる1970年4月14日12時8分頃（日本時間）、司令・機械船「オデッセイ」を構成する機械船に搭載されていた液体酸素タンクのひとつが爆発してしまいます。宇宙飛行士の呼吸に必要な酸素が漏れ出しただけでなく、機械船に搭載されていた電力源である燃料電池も3つすべてが機能を失ったため、オデッセイは電力不足にも陥ります。宇宙飛行士が帰還する際に切り離される司令船にも酸素やバッテリーが搭載されていましたが、これらは大気圏再突入時に必要とされるものなので、温存しておかねばなりません。
司令船の酸素や電力を温存するためにオデッセイのシステムはシャットダウンされ、宇宙飛行士のジェームズ・ラベル、ジョン・スワイガート、フレッド・ヘイズの3名はオデッセイとドッキングしていた月着陸船「アクエリアス」へと乗り移ることになりました。使い捨ての月着陸船から救命ボートとなったアクエリアスは、月の裏側を経由して地球へと戻る自由帰還軌道に乗った3名の命綱となり、大気圏再突入の直前まで彼らを支え続けました。
機械船が使用不能に陥るという事態を乗り越えて3名が無事帰還したことから「Successful Failure」、日本語では「成功した失敗」や「輝ける失敗」などと呼ばれるアポロ13号のミッション。今年でこのミッションから50年を迎えたNASAでは、当時の状況を詳細にまとめたテキストコンテンツや、宇宙飛行士と地上の交信を50年越しの「リアルタイム」で聞くことができる特設サイトなどを公開しています。いずれも英語ではありますが、当時の緊迫したやりとりや解決に向けた取り組みが、当時の様子を伝える写真や動画とともに紹介されています。
なお、宇宙飛行士の生還に向けた彼ら自身とNASA職員たちの奮闘ぶりは、1995年公開の映画「アポロ13」でも描かれています。
関連：まもなく50年、アポロ13号の宇宙飛行士たちが見た月面をNASAが再現
Image Credit: NASA
Source: NASA / Apollo 13 In Real Time
文／松村武宏 | {
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} |
Q:
Applying Arzelà–Ascoli Theorem
Let $(g_n)$ be a sequence of twice differentiable functions defined on $[0,1]$, and assume that $g_n(0)=g_n'(0)$ for all $n$. Suppose also that $|g_n'(x)|\leq 1$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and all $x\in[0,1]$. Prove that there is a subsequence of $(g_n)$ converging uniformly on $[0,1]$.
This problem is screaming at me Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem. However, I am neither sure how to show that $(g_n)$ is uniformly bounded nor how to show that $(g_n)$ is equicontinuous.
Any help would be appreciated.
Edit: $(g_n)$ is uniformly bounded since $$|g_n(x)|=\left|g(0)+\int_0^xg_n'(x)dx\right| \leq |g_n(0)|+\int_0^x|g_n'(x)|dx \leq |g_n(0)|+ \int_0^x dx=1+x\leq2.$$
A:
For equicontinuity, you have that for some $\zeta \in [0,1]$,
$$
|g_n(x) - g_n(y)| = |g'_n(\zeta)||x-y| \le |x-y|
$$
by Taylor's theorem, so that $\{ g_n \}$ are all Lipschitz with constant $1$, hence equicontinuous. I don't know why you need twice differentiability ; $C^1$ is enough here.
For uniformly bounded,
$$
|g_n(x)| = |g_n(x) - g_n(0) + g_n(0)| = |g_n'(\zeta)x + g_n'(0)| \le |g'_n(\zeta)||x|+|g'_n(0)| \le 1+x.
$$
again by Taylor's theorem and since $|g'_n(x)| \le 1$, plus with $x \ge 0$ I can remove the $| \cdot |$.
Hope that helps,
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 01-20098
Summary Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
PEDRO PADILLA-VENEGAS,
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. H-00-CR-530-ALL
___________________________________________
August 7, 2001
Before POLITZ, JOLLY, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Pedro Padilla-Venegas appeals his conviction and sentence for being in the
United States without permission of the Attorney General after his deportation
following his conviction of a felony, a violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Padilla
challenges the sufficiency of his indictment because it did not allege that he acted
with intent to commit the offense. Padilla’s contention is foreclosed by our holding
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
in United States v. Berrios-Centeno1 that an indictment charging a violation of §
1326 “fairly convey[s] that [the defendant’s] presence was a voluntary act from the
allegations that he was deported, removed, and subsequently present without
consent of the Attorney General.” Absent a ruling by the Supeme Court or this
court en banc, that precedent is binding and dispositive herein.2
AFFIRMED.
1
250 F.3d 294 (5th Cir. 2001),
2
United States v. Short, 181 F.3d 620 (5th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1091 (2000);
United States v. Mathena, 23 F.3d 87 (5th Cir. 1994).
2
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
[Comparison between Neuropilin-1(+)T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells].
To analyze the relationship between Nrp-1(neuropilin-1) positive T cells (Nrp-1(+)T cells) and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg) and compare their immunoregulatory effects. The expression of Nrp-1, CD4 and CD25 on the splenic T cells of BALB/c mice was detected by flow cytometry and Nrp-1(+)T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg were sorted. Then their effects of on NK cells killing B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma cells were compared in vitro by bioluminescence imaging system. The expression of Nrp-1 on CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg was (27.28+/-1.17)%, which was significantly higher than that (1.63+/-0.08)% on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells(P<0.01). Both Nrp-1(+)T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg inhibited the effect of killing NK cells on B16-F10-luc-G5 melanoma cells in vitro. At 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, the number of tumor cells in Nrp-1(+)T cell group was higher than that in CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg group(984+/-15 vs 931+/-4, 1015+/-14 vs 983+/-8, 1261+/-21 vs 1201+/-18 and 1323+/-38 vs 1256+/-18, respectively). There was significant statistical difference between the two groups at each time point (P<0.01). The proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg expressing Nrp-1 is high. Nrp-1(+)T cells show negtive immunoregulatory effect, which is more powerful than CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg. Nrp-1(+)T cells may be regarded as a new subgroup of Treg. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
// WARNING: DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. THIS FILE IS MANAGED BY SPRING ROO.
// You may push code into the target .java compilation unit if you wish to edit any member(s).
package nl.bzk.brp.model.data.kern;
import nl.bzk.brp.model.data.kern.Srtdoc;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Configurable;
privileged aspect Srtdoc_Roo_Configurable {
declare @type: Srtdoc: @Configurable;
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
All the news and information you need to prepare for HIMSS13. Destination HIMSS13 is our e-newsletter series devoted to preparing you for the HIMSS Annual Conference and Exhibition, March 3-7 in New Orleans. On this page, you'll find previews of sessions and events, information about new products to be featured at the show, and helpful planning tips.
White House doc to talk leadership
NEW ORLEANS | February 12, 2013
If you have been waiting with bated breath to hear Bill Clinton’s closing keynote, you will most likely also enjoy hearing from his former White House physician, Eleanor (Connie) Mariano, known to her patient, President Clinton, as simply “Dr. Connie.” She will be speaking on Wednesday morning from 8:30-9:30 a.m., preceding Clinton’s closing keynote at 1 p.m.
The “View from the Top” sessions have always been popular at the HIMSS Annual Conference & Exhibition, with this year’s line-up promising to be no different.
Though there are six View from the Top sessions slated for this year’s conference–two each day–possibly the crowning “View from the Top” will come by way of Dr. Connie’s session on Wednesday morning, where she will share “Lessons on Medicine and Leadership,” learned–well, from the top. She will undoubtedly expand upon her 2010 memoir, “The White House Doctor.”
Mariano is no stranger to the limelight. An expert on the care of VIPs, celebrities, and world leaders, Mariano is a frequent guest speaker at international conferences as well as on media specials such as CNN’s “The Health of the President.”
Nowadays, you will find her working at the Center for Executive Medicine, an organization she heads and founded, in Scottsdale, Arizona.
Mariano is the first military woman in the history of the United States to be appointed as Physician to the President, the first female director of the medical unit of the White House, and the first Filipino-American to become a rear admiral in the US Navy.
Tuesday morning’s Views from the Top session will look at the types of hackers and how to go about protecting your organization from them. Later that afternoon, there will be a View from the Top on the lessons learned from Katrina in the afternoon.
Wednesday’s afternoon session will feature a healthcare debate with a particularly political twist, as Karl Rove and James Carville take the stage together.
Learn how the University of Pennsylvania’s Health System transformed its information system via digitization. What started as an intention to reduce the paper load generated by a single patient visit, turned into a comprehensive overhaul of the hospital’s medical and financial records. The end result? Dramatically increased efficiencies across all departments. Learn More
Healthcare financial accounts are becoming the first line in consumer-driven healthcare interaction. Health plans that don't offer health spending accounts are missing out on the critical early consumer interaction that drives loyalty. Learn about key trends and important changes in health spending accounts and health plan administration, and find out how health plans and TPAs scope and implement the right solutions for themselves and their customers. Learn More
The explosion of mobile health and advances in medical technology has been accompanied by a parallel increase in acute-care complexity and coordination challenges. Today, test results, x-rays and even snapshots of wounds can be shared among clinicians in less time than it takes to go from one hospital floor to another, and patients are being treated by an increasing array of specialists – thanks to the flexibility of mobile health technology. Learn More
Memorial Hermann's expansion into the health insurance business is a key component to realizing its new vision to "advance health." Hear how this health system overcame challenges and took advantage of opportunities on its journey to develop value-added health plans and employer solutions. Learn More
Video
What's new at HIMSS15?
Carla Smith, MA, CNM, FHIMSS, Executive Vice President of HIMSS, previews areas new to the conference this year including the Cybersecurity Command Center and the HIMSS Health IT Value Suite.
We are at a cusp of the consumer driven health revolution. But to succeed, we need a new approach: one that goes beyond the apps and the sensors and makes better use of APIs to deliver the interoperability and security required to overcome our current challenges. More
You don't have to work in technology to know that hackers are getting more sophisticated. It seems like a new breach is in the news every week. But those of us who are dedicated to protecting healthcare data also spend a lot of time on something that's just as demanding. More
Joseph Kvedar, MD, recently wrote about the sign posts on the road to connected health adoption. Here, he outlines the connected health sign posts that are driving the change in attitude from "healthy skeptic" to "fear of missing out." More
Nobody is explicitly opposed to interoperability in healthcare IT. That would be like opposing the eradication of poverty, hunger or child slavery. People of goodwill just can't argue against it. The potential benefits are too clear. More | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Morgan E. Norris, III, MD, FACS
Founder and Medical Director of Norris Plastic Surgery - Houston, TX
An Expert in Patient Satisfaction
Patient satisfaction through the consistent delivery of natural looking results is the goal at Norris Plastic Surgery. Dr. Norris brings to every case, an eye for artistic detail, combined with an unwavering focus on safety and the patient’s primary desires. “Attentive, respectful, highly skilled, sincere” are words used by patients to describe Dr. Norris – words that reflect the overall philosophy of his practice.
An Expert in Patient Satisfaction
Dr. Norris’ clinical expertise in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery of the face ranges from brow and facelift, rhinoplasty and correction of facial bone structures to better support soft tissue affected by aging. His expertise in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery of the breasts include breast augmentation and lifts as well as reconstruction of breasts removed due to cancer. Dr. Norris uses state of the art techniques in breast reconstruction including implant and/or tissue based reconstruction using one’s own fat such as with the TRAM and DIEP flaps. And finally, Dr. Norris’s expertise in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery of the body includes tummy tucks, buttock and thigh lifts, arm lifts and liposuction as well as abdominal wall reconstruction.
Experienced in Qualified Care
Dr. Norris is a triple board certified plastic surgeon, who after years of extensive surgical training, passed the certification examinations of the American Board of Plastic Surgery, the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the Certificate of Added Qualification in Hand and Microsurgery. These credentials signify his qualifications to address Cosmetic and complex Reconstructive problems affecting the face, breasts, and body.
Dr. Norris’s post graduate medical education includes training in General Surgery (Medical College of Virginia), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Cornell Medical Center, NY), Cosmetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery (State University of New York), as well as Hand and Microsurgery (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.) His knowledge base, range and versatility have been further enhanced over the years through practice in the US Navy, several overseas humanitarian missions, and 5 years as Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine. His judgment and skills, honed from many years of challenging surgical cases, are well engrained and applied to the care of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery patients at Norris Plastic Surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
About
With school now out of the way, I suppose it’s time for me to get my ass in gear and start finishing up the various side-projects I seemed to have accumulated throughout the years. Starting with the one most recently adopted, I present you a semi-finalized version of Forza Studio. Forza Studio 4.0 should now render all previous versions of my Forza-related utilities obsolete. Any questions can be directed to the comments section of this post and I’ll happily reply to them as soon as I can.
Features
Forza Studio 4.0 now officially supports the viewing and extraction of most cars (.carbin), wheels, brakes, rotors, calipers, tracks (.rmb.bin), and textures (.xds, .bix) from both versions of Forza 3 and Forza 4.
Controls
Its use is fairly straightforward in my opinion. Right-clicking various sections will bring up a context menu specific to that control. When viewing a model in the viewport, use the WASD keys on your keyboard to move the camera position and IJKL to look around. I’ve also included zip extraction functionality that can be found under the utilities menu for those who wish to use it instead of the usual QuickBMS script. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Dissipation kinetics and pre-harvest residue limit of pyriofenone in oriental melon (Cucumis melo Var. makuwa) grown under regulated climatic conditions.
A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection was used to estimate the disappearance rates as well as the pre-harvest residue limits of pyriofenone in oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa) grown under greenhouse conditions in two different locations (A and B) in Seongju, Republic of Korea. The identity of the compound in standard solution and representative field incurred samples was confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy (expressed as recovery) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) for accurate and precise quantitation. Notably, the residual levels of field incurred samples collected over days 0-10 post-application were below the maximum residue level (0.2 mg/kg) established by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Site A showed lower residue levels and a higher decline rate than site B, which might be attributed to seasonal variation (high temperature) and increased metabolic and enzyme profiling in the mature fruits. The half-lives were similar, 4.9 and 4.3 days, at sites A and B, respectively. Using the pre-harvest residue limit, we predicted the residue amounts at 10 and 5 days before harvest, which resulted in concentrations lower than the provisional maximum residue level at harvest time. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Math.Cos(x)<-1 with large values of x
I wrote very simple code:
public static void Main (string[] args)
{
String str="1,0992748756871115E+41"; //yes, I know that is very large value
Double x=Convert.ToDouble(str);
Double res=Math.Cos(x);
Double resRound=Math.Round(res);
Console.WriteLine("x={0}\nres={1}\nresRound={2}", x, res, resRound);
}
And this code output very large value of res value: 1,09927487568711E+41 which a equals to Math.Cos's arguments:
I thought, that is a bug of Gtk# and decided to test what value returns this code compilled by .NET Framework and it returned same value!
Is that so the meaning of the function cos(x) exceeds the limits of segment from -1 to 1? How does it possible?
A:
From the documentation:
Acceptable values of d range from approximately -9223372036854775295 to approximately 9223372036854775295. For values outside this range, the Cos method returns d unchanged rather than throwing an exception.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
W.A.R. Bf109
The W.A.R. Bf109 is a near-scale homebuilt replica of a Messerschmitt Bf109 fighter.
Variants
Some versions were built using Lycoming O-235 and HCI radial engines.
Specifications (W.A.R. Bf109)
See also
Peak Aerospace Me 109R
Roland Me 109 Replica
Notes
References
WAR German BF-109
External links
War Aircraft Replicas International Inc
W.A.R. Aircraft Replicas International
Category:Homebuilt aircraft
Bf109
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:1980s United States sport aircraft
Category:Replica aircraft | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dylan Corbett
Guest columnist
A major priority of President Obama during his recent trip to Asia is shoring up support for the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The TPP is an agreement negotiated between the United States and 11 other countries that will affect everything from trade, migration and health to a country's ability to implement commonsense regulations.
Accompanying the president on Air Force One during his trip to Vietnam was El Paso Congressman Beto O’Rourke. In a speech there, the President announced that O’Rourke was a “strong supporter” of the TPP.
The TPP is the latest example of so-called free trade agreements. While there are undoubtedly benefits to international trade, these agreements are notorious for exacerbating inequality and for their indifference to their negative economic, environmental and human impacts.
Border communities are well versed in the effects of free trade. One only need listen to the stories of lost jobs from women in El Paso’s Segundo Barrio to understand the damage left behind in the wake of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
NAFTA cost El Paso thousands of jobs, consolidated an inhumane wage structure in Juarez, and sent millions of migrants fleeing north when U.S. corn flooded Mexico’s markets and ended family farming there.
TPP has been called NAFTA on steroids because it will cover 12 countries representing about 40 percent of the world economy. While Americans may not be acquainted with the fine points of trade policy, they are too familiar with the outsourcing, loss of manufacturing jobs and negative effects of deregulation related to international trade.
These have become core issues in this year’s presidential election. The TPP has been attacked by both Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump. Under popular pressure, Hillary Clinton has reversed course and now opposes the agreement.
Few Democrats in Congress support the president’s signature trade initiative. The TPP has also been criticized for the process which led to its final text, which was hammered out by corporate lobbyists, lawyers and those most poised to gain from relaxed trade rules long before elected representatives were able to even see it.
Because it will give Asian competitors an advantage over Mexican production, TPP will have a significant effect on the border. This threatens to destabilize the service and logistics industry related to trade with Juarez that has replaced El Paso’s lost manufacturing sector.
To his credit, O’Rourke has met several times with local leaders, including labor representatives, clergy and community activists to study the TPP agreement and hear their concerns.
Although the TPP will be of enormous consequence for our border community, up to now O’Rourke has not taken a position for or against TPP. However, either President Obama just outed the congressman on his true view of the agreement or tried to force his hand.
The effects of TPP on our border will be felt for decades, if not longer. With our unique role in the global economy, our border should lead on trade policy.
We deserve more than delay or mixed messages on where our congressman stands.
Congressman O’Rourke has demonstrated exceptional leadership in advancing a positive image of our region at a time when demonizing migrants and playing political football with the border have become commonplace.
Now he has a chance to lead again by standing for human dignity before profit in trade policy and restoring transparency to the murky process which led to the TPP.
Dylan Corbett is the executive director of the Hope Border Institute, a grassroots education and advocacy organization on the Mexico-U.S. border. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Next Chapter >
Pickups might be all the rage and the top-selling type of vehicle over in the US, but they aren’t remotely popular in Japan. They’re more of a novelty than anything, and those that buy them only really do so to stand out. What has always made far more sense in Japan are kei (light) vehicles. Kei vans and trucks helped to motorize Japan after the Second World War, and are perfectly sized to not only fit down the tiny streets of rural towns, but squeeze between rice paddies.
To this day, they are one of the most popular commercial vehicles to own in Japan, and their utility is matched only by their cheap running costs. With such a history behind kei vehicles, it’s always interesting to come across rare variants from a bygone era.
To me, this 1973 Mazda Porter represents a side of Japan’s custom car culture that is relevant, but at the same time has a hint of fun about it. By any standard this thing is tiny, yet it’s been given a hell of a lot of attention in the way of a full ground-up rebuild, and is well on its way to becoming something very special.
What made this generation of the Porter even more distinctive was its engine: a tiny little 360cc 2-stroke v-twin. While there is only so much you can do to boost power on something like this, the owner had a set of exhausts fabricated for each of the two cylinders, and I’m sure those expansion chambers will do magical things for the sound!
And check out the cover for the air filter. It all reminded me of another 2-stroke kei truck creation I came across three years ago at the Mooneyes Hot Rod Custom Show. Click here and scroll down to see the Daihatsu Hijet Revolver 2 built by Ushio Automobile in Osaka.
Plenty of fab work has gone into making the Porter sit the way it does and I quite like the period correct (1962-1975) Mazda emblem on the imitation knock-offs attached to the tiny steelies.
Stance? It’s definitely nailed it!
The hot rod inspiration in the interior is strong, and compared to the exterior it looks like most of the work has already been done in here, including tan upholstery for the seats and door panels.
From this angle you can see how the chassis rails have been c-notched to allow the Porter’s tiny solid rear axle to sit further up and position the body low once the air shocks are relieved of their pressure. It’s just impossible to not like a project like this one!
Dino Dalle Carbonare
Instagram: speedhunters_dino
[email protected] | {
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671 S.E.2d 436 (2009)
53 Va. App. 349
Anthony Dale CRAWFORD, Appellant,
v.
COMMONWEALTH of Virginia, Appellee.
Record No. 1194-07-2.
Court of Appeals of Virginia.
January 27, 2009.
Present: FELTON, C.J., ELDER, FRANK, HUMPHREYS, KELSEY, McCLANAHAN, HALEY, PETTY, BEALES and POWELL, JJ.
*437 Prior report: 53 Va.App. 138, 670 S.E.2d 15.
Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc
On January 6, 2009 came the appellee, by the Attorney General of Virginia, and filed a petition requesting that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on December 23, 2008, and grant a rehearing en banc on the issue(s) raised in the petition.
On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted with regard to the issue(s) raised therein, the mandate entered herein on December 23, 2008 is stayed pending the decision of the Court en banc, and the appeal is reinstated on the docket of this Court.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 5A:35, the following briefing schedule hereby is established: Appellant shall file an opening brief upon rehearing en banc within 21 days of the date of entry of this order; appellee shall file an appellee's brief upon rehearing en banc within 14 days of the date on which the opening brief is filed; and appellant may file a reply brief upon rehearing en banc within 14 days of the date on which the appellee's brief is filed. The appellant shall attach as an addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously rendered by the Court in this matter. It is further ordered that the appellee shall file twelve additional copies of the appendix previously filed in this case.
| {
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Abstract
Considerable investment has been made in recent years in improvements to the microbiological quality of urban wastewater discharges to surface waters, particularly in coastal towns, with the aim of reducing the exposure of bathers and surfers to gastrointestinal pathogens. As this source of pollution has come under greater control, attention has started to focus on diffuse catchment sources of faecal contamination which have been shown to be dominant during high river flows associated with storm events. This association with storm events suggests that rapidly responding hydrological pathways such as overland flow are likely to be important. The aim of this paper is to establish the current state of knowledge of pathogen transport processes in overland flow. In addition, the paper will attempt to convey the way that soil erosion science may aid our understanding of this environmental problem. The scale and nature of faecal waste applications to land in the UK is briefly reviewed, with data presented on both livestock slurry and manure, and human sewage sludge. Particular emphasis is placed on factors influencing the likelihood of pathogens making their way from infected livestock and humans to the soil surface, and therefore the chances of them being available for transport by overland flow. The literature relating to pathogen transport in overland flow is reviewed. Existing pathogen transport models treat pathogens as particles and link pathogen transport models to pathogen die-off kinetics. Such models do not attempt to describe the interactions that may occur between pathogens and soil and waste particles. Although conceptual models describing the possible states in which pathogen transport may occur have been proposed, an understanding of the factors controlling the partitioning of the microorganisms between the different states is only just beginning to emerge. The apparent poor performance of overland flow mitigation measures such as grass buffer strips in controlling the movement of faecal indicators highlights the need for a better understanding the dynamics of microbial transport so that better management approaches may be developed. Examples of on-going research into overland flow transport processes are briefly described and gaps in knowledge identified. | {
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Inflation remained at 0.3% in February - the same as the month before - as the falling cost of second-hand cars was offset by rising food prices, according to official figures.
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said the price of second-hand cars dropped by 5.6% year-on-year in February, while the fall in price of food was smaller than it was in January , down 2.4% year-on-year.
Sharply lower oil prices have kept inflation historically low, with the Bank of England predicting it to stay far beneath the Government's target for some time.
Last month the central bank voted to keep rates on hold again and warned that Britain's vote on its European Union membership could hit UK economic growth.
Since then, the picture for the UK economy has worsened, with a series of surveys covering the manufacturing, construction and services sectors pointing to a slowdown in gross domestic product.
Economists predict that GDP will hit 0.4% in the first quarter of this year, down from 0.6% in the fourth quarter of 2015.
Concerns have also been mounting that the UK economy could be left exposed if Britain leaves the EU after its current account gap hit a record high in the fourth quarter.
The ONS revealed last month that the UK current account deficit ballooned to £32.7 billion or 7% of GDP, fuelling fears that Brexit could reduce the flow of foreign money into the UK economy and make the deficit harder to sustain.
Howard Archer, chief UK and European economist at IHS Global Insight, said CPI could even hit 0.5%, driven by a strengthening in the oil price and the impact of an earlier Easter.
He said Brent oil prices averaged 38.5 US dollars a barrel in March, up from February's average of 32.5 US dollars a barrel.
He added: "T he earlier Easter in 2016 means that the seasonal rise in air and sea transport prices as well as in hotel prices will have occurred largely in March this year as opposed to largely in April in 2015."
Experts at Oxford Economics said it expects inflation to notch up to 0.4%, adding that "there have been tentative signs that deflationary pressures coming along the supply chain are starting to ease." | {
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install-data-am install-exec install-exec-am install-info \
install-info-am install-man install-strip installcheck \
installcheck-am installdirs installdirs-am maintainer-clean \
maintainer-clean-generic maintainer-clean-recursive \
mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool \
mostlyclean-recursive pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags tags-recursive \
uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-info-am
# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
.NOEXPORT:
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
O’Malley will be reporting on Parliament and politics, while May will be providing coverage of the federal public service.
O’Malley, who has covered Parliament Hill for two decades, has written for a variety of well-known publications throughout her career, including the Hill Times, Maclean’s and the CBC. In June 2015, she joined the Ottawa Citizen‘s mobile team, where she worked until mid-February. O’Malley brings a distinct voice to her political coverage — both in her articles and on Twitter— and is a frequent commentator on TV and radio.
May is unrivalled in her reporting on the federal public service, which she has covered for about 20 years. She started her career in journalism as a student at the London Free Press and went on to work for several dailies and weeklies in southwestern Ontario.
Before joining iPolitics, May spent 30 years reporting for the Citizen and won a National Newspaper Award in 2007 for her coverage of the mismanagement of the RCMP pension and insurance fund.
“The federal public service is the largest employer in the country and I look forward to continuing to cover it,” May said.
iPolitics has been expanding our coverage of Canadian politics. This fall, we hired Ainslie Cruickshank to cover Ontario politics from Queen’s Park.
The addition of O’Malley and May will add depth and rigour to our daily coverage of Parliament Hill, says executive editor Stephen Maher.
“We couldn’t be any happier. Kady has a deep understanding of Parliament and politics and a unique voice that will already be familiar to many of our readers. Kathryn is the best public service reporter in Canadian history. We are lucky to have them writing for us.”
“As someone who was there for the launch of iPolitics six years ago, it’s hard to imagine the road we have travelled,” James Baxter, editor-in-chief and publisher of iPolitics, added. “What started with a few recent university grads, some bold ideas and more than a bit of chutzpah is now a a must-read for tens of thousands of Canadians every day. We have always punched above our weight, but the addition of Kathryn and Kady gives iPolitics a reporting team second to none in Canada.” | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Der Yid
Der Yid () is a New York-based Yiddish language weekly newspaper, founded in 1953. The newspaper is published by Satmar Hasidim, but is widely read within the broader Yiddish speaking Haredi community. It uses a Yiddish dialect common to Satmar Chasidim, as opposed to "YIVO Yiddish," which is standard in secular and academic circles.
History
Der Yid was founded in 1953 by Dr. Aaron Rosmarin as a fortnightly paper. He was formerly an editor of the Yiddish newspaper Der Morgn-Zhurnal ("The Morning Journal"). After the paper was bought out in 1953 by a rival Yiddish newspaper, Der Tog ("The Day"), forming the Tog-Morgn-Zhurnal ("The Day-Morning Journal"), he was laid off from the new company. Rosmarin decided to start his own newspaper.
Religiously observant, Dr. Rosmarin had run columns on the biographies of rabbis and Jewish customs while working for The Morning Journal. Under his influence, Der Yid was considered more sympathetic to Orthodox Judaism than the other major Yiddish newspapers of the time. The first editor of Der Yid was the writer Uriel Zimmer, publisher of an anti-Zionist tract.
In 1955, during a Satmar protest at Manhattan Center against the establishment of a night club in Jerusalem, The Krasna Rav, Rabbi Hillel Lichtenstein, publicly tore up a copy of Der Morgn-Zhurnal as a sign of disapproval of its pro-Zionist stance. Dr. Rosmarin responded with applause. He eventually sold Der Yid to activist leaders of the Satmar community, including Sender Deutsch.
Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, the Rebbe of Satmar, became the paper's guiding voice, firmly establishing Der Yid as a Haredi and anti-Zionist newspaper. He once approved an appeal for financial contributions to the newspaper on the night of Yom Kippur, as a counterweight to pro-Zionist financial appeals that were commonly held on Yom Kippur.
In 1972, the paper was revamped by Rabbi Chaim Moshe Stauber as a weekly newspaper carrying world news.
Current form
Der Yid is currently owned by the supporters of Satmar Rabbi Zalman Teitelbaum. The paper remains firmly anti-Zionist, although some changes have occurred over time. For instance, when the State of Israel is mentioned, it no longer appears in mocking quotation marks. As a matter of course, Der Yid refrains from publishing photographs of women in its pages, in keeping with Hasidic standards of tzniut. According to Tablet Magazine, as of 2018 Der Yid, which is sold in Hareidi communities throughout the world, had a circulation of approximately 80,000. The newspaper publishes a daily edition, which, according to its website, has 15,000 email subscribers.
The community of Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum publishes a similar newspaper, known as Der Blatt.
See also
Der Blatt
Di Tzeitung
Hamodia
References
External links
Der Yid daily subscription site
Category:Yiddish-language newspapers published in the United States
Category:Jewish newspapers published in the United States
Category:Jews and Judaism in New York City
Category:Newspapers published in New York City
Category:Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)
Category:Weekly newspapers published in the United States
Category:Non-English-language newspapers published in New York (state)
Category:Yiddish culture in New York (state) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Ignore file if it is corrupted
I am using Ionic zip in my WCF service to unzip files uploaded by a 'client'.The files are zipped using Ionic zip.However,there have been instances where the zipped files were 'corrupted'.Since my code scans the entire folder to look for zipped files,exceptions were thrown as it was picking up the same 'corrupted' zipped files everytime.This stopped all the other files from being processed.Here's the code:
foreach (string filePath in Directory.GetFiles(ZippedFilesDestinationFolder))
{
using (ZipFile zip1 = ZipFile.Read(filePath))
{
foreach (ZipEntry e in zip1)
{
e.Extract(unpackdirectory, ExtractExistingFileAction.OverwriteSilently);
}
}
}
I want to move the corrupted file to another folder and continue extracting the other zipped files in the folder.How should the code be modified to achieve this?
A:
It stopped all other files because the exception was unhandled within the loop, causing the loop to exit. Adding a Try/Catch around the Read of Zipped files will allow files to fail but still allow next file to be processed.
foreach (string filePath in Directory.GetFiles(ZippedFilesDestinationFolder))
{
try
{
using (ZipFile zip1 = ZipFile.Read(filePath))
{
foreach (ZipEntry e in zip1)
{
e.Extract(unpackdirectory, ExtractExistingFileAction.OverwriteSilently);
}
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
/* Log ex here */
/* Move corrupt file */
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Thank you for downloading this Simon & Schuster eBook.
* * *
Join our mailing list and get updates on new releases, deals, bonus content and other great books from Simon & Schuster.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP
or visit us online to sign up at
eBookNews.SimonandSchuster.com
## Contents
* * *
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Fly Me to the Moon
* * *
OMG! Out in Public!
* * *
Who's That Girl on TV?
* * *
"SMILE"
* * *
Cold Soup?
* * *
A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes . . . When You're Missing
* * *
Just Sing!
* * *
"Puppy Love"
* * *
"Dream a Little Dream"
* * *
Lesson Learned!
* * *
Walk the Plank
* * *
Don't Judge
* * *
Confessions of an Imperfect Person (or Where the Heck Are the Minis?!)
* * *
Addiction
* * *
"Oh So Pretty"
* * *
In Plain Sight
* * *
Disgusted
* * *
Barbies Are Good for the Soul
* * *
Most Embarrassing Moment
* * *
First Christmas
* * *
That Time We Went to See Garth in Ireland
* * *
Most Frustrating Moment
* * *
Journey to a New Land
* * *
Two Psychologists and a Survivor Walk into a Bar . . .
* * *
Hope Is a Four-Letter Word
* * *
Lil Sis
* * *
Where's the Rage, Jaycee?
* * *
Open Wide and Say AHHH!
* * *
Through Thick and Thin
* * *
Now, That's Grand!
* * *
Baked Potatoes
* * *
Pass the Cheese, Please
* * *
My Inner Circle
* * *
About Jaycee Dugard
I dedicate this book to my mom and all the "moon moms" who hold on to hope!
## Acknowledgments
* * *
I want to acknowledge the tremendous support and encouragement I had in even writing this book. I would like to thank Mort Janklow and my publisher Jonathan for letting me, not once, but twice tell the story my way and for always believing I could, even if at times I had my doubts.
To my mom, who by example has taught me patience and unconditional love. To my aunt Tina, who continues to share the magic with me. To my sister, who shines from within and without whenever she walks into a room and who always tells me how proud she is of me—well, girl, I'm so proud of you, too! And to my two daughters, who give me gray hairs before I'm forty but constantly remind me what true resilience looks like: I'm so darn proud of you both.
I want to also acknowledge all of the people that have sent out their love protons to me and my family throughout our terrible/grand adventure.
I want to thank Monkey and Nanny Goat for always having my back and for giving me so much. I can't imagine my life without either one of you.
Last of all, I want to acknowledge and thank all the people that have gotten me to this place in my life. All the little moments add up; each one has helped shape me and tells a tale. I am so thankful to have you all in my inner circle of love.
## Introduction
* * *
You can't really be strong until you see the funny side of things.
—ANONYMOUS
Hi again. For those who read my first book, A Stolen Life, I would like to thank you for your huge amount of support. Some of you, however—and you know who you are—still can't quite remember who I am. No, I am not a Duggar. I do not have eighteen siblings. Let's get one thing straight: my last name is DUGARD.
Many confuse me and my story with Elizabeth Smart. Just for the record, I am not Elizabeth Smart. Even though we both have blond hair, we have had vastly different lives and experiences. I am the one that was captive for EIGHTEEN YEARS! Not months. Not to say that what she went through wasn't as bad as what I did. I'm not comparing us, but some have.
Believe it or not, I have also been mistaken for one of the girls held captive by Ariel Castro in Cleveland. Apart from being held by a deranged man for a number of years, I'm not sure how I get confused with these brave ladies: Amanda Berry, Gina DeJesus, and Michelle Knight.
When I was first recovered, it was hard to put into words what I and my daughters had been through. I wasn't really the talkative type back then. Up until that point, Phillip had done most of the talking throughout the eighteen years of captivity, and it was mostly in the form of lectures and his idea of daily sermons. I mostly talked with the girls and that's it. So to have so many people to talk to all of a sudden was very overwhelming. I gave these men and women the bare essentials of what happened. It wasn't until I met Rebecca Bailey that I really wanted to open up.
I remember we were sitting in the backyard of the rental she and her team had found for us to stay in. Just the two of us. It was the first day we met. I told her right off I wasn't comfortable talking about what happened. The backyard we were in was all fenced in, but we could hear a neighbor working in the yard next door. After making my proclamation about not talking, she said that was fine. We just sat for second or two and all of a sudden, words started pouring out of my mouth. Maybe it was her willingness to just sit there with me. Or the fact I felt no judgment from her at all, but my whole life story just came tumbling out of me. Rebecca was actually trying to get me to stop at one point because she realized the noise from the neighbor had stopped and that there was an unmistakable hush from the other side and we knew someone's ears were burning. We both laughed at that point and decided it was time for a break. I had told her a lot, though. It went a little like this . . .
It all started on a bright and sunny day in South Lake Tahoe. I was eleven years old. It was an ordinary day just like countless others I had had in my short eleven years of life. Then everything changed for me and my family. I was walking up to the school bus stop when a car came up behind me and stopped at an angle in front of me. Cutting off any chance of an exit. I wasn't scared at first, though. I had no reason to be. Nothing could prepare me for what was to happen next.
The man in the driver's seat opened his window and started to ask me for directions. Before I could answer, he shoved his door open and stunned me with a stun gun. (I didn't know what it was at the time, just that it made me lose control of my arms and legs.) I fell back into some bushes. Stunned, I tried to scoot backward, but there was nowhere to go. Nowhere to hide from the terrible man coming for me. Dragging me to his car. I try to hold on to whatever I can to no avail. (Years later, during my recovery process I would remember that the last thing I touched was a pinecone on the ground. It would become my symbol of new beginnings and the logo of my foundation.) The man throws me in the backseat where another person is waiting for me and covers me with a heavy blanket. (Later I learned this was Nancy Garrido, Phillip Garrido's wife.) This person held me down. I felt like I couldn't breathe. I know I passed out at some point.
These events happened so many years ago. Even though I am well into my thirties now, I can still close my eyes and relive these events as if they just happened yesterday. These are moments ingrained into my psyche and cannot be erased. I choose to not let them take over my life now. And I choose to create new, better memories. Memories that will eventually outweigh these bad memories until they are nothing but dust in the air.
That was the longest car ride ever. I remember being so embarrassed that I had wet myself. I found out later that it was because of the stun gun he used. The details of my horrific and ultimately triumphant story can be found in my first book, A Stolen Life. My first book was a story that I needed to let people hear. To know it was not my shame but the shame of two people, Phillip and Nancy Garrido. It was therapeutic for me in many ways. I even wrote some of it in my therapy sessions with my therapist, Rebecca.
This second book is different. This is my new story. In it, I can be whoever I want to be. Not who someone wants me to be.
I've been asked this question many times throughout the year . . .
"Jaycee, how are you going to rebuild your life?" This question has stayed with me these past years. I didn't know how to answer it for a long time. I ask myself, Do I know now?
How do you make a life for yourself and your kids when you have no idea where to begin?
• How do you rebuild a life?
• Do you rebuild it on the notion of what you think it should have been? Do you rebuild on a life you once lived?
• How do I build a life I never thought I would live to see?
So many questions but no answers . . .
Today if someone asked me the same question, I would say:
Hmmm . . . one day at a time.
One second at a time, one hour at a time, one day at a time, one month, one year . . . and all the little moments and people that go into building and living a new life of freedom and choices.
Is that an answer? I don't know, but in order to share my life with you, I have to build you a picture of all the moments that have gone into my life now. These moments have helped shape me, and I hope that the sharing of these moments shows what goes into creating a new life. These seemingly small moments are actually all very significant. Each one has helped me define within myself who I am now.
Do I wonder what my life would have been like if Phillip and Nancy Garrido never snatched me from my tranquil life? You bet your last dollar I do! But what's done is done. I can't take back what happened. I can only march quietly forward and forge a path on uncharted territory. I think I've done quite well. If I do say so myself. In fact, I don't really think I'm at all unique or special. I believe anyone could have survived what I went through. You just have to want to be okay. That's a choice I made. I wanted to be okay.
Was I okay overnight? No, it takes time. I believe in seeking help and counseling. It helps to have someone to talk to. That someone for me was Dr. Rebecca Bailey. She is the founder of Transitioning Families, a unique equine-based program that specializes in reunification.
My daughters had never met any of my family before. Likewise, even though I knew my mom and family, they had never met my daughters. It helped to have Rebecca and Jane, her co-therapist, there for us as a family. Jane became my ADL helper. ADL stands for activities of daily living. And trust me, I had missed out on learning a lot of the daily activities that are normal to everyone else. She helped me with things like balancing a checkbook, even helped me learn to grocery shop by myself. She continues to be an important person in my life.
We needed the guidance from this team to learn how to connect with each other. You might think, Hey, what's the big deal? You should be happy you were free. Of course I was! That was the big picture for us. The reality was that we were virtual strangers to each other. What seemed like fun exercises with her horses were actually teaching us the new skills we needed to form those lasting connections with each other. Chef Charles, Rebecca's husband and the cook for Transitioning Families, was a vital factor in our recovery process, too. Besides all the delicious new foods he was introducing us to, he was also one of the first males my daughters had been around other than their father. I think those early days helped them to see that men could be so much more than what they had witnessed their tyrannical, possessive, egotistical, egomaniacal, narcissistic, psychopathic father being. I think this has led them to have healthy relationships throughout these years of freedom.
It has not been easy. I can attest to that. But each moment has brought an emotion, a memory, a time to share, and a time for self. So many firsts . . . where to begin . . . First sight of my mom in eighteen years, first time meeting my grown-up sister Shayna, hugging my aunt Tina and us celebrating her birthday at Disneyland every year I have been back, first barbecue with the whole Dugard clan. Making the choice to have the girls attend school, first doctor visits, and first shared caramel-covered apples with Mom. Learning to drive and first car, first plane ride and reuniting with old friends. Some of these firsts were in my first book, A Stolen Life. All these years of freedom later, what's new with me? Let's find out . . .
## Fly Me to the Moon
* * *
First time I flew in the plane I was six years old, and my mom had a boyfriend that was a pilot. I remember it was a little plane and I threw up. It wasn't the most fun I ever had for sure. I never flew again until eighteen years later, after my rescue.
The first time I flew in a big plane I was worried that same feeling of nausea would come back from my younger days. The chance to fly in a big plane far outweighed any fears I had, though, and I was looking forward to this new experience. I didn't want to think about being sick. I just wanted to fly!
Having a lot of time on my hands in the prison of Phillip and Nancy's backyard, I had a lot of time to dream and fantasize. One fantasy I had was having the ability to fly like Peter Pan. Often dreaming that with a little fairy dust I could fly myself home—Poof! . . . Tinker Bell, where are you? I would cry. But she never came.
I also imagined myself flying from city to city as a flight attendant one day. I thought it would be so much fun to see the world in this way. From London to Paris. Rome, Italy, Egypt. I have always wanted to see the pyramids. I did get to see the Mayan ruins on a trip to Belize. A group of us went to help a tiny village called Monkey River rebuild after the devastating hurricane that they were still recovering from. While there, we explored a pyramid called Altun Ha which means "stone water." It was amazing and so big. Climbing to the top I felt like a queen. But I digress. I will tell you more of this story later.
This trip was to be my first meeting with Nancy Seltzer. Our need for protection from the media was an obvious priority from the beginning of our recovery. We needed the time to focus on each other and not the constant hounding of the media we were experiencing. Some people wanted to help, and we got involved with one in particular that we thought we could trust. It didn't end up that way, and we didn't know where to turn for help after that.
Rebecca wanted to help but had her hands full with not only our therapy needs but also dealing with all the agencies and law enforcement involved with the court case against Phillip and Nancy Garrido, our captors. Her brother-in-law, an actor, knew of our plight and suggested a woman that he trusted in the business of public relations. Rebecca passed this information on to me and, together with my mom, we contacted Nancy Seltzer and explained our story. We asked for her help and, thankfully, she agreed and the rest is history. She did what she said she would and protected us from the media and those who were seeking to exploit us.
On the day of my first flight, we were actually met in the airport parking lot by a security guard and taken through a special way to avoid any press that was lurking. My story was still new then and in high demand. I was accompanied on this trip by my mom and therapist Rebecca.
Once we boarded, I remember the flight attendant asking me if I was old enough to be sitting in the exit row. How funny she would ask, I thought. She said I looked like I was fifteen. No, I replied, I'm thirty! She was shocked. I don't look my age, apparently. Still don't to this day. The other day I was in Costco. They had the food samples out. I went to take one that looked like a health drink, and the lady at the booth stopped me and said, "You have to be over eighteen to drink that." What? Hello . . . I'm thirty-five! I also went to a wedding once and during the toast I was served Martinelli's sparkling apple juice instead of Champagne! I had even put on makeup! Come on, people, I am a grown-up! Anyways, I'm wandering again. The flight attendant did let me keep my seat.
Over the speaker system "Fly Me to the Moon," by Frank Sinatra came on. I looked at Mom, who was sitting beside me, and we shared a smile. Fly us to the moon, Frank, this is our song! That actually helped me to relax. Until we started to accelerate and actually take off. My hands and fingers dug into the armrest. My mom asked if I was okay, and with gritted teeth, I answered "Yep." Turns out, I was okay for the entire trip. I did some deep breathing and looked straight ahead the whole way. Landing made me queasy. I knew I had to take an airsickness pill next time. Rebecca recommended Dramamine. I have taken it ever since, and flights have become so much easier. I have also found a homeopathic remedy, MotionEaze, that works for me on short flights.
Nancy picked us up from the airport herself. Meeting her was like meeting an old friend. One that felt like I had known forever. Actually, with all the talks we had had over the phone up to that point, I really did feel like I already knew her and, most importantly, like I could trust her. So when we met face-to-face that day it felt comfortable. I knew she had our backs and would do all she could to protect me and my family from the prying eyes of the media. Her two beautiful dogs sealed the deal as they greeted us excitedly in the car. I knew right then she was a friend for life.
Later, getting to know Nancy, we decided she needed a nickname. Funny how a certain name can follow you. "Nancy" is that name for me. Although there has only been one "Bad Nancy," the new Nancy in my life wanted a name that didn't remind me of the old one. She said as a child she had had the nickname of Nanny Goat for her way of taking care of everyone she loved. So she became my Nanny Goat in more ways than one.
We stayed with Nanny Goat a few days. She introduced me to some people that would become very important in my life. One of them was Michael, who would take care of my finances, and another was Dale, who would represent me and my daughters in our lawsuit against the state. Our stay was very productive and a whole new experience of meeting people for me.
The flight back home was scheduled for nighttime, and we were a little late getting to our gate for the flight. As we walked through the tiny airport, I suddenly heard our names over the speakers. "Terry Probyn, Jaycee Dugard, Rebecca Bailey, please proceed to your gate." Rebecca looked scared as she ran ahead to ask them to stop. (Remember, the press was still hounding us. That very day a reporter from a tabloid had gone by Rebecca's house and asked where Rebecca was. The reporter told her fifteen-year-old who answered the door that he was with the FBI and needed to find her.) Guess what happened at the airport. No one even looked twice as our name was repeated over the loudspeaker again and again. Funny how I could be in plain sight and no one noticed!
I remember that day on the flight home, sitting there holding my mom's hand as we took off, and she said, "Look out the window." I said, "No I can't." I didn't want to be sick if I turned my head to look, and it was scary being so high up from the ground. My mom promised me I would like what I saw. I turned my head and opened my eyes. I realized I didn't feel sick, so I looked out a little more and I saw diamonds twinkling, shining bright, but not in the sky. They were below me. Beautiful sparkling diamonds on the ground and me looking high above them. I forgot to be scared in that moment. I had never seen such a magical display of twinkling lights, even more brilliant than the night sky. From then on, I couldn't wait for my next flight. I still have to take Dramamine, but I enjoy flying more because I remember those twinkling diamonds. Happy memories help when you're afraid. I always try for a window seat so I can look out over the world. I never get sick of the sight.
I've been on many flights now and I've even flown all by myself. The first time I flew by myself was actually a pretty fun adventure, even though I didn't think it was at the time. For a while the thought of traveling alone was really scary. What happened if I got lost? What if I got on the wrong plane and ended up in a strange city? What would I do then? My mom and sister encouraged me to try it but only when I was ready. My sister, again the little one teaching the older one, told me it would be fun to travel alone. She thought I was more than capable of handling any situation that came up. Encouragement like that is what helps the most in new situations and adventures.
I got the chance to take this advice and encouragement sometime later. I was coming back from a visit to my sister's house. My mom was staying a few extra days, and I was planning on going on my first solo flight. I felt ready to face this new challenge.
The flight had a layover in Dallas. I had been on layovers before and knew the routine. The plane was late taking off, so I knew I had to run to my next flight when we landed. To prepare myself, I studied the magazine with the layout of the airport in it. I knew from previous flights that Dallas was a big airport with trains to take you from terminal to terminal. The first time I was in the Dallas airport the group I was traveling with got on the wrong train, and we ended up across the airport with five minutes to spare before our next flight. I was not going to do it again, especially not by myself! The man next to me saw me looking at the terminal layout and offered some helpful suggestions and helped me plot my course to the assigned gate. I was thankful because I would have been too shy to ask for help.
As soon as I was able to disembark, I ran for all I was worth to the gate assigned to my flight. I had checked my luggage, so I just had my purse and made good time. I even had to navigate the dreadful train. I finally made it to the correct gate only to find out that the gate had been changed! What the?! I ran to the next gate only to find out that my flight had been delayed anyway. Relieved but out of breath, I sat and realized that I needed to charge my phone because I had 10 percent power left. I walked to find an outlet to charge my phone. It was around 10:30 at night and my flight was rescheduled for 11:15 p.m. I thought I had a few minutes at least to charge my phone. (Why are iPhone batteries always running out when you need them the most?)
After charging for a bit, I decided to head back to my gate. Walking back, I became a little worried because the airport seemed deserted and some areas had cots out. Upon reaching my gate I saw there was nobody at the desk, actually nobody anywhere. Oh no, what should I do? I thought to myself, Don't panic. You can handle this. Like Dory says, "Just keep swimming, just keep swimming." I walked a few gates down and finally found somebody at a desk. I said, "Excuse me, but my flight was delayed and now there's nobody there. What happened?" She said, "Oh, the flight was canceled." Just like that, like it was no big deal. I'm in Dallas–Fort Worth and my flight has been canceled! I'm alone in some strange city airport! And where in the hell was my luggage? I felt like I couldn't handle it. But I knew there was nobody else to handle it for me. I was on my own and it felt . . . different.
I said, "Well, what am I going to do?" She didn't really answer me and acted like she didn't know. I didn't really know if I should repeat my question or just continue to stand there. As I stood there, she handed me a bunch of papers she had printed out. She called them vouchers. She explained that one was for dinner tonight in the airport (even though all the stands had closed for the night) and a taxi ride to the hotel. I'm thinking to myself, Oh my God, I'm going to have to go to a hotel by myself and take a cab ride! She went on to say that there was one for another cab ride back to the airport in the morning, one for breakfast, and a voucher for a standby flight. I took the tickets from her and walked to the exit.
Looking up at the airport exit sign felt like a turning point. "Exit your old life," it seemed to say. "Exit now and become . . . what?" Okay, I said to myself. Just keep swimming. I have never been so scared in my life . . . Well, that's not true. I had never been in this kind of situation before was all. It felt scary and new and different. Sometimes I have to remind myself what I have been through. People tell me I am strong, brave, etc. To be honest, I usually just tell myself I am lucky. How funny is that to think I'm lucky after everything I have been through.
But on that day I did not feel lucky at all—just annoyed, frustrated, tired, and a little scared. I left the relative safety I felt in the airport and entered a hot, muggy unpredictable night. It was past midnight by this time. I didn't know what I was supposed to do really, but luckily, there were a few taxis still outside at that time of night. I peeked in the open window and told the driver I had vouchers for a cab ride to this hotel in downtown Fort Worth. He said, "I can take you" in a heavy foreign accent. Okay, I told myself, this is going to be okay. Just stay alert. Be present. Stay in the moment. All things I had learned from Rebecca.
After what felt like hours of riding in a stranger's cab, I thought to myself, Where is he taking me? Does he know where to go? Is he taking me somewhere to rape and kill me? In reality, though, the ride to the hotel was probably no more than twenty-five to thirty minutes. I gave myself permission to have all these thoughts because I felt like if I thought about all the things that could happen, then they wouldn't. It's the things you don't think about that get you. Of course, nothing of the sort happened, but can you blame me for thinking of all the worst scenarios that could? How much bad luck can a girl have, though, right?
We arrived at the hotel. The cabdriver turned out not to be a serial killer but a very nice man. He asked if I would be returning to the airport in the morning and I said yes. He gave me his number and said to call when I was ready and he would pick me up. I thanked him and left the sanctuary of the cab to enter the jungle of a strange city. Well, it wasn't quite the jungle, and it actually felt pretty safe. I walked the few steps and entered the still brightly lit lobby of my hotel for the night. I showed the desk my voucher and they gave me a room. I navigated my way to the elevator and was relieved to have already learned how to easily find my hotel room. Room 202 so that would put me on the second floor. Wipe the sweat from my brow for figuring that out.
By the time I reached my room, I had to go to the bathroom something fierce. Mother Nature is not kind. I realized she had given me my monthly gift and I had bled through my pants. Mother Nature also gives us brilliant ideas to deal with problems such as these. Since I had checked my luggage and was wearing the only clothes I had, I would wash my pants in the sink and hang them to dry, for surely they would dry by morning. (Which I forgot was already here at one in the morning.) But sometimes things are overlooked in times of crisis. I washed my pants in the sink and got most of the stain out. I hung them over the shower rod to dry.
I ate the meager snacks I had from my first plane ride and fell asleep quickly. Only to be woken up an hour later to the sounds of yelling from the room next door. I must admit at first it startled me with thoughts of bullets flying through the wall. But I told myself again to just chill out and go back to sleep. I finally fell asleep again around 3:00 a.m. and woke the next morning to my alarm.
First thing I did was check my pants and yes, of course, they were still very, very damp. I had no other clothing to put on, so I put them on and tied my sweater around my waist. I called the number I had been given by the cabdriver the night before, and he said he would be there in fifteen minutes to pick me up. I got ready and went downstairs to meet him. By the time I got downstairs, there was a line of cabdrivers already in front of the hotel. One saw me and immediately descended upon me like I was some kind of tasty morsel for him to consume. I told him I had already called for a ride, but in their foreign language I don't know if they understood me. I kept saying, No, thank you, but he kept saying, No, that's not how it works. I was feeling very intimidated, so I called my cabdriver back and explained what was going on. He said, It's okay. Just go ahead and use the first cab in the line. I thanked him for his trouble and got into the cab. Who knew there was cab etiquette? I mean, shouldn't you just be able to get in any cab you want? So many rules to figure out sometimes. Why can't things just be simple?
On arriving back at the airport, I went into the security line thinking I had a plane ticket. The security officer informed me that I didn't have a ticket and said it was a voucher for a ticket and I needed to go to the airline desk. I went to the front desk and was told that I was going to be put on standby for the next available flight home. It came with a layover, too. Again what happened to simple? It turned out my flight had to go four hours in one direction and then back the same way two hours to get where I needed to go. It wasn't like I was going to a tiny airport, even. In fact, it was to a big airport in a major city. It seems like something is a little off in that thinking. The lady next to me told me she had taken a plane to a city in the Midwest and because of weather she had to land in a different city. She added that when she got to that city, the airline had to put her on a bus because they had no room on any planes to the city she actually needed to be in. She told me the bus ride took two hours and when she got there, she had to book a flight back to her car at the original airport where she was supposed to land. The airline had told her nowhere did her ticket say they had to fly her to her destination. I guess it might make sense to somebody, but it didn't to me. Five hours later, I finally arrived home, exhausted but very proud of myself.
## OMG! Out in Public!
* * *
My first experience in an outdoor shopping mall was comical. Thinking about it now, I can easily see it being one of those funny skits on Saturday Night Live. It was during my first plane trip to meet Nancy. Nanny Goat took us out and we went to The Grove shopping center in LA. I was mesmerized as I was confronted by so many shops, food choices, and people. So many things to see and look at, I'm sure I'm not even remembering them all. I had my mouth open probably the whole time looking like the biggest fool. Maybe everybody thought I was catching flies or some crazy person who never closes her mouth. Yes, everybody! Because in my mind everyone was staring at me! Have you ever felt like everyone is staring at you? I really did for a while after my recovery. I was positive all eyes were on me all the time, yet I also felt invisible. Wow, what a contradiction I was!
I've grown a lot and feel some things are different for me now. I don't feel like all eyes are on me, more like I'm just another human being making her way in this world, like everyone else is doing. I remember the first few years into my recovery were difficult because I wanted to maintain my privacy for me and my family but at the same time live a normal life. I was trying to figure out what "normal" was going to be for me. With no reference and no road map. Going into any restaurant, especially when the girls went, too, always made me a wee bit nervous because I wanted their privacy protected above all else. I always worried about being recognized, so I would always make sure I positioned myself in a spot where the least amount of patrons could see my face. Why? I ask myself now. I guess I was worried they would act like the media and ask a hundred questions or want a photo or something. In all these years, that has never happened. If anyone did actually recognize me in a place with them, they were so polite about it, they never said anything. I appreciate those people. They allowed me to enter this brand-new world in a natural and less scary way. At least, in my own mind, what I thought scary would be. But I ask myself now and think, Would it have been as scary as I thought it would be?
It took time, but I eventually became comfortable going out and realized that, yes, we all become obsessed at times with the Kim Kardashians and the beautiful royal couple and enjoy talking about the people in the news. But at the end of the day nobody is sitting in a restaurant saying, "Look over there, Harriet. Is that Jaycee Dugard in the corner over there hiding behind that booth?" No, they are deep into conversations about soccer games, and dance recitals, who won the World Series and normal everyday life things. I find that I don't sit with my back to people now when I go out. In fact, I don't even think about it anymore. It wasn't a conscious decision I made one day but more of an unconscious one. I sit where I want, and that is certainly a great feeling to have.
In the big outdoor Grove mall that day, I'm sure I sounded like I was from another planet. With my endless questions like "Why is there a DJ playing in the middle of the mall?" "Yum, that funnel cake drenched in whipped cream and chocolate looks delish, can we get some?" and "Oh, my, how much does that jacket cost?"
Malls had changed so much since I was little. I remember malls being loud but not like this. The best part of malls for me was the pet shops! I loved going to the mall because that is where you could pet the little kittens, puppies, or bunnies in those open-top plastic boxes. Some shops even had benches that went all around the plastic boxes so little girls like me could follow the fluffy bunnies as they hopped around their small little world. Looking back, I feel sad for those little animals in those boxes. They remind me of me in the backyard. Helpless to do anything about their circumstances in life, just waiting for the right person to come along and take them from their little prisons. Back then, though, I was too naïve to even think that way or think that someone could become imprisoned the way I was years later. I remember I would get so pouty if they didn't have any animals in the mall when we went. Those were the days before PetSmart and Petco.
Now there are no more pets in the mall, but oh so many brand-new clothes and shoes! So many clothes I could hardly believe it! In the backyard, we were lucky if we saw a new outfit from Walmart. Mostly, our clothes came from Salvation Army or Goodwill. The Grove offered so many choices it was overwhelming, and I really couldn't concentrate enough to buy anything. I really hadn't fully grasped my new situation either at that point and was still living as if on a Salvation Army budget. Gradually, over time, I became more comfortable with my new life, and shopping came more naturally. I must admit I do love to shop. I especially love shoes. Shoes are great because no matter what you look like or if you are a little overweight like me, shoes remain the same size and look good. To me, a good shoe makes all the difference in an outfit. Tall boots became an obsession for a bit and then wedges. Wedges are so awesome because you can walk in them, unlike a spiky heel, which is the worst to walk in. Wedges make me feel taller, which I desperately need because I am vertically challenged and need help reaching the top shelf. Wedges became my best friend for a while and helped me reach new heights—and high shelves! Although I always go back to a nice comfy walking slip-on. Clogs are my go-to for the barn and errands, and Skechers are my favorite for exercise.
My hair has gone through the ups and downs with me, too. My hair coming out of the backyard was limp and lifeless, kind of like how I felt. Dragged down by the pressure of life and weighted down with so much dirty garbage of Phillip and Nancy's making. My hair reflected all that I was at the time. Maybe no one noticed, but I did, and it was tough to change and figure out what I wanted my hair to look like. Slowly we went through many changes and styles together, my hair and me. In the backyard, Phillip allowed Nancy to take me out to town, but I always had to color my hair first. I learned not to care what my hair looked like or feel anything for it because it was just a thing that got in the way of my freedom for the day. Later, when I had the choice, I relied on the advice of others because I really didn't know what to do with it.
The media played a role in my decision as well, and I had one style for the press and one style for home. I tried dark, I tried light, and it made me feel like I was two people in one body at times. The more I changed it, the more I figured out what I liked and what I didn't. I eventually experimented with adding bangs, which I thought made me look cute but too young, and then I cut it really short for some reason I can't even remember. I tried highlights and lowlights and finally back to blond and I grew it out long. After all this experimentation with different styles, I like the way it looks now and feel it looks most like how I see myself when I close my eyes and picture myself. That self does not exist, I know, but dreaming you look like a 6'2" supermodel with a mane of long, flowing, golden locks and long, elegant legs, perfect for reaching any shelf in the house and no need to wrap their stirrups when horseback riding, is sometimes what I picture. Hey, a girl can dream.
Clothes have been a similar journey for me. And like my hair, clothes have evolved into what I like to call "My Style." Gone are the days of the coverup from head to toe and gender-neutral clothes. Cover up everything was my theme for some time, and then jeans and T-shirts came into fashion. As a kid, I wore nothing but stretch pants and had a pair in every color imaginable, with my favorite being pink. My style has really changed this past year. I discovered Nordstrom Rack. I walked into the store one day and said, This is a magical land! Filled full of nice designer brands at half the cost of the expensive ones I will not buy because I like a good bargain just like my mom does. Today I would have to say my favorite kinds of clothes are the comfy kind. I love wearing exercise clothes. They are so comfy and cozy and make me feel like I exercise a lot more than I actually do, so that's a bonus! These days I do feel more grown-up than I have ever felt in the past. Almost like these last six years have been my "awkward teen" years that I missed out on and now I'm in the more "I'm comfortable, this is me" zone. Maybe I'm just deluding myself about the grown-up part! I tend to wear more girly clothes now. I found that I really like dresses and patterns. My style tends to be flowy with fitted at the top and more flare at the bottom. My body has changed, too, from exercising at least three days a week with weight training mixed in and still hiking with Rebecca and friends any chance I have.
## Who's That Girl on TV?
* * *
I had always dreamed of being a writer. My dream came true. For me, writing A Stolen Life was very cathartic, and I look back on the experience with awe and wonder that I actually did it. I became an author. A Stolen Life was published in 2011. I was asked to do an interview to accompany the release. Nanny Goat gave me several names to choose from for the interview. After meeting Diane Sawyer, I knew she was the one for me. Not only was she kind but she also felt completely normal and not the famous and beautiful Diane Sawyer I knew from the news!
During the interview, Diane was incredibly nice and real with me. I had watched her on TV for years in the backyard and to be face-to-face with her and Chris Cuomo was surreal. I was happy to be interviewed but at the same time quite nervous. It was probably hard to tell, though, because I had had so much practice disguising my anxiety, I don't think anyone really knew. I had shaky hands and sweaty palms. I guess I really had good reason to be nervous. I was kidnapped at eleven, I had been in some loon and his loony-toon's wife's backyard for eighteen years. The only real contact I had was with them and my two daughters. Conversations consisted mostly of lectures about the Bible from Phillip, and now here I was, a real-life book author of my very own book. I think my nerves were totally justified.
I was worried about someone finding out I was nervous. Why did that make me nervous? Maybe because I was afraid they would think I didn't want to do the interview. Or maybe they would think I couldn't handle it. I can handle anything. (I lie to myself quite often, I've noticed.) The line "Fake it till you make it" was playing over and over in my mind. Not sure where I heard that, but it was one of those phrases that has always stuck with me. Even in the backyard. Fake that smile till you live that smile. That day I definitely didn't want anyone to know, and so I just did it. I just tried to act like I belonged on that interview set and that it was just an ordinary day for me. La-tee-da. They really did make it as comfortable as possible. Nanny Goat made sure of that. Only a couple of cameras and only essential staff on set. My mom was there and was a calming influence on me as well. Rebecca, my constant supporter and cheer team rolled into one, was also on set. I received the red carpet treatment with hair and makeup done professionally. I had brought my own outfit from home, which I had picked out myself. The day was bright and sunny, and I felt like I was going to throw up.
The day went by very fast and before you knew it, we were done and off to dinner. Diane ordered everything from the menu to try and even all the desserts to share. I have always had a sweet tooth, so that to me was an excellent way to end what turned out to be a fabulous day. And best yet, nobody knew I was nervous. Sometimes looking back, I wonder what if I had let my real feelings through. The interview had been very open and honest. What if I had just told someone "Hey, I'm a bit nervous"? Would that have been so bad? Would the world end if I showed vulnerability? Probably not. Growth comes with time, and slowly I have learned I do not have to always be alert, on guard, and un-sharing of my feelings. Tough to learn, but it comes with rewards. Like better relationships with the ones you love.
Now, years later, when I watch the Diane Sawyer interview I get this strange feeling of being detached from it in a way. Almost like that wasn't me in the story, yet I know it was. One time Rebecca and I watched it together while preparing for an upcoming presentation, and as I looked up at her at one point, she was crying and I was, too. Even though she knew my whole story and I had lived, it wasn't until that moment that it just all hit me and apparently her, too. We were both kind of like, Wow, did that happen to you? Yep, every moment of it was me in that interview and I had lived to tell the tale. "How incredible," we both said aloud. I have always felt so normal and average in every way. Even after the interview, I still felt not like a big celeb but the same shy person I have always been.
In 2011, I formed the JAYC Foundation, which stands for Just Ask Yourself to Care! I wanted to have a lasting legacy and to give back all that I could. But how? I saw the benefits firsthand of the work Rebecca and her team did for us as a whole family, and I wanted that for every family that was going through trauma in their lives. During the creation process, I didn't want the foundation to be named after me. I feel like a lot of foundations bear the name of someone that had not come back, and I wanted my foundation to be different. I was very much alive. So I decided to use part of my name, JAYC, and I wanted each letter to be part of a greater message. You are probably thinking, Hey, how did you come up with that way cool acronym? Well, I had help. Rebecca, Jane, her cotherapist, and I thought about what the letters of JAYC could stand for. The result is something I think has a clear and positive message: Just Ask Yourself to Care!
Sometimes I travel for the foundation and give presentations about what we do, and we use the interview to introduce me to those who haven't heard my story. On most of these trips, seeing the interview feels like watching someone else live those moments. But after that happened with Rebecca, something clicked, and I have never been able to watch it without a sense of awe for myself for surviving such a horrible situation. I viewed myself as a person for once. An incredible person that survived against the odds. That feels funny to say about myself, but in that moment I truly gave myself a pat on the back.
After one presentation, an older gentleman came up to me and said, "You could have been a Marine." I shook his hand and asked why, and he said, "Because Marines persevere against incredible odds and survive no matter what they have to do and, that, young lady, is what you did." I smiled and thanked him for his kind words. I think we forget how brave we all are sometimes, and it can be hard to pat yourself on the back. Survival is important, but what I think is important is the ability to forgive, love, and help yourself through the tough patches of your life.
Before the interview the media was in a frenzy wanting a piece of me and my kids, too. It felt like I was the person in a line from that Britney Spears song saying "You want a piece of me." While on a visit at Nanny Goat's house, I released a video pleading for privacy. My mom released a press release stating the same and that we would release what we wanted in our own time. I stayed inside our house for the first week until the press died down, and at times it felt like being a prisoner in the backyard all over again! The girls continued with their normal routine. They had just started school and were still under the watchful eye of key school administrators helping us out with safety. The media was popping up, but I didn't want to take that new freedom from them. I felt it was important that I maintain a low profile because I didn't want to be stopped in the street and asked, "Hey, are you that girl?"
The paparazzi eventually died down, and I felt more at ease coming and going. The neighborhood that we were in at the time was wonderful; even though neighbors didn't know we were there, they all helped in their own way. The chief of police, who had become a very good friend, said he must have gotten a dozen calls from neighbors complaining about the strange cars and people in the neighborhood, which helped us out a lot. Sometimes you don't even know you are doing someone a kindness or how much you are impacting someone's life.
Take me, for instance. I never would have thought I could impact someone's life, but I received so many positive letters after the interview and release of my book, A Stolen Life. I was taken completely by surprise and humbled. I even received a letter from Alyssa Milano and one of my favorite authors, Danielle Steel! Who would have ever thought little ol' Jaycee Dugard would have the chance to become a . . . a what? Not a star, but somebody who had written her own book, and that book was something that others were learning valuable lessons from. I never would have imagined that people across the world would benefit from my writings. A book filled with the accounts of my life and the lives of my daughters as prisoners in the backyard and how I tried to make it the best I could so that they could grow up the best that they could in dire circumstances.
## "SMILE"
* * *
A grungy-looking man in dirty clothes stands on the side of the road. He's holding up a bright yellow sign with bold, black letters that read "SMILE."
A reminder to smile? How odd, I thought to myself. Do I really need a reminder? Do people really need a reminder to smile? I guess I do sometimes. I feel like the queen of smiling most days, and yet I need to be reminded at times, too. That day, seeing that sign being held up made me remember to be present in the moment. In that moment I was free and, best of all, I was driving all by myself!
I was just running errands. Doing something mundane like grocery shopping, dropping off a package at the post office, picking up some milk, or perhaps grabbing a Starbucks iced caramel macchiato. I remember spotting that sign while waiting for a light to turn green. At first I didn't smile. Actually, his sign made me kind of sad. I thought, Jeez, do we really need someone on the side of the road telling us to smile? Is the world so crazy all joy has left us? Are we all just going about the motions of our day? Are people so numb they can't even enjoy simple things? I sure hoped not. I know, believe me, sometimes you just don't feel like smiling. But then in that second I remembered all the reasons I had to smile. One of the best ones was exactly what I was doing in that moment—driving! Driving a car down a street, doing something people do every single day without even thinking about it. Something I never really thought I would be able or even allowed to do.
There are so many reasons I love being able to drive. It would be nearly impossible to list them all. For me, the absolute best part of driving is singing in the car. I hear the first few notes of "Take On Me" by A-ha and before you know it, my mouth is moving to the music. I'm one of those singers that hums a few bars and sings only the parts I know. I know I'm singing off-key with lead singer Morten Harket, but I can hit those high notes just like him! It doesn't matter what I sound like in the car. Well. I must admit sometimes it does matter what I sound like just a little bit. When it matters is when I try to sing with the girls in the car. It doesn't go so well because I know I really can't sing. If I could pick one person to sing like it would be Florence Welch from Florence and the Machine. Her voice sounds so rich and intense and perfect! The other day when I was belting it out, I looked over at my oldest daughter, who was laughing into her jacket. She is one of those people who knows all the lyrics to a song she hears only once! I'd love to be like that, but alas, I am tone deaf. Oh well, at least my dog doesn't mind. Belt it out I say! He hasn't howled yet.
I was so nervous to learn how to drive. My hands were sweating and I was giddy like I couldn't stop grinning. I had to totally defy that part of me that had been conditioned never to touch a steering wheel. I can tell you I dreamed about it a million times.
One of the very first things I learned to do when I was recovered was learn to drive with some gentle prodding from my mom and sister. And, lo and behold, I became a race car driver! Just kidding! Sitting in my mom's car and listening as the gears and buttons were explained to me, that's the moment I truly started to feel like an adult. Before then I felt very young and unsure of myself. Even though I was already a mom, I think the events in your life shape you, and although I have had my share of unsavory events, I didn't have those milestones that happen as you grow up.
Sitting in that car I felt like I was going to get in trouble. Like someone was going to yell and shout, "Get out of the car, idiot! You can't possibly think you can drive!" But I told myself, Phillip and Nancy no longer had a chokehold on my life. I could do it if I wanted. I wanted to drive! I could and I would.
Off we went for my first driving lesson. I learned on a curvy hill road. It was pretty private, and I didn't have to pass a lot of cars. Good thing, because I am not sure I even stayed on my side of the road. Not sure what I would have done if someone had come down the hill at the same time I was going up. I learned later that it's very intimidating passing cars for the first time. It got easier the more practice I got. That first day, I remember thinking, Yikes, I am actually driving my first car! I focused on everything my sister was saying and put that nagging voice out of my head. I have to give my sister credit for not having a panic attack. I am sure I scared her a few times around some curves. She was a very patient teacher. I thought a few times how strange it was that my little sister was teaching me to drive. After all, I hadn't seen her since she was a small baby. And now here she was teaching her big sister how to drive.
The day I actually took my driver's test was dreamlike. My mom drove me to the DMV. (Again the nauseating nerves. Would they ever leave me alone?) I couldn't string together a whole sentence the entire way there. The instructor asked if I was ready, and I must have said yes or maybe I just smiled and nodded. Suddenly I was in the car checking my mirrors and pulling out into the road. He asked me to do my hand signals out the window. I totally botched them, not exactly sure which was which. But I guess I must have done okay, or maybe he just felt really sorry for me. I pulled back into the DMV parking lot and parked a little crooked and at least a foot from the curb. The instructor said, Congratulations! You passed, Miss Dugard! I jumped out and went to hug my mom with a big grin on my face. My mom was laughing; she had noticed the parking job. Oh, well, I passed! I got my license!
On the car ride home, I was calling and texting everyone I knew. My mother had to drive because I was too excited to do it myself. My aunt Tina was teaching her class but picked up and was super excited for me. My sister sent me happy-face emojis. When I called Rebecca, she picked up in a whisper, which was strange. I told her I passed! I must have really shouted loud because I could hear someone ask her on the other end, Is that your daughter? Rebecca explained to me she was at her uncle Senator Matthias's funeral reception in Washington and that she was in a little box of a room called the "cell phone room." There were a few senators having their own conversations. She told me they looked irritated by her interruption and not impressed when she apologized and tried to explain who I was. I guess I had never really thought about that before. How do you explain me to anyone? I mean, even I find my own story hard to believe. Like I have said a million times, who gets taken by a deranged couple and comes back eighteen years later with two beautiful children? Doesn't sound real even to me.
Driving has taken a little getting used to. At times that insecure voice creeps in, and I battle it back with my mental nunchackus. I have learned a trick that works 80 percent of the time—just do it! Nike was right! All those clichés have proven to be right. "Fake it till you make it." "One step at a time." "Get 'er done." All the jargon words people live by, but guess what? They really work!
My best friend, Jessie, comes up for visits whenever she can. She picks the oddest hours to fly. Inevitably, it would be in the dead of night. I used to dread the drive. What would happen if I had an accident? Or worse yet, if my car broke down or if I got lost in some scary part of town? The first time she asked me to pick her up at night, I was excited to see my friend, but night driving is so different from day driving. The headlights are so bright and make it hard to see. That kind of motivation, though, has helped me to become a pretty proficient driver with lots of airport runs under my belt. Those drives to and from the airport have been the best practice I could ever get. I have even found out it's a good time to think about things.
At first I mostly stayed in the slow lane. Although I quickly discovered that lane was ruled by trucks. I hated changing lanes. I watched how other people drove, which was helpful to me. I have been told I'm a visual learner. That made really good sense to me. Because anything I do I must observe it first. Everything from writing checks for the first time to learning to canter on my horse was done by me watching someone. If I see it, I can do it. I learn an awful lot watching YouTube videos.
I drove with my two hands on the wheel for quite awhile. Jerky stops were my MO. As I became more comfortable, my hand position changed to a more relaxed, natural position. At times I still find my two hands on the wheel, even today. I think my age and common sense have helped to make me a pretty safe driver. I mean, I like to think I did not go through all this to get in a car accident. My car is more than just a vehicle of transportation. It is a symbol to smile. It takes me anywhere I need or want to go. It's a strange feeling at times. Even now, being free and able to go where I want surprises me a little bit. I wonder if the feeling of surprise ever truly disappears.
I remember the first time I got pulled over. I was coming back from a friend's house late one night. Cars were slowing down on the road, and we were wondering what was going on. We saw there was a police checkpoint up along the highway. The sign said DUI Checkpoint. Everybody had to show their license to an officer when they passed a certain point in the roadblock. Even though it was dark, there were powerful floodlights everywhere. The lights blinded me as I pulled up. When it was my turn, I pulled up and held my license out. The officer asked me some questions. Do you live here, and where are you headed? I said I lived close and was headed home. He said, Why do you have a different address on your license? And I said for privacy reasons. Instead of waving us through, he told me to pull over to the side parking lot and wait there. I was really nervous. I was afraid I had done something wrong. There were a few other cars waiting, too, but I felt singled out. Like there was something else going on besides just a DUI checkpoint. Another officer came over, and I gave him my name and explained my circumstances, the reason why I chose to have a different address on my license. I told him in a shaky voice that must have been ringing bells in his head that something was wrong. But I couldn't help myself. It was the first time I had been pulled over, and I didn't know how to react. Or what was going on, for that matter. I told him he could call the chief of police for the county and that he could verify it with him. The chief had been a friend since the beginning of us moving into the neighborhood. The officer said to wait here in the car and he would check it out. I was kind of shaky but told myself everything was okay and I hadn't done anything to be in trouble for. It wasn't like being in the backyard. I had no reason to hide my identity from the police. Within a few minutes, the officer came back and started apologizing profusely. He told me we could be on our way. I was so relieved. I pulled out and forgot to buckle my seat belt, I was so anxious.
Later, I really wanted to be mad. I didn't like the feelings that were popping up. Why was I put through that? Was it really just a DUI check? Or something more? Clearly, I had not been drinking. Thinking about it later as I lay awake in bed, I really felt something else was going on. It felt like they were actually looking for someone.
The next day as I read in the paper about a missing person in the area, my suspicions were verified. Even though it was tough to go through that the night before, I realized I was happy—happy they saw something that didn't look right to them and pulled me over to check it out. Even though I had not been who they were looking for, they were doing their job. They left no stone unturned.
The scariest thing happened on my birthday while I was driving my car. It was my thirty-third birthday, and my best friend, Jessie, had flown up for it. I didn't want to do anything special. Just have a relaxing day. As I picked her up at the airport and pulled out onto the highway—SMACK! A bird had flown directly into my windshield and went splat! It actually made that sound. OMG! I remember shouting, and Jessie echoed my sentiment. I didn't know what to do. It was so stressful, I started to giggle. Sometimes I giggle or laugh at the most inappropriate moments, and this was one of them. Luckily, my friend didn't think I was a complete loon because she started laughing, too! Splat! OMG! Another one? What is happening? This is my birthday! How could two birds hit my car one after another! On my birthday! Don't they know this is a special day? I guess they didn't get the memo. Jessie said I should put the windshield wipers on. Well, you can imagine what that did. Smeared the poor birds, or what was left of them, all over the windshield. I could hardly see out now. I pulled into a gas station and we went to work getting the guts off. Those birds must have been traveling fast because I had just started to pick up speed.
At the gas station we were still running high on emotion with the evidence of tears running down our faces. I had never hit anything before, and it was traumatic. Laughing about it helped relieve the pressure of the situation. This was not how I pictured my birthday going. I felt so bad for killing the birds, but Jessie reminded me that the birds did fly into my windshield and there was nobody to blame. I drove us home. She turned up the radio and we sang songs all the way home. She is just as bad a singer as I am, so together I'm sure we sounded great!
## Cold Soup?
* * *
For many years of my captive life, food came in a bag. Sometimes with those famous golden arches and sometimes with a crown. It got boring after a while, but it was what I knew and later what my daughters knew as food for most of their lives.
Before Phillip's mother became demented, she would cook meals on Sundays. It was a real treat for us when Phillip or Nancy would bring homemade chili beans or some kind of homemade dinner to the back for us. Those were luxuries we normally did not have.
When we were first recovered in 2009, we were introduced to Rebecca's husband, Charles. He had been a professional chef for many years and was now helping out with food prep at their Transitioning Families program.
In those days after recovery, food choices were not something I was used to making unless it involved telling someone what I wanted from the drive-thru. So when we were brought to a house that first month of transition and Chef Charles asked what kinds of food I would like stocked in the house, I had no idea what to say, so I just said, "The basics, please."
The next day as I rummaged through our stocked refrigerator looking for some tasty morsel to munch on, I came across the peanut butter—peanut butter in the fridge? Weird! My peanut butter, even as a little girl, was Skippy and lived in the cabinet. This one was an organic kind and had a funny layer of oil on the top. I was embarrassed to ask, but sometimes it's better to ask those you trust than find out from strangers, so I asked why the peanut butter looked like it did. Was it spoiled? No, the reply was, that's just how some organic peanut butter is. You have to mix it because the oil separates. However weird and new this new peanut butter was, it was tasty and went great with the organic strawberry jelly. "Organic" was not in our vocabulary yet. Yes, we knew what it was from hearing about the new fad on TV, but we had been lucky to just get plain fresh fruit and veggies whether they were organic or not.
Another culinary discovery came in the form of something I had not encountered before. We had been invited to a very sacred place called the Maple Ring. The history of the place goes back generations, and I was told that the local Indian tribes would use the trees as burial spots for their food when they needed to store it. Legend has it that all the maple trees sprang up from the one in the middle and they all lean toward their mother and form a circle around her. This story kind of reminds me of me and how I just wanted to be near my mom all those years Phillip and Nancy kept me prisoner. The story also says that other trees were planted in the area, but they always grow away from this mother tree and her maple offspring.
That day we felt honored to be able to share the day together in such a beautiful place. Chef Charles had prepared us a family picnic lunch complete with fun napkins with turkeys on them and straws made out of paper. Our first course was soup. But not just ordinary soup. Chef Charles had prepared us something new that day.
As I prepared to sample this soup, my daughters blurted out, "Hey, this soup is cold!" Chef Charles said it was supposed to be. It's cold on purpose? What trickery is this? I thought. COLD SOUP! After the initial shock wore off and we knew it was cold on purpose, it was easier to taste again. I thought it would be gross, but whatever Chef Charles makes must at least be tried once. At first, when it hit my mouth it felt wrong, like when you taste cold mashed potatoes, but then all the flavors come rushing at you, and I found myself with another spoonful ready for the hatch. It really was quite an experience and memorable. I learned that some kinds of cold soup are called gazpacho. Chef Charles made this one from tomatoes, shallots, and slivers of avocado.
Also served were delicate tea sandwiches to go with our soup and a fluffy salad made with a type of lettuce called frisée. The food got us all talking, and it was nice because we had been talking in therapy about some tough topics and the break was much needed.
Throughout our time at the Transitioning Families program, my daughters and I learned from Chef Charles how to prepare tasty meals. Much to Chef Charles's dismay, none of his lessons have stuck with me, and I will not be the next Top Chef! This, however, was one aspect of the program I loved the most, besides working with the horses. And to this day, the families we support to come to the JAYC Foundation for reunification all take away a special culinary moment with each other.
Food is such a versatile thing. Have you ever really thought about how important food is to all of us? I have. It's something that we all have in common. It brings people together from everywhere around the world and even the toughest days seem like a walk in the park because you are eating the most delicious pasta primavera you have ever eaten in your life! Food can be good, bad, ugly, beautiful, delicate, heavy, and every color of the rainbow. I think food plays an important role in all our lives, and we can always count on it to be the subject of conversation when nothing else comes to mind.
I have found it an especially useful topic when the not so great topic of politics comes up. I used to think I wasn't smart enough to talk politics with people. Phillip always made me think my opinions were not good enough, so I learned to keep my opinion to myself. Relearning that it's okay to have an opinion has taken time. It's not an overnight process to all of a sudden be comfortable talking about my thoughts and feelings, but I have become more comfortable with receiving the negative and positive aspects of conversations. Most of the time I can really see both sides of an opinion or argument a candidate makes. I hate it when people talk in absolutes, though. Because really, is anything in life absolute? Gosh, I really can't imagine having Donald Trump as a president. All I can see and hear when he talks is "You're fired" from his show The Apprentice. I feel like the whole country is turning into one big reality show. Really, that's what the debates have turned into: TV ratings. And it's all coming down to who is the most entertaining. At times I find myself just laughing at the absurdity of it all. In my world, it's all good, though. I try to see the good in just about everything. It's not an easy thing, but I like the challenge! Food conversation always trumps politics in my book.
It was not hard to instill a love of fruits and veggies into my kids. In fact, they are both vegetarians and they love to cook, something that my mom (their grandma), who is a fabulous cook, and Chef Charles instilled in them. It works for me because I like to be cooked for!
I've learned a lot from Chef Charles throughout the years, and he has also been a very good friend to me and my family. He always encourages me to try new foods, so in the spirit of trying new things, which is very important to me because life in the backyard was so boring, I tried sea bass for the first time. I've never been a big fan of fish and usually stay away from it, but the sea bass was actually delicious. It was delicate and didn't have a fishy taste at all. Since then I have also tried swordfish, salmon, ceviche, and tuna. I really liked the sea bass the best, though.
I think it's always good to try new things unless it's scallops, oysters, or snails! I have to draw the line at snails and slimy things. I also cannot stand the taste of cilantro. I have tried my hardest to like it because one of my favorite kinds of food is Mexican, but the taste of cilantro always ruins it for me. Chef Charles tries to be sneaky sometimes and tell me it's only parsley, but you can't fool me: my tastebuds always know!
I've always been one to follow what I think of as rules. Chef Charles had a rule about no minis in his garden. He dearly loved his garden, and whenever Rebecca would let the miniature horses out to graze, he would always shout, "Keep those guys out of my garden!"
At first I saw Charles as the "guy in charge" and didn't want to break his rules. But as I got to know him better, I realized he wasn't like other men that had been in my life. He was encouraging, kind, and had a wry sense of humor that brought out my sarcastic side. And before I knew it, I was not even listening to his so-called rules anymore. He just made them up anyway.
One of his rules was "No clients riding in the arena." Before my family came along, Rebecca would just do on-the-ground horse exercises with her clients. She knew me and my mom needed something more, though, so one day, much to Chef Charles's dismay, she had me sit on Velcro blindfolded while my mom took the lead rope and lead us around the arena. Mom led the way and kept me safe at the same time. It was a beautiful moment for me and my mom for building trust in our relationship.
Another time that I broke the "rules," Chef Charles actually taught me how. I was looking for some hutches for my daughter's baby chicks she had rescued. My daughter loves animals as much as I do and didn't want to see these sweet babies get hurt. So she brought them home, and we made a coop together for them.
Chef Charles said he knew where I could get some for-free hutches for them. I thought, Free sounds good. But where? He took us to the back of a grocery store where they had crates and boxes from the food. He said the crates would make excellent hutches. I felt like there was some law against just taking the crates, but he said it was okay to take them. I felt like we were stealing from the grocery store. Was this an irrational fear? Yes, probably, but I was just used to doing things differently. It felt freeing in a way, though, and I didn't really think I was hurting the grocery store or anyone for that matter. Chef Charles seemed confident that it was okay, and for the first time I broke what I thought was a rule. I stole the crates for the chickens! I felt kind of guilty. But it also felt kind of good, too. I learned to be more flexible that day. Some rules are meant to be broken . . . well, maybe a little.
## A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes . . . When You're Missing
* * *
I had never had a housewarming party before. In fact, I had never owned my own home before either. I have been lucky in my new life to have experienced both.
The day was bright and clear with no chance of rain in the forecast. Very lucky for us because before that day, we had been getting rain every day. This day was clear and reflected my feelings. We had just moved in a few days before, and it felt so good and comfortable. Almost like an old shoe that fits just right the first time you put it on. This house felt like that. We decided to keep our cats in for the first month or so to get them used to their new home. Bull just loved running the hills and smelling all the new smells. Best of all, I never really have to pick up his poops anymore because he always goes where no one can see him in the bushes. He's shy like that.
The day of the housewarming party all our new friends and family gathered to celebrate us moving in. I had no idea they had a big surprise for me that day, one that I would cherish forever.
When everyone arrived, we all gathered on the deck of our new house. One by one they read special cards with clues about my surprise. Jane had written them especially for the occasion.
Jane read the first clue:
"Clue number one. Once upon a time there was an eleven-year-old girl who went missing."
The card went on to say:
Stop the presses! This is not a story about a little girl who went missing; it's a story about a lovely young woman who reentered the real world. On August 26th, 2009, the anniversary of Women's Suffrage Day, the young woman celebrated the first day of the rest of her life. While this young woman grew up in captivity, she had many dreams that kept her going. Today we will revisit how, with the help of Team Jaycee, family, and friends, some of her dreams have come true. This is a treasure hunt, Jaycee. The prize is a housewarming gift from your team. Find the next clue #2 and make sure it is read aloud.
I found clue number two. One of my new friends read it aloud:
"One of the dreams of the young woman was to have friends and for her daughters to have friends. They came to a house on Buena Vista where all kinds of people were in and out. Oh my! How overwhelming! To name but a few, there was Rebecca and Jane, Liz and Suni, Cheryl, Harla, and Trish, and on and on. The list would grow and grow: Charles, Theo, Mark, Bill, and Pat, Nick, Mike, Ana, Janet, Michael, Sean, Dale, Margie, Jack, and even extends to the East Coast with Marsha and Lanae. And don't forget those four-legged friends: Fressia, Velcro, Skye, and Stella. Early in this chaos, you met a man named Todd. He would be a friend for a long time to come. To the beach, helping move . . . need help? Call Todd. In fact, find Todd now because he has your next clue."
Todd read clue number three next:
"You moved to Wood Valley up the hill and hung out for weeks. You wanted your kids to be healthy, so they saw physicians and dentists. The hermit crabs joined you and so did the bird. However, the four kittens you rescued had to stay in foster homes. When you and the girls needed new clothes, a friend took you shopping. And others brought you a brand-new telescope so you could look more closely at the stars and continue to have your dreams. Find clue number four."
I guessed it was with Liz and I was right.
She read clue number four (by this time I was really excited and very emotional).
Clue number four read:
Chief Sackett was good at keeping an eye on you—what a great guy! Most of the time you didn't even know he was driving by. And, lo and behold, your first driving instructor was none other than your tall little sister Shayna! But you started to get restless and needed money to rent a house—so the next step was to plan pictures for the press, hoping they'd be satisfied for a while. Tina made you and your mother beautiful, and you graced the cover of People magazine. Now, this didn't work out as well as it might because you were missing an important member of your team. Enter Nancy Seltzer also known as Nanny Goat! Find Nanny Goat for the next clue.
Nanny Goat read clue number five:
"You rented a house and moved in November 2009. Finally, you were able to be reunited with those four kittens you had in the backyard. They were bigger now but so happy to be in their new home with you. You snuck in the back door of the DMV before hours and got your driver's license, and I was able to fulfill your wish of transportation. With the help of an anonymous donor, you were blessed with a brand-new car! Find clue number six."
The clue read:
Month after month went by; your little sister left for school. You ran your first 10K at Hit the Road Jack with your own personal cop! The girls were given a patchwork of education help with tutors and home teachers, but you really wanted them to get a formal official education. See if your aunt Tina has a clue to what happened next.
My aunt Tina read the next one:
"Clue number seven.
"You knew your girls were smart, but you didn't want anything to stand in the way of them having choices about college and their future. You have always felt education is important and you knew the choices for your girls would be another dream come true. Your girls are now enrolled in public school. Find clue number eight."
I read clue number eight.
"Okay, I get it! Life is hard out here, but with help I'm getting there. I'm working on my book, which is being edited as we speak. I was able to get the papers for the JAYC Foundation nonprofit. Dale helped me hold the state accountable for their mistakes, and now I'm off to find a place of my own to live. But I need help—it has to have room for my girls, my cats, my new pal Bull, and a special place for my mom. Mom—what a great word—in fact, she has the next clue."
My mom read clue number nine.
"We looked and looked at one house after another. Some were too big and some were too small. Some smelled funny and some needed too much work. You wanted room for horses, so we looked at some with barns. I have never given up hope that you would be found—and now in a new part of California we have new friends and a new home. And here we are—welcome home, kid."
That put me over the edge as she gave me a big hug and I let the tears stream down my face. Thinking, Gosh, I must be the luckiest person alive right now to have so many people that love me. And it wasn't over yet—I still had that big surprise to find!
Another friend read clue number nine:
"There is so much more to this story, more than any of us will ever know. It has become the story of how a brave young mother and her two young daughters were reunited with a grieving mother, aunt, and sister. This new, larger family has a long road ahead, but with the help of a team of friends and the support of each other, they will persevere. A new home, wonderful pets, plans for a foundation to help others. But wait! One more thing: go see Rebecca for your last clue."
Rebecca read the last clue that she wrote herself:
"On the twenty-seventh of August the phone rang at six a.m. It was NCMEC [National Center for Missing and Exploited Children] calling. They had an interesting case for me to consider. It involved the discovery of a missing girl who now had two children, a mother, a sister, an aunt, and a boatload of media freaks. I didn't know what I was getting myself into. Team Jaycee kicked into gear. We found a house for you and stocked the refrigerator with food unfamiliar to you, and the rest is history. Recently I learned that it was not our renowned competence that brought you to us. Rather, you believed that an old woman psychologist had a ranch where you could teach your daughters to ride horses. Welcome to my humble abode. The animals quickly became an important part of the team. From the moment Stella gobbled up poison, to your mad dash to the hospital with Bull, it has been clear that animals are never far from your heart.
"However, as we look around this incredible place, there seems to be something missing. But never fear, the team is here! We reached out to your friends and searched high and low for the perfect pinecone. The prettiest of all is a pinecone that resembles a flower. It is called a wood rose. We brought one for you today—Jaycee, meet Woodrose."
By this time, we were all gathered at the barn as she read the last paragraph of the clue. I have my eyes closed. When I open them, Margie is there in front of me walking up with the most gorgeous horse I had ever seen. My jaw literally dropped (I really thought that only happened in movies). Love at first sight. I was so stunned I didn't know what to say. She handed me the reins, and I just threw my arms around him. What are the odds they found this horse for me with a name like Woodrose, which is a type of pinecone? For one thing, he is a boy horse, and it just struck me as such a girly name. And second, I have always had this connection with pinecones since I was taken at age eleven. It was the last thing I touched.
My very own horse. Wow! I couldn't believe all my friends and family got together and bought me my very own first horse. A beautiful Western saddle, too, and reins. I led him into the arena where I got on him for a ride for the first time. Margie led me around, and I remember waving like some kind of queen on her horse. I felt so special and loved. After me, my daughters each took a turn on him, too. I don't remember much more of that day. I was so overcome with emotion. Oh yeah, I do remember the delicious chocolate cake shaped like a pinecone that a friend had made special for the occasion. It was the first pinecone cake I had ever had, and it was yummy. It was almost like a flourless chocolate cake, and it was in the shape of a pinecone, and she had decorated it to look like one, too. It was incredible. That whole day was incredible.
Woodrose soon acquired the nickname of Cowboy. He was previously owned by a cowboy. Margie is a horse trainer and was the one who found him for the team to give to me. She took him to her place for a couple weeks and worked with him until the big day came to bring him to me. She started to call him Cowboy during those days, and it just felt right when she did. I learned that I was the ninth owner of Woodrose. I was stunned to learn that because he seemed like such a nice horse. Why would he have so many previous owners? He is a Haflinger and some say the jokesters of the horse world. I can see that in him sometimes. He does seem to like having fun but not in a harmful way. He will pull to eat grass, but I've learned to just be clear about what we are doing, and he usually gets the hint. I have had so many fun rides on him throughout the years, and Margie has taught me a lot about horses. I know I will be his last owner. He will never again have another.
When I was a kid I didn't think about the building blocks of relationships. I knew my mom loved me and my family, and it wasn't really something I needed to work at. As a grown-up, I know people in the real world don't just automatically love you or even like you. You have to work on yourself and like yourself, I think, in order for others to like you. Animals are different. Well, I like to think they are different and they all love me no matter what. I know my dog does. Every time he sees me, I know he is so happy. It shows in every aspect of his body language. My cats love me, too. They have a different way of showing love, and sometimes I think they just like me because I feed them. When my cat Zelda seeks me out for a cuddle, I admit my mind goes to Hey, you're just looking for a warm spot. But then I think there are a million warm spots for her in this house, and she chose me. I think that means something. Horses are different. I expected to feel a connection right away with my new horse. Although he was nice and had nice manners and didn't seem to mind me, I didn't get that feeling of love that I obviously felt for him already. Which made me question myself. Do I love you? How can I? I just met you, for gosh sake. Why do I go instantly to love? The real question I should have been asking myself was, Who are you? What do you like and dislike? Can we be friends? The answers to these questions came slowly, and I learned I didn't have to be loved instantly by my horse, because I was getting something so much better than love: I was learning how to build a relationship with my horse.
Getting to know him was a little frustrating because I wanted instant gratification. And he just would not deliver. I groomed him three times a week and learned every curve and groove of his body. I picked the eye buggers from his eyes and learned to clean the dreaded sheath. Nasty job but just a part of owning a boy horse, ladies. During this time, I was still afraid of so many things about riding and really unsure of myself. Rebecca was helping me with my confidence, and we did a lot of ground work together. She taught me how to "join up" with my horse, which required us both to trust each other and for him to acknowledge I was in charge of our relationship. The work I was doing on the ground translated into my riding lessons with Margie, too.
My most mad moment with Cowboy came early in our journey. Rebecca, Charles, and I decided to take our horses for a walk. Just a walk: we thought no big deal. Well, one of the horses spooked at something and Rebecca got a kick to her hand and was in excruciating pain. I wanted to run to her right away, but I was tethered with a big responsibility. Freesia took off running, which made Velcro want to run. Luckily, Charles had a good hold on her. I had a hold of Cowboy, but he was getting really prancy standing in place. I felt torn between wanting to go to Rebecca to see if she was okay and getting the horses back to the barn. Charles started out with Velcro to go collect Freesia, who really hadn't gone that far. Horses are herd animals and like to stay together. So as he got her and started walking back to the barn, I went over to Rebecca. I was shaking pretty badly at that point. Seeing her in so much pain was hard. She was about ready to pass out. I was scared. Horses do pick up what you are feeling, and even though I had a hold on my lead rope, Cowboy felt a million miles away in his brain. He kept looking in the direction of the barn and the other horses. He wanted to be with them and not me. I know it's dumb, but I kind of took that personally. Why wasn't he okay just being with me? Didn't he know I wouldn't let anything happen to him? Apparently not, because I could feel his focus was not on me. I told Rebecca that I would take him back to the barn and come back for her as soon as I could. I was scared to go back all by myself. It was just him and me out on the trail. It was a narrow trail, too, with a hill on one side and a bit of a drop on the other. He was practically dragging me at one point. We had no trust in our relationship yet.
I didn't realize then but I know now that it takes time to build that kind of relationship with your horse. In his haste to move forward more, he went up the side of the hill, which had me on my knees from the sudden change in terrain. I was not letting go. My hands were hurting from the rope burn he was giving me and it was hard not to be mad. In fact, I was mad! I was finally mad at my horse for being such a doofus and hurting me! Why didn't he trust me more? As I'm on my knees with blood coming out of a cut, I wanted to give up and just let him go. Give up and go back to my friend who was hurting, but I couldn't do it. I looked up at him and shouted, "Hey! Stop that and get down here!" Maybe it was the sound of my voice or maybe he just remembered I was there, but he took a few steps down from the hill, and I picked myself up. He started to want to pull again, and as he took the first of what was to become I'm sure his many steps, I just planted my feet and stood my ground. "No!" I said. This made Cowboy come to a sudden stop. He was surprised at our lack of motion and looked at me for what I realized was the first time since the whole ordeal started. For the first time I really had his attention, not the horses he could hear whinnying in the distance. We looked at each other and I said to him, "It's okay, boy, we are okay," and I patted his nose. I knew I needed to get my emotions under control so I could get back to the barn unharmed and go back and help my friend. I took a deep breath, and he did, too. I decided I needed something to occupy my thoughts for a while so I started to sing "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" over and over again.
As we marched forward together, the mad went away and I started to just talk to him and tell him what we were doing and that we would be back with his friends soon and then I could help my friend. I realized he was just scared. I think after that he trusted me a lot more. We made it back to the barn, and I raced back to help Rebecca. Charles took her to the hospital for her hand, which turned out to have a fracture. Very scary moments, but I learned that even in chaos you have the ability to make it what you want if you just sing your trouble away! Twinkle, twinkle, little star . . . how I wonder where you are.
Me, Nanny Goat, and Rebecca.
Me on my first horse.
Sitting on my new horse for the first time.
## Just Sing!
* * *
I love music! All kinds of music from Lady Gaga to Garth Brooks. But the music of the '80s holds my heart. From pop to rock, I love it all. I think it's because it's what I grew up on. My mom would play it in the car as she drove down the freeways of SoCal cooling my French fries out the window so I could eat them.
When I was captive in the backyard, Phillip gave me an old stereo that he said he found in a secondhand shop. It came with two speakers. He said I could play it as long as I kept the volume low, and if he ever heard it from outside, he would take it away. He would use this kind of manipulation all the time to get what he wanted. He said he would hook up the speakers for me when he had time. As days passed without him "having time," I got frustrated and figured out how to connect the speakers myself. I was so excited when I heard that first bit of static! After searching and searching for a station, I finally found one, and I will always remember the first song I heard on that radio. Actually, I had never really heard music like this before. It had been four years since I heard music and it had changed. The song was "Waterfalls," by TLC. Its blend of lyrics and rap was completely new to me, and I sat there captivated. It was catchy. After I heard it the first time, I would catch myself singing it to myself during the day.
Don't go chasing waterfalls,
Please stick to the rivers and the lakes that you're used to
I loved that radio. Somehow it made me feel connected to the world again after so many years apart. A, my first daughter, was just a baby then. I would hold her and dance us around our tiny cramped room to the music. At night when she would wake up, I would turn it down real low and rock her back to sleep. All these years later I still think about that song by TLC and still find myself at times humming it.
## "Puppy Love"
* * *
My aunt Tina had the cutest boxer named Crash. I loved his goofy personality and the incredible loyalty he showed to my aunt. Tina had gotten Crash in 2009, a few months before I was recovered. Crash was a rescue. He got the name Crash because he had been hit by a car and nearly died. His previous owner did not want to pay to save his life and gave him up. My aunt's vet that she had used for years operated on him and saved his life. He knew Tina wanted a dog, and as soon as Crash was well enough for a home, he introduced him to her, and she instantly fell in love. Because he was a puppy and still growing, the injury left him with a bit of a gimp leg and a hip that would give him a bit of trouble, but that never stopped him from what he loved best: his ball! He would play fetch for hours if you let him. Unfortunately, Crash died at the young age of six from an inoperable tumor that was growing inside of him. We all felt his loss, but none more than my aunt.
Crash was the inspiration for getting my own dog. I wanted one just like him but also like Rebecca's dog, Skye, who was a Labrador retriever. Skye had stayed close to us the first three months after we were recovered. She used to check the gate any time a car drove by the place we were staying. If the car stopped, she would come back and tell us with a loud bark. In the beginning, one of the FBI agents assigned to protect us had gotten up to check with her each time she went to the gate, but after a while the agent trusted Skye to let her know if she needed to check the gate. She was a great watchdog, but even better than that was her ability to help us all feel a little better. All qualities I wanted in my own dog. Skye and Rebecca's other little dog, named Stella, had a way of popping into the therapy sessions when they were most needed. There is nothing better than a soft dog to cuddle when you are feeling really low.
It was no secret I wanted my own dog. I even wrote about it in my first book. Rebecca called me one morning and said to look at the newspaper. I did and saw a litter of ten-week-old puppies called Boxadors for sale. Half Lab, half boxer—perfecto!
I remember the day that we went and got my dog. It was a beautiful blue-sky day, and I was so excited. So excited that I didn't realize we were being followed. It was weird because I had made a couple jokes as we left about a funny-looking car parked down the street from where we were staying. The tabloids thought they were so smart and thought they could hide in the small community we lived in. The whole community knew they were there. Tabloid reporters look exactly like you think they would: a bit greasy, rumpled, and desperate. Their cars are either rentals or beat-up old cars. Good to know if you ever think they're following you.
The farm where the puppies lived was in the middle of nowhere. I remember thinking that if the big SUV we had thought was following us was still following, I would be able to spot it. After checking in my rearview mirror, I didn't see anything suspicious.
My focus switched to the beautiful, wiggly puppies in front of me. Thinking, How will I ever choose just one out of the three cute, exuberant puppies? There were three boys left of the litter, all black with a little bit of white on their chests. One looked like it had a pattern of a butterfly on it, so I was going to pick him, but then one of them came and sat right in my lap, and I knew he was the one. He seemed right at home and very confident he was mine. Back then I could still pick him up, and so I held him close and told him we were going home. Rebecca took a picture of me and my new puppy that I later used for the back cover of my book, A Stolen Life. I was so happy. Finally, a dog of my own!
A car pulled across the street on this little country lane. The driver had something in his lap. It didn't look like much, and the car was a nondescript white. Rebecca and I noticed him but did not think much of it. The next day I discovered my private moment was captured for the world to see. No choice now. He had seized a part of my day. At first I felt sick. Maybe I would have to hide again. I learned about the picture from Nanny Goat. She called and told me. At first I thought I had done something wrong. I should have realized who that man was in that car. But then I realized it had nothing to do with anything I should or should not have done. He was in the wrong, not me. I had no reason to run and hide. No one would take my freedom away again.
These intrusions have happened more than once. I can't tell you I have gotten used to them because I don't think you ever can or will. Luckily, they have stopped now. The worst were when they took pictures of the girls. To me, taking pictures of my daughters was unfair game. We never asked for any of this. It's not like we are the Kardashians or anyone looking for fame. On one occasion I think someone told the tabloids where we were camping. Can you imagine that? I try not to think about that anymore; it just makes me feel terrible and reminds me of being hunted. All those years of being invisible and then suddenly I can't hide if I want to.
That day will be forever in my mind. It was the best day ever, taking my puppy home. But it also holds a negative vibe for me because we were followed and my private moment was taken from me. Taking care of a puppy was a big responsibility. Like being a mom in some ways to a new child.
We had our four cats living with us that we had rescued from the backyard we were held in. They were all from the same litter, and we had named them Zelda, Emma, Tyson, and Mousey. My cats hated me the first couple months for bringing home a big black creature that wiggled and squirmed all over them and was such an undignified creature, or so I imagine they thought. They eventually forgave me and warmed up to him. He became a big, cozy, warm blanket that they could cuddle up with. Those cats mean so much to my daughters and me. They were cared for by strangers after our recovery and then given back to us. You can't imagine what that meant to my girls and me. We lost a few cats from not being able to take them to the vet, and others we had to leave behind because rescuers could not find them. To this day, my daughters and I are very sad when we think of them. We hope they are okay and maybe even living on someone's couch, free and happy.
Those first few weeks with my new puppy were some of the worst of my life. He became deathly sick. He would be playing one minute and then get uncontrollable shivers that racked his body. He also threw up everything he would eat. I took him to the vet, and they said he had parvovirus and that only a small percentage of puppies made it through this deadly disease. I had no idea where he could have gotten it. I had taken him to the vet to get his vaccinations, and he had been strong and healthy then. A few days later he was fighting for his life. I had to leave him with the vet for him to be hooked up to IV fluids. It was so hard leaving him. The next day after a fitful night's sleep, I received a call from the vet. They told me I could come and pick him up. I was surprised he was recovering so quickly. They said they were surprised, too. They knew he was getting better when they discovered he had chewed through the IV! When I brought him home, I had to bleach the areas where he went to the bathroom because I learned that the parvo virus could live in the soil and infect the next dog. In fact, that could be how he had gotten it in the first place.
I made him chicken and rice for his dinner with a little ginger root mixed in to help calm his tummy. We slept on the couch every night together, so I could take him out to the potty because he still had the runs sometimes. I was so glad he was going to be okay, though. After that ordeal, I finally picked a name for him: Bull. Stubborn and strong just like a bull.
Beware what you name your pets. I thought I had picked such a creative name. A name that forever connected my new puppy to me and epitomized who he was. I thought, I am a Taurus, and your name shall be Bull, little puppy. He had been through much during his so-far short life. After the ordeal with parvo, Bull grew fast and so did his stubborn nature. (My mom told me that was the nickname she called me as a child.) Is that how I survived? Pure stubbornness?
Puppy-training classes came once a week. I had imagined myself being the dog whisperer and training this puppy to become the most well behaved dog in human history. Well, at the least how to sit and stay. I really wanted to prove I could train and have a well-behaved dog. As a little girl, I had promised my mom that if I ever got a dog, that's what I would do. I quickly learned that sometimes you get what you need and not what you want. My beautiful thirty-pound puppy was not easily trained. He had a mind of his own. He became very bonded to me, and I took him everywhere. At first he didn't like the car, but I gave him treats and he quickly decided he loved car rides. My trainer said I shouldn't let him off leash so much and loose on the property. She recommended keeping him tied when I wasn't home. I tried a few times, but I just couldn't.
Bull quickly decided he would follow wherever I went, and when I wasn't home instead of tying him up, which I just couldn't do, I let him be in the closed-off garden on the property. For some reason, making him do things just didn't work, but if I made it so it felt like something he decided, he learned so much quicker and it stuck. Weekly jaunts into town to work on "heel" and "come" lasted for a few months but just felt boring for us both. My dreams of being the dog whisperer died a slow death. What emerged was something far more precious to me: a friendship. We learned our own style of training after that. I anticipated his reactions and learned how to train the behaviors I needed him to have but that worked for him, too. He likes routine, and I don't. So we have compromised and worked out that sometimes we play stick at night and sometimes we play ball in the morning. He loves playing with the horses. He's still such a puppy at heart at the age of five. When the horses are in the arena, he loves to run with them on the track around the outside he has made. He's the fastest dog I have ever seen and reminds me of Crash in so many ways. I'm glad he had the opportunity to know and play with Crash before he left us.
Today Bull is a ninety-pound, sleek-muscled, happy dog. I have learned so much from him.
Like:
• My perfect walks on the beach are instead loud and sometimes sandy runs on the beach.
• Even though I have Labrador in me, water is not for everyone and don't waste it on me!
• Don't read before bed; I don't like it! (We've had to compromise on this one. Instead of going straight up on the bed, he waits till I put the book down and turn off the light.)
• Make sure you really want me when you call me or don't bother to call me.
• Love is not always perfect. Love is unconditional and free.
One day he taught me the most important lesson yet. He taught me to deal with the anxiety of not knowing where he was. I had left for a few hours when I got a call. Mom said Bull was missing. I was in a store, maybe even Walmart, when I got the news. My heart exploded in fear. I told myself to be calm. It was going to be okay. I called Rebecca; she was in session and didn't answer. Everything went black. What if he did not return? My mind raced with every scary thought running through my head. I told myself he ran away or he was taken. Perhaps he was running down the street looking for me. What if he was lost and never came back? The terror I felt inside me made me sick. I couldn't even think straight. I told myself to keep calm. I promised myself he would be okay and that it would work out. I pushed the tears back and mentally began to prepare for searching for him. I remembered a recent picture of him I would post around town. We would find him, I told myself, struggling to keep the doubts away. I drove home in terror but pretending I was fine. Having an action plan made me feel so much better. As I drove into my driveway, the emotions welled up again. What if I couldn't find him? What if . . . Just then, there he was at the top of the driveway standing next to my mom. He saw my car and ran quickly toward me. I threw the car in park, jumped out, and ran toward him. As cheesy as it sounds, I was crying. My mom was laughing, and Bull was really no more or less excited to see me than on any other day. He jumped up (something we were still working on) and placed a big, sloppy dog kiss on my face. "Where were you?" I asked, not really expecting an answer. My mom came over and gave me a big hug. She said "Jayce, I found him in the shed out back. He must have wandered in when I went to get the gardening tools. He was right there the whole time!"
Me with new puppy.
My puppy Bull and his best friend Crash.
## "Dream a Little Dream"
* * *
In the spring of 2012, my family and I were invited to New York by Diane von Fürstenberg. Her foundation, the Diller–von Fürstenberg Family Foundation, supports the DvF Awards, and she wanted to honor me and my foundation with the Inspiration Award.
The night before my flight to New York to attend the DvF Awards, I had a dream. The thought of this award was really weighing heavy on my mind for two reasons: it would be the first award I had ever received, and it would be the first time I had to give a speech in front of a lot of people. The old me, the one that lived as a captive so long in a backyard, was terrified of giving a speech and accepting an award that I felt I didn't deserve just yet. I was still in the "finding me" stage and growing into the person I wanted to be. This dream, though, made me see that the old me was a scared little girl, but the new me in the dream was capable of anything she set her mind to. It was time to let the one holding me back die.
The dream was like this:
My daughters and I are prisoners of Phillip's again. We are living in a place by the beach in a two-story house. I could see out a window where there was a maze of docks leading out to the ocean. The girls were watching The Powerpuff Girls on TV in a room in the back. Mojo Jojo, the villain in the show, was bent on controlling the world, and I remember thinking, Wow, Mojo Jojo is just like Phillip!
Clothes and trash were thrown everywhere, all over. All of a sudden, Phillip marches in and starts yelling, but I'm not sure what about or what he is actually saying. It just sounds like yelling, and no coherent words come out of his mouth. He leaves after a while and lies down on the couch in the next room with the Bible covering his face. Nancy is on her hands and knees on the floor cleaning. I tell her I'm leaving with the kids. I go to pack our stuff and tell the girls we are leaving. Nancy tries to stop me, and then all of a sudden Phillip is there in the room and he goes to hurt my youngest daughter, so I jump at him and knock him down and put my hands around his throat. I'm choking him. I press and press harder, and then he dies, and I wake up.
## Lesson Learned!
* * *
During that trip to New York for the DvF Awards I learned a very valuable lesson. Someone can tell you not to do something all day long, but some lessons you have to learn for yourself. Drinking too much alcohol was one of those lessons for me, and the resulting hangover was punishment that I won't soon forget.
Arriving in New York felt like I was surrounded by a hive of bees swarming and buzzing everywhere. The city seemed like it was alive. There were so many people walking on the streets. A cab came to pick us up from the airport. We passed a beautiful bridge, and I got a glimpse of Central Park. I wanted to be Dora the Explorer for the day and just explore every nook and cranny of this big new city. Unfortunately, I'm actually way too cautious to try anything like that. Being a prisoner does funny things to the mind; feeling like you just can't take risks is one of them. I think it over before I do anything and usually talk myself out of it if it seems too risky. Maybe I've always been like that, but at times it's frustrating and taking chances seems like a steep mountain too high to climb. I would like to take a big risk one day and see what happens. I did go up in a balloon one day. It didn't feel like a risk, but now that I think of it, it was a little risky. I figure falling in love one day will be a risk. Will I take it?
The sounds of the city made it hard for me to concentrate on just one voice at a time. I could hear hundreds all around me. The sun reflected off the buildings and blinded my very sensitive eyes. I tried to act like this was just another day in the life of Jaycee Dugard, but it was anything but a normal day. Tall buildings and skyscrapers were everywhere I turned. I was in the land of giants. Bright yellow taxis waiting on every corner, and my favorite part of all was all the food vendors on the streets as we passed by. I wanted to jump out of the cab and try everything. I could literally smell the delicious aromas of gyros, pretzels, and churros from the vendors we passed.
Later that day, after we were checked into our hotel, Diane von Fürstenberg invited us for lunch at her shop-studio on Washington Street. Never in a million years did I think I would be meeting a famous designer like Diane. I had done some research about her before the trip. I like to be prepared and seem knowledgeable about things. So I knew a little about her before we met. As she swept into the room and embraced me in a hug that felt so warm and inviting, I immediately felt a kinship with her. She asked me about my foundation and asked how I was doing. She treated my whole family like she had known us forever. She invited us to explore the shop and pick out something and also for me to pick out something for my daughters to take back home. I picked out this fabulous purple—my favorite color—purse and two scarves for the girls. I left thinking that I had made a new friend and was very excited for the night to come.
That night I still wasn't comfortable putting on makeup or wearing pretty clothes. I picked something that I had bought at Ross that I felt comfortable in. I applied a little bit of makeup. When we arrived, we were ushered into the green room, where they served us dinner. I was so caught up in meeting everyone that I took only a few bites. Jessica Alba was there. As I'm writing this I'm thinking of the song "Girl Crush," by Little Big Town. Jessica Alba makes it easy to have a girl crush on, and, no, I don't want a girlfriend. (I have learned to be careful what I say or write. People sometimes see or hear what they want to. Or what they think I mean.) Jessica was so very lovely and down to earth. She said she had wanted to meet me. I couldn't believe it. I felt so out of place in my simple dress from Ross.
I was told that Oprah Winfrey was going to be giving me my award, and she came in to meet me. She was wearing a beautiful green dress, and I'm so short I barely came up to her chest. She said she'd always wanted to meet me and that she admired the work I was doing with my foundation. She said she was honored to be introducing me for the Inspiration Award that year.
Before the ceremony started, we were escorted to our chairs. Oprah's assistant approached me and asked if I would like to sit with her in the front row. I said thank you so much for the offer but I'd really like to sit with my family. I hope I did not insult her. Thinking about it later, she might have thought that was rude. That was not my intention. I still just simply wanted to be with my family every chance I got. I wonder, can you ever really get back eighteen years? I missed so much of my little sister growing up, learning to walk, and all those sister times. Here we were, and she is with me looking beautiful, grown-up, and so confident. How did that all happen?
As the night wore on and my time approached, I was extremely nervous. I had written an acceptance speech, and Nanny Goat sat beside me as Oprah stepped onto the stage. As her booming voice echoed through the room, I heard her introduce the founder of the JAYC Foundation, Jaycee Dugard. Wow! I can't believe I am here! Oprah continued on to say I had endured eighteen years with only a bucket . . . LOL. Yep, that's me. My nerves shot through the roof. Finally, the time came. With applause exploding in my ears, I walked up to the podium. The lights were blinding. I looked out into darkness and said the first line from my first book, A Stolen Life: "Let's get one thing straight! My name is Jaycee Lee Dugard!" After that I don't remember a whole lot. I finished my speech and thanked the Diane von Fürstenberg family and foundation for the award and contribution to my newly founded foundation and walked back down off the dais.
I was so nervous, and I don't think I really took the time to savor every moment. I wish I had taken more time to get to know Oprah and others at the party. I was so proud of myself for speaking in front of such a big crowd of people. It was the first speech I had ever given.
I was so relieved when it was over that I had forgotten that I hadn't eaten dinner, and when offered a glass of Champagne, I took it with gusto. I downed it within seconds. The bubbles tickled my nose and throat as I swallowed, but it was so good. Little desserts were being passed out on trays, and I took one every time the tray passed. I also had another glass of white wine. I'm pretty sure I had another glass of Champagne, too, as the night wore on. I was very relaxed by this point and feeling pretty good. Later that night, we decided to walk and get some pizza. We plotted a course and trudged along the streets of New York to the pizza joint. I forgot to be afraid of the city. After about an hour walking, we pretty much gave up hope that we would ever find the pizza place we were looking for and settled for the one we found around the next corner. Yum, so good. We also got a bottle of wine to take back to the room. Everyone went to bed except for my sister and me, and we ended up sharing the entire bottle of wine, plus we ordered a chocolate sundae from room service. Yes, it was past midnight, but we were celebrating.
I think I passed out on the couch sometime during the night. I don't know how I made it to my room upstairs, but that's where I woke up the next morning with a splitting headache! I could barely move. The pounding in my head was so intense I thought somebody had taken a hammer to it. My eyes felt gritty and hard to open. I'm stubborn sometimes. So when Rebecca called and asked if I wanted to go out and find a Starbucks, I said yes. We planned to meet at her room and go from there.
Getting dressed was a disaster. I had two different socks, and I'm pretty sure my shoes didn't match either. I left the sanctuary of my hotel room and plotted my route to her hotel room. She was located in the fifteenth floor in another tower of the massive hotel we were in, so I had to get in the elevator and navigate across the lobby to the other set of elevators that would take me to her floor. I don't know how I made it to the first elevator. It's kind of a blur. Crossing the lobby, all I could think of was, stand up straight. I was just waiting for someone to point and shout, "Hey, look, is that Jaycee Lee Dugard with a massive hangover?"
Getting into the second elevator felt like a victory. Albeit a short-lived one. I felt like even though the light was blinding and my headache was throbbing, I could do this. I could make it. That darn elevator had other ideas for me and hurtled as fast as it possibly could and stopped at every other floor. As I watched the numbers go from 5 to 8 and stop. Oh no, people! As they entered the elevator with me, I told myself to "act cool" and not show how bad I really felt.
Up, up to 10. Ding, stop, the people got off. Whew! Up, up I went to the fifteenth floor finally. I swayed as I walked down the corridor. I felt like I was going to be sick. Keep walking, I told myself. I finally made it to room 1509. I knocked. I hear Rebecca reply, "Just a minute I'm in the bathroom." I knock again, louder this time. She shouts, "I'm coming." She opens the door, and I barrel and push right past her to the open door of the bathroom. I slammed the door and landed face first in the holy bowl of the toilet. I was very, very sick. After that, all I wanted at this point was my bed. Rebecca asked if I was okay. Nope, I was not. There would be no Starbucks for me. I asked if she could take me back to my room.
Off we went back into the hall. Not two steps from the door, and I had to throw up again, but she had already closed the door. We spotted a maid cart. Thank goodness! I headed over and grabbed a bag. I told Rebecca I couldn't possibly get back into that horrible elevator. I was convinced it wanted to kill me. She suggested the stairs, which seemed like a better option to me at the time. Every step was excruciating. My head was spinning round and round. We finally made it to the bottom, but it wasn't the lobby like I thought it would be. It was some kind of weird part of the hotel. Like behind the scenes. Were we lost? Yes, we were. Rebecca asked a passing bellman how to get to the lobby. He directed us to yet another elevator! I didn't think I could do the stairs anymore, and so taking the elevator seemed like our only option.
Sweat was dripping down my face from trying to act cool just in case someone came into the elevator with us. We finally arrived on my floor. I rushed to the door. My sister was there, bless her thoughtful heart, already holding it open for me, Rebecca had called and told them my, ah . . . situation. I was so relieved to be back in my hotel room I didn't care who knew.
We were supposed to go sightseeing that day, but I couldn't even think about that anymore. No bus rides for me. I really wanted to rest so I could at least go to the play Wicked on Broadway that we had gotten tickets to see that night. I didn't want to miss my first Broadway show! I told everyone to go sightseeing without me.
Shayna and Garrett, her boyfriend at the time (who later became her husband, but that's another chapter), were so nice. They went to the drugstore and got me something for my head and a bagel with cream cheese. I couldn't even think about food, but it was very sweet and I appreciated it. The bread actually helped my tummy to feel better. I spent part of the day on the bathroom floor because it felt cool. I was completely unable to get up. Such an embarrassing day for me. I don't know why I felt embarrassed. I just did. I like to be in control of myself, and I had no idea that mixing Champagne, wine, and sugar would cost me so much. Lesson learned the hard way.
You would think I would stay away from alcohol after that, but although I stayed away from it for a very long time, it did eventually creep back into my life in the form of mint mojitos! Nectar of the gods. I love the refreshing taste of citrus and mint. Best of all, it didn't give me a hangover the next morning. I pretty much stick with these. Drinking is okay, but in moderation for sure.
Me, Jessica Alba, and Diane at the DvF Awards in New York.
Meeting Diane Sawyer in New York.
## Walk the Plank
* * *
You wouldn't think walking could give you nightmares. Well, I sure had some nightmarish dreams about walking after I was kidnapped. For a while I had this dream about having to "walk the plank." In the dream I would start up the hill from my house in South Lake Tahoe. It would always be perfectly sunny, not a cloud in the sky in this recurring dream, and I would have on the same outfit I was taken in. Pink stretch pants and white T-shirt with a kitty on it. My favorite outfit, actually; how ironic. Phillip burned all my clothes, so I never saw that outfit again except in this dream/nightmare.
All of a sudden I would be blindfolded but still walking up the hill. I kept walking and walking and walking all the while with no sight whatsoever. Total blackness even though I knew it was sunny out. I could feel myself start to panic, but there was nothing I could do. All of a sudden, there was no more road and I could feel myself falling in midair just as if I had stepped off a plank. I would always wake up as I felt myself hit water and start to sink.
I haven't had this dream in years. I was afraid to walk places by myself when I was first recovered. During the building of the court case against Phillip and Nancy Garrido, and before the trial phase, I was asked to go up to Tahoe and review for the police and prosecutors exactly how I was kidnapped by Phillip and Nancy on June 10th, 1991. Rebecca came with me on this trip, and I'm so glad I had her support.
I think walking that hill was actually cathartic for me, even though I thought it would be traumatic. Facing my fears and knowing that I could walk the same path and nothing bad would happen was good for me. That's also when Rebecca figured out my obsession with pinecones and why I would ask friends to bring me one from places they would visit. It happened like this: I was sitting in the car talking about that day, Rebecca runs over with a pinecone and says, "Look! This was in the place he grabbed you! Duh, no wonder you want pinecones. It must have been the last thing you touched before Phillip pulled you into the car!" After that, my obsession made so much more sense and turned into a very powerful symbol of new beginnings for me.
Months into my recovery process, I had my first solo walk. It wasn't even really planned. The principal of my youngest daughter's school asked to meet with me, and since the school was just a few blocks away, I decided to walk. Rebecca called on my way there, and I told her I was walking and on my way to meet with the principal. She seemed a bit awed on the phone, and I didn't really know why. She said she would see me soon and hung up.
I really honestly wasn't thinking much about anything during the walk until I reached the halfway point. And that's when it hit me! Wow, look at me! I'm walking the neighborhood by myself. I finally understood why Rebecca sounded like that on the phone. As I started my way down the street that would bring me to the school, I could see two people waiting for me. I admit I was a little embarrassed at first. I was so proud of myself, though, and couldn't stop the smile on my face no matter how much I tried to look cool and casual.
Rebecca had filled in the principal of the school, who knew me and my story and was taking such good care of my daughter in his school. I think he felt honored to be there for my maiden voyage. As I got nearer, I could see them smiling, too, and that made me feel so good. I made it. And I knew I could do it again . . . and I have.
Later, Rebecca told me that they got a little worried when they saw a highway patrol car coming down the street. Just as they started to wonder where I was, there I was. I had just turned the corner as the patrol car passed.
Early into my recovery, I still had my entourage following me: FBI agents, victim advocates, etc. One day that sticks out in my mind started out in Rebecca's office for a therapy session, but I was just feeling restless. Rebecca picked up on it and suggested a walk up a nearby road that had a steep incline. I was intrigued and thought it sounded great. As we all piled into the black SUVs with the tinted windows, the plan was Rebecca and I would walk a little ahead so we could talk on the way up, and the FBI and victim advocates would stay behind us to give me privacy.
The walk was hard. And my thighs and calves started to burn quickly. But the burn felt good and talking about the past became easier as we walked side by side. The beautiful view helped when I talked about the really awful parts Phillip made me do. I was really out of breath, and talking was getting harder. By the time we reached the top with not a soul in sight, I realized I had talked almost the whole way up. I was out of breath and huffing and puffing, but I felt clean and refreshed.
Rebecca showed me the ritual of touching the silver plaque on the tree at the top. That little ritual has stayed with me every time I make the climb to the top. On our way down, we realized that the others had not made it even halfway up as we came down. I remember sleeping really well that night. To this day, exercise is important to me. I love to eat, too, so dieting is not really an option for me, and I'd rather exercise than restrict my diet, so I will probably never be model thin, but that suits me just fine as long as I am in shape. Exercise releases endorphins, which make you feel good and oftentimes enhance your outlook on life in general. Exercise has helped me cope with stress and ward off depression when it comes. I never want to be that person I was in the backyard that hardly ever moved. Granted, that was not a choice that was mine to make. I was a prisoner.
My mind feels more alert when I move and exert myself, and the outlook on the day is improved. When I don't exercise, I feel it. Especially around the holidays when I tend to overeat and not make an effort to exercise, and once you stop, it's hard to get back to a routine. When I'm a log on the couch all day, my legs get all crampy and seem to say, Hey get up and move, girl!
I went out of my comfort zone for a while and decided to get a gym membership. I usually do not like to feel like I'm being watched in any way whatsoever. I was really opposed to exercising where people I did not know could see me. I get embarrassed easily.
The decision to join came about when my oldest daughter wanted to join. She had been on the cross-country team at her school and loved the feeling exercise gave her. I thought it would be a fun thing to do together and would help me overcome my shyness, which I wanted to get over. I think age helps with this fear because when I was little, I had it really bad. It was hard to make friends, and my friends ended up coming to me, not the other way around. I was always too scared. Being older, I have noticed that this has changed a lot. Not so much when I was a captive but being around Rebecca and seeing her confidence has helped me grow. And so I joined the gym. And you know what else? I went to Zumba classes. Yep, that's right. I tried to rhumba and samba my way to fitness, ladies and gentlemen. The worst part was I could tell I was really bad at it from the gigantic mirror in front of me. But it was fun, and I realized no one was staring at me . . . like at all. Nope. And do you know why? Because they were looking at themselves in that big ol' gigantic mirror that shows everything!
I really liked taking those classes in the gym, and I kept it up for about six months. Then I realized I enjoyed hiking and working out with my friends better. I was very proud of myself for trying it out, though. It helped a whole lot in my confidence to try new things and not to care what I looked like. Also because I was doing something great for me. And that felt good.
I recommend finding a buddy to keep you motivated. When my best friend, Jessie, comes to visit, we try to do something active, and to this day I still take many hikes and exercise with my mentor, Rebecca. My sister got me a Fitbit for Christmas and I love it. It tends to really motivate me to meet my step goal. If I see that I haven't quite reached it at the end of the day, I will get on the elliptical. Which I would not have thought to do before. It's something about the feeling of accomplishing something that feels so good. And I find I sleep better, too.
## Don't Judge
* * *
After receiving my first horse, I really wanted another one for my daughters to ride. That was the plan anyway, but it didn't quite happen like I thought it would. Instead, another horse came into my life and taught me about love.
His name was Ed and he had only one eye. The other was lost to a tumor. He was a beautiful red Arabian, and I loved him the first day I laid my two eyes on him. I found him in the local paper for sale and asked Rebecca if she would go with me to check him out.
We arrived at the address and were surprised that the horse and his companion, an aged pony, were living quite literally in someone's backyard. I did get some flashbacks of being captive in Phillip's backyard. This was a very small yard for a horse. The owner had had them for her kids, but they had grown and so the horses were just there living out the rest of their lives with no place to wander free. She wanted something better for them and so had opted to sell them both. I didn't realize that they were a package deal until that moment. The thought of two new horses was a little overwhelming.
Ed was a pretty old guy, I learned, but as sweet as can be. I was still kind of afraid of the size of horses back then and didn't just get on any that I didn't know. But for some reason, Ed exuded trust from his whole being and I must have felt that. When the owner asked if I would like to ride him, I said I would. I walked around on Ed in that backyard and thought of all the reasons why this was a bad idea: You are older than I thought you were, I thought to myself. You come with an old pony. The pony is thirty-eight years old. You are no spring chicken yourself at the age of twenty-five. I was looking for a horse my daughters could ride, but you have only one eye. Margie, my horse trainer, will kill me for bringing you home. She will think I've gone insane. The list was piling up in my head. There were many reasons why I shouldn't have wanted him.
I decided to sleep on my decision to bring him home. That night, I had a dream that Ed was already mine and living with me. It felt so right that I couldn't ignore the feeling of rightness with him. So the next morning my decision was made, and Ed and his longtime companion, a pony we named Dusty, came home to my barn to live with Cowboy.
I have never regretted my decision to bring a one-eyed horse home. Dusty, unfortunately, did not live very long, only a year with us. His passing was traumatic. He didn't have many teeth left and was prone to choke. One day the choke got really bad and he also colicked. Colic is a term used to describe many stomach issues with horses. The vet told me Dusty's insides were all twisted up. It was the first time I had to make the decision to let a horse pass. Seeing Dusty suffer was so hard, and I knew that it was time. I like to think he loved his time here with us.
Years later, losing Ed to colic was an even harder moment to face. I had grown to love Ed so much over the years. He was so much a part of barn life for everyone.
He was a very stoic guy, and I didn't know that he was in pain until the very last moments of his life. Some choices I would rather not have to make. One of those decisions is whether your horse is in so much pain that it is better to end his life. I had made the decision with Dusty and now I faced it again. Making the decision to end Ed's life was like sticking a knife through my heart and pulling it out while it was still beating. I don't want to remember that pain, but it still shows up and it's hard to fight the tears.
One time Rebecca's horse, Freesia, colicked. I am usually cool under pressure, and I have never passed out in my life unless under extreme stress. It had only been a few months since the traumatic death of my beloved Ed, so when I saw Freesia lying on the ground rolling, it reminded me so much of Ed. I felt like I would pass out from seeing her lying there. Luckily, she was a lot younger and we were able to pull her through the colic.
Over the years that Ed was in my life, I watched people have various reactions to him. For me, I feel like he has redefined my idea of what a horse should be. I used to think horses were just for riding, but I have discovered that they are much more. A horse "joining up" with you on the ground gives you such a sense of connection and victory. Two feelings that have not been abundant in my life.
Bringing Ed home was one of the first big decisions I made when I moved into my new house. I have always doubted myself. After all, living as someone's captive is not the best self-esteem booster. Even after six years, I still question myself. Sometimes I feel like some people think I can't make my own choices without the input of others. I see no harm in getting other people's opinions about things and then coming to my own choice in the matter. I was not three when I was taken! I was eleven, and even though I was still young, I still knew there was more to life than Barbie dolls and birthdays. I knew my mom made a lot of tough choices. I knew it was hard being a single parent. We were lucky to live with my grandparents until I was six. I knew my mom worked hard to get us our own apartment. I knew we didn't have a lot of money, and most of it went to bills and something called taxes. I knew a lot by the time Phillip and Nancy kidnapped me, but I admit I didn't know it all.
After our rescue, it kind of felt like some people thought I would probably be stupid. I think a lot of people have underestimated me over the years and have judged my abilities harshly and inserted their own personal opinions about what I should be and who I can be. I like to think I have proven them wrong. After all, I do run my own foundation!
I try never to judge people or make unfair assumptions, because that is not the way I want to be treated. Although I must admit I do judge Phillip and Nancy. I can't help but judge everything they ever did. There was this one time when Phillip took us to the San Francisco wharf to set up for a "CAN You Hear Me?" demo. Which in itself was so stupid, him trying to get others to listen to his "black box" to see if they could hear him talking through it! Phillip would have someone put on headphones that were hooked up to a recording of static noise. He would then mouth the words "Can you hear me." Then you were supposed to hear the words being spoken through the recording. Ridiculous! Right . . . Nancy was one of the ones that could hear this so-called ability. He got others to say they could hear it, too, or so he told me, but who knows what they were really hearing or just sharing in his imagined delusion. Give me a break. But that's what his delusional mind had made up, and we were setting up a booth on the wharf for it.
One time, there was a dad and his daughter, and she was crying about not wanting to go on the 3-D amusement ride they had on Pier 39. I could hear the dad encouraging his daughter to try it and that he would be right there with her, but she continued to cry. As they walked away, Phillip said to me that he should not make his daughter do anything that was scary. That made me so annoyed! I said, "But she needs to learn there are scary things, and it is better to do it with someone that loves you than have to deal one day with those scary things on her own"—like I did, I wanted to add but didn't. He said I was wrong and scaring a little girl was wrong. What a hypocrite, I wanted to shout. What have you been doing all these years, you pervert? I still think I was right. I would much rather experience scary things with a loved one than by myself. You never know what another person is going through. I might be wrong, but who's to judge. My decision to bring Ed home could have been one of those decisions, but I don't think so.
Dusty and Ed had been together for some twenty-odd years, I was told. Dusty was an ornery ol' pony with the spirit of a young stud. My youngest daughter enjoyed walking around on him and trusted him completely. Ed had a very trusting soul, and even though he couldn't see me from one side, he still trusted me to be there. I gained a lot of confidence just being around him. Some friends have told me that they didn't realize he had one eye until I told them. Others have felt uncomfortable looking at his missing eye or wanted to know why it's missing in the first place.
One day a friend was walking with him in the arena. I noticed, however, that Ed was trying to face my friend on his blind side and every time he did, she would move back to his seeing eye side. After a few minutes of this, I asked why she wouldn't walk with him on his blind side because it was clear to me what he wanted and felt comfortable doing. She said it made her uncomfortable that he couldn't see her, but she also realized that she didn't feel like she had the right to the trust Ed was showing her. Once she said it, though, she was able to let it go and together they resumed their walk.
I have learned so many valuable lessons from the horses in my life. I've learned not to take myself too seriously and to live in the moment. I used to have a problem with "checking out." I've often asked myself, what does that mean? Well, I think for me, "checking out" was too much self-reflection and not enough practical experience dealing with people. Where I would sometimes look like I'm staring off into space would really be me just thinking about something really hard and not really noticing if there were people around. After so many years by myself I wasn't really used to talking or having conversations. Horses make you be totally present, and communication and conversations with them are a must. They insist, really. Which has helped me to improve in so many ways.
Ed making faces.
Ed running.
Say It Good (Sid).
## Confessions of an Imperfect Person (or Where the Heck Are the Minis?!)
* * *
It looked like it was going to rain. Not good for a day we had plans to take our miniature horses, Mister and Aurora, to a school a few miles away. As part of the JAYC Foundation's "Just Ask Yourself to Care!" School Groups, a team of us goes into schools and teaches a group of ten to twelve kids all about the importance of caring for one another in school and their communities, respect for themselves and others, how to keep themselves safe, and above all, to be aware of their surroundings!
So as we loaded up the minis for a trip out to see the kids, we didn't know what the day had in store for us. Some days teach you more lessons than you ever thought you needed, and this was one of those days. It sprinkled throughout the day, but nothing major. The kids were excited to see the miniature horses, and each had a turn doing the exercise with them. The minis were helping us learn boundaries and how much space sometimes we need to feel safe.
The day went pretty well, and we loaded the minis for the trip back to the barn. The minis didn't want to get in the trailer and were hard to convince to step up into it. It took a lot of coaxing and horse cookies, but we finally got them in. By then, it was getting really late and the sun was starting to set.
I followed the truck and trailer in my car, and all of a sudden I saw smoke coming from the front of the truck. Oh no! The truck was overheating! We all pulled over in a residential neighborhood and assessed the damage. Looked like we could not drive the truck home. How were we going to get the horses home? We didn't have another truck to pull the trailer. We could hear the minis getting really restless in the back, and so we took them out. We tried calling some mechanics, but it was late and no one was answering. We were desperate, so I thought, Hey, let's try to put them in the back of my SUV.
Mister, one of the minis, had grown up riding in the back of a station wagon and was more than willing to jump in. As he jumped in, he slipped on the hard plastic, and Aurora would not even attempt it. We decided it was too dangerous and gave up on the idea.
As we sat around trying to think of ideas, we looked around the neighborhood and got another idea. I saw a man working in his front yard. He had a pretty big-looking truck in his driveway and so we thought, Hey, it's worth a try. We went over and asked if he could pull our horse trailer home. He replied in broken English that he would, but would it be quick? Quick, we ask? Yes, he said, he wanted to watch the World Series, which would be starting soon. We told him where we lived and begged him for his help. He agreed but still seemed a little reluctant. But at least he said yes. We were so relieved.
As he hitched the trailer, we realized he really didn't understand much English but seemed like a really nice guy, and his kids were there, too. He started to pull away and shouted out the window, "Where are they going again?" We gave him the address.
As he pulls away, Rebecca and I look at each other and realize we had just let a complete stranger take our minis, and we didn't get a name or phone number or anything! Panic started to set in. We had to stay and wait for the tow truck to tow our truck, and as soon as he arrived, we took off in my car. We were really getting worried wondering if we had made a mistake trusting this stranger.
On the way back we called our friend, the chief of police, of course! Because when a person that has already been the victim of kidnap and a psychologist that has worked with said victim become scared, we get kind of silly. I'm sure he thought we were complete idiots for calling him and telling him what we had just done. I wanted to know if we could issue an Amber Alert and was only half joking. He stayed calm, which helped us to stay calm. He also was the voice of reason and said, Why don't we see if he does bring them home before we report them missing? Why don't we look around the neighborhood and call him back if we didn't find them? Hmm, I guess we could do that.
We called home and asked if the minis had arrived. No minis. Maybe he was just slow in getting there. He looked trustworthy. He had his two kids with him. Surely, he is a good person and will bring our minis home, right? We felt like complete idiots. As we approached the local market, we spotted them! Yay! we shouted in unison. He and the kids were out petting the minis in the parking lot. He had not remembered the address and hoped we would find him. And we did! He seemed a little irritated about missing the game, but otherwise was so very nice.
He followed us back to the house, where he unhitched and left for home with just our "thank yous" for payment. He wouldn't accept anything else. For a program that teaches kids awareness of their surroundings, we sure failed that day. But at least we got our sweet minis back! And I learned that there are really good strangers out there and not all of them are bad like Phillip told me.
Mister and Aurora.
## Addiction
* * *
Yes, I will admit it. I have fallen into the trap. I am an addict. I never thought I would succumb, but here I am confessing my sin. I am hopelessly and endlessly addicted to . . . Starbucks. There, I said it. I've admitted it. They say that's the first step. It started out innocently enough. Peppermint Mocha Frappuccinos; maybe once in a blue moon a passion fruit iced tea.
My mom goes for the vanilla lattes, but I'm not a coffee drinker. Actually, I kind of hated the smell of coffee for a while. I never understood my mom's obsession with coffee. Coffee always smelled to me like burnt socks, which I do not find appealing in any way. But after discovering the amazing creations you can achieve with coffee, I am a convert. Not a total convert. I don't like it black or with just cream. No, I like the incredibly sweet kind. I love the rich, sweet flavor of my favorite coffee beverage, caramel macchiato, with extra caramel drizzle! My oldest daughter turned me on to these when I started a low-carb diet. Now even though I don't totally stick to low-carb, although I try, it is my go-to drink. Also on my list is the seasonal pumpkin spiced latte, which I am considering how it will taste iced, and salted caramel mochas, too. Which I am quite sure are not good for me, but every once in a while I will splurge because I can if I want to!
Sometimes I can't even believe I'm thinking this way. Six years ago, caramel macchiato was not in my vocabulary at all. I was just surviving on a day-to-day basis with no trips to Starbucks in my future. I had never even been to one before. Have you ever been in a situation that seems totally hopeless and you can never imagine your life any other way? That was me. Life was like one giant roulette wheel. Although you knew the wheel would always be round, have numbers, and be red and black, you didn't know where that little ball bouncing on the wheel would end up. That's how it felt to be Phillip and Nancy's captives. Perhaps the day would be okay and you could wake up without Phillip yelling at imaginary voices in his head, or perhaps you woke to the annoying Nancy complaining what a mess the room was and insisting the girls clean it up. Most days landed on the same number and color and would drag on and on with no relief in sight of ever ending. That wheel was not kind to me or my daughters. I hated it, and life was so scary, dull, and unpredictable all at the same time. Some days I still feel like I'm living a dream and I will wake up and the nightmare that was my prison will be my reality and all this will be gone. Life now is very different. Days feel like an endless big sky full of fluffy white clouds and possibilities. The clouds change shape and sometimes bring rain, but every day is a day that can be filled with the things I like to do.
## "Oh So Pretty"
* * *
I met my best friend, Jessie, at the age of four. We immediately discovered our mutual love of all things "pretty." Or to clarify, what our young minds thought was pretty. Pretty hats from the thrift store—mine a cute little side number complete with feather and veil and hers a sophisticated floppy wide brim with pretty pink ribbon.
We would spend hours dressing up in our moms' high heels and grown-up dresses. Makeup was applied when our moms were not looking, and when we deemed it time to make our debut, hand in hand we would come out and pose for the camera, displaying our cheesiest smiles. To us, we were beautiful. At six and five, this was our way of connecting and playing. Where this sense of beauty came from, I don't know. Maybe from our moms, whom we both looked up to, maybe from TV, maybe from everything we had taken in during our lives so far.
Years and many, many shall I say "events" later, "pretty" feels different to me. I have had too many life experiences for it ever to be as simple as it was for me at six. Has my sense of beauty been tainted? Well, in a nutshell, yes, it has. When a psycho grown-up man that has kidnapped you and taken you away from everything you have known and loved and forces you to "dress up" and put on makeup for his personal fantasies of having sex with a child—a very scared and afraid child, I might add—your viewpoint can change. I know mine has.
This is a tangent, but something is very contradictory to me here. Why would someone who has kidnapped a child of eleven then force her to dress up for him and put on lots of makeup and high heels? What's the point of kidnapping a child and then trying to make her look older? I know the answer to that is control. It is easier to control a child than it is an adult. Still the whole thing is disgusting, but from the news, I know it happens more than any of us would like to think about.
In all his sick and perverted ways, Phillip did make me realize that we had two very different versions of beauty. I remember one night when he dressed me up and I was crying, not loudly, but I could feel the hot tears streaming down my face. I was smearing the makeup job he had done on me, but I just could not hold the tears back. I could tell he was agitated, and I knew I had to stop crying. I was scared of what would happen if I didn't. Phillip looked at me and asked, "What are you crying for?" and I told him I felt ugly. I remember he looked at me and said, "You look beautiful. Here, I will show you. Look into the mirror." Well, I looked.
Plato wrote, "Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder." That must be true because what I saw as beauty and what Phillip saw as beauty were completely different things. I don't doubt he thought I was pretty that night. His creation. The girl he took from a bus stop. A girl he controlled and could be anything he wanted. He was proud of the way I looked, and he couldn't see why I didn't see what he saw. All I saw was a very frightened girl who I didn't even recognize with mascara running down her cheeks and the saddest face I had ever glimpsed staring back at me. I had to avert my eyes quickly and nod my head in agreement; I did not want to provoke the sleeping dragon.
To this day when I think about society's views of beauty, I think back on that day and I think something changed for me. Looking at myself for those split seconds, I realized that beauty would never be a simple thing to me and that I would never agree with Phillip about anything . . . ever.
I think we all see beauty in our own way, and it really is "in the eyes of the beholder." I've learned not to define beauty simply as what someone looks like or wears but by what that person does and aspires to. Not to say I don't love wearing beautiful clothes and buying the coolest new shoes and dressing up nicely now and then. Makeup is fun to experiment with, and I do enjoy wearing it on occasion.
It's no longer a question of "I have to" for me now but a question of "Do I want to?" For me, it has taken time to distinguish the two, because even with the freedom I have now, the pressures of our society and what we define as pretty and acceptable and the "norm" in our culture is very judgmental. Women wear makeup, they wear high heels (although I'm not sure why because they are so uncomfortable!), and we all want to have and wear the latest fashions and be socially accepted. These things take a toll on our sense of beauty as a whole, and many of us get lost in it. I do, too. But life is a teacher, and although remembering those horrible nights Phillip put me through is hard, it is still a reminder. It's a reminder that beauty can be seen or felt in many different ways. You can be seen with too much or too little, and most judge beauty by what they see. I'm guilty of this.
I once judged a horse by its color only. It wasn't until I got to know him that I saw what a great horse he could be. I got him in 2013. His name is Say It Good, or Sid for short, and he's a chestnut quarter horse.
At first, I saw only a plain, drab brown horse, but when I was helped to look deeper and discovered his beauty, I saw a horse with a big heart and tons of potential. When I look at him today, it's funny; I no longer see just a brown horse. I see the multitude of colors he has in his coat, I see gentle eyes and a horse that feels the beauty around him.
Beauty is all around us. To redefine beauty in ourselves and our families is not an easy thing. I fear we are all lost in a way, and although we try to remember what's truly beautiful in the world, we all at one time lose sight of it. We all get caught up in the seeing aspect of what's beautiful. The trick is to feel the beautiful as well as see it and find the balance in between.
Where does our definition of beauty come from? One of the biggest fears I have is that society dictates our sense of beauty, and for those who have no moral compass, their sense of beauty is askew and warped, and they will never truly see or feel what true beauty is. I'm still learning what that means for me, so I can't tell you any words of wisdom. All I know is that every day I am alive and free is beautiful, and when I look in the mirror now, I don't see that ugly broken child I was and who Phillip tried his best to create because he thought that was beautiful. No, I don't see her. I just simply see the beauty in me.
This got me thinking of how animals define beauty versus us humans and how drastically different these opinions are. Animals don't see beauty or judge us based on it. If a cat is comfortable with you and trusts you, it does not care what you look like. You could have a missing eye or two missing eyes or a freakish pimple on your face, and the horse you are riding or brushing will not care one bit. Animals teach us the meaning of beautiful every day. Do you take the time to listen?
Me and Jessie playing dress-up.
## In Plain Sight
* * *
The roaring of the crowd at a basketball game is deafening! My first basketball game was the Warriors versus the Kings. Little did I know that this game would herald the end of a losing streak for my team. Perhaps I am lucky after all! Just kidding. I think the faith and hope of their fans is what brought them out of the slump. Kind of like the hope my mom had for me and her never giving up hope that I would one day come back to her. That kind of hope can move mountains.
I had never been to a basketball game before, even when I was little. This was a first. We had gotten courtside tickets, and I was very excited to see my first game. I didn't realize the cameras would be so close, though. I was still paranoid about being recognized and felt on the hot seat as I sat there and watched the game.
What is it with me and being recognized? I just wanted to enjoy the game. Over the years I have been to a football game with my aunt ("Go Chargers!"), and a Lady Gaga, a Beyoncé, and a Garth Brooks concert. These concerts were all very unique and different in their own ways, but I enjoyed them all. Lady Gaga, while on the strange side, is a person I admire for being herself in all things. Garth Brooks is an amazing performer, and he gives everything he has to every performance. I love the way he is so into his wife. I would love to have a man love me the way Garth loves Trisha.
You are probably wondering if I think I can even have a relationship with a man. Good question. Although hard to answer because I can't see the future. HAHA. I'm not actively seeking love, and I refuse to do dating sites. I do feel like I'm totally capable of having a relationship one day. I don't feel so damaged that I am totally put off by the idea. I just don't know. I see my daughters having relationships, and I feel like one day when the time is right I will meet the right person for me. I like romance and fairy-tale junk, so my expectations are pretty high nowadays. So unless you ride a beautiful white stallion, can stand with me to slay all our dragons, and make me a princess, you are pretty much out of luck.
I have never even been on a date before! The only boy ever to ask me out was ten, and I was nine. My mom and I were living in an apartment complex, and he lived with his dad. They had the cutest Chow Chow dog with a curly tail. I loved his dog and the boy—I think his name was Tony—was really fun to play tag with. We would run around the apartment complex for hours as he chased me and Jessie, who also lived in the same complex.
One day as I was playing in my room, he came in and asked if I wanted to go out on a date with him. I remember laughing and thinking, That's so funny. Why did he want to take me on a date? He couldn't even drive! Back then I was painfully shy and wasn't thinking about boys in a romantic way. To me, he was just a friend. I was nine and probably a very young nine. I didn't really know what to say and so I turned him down. I kind of regret that now, but who knew that would be my only opportunity.
That day at my first basketball game, I was in plain sight of the multitude of cameras practically the whole time. But nobody noticed, which I was glad for because I was just there to enjoy the game.
But that day got me to thinking how "in plain sight" I was during my years in captivity and nobody noticed me. Phillip had a number of parole agents throughout the years, but none of them just went a little deeper into their job and noticed us. It felt like nobody cared enough to look deeper into a convicted sex offender's life. Or maybe they just didn't want to offend him or, heaven forbid, offend his wife and his mother.
The truth of the matter is my whole life was impacted with this one heinous crime that affected not only my entire family but others in the world as well. In my case, the effects are on the inside and outside. Although therapy started practically on day one for me, it is not until now, years later, that I am coming to terms with just how terrified I really was and how I couldn't let myself feel that terror when I was kidnapped and throughout my captivity. My instincts, intuition, internal thought process, whatever it was, kept my real terror at bay so I could function and survive.
In 2013, I made the decision to sue the federal government for its role in my kidnapping. It was not an easy decision to make. The whole process—the depositions, the psychological testing—had the side effect of bringing all the hidden terrors to the surface of my mind.
After I was deposed, I had some terrible nightmares about Phillip. In one I call the "shadow dream," Phillip was a shadow, and I was running through a maze with mirrors around every corner. There would be this dark, very tall and skinny shadow in my peripheral vision. Always looming and coming closer as I tried to run away.
I also have waking terrors. I am awake and doing something like working in my garden and for a split second I feel like I am in a dream and any minute I will wake and my now life will be taken from me and I will wake to my backyard prison that consumed more than half my life.
Being deposed was hard, with some very weird lines of questioning that I could not have predicted. Like "Did you ever plant flowers on the Garrido residence besides around your tent?" What kind of question is that, I thought to myself. Or my favorite one: "Do you prefer the agressive animals or the more calm, docile animals?" Or the one about my book: "You say 'I never really have nightmares. Only once in a while.' Did you have a lot of nightmares when you were at the Garrido residence?" Nice having your words thrown in your face like that, but I looked her in the eyes and said, "At the time of writing this, I lied to myself quite a bit and I wouldn't admit to myself that just because I wasn't waking up from nightmares doesn't mean that I constantly didn't think about what he had done." I don't know exactly what she was trying to get at with these questions. Did she think a day goes by in my life that my captivity does not affect me? Doesn't she realize that when I wrote my book that it was a power statement I made, and power statements help move us toward our goals but to achieve these goals takes time and a lot of hard work has to be done, and that doesn't happen overnight? So, yes, the nightmares are fading, and I live a good life, but scars are scars and can be healed but never go away completely. My scars are not visible, but I can feel them. They are reminders every day to live life to the fullest because you never know what can happen. You can use them and they can become a symbol.
At one point the attorney even called me "Miss Garrido." Maybe this was a genuine mistake on her part or maybe she was trying to rile me or throw me off. For what purpose, though? It's not like I was on trial. I wasn't the one that committed a crime, as I feel my government did, and my feelings and thoughts were clear as to why I was there and putting myself in this chair of endless questions and arduous process. So was that just a slip or something more sinister that I was not prepared for? The result of her calling me that vile name was nothing but a correction from me and an apology from her. In the end, the depo lasted seven long hours.
It was hard to involve my daughters in this daunting process. But we all felt strongly about justice being served. The deposition of my oldest daughter was even worse, with questions as bizarre as whether she was a member of the gay and straight alliance and if that meant she was gay. What? What business is that of yours, and what does that have to do with anything about this case?
I understand the prosecutor had a job to do. And, hopefully, that's all she was thinking—that this was her job. And nothing she said was personal. I just feel she missed seeing us as human beings and did only see us as a job. To her, we were just another case to win, and maybe I'm naïve and this is all we are to the government. What if our government doesn't see us as people, as individuals? What if we are all just cases to be won or lost? Well, if there is one thing I'd like to change it's that we are seen for the people we are, not just as words on a page.
## Disgusted
* * *
In the spring of 2013, I was in Washington at a dinner with family and friends when I learned the story of the Cleveland girls, as they were dubbed in the media, who were kidnapped by Ariel Castro. Yet again the media putting out what sounds flashy instead of what would be appropriate. These were three grown women who I'm sure didn't want to be called "girls."
The next night I would receive the Hope Award from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC). Nanny Goat received the news first and filled us in on the details as she knew them. I was stunned and amazed. Others like me and Elizabeth Smart! I was happy but at the same time deeply saddened that history repeated itself in a way again. In my acceptance speech, I said, "What an amazing time to be talking about hope!" It was a hopeful event, but the occasion also marked the beginning of new lives in the world, those of Michelle, Gina, and Amanda and her daughter. I felt a kinship toward Amanda because she too had a daughter, and I had had two. I knew, though, that their lives were very different from mine, and I didn't dare speculate on what she went through.
This was just the beginning of them making their own decisions, I knew all too well. Right away with their first appearances on TV, they all struck me as being hopeful for their futures and all that life had to offer. That evil man took their decisions away from them, and now they had that ability again. What would they do with it? I asked myself that night. Phillip took my decision making away from me, too. Would they feel like I did at times? Unsure of themselves, but with time things would get a bit easier. It makes me so mad to think of predators out in the world, preying on other people and ruining their lives for their own benefit. I feel like what gives these fuckers any right to our lives? What makes these bastards of the world feel they can control anyone but themselves? Maybe that's the problem: these assholes can't even control themselves and therefore feel the need to control others. What creates this type of person? What circumstances, events, or mental process creates the Garridos and Castros of the world? This is a question that affects us all, and I believe it needs an answer. But how do you find an answer to this question so that history will stop repeating itself?
I think the interview Michelle did on the Dr. Phil show was what she needed to do for herself to move on from her trauma. She's taking back her life. The next thing is deciding if that decision is truly the one in your heart or if it's what others want you to do. My hope for her is that she is doing what's right for her and her son. Moving forward after so long in captivity is not easy. Everybody wants to be your friend, and that can make matters complicated to figure out who is truly with you for the right and honest reasons. Some days will seem easier than others, and the days will not always be sunny. But even on your cloudiest rainy day, there is hope that you are alive and you can do something good to help others because of the fact of your survival. The simple fact that you survived a horrible situation gives people hope that they can survive their own situations. It is also a lesson to be thankful for what you have and those you love because it could be so much worse. I had the opportunity to meet Gina and Amanda at a recent NCMEC Hope Award ceremony. They had just released their own book entitled Hope. I was glad to have the time to get to know them a little, and although we had different experiences, the trauma is much the same and takes time to heal. I hope they find what they need in their lives. We also met Senator John McCain, and he said to us, "I know a little something about being alone, too." Wow! What a totally amazing moment in my life to connect on such a level with not only one fellow survivor but three! It taught me to remember to enjoy my life and take comfort that we have all been through shit, but the important thing is we survived, and not only that, we have rewarding and enriching lives to lead and inspire others with. Maybe if we all started throwing happiness in the air instead of violence, the world would be a much better place to live in, and deranged, psycho men like Ariel Castro, the man who kidnapped Gina, Amanda, and Michelle, and the Phillip Garridos of the world would not even be a thought.
## Barbies Are Good for the Soul
* * *
Even after six years of freedom, I admit I still get nervous about being recognized in public. Even though I know people are just people and want to say the right thing, it still goes through my mind not to be seen. That mantra was so much a part of my life that it is sometimes still hard to overrule it with common sense. My biggest fear was that somehow Phillip would find a way to take my kids from me if I broke the rules in any way. I don't have that fear to hold me back anymore. I have new ones, but those seem simple in comparison.
However, over the years of freedom, many people have helped to put my fear of being seen into perspective. Like the time I went through airport security and the male security guard that checks your license and plane ticket looked at me funny. I thought to myself, Oh man, he recognizes my name, because really, who doesn't? Or so I thought at the time. He shocked me and threw me for a loop when he said, "Oh, wow you're from that Big family." At first it took me a second to get what he meant, and then it dawned on me: he thinks I'm from the Duggar family and one of eighteen siblings! Again, he speaks up and says, "I thought you would be taller." I was M-O-R-T-I-F-I-E-D! I wanted to shout at him, "How rude!" but refrained from making a scene. Instead, I laughed it off and proceeded with my life—all five feet of me! I realized it's not so bad being recognized . . . not.
Another moment I got a little too into myself was one time when my mom and I took a trip to explore the city. As we perused the streets, a couple came up to us a little sheepishly, and I thought, Oh here we go. I have been recognized for sure! I told myself to act cool and casually, like this happens all the time. The young woman says, Hello. Mom and I both say hi. The lady then asks in a strong accent if I would take a picture. Of course, I reply. So I go over to the couple and put my arm around the young lady's neck as the gentleman looks at me funny. They both turn to me and say, We mean can you take a picture of us? Oh no! I thought they wanted a picture with me. How embarrassing. As my face turns red, I try to recover my composure, and my mom takes the shot of the happy couple and off they go, probably baffled as to my strange behavior. Lesson learned: Don't ever assume!
There are times in life you realize that you are not the center of the universe and that the person with you might be. Especially when that person is also tall, blond, and rail thin. That's right, folks, I have a friend who looks like Barbie! Literally, she does, and I mean that in a nice way. My friend is one of the smartest women I know, but she also is built like a blond bombshell Barbie!
The first time I flew in a plane with her was the first time I realized that strangers actually do put your luggage in the top bin for you. Well, I thought to myself, they do if they are male and see her. I thought at first it was an all-male thing, but we were in a restaurant and the female maître d'said there were no tables available for us. As disappointment set in, we decided to hang at the bar and wait to see if something became available. All of a sudden "Barbie" comes around the corner and says, "They have our table ready." What? Really? How does she do that? we were all thinking.
She's really amazing at getting what she wants. She has some amazing invisible superpower. She's always seen without even trying to be seen. I think that is a cool quality. She has taught me that even if it looks, feels, and seems unattainable, it never hurts to ask again. Also to always act with confidence in yourself, no matter the situation you are in, and the people around you will respond to it. Some days it's harder than others to live by this.
There are days I look in the mirror and see a pretty person. I also see some things I'd like to change. I have learned that I need to accept the good and the bad. I see a semifit person that would like to get stronger. I see bags under my eyes reminding me to get more sleep. I see lackluster skin that tells me to drink more water. I see all these things and wonder, How did I survive all those years and come out on the other side still seeing the rainbow? I have tried to instill in my daughters good self-esteem in themselves even though I don't always have it in myself. I believe strongly that self-esteem comes from within ourselves, but outside influences can play a major role, too. So although it has not always been easy, I think they have both grown into strong, confident women.
In reality, I realize I could be all kinds of crazy. Where does my sense of confidence come from? When did I realize I wanted to be okay? I like myself. I don't fool myself into thinking I am anywhere near "Barbie" potential, but I think maybe that simple fact that I am willing to pat myself on the back and let myself have down days and sleep to the middle of the day when I need to, allows me to say I'm okay. I made it. I know not everyone that has been in a terrible situation can say the same. I see with my own eyes how bad it can be and how hard life is. No matter how much I want to believe magic exists in the world, I know that magic only works if you believe.
I accept myself for who I am and the limitations I know I have. I could let those limitations be roadblocks in my life, but I know I will want to overcome them in some way. In the end, though, I will always be on my side. I get that lots of things have gone into making me who I am today. Even those eighteen years had a role to play. I accept the bad that has happened to me, and I don't slap myself down for the "what ifs" in my life. What if I had beaten myself up all those years in the backyard? What kind of person would I be now? Why didn't I beat myself up?
I think reading had a lot to do with it. I read a lot. Books on every subject I could get my hands on. Phillip had a lot of self-image and self-help books and stuff lying around from his time in prison, and I would read everything I could about positive affirmations and behavior. What we say to ourselves really matters. Much more than I think we even realize. I saw a book recently meant to motivate people to exercise and eat right, but it was so full of rude, mean-spirited comments that I don't see how anyone could see past it to the real useful information it contained. How does it work to motivate by putting down? It doesn't in my book. For every negative thing I say to myself or that I hear (yep, I'm not perfect as you all might have thought!), I always try to say something positive instead. Like how could you eat that donut when you know we are trying to be low-carb! I can change that into Okay, we had a donut, let's stay on track from now till the end of the week. That always makes me feel better. Or I will look at a picture of myself and think, OMG, I have the biggest arms in town: they look like gigantic white ham hocks! I can turn that one into It's okay, I'm exercising and lifting weights. My arms are strong and full of muscle, girl! Or I could say, Next time I think I will wear a longer-sleeved dress for sure! Honestly, though, on those days I feel my heaviest, I look in the mirror and remember that I am healthy, active, and—best of all—happy to be able to be beautifully flawed and fancy free!
## Most Embarrassing Moment
* * *
Horses have been a big part of my recovery and my new life. They have brought many moments of happiness, discovery, laughter, and most of all, they remind me that it's okay to look stupid sometimes, and though others might judge, a horse never will.
On one such occasion a horse named Velcro thought I needed a lesson in being seen, a little too much for my liking. Freesia and Velcro have been companion horses for years and like to go and do everything with each other. So when a friend was going to enter Freesia in a horse show, she encouraged me to try it out on Velcro.
At first I was reluctant to say yes. I have loved learning how to ride. I love riding for fun. I felt I had some skills in the arena, and my confidence had grown from where I started four years earlier, but the word competition sounded so scary, and one thing I do not like to be is in the spotlight. My friend said it was a very small backyard horse competition, and since this would be my first one, I would be entered with riders of similar abilities. Well, I said yes, obviously, because I'm writing about it now, so we can skip forward a bit.
I practiced on Velcro at least twice a week and learned all that the judges required in a show like this. In my arena, I felt confident and we were working well together. Yes, we had days that Velcro thought I needed to be crushed into the fence a bit. Overall, though, I felt ready. I also watched my friend train. She is such a beautiful, quiet rider. I learn so much from just watching her ride and listening to our trainer instruct. When they are working in sync with each other it is a beautiful thing to behold.
Competition day arrived. I dressed in my horse show clothes. I didn't even know there was a certain type of shirt and pants one must wear to compete in a horse show, but there is. I had to wear a white polo-looking shirt and tan breeches. I should have had tall riding boots, too, but I could never find any that fit my calves, so I just went with my paddock boots and half chaps. Loading of the horses was our first order of business. Freesia was not a fan of the trailer and would sometimes protest.
It took all of us to convince her to get in the trailer, and by the time she finally went, yes, you guessed it, we were behind schedule. We had planned to get there an hour early to acclimate the horses to the new environment and ride them around a bit. Now, because of the late hour, that was not going to happen and we would be lucky if we made it with enough time to tack the horses up with their saddles and bridles before the show.
The morning was really foggy, and the place we needed to go was way out in the country. The drive seemed to take forever. I was nervous and just wanted to get it over with. My division was up first.
We finally arrived, and I had to go enter my name. I used a fake name for my privacy issues, but now looking back, I'm so glad I did because can you imagine if this embarrassing moment made it on the ABC Channel 7 news! I know what you're thinking: we don't yet know what this oh so embarrassing moment is, Jaycee. Yes, so back to the story.
So I put in my name and received my number to be pinned to the back of my shirt. I was number 4 and felt ready for my first competition. As I looked into the arena, the other riders were in the ring already warming up. On closer inspection the riders appeared very young; in fact, they were young! OMG, I thought, my competition is eight-year-olds! How embarrassed I felt! (Wait for it: This is not the most embarrassing moment. This is just embarrassing.)
I was the oldest person in my division competing with kids. Well, I thought to myself, they will probably just think I am one of their kind because I'm short. For today I will be a tall kid!
I saddled up my horse and off we went into the arena. My mom was running late but said she would be there to watch me in time for the competition. I almost didn't want her to come now and see who I was riding against, but she was already on her way. It was hard to concentrate on what was being said over the loudspeaker. All thought of what I was supposed to be doing left my mind a blank. So I looked at what the others were doing and copied them.
Velcro and I set out on our journey around the edge of the arena past the judges on the other side. I wondered, Do I have my correct diagonal? (It took me a long time to know when I wasn't on the right diagonal, which means I post up when my horse's outside leg comes back, which helps both us both stay comfortable and balanced.)
Velcro was looking everywhere at once. Her focus was not on me. She felt like she wanted to run and get ahead of the girl and her pony in front of us. I tried to hold back her power, which I could feel building, and I tried to soothe her with my voice. She started to prance in place and was really speeding up. Oh no, I thought, time to slow down now, girl! She felt really geared up, like she wanted to win the race she thought we were in.
I was sitting the trot, which is not what I was supposed to be doing at all. As we came around another corner, Velcro decided she had had enough and stopped dead in her tracks. I encouraged her with a squeeze to her sides, letting her know that this is not the time for stopping, but she didn't listen to the cue. Instead, she moved backward right into the tiny rider behind us and her pony! The girl had a pretty pink ribbon in her long braided hair and looked at me with daggers in her eyes! She seemed to be trying to say, Why can't you control your horse? I was so horrified.
I hear a voice over the loudspeaker. "Will competitor number four please restrain their horse?" "Number four, please leave the arena." I heard it over and over again from the loudspeaker. Who's number 4? I wonder, then it dawns on me: it's me! They are asking for me to leave the arena. Everyone was looking at me! I wanted to check out and run away, but I couldn't. I had to get Velcro out of there, too. She refused to move a muscle. I really had to dig deep inside and remember all the advice Rebecca and horse trainer Margie had given me.
At that point, I looked up and saw my trainer entering the arena and walking straight for us. I wanted to exit the arena on my own to save some of my dignity, but I was also so very grateful for the escort. I saw then that my mom had arrived right in time for the brilliant show we had just put on. Brilliant not!
My hopes and dreams of the first-place ribbon were dashed. Then I remembered I entered this competition for fun, not ribbons. At the very least, I gave it a try and learned some valuable lessons. Like kids on their ponies take these shows very seriously and so do their parents. And I also learned that your friends will still love you and say you did a good job even when you do the walk of shame from the arena. I was officially part of the club and could honestly say I had entered my first horse competition.
Walk of shame.
Me on Velcro walking out of the arena with Margie.
## First Christmas
* * *
I don't remember my very first Christmas, but I do still have an ornament that my mom kept that says "Jaycee's 1st Christmas." My mom even painted and glazed it herself. I remember when I was little, I used to like to go to the ceramics shop with her, and she would let me pick out a special piece that I could work on. I loved watching her work on the ones she was doing and turning them into magnets for our fridge. My favorite was an Oreo cookie that looked so real I could have eaten it. That magnet is still with us today.
That first Christmas for us in 2009 was really special. The girls did not believe in Santa Claus. For many reasons, it was not even possible to keep up the ruse of some make-believe man that came through the chimney to bring good boys and girls presents. For one thing, none of our tents or buildings had chimneys. Phillip was always so unpredictable that Christmas could always be canceled depending on his mood or whim.
I want to believe that the true meaning of Christmas is not receiving, but it is in the giving. I even tell my girls that. It's hard to believe in the magic and joy when there is so much filth and destruction on earth and you know that not everyone is having a merry day. Somehow, I still believe that we each hold the key to our own happiness, and you have to grab it where you can in whatever form it might take. It sometimes takes keen vision to spot that magic and, sadly, it goes unnoticed a lot of the time.
I'm not sure when I stopped believing in Santa. I guess maybe it was the year I was kidnapped, and the fact that he didn't show up with presents might have been my indicator. I'm not sure that I ever really stopped believing completely.
I know some wonder how I can be so happy and optimistic about everything when so much bad has happened. Rebecca and I explored this a lot in therapy. I worked hard in therapy with her to overcome any anger I felt toward Phillip and Nancy because, yes, it was there.
Rebecca always commented about my resiliency and ability to see the bright side of things even when faced with the ugly truth of life. She told me I reminded her of the boy in the story The Polar Express. This book is about a boy who travels to the North Pole to meet Santa Claus. Santa gives him one of the bells from his sleigh. Upon returning home, the boy discovers that he has lost the bell and becomes upset. Christmas morning, he opens a present and is surprised to find the silver bell from Santa inside. He holds it up and hears its musical jingle. His parents look disappointed and say that it's too bad it doesn't make a sound. They could not hear the bell, but the boy always could, even when he grew up.
The day Rebecca gave me the gift of the book, in it she wrote: "To the girl who will always hear the bell—regardless of what happens! With much respect and love, Rebecca." Secretly, I think Rebecca still hears the bell, too, and that's why she never gives up.
Sometimes I think I must sound like someone I am not. What I mean is I am not always filled with deep thoughts. I know presents are superficial, and there is much more to life, but I just love presents! I love presents any time of the year actually. I get so excited when I get a package from Diane von Fürstenberg with bright pink wrapping paper and her signature lips with a card that tells me she loves me. It makes me feel so special and unforgotten. It also reminds me that if I feel like this about someone sending me something, it's doubly important for me to try to remember to send the people I love something every year, too.
Chef Charles and I have been sending one of my favorites of his recipes to everyone we know for years now. It's called a sour cranberry tea cake. It has become part of Christmas. I usually send it out with a package containing homemade jams and cookies my mom and I make together. It is a package filled with extra love. I think that was a hard part about being gone all those years. All the people I loved had no way of knowing how much I missed them. When I returned, my mom, sister, and aunt Tina all taught me and the girls how to make little delicious peanut butter balls and Girl Scout Thin Mints that you make from Ritz crackers and melted peppermint chocolate that firms back up when it dries.
When I was first recovered, every new memory made with family and friends was sacred. That first Christmas we still didn't have a forever home, but we had each other. It actually kind of snowed, well, more like hailed. We were living in an area where that just is not supposed to happen. It's funny how I can almost remember everything from that time, like the smells and the sound. What we said to each other did not really stick, but everything else is still as plain as day. I think when I was kidnapped, I closed off my senses like smell. That first Christmas back, my mom gave us all Christmas jammies to wear to bed. Shayna had found a stuffed cow ornament that had been donated to us and it played "Moo-Moo-Moo . . . Mooooo-Mooo-Moo-Moo-Moo" ("Deck the halls with boughs of holly, fa-la-la-la . . . la-la-la"), and she turned it on Christmas morning as we opened presents. That first year I could not believe all the good wishes and generosity of people. Phillip convinced me that I could never leave because people would reject us and make my kids feel like outsiders to the world. One of the things Nancy and he used to be sure we never left was the fear of rejection and humiliation. They were so wrong in every way! Most people have been more than kind. I have never felt rejected. Sometimes a bit over-celebrated, but never rejected.
That first year I received my first Droid smart phone and a Nook. I was so excited. Having my own phone made me feel so grown-up, and I couldn't wait to set it all up. Being held captive for so long makes you feel like a child even at the then-ancient age of twenty-nine. Every move I made had to be okayed by Phillip. Getting a phone for Christmas was significant on many levels. It allowed me to communicate with whom I wanted when I wanted, and at any point I could order a pizza. Believe me, at that time that was a really new thing to be able to do. I mean, you could not exactly order pizza when you're held captive. My smart phone has gone through several upgrades now, and I have switched to an Apple iPhone. Actually, Apple everything. I know there is a lot of controversy out there about which is better, easier, smarter. What I love most about technology is that it allows me to keep in touch with family and friends.
My daughters are much older now; in fact, one is in college, and one is entering college soon. I am very proud of them both. They are both so important to me, and I am so proud of who they are growing up to be. You might wonder why not more of this book is about them since they are such a big part of my life. I have chosen it to be this way for the simple reason that I believe they deserve the right to their own stories. One day if they want to, they can write them their way. I've done my best to protect them over the years, just like any other mother would do for her kids.
Making new traditions is fun. For New Year's Day the past years we have been invited over by Chef Charles and Rebecca to make veggie animals. Yep, that's right: we make creatures out of stuff like fingerling potatoes, peppercorns, carrots, kale, broccoli, turnips, dried beans, and anything else that's left over from the garden. This tradition is so fun and makes you realize the new year is so full of fun and endless possibilities. It's grown over the years, too. It's always fun when someone new comes in and is skeptical of this weird project until their first creation, and then they get it. We had an amazing winter squash horse and carriage this year and a veggie man that we called "Papa New Guinea"! Try out having your own veggie party for all your friends and family. It's a fun way to start off the new year.
I once asked how this tradition started, expecting some deep meaning like the beginnings of the Thanksgiving holiday. Rebecca laughed and told me actually they developed it to give all of us a healthy way to celebrate the new year. She added that when we first came into Transitioning Families, there were times they struggled to come up with ideas to keep us all connecting. Not an easy task for a group who had not been with each other for eighteen years and who all shared different interests. Chef Charles had seen an artist named Alexander Calder who had made tiny circus animals out of wire, and he had thought, What a great idea. That first year I sat at a big table creating a family of vegetable animals with my sister, mother, daughters, and aunt Tina.
Me and Shayna.
First Christmas tree.
Veggie animals.
Our veggie animal creations, 2016.
## That Time We Went to See Garth in Ireland
* * *
So, do you remember that time you went somewhere to see a concert and then discovered when you are already there that said concert had been canceled? What do you do? Well, this happened. But, hey, I was in Ireland with amazing friends, and guess what we did. Made the most of it, that's what!
I had always wanted to travel to Ireland. I am an avid reader and love tales of magic and leprechauns and dreamy castles. I wanted to see it all. I needed to share this adventure and asked many friends and family if they would go. Unfortunately, not all could, but the ones who did were my oldest daughter, my aunt Tina, best friend Jessie, and our friend Kassel. Luckily, Rebecca was already planning to go, and she was taking her daughter, Chelsea, and son, Chris. We all planned to split the cost of a house for all of us to stay in together.
This would herald my first time traveling to another country, and so my very first passport stamp is Ireland!
You can see only so much of a whole country in a week. We let my aunt Tina be our event planner. She is the ultimate tourist. On the trip we took to New York, she taught us to walk across streets like the natives. Her motto: "Don't hesitate!" She's the best travel buddy to take trips with. When we were in Washington for the Hope Awards, she planned a Segway tour. Watching the video they make you watch is so unnerving and does not inspire confidence when you then have to go out and actually get on these contraptions after seeing all the things that can befall you on one! The group was scared, but Tina's enthusiasm infected us all, and we gave it a shot. Funniest thing ever! It's kind of like riding a horse. You need to bend your knees, and finding my balance was the key for me. My mom and Jane took to it like ducks to water. You would have thought they had been riding around on these things for years! Once we became more confident, we Segwayed around all the monuments.
In Dublin we rented a cute three-story house near Phoenix Park. It was right by a zoo and right down the street from the longest pub in Ireland called the Hole in the Wall. We toured local pubs, and I had my first Guinness. It was strong. I ended up liking the lighter beers.
On a trip out to see the Cliffs of Moher we had a very interesting bus driver. The Cliffs of Moher are on the southwestern edge of Ireland, so the ride was going to be an all-day adventure complete with lunch in a little town. We were all very excited. Our driver entertained us with stories of the towns we went through and the historical buildings along the way. I sat straight up in my seat. I didn't want to miss anything out the window. The day was beautiful and no rain in sight, which was unusual, we were told. The clouds look different in Ireland. They are bigger, fluffier, and whiter. His stories had a strange way of never ending and at the same time making little sense, and as the day wore on, I think we figured out why. The "street," if it could be called a street, was so narrow our bus was brushing things on either side, and when a car wanted to pass, we had to pull way over. When it was time to park at the Burren, it proved to be quite difficult for our driver to maneuver us around some of the rocks, and so he ended up scraping us by a big boulder and then backing us in a spot that only he knows why he chose. The Burren is a magical landscape that looks like you are on the surface of the moon. I could have sat there for hours, but all too quickly it was time to get back on.
We arrived at the Cliffs of Moher and explored the touristy spot. It was nice to stretch my legs and walk around a bit after being on the bus for so long. The cliffs are high above the ocean, and at places you can look down and see waves crashing below. I didn't get too close, though. I took a picture of a bee in a flower overlooking the cliff. Me and Jessie climbed to the top of the watchtower and pretended we were watching out for wayward ships. Tina and Kassel took pictures from down below, and when we joined the group again, the wind had picked up. Not just an ordinary wind; no, this wind was strong. If we had wings, it could have easily picked us up and carried us up and away, it was so strong. We put our arms and jackets out and leaned into the wind. My hair was blown completely back and the wind was literally holding me up, and if I turned my back to it, it pushed me. It was so cold, too. What a spectacular sight to see.
We stopped for lunch in a quaint little fishing village and much to my surprise, there was the cutest little bookstore complete with sign that read The Old Book Shop! This was my favorite moment in Ireland. I love old books. I hurried inside and rummaged through them all until I found one that looked like an old Irish fairy tale book. Before I left, I took one more look around and found a treasure. I randomly pulled out a book to inspect it and on the inside cover were handwritten musical notes! Wow, I wonder what this tune is and who wrote it. I bought that one, too, from the man napping in the corner and left the store feeling very happy. At the pub where we had lunch, my friend's son Chris sat drinking Guinness while reading James Joyce at the bar. A perfect sight. There is a code of honor there that I had not encountered before, living in America. After we ate, I learned that to pay you just had to go up to the bar and tell them what you ate, then they would tell you how much.
On the ride back to Dublin, our driver had to stop four times to use the bathroom. When he asked the bus for the fifth time if anyone needed to go, we all shouted no. We were all tired and just wanted to get back. We had left Dublin around eight that morning, and it was already approaching eight thirty at night. As we found ourselves once again pulling into a gas station, we were all a little irritated at the driver but forgave him because maybe he had a bladder problem. He started in on one of his stories that went nowhere again. His driving was a little more erratic at this point, and we had some narrow misses with some mailboxes. As we got on the only highway that Ireland had, we all sighed with relief because our journey with the driver was almost over. He interrupts himself midway through a story to ask once again if anyone needs to go to the bathroom. Again we all say no. After a few more minutes, we hear him loudly announce that he is sorry, folks, but his "kidney problems" are acting up, and he swerves over to the side of the highway and pees on the side of the road! I was laughing; some in the bus, however, were not. I couldn't blame them; it was strange. I wondered whether our driver had a wee bit of something in the front with him. I was so glad when we made it back in one piece. As we disembarked, he slurred, "Now, if you enjoyed this tour, please go to Trip Advisor and give me a good rating, will ya?" Um, no, probably not going to happen. I will always remember him and his "botatoe famin" stories and how he would say "however" every other sentence he said. He kept us very entertained for the whole trip.
I experienced so much on my trip to Ireland. I went bar hopping with Jessie, and we ended up talking to some local fishermen who were waiting for their wives to pick them up. They were good-natured but had very strong accents that, combined with all the pints they had obviously drunk, made them very hard to understand. They told us amazing stories and bought us a round of Guinness. I wasn't surprised when the bartender looked at me and said, "I'm going to assume you're of age." Yes, numb nuts, I'm over thirty! Gosh, will I ever look my age? I'm always told it's a good thing to look so young, but it's annoying at times. It was especially annoying in Ireland because the legal drinking age is eighteen. We listened to the Irish folk band playing, and I asked Jessie which one she thought was cutest. She said the guy on the right, and I laughed. She didn't have her glasses on, or I'm sure she would have picked the one on the left!
The eight-hour time difference was hard to get used to, but there so much to do and see even without the concert. The locals were divided in their opinions on the concert being canceled. It was a big deal, and I bet Garth felt bad about having to cancel. That didn't stop us. What I wanted to see most was a castle. I ended up seeing a lot but only touring two. Malahide Castle was home to the Talbot family and dates back all the way to the twelfth century. Walking the halls, I felt what it must have been like to live in such an enormous structure. The living quarters were always upstairs because they were warmer. There is a beautiful tree you can see from almost every window of the castle. It is called a cedar of Lebanon and thought to be more than four hundred years old. I can imagine the countless kids that have played in its branches. I know I would have liked to.
The next castle was the Dublin Castle. This one was more modern or had been updated a lot more throughout the years. It was also really big. We did get to go underground and tour the oldest parts that still remained, so that was really cool. Kassel gave me a penny to make a wish on. I threw it into the old well. Malahide Castle was much more of what I thought of as a castle. Dublin was too modern for me.
Another fun memory was taking a horseback ride through the country with a guide. I had visions of riding a tall, leggy Irish warm blood, but in reality they gave me an Irish draft and gave my friend Jessie the leggy, elegant horse! Hey, the Irish draft and I do have a bit in common though; we are both tough and sturdy and very reliable. Plus, Jessie got a nip from her horse, so clearly I got the good one. We left from a historic monastery site. We saw Connemara ponies on the side of a lush green hill nibbling grass. Miles and miles of ferns grew in the forest we traveled through. Going on a gallop through the forest was so much fun, and my horse felt very safe. Our guide told us that the only predators were small foxes, but the mosquito population in some spots literally tried to eat us alive.
The scariest moment on the trip was when Tina got lost. We had split up to do some shopping and planned to meet back at a shop we all knew. It was the only day it decided to rain while we were there. It rained buckets on us. At the appointed hour, we all met up except no Tina! We waited for hours on that corner. It was so scary. I was really getting worried. Only one of us had a cell phone, and it wasn't Tina, so we couldn't call her. I thought something terrible had happened to her. Where was she? We decided two of us would take a cab back to the house and then call if Tina was there. We hoped she remembered the address to the house. I decided to stay, and I kept the cell phone with me. It was hard waiting and not knowing what to do. I was getting just a small taste of what my mom went through when I was missing all those years. Finally, the phone rang. I sighed a big sigh of relief when I heard Tina's voice on the phone saying she was okay and that when she couldn't find the street to meet at, she took a taxi back to the house. I was just happy she remembered the house address. I don't know what I would have done in the same situation.
On the way back, I experienced my first twelve-hour plane ride. It was one of the hardest things for me to do, but I managed to sleep most of the way back. When I wasn't sleeping, I was watching whatever movie they had on, which helped the time pass more quickly. It was still a very long time to be in a closed-in space. In the future, I would try to avoid long flights. It's a really great exercise if you are trying to improve your patience, though.
I will always remember so much about this trip and the amazing, nice people we met. I hope to return to Ireland one day and do an all-out horse trip!
Segways in Washington.
Blown away on the Cliffs of Moher.
Me and Jessie getting blown away on the Cliffs of Moher.
The Old Book Shop in Ireland.
Me and Jessie sharing a pint in an Ireland pub.
Me and Aunt Tina in front of a castle in Ireland.
Horseback ride in Ireland.
## Most Frustrating Moment
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I take driving as a very serious privilege, not a right. So my first speeding ticket came quite by surprise. I was late for a board meeting, and isn't "late" when all your common sense goes out the window? I was so focused on getting to where I needed to be, I wasn't really paying attention to things like speed limits.
I had been through that particular stretch of town countless times and knew it went from 55 to 45 in the blink of an eye. That fact did not slow me down, and I heard a siren behind me. Still oblivious of my blunder, I thought the police officer only wished to pass me. To say I was surprised when he proceeded to follow me to the side of the road would have been an understatement.
Armpits filled with sweat in 0 point 2 seconds! I turned off the car and rolled down my driver's side window. I had to remind myself of what I had seen when people got pulled over on TV. Always the officer would say, License and registration, please. So over and over in my head was that phrase: license and registration, license and registration. As I rummaged around trying to find what I needed, I thought, Oh my, who put all this crap in my glove compartment? Why can't I be more organized? It's funny the weird things that you think about when you're nervous. Finally, I found the documents and pulled out my license from my wallet. I sat patiently waiting for the officer that pulled me over.
I go over what I want to say, but I'm so nervous and afraid, I worry that nothing will come out right and he will think I'm insane or drunk or an idiot! I had fully expected him to be at my driver's door window, so when he did the safe thing (duh!) and came to talk to me from the passenger window, I jumped a mile in my seat and hit my head on the ceiling. He tapped on the window and I rolled it down. "Hello, ma'am, do you know how fast you were going?" he asks. I think to myself, Um, yep, way too fast apparently because I'm being pulled over.
To save myself from some embarrassing speech, I simply confess, yes, and I'm sorry. I really was sorry, sorrier for not thinking about this particular stretch of highway and being more present, but sorry nonetheless and just wanting this moment to be played in fast-forward mode. He says the famous line, "License and registration, ma'am," and I hand him the documents. I ask lamely if I have given him the right ones. He answers yes and then asks if I live here and I answer yes. He says then I need to get my address changed to my current one. I answer with a smile and say I like my privacy and I have had trouble with the media in the past so I don't want to get it changed for those reasons. I told him the chief of police knows me and approved. I admit I name-dropped the chief's name hoping by some miracle that this cop would say, Oh, you know the chief. I will just let you off with a warning. I had seen that happen before on TV. Real life is not TV, and of course that didn't happen. Instead, I hear him under his breath say, Yeah, lady, we all like our privacy. He looked at me like I was crazy, and I realized in that moment he had absolutely no idea who I was. Even looking at my license it had not registered. With such a unique name, I always feel like one gander and it's over, but apparently not with this guy. No, he just thinks I'm some lady who's really into herself and wants her "privacy" for some odd reason, which meant nothing to him.
He was just doing his job. He looked at me one more time, and as I flubbed around for what to say next, he walked back to his car. I'm not sure if he ever made the connection to my story, but he came back with my ticket for sure and told me to drive the speed limit from now on. Pulling away before him was so hard. I felt like everything I did was being scrutinized. Of course, he was probably on to his next thing, but I made sure I put on my blinker as I pulled out onto the highway and stayed at the exact speed limit all the way to the board meeting.
My excuse for being late was my first speeding ticket, and laughs and condolences were given and exchanged. It felt good to hear about their first speeding tickets, too, and I didn't feel like I had made a big mistake after that. I was just another human being in the world and allowed to make mistakes, too.
## Journey to a New Land
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When the opportunity to go to a place called Monkey River in Belize came up, I couldn't pass it up. It sounded so exotic and beautiful. A place with monkeys and beaches! Sign me up!
I learned about this trip from Rebecca. She and her husband, Chef Charles, were already planning to go, along with their daughter, Chelsea. Rebecca had known the organizer of the trip, Ted, from way back. Growing up, she had spent many summers with her family on an island off the coast of Maine called Isle au Haut. Ted was the local minister of the community and family friend. Although Ted had taken many volunteers to his adoptive town of Monkey River, this would be the first time she and her family came along.
When I learned more about the trip, I realized it wouldn't be a total vacation. From Ted I learned that Monkey River and its inhabitants were devastated by Hurricane Iris in 2001. Ted, a longtime fisherman, started the Monkey River Project to help rebuild this isolated community and also help educate fishermen about sustainable fishing practices. He organizes volunteers to go on these trips periodically throughout the year.
The thought of totally immersing myself in a culture was new to me, and the opportunity to help out was also appealing. I wanted to challenge myself. I had never been to a third world country before. This seemed like a really good opportunity.
I told some of my friends about the trip, but most couldn't get away from their busy lives. One friend though, Kassel, that I had met at Jessie's wedding in 2012, didn't want to miss out on this adventure.
Before making the final decision to go on this trip, it was important that I knew whether it would involve any religious preaching. I had had just about enough of preaching after years in the backyard with Phillip. I have true respect for people and their religious beliefs as long as they keep them to themselves or only share with those who ask. I learned that the trip would be nondenominational and nonreligious.
Although there would be some really fun and exciting aspects to this adventure, I also knew there would be manual labor involved. At first I thought Ted was looking for people with special skills. I've never really thought of myself as having any special talents, and I wasn't sure what I could contribute. I always wanted a special talent when I was little, a really cool one like being able to dance or blow bubbles out my nose! Despite my apparent lack of talent, I still wanted to go. I don't mind hard work, and I can hammer a nail. Plus, I couldn't pass up the chance to snorkel and see Mayan pyramids.
I feel very blessed for all that I have received and really wanted to give back to people less fortunate. The thought of going to a place where no one knew who I was or what I had been through was hard to pass up, too. In the past, a few organizations that had contacted me seemed interested in just using me as a poster child to advertise their cause. Having my own foundation keeps me pretty committed to my own cause. I just wanted to go to Monkey River to be another ordinary person helping out.
Since 2001, despite its remoteness, the village has continued to persevere. Even with constant besiegement from the ocean and its horrible storms. Their village was all but destroyed a week after 9/11 by a huge hurricane. Over a mile of their small beach was wiped out, which took away their tourist industry.
On this particular trip the goal was to help clean up the teacher's house, which would be a house the teacher could use to stay in. Monkey River has one elementary school that supports not only Monkey River but also the surrounding districts across the river. Each day schoolkids get "bussed" over in boats to go to school in the village. Older high schoolers from Monkey River ride over to get on a bus that takes them to the high school one hour away. Sometimes the road becomes flooded due to all the rain the area receives, which makes the trip even longer for them.
After disembarking from the plane at the Belize airport, I went through customs for the second time in my life. We were then met outside the airport by Ted and the other volunteers that would make up our group. Rebecca spotted Ted and introduced us to him, and he in return introduced us to the other volunteers: Tony, Jack, Rachel, Pete, and Walter. The plan was to journey from Belize City to Monkey Bay Wildlife Preserve for the night.
There was just one problem I saw. We had one van for eleven adults and their luggage. We needed some serious organizational skills to fit it all in. Each person had at least one suitcase and backpack! It was a very tight squeeze, but we made it fit.
Oh, and did I mention NO AIR CONDITIONER! It was around eighty-five degrees, and with all the people stuffed in the van, it felt much hotter! Plus, I get car sick. I had taken Dramamine for the plane ride, so I was okay. The road was very narrow, and although Ted was a good driver, we came very close to the passing trucks. Wow, thinking about it, I can't believe we made it in one piece!
Monkey Bay Wildlife Preserve is where researchers come from all over to study the ecosystem in Belize. Dinner that night was burritos with refried beans and fixings with sweet potato cakes for dessert along with tamarind and pineapple juice. The rooms were set up bunk-bed style. I slept like a rock, but others found it hard to sleep.
Since our trip to Ireland, Rebecca and I had started to work out religiously to get into better shape. So even though it was tempting to skip the exercise when on vacation, I didn't want to get flabby! I kept up my cardio with Rebecca with a run that first morning in Belize. We started down a dirt path from the preserve and ran down about a mile to the Sibun River, which connects to the local swimming hole. A little dirty for even my standards, LOL. We went back to the preserve for a shower. Did I mention there was no hot water? Make that the quickest shower in history.
We once again piled into the van for the Belize zoo. We saw jaguars, toucans, howler monkeys, ocelots, and many other native animals. Lunch was at the local farmers' market in the Belize capital of Belmopan. We chose a food stand called Deliah's.
After lunch we began the two-hour journey to Monkey River Village. The road was very bumpy all the way out to the inlet of Monkey River. Once we arrived, we took a small motorboat across the river to the town. It was such a beautiful view from the boat looking across to the town: palm trees swaying in the breeze, coconuts on the ground, people about their daily tasks. Lots of dogs roaming around as well.
During my stay in the village, I learned that the local dog population is a village unto itself with a social system unique to the setting. One dog in particular captured my heart. For some reason, this dog started following me around town. I have no idea why. I promise I gave him no treats. We had been warned that some of the dogs were not friendly and were encouraged not to engage with them. Rex, for reasons of his own, took a liking to me and wherever I went, he could be seen. He was a pit bull and, true to the stories, as sweet as sweet could be.
Rex always made me smile every time I would see him behind me. Quietly following me wherever I went. One day when Chelsea, Rebecca, and I decided to go for a swim, a funny thing happened with Rex. I walked out into the nice warm water. There was a very long stretch of shallow water due to beach erosion. I could walk a long way without being totally submerged in the water, which was nice because you could sit in the water and it made you feel like you were in a bathtub! As I walked farther out, all of a sudden I hear shouting behind me. I looked back and the group on the beach, watching out for sharks, was shouting at the dog that was paddling his way out to me. Rex decided that even water would not separate us. So sweet. When it was time to leave the town, it was hard saying good-bye to such a sweet dog. I hope he is still that sweet dog I remember. Unfortunately, half the dogs in the village do not get spayed or neutered. I know Rex had a very good owner that took really good care of him and his fellow dog mates.
About two hundred people live in Monkey River. We were greeted by Debra, the hotel owner. The "hotel" was really just a run-down two-story shack of a building. I really couldn't believe it was standing at all. In fact, some of the support beams looked very iffy and appeared to have massive termite damage. I know I lived in a tent, but it was never this bad. The people are very poor here.
As we explored the hotel, we found there was one bathroom downstairs and one upstairs. The toilet was hard to flush, and there was the biggest spider with the longest legs in history living in there. I hoped I didn't have to go at night! Two people per room. I bunked with Chelsea in a room upstairs. We also teamed up for the eating schedule. Two people per household in a rotating schedule, so we ate with one family breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two days and then switched to the next host family. Kassel was my dinner partner, and dinner the first night was with Cazerine. She made us stewed chicken, yellow rice, and salad. She was the teacher in Monkey River for sixteen years. She had six kids and eight grandchildren. We finished the night with a beer and sat by the beach with some of the group. The sound of the ocean was so relaxing.
One of the volunteers, Walter, was a doctor, and he wanted to get the clinic back up and running while we were there. There was no medical doctor on the inlet, so all serious cases had to be boated and bussed into the nearest town. We cleaned the clinic for two days. There was a two-foot termite nest in the back bathroom. Gross! Chelsea, Charles, and I swept and mopped the floors. Rebecca cleaned the toilet. Pete fixed lightbulbs. The clinic opened on Monday and stayed open the entire ten days we were there. The line of patients never ended. Makes me sad to think they have no access to a full-time doctor. Reminds me of how my kids grew up without a doctor, too, and how scared I would always be when one of them got sick.
Kassel, Chelsea, and I played soccer with some of the village kids. It was fun to just run around and play a game. I about laughed myself to death. Who knew it could be so fun just to kick a ball around with friends?
Kassel and I had lunch at Cazerine's where I tried fried snook for the first time! Not a fan. Thank goodness for the beans, broccoli, and cauliflower! After lunch, the kids took us down to the beach and we went swimming. We explored a ruin of an old house. I also saw the school for the first time that day.
I even had time for a nap that day, which was nice after the game of soccer. When I woke up, I went for a stroll down the beach to take some pictures. It then started raining, so I took shelter on a bench by Ivan's bar. The dogs know just where to lie to not get wet. Rain showers are very frequent there. Charles came to get coffee and sat for a while until the rain subsided.
Later that day, the supplies for the teacher's house came by boat. The group unloaded the supplies, and I helped take all the wood to the house for the project. We made a plan to start the next morning after breakfast.
Dinner that night was lobster fritters, rice, beans, salad, fried plantains, and banana bread for dessert. It was all really good, but the shells in the lobster fritters were hard to eat around.
It's impossible to sleep in on Monkey River. The roosters start crowing at 3:00 a.m. every day. Which gets the howler monkeys started, which makes the dogs bark. The mornings are not quiet and peaceful. But I was not there for relaxation, I was there for the new experience, and I was getting the whole shebang.
Every morning Rebecca and I would exercise in some way or another. We wanted to keep active even though it was tempting just to lie on the beach and relax. Some of the local ladies would come and watch us, and we asked them to join us. We formed what we called the Monkey River Exercise Crew. Soon more local ladies joined us each morning for an exercise routine. While there, we learned that the community had a serious issue of diabetes as the women were quite overweight. Many of them died young of diabetes. One young lady was shocked to hear Rebecca was fifty-three, stating that "she should be dead"! It was not the norm there to be over fifty and fit.
I learned a lot about the impact of poverty on food choices, even in a small tropical community. Many villagers used to be farmers, and fresh food was readily available and used. But then the banana plantations moved in and wiped out the local farmers, which left the community importing their food, most of it not fresh. Exercising takes some creativity on a small inlet of land. We used what was available, and coconuts became our weights.
Even though I am not religious, I thought it would be good to observe the local custom of attending church on Sunday. So after breakfast we all went to church, and Ted, the leader of our group, gave a very nice sermon and we sang songs together. It was actually a nice way to connect further with the community.
Later that day, I went fishing with Kassel, Tony, and some local boys and learned how to use a hook and line. It was fun to learn something new. I caught my first small little fish but let it go. We watched the Super Bowl before dinner and had a beer at Ivan's, where the locals hang out. It's kind of like a bar, store, and restaurant all in one location.
We went to a new house for dinner that night. Our hostess's name was Drina. On the last day she gave Kassel and me some homemade coconut oil. Drina cooked Kassel and me barracuda, black beans, and Johnny cakes. Not a fan of barracuda, but I ate half and Kassel ate the rest for me. We went back to the bar and watched a little more of the game, but I decided to go outside to get some fresh air and watch the sunset.
Breakfast was usually served at seven. After breakfast I usually went to Ivan's and had a cup of instant Starbucks mocha. I had brought the flavored coffee straws with me. Never leave home without your Starbucks!
Work on the teacher's house continued each day. We worked on removing the moldy, termite-ruined walls. All the walls needed to come down, actually. After that was done, Charles, Jack, Kassel, and Rachel sprayed for termites while Tony, Rebecca, Chelsea, and I went fishing. I caught another fish with just a line, bait, and hook. We stayed out for two and a half hours, and then I started to feel sick, so the boat dropped me, Chelsea, and Rebecca back at Monkey River while Tony went upriver to try to catch something bigger like a snook. Dinner that night was fried chicken, French fries, and tortillas. After dinner I would usually take a very fast shower (with cold water: yikes!).
One night the locals told us that it was a good night to watch for crocs in the river, so we went to the beach to try to spot one. I didn't see anything, but the moon was very full and the ocean looked beautiful.
On the sixth day, we put up the new walls for the teacher's house. I mostly nailed them with somebody holding the wall for me. After our day of work, we were treated to a lunch of fried chicken, French fries, and potato salad. After lunch we went back to work and then cooled off with a swim in the ocean.
That night dinner was at Ivan's. He made us spaghetti and garlic rock shrimp. It was very yummy. It was the first time Kassel didn't get any of my fish; he was very disappointed. For dessert, Ivan made us a cake with caramel sauce. The others came in after they were done with their dinners and wanted to mooch off our cake!
The next day we left bright and early at six for a cruise up the river to the jungle. Beautiful views surrounded us as we coasted down the river in a motorboat. Our guide was Darryl, and he was the dad of Malverie, one of the local ladies in town we had met and befriended. Malverie makes jewelry to sell at the local shop, and she let us pick a special piece to take back with us; I picked one with a fish. Seemed appropriate to remember this trip by.
Along the river, Darryl pointed out several birds, and we caught a glimpse of a croc for a second. We even saw tiny bats that were hanging onto a rotten tree trunk that was sticking out of the water. Darryl pointed out the male in the center of the group of six. He was easy to spot because he was the smallest one.
Next he pointed out a very tall tree that on first inspection looked like it had dried leaves hanging from it. In fact, those dried leaves were nests! There were hundreds on that one tree alone. Darryl told us that the tree was rare, and that particular species liked to make their nests on it.
After about four more miles, we pulled ashore and took to the jungle for a stroll. We made sure to spray ourselves from head to toe with mosquito repellent. In some places you could see swarms of mosquitoes just waiting to suck our blood! Darryl pointed out many native trees and told us of their usefulness. One tree's bark was used for snakebites.
At one point, our guide left us in a clearing to go find howler monkeys for us to see. I have to admit it was a little scary being left alone in the middle of the jungle. We were all a little jumpy. Chef Charles kept wandering off exploring, and we would all shout at him to stay together! Finally, Darryl, our guide, came back and led us to where a group of howler monkeys were gathered together. It took awhile because he said the full moon and tide made them sleep in. The monkeys were very high up in the trees and hard to spot at first. We had been warned that they could decide to pee on us, too, so best to keep alert. It was a group of four, and one had a baby on its back. They did some howling for us and put on quite the show. Luckily, they didn't pee on us. The return trip back to Monkey River was fun because the boat went fast.
We were all pretty hungry by the time we returned. We had lunch at Ivan's, and it was onion and chicken soup with coconut rice and very delicious. We worked on the ceiling of the teacher's house after lunch and finished about half of it before Tony, Jack, and Pete went fishing. Some of us stayed to clean up what we could, and a local man came over and brought us fresh young coconuts to drink. Yum. Fresh coconuts are so delicious when you are hot and sweaty. I remember the day was so humid, and the coconuts were the perfect thing to cool us off.
Strolling was fun to do in the village because it was nearly impossible to get lost. There are only three or four streets left in town, and there are absolutely no cars. There used to be more streets, I was told, but they were washed away with the beach. We watched the local woodworker carve beautiful bowls. It was amazing how he carves these beautiful bowls from the trunk of a specific tree that he hunts for days.
What I liked about Monkey River and what really surprised me was the kids and how inquisitive and thankful they were. Ordinary things that we take for granted mean the world to them. They treasured the art supplies and games we brought them. It was fun to watch them play all around the village. With there being no cars around, it was especially safe for them to ride their bikes everywhere. With all the bad things I have seen in the world and even knowing the poverty level there is so high, it refreshes me to see these kids just being kids. I know they have it bad, but they are very resilient.
I also loved to walk around and look at the different types of houses that were built there. Each house is built on stilts so they are above the water. Some are small and some are larger. They are all very colorful, and each reflects the personality of its inhabitants, I think.
One day I took a walk with Rachel over to a place the locals call Tiger Beach. Kassel and Hector, a local boy he had befriended, were already there fishing. He also had eight other boys that had tagged along. It was very funny to see. Rachel and I walked all the way to the oldest tree in the village, which was right by the ocean and half destroyed. Sad to see that this once-proud tree was home to countless termites now and slowly dying.
The next day we went snorkeling. It was my first time, and I was so excited to learn how. Rebecca, Kassel, Chelsea, and I rented a boat and guide, and he boated us out to one of the many surrounding keys. We had missed exercise class that day, but much to our surprise, a local named Cyndy said she would conduct the class for us. Snorkeling was so much fun but much harder than I anticipated. I found it hard to breathe through the snorkel but eventually kind of got the hang of it. I also learned that day I am not a great swimmer. Much to my embarrassment, I had to use the life jacket to stay afloat and not feel like I was sinking. I couldn't open my eyes because the sun was so bright and my eyes are very sensitive to light, and the sunscreen was stinging them, too. Our guide took pity on me and tossed me a towel to rub my eyes, and that felt better. I wish I knew how to put on sunscreen without it getting in my eyes. I don't think snorkeling will be a career choice for me in the future. The life jacket made me look like a nerd, but it made me feel safer.
Being out in the middle of the ocean is terrifying and thrilling all at the same time. Our guide, who had only one arm, by the way, was way cool! He was the best swimmer I had ever seen. He dived down to the bottom of the reef and pointed out a large lobster hiding in a rock. He also spotted a small shark that darted out so fast it was all a blur to me. Diving was hard work and really works up an appetite. We decided to find a nice spot for a picnic.
The key that we landed on was beautiful and loaded with hermit crabs. I was so excited to take pictures of them and send them to my daughter, who used to have her own hermit crabs. She would have been so excited to see this village of them. We ate lunch on the beach, and I fed some of my biscuit to the hermit crab that was scuttling around me. Our guide shouted to us to come over to the boat and said he had spotted a manta ray. We piled in the boat and floated over the area and then we saw it, too. A pale shape in the water that just glided over the surface. Beautiful. On the return trip we went through the mangroves and tried to spot manatees but didn't see any. I hope to see some next time.
Dinner that night was at the household of a local lady named Enid. We were served fish backbone and rice and beans. Not a big fan of fish, so this was a tough dinner for me to eat. It's hard not to be thankful for what you are given because the locals have so little.
After our morning exercise on our ninth day, we learned that Debra, the owner of the hotel we were staying at, was planning a trip into the nearest town. After weeks without a good latte and fresh veggies, several in our group wanted to go, including me!
After we finished working on the teacher's house and it was finally done (it felt so good to have it accomplished!), we set off on a journey to a town across the river called Placencia. Once there, our first order of business was to find the local coffee shop. I had my first iced caramel macchiato in a week. It was no Starbucks but very delicious anyway. We shopped around and had lunch at a Thai restaurant. The town was not very big, but compared to Monkey River, it was huge. You could buy fresh veggies, which is what Charles did for the party the village was giving us that night. After a few hours, we returned to Monkey River and relaxed the rest of the day.
That night we all went to Ivan's, where there was some interesting food served and dancing for those that wanted to. I was too embarrassed to dance in front of half the town, so I just watched with Chelsea. I tried rice wine for the first time and decided I didn't care for it too much. I sat outside and watched the kids play with paper airplanes. It was nice to see them having so much fun. It was a fun party and a nice way to end our trip. The next day, we left for Belize City. Saying good-bye to everyone was really hard. I hope to return to the tiny village one day.
Along the road, we stopped to see the local pyramids. They were different than what I imagined the Egyptian pyramids to be. Beautiful in their own way, though. We climbed around on them, and you could go to the top of some of them. Being in a place where so much history had taken place was a weird feeling. Not sure how to describe it. Eerie in a way.
We made it to Belize City in the afternoon. We all stayed at a hotel and went to dinner. We were told it was not safe to roam the city past dark. I had my first hot shower in over a week in that hotel. It felt incredible. I forget how much I take for granted nowadays. The next day we got on a plane for our six-hour plane ride home.
I will always remember my trip to Monkey River. The people there really inspire me with their unstoppable spirits. They want their community to continue and thrive, and I can see why. I met some incredible new friends on this journey, and I will always look fondly on my time there and respect the many lessons learned from its inhabitants.
Monkey River trip.
Rex from Monkey River.
Me putting a flower on Rex.
Me reading with a girl and ever-faithful Rex by our side.
Hotel we stayed in on Monkey River.
Cleaning the clinic.
Working on the teacher's house in Monkey River.
Me and Rebecca hammering the walls in Monkey River.
During clean-up on the teacher's house in Monkey River.
Me doing yoga on one of the keys in Belize.
Me, Rebecca, and Kassel in the Belize jungle.
Me doing more yoga in the jungle of Belize.
Me, Rebecca, and Kassel enjoying fresh young coconuts after working on the teacher's house.
Snorkeling in Belize.
Snorkeling with life preserver.
Snorkeling with life preserver and taking pictures underwater.
Me enjoying my first caramel macchiato in Belize.
## Two Psychologists and a Survivor Walk into a Bar . . .
* * *
You should never leave home without your therapist!
That's why I sometimes travel with two!
This has become the funny joke I use when I travel with Rebecca and Abigail. I first met Abigail around the fall of 2014. She had come to meet Dr. Bailey and help out with a high-conflict-divorce family that Transitioning Families was treating.
During that visit, I learned we had a mutual interest in seeing Stockholm syndrome deleted from the public's eye. This had become an important issue for me, because to me the label of having Stockholm syndrome was degrading. I wanted to see a change in how the public saw those who had been through something like I had.
Because of Abigail's background in writing academic papers, Rebecca and I both saw the opportunity to turn our dream of a paper on this subject into reality.
To date, we have spoken at Harvard's grand rounds in Boston . . . for some reason I always want to call that Ground Round! Being asked to present at Harvard was incredible. I thought I would feel really intimidated being in such a prestigious school and me not even going to high school. I thought I would feel stupid. However, the people we presented to were all very welcoming. Even though I was nervous as heck, we ended up having a lively discussion of Stockholm and its many downfalls. As a special gift, they gave us fleece Harvard jackets. I wore mine the whole day and pretended I had actually gone to Harvard!
We also spoke at a conference at Yale University and at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) in New Orleans. We had a very prominent gentleman come up to us after our presentation and say he would never again use the term. High fives all around, ladies! We have had tons of fun traveling together and making fun memories.
New Orleans was a lot of fun. I thought it would be hard to go to a place that had been so devastated by Hurricane Katrina. But I loved it. The paper we presented together at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies was well received, and many thanked us for bringing this topic to the forefront.
That night we walked around the French Quarter, and Rebecca bought us each a T-shirt that represented us. Abigail got one that had a bedazzled shoe on it representing her love of designer shoes; she loves her Jimmy Choos! I got one with a knight on his horse because she knows I love horses and stories about medieval stuff. Rebecca's was a jeweled Mardi Gras mask, which I think reflected her love of dancing and her free spirit.
On the street corners were a lot of musicians. One duo captured our attention. Two ladies played a violin and a guitar, and they sounded like heaven. It was truly beautiful music. I couldn't believe they were not famous and were just playing on this street corner like this, in the hopes they would make enough money to live on one more day. They were so good, I had tears in my eyes. In fact, we all did.
A little about my friend Abigail. She is tall and blond and beautiful and, to my utter delight, sings like an eighty-year-old soprano! It's the best thing ever because she knows all the songs by Lil Wayne and Drake and oldies but goodies, too. When she sings them in her high granny voice, it can make even the grumpiest person laugh; I know I sure do! Perhaps that's why we like her and the only reason we keep her around!
She also loves Starbucks and has a beautiful greyhound named Cobblepot. When she first introduced us to her dog, I immediately had a vision of Lady and the Tramp and that scene in the park when everybody is walking their dogs and all the owners look like their dogs—she's one of them. Long legs and built just like her greyhound!
During a trip to Washington for NCMEC's Hope Awards, we all went for a private tour of Mount Vernon. A funny thing happened when we went over to where George and Martha were buried. I don't always pronounce things right, like my "wolf" sounds like "woof," and I was once caught pronouncing "tutorials" like "toot-uh-rolls." Another two words that get me all befuddled are "reef" and "wreath." Although I would like to say I know the difference, these words can sometimes come out of my mouth as the same. Rebecca always catches me on this, and we laugh hysterically about it. She's lucky I have a good sense of humor! On this day at Mount Vernon our friend had set it up for us to go into the tomb of George and Martha and place a wreath in honor of the occasion. When the wreath was presented to us, I couldn't help but think, Thank goodness, I don't have to give a speech about placing the wreath! Because I would surely say "reef"! That turned out to be a special and poignant moment for us and cemented our friendship. We came out feeling a strong sense of camaraderie. It was a moment I will never forget.
During our presentations of our critique of Stockholm syndrome, Abigail always keeps us grounded. I always get nervous and I rely on Rebecca and Abigail to get us through the technical background of Stockholm, and then we field questions about how it relates to me and my story. I always like to start out with the obvious: "I WAS NOT, I AM NOT, I WAS NEVER IN LOVE WITH MY CAPTOR!" Nor did I want to spend eighteen years of my life as a captive. That's more time than I had been alive, and today that is more time than I have been free.
During our presentation at Yale University, a lady with what looked like a small furry hedgehog on her head (which turned out to be just her questionably fashionable hat) posed this question: "Jaycee, what do you do for yourself?" The question was so unrelated to the topic that I wasn't sure how to answer. I ended up saying, "I do all of this for me. I started the JAYC Foundation for me. I wanted to give back to other families what I had been given. I was doing this talk because it was something I was passionate speaking out about. I do all this because I have hope that life does not end when you are kidnapped or raped or abused. I believe life goes on and all that you can endure can be channeled into positive things for others to learn and grow from."
After she asked me the same question two or three more times in different ways, I could not help but wonder if maybe the hedgehog on her head was blocking her ears and she could not hear me. She did not seem to accept my answer, because later she approached me in a restaurant, this time without the creature on her head, and asked me the same thing again. I think sometimes people ask questions, but they have already formed the answer in their heads and cannot hear anything else.
Bear with me if you think I am belaboring the issue of Stockholm syndrome, but it's really the first time I have been really passionate about an issue. I am usually very neutral about things and can see both sides of an argument. This is different. There is no right side. It's wrong, and the label can be very damaging to the mental health of the victim being labeled. I have even talked briefly to Gina and Amanda from the Cleveland case when we all attended NCMEC's 2015 Hope Awards, and they believe it to be a misleading, degrading label for them as well. It seems to be a common complaint of many survivors.
When my two daughters and I were rescued in 2009, the news was covering my story heavily and I had no desire to watch any of it. I was living it. I was so happy to be reunited with my mom and family that it really wasn't on my radar to be offended at the time.
I realized later that I had been labeled as the "girl with Stockholm" and, honestly, it was very horrible hearing that. Not to mention the impact of family members thinking I had Stockholm syndrome. Once you hear something like that, it's hard to think it's anything else. That's one reason why this label is so damaging: because it gives an "explanation" for something that nobody but the victim truly understands and puts a nice, tidy bow on it for everyone else! Like all that I had survived and endured was being pushed down into two words. It makes all I went through seem insignificant and boils it down to "You loved your captor, therefore, you never wanted to be free" or somehow you were stupid enough to confuse abuse with love. Bullshit! You can't take something that happened in the '70s and pin the rap on all of us that come after. The incident that gave us that name was a very different hostage situation. But for some reason the news and media still like to use the term. It's used in TV shows and books all the time.
Phillip was good at making me feel sorry for him. He was a seasoned manipulator. I was a naïve girl. Phillip did not want to see me cry. He said it made him feel bad. I was alone. Completely. Years passed—years of abuse physically, verbally, and emotionally. I adapted to survive. We all can learn to adapt to survive. It's in our genes.
When I was little and lived with my grandma and grandpa in Garden Grove, we used to watch nature programs together. Thinking back on those shows, the interactions between predator and prey made me think about me and how I survived with a predator all those years. I began to see how I would use some of the techniques in those programs on Phillip and Nancy just by instinct. A friend of mine wrote a book on a subject that seemed to confirm a lot of what I already knew. It's called The Power of the Herd and combines my love of horses and my favorite subject: understanding power dynamics.
If I was prey, how did I survive so long in such a predator-dominated situation? Shouldn't I be dead? Not only did I survive but my kids did as well. I feel shivers run up and down my spine thinking about that and remembering the way my stomach would hurt every time I would see him. Look how easily our lives could have been cut short.
When you are captive you don't really spend time asking yourself why. Most of my energy was spent on surviving and protecting my girls. Protection meant diffusing his anger and trying hard to outfox both Nancy's and Phillip's manipulations. My terror ran deep. That kind of fear lives deep and it's hard to describe. I didn't feel it all the time, but it was there living inside and it kept me alive.
The predator in nature is ruled by needs and the pressure of survival. While the prey in nature is focused on survival first and basic needs second. When presenting our critique of Stockholm syndrome, we use a video to demonstrate. It starts out with an impala running for its life from a cheetah. You see the cheetah outrun the impala and grab it by the neck. The impala goes limp and the cheetah drags it away. The cheetah is exhausted by the run and thinks its prey is dead. Another predator comes along, a hyena. The cheetah is so tired it cannot protect its meal from the other predator and reluctantly leaves the scene. The next scene is the hyena walking over to the dead impala, but just as the hyena is about to sink her teeth into the prey, the impala whips up and darts away. We use this video because it is such a great example of prey versus predator and how the prey had to think like a predator in order to survive. In this case, the impala knew what the predator wanted—its death—and acted like it was dead to get away later and win another day.
Predators in our human world prey on the weak and the strong; to them there is no distinction. Phillip and Nancy both felt very much like predators to me. They stalked me up the hill I was walking on that fateful day in June. Had they seen me before? Did they see me at the flea market the day before, like some people speculate? They used their car as a weapon, using it to cut off any hope of an exit I had. He used his sharp teeth of a stun gun to take me to the ground. I was his helpless, weak prey that he dragged back to his cave for his consumption just as a predator would do. But I was cunning like the impala and eventually got my freedom.
There are days I think about all these issues and try to make sense of all that happened. I learned early on not to take what happened to me personally. It was not like I or my family ever deserved what happened. Maybe that's how to keep yourself sane after bad things: don't blame yourself. If I had blamed me, I am not sure I would have fared so well. It's important to take care of yourself first so that you can be there for others.
I know now that slowly but surely I discovered that I didn't feel like prey anymore. I didn't feel like a predator either. Although I had by this time spent so many hours with a predator that I was beginning perhaps to think like one to protect myself. I was watchful, observant, and cunning. Cunning, you ask? Yes, in my little world that Phillip had forced upon me I felt like a fox! Foxes are predators for sure, stalking prey. They are built for it with the right tools, but the fox is also hunted by those predators bigger than he.
So was the fox predator or prey? He is both! He is the in-between. I am the in-between. I knew I had not become this creature overnight. It was created inside me with perceived little victories. Little things that you would think are nothing, but to me they all felt like I was taking something back for myself. With each new freedom I gained throughout the years came personal growth and a better understanding of my captor, my known predator. I learned early on to watch for cues to his moods and adapt to those moods and flow with them to stay alive. I could almost anticipate his moods and emotions.
I share this now because I want people to understand what goes on when you are in the presence of crazy. It might look like intimacy from the outside, but don't confuse survival for true connection. So much was invested in keeping up with his thoughts and feelings that it took a toll on my own. I lost myself in all the complexity of the situation and have since my release been slowly building myself back up. I think we all have to do this process of self-discovery throughout our lives. We get so wrapped up in other people and their lives that we forget what is best for self. In my past that is what worked for me, but now that I'm safe, there needs to be a balance of self and then others. It shouldn't be others and then self. Self should come first, I think, even above kids because if you are not the best person you can be, how can you expect your kids to be?
Rebecca has been an amazing therapist to me, and now I count her as one of my friends and mentors. I sometimes wonder what if she had said to me in the beginning of treatment, "Jaycee, you are suffering from Stockholm syndrome." Would I have believed her? At the least it would have limited my recovery. Would I have questioned her diagnosis? She taught me that it's so important not to label people. I truly believe it would not have helped me but, rather, hindered me. I like to think I would have had the wherewithal to say, "Hey, stop saying that. No, I don't have Stockholm syndrome." Now on the other hand, if Rebecca had said to me, which she did, "You adapted to survive. You did what you had to do and at times you make the best of what life hands you." This is a positive statement, and victims need positivity in their life, not hindering labels.
Okay, I will get off my soapbox now, but don't let me catch you or anyone else using the term Stockholm syndrome again. It feels so nice now to shout what I believe out loud. No one will tell me again what to say or not say. Okay, maybe they can tell me, but I won't listen. I choose to keep my life filled with people who want to hear what I have to say. They don't mind when I speak up.
The other day I was out with a friend, and the waitress brought me my soup. When I tasted it, it tasted like burnt socks with maybe a touch of my hated cilantro. At first I thought, Just eat it and keep your opinions to yourself. But you know what? As soon as the waiter came over, it just popped out of my mouth. I said, "Excuse me, but could you bring me the other soup? This soup tastes strange." It just came out just like that. My friend laughed as the waiter walked away. She said that she never expected to see me speak up like that. Now, it seems silly—like why wouldn't you send soup back if it tastes gross?—but guess what. There was a time I never would have done that.
Me, Abigail, and Rebecca showing off our shirts in New Orleans.
Me, Abigail, and Rebecca sharing a moment in George and Martha Washington's tomb.
## Hope Is a Four-Letter Word
* * *
Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul, and sings the tunes without the words and never stops at all.
—Emily Dickinson
Few things in life say love more than a "death by chocolate" cake. My mom happens to make a delicious one, and it's what I ask for every birthday we have been back together.
I think my mom is one of the bravest people I know. I don't know if I could have retained so much hope after eighteen years of waiting for my daughter to return to me. But that is exactly what my mom did. She told me about how she would talk to me throughout the years on nights with a full moon and tell me all about her day. I like to believe that I felt this love and it gave me the strength I needed to endure each day on my own without her much-needed guidance.
Since my miraculous return and the introduction to her new granddaughters, whom she had no hesitation in accepting, my mom has sacrificed much of her life to us. Although she would never say that, she has because that's the kind of person she is. She splits her time and energy to be with both me and my little sister Shayna.
Being in my thirties living with Mom has not always been easy for either of us. I'm not the same eleven-year-old I was when I was taken. She has always let me express myself and accepted that I'm not a kid anymore, even though I know she still worries every time I leave the house. Some memories even time cannot erase completely.
We have both worked really hard in therapy on ourselves and with each other. We have both shared many stories and memories, and she was so proud of how I raised the girls in the backyard. I think learning about each other has helped with accepting who we are now as opposed to who we used to be. My mom has shared some of her awful dreams she endured while I was missing. She told me one that happened in 1992; it went like this:
She was very busy in the kitchen at the house we had lived in in Tahoe. The lighting was very dim and dark. She was worrying and searching for something, trying to find something, going through cupboards and shelves, tearing out stuff, making a mess trying to find something. Then in I walked through the front door, and she could feel it was warm outside. In the dream, I was tapping her on the shoulder, trying to get her attention, and I said, "Mom, can I have a drink of water?" She was preoccupied, frantically searching for something, not realizing I was home, and she started to say "No, Jaycee, I'm busy, I'm looking for something" and then she suddenly realized I was what she was looking for and all she could do was hold me and cry. "You're home!" She says she woke up crying and clinging to her pillow, because I really wasn't.
I cannot even fathom the torment of dreams such as this, and she had them for all the years I was missing!
I have always known I am special in my mom's eyes; she always called me her number one. During therapy it helped to be reminded of her love for me, and it also helped to know she did all she could to find me. At times I lost hope of ever being rescued and found. I thought I would rot in that backyard and nobody really would ever care or even remember me. I told my mom my fear of being forgotten, and she hugged me and said, "Never! Never ever, Jayce. I looked my hardest for you and I never doubted for a minute that we would one day be together again." And we are!
My mom also told me about the garden that was planted for me in Tahoe and the memorial rock. Ten years after I was taken from that street in Tahoe, my mom wrote this:
Jaycee's Rock
There is a rock, quite steadfast by nature, located in a small town nearly five hundred miles from here. A single spruce grows next to the rock, reaching up to touch the ostentatious sky. The rock and the spruce are like many others in this quaint, little town; yet they are quite unique in my mind. Nearly eight years ago, these two were placed in this spot. Why? It is here that I go to remember the good times, mourn my loss, and renew my spirit. As I add to the flowers surrounding this sanctuary, I remember a little girl who loved nature. My fingers dig into the rich, dark soil, and I feel her warmth radiating throughout me. My tears mix with the water that I sprinkle upon these blossoms. They are a reminder to me, as well as others, of a lively and cheerful little girl, my little girl, my baby. Just like this rock, my love for Jaycee remains steadfast and solid. Some say that as time passes, memories lose their sharp focus. The growing spruce is a reminder of time passing and also of something that will not die as long as it is nourished. The rock withstands the elements of time and so will she if only in my mind.
Since my return we have had many fun adventures together, building new memories and reliving old ones. She took me by the old house we lived in with my grandma and grandpa. I was amazed at how much smaller the property looks now than when I was little. I learned my mom has a terrible fear of water, but when I asked her to go on a kayaking trip down the Rogue River with Jessie and her family, she agreed even though she was afraid. This trip ended up being really fun for both of us. She stayed on one of the bigger boats and loved to soak up the sun each day, but on the last day she got in one of the little kayaks and realized it wasn't as scary as she thought it would be. That's the strength and courage my mom has in all things.
My mom is a fabulous designer and fixer-upper. She has put her talents to good use and helped with making our JAYC Foundation house feel homey and inviting for the families that come for reunification therapy. She also helps Chef Charles with food prep and planning.
I can honestly say I know my mom better now than I did when I was younger. Even though I loved my mom dearly when I was little, I love her so much more now. Age makes you appreciate people in your life with so much more than you could ever give them as a kid.
Me and Mom.
Me and Mom.
Mom baking me a cake.
## Lil Sis
* * *
There were so many days in my sister's life that I wanted to be there for. In fact, I should have been there. I would have if two psychopaths hadn't decided that their lives were far more important than mine or my family's. I could only imagine what her birthday parties were like, what she wore to her first prom. I would have liked to have been there for all the moments of her life. I think I would have made a really good big sister. Despite not growing up together, I think we have a lot in common. One time she texted me a picture of the color she painted her nails, and I sent her an "LOL . . . me too" text. I had just had mine painted the same shade of purple. What are the odds we would both pick that color for our nails in the same week? We also share the same sense of humor and laugh at the same jokes.
So you can imagine how happy I was when she asked me to come to her wedding. That's right: I was the happiest girl alive! It was going to be small, she said. Just me, our mom, and her husband-to-be's dad and stepmom.
My mom renewed her ordination so she could marry them. She also hand made Shayna's dress from a pattern that my sister loved. We went out hunting for the perfect spot the day before. Finally found one by a little lake. Later that day we went to this drive-through animal park. It was so fun feeding the animals straight out of the window. An ostrich got a little too friendly for my mom's liking, but Shayna and I thought it was hilarious as the giant bird tried to stick his long neck in the car to get at Mom's goodies. That was the first time I had been through a zoo like that. I loved how all the animals were basically free to roam around. There were bison, emu, sheep, zebra, deer, elk, and so much more. That was a fun day, and it just got better when Garrett took us to the best rib joint in town.
The morning of the big day I remember thinking, Gosh, look how beautiful my little sister looks. She's the only person I know who can look this good so early in the morning. How amazing this moment is for me to be here and witness her special day with the man she loves and who obviously loves her, too. The morning was foggy and chilly, but the setting turned out to be so perfect. The water was so calm and shining and reflective in the morning light. Steam was rising from the lake. There was an egret perching on the shore opposite where we were. As we pulled up, there was a police cruiser by the boat dock. I almost thought he was going to ask us to leave, but he just sat there eating his breakfast and didn't seem to be interested in what we were doing. Mom conducted the ceremony down by the beach. I tried to keep the tears of joy from overflowing, but I admit some leaked out. It was a short but sweet ceremony and before you knew it we were off to breakfast. My heart felt full. It was so nice to be part of a shared memory for a change.
A few months later they visited, and we had a fabulous, rocking party at my barn. Complete with a band and moonshine! The band was really cool because it was formed by a friend that's a real judge and his court staff. The band was called Courtin' Disaster and they played really awesome country songs. I've always been too shy to dance in public, and although I was surrounded by friends and family, I still felt that way when it came to dancing. I really wanted to dance, though, and we had an awesome live band. My friend taught me the secret of dancing. She said I needed to "crack the cage" and demonstrated what she meant. She said if you let the bottom part do the movin', the top part can just hang out and be cool. For some reason this made so much sense to me and I had no problem dancing the night away with everyone in my cool cowgirl boots complete with pink flowers on them. We had the whole event catered with delicious barbecue ribs, chicken, and baked beans and veggie burgers for vegetarians like my daughters. The whole night was a blast and a fun way to kick off their married life together.
I know it's okay to feel resentment and anger over the past. The key for me is moving past all that and living in the here and now. New moments and finding the joy in them is what makes me stronger every day, and a little help from family and friends never hurts, too.
Since the start of the foundation, Shayna and Garrett have been lifesavers. When we first came up with the idea to sell pinecone necklaces to raise money for the JAYC Foundation, I thought it would be easy to package them and ship them out. Well, thanks to the many orders we received—over 10,000, from all over the country—that turned out to be a daunting job. The necklaces came all tangled together and it was so hard to untangle them to be able to put the pinecone charm on.
I should have listened to my friend when asked how I would handle the orders that would come in, but I didn't think that far ahead. I just have the ideas, people. I didn't really have the ability to see beyond that and plan these things out. I think I'm much better at it now, but back then I just saw a good idea. It did turn out to be a good idea and lots of money came in for the foundation. There were so many details to think about, like how to package the necklace without it tangling in the mail. How to even get enough charms to fill the orders we were receiving, too. So many details that I had not even thought of: shipping labels, post office trips, notes from me thanking them for their orders, donation receipts—so many things.
I enlisted the help of relatives and friends, but it was just too much. When Shayna and Garrett offered to take over, I was so thankful. I felt bad, though, too, because I thought I was putting a burden on them that they didn't want, but it turned out they really wanted to be involved with the foundation and help any way they could. I was overjoyed. Shayna and Garrett streamlined the process and were able to take over the job, much to my relief!
Feeding an ostrich.
Me feeding a zebra.
## Where's the Rage, Jaycee?
* * *
At Yale University, Rebecca, Abigail, and I were presenting our critique of Stockholm syndrome paper to a panel of mental health professionals. When it was time for questions, I was asked, "Where's the rage, Jaycee?" It came easy for me to say to her, "I choose not to be angry and let Phillip and Nancy consume one more minute of my life." The woman who said this to me felt like she was the angry one and perhaps was looking for someone to reciprocate her anger.
Why? Why do I choose to believe that, act that? Do I ever get angry? Yes, I do. I can be angry at Phillip and Nancy, I can be angry at the incompetence of law enforcement and the government and its role in my daughters' and my further imprisonment. I even can be angry at my daughters at times; they are quite normal and therefore, like most teens, very frustrating for a single mom. There's lots in this world to be angry about. The world is a very angry place, and there are some very angry people living here on this planet we all share. However, I don't choose to live in an angry state all of the time. I don't live there. I don't wallow in self-pity and think of all the "what ifs" of life. It's a waste of my time and energy. That's the choice I have made. It doesn't make sense to me to get angry and stay that way. I don't want to be a mad, angry person.
I have lost friendships over anger. Someone I genuinely cared about and thought was a supporter of mine turned out to be a very angry person and ended up making many assumptions and judgments about me, which never feels good. I have encountered this feeling before but directed at what happened to me, not at me.
The American Legion Child Welfare Foundation had given my foundation a grant. We were asked to come to their annual conference in Baltimore and talk about how we used the grant and how thankful we were. We also had a booth manned by my sister and her husband, Garrett. I sometimes sat at the booth with them to help out. You really find out who remembers you and who doesn't at things like these. A lot of people thought I was Elizabeth Smart and some even thought I was one of the Cleveland women. My sister's husband was great at explaining the foundation and its founder, me. At times I would introduce myself and people would be surprised I was there.
One group came over and listened as the foundation was explained, and when Garrett got to the part about me, a man became visibly angry at what he was hearing of my story. He didn't realize I was sitting there. He said he would like to get ahold of Phillip and put him in a room so the family could have at him. And then he'd like to have a chance. He was so upset for what we had been through it was actually quite touching for me to see. The man finally asked Garrett one question: "How can she be okay? Is she doing okay these days?" I felt a little shy to stand up and make my presence known after all that, but I did stand up and I said to him, "Hi, and yes, I'm doing quite well, thank you." He was embarrassed for his conduct, but I told him not to be. I understood that he just felt rage for what happened to me and my kids. I appreciated his support. I told him that my girls and I were actually thriving now. There is life after something tragic happens. Life doesn't have to end if you don't want it to. It's all in how you look at it. I hope that man doesn't let his anger consume him and that he felt some relief in seeing how well I was doing.
There was a big orange tree in the backyard of my grandparents' house. When I was little and before the world got scary, I would sit under that tree and look up to the sky and wonder what my life would be like when I grew up. I think we all have those moments as kids. I never imagined I would be kidnapped, imprisoned, and have two kids by the age of seventeen.
I imagined I would be a great writer of fiction and travel all around the world. Or perhaps I would have been a great veterinarian and by the time I was the age I am now, I would have saved the lives of hundreds of animals. I guess the point I'm trying to make is we never know what life has in store for us. Sometimes it's bad and sometimes we win the lotto. Life hits hard. It's the small memories that I hold dearest to me.
It's those little things that kept me going.
Like walks on the beach with my mom, collecting seashells when I was eight. Or holding my new baby sister for the first time. Even memories of watching my own daughters take their first steps and the time my youngest daughter at the age of four made me a cake out of sticks and mud for my twenty-first birthday. Those are the pieces of myself I hold on to that make me glad to be alive.
I've always been a cloud hopper. Sometimes I wish I was a more complicated person. Am I missing something? Should I be some other person than the one I am? Sometimes I think others might feel like I should. I don't know how to be anyone else but me.
Me meeting a new friend at the American Legion Conference.
## Open Wide and Say AHHH!
* * *
Going to the dentist was not one of the firsts I was ever looking forward to doing. But after eighteen years with no dental care, I was encouraged to get a checkup. It's true I have no love for the dentist. When I was little I had countless trips to the dentist. My grandma used to fill my bottles with juice, which, as you can guess, wreaked havoc with my baby teeth. As I grew up I was constantly told to brush my teeth. I'm not sure I always listened because by the time Phillip kidnapped me I already had three fillings.
For the first time I didn't have anybody reminding me to brush my teeth. Actually, I didn't have a toothbrush for a really long time. I found myself becoming concerned about my teeth for the first time in my life. It had been drilled into me to brush my teeth twice a day for the longest time that now that I couldn't I felt weird and like a bad girl. I actually wanted to brush my teeth. Really, really badly. I couldn't, though. So I would use my tongue as much as I could to get as much food off them as possible. I would then scrape off the plaque that was accumulating with my fingers and use a napkin to clean them as best I could. The day Phillip gave me more privileges and a toothbrush I was really happy. It feels weird writing about getting the privilege of a toothbrush, but it really was in my situation. I hate that I was thankful to Phillip for this simple basic staple of life. I never thought about how important brushing was until I couldn't do it anymore.
I have also chewed sugarless gum throughout the years, and I think it helps, too. In fact, I learned this neat trick with the dentist. I have been going to the same dentist for these past years, and I notice that when I chew sugarless gum before a cleaning I always get better feedback about my teeth than if I don't chew gum before. I really like when the cleanings go smoothly and fast so I can get out of that dreaded chair faster. I have had only one cavity since my return to the living. When I knew it had to be drilled, I was so not into it. I just told myself that it would be done before I knew it and at least now I could go to the dentist for stuff like this. Whatever I said to myself didn't really work. Ha-ha. I thought, This is going to hurt like hell. I pictured this new dentist using what my old dentist as a child had used. It was this plastic-coated thing that went over my entire mouth and had some strange covering that could be flavored. Grossest thing ever.
My new dentist assured me that he would not be using that. But he knew what I was talking about. He also said I would not feel anything except a little pinch from the Novocain. Guess what? He was right. I did feel the pinch and that did hurt a little, but after that it was mostly just the pressure and the thought of what he was doing that freaked me out. Best of all, no more silver fillings. My new filling matches my teeth perfectly and you can't even tell I have a filling there. My old fillings are all silver but are still in great shape considering no dentist for eighteen years.
Phillip used to go to the colleges that would give dental procedures for free because they were teaching colleges. He had to have a lot of teeth pulled, I think, due to his drug use. He had deep cavities from the missing teeth and often got infections. He would have the worst breath ever because of this. What I hated most was when he would suck on his back teeth to draw out the infection, he said, and then spit it out. His cheeks would get all pulled in when he did this and make him look like a skeleton because he was so thin and gaunt looking. He was always so narcissistic, I wonder what he thought of his mug shot because it was not even attractive. In fact, I never found him attractive in all the years of my captivity. He was a gross man and will die a gross man. I know in prison they have good dental and medical for inmates, so he probably had all the tooth stuff fixed, and I know he had that hideous mole of his removed. Part of me, the mean part, would have liked to see him keep that mole for a while and live with being ugly. Well, I guess he still is, so I win.
## Through Thick and Thin
* * *
Since I've been back I have been around for many important moments of my best friend Jessie's life and firsts for me, too.
I was there when her mom passed away. I felt like I had lost a piece of myself, too, that day. I remember her mom and all that we did together. Linda would take us to the beach and Knott's Berry Farm. She gave me my first and last glass of eggnog . . . yuck! She helped to tie my shoes and clean my nose when it was runny. She was a very special lady, and when Jessie told me she was gone I didn't quite believe it for a while. I know my grandma Ninny died a short time after I was taken, and I will never get to see her again. Losing Linda was the first time I had someone that close to me die after I had just seen them a few weeks before. It was a blow to the heart. I could not even imagine the heartache of losing your mom. The memorial service that Jessie put together was a nice way to say good-bye and full of good memories that we all shared of her mom.
The next big moment was her wedding. She and Mike decided to have it in his hometown in Minnesota to be close to his parents. They couldn't travel that far, so it was the perfect solution. Jessie's uncle flew them up in his private plane, and Mom and I met them there. We stayed in a little lodge full of big wood posts and carvings on the walls. It was a double wedding because Mike's brother was also getting married and they decided to combine them. I met a new friend that day, the photographer and Jessie's friend, Kassel. She had known Kassel since she was little, and he was a big part of her uncle's life.
We picked out Jessie's dress on a previous visit, and she paired it with an old pair of cowboy boots. The dress was so perfect and fit her to a tee even though we had gotten it at a secondhand dress shop. Jessie asked if my mom would marry them, and she said she'd look into it. Apparently, you can become ordained online—who knew? Mom went through the process online and became an ordained person who could perform marriage ceremonies legally. So cool! She conducted both Jessie and Mike's and his brother's weddings together at the same time. After the vows were said and then the "I do's," it was time for the reception and pictures. Lots and lots of pictures in true Jessie fashion. Did I mention she loves to take pictures? She says she does it so she doesn't miss or forget a moment of her life. Makes sense with memories as old as ours! Oh, and did I mention it was snowing! Like a lot. And guess what. She wanted pictures outside. So in true best-friend fashion, I went outside in the cold without my jacket and posed with her for a few shots. Then ran back in to warm up. It's hard to admit, but the pictures were pretty spectacular with the snow coming down.
After the reception Jessie said she wanted to go to a bar. We were in a very small town, and it was a weird feeling going with her new husband and his best man and Kassel the photographer to a bar for some reason. Jessie got a little tipsy. Well, I was a little tipsy and she was really, really tipsy. She hadn't eaten much because she wanted to fit into her dress, so all the alcohol went straight to her head. Then it came out. I held her hair while she got it all out. We both were laughing so hard by this point I couldn't even see straight. I was laughing so hard my snort came out. What an embarrassing thing to snort when I laugh. That night I played pool for the first time. It was so fun to learn something brand-new. Jessie was a pro. Me not so much, but I liked learning. Mike's best man asked me to dance, and I didn't know how. But he was patient and taught me the steps. It was awkward because he was so tall and I'm not, and it was the first time I danced with a guy, like, ever. Then I danced again with Kassel. It was fun. After that we all went back to the lodge and made angels in the snow. I'm not sure why because it was freaking cold out there, but that's what we did and I liked it!
Next moment came a year after that, and it was the birth of her baby boy. Complete home birth. I was happy she could choose where she would give birth. I didn't have a choice. After listening to all the research out there, I think having her baby at home was a good choice for her and her circumstances. She had it all planned out. She would have the baby at her uncle's guest house. She had the birthing tub already there. I flew down a day before her due date and expected the baby would come any day. I was wrong, like really wrong. This was going to be a late baby. Like a week late. During the "time of waiting," as I like to call it, we tried everything. She went for acupuncture. She ate spicy food, which she hates. We had even heard that walking helps and that if she walked with one leg on the curb and the other down on the street that it would help. She even drank castor oil! Poor thing. I remember that day so well. She had said she was having Braxton Hicks contractions all morning. I had to ask her what that was and she told me false labor. Okay, so she's having some false labor pains, no big deal. That night we had dinner and watched some movie. I went to bed after the movie. It was about ten o'clock. I thought she would go to bed soon, too, so when I heard her come into my room and say, "Can you come be with me?" I was really groggy and confused. I looked at the clock. Midnight. I rubbed my eyes and followed her out into the other room where she's folding laundry. Folding laundry at midnight—girl, what's up? I said and she said she just wanted some company as she doubled over in obvious pain. I'm like, Jessie, are you in labor? And she said, No I think it's just Braxton Hicks. I'm no doctor, but these Braxton Hicks things are lasting a bit longer than I thought they would. Here, she says as she hands me a piece of paper, I've kept track of them. My eyes are still a little grainy, but I look at the paper she gives me and think I'm seeing things. By now the contractions were fifteen minutes apart. Contractions mean labor, not false labor. She didn't look convinced, though. Total denial. I said, Have you called Mike? and she said, no, she didn't want to worry him. Time to call the midwife, I said. Really, she said, and I'm like, yes, right now, as another spasm racks her body! I am not delivering this baby alone! I think to myself. She calls up the midwife and tells her she's having some contractions, nothing too bad. No rush. No rush? Is she crazy? I get on the phone and tell the midwife that her contractions are fifteen minutes apart and she needs to get here now. Like a half hour ago now. Next we call Mike. I hear her calmly telling Mike that she might be in labor but she's not sure and she didn't want him to miss work. I take the phone from her and say, you need to come now. The doula arrives before the midwife, and we get Jessie in a warm bath. She said this would either speed up delivery or relax it a bit and give us more time. The midwife and Mike were still en route.
Did I mention we were upstairs and the birthing tub was downstairs? Yeah, that happened, and guess what else: the stinking warm bath sped things up! Mike arrived after that and helped to get Jessie out of the tub, and we headed downstairs. Halfway down and her water breaks. I really thought I would be in panic mode by now, but I really just felt calm. It was like my body knew I needed to be there for my friend who by this time is moaning like she's dying, and all I could do was film it. Yep, film it because I knew that is what she would want most from this experience—the video of it happening. Something that she couldn't do at the moment. But would if she could. They get her in the tub. By this time the little baby boy's head is crowning. I think to myself, Gosh, how did I do this? Not once but twice. Seeing someone else go through it seems really scary. But at the time I don't remember really thinking about being scared. I just did what my body was telling me to do and somehow it all ended up okay.
Seeing her in so much pain was hard for me, though, and I just wanted it to be over for her. Looking through the camera lens helped me, believe it or not, because I had a job and a focus. Finally, the midwife arrived. Just in the nick of time, too, because Mike was about to deliver his own son. What I remember most from those moments was the little guy shot out of his momma like a rocket. So naturally I gave him the nickname of Little Rocket.
I haven't really been around babies in a long time. I do remember holding each of my daughters for the first time, though. I think it's one of those things that nothing could erase except amnesia. When it was my turn to hold the new little baby boy, I thought I would be really emotional, but although it was a very special moment, it did not make me want another baby. I was happy to hold the little guy but so glad that he had parents to give him back to.
A couple years later I finally felt like I was getting my friend back. She had been so busy with the baby that it seemed she hadn't much time for me. I was happy when she would come up to visit, but sometimes I don't like to share. Little Rocket was growing so big, and it was really fun to watch all the new things he could do each time I saw him.
One day Jessie calls me and says she has something to tell me. It sounded like something important. She took a long pause and I said, "Spit it out. It's not like you're pregnant." Well, if I ever stuck my foot in my mouth it would have been at that moment because the pause just got longer, and I said, "You're pregnant?" And her reply was yesssss.
This baby was a total surprise to her and Mike. Well, yeah, and me, too! I really wanted to be happy for them and I was, but that selfish part of me creeps in sometimes, and all I could think of was, She has years of kids ahead of her.
Again I came down to her house the day before her due date. I hit a lot of traffic, but I wasn't worried because Little Rocket was so late I thought I had plenty of time. I was wrong. This little one was impatient to be born and came thirty minutes before I arrived. I was so bummed to have missed it. But at the same time I was a little relieved when I got there to have missed all the chaos, because she was a breech birth so the the midwife had to call the paramedics. Apparently, I missed the paramedics and the fire truck that showed up with sirens blaring. The midwife and doula were able to take care of everything and ended up not needing assistance, but the guys wanted to see a baby being born, I guess, and stayed for the entire birth. She had a beautiful baby girl with a ring of firemen around her. Jessie called it the "ring of fire." Just looking at the precious little girl made all my petty jealousies go out the window. Well, most of them.
I feel so privileged to have shared so many important moments of my best friend's life. It's these moments that make all the bad moments seem unimportant. One day we will sit around in our old age and laugh about all the silly, sad, fun, humbling, hilarious, embarrassing times we had with each other, and I am truly looking forward to that day.
Me and best friend Jessie.
Me and Jessie.
Me and Jessie.
Me and Jessie.
Me with Jessie's baby.
## Now, That's Grand!
* * *
Last summer I took a trip to the Grand Canyon with my youngest daughter and my aunt Tina. I had the whole trip planned out. We drove from Southern California to Williams, Arizona. The Grand Canyon Railway package I purchased gave us one night in Williams and then one night in the Grand Canyon and then back to Williams.
I was surprised by all the different weather we encountered on the drive there. One part would get really hot, like 107 degrees, and then it would start raining in other places. Off in the distance you could see storms gathering, but right where we were there would be blue, cloudless skies. It was pretty awesome to see.
I had read about a place called Bearizona and when we got to Williams, we decided to go check it out since we had time. I'm so glad we did. It turned out to be so much fun. It was a wild animal park that was in the Kaibab National Forest. And you could drive through the different habitats of animals. It was home to so many bears all living together in one habitat. As we drove past, we could see bears playing and strolling around. It was really amazing to be so close to the bears, something I never thought I would get to do. We also drove through the wolf habitat where they had a pack of white wolves. One wolf was so curious it tried to pull the bumper from the car in front of us. They have really strong jaws. The other habitats had big bison and longhorn steer and lots of other animals like mountain goats. After our cruise through the forest we entered the zoo area where they take care of the baby animals on foot. I'm not much into zoos for the captivity aspect, but this was a really nice one with a lot of room for the animals. These animals were kind of in their natural habitats. It wasn't like being free, but it was natural in a way to them and they were making the best of their unnatural situation. Kind of like what I did during my captivity.
My favorite part was seeing the baby bear cubs eating their lunch and making all kinds of noise while they munched. I could totally relate.
The next day we boarded the train that would take us to the famous Grand Canyon. I learned that this train also has a Polar Express train in the winter that takes kids to see Santa. The ride took a couple of hours, but they had plenty of entertainment. There was a Wild West show complete with robbers before we boarded the train. Later, they came to try to rob us on the train. It was really funny because if you wanted to be robbed you had to make sure the money was totally visible to the robbers. I decided I didn't want to be robbed. When I was little I remember being so scared of the robbers that came to the Knott's Berry Farm train. I thought they were real. It's nice to know they are not real robbers, but I think they are making it a little too unbelievable these days.
I think in the beginning I might have had more of a reaction to these robbers or maybe not. It's hard to tell now. I can't tell you one thing that made me better. I can't even tell you why I'm not scared of everything in my world. All I can say is I got the best therapy in the world, and I had the best therapist in the world, and I had the best team working with her to help me and my family. I have the best mom, and I have the best family and friends. Even though I went through some very unlucky things, I don't count myself an unlucky person . . . well, mostly. Bad things still happen to me, like the time I burned my back after putting one of those icy hot packs on and sleeping with it overnight. The next morning, I pulled it off and had the worst freezer burn ever. It hurt like crazy. Dumb things happen. Life happens all around us every day. I just deal with every situation, new or not new, with what's in my brain. Some of that is new. Like the skills I learned when working with my friend Jane in the beginning, which really helped me prepare for doing those things by myself. So there's not an easy answer of why I'm okay. I want to be okay and I think that helps a lot. I want to be out there in the world, going to places like Monkey River, Ireland, and the Grand Canyon. Seeing and doing all I can.
From the train we got on a bus that would take us to the canyon. Luckily, I landed a window seat on the bus, so my first sight of the Grand Canyon was not blocked. I remember thinking whoever named this landmark was right. It was grand in every sense of the word. Beautiful colors throughout the different layers make it look like a painting. In fact, I think it doesn't really look real. It's just too big to be real.
We decide to walk on one of the trails leading down into the canyon. I remember one boy commented on my choice of shoes, thinking they were not appropriate for walking. I chose to differ with him and said my Skecher sandals were actually quite comfy and quite adequate for the task. He obviously knew nothing of shoes.
Tina really wanted to see the sunrise over the canyon. I kind of wanted to see it, but I didn't want to get up so early. She won and we arranged to have a taxi pick us up at four in the morning to get us to the lookout we wanted. Our taxi driver wanted to know our position on desalination. At four in the morning my opinion was not quite forming. I was still half asleep. I was really thankful for the sweatshirt I had purchased the night before, because this morning was freezing. Taxi man went from talking about the state of the ocean water to classic cars in the blink of an eye. He said he liked to work on classic cars and fix them up and that his newest project was a 1980 Honda Civic. I remember looking at my aunt and rolling my eyes and thinking, Gosh, when did 1980 become classic? Wow, I felt old. I guess I missed more years than I thought and suddenly being born in 1980 was ancient—well, at least classic—status. I felt a little like Rip Van Winkle, waking up to this whole new world. Even though I feel a million years old sometimes, I'm only in my thirties!
We finally arrived at our spot and it was a little scary being dropped in what felt like the middle of nowhere in the dark. Our eyes adjusted, and we found a spot to sit and wait. Others came and found their spots, too. I guess we weren't the only crazy people who wanted to see the sunrise. As it got lighter out, I could make out more details around me. Looking out over the canyon, though, made me dizzy. I thought I saw the ledge and I thought I could make out the bottom. As it got lighter, though, I realized that it wasn't the bottom and that the bottom was a long, long way down. The sunrise was spectacular and well worth the lost sleep. Having that special moment with my aunt was like eating a really good piece of chocolate cake but without all the calories.
Our next fun thing was a helicopter ride over the Grand Canyon. I took my trusty Dramamine so I wouldn't ruin the experience for myself. I thought it would be scary lifting off, but it was almost like the hot-air balloon ride I took. We just lifted up and it felt very smooth. My daughter was a little nervous at first. She really enjoyed it after she got used to the motion. We could all talk to each other with the headphones they gave us to put on during the flight. The pilot played music related to flying like "Come Fly with Me," by Frank Sinatra, "I Just Wanna Fly," by Sugar Ray, and "Elevation," by U2. A little cheesy, but hey, I like cheesy. Hence my favorite movie being The Princess Bride—can't get cheesier than "As you wish" and other great lines that I could probably quote quite easily. As you go over the trees and approach the canyon that one song that goes . . . well, I can't really write it out, but you know the one with the drums. It's from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Well, anyway that song comes on when you fly over the canyon and it feels like the bottom just drops off underneath you and you get the feeling that all the air has left your lungs. It felt like we were falling, but we weren't and that song is playing. It made it all seem much more dramatic than it really was. Once I recovered and told myself we were still in the air, it was easier to look around. What a sight. There were storms gathering in the distance. You could literally see the rain falling. The bottom of the canyon had a river going through it in places. Everywhere I looked it was just simply beautiful. We saw a couple of hawks or maybe they were eagles flying in circles on the hot air currents. Some of the formations we could just fly right over while others we had to climb to pass. There was even another helicopter that flew close by to us and then went on its way. The whole experience was really cool, and I was sad to have it end after only an hour and half of fly time. It was such a fulfilling, rewarding experience to be in such a beautiful place. I feel like I have seen the canyon by air, and next time I would like to explore the bottom by mule.
## Baked Potatoes
* * *
One of my kids' pet peeves about me is why I don't give more to homeless people we see on the street. Well, for one, I'm a little afraid of them. It's an irrational fear because I wasn't harmed or kidnapped by a homeless person. I also know that they have lives and families like everybody else and have just fallen on hard times. I guess for me the main thing is I sometimes feel that they don't use the money in the way that I feel would be best. I think I don't fully trust those I don't know. I would much rather know where my money is going and how it is being used. Maybe I'm a control freak. It's weird how some experiences can have a good effect on you and some experiences make you think the worst.
One such experience that I think had more of an impact on me than I thought was one time when what appeared to be a nice-looking man asked me for some groceries. I was going into Walgreens and thought, Okay, I'm in a public place, safe. Why not help him out a bit? He looked harmless. I told him I would buy him a few things. He went and picked up a few things and I grabbed what I came in for. We entered the checkout line together. As I was paying for the few items he brought, I see him looking at the magazines. He immediately picked up one for 'tweens and remarked, "Wow, these kids look so grown-up." I got a really bad vibe from that and immediately thought, OMG, I just bought groceries for a pedophile! We parted ways at the checkout counter, and I hurried to my car and locked the doors before I drove off. Who knows if he was a pedophile or not? It was just plain creepy. It reminds me not to judge a book by its cover because you never know who a person really is. Even a clean-cut person can harbor secrets. Phillip and Nancy always appeared to be two normal people, but look at all the nasty secrets they were hiding in their backyard—literally! Experiences like this have a tendency to make me think all homeless people are scary, but another time I realized that they do not intend any harm even if they look really scary.
One day Rebecca and I were going into a market. There was a grungy-looking homeless guy on the street, and he asked for some money for a baked potato. Rebecca gave him the money. I told her, "He's not really going to use that for a baked potato." She said, "Maybe he will." He really reminded me of Phillip in appearance in a lot of ways if he ever grew his beard out. Which made me feel really uncomfortable about just being around him. That was my projection, though, and in reality I knew nothing about this guy and judged him on his appearance only. My bad! Because, well, when we came out, that guy was chomping away on his baked potato from Wendy's. I was wrong that day and it really bothered me. Shouldn't I give more? I think the question of how much to give is something we all struggle with. I know I do, but I give in the ways that I can.
I get a lot of fulfillment from the JAYC Foundation and the good we are able to provide for families. We have helped a family recover from the murder of their son. We were able to connect them with Transitioning Families and their animal-assisted program where they got to relax and reconnect after the blow to their family. I think what we give most to families is similar to what it feels like to have a warm, comfy blanket fresh from the dryer wrapped around them so they feel safe to let whatever emotions or feelings running through them out. I think every family needs support and therapy to get them to see that they can be okay again. That they just have a new normal now.
I think running the foundation has made me grow as a person, too. Being the president of anything is not all it's cracked up to be. In fact, it's pretty dang hard. Turning away any family is really hard, but I know we can't help everyone who applies. I have to maintain a budget and careful thought is given to the families that do come up before my board of directors for a vote on whether we can help. I would like to take every case, but being in charge has made me realize that making choices is a part of being in charge. Even the president can't do it all, and each day I am thankful I am surrounded by very good friends and a team that has lasted the test of time. They help me in every way. I think having a foundation that specializes in one area can be good, and it can also be really hard sometimes. Because of this, it can be hard to get funding for something that people don't know a lot about. Nobody really uses "reunification" in their day-to-day lives. To the families we have helped, it is emblazoned in their lives forever. They know how important it is to try to keep their families working together after a major blow.
The JAYC School Groups have become an important aspect of the foundation as well. I think it's important we teach kids how to be caring to one another. My little sister was bullied after I was taken, and when I found out upon my return, that made me really sad to think about her going through that. I am really glad to see this program taking off. We now have the groups in Alabama and New Hampshire. Anything that gets kids working together and cooperating is good in my book. I remember my friend Lanae telling me about a little girl who was kidnapped for four years. She was found and reunited with her parents. Seems like a perfectly nice story with a happy ending. Well, I thought so, too, but it turns out that, meaning well, her parents put this little girl back into the same school she was in before. The students had heard stories throughout the years of the missing girl, and I think they were scared. But that doesn't excuse the constant bullying she received. I thought, Why, if this happened to my sister and now this little girl and who knows who else, why isn't there a program or speakers to go to schools that have experienced a trauma? Because I do think it's traumatizing not only to the family but to the community as well. Kids get scared and sometimes they lash out in mean ways because they don't know any better. The Just Ask Yourself to Care! groups were born from this need I saw in schools. It's a way to incorporate caring, compassion, safety, and attunement to others all in a fun, animal-centered, eight-week journey through the Pony Express. It's fun but it's also learning. It's the best of both worlds.
We have our very own program for law enforcement officers who sometimes get stuck in a rut. A lot of ruts, I think, happened in my case and mistakes were made. The JAYC LEO program centers on giving officers, parole agents, any kind of official, really, a chance to explore and get out of their ruts. It's fun to watch the officers work with horses. Most of them have never been around horses, so this really puts them out of their comfort zones. It makes them better listeners, too, because they don't want to get their feet stepped on. We take the time to talk about self-care, too, because like I always say, you can't take care of others until you take care of you! The team is great at facilitating these workshops and say they are one of the most fulfilling aspects of the foundation just because of the participants' reactions and seeing their eyes open to new possibilities in their line of work. A real transformation of hopefulness enters them and rejuvenates them to do their jobs better. Because let's face it: they have one of the toughest jobs out there.
## Pass the Cheese, Please
* * *
One of the few times Phillip and Nancy took us out on a trip was to the arboretum in San Francisco. To the average onlookers, these outings probably looked like any ordinary family having a nice picnic on a park bench. In fact, we were anything but ordinary, and Phillip had an ulterior motive for bringing us there. He felt it was a good place to hear the force. The force is what he called the angels he said he could hear. And apparently the big fan generators that were in the park were the perfect conductors of these voices. I always thought he saw Star Wars one too many times given his "force" reference. He made us each take a turn with the headphones to see if we could hear it, too. The voices, that is.
So if you ever passed a table with one person wearing headphones, well, I guess you saw us. It was always so embarrassing to be there. I just wanted to enjoy the semi-freedom of being in the open fresh air, even if I wasn't completely free. At least my daughters got the chance to play around while it wasn't their turn. His quirky behavior was part of our norm, and even though we would roll our eyes to each other when Phillip and Nancy weren't looking, we knew not to act out in any other way. These kinds of outings would last anywhere from an hour to several.
Nancy was always the one to hear it. I wonder if the weed she smoked before had anything to do with it. Anyway, I guess we all make assumptions, and assuming we were a normal everyday family was probably what everyone did that day. I don't blame anyone for that. We all assume. Makes me wonder about what I assume about things that I have seen. Most people never would have thought some psychopath and his crazy wife had us as captives in a million years. Part of that was my fault, but the evil you know is sometimes better than the evil you do not. And he was the evil I knew. I hope this little story does make you wonder, though. Maybe one person or several can be saved a little sooner. We all have the ability to Just Ask Ourselves to Care a little bit more in this life.
## My Inner Circle
* * *
I have been thinking and thinking: How am I going to end this book? For months I have not had the answer, and I just realized why. Because my life has not ended! How can I end a book if I still feel I have so much to experience? I haven't tipped the top of the iceberg yet—in fact, that sounds really fun. I might have to go to Antarctica for that one day. But every book needs at least some kind of conclusion or something. So what should I write about? What else is there to say? And then I look around . . .
My cat Emma is lying on the couch beside me. Come to think about it, she's been there every day that I have sat here writing. And then there's Zelda; she's there in bed waiting for me every night. She sleeps right by my side without fail. My trusty dog Bull is asleep in his bed. I know come five he will become Mister Annoying and beg for his dinner. I will procrastinate because I want to write one more paragraph, but his beautiful, big, brown eyes will stare at me, his big body will be quivering, and the pull will be too much. He wins. Dinnertime. These make up my faithful inner circle. They are the ones who never judge and are always there. Even when they are not.
I recently lost one of the cats we were able to bring back with us from our captivity in the backyard. His name was Mousey and he was mine for such a short time. A few months ago, he started losing weight rapidly. It was really weird because he was eating all his food and still looked really skinny. Petting him I could feel his backbone. I also noticed that he was throwing up a lot more than just hairballs. I took him to the vet thinking it was just a bad case of worms. I had no doubt the vet could help him. It actually feels so comforting to know I can take my pets to the vet now. No more worrying if they are sick and begging Phillip to take them in. The vet did a check and became concerned with a lump he thought he felt in his abdomen. He recommended an X-ray right away. What about worms? I asked. He didn't think it was worms and suspected Mousey had an obstruction somewhere in his gut. We did the X-ray. He told me there was something there but without exploratory surgery he wouldn't know. Whoa, hold your horses! Surgery? I just came in for some worming medication and you're telling me you want to perform surgery? He said, We could do an ultrasound but that it would be pricey. I said, Okay, let's do the ultrasound. I didn't want my cat being opened up like that and explored. It sounded really scary. He said to take Mousey home and keep him separated from the other cats and see if he poops or pees. He would call when they had the ultrasound equipment. I took him home.
As I was riding my horse the next day, I got a call from the vet. They had run some blood tests on him, too, and the results seemed okay. I could tell he wanted to tell me something else. He said he would like to do another X-ray before the ultrasound. I took Mousey in again and we did another X-ray. The look on the vet's face this time really had me worried. These are the moments I hate in life. Sometimes the look on someone's face says it all. It was the same look my vet gave me before I had to make the decision to put my horse Ed down. He looked at me and said he thought exploratory surgery was best. I didn't want to answer. I knew the choice was mine to make. I could take him home right now. And part of me really wanted to. I wanted to deny this reality. I wanted to live in ignorance of anything wrong with my beloved cat. But I couldn't, and I found myself saying okay. A simple word, but it had such a lasting impact on my life. I picked up my kitty and told him I would be leaving him for a short time and I would be back to pick him up. I left with an empty carrier that day. The vet said the surgery would take several hours and he would call when he had more news. Before I left I had to sign the paper. The dreaded paper I didn't even know existed until that moment. The paper that gives the vet permission to euthanize if he feels it necessary. I signed that paper with glazed-over eyes.
I left to run a few errands. My youngest daughter had her own doctor's appointment and we went to that. I was on my way to pick up some animal supplies when the phone rang. It was the vet. He said Mousey had a very large tumor in his stomach and it extended to his gallbladder. It was big. Massive, really, and he was sorry but there wasn't any hope. No hope? What are you talking about? He said, I'm sorry, but your cat can't be saved. I said, Can I come say good-bye? He said that he would be in so much pain if he woke up like this. I didn't want him to be in pain. I need you to let me put him to sleep, he said. You want to kill my cat, you bastard! is what was going around my head. At that moment, I hated this man and everything he said to me was just lies. I wanted to deny it all. I heard the truth in his voice, though, and I also heard the compassion. He did not want to call me with this news. I was a bit out of breath for some reason and it took a lot to get the answer out of me. I almost whispered it, and he had to ask again. Yes, I said, yes, end his suffering. I'm coming, I said, and hung up. My daughter heard the entire conversation and asked if I was okay. I know she was hurting, too, and I hoped she understood my decision. I was driving, but I reached across with my free hand and took hold of hers.
Driving was hard because my eyes were soaked with tears. I drove to the little vet's office and tried to keep it together. I wanted to say good-bye even though he was gone. The vet let me see the body. It was hard to see him with no life inside him. I laid my hand on him and told him I was back to bring him home like I promised.
That evening I looked everywhere for a shovel. I was going to bury my Mousey in a nice spot I had chosen. Where are the goddamn shovels? I shouted. I couldn't find a shovel anywhere and I was getting angrier and angrier. I finally found a really poor excuse for a shovel and started my digging. That made me mad, too. The digging. My best friend and my aunt Tina were there because Thanksgiving was just a day away. I didn't feel very thankful. I was so mad that I had to even dig that stinking hole for my cat that just had worms, damnit! Why couldn't he have just had worms? I couldn't wrap my brain around the fact I had taken him to the vet to get better and now he was dead. As I was digging, I was crying. Jessie and my daughters offered to help, and I just kept saying, "I don't want to dig this fuckin' hole." After a while it felt good to be taking my anger out on the shovel and stupid hole in a way, and it felt even better when they all just took turns helping me. I got his body and laid it gently in the hole. We covered it with dirt and I made a nice little circle of rocks for the top. I said good-bye. I didn't want to say good-bye.
I wasn't sure if I was going to include this in my book because it is still a fresh memory and hurts my heart, but Mousey was my best kitty friend, and I want to always remember the joy he brought into my life. He was my bathroom buddy. He loved to go into the bathroom with me and would lick my hand. I miss that a lot. He has a brother named Tyson who looks a lot like him, just a little lighter in color but in the dark virtually the same. It's hard seeing him sometimes and not think of my Mousey, but they are very different in personality.
I am so lucky to have so many animal friends in my life. They come in so many shapes, sizes, and colors, and each has their own personality. What they have in common, though, is their ability to make me feel wanted and loved each in their own way. They are my inner circle each and every one of them. I'm sure this circle will grow in the future and at times it will get smaller. Animals have always been a constant in my life, though, from the time I was a little baby and my grandma's gray Persian cat Sugar would keep my head warm in my crib to the time I was three and got my first kitten, Rusty. His favorite resting spot for some reason was my training potty. Thank goodness, I didn't use it anymore because I was a big girl learning to use the big-girl potty.
So my ending for this book is not an ending at all because my life goes on. Life goes on even during the bad, hard, heart-crushing times. Even these moments have taught me something. I'm not thankful for them, but I am tolerant of them because of this fact. I know the constants in my life will always be there even when they feel far away, whether in spirit, memory, or life. I will continue to learn and grow and help those I can. This is how I have rebuilt my life. Little moments. One day at a time. This is the good, bad, and the cheesy life I lead. I will always try to be the best person I can and take advantage of the time I have been granted in this life. My adventure continues, and I hope yours continues, too!
Zelda, Emma, Tyson, and Mousey.
Mousey kissing Zelda.
Courtesy of the Author
JAYCEE DUGARD is the author of the memoir A Stolen Life, which tells the story of her kidnapping and eighteen years of captivity. She is the founder of The JAYC Foundation, Inc., whose mission is to serve families who have suffered trauma.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dugard, Jaycee Lee, 1980– | Dugard, Jaycee Lee, 1980– Stolen life.
Title: Freedom: my book of firsts / Jaycee Dugard.
Other titles: Freedom
Description: First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition. | New York : Simon & Schuster, 2016. | "Simon & Schuster nonfiction original hardcover"—Title page verso.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016016388 (print) | LCCN 2016017705 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501147623 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781501147647 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Dugard, Jaycee Lee, 1980– | Kidnapping victims—California—Biography. | Sexually abused children—California—Biography. | Young women—California—Biography. | Freedom. | Life skills. | Self-actualization (Psychology) | BISAC: BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Personal Memoirs. | BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Women. | SELF-HELP / Abuse.
Classification: LCC HV6574.U6 D8 2016 (print) | LCC HV6574.U6 (ebook) | DDC 364.15/4092 [B]—dc23
LC record available at <https://lccn.loc.gov/2016016388>
ISBN 978-1-5011-4762-3
ISBN 978-1-5011-4764-7 (ebook)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Books3"
} |
---
abstract: 'Dynamic neural network toolkits such as PyTorch, DyNet, and Chainer offer more flexibility for implementing models that cope with data of varying dimensions and structure, relative to toolkits that operate on statically declared computations (e.g., TensorFlow, CNTK, and Theano). However, existing toolkits—both static and dynamic—require that the developer organize the computations into the batches necessary for exploiting high-performance algorithms and hardware. This batching task is generally difficult, but it becomes a major hurdle as architectures become complex. In this paper, we present an algorithm, and its implementation in the DyNet toolkit, for automatically batching operations. Developers simply write minibatch computations as aggregations of single instance computations, and the batching algorithm seamlessly executes them, on the fly, using computationally efficient batched operations. On a variety of tasks, we obtain throughput similar to that obtained with manual batches, as well as comparable speedups over single-instance learning on architectures that are impractical to batch manually.[^1]'
author:
- |
Graham Neubig[^2]\
Language Technologies Institute\
Carnegie Mellon University\
`[email protected]` Yoav Goldberg$^*$\
Computer Science Department\
Bar-Ilan University\
`[email protected]`\
Chris Dyer\
DeepMind\
`[email protected]`\
bibliography:
- 'confnames.bib'
- 'autobatch-paper.bib'
title: |
On-the-fly Operation Batching\
in Dynamic Computation Graphs
---
Introduction
============
Modern CPUs and GPUs evaluate batches of arithmetic operations significantly faster than the sequential evaluation of the same operations. For example, performing elementwise operations takes nearly the same amount of time on the GPU whether operating on tens or on thousands of elements, and multiplying a few hundred different vectors by the same matrix is significantly slower than executing a single (equivalent) matrix–matrix product using an optimized GEMM implementation on either a GPU or a CPU. Thus, careful grouping of operations into batches that can execute efficiently in parallel is crucial for making the most of available hardware resources.
Today, developers who write code to train neural networks are responsible for crafting most of this batch handling by hand. In some cases this is easy: when inputs and outputs are naturally represented as fixed sized tensors (e.g., images of a fixed size such those in the MNIST and CIFAR datasets, or regression problems on fixed sized vector inputs), and the computations required to process each instance are instance-invariant and expressible as standard operations on tensors (e.g., a series of matrix multiplications, convolutions, and elementwise nonlinearities), a suitably flexible tensor library that provides efficient implementations of higher-order generalizations of low-order operations makes manual batching straightforward. For example, by adding a leading or trailing dimension to the tensors representing inputs and outputs, multiple instances can be straightforwardly represented in a single data structure. In other words: in this scenario, the developer conceives of and writes code for the computation on an individual instance, packs several instances into a tensor as a “minibatch”, and the library handles executing these efficiently in parallel.
Unfortunately, this idealized scenario breaks when working with more complex architectures. Deep learning is increasingly being applied to problems whose inputs, outputs and intermediate representations do not fit easily into fixed sized tensors. For example, images vary in size and sequences in length; data may be structured as trees [@socher11recursivenn] or graphs [@liang:2016], or the model may select its own computation conditional on the input [@li:2017; @shazeer:2017; @yogatama:2017]. In all these cases, while the desired computation is easy enough to write for a single instance, organizing the computational operations so that they make optimally efficient use of the hardware is nontrivial. Indeed, many papers that operate on data structures more complicated than sequences have avoided batching entirely [@dyer2015stacklstm; @reed:2016; @ladhak:2016]. In fact, until last year [@bowman2016spinn; @louppe2017qcd], *all* published work on recursive (i.e., tree-structured) neural networks appears to have used single instance training.
![Two computation graphs for computing the loss on a minibatch of three training instances consisting of a sequence of input vectors paired with a fixed sized output vector. On the left is a “conceptual” computation graph which shows the operations associated with computing the losses individually for each sequence and then aggregating them. The same computation is executed by the right-hand (“batched”) computation graph: it aggregates the inputs in order to make better use of modern processors. This comes with a price in complexity—the variable length of the sequences requires padding and masking operations. Our aim is for the user to specify the conceptual computation on the left, and let the framework take care of its efficient execution.\[fig:twographs\]](unbatched-vs-batched.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
The premise of this work is that operation batching should not be the responsibility of the user, but instead should be a service provided by the framework. The user should only be responsible for specifying a large enough computation so that batching is possible (i.e, summing the losses of several instances, such as one sees in the left side of Figure \[fig:twographs\]), and the framework should take care of the lower-level details of operation batching, much like optimizing compilers or JIT optimizers in interpreted languages do.
We take a large step towards this goal by introducing an efficient algorithm—and a corresponding implementation—for automatic batching in dynamically declared computation graphs.[^3] Our method relies on separating the graph construction from its execution, using operator overloading and lazy evaluation (§\[sec:batching\]). Once this separation is in place, we propose a fast batching heuristic that can be performed in real time, for each training instance (or minibatch), between the graph construction and its execution (§\[sec:algorithm\]). We extend the DyNet toolkit [@dynet] with this capability. From the end-user’s perspective, the result is a simple mechanism for exploiting efficient data-parallel algorithms in networks that would be cumbersome to batch by hand. The user simply defines the computation independently for each instance in the batch (using standard Python or C++ language constructs), and the framework takes care of the rest. Experiments show that our algorithm compares favorably to manually batched code, that significant speed improvements are possible on architectures with no straightforward manual batching design, and that we obtain better performance than TensorFlow Fold [@looks2017dynamic], an alternative framework built to simulate dynamic graph definition and automatic batching on top of TensorFlow (§\[sec:experiments\]).
Batching: Conception vs. Efficient Implementation {#sec:batching}
=================================================
To illustrate the challenges with batching, consider the problem of predicting a real-valued vector conditional on a sequence of input vectors (this example is chosen for its simplicity; experiments are conducted on more standard tasks). We assume that an input sequence of vectors is read sequentially by an RNN, and then the final state is used to make a prediction; the training loss is the Euclidean distance between the prediction and target. We compare two algorithms for computing this code: a naïve, but developer-friendly one (whose computation graph is shown in the left part of Figure \[fig:twographs\]), which reflects how one conceives of what a batch loss computation is; and a computationally efficient—but more conceptually complex—version that batches up the computations so they are executed in parallel across the sequences (the right part of Figure \[fig:twographs\]).
#### Naïve (developer-friendly) batched implementation {#sec:naive}
The left part of Figure \[fig:twographs\] shows the computations that must be executed to compute the losses associated with three ($b=3$) training instances, implemented naïvely. Pseudo-code for constructing the graph for each of the RNNs on the left using a dynamic declaration framework is as follows:
$\mathbf{h}_0 = \mathbf{0}$ Initial state of the RNN; $\mathbf{h}_t \in \mathbb{R}^{d}$. $\mathbf{h}_t = \tanh (\mathbf{W}[\mathbf{h}_{t-1};\mathbf{x}_t] + \mathbf{b})$ $\hat{\mathbf{y}} = \mathbf{Uh}_n + \mathbf{c}$ $\mathcal{L} = ||\hat{\mathbf{y}} - \mathbf{y}||_2^2$ $\mathcal{L}$
Note that the code does not compute any value, but constructs a symbolic graph describing the computation. This can then be integrated into a batched training procedure:
$\textsc{New-Graph}()$ Naïvely loop over elements of batch. $\mathcal{L}^{(i)} = \textsc{RNN-Regression-Loss}(\mathbf{x}^{(i)}_{1:n^{(i)}},\mathbf{y}^{(i)}; \boldsymbol{\theta}$) Single instance loss. $\mathcal{L} = \sum_i \mathcal{L}^{(i)}$ Aggregate losses for all elements in batch. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Forward</span>$(\mathcal{L})$ $\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} = \textsc{Backward}(\mathcal{L})$ $\boldsymbol{\theta} = \boldsymbol{\theta} - \eta \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}$
This code is simple to understand, uses basic flow control present in any programming language and simple mathematical operations. Unfortunately, executing it will generally be quite inefficient, since in the resulting computation graph each operation is performed sequentially without exploiting the fact that similar operations are being performed across the training instances.
#### Efficient manually batched implementation {#sec:manual}
To make good use of efficient data-parallel algorithms and hardware, it is necessary to batch up the operations so that the sequences are processed in parallel. The standard way to achieve this is by aggregating the inputs and outputs, altering the code as follows:
$\mathbf{M} = \mathbf{0}$ Build loss mask; $\mathbf{M} \in \mathbb{R}^{b\times n_{\max}}$. $\mathbf{M}_{[i,n^{(i)}]} = 1$ Position where the final symbol in sequence $i$ occurs. $\mathbf{H}_0 = \mathbf{0}$ Initial states of the RNN (one per instance); $\mathbf{H}_t \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times b}$. $\mathbf{H}_t = \tanh (\mathbf{W}[\mathbf{H}_{t-1};\mathbf{X}_t] + \mathbf{b})$ Addition broadcasts $\mathbf{b}$ over columns. $\hat{\mathbf{Y}}_t = \mathbf{UH}_t + \mathbf{c}$ Addition broadcasts $\mathbf{c}$ over columns. $\mathcal{L}_t = ||(\hat{\mathbf{Y}}_t - \mathbf{Y})(\mathbf{m}_t\mathbf{1}^{\top})||_{\mathcal{F}}^2$ Compute masked losses ($\mathbf{m}_t$ is the $t$th column of $\mathbf{M}$). $\mathcal{L} = \sum_t \mathcal{L}_t$ $\mathcal{L}$
$n_{\max} = \max_i n^{(i)}$ Build sequence of batch input matrices. $\mathbf{X}_t = \mathbf{0} \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times b}$ $\mathbf{X}_{t,[\cdot,i]} = \mathbf{x}^{(i)}_t \ \textbf{if}\ t \le n^{(i)}\ \textbf{otherwise} \ \mathbf{0}$ The $i$th column of $\mathbf{X}_t$. $\mathbf{Y} = [\mathbf{y}^{(1)} \ \mathbf{y}^{(2)} \ \cdots \ \mathbf{y}^{(b)}]$ Build batch of output targets. $\textsc{New-Graph}()$ Now that inputs are constructed, create graph, evaluate loss and gradient. $\mathcal{L} = \textsc{RNN-Regression-Batch-Loss}(\mathbf{X}_{1:n_{\max}},\mathbf{Y},n^{(1:b)}; \boldsymbol{\theta}$) $\textsc{Forward}(\mathcal{L})$ $\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} = \textsc{Backward}(\mathcal{L})$ $\boldsymbol{\theta} = \boldsymbol{\theta} - \eta \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}$
This code computes the same value as the naïve implementation, it does so more efficiently, and it is significantly more complicated. Because the sequences processed by RNNs will generally be of different lengths (which is precisely why RNNs are useful!), it is necessary to pad the input representation with dummy values, and also to mask out the resulting losses at the right times. While these techniques are part of the inventory of skills that a good ML engineer has, they increase the difficulty of implementation and probability that bugs will be present in the code.
#### Implementation comparison
The naïve algorithm has two advantages over manual batching. First, it is easy to implement: the way we conceive of a model is the way it is implemented, and errors with padding, masking, and batching are avoided. Second, the naïve algorithm aggregates *any* single instance loss, whereas manual batching efforts are generally problem specific. For these reasons, one should strongly prefer the first algorithm; however, for efficiency reasons, batching matters. In the next section we turn to the problem of how to efficiently execute naïve computation graphs so that they can take advantage of efficient batched implementations of operations. This provides the best of both worlds to developers: code is easy to write, but execution is fast.
An Algorithm for On-the-fly Batching {#sec:algorithm}
====================================
Manual batching, discussed in the previous section, mostly operates by *aggregating input instances* and feeding them through a network. In RNNs, this means aggregating inputs that share a time step. This often require padding and masking, as input sizes may differ. It also restricts the kinds of operations that can be batched. In contrast, our method *identifies and aggregates computation graph nodes* that can be executed in a batched fashion for a given graph. This reduces the need for workarounds such as padding and masking, allows for seamless efficient execution also in architectures which are hard to conceptualize in the input-centric paradigm, and allows for the identification of batching opportunities that may not be apparent from an input-centric view.
Our batching procedure operates in three steps (1) graph definition, (2) operation batching, and (3) computation. Here, steps (1) and (3) are shared with standard execution of computation graphs, while (2) corresponds to our proposed method.
Graph Definition
----------------
First, we define the graph that represents the computation that we want to perform. From the user’s perspective, this is done by simply performing computation that they are interested in performing, such as that defined in the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rnn-Regression-Loss</span> function from the previous example. While it is common for dynamic graph frameworks to interleave the graph definition and its forward execution, we separate these parts by using *lazy evaluation*: we only perform forward evaluation when a resulting value is requested by the user through the calling of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Forward</span> function. The graph can be further extended after a call to <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Forward</span>, and further calls will lazily evaluate the delta of the computation. This allows the accumulation of large graph chunks before executing forward computations, providing ample opportunities for operation batching.
Operation Batching
------------------
Next, given a computation graph, such as the one on the left side of Figure \[fig:twographs\], our proposed algorithm converts it into a graph where operations that can be executed together are batched together. This is done in the two step process described below.
#### Computing compatibility groups
We first partition the nodes into compatibility groups, where nodes in the same group have the potential for batching. This is done by associating each node with a signature such that nodes that share the same signature are guaranteed to be able to be executed in a single operation if their inputs are ready. Signatures vary depending on the operation the node represents. For example, in nodes representing element-wise operations, all nodes with the same operation can be batched together, so the signature is simply the operation name (`tanh`, `log`, ...). In nodes where dimensions or other information is also relevant to whether the operations can be batched, this information is also included in the signature. For example, a node that picks a slice of the input matrix will also be dependent on the matrix size and range to slice, so the signature will look something like `slice-400x500-100:200`. In some other cases (e.g. a parameterized matrix multiply) we may remember the specific node ID of one of the inputs (e.g. `node123` representing the matrix multiply parameters) while generalizing across other inputs (e.g. data or hidden state vectors on the right-hand side), resulting in a signature that would look something like `matmul-node123-400x1`. A more thorough discussion is given in Appendix \[sec:nodesignatures\].
#### Determining execution order
A computation graph is essentially a job dependency graph where each node depends on its input (and by proxy the input of other preceding nodes on the path to its inputs). Our goal is to select an execution order in which (1) each node is executed after its dependencies; and (2) nodes that have the same signature and do not depend on each other are scheduled for execution on the same step (and will be executed in a single batched operation). Finding an optimal execution order that maximizes the amount of batching in the general case is NP hard [@potts:2000]. We discuss two heuristic strategies for identifying execution orders that satisfy these requirements.
*Depth-based batching* is used as a method for automatic batching in TensorFlow Fold [@looks2017dynamic]. This is done by calculating the depth of each node in the original computation graph, defined as the maximum length from a leaf node to the node itself, and batching together nodes that have an identical depth and signature. By construction, nodes of the same depth are not dependent on each-other, as all nodes will have a higher depth than their input, and thus this batching strategy is guaranteed to satisfy condition (1) above. However, this strategy will also miss some good batching opportunities. For example, the loss function calculations in Figure \[fig:twographs\] are of different depths due to the different-lengthed sequences, and similar problems will occur in recurrent neural network language models, tree-structured neural networks, and a myriad of other situations.
*Agenda-based batching* is a method we propose that does not depend solely on depth. The core of this method is an agenda that tracks “available” nodes that have no unresolved dependencies. For each node, a count of its unresolved dependencies is maintained; this is initialized to be the number of inputs to the node. The agenda is initialized by adding nodes that have no incoming inputs (and thus no unresolved dependencies). At each iteration, we select a node from the agenda together with all of the available nodes in the same signature, and group them into a single batch operation. These nodes are then removed from the agenda, and the dependency counter of all of their successors are decremented. Any new zero-dependency nodes are added to the agenda. This process is repeated until all nodes have been processed.
How do we prioritize between multiple available nodes in the agenda? Intuitively, we want to avoid prematurely executing nodes if there is a potential for more nodes of the same signature to be added to the agenda at a later point, resulting in better batching. A good example of this from our running example in Figure \[fig:twographs\] is the loss-calculating nodes, which will be added to the agenda at different points due to becoming calculable after different numbers of RNN time steps. To capture this intuition, we introduce a heuristic method for prioritizing nodes based on the *average depth* of all nodes with their signature, such that nodes with a lower average depth will be executed earlier. In general (with some exceptions), this tends to prioritize nodes that occur in earlier parts of the graph, which will result in the nodes in the later parts of the graph, such as these loss calculations, being executed later and hopefully batched together.[^4]
Finally, this non-trivial batching procedure must be executed quickly so that overhead due to batch scheduling calculations doesn’t cancel out the efficiency gains from operation batching. To ensure this, we perform a number of optimizations in the implementation, which we detail in Appendix \[sec:fastcalculation\].
Forward-backward Graph Execution and Update
-------------------------------------------
Once we have determined an execution order (including batching decisions), we perform calculations of the values themselves. In standard computation graphs, forward computation is done in topological order to calculate the function itself, and backward calculation is done in reverse topological order to calculate gradients. In our automatically batched evaluation, the calculation is largely similar with two exceptions:
#### Single$\rightarrow$batch node conversion
First, it is necessary to convert single nodes into a batched node, which also requires modification of the underlying operations such as converting multiple matrix-vector operations $\mathbf{W}\mathbf{h}_i$ to a single matrix-matrix operation $\mathbf{W}\mathbf{H}$. This is done internally in the library, while the user-facing API maintains the original unbatched computation graph structure, making this process invisible to the user.
#### Ensuring contiguous memory
To ensure that operations can be executed as a batch, the inputs to the operations (e.g. the various vectors $\mathbf{h}^{(i)}_t$) must be arranged in contiguous memory (e.g. a matrix $\mathbf{H}_t$). In some cases, it is necessary to perform a memory copy to arrange these inputs into contiguous memory, but in other cases the inputs are already contiguous and in the correct order, and in these cases we can omit the memory copy and use the inputs as-is.
Experiments {#sec:experiments}
===========
In this section we describe our experiments, designed to answer three main questions: (1) in situations where manual batching is easy, how close can the proposed method approach the efficiency of a program that uses hand-crafted manual batching, and how do the depth-based and agenda-based approaches compare (§\[sec:experiments:synthetic\])? (2) in situations where manual batching is less easy, is the proposed method capable of obtaining significant improvements in efficiency (§\[sec:experiments:real\])? (3) how does the proposed method compare to TensorFlow Fold, an existing method for batching variably structured networks within a static declaration framework (§\[sec:experiments:tensorflow\])?
Synthetic Experiments {#sec:experiments:synthetic}
---------------------
Our first experiments stress-test our proposed algorithm in an ideal case for manual batching. Specifically, we train a model on a bi-directional LSTM sequence labeler [@huang2015bidirectional; @plank16tagging], on synthetic data where every sequence to be labeled is the same length (40). Because of this, manual batching is easy because we don’t have to do any padding or adjustment for sentences of different lengths. The network takes as input a size 200 embedding vector from a vocabulary of size 1000, has 2 layers of 256 hidden node LSTMs in either direction, then predicts a label from one of 300 classes. The batch size is 64.[^5]
![Computation time for forward/backward graph construction or computation, as well as parameter update for a BiLSTM tagger without or with manual batching, and without, with depth-based, or with agenda-based automatic batching.\[fig:synthetic\]](synthetic.pdf){width="\textwidth"}
Within this setting we test various batching settings: Without or with manual mini-batching where we explicitly batch the word vector lookup, LSTM update, and loss calculation for each time step. Without on-the-fly batching (<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">NoAuto</span>), with depth-based autobatching (<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByDepth</span>), or with agenda-based autobatching (<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByAgenda</span>). We measure the speed of each method by ms/sec and also break down the percentage of computation time spent in (1) forward graph creation/on-the-fly batching, (2) forward computation, (3) backward graph creation, (4) backward computation, (5) parameter update.
The results can be found in Figure \[fig:synthetic\]. First, comparing the first row with the second two, we can see that the proposed on-the-fly batching strategy drastically reduces computation time per sentence, with <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByAgenda</span> reducing per-sentence computation time from 193ms to 16.9ms on CPU and 54.6ms to 5.03ms on GPU, resulting in an approximately 11-fold increase in sentences processed per second (5.17$\rightarrow$59.3 on CPU and 18.3$\rightarrow$198 on GPU). <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByAgenda</span> is faster than <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByDepth</span> by about 15–30%, demonstrating that our more sophisticated agenda-based strategy is indeed more effective at batching together operations.
Next, compared to manual batching without automatic batching (the fourth row), we can see that fully automatic batching with no manual batching is competitive, but slightly slower. The speed decrease is attributed to the increased overhead for computation graph construction and batch scheduling. However, even in this extremely idealized scenario where manual batching will be most competitive, the difference is relatively small (1.27$\times$ on CPU and 1.76$\times$ on GPU) compared to the extreme difference between the case of using no batching at all. Given that automatic batching has other major advantages such as ease of implementation, it may be an attractive alternative even in situations where manual batching is relatively easy.
Finally, if we compare the fourth and fifth/sixth rows, we can see that on GPU, even with manual batching, automatic batching still provides gains in computational efficiency, processing sentences up to 1.1 times faster than without automatic batching. The reason for this can be attributed to the fact that our BiLSTM implementation performs manual batching across sentences, but not across time steps within the sentence. In contrast, the auto-batching procedure was able to batch the word embedding lookup and softmax operations across time-steps as well, reducing the number of GPU calls and increasing speed. This was not the case for CPU, as there is less to be gained from batching these less expensive operations.
Experiments on Difficult-to-batch Tasks {#sec:experiments:real}
---------------------------------------
Next, we extend our experiments to cases that are increasingly more difficult to manually batch. We use realistic dimension sizes for the corresponding tasks, and batches of size $b=64$. Exact dimensions and further details on training settings are in Appendix \[sec:trainingsettings\].
BiLSTM:
: This is similar to the ideal case in the previous section, but trained on actual variable length sequences.
BiLSTM w/char:
: This is the same as the BiLSTM tagger above, except that we use an additional BiLSTM over characters to calculate the embeddings over rare words. These sorts of character-based embeddings have been shown to allow the model to generalize better [@ling2015functioninform], but also makes batching operations more difficult, as we now have a variably-lengthed encoding step that may or may not occur for each of the words in the input.
Tree-structured LSTMs:
: This is the Tree-LSTM model of [@tai15treelstm]. Here, each instance is a tree rather than a sequence, and the network structure follows the tree structures. As discussed in the introduction, this architecture is notoriously hard to manually batch.
Transition-based Dependency Parsing:
: The most challenging case we evaluate is that of a transition-based system, such as a transition based parser with LSTM-based feature-extraction [@dyer2015stacklstm; @dyer2016rnng; @kiperwasser2016eftreelstm] and exploration-based training [@ballesteros16exploration; @goldberg13dynamic; @bengio15scheduled]. Here, a sequence is encoded using an LSTM (or a bi-LSTM), followed by a series of predictions. Each prediction based on a subset of the encoded vectors, and the vectors that participate in each prediction, as well as the loss, are determined by the outcomes of the previous predictions. Here, batching is harder yet as the nature of the computation interleaves sampling from the model and training, and requires calling <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Forward</span> at each step, leaving the automatic-batcher very little room to play with. However, with only a small change to the computation, we can run $b$ different parsers “in parallel”, and potentially share the computation across the different systems in a given time-step. Concretely, we use a modified version of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bist</span> parser [@kiperwasser2016bilstmparser].
-------------------- ------ ------ ---------- ------ --------- ----------
Task
BiLSTM 16.8 139 **156** 56.2 337 **367**
BiLSTM w/ char 15.7 93.8 **132** 43.2 183 **275**
TreeLSTM 50.2 348 **357** 76.5 **672** 661
Transition-Parsing 16.8 61.0 **61.2** 33.0 89.5 **90.1**
-------------------- ------ ------ ---------- ------ --------- ----------
: Sentences/second on various training tasks for increasingly challenging batching scenarios.[]{data-label="tab:real"}
From the results in Table \[tab:real\], we can see that in all cases automatic batching gives healthy improvements in computation time, 3.6x–9.2$\times$ on the CPU, and 2.7–8.6$\times$ on GPU. Furthermore, the agenda-based heuristic is generally more effective than the depth-based one.
[r]{}[0.5]{}
Comparison to TensorFlow Fold {#sec:experiments:tensorflow}
-----------------------------
We compare the TensorFlow Fold reference implementation of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank regression task [@socher:2013], using the same TreeLSTM architecture [@tai15treelstm].Figure \[fig:tffvsdy\] shows how many trees are processed per second by TF (excluding both evaluation of the dev set and static graph construction/optimization) on GPU and CPU relative to the performance of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ByAgenda</span> algorithm in DyNet (including graph construction time). The DyNet performance is better across the board stratified by hardware type. Furthermore, DyNet has greater throughput on CPU than TensorFlow Fold on GPU until batch sizes exceed 64. Additionally, we find that with single instance training, DyNet’s sequential evaluation processes 46.7 trees/second on CPU, whereas autobatching processes 93.6 trees/second. This demonstrates that in complex architectures like TreeLSTMs, there are opportunities to batch up operations inside a single training instance, which are exploited by our batching algorithm. In addition, it should be noted that the DyNet implementation has the advantage that it is much more straightforward, relying on simple Python data structures and flow control to represent and traverse the trees, while the Fold implementation requires implementing the traversal and composition logic in a domain specific functional programming language (described in Section 3 of Looks et al. [@looks2017dynamic]).
Related Work
============
Optimization of static algorithms is widely studied, and plays an important role in numerical libraries used in machine learning. Our work is rather different since the code/workload (as represented by the computation graph) is dynamically specified and must be executed rapidly, which precludes sophisticated statistic analysis. However, we review some of the important related work here.
Automatic graph optimization and selection of kernels for static computation graphs is used in a variety of toolkits, including TensorFlow [@abadi2016tensorflow] and Theano [@bergstra2010theano]. Dynamic creation of optimally sized minibatches (similar to our strategy, except the computation graph is assumed to be static) that make good use of hardware resources has also been proposed for optimizing convolutional architectures [@hadjis:2015]. The static nature of the computation makes this tools closer to optimizing compilers rather than efficient interpreters which are required to cope with the dynamic workloads encountered when dealing with dynamically structured computations.
Related to this is the general technique of automatic vectorization, which is a mainstay of optimizing compilers. Recent work has begun to explore vectorization in the context of interpreted code which may cannot be compiled [@rohou:2013]. Our autobatching variant of DyNet similarly provides vectorized primitives that can be selected dynamically.
Further afield, the problem of scheduling with batching decisions has been widely studied in operations research since at least the 1950s (for a recent survey, see [@potts:2000]). Although the OR work deals with similar problems (e.g., scheduling work on machines that can process a ‘family’ of related item with minimal marginal cost over a single item), the standard algorithms from this field (which are often based on polynomial-time dynamic programs or approximations to NP-hard search problems) are too computationally demanding to execute in the inner loop of a learning algorithm.
Conclusion {#sec:conclusion}
==========
Deep learning research relies on empirical exploration of architectures. The rapid pace of innovation we have seen in the last several years has been enabled largely by tools that have automated the error-prone aspects of engineering, such as writing code that computes gradients. However, our contention is that operation batching is increasingly becoming another aspect of model coding that is error prone and amenable to automation.
Our solution is a framework that lets programmers express computations naturally and relies on a smart yet lightweight interpreter to figure out how to execute the operations efficiently. Our hope is that this will facilitate the creation of new classes of models that better cope with the complexities of real-world data.
Details on Node Signatures {#sec:nodesignatures}
==========================
Each node has a “signature,” such that nodes with identical signatures can be batched together. With few exceptions, nodes can only be batched together if they perform the same operation, so the identity of the operation the node performs will be a necessary part of the signature. In addition, there may be additional constraints on what nodes can be batched together based on the nature of the operation to be performed. We demonstrate the signatures for a few illustrative classes of operations below:
Component-wise operations
: such as “tanh” or “log” will perform exactly the same work regardless of the shape of the tensors involved. For these simple operations, the signature is simply the identity of the operation (e.g. `tanh` or `log`) with no additional constraints. This is also true for component-wise operations that take multiple arguments such as sums or component-wise multiplications, as long as they do not involve broadcasting, which will be discussed in the following items.
Dimension-sensitive operations
: require additional restrictions. For example, matrix multiplies can generally only be performed on inputs where the dimensions match, so if we have several $\mathbf{W}_i\mathbf{h}_i$ operations we will only be able to batch them together if $\mathbf{W}_i$ and $\mathbf{h}_i$ are the same dimension across all elements $i$. In these cases, we explicitly specify the necessary dimensions in the signature (e.g. `mult-256\times256-256` if $\mathbf{W}_i$ was a 256$\times$256 matrix and $\mathbf{b}_i$ was a length-256 vector), preventing inputs with incompatible dimensions from being processed together.
Operations with shared elements
: such as a matrix–vector multiply $\mathbf{W}\mathbf{h}_i$ where same matrix is applied to all the vectors, are both common and the source of most potential gains from operation batching. The reason why these operations are important is because we can perform explicit optimizations such as concatenating all of the $\mathbf{h}_i$ vectors into a matrix $\mathbf{H}$ and performing a single matrix–matrix multiplication $\mathbf{W}\mathbf{H}$. To take advantage of this, if $\mathbf{W}$ is represented as node $n_{\mathbf{W}}$, we can define a signature `mult-n_{\mathbf{W}}-256`, where operations that share their left side but may have different right sides are grouped together. Matrix multiplication can have either a shared or un-shared signature.
Unbatchable operations
: are operations that either cannot be batched together trivially, or would not benefit significantly from batching.
One thing that should be noted is that for some nodes, like the matrix multiplies $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}$ in the example or affine transforms $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{y}$, which signature to use is not clear. If some of the elements are shared parameters, it would be preferable to use a signature that shares these parameters to take advantage of efficient implementations such as the one mentioned above. However, if all of the elements of the multiply or affine transform are unique, then it is better to use the simpler dimension-sensitive operations.
In our implementation, we use a simple heuristic: because multiplies and affine transforms in neural networks tend to have the parameters in the positions of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{y}$, and the elements in the $\mathbf{x}$ position tend to be input-dependent, we use signatures that share the elements in the $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{y}$ positions but do not share the elements in the $\mathbf{x}$ position.
Optimizations for Fast Graph Calculation {#sec:fastcalculation}
========================================
In order to ensure that the increased complexity of automatic batching does not introduce unacceptable overhead in our calculation, we took care to efficiently implement the different parts of the algorithm using sophisticated but fairly standard optimization techniques. These include:
- Minimizing the number of memory allocations and preferring stack allocation of fixed-size memory to heap allocation of variable-sized memory.
- Implementing specialized linked-list-style data structures in contiguous memory to avoid expensive-to-construct vectors of vectors.
- Computing node signatures as integer hash values instead of strings.
- Implementing optimized GPU kernels to perform sparse-to-dense and dense-to-sparse memory copies for use when copying operations results to/from contiguous memory for use in batched nodes.
Details of all of these optimizations can be found in the open source implementation in DyNet.[^6]
Experimental Settings {#sec:trainingsettings}
=====================
The first three experiments are based on implementations in the DyNet benchmark repository,[^7].
BiLSTM (`bilstm-tagger-bulk`):
: As our tagging data, we use data from the named entity recognition task Models were trained and tested on the WikiNER English Corpus [@nothman2012wikiner], and all words with frequency less than five were treated as unknowns. The network was single-layer with word embeddings and LSTMs in either direction containing 256 nodes each.
BiLSTM w/char (`bilstm-tagger-withchar-bulk`):
: The settings for the BiLSTM tagger with character embeddings are the same as above, but with the addition of character-based LSTMs for unknown words. The character embeddings are of size 64, and the character LSTMs are 128 in both directions.
Tree-structured LSTMs (`treenn-bulk`):
: Tree LSTMs are trained on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank regression task [@socher:2013]. These similarly use word embedding and node sizes of 256. The models are trained to predict the labels at the each node in the tree.
For our final experiment, we modified a version of the publicly available transition-based version (`barchybrid`) of the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">BistParser</span>[^8][@kiperwasser2016bilstmparser]. Our modified code is available in the DyNet benchmark repository.
Transition-based Dependency Parsing:
: The parser was modified to perform aggregate batching by running several parsers in-parallel and aggregating decisions in a given time-step across the different parsers. In contrast to the other benchmarks in this paper which are implemented in C++, this is a python-based implementation. We measure the training time of one iteration over the training set of the publicly available English Universal Dependencies Treebank,[^9] containing 12K sentences. We use the default settings of the parser (100 dim word embeddings, 25 dim POS embeddings, 25 dim relation embeddings, 200 dim LSTM layers, and a 100 dim hidden layer in the prediction MLP), as well as the flags `—userlmost —userl —bibi-lstm`.
[^1]: The proposed algorithm is implemented in DyNet (<http://github.com/clab/dynet>), and can be activated by using the “`--dynet-autobatch 1`” command line flag.
[^2]: Authors contributed equally.
[^3]: Computation graphs (often represented in a form called a Wengert list) are the data structures used to structure the evaluation of expressions and use reverse mode automatic differentiation to compute their derivatives [@mbb:2000]. Broadly, learning frameworks use two strategies to construct these: static and dynamic. In static toolkits (e.g., Theano [@bergstra2010theano], Tensorflow [@abadi2016tensorflow]) the computation graph is defined once and compiled, and then examples are fed into the same graph. In contrast, dynamic toolkits (e.g., DyNet [@dynet], Chainer [@tokui2015chainer], PyTorch \[<http://pytorch.org>\]) construct the computation graph for each training instance (or minibatch) as the forward computation is executed. While dynamic declaration means that each minibatch can have its own computational architecture, the user is still responsible for batching operations themselves.
[^4]: Even given this prioritization method it is still possible to have ties, in which case we break ties by calculating “cheap” operations (e.g. $\tanh$ and other elementwise ops) before “heavy” ones (e.g. matrix multiplies).
[^5]: Experiments were run on a single Tesla K80 GPU or Intel Xeon 2.30GHz E5-2686v4 CPU. To control for variance in execution time, we perform three runs and report the fastest. We do not report accuracy numbers, as the functions calculated and thus accuracies are the same regardless of batching strategy.
[^6]: <http://github.com/clab/dynet>
[^7]: <https://github.com/neulab/dynet-benchmark>
[^8]: <http://www.github.com/elikip/bist-parser/>
[^9]: <https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English>
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
Q:
Shell Script: Execute a python program from within a shell script
I've tried googling the answer but with no luck.
I need to use my works supercomputer server, but for my python script to run, it must be executed via a shell script.
For example I want job.sh to execute python_script.py
How can this be accomplished?
A:
Just make sure the python executable is in your PATH environment variable then add in your script
python path/to/the/python_script.py
Details:
In the file job.sh, put this
#!/bin/sh
python python_script.py
Execute this command to make the script runnable for you : chmod u+x job.sh
Run it : ./job.sh
A:
Method 1 - Create a shell script:
Suppose you have a python file hello.py
Create a file called job.sh that contains
#!/bin/bash
python hello.py
mark it executable using
$ chmod +x job.sh
then run it
$ ./job.sh
Method 2 (BETTER) - Make the python itself run from shell:
Modify your script hello.py and add this as the first line
#!/usr/bin/env python
mark it executable using
$ chmod +x hello.py
then run it
$ ./hello.py
A:
Imho, writing
python /path/to/script.py
Is quite wrong, especially in these days. Which python? python2.6? 2.7? 3.0? 3.1? Most of times you need to specify the python version in shebang tag of python file. I encourage to use #!/usr/bin/env python2 #or python2.6 or python3 or even python3.1 for compatibility.
In such case, is much better to have the script executable and invoke it directly:
#!/bin/bash
/path/to/script.py
This way the version of python you need is only written in one file. Most of system these days are having python2 and python3 in the meantime, and it happens that the symlink python points to python3, while most people expect it pointing to python2.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/*
* Copyright © 2014 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
* All Rights Reserved.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sub license, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
* OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
* NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS, AUTHORS
* AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
* ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
* USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the
* next paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
* of the Software.
*/
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @file addrlib.h
* @brief Contains the Addr::Lib base class definition.
****************************************************************************************************
*/
#ifndef __ADDR_LIB_H__
#define __ADDR_LIB_H__
#include "addrinterface.h"
#include "addrobject.h"
#include "addrelemlib.h"
#include "amdgpu_asic_addr.h"
#ifndef CIASICIDGFXENGINE_R600
#define CIASICIDGFXENGINE_R600 0x00000006
#endif
#ifndef CIASICIDGFXENGINE_R800
#define CIASICIDGFXENGINE_R800 0x00000008
#endif
#ifndef CIASICIDGFXENGINE_SOUTHERNISLAND
#define CIASICIDGFXENGINE_SOUTHERNISLAND 0x0000000A
#endif
#ifndef CIASICIDGFXENGINE_ARCTICISLAND
#define CIASICIDGFXENGINE_ARCTICISLAND 0x0000000D
#endif
namespace Addr
{
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Neutral enums that define pipeinterleave
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum PipeInterleave
{
ADDR_PIPEINTERLEAVE_256B = 256,
ADDR_PIPEINTERLEAVE_512B = 512,
ADDR_PIPEINTERLEAVE_1KB = 1024,
ADDR_PIPEINTERLEAVE_2KB = 2048,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Neutral enums that define DRAM row size
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum RowSize
{
ADDR_ROWSIZE_1KB = 1024,
ADDR_ROWSIZE_2KB = 2048,
ADDR_ROWSIZE_4KB = 4096,
ADDR_ROWSIZE_8KB = 8192,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Neutral enums that define bank interleave
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum BankInterleave
{
ADDR_BANKINTERLEAVE_1 = 1,
ADDR_BANKINTERLEAVE_2 = 2,
ADDR_BANKINTERLEAVE_4 = 4,
ADDR_BANKINTERLEAVE_8 = 8,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Neutral enums that define shader engine tile size
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum ShaderEngineTileSize
{
ADDR_SE_TILESIZE_16 = 16,
ADDR_SE_TILESIZE_32 = 32,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Neutral enums that define bank swap size
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum BankSwapSize
{
ADDR_BANKSWAP_128B = 128,
ADDR_BANKSWAP_256B = 256,
ADDR_BANKSWAP_512B = 512,
ADDR_BANKSWAP_1KB = 1024,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define max compressed fragments config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum NumMaxCompressedFragmentsConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1_MAX_COMPRESSED_FRAGMENTS = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2_MAX_COMPRESSED_FRAGMENTS = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4_MAX_COMPRESSED_FRAGMENTS = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_8_MAX_COMPRESSED_FRAGMENTS = 0x00000003,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define num pipes config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum NumPipesConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1_PIPE = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2_PIPE = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4_PIPE = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_8_PIPE = 0x00000003,
ADDR_CONFIG_16_PIPE = 0x00000004,
ADDR_CONFIG_32_PIPE = 0x00000005,
ADDR_CONFIG_64_PIPE = 0x00000006,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define num banks config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum NumBanksConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1_BANK = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2_BANK = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4_BANK = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_8_BANK = 0x00000003,
ADDR_CONFIG_16_BANK = 0x00000004,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define num rb per shader engine config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum NumRbPerShaderEngineConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1_RB_PER_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2_RB_PER_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4_RB_PER_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000002,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define num shader engines config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum NumShaderEnginesConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_8_SHADER_ENGINE = 0x00000003,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define pipe interleave size config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum PipeInterleaveSizeConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_PIPE_INTERLEAVE_256B = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_PIPE_INTERLEAVE_512B = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_PIPE_INTERLEAVE_1KB = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_PIPE_INTERLEAVE_2KB = 0x00000003,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define row size config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum RowSizeConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_1KB_ROW = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_2KB_ROW = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_4KB_ROW = 0x00000002,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define bank interleave size config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum BankInterleaveSizeConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_BANK_INTERLEAVE_1 = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_BANK_INTERLEAVE_2 = 0x00000001,
ADDR_CONFIG_BANK_INTERLEAVE_4 = 0x00000002,
ADDR_CONFIG_BANK_INTERLEAVE_8 = 0x00000003,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief Enums that define engine tile size config
****************************************************************************************************
*/
enum ShaderEngineTileSizeConfig
{
ADDR_CONFIG_SE_TILE_16 = 0x00000000,
ADDR_CONFIG_SE_TILE_32 = 0x00000001,
};
/**
****************************************************************************************************
* @brief This class contains asic independent address lib functionalities
****************************************************************************************************
*/
class Lib : public Object
{
public:
virtual ~Lib();
static ADDR_E_RETURNCODE Create(
const ADDR_CREATE_INPUT* pCreateInfo, ADDR_CREATE_OUTPUT* pCreateOut);
/// Pair of Create
VOID Destroy()
{
delete this;
}
static Lib* GetLib(ADDR_HANDLE hLib);
/// Returns AddrLib version (from compiled binary instead include file)
UINT_32 GetVersion()
{
return m_version;
}
/// Returns asic chip family name defined by AddrLib
ChipFamily GetChipFamily()
{
return m_chipFamily;
}
ADDR_E_RETURNCODE Flt32ToDepthPixel(
const ELEM_FLT32TODEPTHPIXEL_INPUT* pIn,
ELEM_FLT32TODEPTHPIXEL_OUTPUT* pOut) const;
ADDR_E_RETURNCODE Flt32ToColorPixel(
const ELEM_FLT32TOCOLORPIXEL_INPUT* pIn,
ELEM_FLT32TOCOLORPIXEL_OUTPUT* pOut) const;
BOOL_32 GetExportNorm(const ELEM_GETEXPORTNORM_INPUT* pIn) const;
ADDR_E_RETURNCODE GetMaxAlignments(ADDR_GET_MAX_ALINGMENTS_OUTPUT* pOut) const;
ADDR_E_RETURNCODE GetMaxMetaAlignments(ADDR_GET_MAX_ALINGMENTS_OUTPUT* pOut) const;
protected:
Lib(); // Constructor is protected
Lib(const Client* pClient);
/// Pure virtual function to get max base alignments
virtual UINT_32 HwlComputeMaxBaseAlignments() const = 0;
/// Gets maximum alignements for metadata
virtual UINT_32 HwlComputeMaxMetaBaseAlignments() const
{
ADDR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED();
return 0;
}
VOID ValidBaseAlignments(UINT_32 alignment) const
{
#if DEBUG
ADDR_ASSERT(alignment <= m_maxBaseAlign);
#endif
}
VOID ValidMetaBaseAlignments(UINT_32 metaAlignment) const
{
#if DEBUG
ADDR_ASSERT(metaAlignment <= m_maxMetaBaseAlign);
#endif
}
//
// Initialization
//
/// Pure Virtual function for Hwl computing internal global parameters from h/w registers
virtual BOOL_32 HwlInitGlobalParams(const ADDR_CREATE_INPUT* pCreateIn) = 0;
/// Pure Virtual function for Hwl converting chip family
virtual ChipFamily HwlConvertChipFamily(UINT_32 uChipFamily, UINT_32 uChipRevision) = 0;
/// Get equation table pointer and number of equations
virtual UINT_32 HwlGetEquationTableInfo(const ADDR_EQUATION** ppEquationTable) const
{
*ppEquationTable = NULL;
return 0;
}
//
// Misc helper
//
static UINT_32 Bits2Number(UINT_32 bitNum, ...);
static UINT_32 GetNumFragments(UINT_32 numSamples, UINT_32 numFrags)
{
return (numFrags != 0) ? numFrags : Max(1u, numSamples);
}
/// Returns pointer of ElemLib
ElemLib* GetElemLib() const
{
return m_pElemLib;
}
/// Returns fillSizeFields flag
UINT_32 GetFillSizeFieldsFlags() const
{
return m_configFlags.fillSizeFields;
}
private:
// Disallow the copy constructor
Lib(const Lib& a);
// Disallow the assignment operator
Lib& operator=(const Lib& a);
VOID SetChipFamily(UINT_32 uChipFamily, UINT_32 uChipRevision);
VOID SetMinPitchAlignPixels(UINT_32 minPitchAlignPixels);
VOID SetMaxAlignments();
protected:
LibClass m_class; ///< Store class type (HWL type)
ChipFamily m_chipFamily; ///< Chip family translated from the one in atiid.h
UINT_32 m_chipRevision; ///< Revision id from xxx_id.h
UINT_32 m_version; ///< Current version
//
// Global parameters
//
ConfigFlags m_configFlags; ///< Global configuration flags. Note this is setup by
/// AddrLib instead of Client except forceLinearAligned
UINT_32 m_pipes; ///< Number of pipes
UINT_32 m_banks; ///< Number of banks
/// For r800 this is MC_ARB_RAMCFG.NOOFBANK
/// Keep it here to do default parameter calculation
UINT_32 m_pipeInterleaveBytes;
///< Specifies the size of contiguous address space
/// within each tiling pipe when making linear
/// accesses. (Formerly Group Size)
UINT_32 m_rowSize; ///< DRAM row size, in bytes
UINT_32 m_minPitchAlignPixels; ///< Minimum pitch alignment in pixels
UINT_32 m_maxSamples; ///< Max numSamples
UINT_32 m_maxBaseAlign; ///< Max base alignment for data surface
UINT_32 m_maxMetaBaseAlign; ///< Max base alignment for metadata
private:
ElemLib* m_pElemLib; ///< Element Lib pointer
};
Lib* SiHwlInit (const Client* pClient);
Lib* CiHwlInit (const Client* pClient);
Lib* Gfx9HwlInit (const Client* pClient);
} // Addr
#endif
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
1964–65 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The 1964–65 Washington Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Washington for the NCAA college basketball season. Led by second-year head coach Mac Duckworth, the Huskies were members of the Athletic Association of Western Universities (Pacific-8) and played their home games on campus at Hec Edmundson Pavilion in Seattle, Washington.
The Huskies were overall in the regular season and in conference play, sixth in the
References
External links
Sports Reference – Washington Huskies: 1964–65 basketball season
Category:Washington Huskies men's basketball seasons
Washington Huskies
Washington
Washington | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Introduction {#S1}
============
Conotruncal cardiac defects (CTDs) include a variety of congenital heart defects, such as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), truncus arteriosus (TA), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), and transposition of the great arteries (TGA). These defects represent 5--10% of congenital heart disease and, generally, lead to severe cyanosis, necessitating repair in the newborn period or early in infancy. A common observation in CTD is thoracic aortic dilation (AD). It has been known for over half a century that AD is common in TOF ([@B1], [@B2]). Landmark work by Niwa demonstrated that the incidence of AD in adults with repaired tetralogy approaches 15% ([@B3]). Progressive dilation of the neo-aortic root is out of proportion to somatic growth in TGA after arterial switch surgery ([@B4]), and AD is found in the majority of patients with TA who survive initial repair ([@B5]).
Aortic dilation can become more clinically relevant if it leads to significant aortic valve regurgitation, aortic dissection, or worsened LV--aorta interaction ([@B6]). AD can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, with the chief worry being ascending aortic or aortic root dissection, which is often fatal without emergency surgery, and as a result, clinicians seek to evaluate patients to avoid this complication, generally by assessing aortic size on non-invasive imaging, and intervening with elective surgery in a more controlled setting. Specific guidelines exist for elective surgery to prevent dissection in Marfan syndrome and certain other connective tissue disease, but specific guidelines for elective surgery for AD in CTD have not been established ([@B7]). One interesting article over several years evaluated the outcomes of 81 adults with CTD and AD who had surgery over several decades and came to the conclusion that elective surgery in CTD should be delayed unless the maximum aortic dimension is at least 5.5 cm, unless there is documented rapid growth of the ascending aorta, or a worrisome family history of aortic dissection or aneurysm ([@B8]).
In the past, it was thought that the risk of aortic dissection in these patients was low, perhaps due to the low incidence of systemic hypertension, smoking, and other traditional vascular risk factors in this population ([@B9]). However, there have now been four case reports of dissection in TOF ([@B10]--[@B13]). All these cases except the most recent one dissected at diameters \>6 cm. Perhaps, aortic cannulation during the initial repair could be blamed for a dissection late after repair, but this seems unlikely given that the dissections occurred anywhere from 9 years to more than 30 years after the initial repair ([@B10]--[@B13]). It would stand to reason that, if direct injury to the aorta during initial cannulation was the culprit, there would be a significant number of dissections reported in childhood in the literature, when, in fact, the youngest patient identified in the literature was already 18 years of age, more than 17 years after initial compete TOF repair ([@B12]).
Regarding TGA, fortunately, no case reports of aortic dissection in TGA after arterial switch have been published, but perhaps none have occurred due to the relative young age of this population, given that most survivors of the arterial switch procedure are \<30 years old. To date, there has only been one case report of an aortic dissection in TGA after Mustard repair ([@B14]). In this case, the patient had been lost to cardiology follow-up for over two decades, had several pregnancies, and smoked cigarettes, and it was unknown what size the aorta was prior to dissection. Isolated cases of dissection in CTD have also been found in review of administrative databases ([@B15]). There has been only one case report of elective aortic root replacement in a TGA patient after Mustard procedure -- which was performed in a 30-year-old man, for an aortic aneurysm, measuring 4.5 cm ([@B16]). Still, the majority of patients with dissection in CTD have been older than 45 years of age. However, as the population of CTD survivors' ages, more patients might be at risk for aortic dissection or other complication.
It is important to note that aortic dissection is not the only concern or cause of morbidity due to AD in patients with CTD. The dilation itself can lead to significant aortic valve regurgitation, which can lead to an increased pulsatile load on the left ventricle (or systemic right ventricle), leading directly to decreased cardiac output, or indirectly *via* decreasing coronary arterial blood flow ([@B17], [@B18]). Aortic regurgitation may additionally worsen not just due to dilation but also due to stiffness of the aortic root ([@B19]). The need for aortic valve replacement is fortunately fairly uncommon in CTD, although the presence of aortic regurgitation is fairly common in TGA after arterial switch ([@B3], [@B20]). After arterial switch surgery, Losay and others noted that freedom from aortic regurgitation was 78% at 10 years and 69% at 15 years; however, freedom from aortic valve replacement was 98% at 10 years and 97% at 15 years ([@B21]). In a study by Marino and others, severe neo-aortic valve regurgitation was present in 3.7% and trivial to mild regurgitation in 81% of patients at mid-term follow-up ([@B22]).
Possible Mechanisms for Aortic Root Dilation in Conotruncal Defects {#S2}
===================================================================
There are a few hypotheses for why AD in CTD occurs, independent of standard risk factors, such as hypertension, aging, pregnancy, and smoking. The first is that AD occurs due to hemodynamic stress on the aorta from a chronic right-left-shunt. Evidence to support this hypothesis include data showing that AD is worse with worsened degrees of right ventricular outflow tract stenosis and is worse in patients with pulmonary atresia than in patients with pulmonary stenosis ([@B23]). A second hypothesis is that volume loading of the aorta, *via* a surgical systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, will increase flow through the aortic valve, thus leading to dilation of the proximal aorta *via* increased wall stress ([@B24]). A longer duration between shunting and complete repair has been found to correlate with AD in repaired TOF ([@B23], [@B25]). One study showed a 12% increase in mean aortic diameter after surgical aortopulmonary shunting ([@B25]). Other observations that have been associated with larger aortic dimensions in TOF have included a right rather than left aortic arch and male sex.
Newer data suggest that CTD may be associated with a primary problem with aortic histology, i.e., a true aortopathy. Evidence of aortopathy in TOF has been found early in life, on fetal echocardiography ([@B26]), and also on histologic studies. Even in infants, higher histologic grading scores in TOF patients have been seen, thus making it likely that there is an intrinsic abnormality of the aortic tissue leading to dilation, rather than long-term hemodynamic stress ([@B20]). Histologic abnormalities were reported in a cohort of 15 repaired TOF patients with ascending aortic aneurysms, and this was further supported in another study demonstrating elastin fragmentation in the ascending aorta in 74.5% of 98 consecutive patients undergoing complete TOF repair ([@B27], [@B28]).
There are many variables that affect the size of the aortic root and ascending aorta in general. Although there have been similarities of aortic root histology seen between Marfan syndrome and some CTDs, it is notable that the risk of dissection in Marfan is significantly higher, which begs the question why the Marfan phenotype is so much more dangerous. It is possible that the histologic abnormality in the aorta found in TOF may be less severe than the abnormality found in Marfan syndrome ([@B27]).
Most research regarding AD in CTD predominantly focused on TOF with fewer papers focused on TGA or truncus. DORV is rarely considered by itself in the literature, as it is a diagnosis encompassing a broad spectrum of pathophysiology, depending on where the ventricular septal defect is in an individual patient and also on the relationship of the great arteries to one another. It most commonly presents with TOF-like physiology, wherein the patient has a subaortic ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis. In most of the literature, DORV with this physiology is included as a TOF variant.
Conclusions have been difficult to draw, given differing definitions of what constitutes an aortic aneurysm. Most pediatric centers have used *Z*-scores, whereas most adult studies have looked at either absolute dimensions or dimensions indexed to either body surface area or height. A common definition for "aneurysm" is an observed to expected ratio of \>1.5 of the normal population at a specific aortic segment. A large study using cardiac MRI evaluated normal values in a control population and can be used as a helpful baseline ([@B29]). Very few studies have performed longitudinal measurements to demonstrate if the AD found in CTD is likely to progress over time. In one study of children with both TOF and TGA, independent predictors of a longitudinal increase in *Z*-scores of the ascending aorta included male sex and presence of aortic regurgitation ([@B30]). A study of adults with repaired tetralogy, utilizing MRI as the imaging technique, showed minimal growth in TOF over the course of 3 years, with a very small number of aortas increasing in size from below to above a threshold value of 5 cm ([@B31]).
As survival of CTD patients has improved, numerous patients with CTD have been able to have pregnancies of their own. Pregnancy is known to be an independent variable for the structural change of the aortic media, but it is unknown how likely these changes are to regress after delivery and whether the changes that occur with gestation are additive to the normal aging process in this population ([@B27]).
Genetic and Molecular Findings {#S3}
==============================
The investigation of AD in CTD from a molecular and genetic standpoint, compared to the robust database found in Marfan syndrome, is still in its infancy. There have been very few articles investigating the genetic or histologic associations of AD and CTD, to date. Marfan syndrome, with a prevalence of 1:5000, is in most cases due to a mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (*FBN1*) ([@B32]). Fibrillin-1, together with other proteins of the extracellular matrix, forms thread-like microfibrils, which create structural support and elasticity to tissues. Mutations in *FBN1* lead to breakdown of microfibril architecture, which can lead to aortic aneurysms and other complications. There are numerous mutations in the *FBN1* mutation database, with nearly 3000 reported mutations to date, varying from point mutations to large rearrangements.
Research demonstrating that the histology of the aorta in patients with congenital heart disease is similar to that of Marfan patients ([@B27]) has led to small studies investigating the role of fibrillin in CTD. Given the much lower incidence of dissection in TOF, it is possible that the histologic abnormality in the aorta found in TOF may be less severe than the abnormality found in Marfan syndrome ([@B27]). In a study of 74 consecutive patients undergoing intracardiac repair or TOF, full-thickness aortic wall biopsies were performed, and there was a 50.9% prevalence of *FBN1* gene polymorphisms or mutations in those with a dilated aorta ([@B28]). Additionally, the risk of AD was found to be eight times higher in patients with these variants. Abnormal histology, defined as a lamellar count \<60, was associated with a risk of AD 15.97 times higher than in normal controls.
The DiGeorge or velocardial facial syndrome, due to a 22q12 deletion, is commonly associated with CTD, and 22q11.2 mutation has been found to be associated with larger aortic root size in TOF ([@B33]). Patients with 22q11.2 mutation are more likely to have right aortic arch and pulmonary atresia than non-syndromic patients, so it is unclear, in TOF, if the larger aortic size is due directly to the genetic mutation or rather due to a change in hemodynamics. However, one paper noted that the 22q11.2 deletion itself, even in the absence of CTD, appears to be associated with AD, where AD was noted to have an incidence of 10.8% ([@B34]).
Linkage analysis has been used to find novel gene mutations that appear to correlate with TOF and other CTD, but, to date, no studies have been performed to evaluate for novel mutations that explicitly explain AD in CTD.
It is possible that some of the patients in the literature who had CTD and aortic dissection may have had undiagnosed Marfan syndrome or other known connective tissue disease, as the lack of diagnosis may have been retrospectively made on phenotypic, rather than genotypic, grounds. There are numerous variables, including the underlying tissue strength, and varying changes in physiology that frustrate the ability to tease out.
Future Directions {#S4}
=================
Further research into AD in CTD will be much more likely to proceed if more patients are found to suffer aortic complications. Next generation sequencing, such as whole exome sequencing, may be very helpful at identifying novel gene mutations that could be responsible for AD in CTD. Genome-wide linkage analysis and exome sequencing together, recently, led to the discovery of a novel *TGFB3* mutation as a cause of syndromic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection in series of 470 index cases with thoracic aortic aneurysms who had been screened for all known gene mutations associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms ([@B35]). Current standard genetic panels to test for aortopathy genes only include 20--25 gene mutations, but these panels will expand greatly as new candidate gene mutations are discovered. *In silico* analysis and more advanced informatics technology will greatly facilitate the ability to translate these findings to clinical practice.
Summary {#S5}
=======
The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) provide guidelines on the management of thoracic aortic diseases ([@B7]), but the most recent guidelines do not provide a clear management decision for how to manage AD in CTD patients. It is exceedingly rare for an aortic dissection to occur in childhood, other than in infancy, due to very severe genetic problems or iatrogenic causes; thus, aortic dissection is largely considered an adult-onset problem. The reader is directed to the current adult congenital heart disease clinical management guidelines ([@B36]), which are due for an update in the near future.
The decision of when to intervene for AD in CTD must be weighed on a number of factors, including the number of prior cardiac interventions (and thus, likelihood of morbidity of an elective procedure), the rate of growth of the aorta over time, other lesions that require operative management, and perhaps most importantly, a genetic risk profile. For patients with a strong family history of thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, or a known genetic mutation likely to lead to aortic dissection, perhaps, a lower threshold for intervention should be used.
Over time, we may discover advantages to elective aortic root replacement to improve LV--aorta coupling, even in patients not thought to be at acute risk of aortic dissection, as surgical techniques improve. Perhaps, newer discoveries will lead to new therapies that prevent, or even reverse, aortopathies.
Ultimately, only time will tell what the true risk for aortic complications in CTD is, and if the incidence grows over time as this population ages, more research will help determine who is at most risk. It is difficult to determine a risk profile when so few patients have had aortic complications. Ideally, in this era of personalized medicine and high throughput genetic sequencing, every patient will have a unique genetic signature that can be used to tailor his or her unique risk.
Author Contributions {#S6}
====================
WK wrote this entire article himself, including reviewing appropriate background literature.
Conflict of Interest Statement {#S7}
==============================
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Funding {#S8}
=======
This publication was made possible by the Indiana University Health -- Indiana University School of Medicine Strategic Research Initiative.
Abbreviations {#S9}
=============
AD, aortic dilation; CTD, conotruncal defects; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; FBN1, fibrillin-1 gene; TGA, transposition of the great arteries; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot.
[^1]: Edited by: Guia Guffanti, Harvard University, USA
[^2]: Reviewed by: Jennifer L. Strande, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Lisandra E. De Castro Bras, East Carolina University, USA
[^3]: Specialty section: This article was submitted to Cardiovascular Genetics and Systems Medicine, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
More
Police: Woman Who Stole Ambulance Was Tired Of Waiting For Her Ride
MT. VERNON, Ky. (CBS Local) – Police in Kentucky say a woman who got tired of waiting for her relatives to pick her up from the hospital stole an ambulance and then tried to go on a carjacking crime spree.
Pamela Cash was at Rockcastle County hospital on Aug. 6 and was reportedly waiting for a ride from her sister when her patience apparently ran out. “She said she got tired of waiting on her sister at the hospital and took the ambulance,” police chief Brian Carter said, via WKYT.
The 51-year-old allegedly drove for about three miles in the commandeered emergency vehicle before witnesses claim Cash got out and started rummaging through other cars parked outside the Christian Appalachian Project. Cash was allegedly looking for someone’s keys so she could steal a car and ditch her ambulance, police say.
“Noticed a woman looking in some of our personal vehicles parked here at our office,” Jenny King, who works at the non-profit said, via WYMT. King added that workers thought Cash was a patient in the ambulance before realizing no one else was with her in the stolen $100,000 vehicle.
She was taken into custody and charged with criminal mischief and theft. The theft charge was later upgraded when the value of the ambulance was taken into account. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
SUN Charity USA
SUN Charity USA is a dynamic and effective social organization. Its social and welfare activities through its overseas affiliate, the Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation (KKF), are internationally accredited.
SUN in collaboration with KKF played a key role in providing relief for the tsunami and earthquake victims in the South Asian region.
SUN is introducing reforms in the educational system in rural Pakistan by revamping the current curriculum of contemporary and modern education.
Board of directors
Syed Tariq Mir (London, UK)
Dr. Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui (New York)
Ibad U. Rehman (Washington, DC)
Achievements
Hurricane Katrina massive rehabilitation and relief campaign in USA.
Wide-ranging tsunami relief activities for Far East and South East Asia
Earthquake relief for northern areas, Kashmir and NWFP in Pakistan.
Earthquake victims rehabilitation efforts.
Joint humanitarian efforts with UNHCR
Educational projects in Pakistan
Establishment of SUN Academy School Systems.
Provision of modern equipment to medical facilities
External links
http://www.sunusa.org/ Official website
Category:Charities based in Virginia
Category:Foreign charities operating in Pakistan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
As you can tell from this website, most of our board game playing is with our family. We love it when we can take some time to sit down and play games together. But doing so doesn’t come without its challenges. And one of the biggest challenges in a family game setting is the variety of ages you’re faced with.
One of the first issues to deal with is selecting games that work well for your family size and the age ranges of the members of your family. The good news is that there are a lot of games that can fit the bill – you can see a number of them on our Family Favorites page.
The next challenge when you’re playing games with your family will be teaching the games to your children. We think this is one of the main reasons families don’t try a lot of new games and instead stick with just playing the same old games over and over.
So what are some good ways to teach new games to your kids?
Over the last few years, we’ve added a lot of new games to our game library. And we’ve had a great time doing so because we’ve been able to play so many fantastic games that we now love. But every time we get a new game, we’re faced with the same challenge – learning and teaching a new game to the kids.
Get familiar with the game: The first thing we need to mention is that to teach a game to your kids, it’s best if you’re familiar with the game first. We don’t know many kids who like to listen to people read a rulebook to them. Take time in advance to figure the game out for yourself. Take baby steps: Even though your first impressions will be to set up the whole game first, a lot of times this may overwhelm kids. We’ve found that the best approach is to introduce elements of the game little by little so each can be digested better. Establish goals: Start with the objective of the game and tie it to the theme: A lot of what gets kids interested in a game is the theme. So always start with what they’re trying to accomplish. Using an example from the board game Abandon Ship: “You want to save your rats from sinking with the ship. The more rats you get to the top of the ship, the more points you’ll get.” Show the way: Describe how you go about accomplishing your objectives. Most of the time this will include how you move or the options you have to gain things. “You roll the dice and pick one of the colored dice to use. Then move that colored rat in the way the dice shows.” Highlight speed bumps: Explain what problems may get in their way. Most games include elements that will hinder your ability to reach your goal. Show what to watch out for. “After each round, the ship is going to sink, so watch out for your rats near the bottom levels.” Helping hand: When learning a new game, everyone should expect plenty of discussion. Talk through what’s happening as people take their turns. Ask questions as you go through the first few rounds to make sure everyone understands what’s happening. Don’t play for keeps: To us, family game time is about fun and not winning. We can enjoy the challenges that games present and strive to do our best every time. But don’t get bent out of shape with the outcome of the game – especially the first time you play a game. Even if you have a competitive family, the first time playing a new game shouldn’t be about winning.
And if none of that works – just pull up one of our videos and hopefully it will help you learn enough of the game to get you started.
We hope these tips help you introduce more fun board games and card games to your family. The larger variety of games they get exposed to, the more you’ll find them asking to play a game with you. And we think that’s a very fine way to strengthen your relationships.
And if you’d like to get some additional ideas about how to teach games to your young children (5 and under), take a look at the article on Growing Up Gamers about Teaching Games to Kids. It’s a great article and offers some great ideas of how to start at the very basics.
What strategies work well for teaching your family how to play a new game? | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Thirteen bald eagles were found dead at a Maryland-area farm over the weekend and federal authorities are currently investigating, and offering a reward for any information.
The Maryland Natural Resources Police (NRP) were first called to the scene on Saturday afternoon after a man discovered four dead bald eagles on a farm in Maryland’s Eastern Shore region, according to NRP spokeswoman Candy Thomson.
“Our officers searched the area around the farm and in total we found 13 bald eagles, three were mature, two were in the process of maturing and the rest were immature.” Thomson said.
Bald eagles are considered fully…
Read the rest of the story from our partners at NBC News
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Contact us at [email protected]. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
---
abstract: 'The recently studied material FeCrAs exhibits a surprising combination of experimental signatures, with metallic, Fermi liquid like specific heat but resistivity showing strong non-metallic character. The $\rm Cr$ sublattice posseses local magnetic moments, in the form of stacked (distorted) Kagome lattices. Despite the high degree of magnetic frustration, anti-ferromagnetic order develops below $T_N \sim 125K$ suggesting the non-magnetic $\rm Fe$ sublattice may play a role in stabilizing the ordering. From the material properties we propose a microscopic Hamiltonian for the low energy degrees of freedom, including the non-magnetic $\rm Fe$ sublattice, and study its properties using slave-rotor mean field theory. Using this approach we find a spin liquid phase on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice, which survives even in the presence of the magnetic $\rm Cr$ sublattice. Finally, we suggest that the features of FeCrAs can be qualitatively explained by critical fluctuations in the non-magnetic sublattice Fe due to proximity to a metal-insulator transition.'
author:
- 'Jeffrey G. Rau'
- 'Hae-Young Kee'
bibliography:
- 'fecras-paper.bib'
title: 'Hidden spin liquid in an antiferromagnet: Applications to ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$'
---
Introduction
============
The ubiquity of Landau’s Fermi liquid is a testament to universality in the solid state. As such, departures from these classic experimental signatures in metallic systems act as a guide to novel and interesting physics. Non-Fermi liquid behaviour appears in many strongly correlated materials such as unconventional superconductors[@cuprate1; @feas1; @organics1], heavy fermion materials[@stewart1; @stewart2] and near quantum phase transitions[@qcp1; @qcp2]. Some routes to realize this behaviour include coupling itinerant electronic systems to localized magnetic moments and through intermediate to strong electron-electron interactions. These mechanisms can give rise to characteristics and experimental signatures that do not fit neatly in the Fermi liquid paradigm.
A recently re-examined compound, ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$[@fruchart1; @fruchart2; @julian], provides a direct example of a material that does not fit completely within Fermi liquid theory and combines aspects of the mechanisms discussed above. The unit cell of ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$ shown in Fig. \[unit-cell\] shows $\rm Cr$ and $\rm Fe$ form alternating two dimensional lattices along what we will denote the $c$ axis. $\rm Cr$ forms layers with the structure of a distorted Kagome lattice where the $\rm Cr-Cr$ distances are approximately constant. The $\rm Fe$ layers have a more complicated structure, forming a triangular lattice of three atom units which we will call trimers as shown in Fig. \[trimer-lattice\]. The $\rm As$ is interspersed throughout both the $\rm Fe$ and $\rm Cr$ layers, as well as in between. Most of the known experimental data is nicely presented in Wu et al[@julian], which we summarize below.
The specific heat exhibits Fermi liquid behaviour at low temperatures, i.e. $C \sim \gamma T$ where the slope $\gamma$ is sample dependent[@julian-synth]. The measured linear range is roughly $T \sim 3 K - 10 K$. Resistivity measurements show insulating behaviour at low and high temperatures. In plane ($ab$) and out of plane ($c$) resistivities are of the same order over the entire temperature range considered. The resistivity monotonically decreases (that is $d\rho/dT<0$) as $T$ is raised from $5K$ up to $\sim 800K$ except for a small peak in the $c$ axis resistivity around $T \sim 125 K$. A low temperature power law $\rho \sim \rho_0 - A T^{\alpha}$ is observed for $T \sim 80mK - 5 K$ in both $ab$ planes and $c$ axis resistivity with $\alpha \sim 0.6-0.7$
There is a peak in the susceptibility at $T_N \sim 125 K$ indicating a magnetic transition with a lack of hysteresis pointing to antiferromagnetic ordering. Below $T_N$ the susceptibility is anisotropic, differing between the $ab$ plane and the $c$ axis. Elastic neutron scattering[@julian-neutron] done deep in the magnetic phase, at $T = 2.8 K$, is consistent with the anti-ferromagnetic order inferred from the susceptibility, signaling an ordering vector at $\vec{Q} = (\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},0)$, indicating ferromagnetic (stacked) order along the c-axis, but with a tripled unit cell in the $ab$ plane.
While measurements of the specific heat give a result consistent with a metallic Fermi liquid, transport is unusual and deviates strongly from the classic Fermi liquid result for metals, while being distinct from the expected result for strong insulators. Furthermore, this material has a frustrated magnetic sublattice that nonetheless orders at low temperatures, while the remaining sublattices show either small or no magnetic moment[@julian; @julian-neutron]. The magnetic sublattice takes the form of a distorted Kagome lattice, where even classical Heisenberg models fail to order magnetically for both the stacked[@stacked-kagome-1; @stacked-kagome-2] and purely two dimensional cases[@kagome-1; @kagome-2; @kagome-3; @kagome-4; @kagome-5]. Very few experiments have been carried out on ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$, so theoretical models are not completely restricted. Regardless, there are a number of questions that need to be addressed, such as the nature of the stabilization of magnetic order, the cause of the very different thermodynamic and transport signals and the role of the non-magnetic sublattice.
The nature of the magnetic order has been recently addressed by Redpath et al[@hopkinson], where a minimal model was proposed which suffices to explain the experimentally observed stabilization of a particular magnetic ordering vector. However, transport and thermodynamic behavior remains to be explained along with the role of the non-magnetic, ${\rm Fe}$ sublattice. In this paper, we elaborate a microscopic route to an effective model for the compound ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$, taking into account the ${\rm Fe}$ sublattice, and present a scenario to address the incongruities between the conflicting metallic, Fermi liquid specific heat and insulating like transport signals. This model consists of interacting electrons of the non-magnetic sublattice coupled to magnetic moments of the magnetic, ${\rm Cr}$ sublattice. Here we do not address the detailed nature of the moments themselves, treating them classically[@hopkinson], with the non-Fermi liquid physics arising from strong charge fluctuations occuring at intermediate Hubbard coupling in the ${\rm Fe}$ sublattice. In this picture we are excluding any Kondo physics, a view supported by the experimental results. Our emphasis is on the interplay between strong charge fluctuations near the metal-insulator transition on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice and the magnetic order of the $\rm Cr$ sublattice. For this we turn to the slave-rotor method which allows access to the intermediate coupling regime and metal-insulator transition.
The structure of the paper is as follows: in Section \[effham\] we present an argument to pass from the atomic limit through to an effective model of the electronic degrees of freedom in ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. In Section \[model\] we discuss the localized moments and magnetic interactions and we present the effective Hamiltonian relevant for ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. We proceed to review the slave-rotor method in Section \[slave-rotors\] and the assumptions and implementation of our mean field theory in Section \[mean-field-theory\]. In Section \[discussion\] we comment on the application of our results to ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$ and summarize conclusions in Section \[conclusions\].
Effective Hamiltonian {#effham}
=====================
Local environments and spin states
----------------------------------
Considering the common oxidation states of $\rm Fe$ we will take (in the atomic limit) $\rm Fe^{3+}$ as a starting point. This leaves the valence configuration being ${\rm 3d}^5$ for ${\rm Fe}^{3+}$. Following the experimental data, we assume that the Fe atoms are in a low spin state, due to the lack of a detectable magnetic moment[@julian-neutron]. The tetrahedral arrangement of the As atoms about each Fe atom, shown in Fig. \[local-geometry\] (a), implies a crystal field producing a splitting of the Fe $d$ levels, shown in Fig. \[fe-cf\] (a), with a pair of low-lying $e$ levels and a three-fold degenerate set of $t_{2}$ levels, separated by the crystal field gap. Assuming the low spin case is relevant the two $e$ states are filled and there is a single electron in the $t_{2}$ triplet shown in Fig. \[fe-cf\] (b).
The case of $\rm Cr$ is more complicated, as the experiments do not single out a more probable spin state. For $\rm Cr$ we will take a ionic charge of ${\rm Cr}^{2+}$, giving a valence configuration of $3d^4$. A distorted octahedral environment, shown in Fig. \[local-geometry\] (b) reduces the symmetry about this site to $D_4$, with crystal field splittings shown in Fig. \[cr-cf\] (a). The low spin state(shown in Fig. \[cr-cf\] (b)) can still yield a $S=1$ spin moment, while the high spin state has an $S=2$ moment. In the low spin case hopping onto the Cr$^{2+}$ will be suppressed by the orbital repulsion, while for the high spin case the crystal field energy will give a further supression.
We would like to emphasize that the arguments and models presented here are under-constrained by both experimental results and first principles electronic structure calculations[@abinitio]. Due to this limitation the precise details could fail quantitatively, but the subsequent effective Hamiltonian appears to be robust to a variety of ionic configuration changes in the underlying model. For example, the specific oxidation state we use for the $\rm Cr$ will be irrelevant to our final discussion, as only the localized character is needed to capture the gross magnetic features[@hopkinson]. With this in mind below we present a possible route from the microscopic Hamiltonian to the effective model.
Iron-Chromium interactions
--------------------------
Since the Fe-Cr distance is considerably smaller than the direct Fe-Fe distances outside the trimers and the indirect Fe-As-Cr distance, we will consider interactions induced by Fe-Cr-Fe hopping paths. First we define a simple model for an isolated Cr atom, assuming a low spin state as shown in Fig. \[cr-cf\] (b). The local Hamiltonian for the $\rm Cr$ $e$ doublet assumes the natural form $$H_{{\rm Cr}} = \Delta \sum_{j\alpha} n_{j\alpha} + U \sum_{j\alpha} n_{j\alpha \uparrow} n_{j\alpha \downarrow} - J\sum_j\left(\sum_{\alpha} \vec{S}_{j\alpha}\right)^2,$$ where $n_{j\alpha \sigma} = {{e}^{\dagger}}_{j\alpha \sigma} e_{j\alpha \sigma}$ is the number operator for the state in the doublet $\alpha$. We have denoted the atomic potential as $\Delta$, the intra-orbital repulsion as $U$ and the Hund’s coupling as $J$. Allowing for hopping between $\rm Fe$ and $\rm Cr$, we include the term $$H_{{\rm Cr}-{\rm Fe}} = -\sum_{ij \sigma \alpha}
t^{\alpha}_{ij} {{d}^{\dagger}}_{i \sigma} e_{j\alpha \sigma} + {\rm h.c},$$ where $i$ runs over the orbitals on sites connected to the Cr atom at site $j$ and $d$ is the annihilation operator on the Fe site $i$. Integrating out all of the high energy degrees of freedom on the Cr atom, the ground state for sufficiently large $J$ is given by the doubly occupied, $S=1$ triplet states which we denote by ${\left|t_{ja} \right>}$ with $a=0,\pm$. Noting that $H_{\rm Cr-Fe}$ does not connect triplet to triplet states, as it changes the electron number on the Cr atom we can formulate the effective Hamiltonian following $$\begin{aligned}
H_{\rm eff} &=& P_t H_{\rm Cr-Fe} \left(E_0 - H_{\rm Cr}\right)^{-1} {{H}^{\dagger}}_{\rm Cr-Fe} P_t,\end{aligned}$$ where $E_0$ is the triplet energy and $P_t =\sum_{ja} {\left|t_{ja} \right>}{\left< t_{ja}\right|}$ projects onto the triplet subspace. Carrying out the expansion of the effective Hamiltonian, denoting the spin operators on the $\rm Fe$ and $\rm Cr$ atoms as $\vec{S}_i$ and $\frac{1}{2}\vec{\sigma}_i$ respectively, our full effective Hamiltonian is given by $$H_{\rm eff} = -\sum_{ijl} \frac{1}{W}\left(\sum_\alpha t^{\alpha}_{ij} {{(t^{\alpha}_{lj})}^{*}}\right)
{{d}^{\dagger}}_{i}\left(1-\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{S_j}\right) d_{l},$$ where $$\frac{1}{W} =
\frac{ U+\frac{5 J}{2}}{\Delta^2 + \left(\frac{5 J}{4}\right)^2 + U(\frac{5J}{4}-\Delta)} > 0.$$ For $i=l$ this represents an anti-ferromagnetic exchange between the $\rm Fe$ and $\rm Cr$ atoms, while $i \neq l$ presents a spin-dependent hopping term, non-zero for both intra-trimer and inter-trimer hopping paths. Based on overlap of the orbital wavefunctions, we assume that the hopping $\sum_\alpha |t^\alpha_{ij}|^2$ is dominant for $i=l$ and independent of the orbitals, leading to the effective exchange Hamiltonian $$H^{\rm exch}_{\rm eff} = \sum_{ij} \frac{1}{W}\left(\sum_\alpha |t^\alpha_{ij}|^2\right)
{{d}^{\dagger}}_i \left( \sigma \cdot \vec{S}_j \right) d_i,$$ up to a shift of the chemical potential. For future use, we will denote the effective exchange as $$J_K = \frac{1}{W} \sum_\alpha |t^\alpha_{ij}|^2 > 0.$$
Trimer Approximation for $\rm Fe$
---------------------------------
From the inter-atomic distances we expect that the Fe-Fe atoms in the trimer structure are tightly coupled. We can take advantage of this by grouping the degrees of freedom in the trimer into a single unit and formulating the rest of our theory in terms of these variables. This process is similar to the treatment of the pairs of molecules as the effective degrees of freedom, frequently employed in studies of organic superconductors[@organics1]. This assumes the energy scales for interactions and inter-trimer hopping matrix elements are small relative to the intra-trimer hoppings. In addition, we need that the tetrahedral crystal field splitting be much larger than our intra-orbital interactions (this is the low spin assumption) and both the intra- and inter-trimer hopping elements.
With this in mind, let us find the low energy degrees of freedom of a trimer, keeping only the three site cluster. Considering the $C_3$ symmetry, there are four possiblities for the degeneracies of the two lowest levels, leading to either a half or quarter filled band as the relevant states (assuming all gaps are large compared to the relevant energy scales). Motivated by the Slater-Koster argument in Appendix A, we start with a model for the $xy$, $xz$ and $yz$ orbitals of the trimer: $$\begin{aligned}
H_{\rm trimer} &=& -\sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}} {{d}^{\dagger}}_i
\left(
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$0$ & $t_{xz,yz}$ & 0 \\
$t_{xz,yz}$ & $0$ & 0 \\
$0$ & $0$ & $t_{xy,xy}$
\end{tabular}
\right) d_j,\end{aligned}$$ where ${{d}^{\dagger}}_i = \left( {{d}^{\dagger}}_{i,xz}\ {{d}^{\dagger}}_{i,yz}\ {{d}^{\dagger}}_{i,xy}\right)$ and $i,j=1,2,3$ are the sites in the trimer. The $xy$ part is just a simple three site chain with a ground state at $-2t_{xy,xy}$ and pair of excited levels at $t_{xy,xy}$. For the $xz$ and $yz$ orbitals we can diagonalize $H_{\rm trimer}$ by changing the basis: $$\begin{aligned}
d_{i,+} &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( d_{xz} + d_{yz}\right), \\
d_{i,-} &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( d_{xz} - d_{yz}\right).\end{aligned}$$ This gives a pair of decoupled three site chains with hoppings $\pm t_{xz,yz}$ and thus energy levels of $\pm 2 t_{xz-yz}$ and $\pm t_{xz,yz}$. When $\frac{1}{2}t_{xy,xy} < t_{xz,yz} < 2 t_{xy,xy}$ a single half-filled level in the trimer, symmetric under permutations of the three sites is realized. Ignoring all of the other matrix elements in the complete hopping matrix, we find (see Appendix A)
$$\begin{aligned}
t_{xz,yz} & \sim &\frac{1}{32}\left(7t_{\delta} - 16t_{\pi} + 9 t_{\sigma}\right), \\
t_{xy,xy} & \sim &\frac{1}{64}\left(49 t_{\delta} - 12 t_{\pi} + 3 t_{\sigma}\right).\end{aligned}$$
A more complete model would include mixing between all three orbitals but the qualitative picture should remain the same. The naive choice of $t_{\delta}>t_{\pi}>t_{\sigma}$ seems to select the case of $t_{xy,xy}>t_{xz,yz}$ and thus the single occupied band has $d_{+}$ character (shown in Fig. \[trimer-spectrum-half\]). Note the gap between the occupied level and the half-filled level is given by $$\Delta_{\rm trimer} = 2|t_{xy,xy}-t_{xz,yz}|=\frac{5}{64}\left|7t_{\delta}+4t_{\pi} - 3 t_{\sigma}\right|,$$ and must be a fairly large to ensure that the trimer approximation is valid. We emphasize that regardless of the exact details of the these hoppings the qualitative picture will remain, as long as this half-filling is found such as for ${\rm Fe^{3+}}$. Other oxidation states will give a different relevant molecular orbital, possibly with extra orbital degeneracy, and could change the picture presented here.
Effective Hamiltonian and magnetic interactions {#model}
-----------------------------------------------
The gross magnetic structure of ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$ is captured by a classical model of localized moments interacting with the $\rm Fe$ sublattice via a simple exchange[@hopkinson]. The utility of the classical model for the moments is also supported by the fact that Kondo-like signatures are absent in the experimental data. Futhermore, due to the uniform character of the relevant trimer states and the assumption of equal exchanges between $\rm Cr$ and different $\rm Fe$ orbitals, the effective exchange between the $\rm Cr$ and the trimers will be equal and between all of the $\rm Cr$ in the surrounding hexagons in the layers above and below. We thus take our Hamiltonian to have the form
$$\begin{aligned}
H =
-t \sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}\in {ab}}\sum_\sigma {{c}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma} c_{j\sigma}
-t' \sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}\in c}\sum_{ \sigma} {{c}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma} c_{j\sigma}+ U \sum_{i} n_{i\uparrow}n_{i\downarrow}
+\frac{J_K}{2}\sum_{i,a \in \hexagon_i} \left({{c}^{\dagger}}_i \vec{\sigma} c_i\right) \cdot \vec{S}_a
+ J_H \sum_{{\langle ab \rangle}} \vec{S}_a \cdot \vec{S}_b \label{full-model},\end{aligned}$$
where the low energy degrees of freedom on the trimers are denoted using the operators ${{c}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}$, $c_{i\sigma}$ and the classical $\rm Cr$ spins are denoted as $\vec{S}_a$. The trimer sublattice is afforded hoppings $t$ and $t'$ which originate from direct overlaps between trimers (or indirectly via $\rm Cr$ or $\rm As$) in the $ab$ planes and along the $c$ axis respectively. Here we denote sites on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice as $i$ and $j$, while sites on the $\rm Cr$ sublattice are denoted as $a$ and $b$. The notation $a\in \hexagon_i$ indicates that the sum on the $\rm Cr$ sublattice is over sites in the hexagon that surround the trimer at $i$ on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice. Furthermore ${\langle ij \rangle} \in ab,c$ denotes bonds in the $ab$ or $c$ planes respectively. The interactions are given as follows: $U$ is the intra-trimer repulsion, inherited from the $\rm Fe$ atoms, $J_K$ is the $\rm Fe-Cr$ exchange and $J_H$ is the $\rm Cr-Cr$ exchange. In this Hamiltonian the $\rm Cr$ spins appear as an effective magnetic field for the trimers, which we will denote as $\vec{h}_i = \sum_{a \in \hexagon_i} \vec{S}_a$.
In the large $U$ limit, where $U \gg t$ and $t^2/U,(t')^2/U \ll J_K,J_H$, this model should reproduce the model studied in Ref \[\], and thus their classical results provide a useful point of comparison for our large $U/t$ behaviour. To attack the intermediate $U/t$ regime we will use a slave-rotor approach, reviewed in the following section.
Slave Rotors
============
For completeness and standardization of notation, we review the general properties of two dimensional rotors and follow with a discussion of the slave particle representation that bears their name[@rotor-florens-mott].
A rotor in two dimensions is an object that possesses only angular momentum, prototypically of the form $H \propto L^2$ where $L$ is the angular momentum operator about some axis, say the $\hat{z}$ axis. We classify states by the eigenstates of the $L$ operator, $L {\left|n \right>} = n {\left|n \right>}$ where $n$ is an integer. Raising and lowering operators are defined as $${{U}^{\dagger}} {\left|n \right>} = {\left|n+1 \right>}, \hspace{30pt} U {\left|n \right>} = {\left|n-1 \right>},$$ where $U$ is a unitary operator. From this definition it is simple to show that $L$ and $U$ satisfy the commutation relations, $$\left[ L,U \right] = U, \hspace{30pt} \left[ L,{{U}^{\dagger}} \right] = -{{U}^{\dagger}}.$$ Since $U$ is unitary it can be written as $U = \exp(-i\theta)$ where ${{\theta}^{\dagger}} = \theta$ and one can show that this implies the canonical commutation relation $[\theta,L] = i$, showing that $L$ and $\theta$ are canonically conjugate variables.
To use these rotors as a slave-particle we associate the local electron basis with the product of the states of slave fermion and the states of an $O(2)$ rotor, $$\begin{aligned}
{\left|0 \right>} & = & {\left|0 \right>}_f {\left|+1 \right>}_{\theta} ,\\
{\left|{\uparrow}\right>} & = & {\left|{\uparrow}\right>}_f{\left|0 \right>}_{\theta} ,\\
{\left|{\downarrow}\right>} & = & {\left|{\downarrow}\right>}_f{\left|0 \right>}_{\theta} , \\
{\left|{\uparrow}{\downarrow}\right>} & = & {\left|{\uparrow}{\downarrow}\right>}_f{\left|-1 \right>}_{\theta}.\end{aligned}$$ The slave fermion is called a spinon and spinon states are denoted by an $f$ subscript. The slave-rotor will be referred to as a rotor and a $\theta$ subscript will be used to denote rotor states. The natural interpretation is to have the spinon to be neutral and the rotor to carry the charge of the electron, thus explicitly separating the spin and charge degrees of freedom. Having expanded our local Hilbert space, a constraint is required to remove the unphysical states. The four physical states above are characterized by $$L_i + \sum_{\sigma} n^f_{i\sigma} = 1,$$ where $L_i$ is the rotor angular momentum operator and $n^f_{i\sigma}$ is the spinon number operator. This is the Hilbert space constraint. The electron operators can therefore be expressed as $$c_{i \sigma} = f_{i \sigma} e^{i \theta_i} ,$$ where $\exp\left(-i \theta_i\right)$ is the rotor lowering operator and $f_{i\sigma}$, ${{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}$ are the fermionic spinon operators. Using this representation the electronic Hamiltonian for the trimers (\[full-model\]) is written as $$\begin{aligned}
H & = &
- t\sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}\in ab}\sum_\sigma {{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} e^{-i (\theta_i -\theta_j)} \\
& & - t'\sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}\in c}\sum_\sigma {{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} e^{-i (\theta_i -\theta_j)} \\
& &+ \frac{U}{2} \sum_i L_i (L_i -1)+ \frac{J_K}{2} \sum_{i, a\in \hexagon_i} \left({{f}^{\dagger}}_i\vec{\sigma}f_i \right)\cdot \vec{S}_a.\end{aligned}$$ The Hubbard term is now a kinetic term for the rotors, so the complexity of the Hubbard interaction has been moved to the hopping term and the constraint. We note that the $\rm Fe-Cr$ coupling term only involves the spinon degrees of freedom.
Mean Field Theory
=================
We approach this problem using mean field theory. For simplicity we take the perspective of Florens and Georges,[@rotor-florens-mott] first decoupling the hopping term into $${{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} e^{-i (\theta_i -\theta_j)} \approx
\chi_{ij} e^{-i (\theta_i - \theta_j)} +
B_{ij} {{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} - \chi_{ij} B_{ij},$$ where we have introduced the mean fields $\chi_{ij} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{\sigma}{\langle {{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} \rangle}$ and $B_{ij} = {\langle e^{-i (\theta_i-\theta_j)} \rangle}$. Note that we have assumed that $\chi_{ij}$ is independent of spin. To handle the constraint we treat it both on average in space and on average in our states. For the case of half-filling this leads to the two conditions, $$\sum_i {\langle L_i \rangle} = 0, \hspace{30pt} \sum_{i\sigma} {\langle n^{f}_{i\sigma} \rangle} = 1.$$ Note that applying this on average in space prohibits us from considering charge ordering in our calculations. To enforce these constraints we introduce chemical potentials for the rotors and for the spinons, $\mu_L$ and $\mu_f$ respectively. This leads to two independent Hamiltonians which only talk to each other through the mean fields $\chi_{ij}$ and $B_{ij}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{spinon-ham}
H_{f} & = & - \sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}\sigma} (t_{ij}B_{ij} + \mu_f \delta_{ij}) {{f}^{\dagger}}_{i\sigma}f_{j\sigma} \\
&&+ \frac{J_K}{2} \sum_{i, a\in \hexagon_i} \left({{f}^{\dagger}}_i\vec{\sigma}f_i \right)\cdot \vec{S}_a,\\
\label{rotor-ham}
H_{L} & = & -2t \sum_{{\langle ij \rangle}} \chi_{ij} e^{-i \theta_i} e^{i \theta_j} + \frac{U}{2} \sum_i( L_i^2 - \mu_L L_i),\end{aligned}$$ where we’ve introduced $t_{ij}$ which is equal to $t$ on the in-plane triangular bonds and equal to $t'$ on the out of plane bonds. While the spinon Hamiltonian can be treated using mean field theory, the rotor Hamiltonian needs a different strategy.
Two approaches for the rotor Hamiltonian have been used in the literature: a self-consistent cluster approach[@rotor-zhao] and a bosonic approach[@rotor-florens-mott]. taking the bosonic approach, which is most simply tackled using a path-integral formulation, the imaginary time action takes the form, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
S(\theta,L) =
\int_0^{\beta} & d\tau & \Big[ \sum_i \left(i L_i {\partial}_\tau \theta_i + \frac{U}{2} L_i^2 \right) \\
&-& 2\sum_{ij} t_{ij} \chi_{ij} e^{-i\theta_i} e^{i \theta_j}
\Big],\end{aligned}$$ where $\mu_L$ is chosen to eliminate the linear terms in $S$. Due to the symmetry of the action this guarantees that ${\langle L_i \rangle}=0$. Next, we integrate out $L$ to get the following action, $$\label{quantum-xy}
S(\theta) =
\int_0^{\beta} d\tau \left[ \frac{1}{2U}({\partial}_\tau\theta_i)^2- 2 \sum_{ij} t_{ij} \chi_{ij} e^{-i\theta_i} e^{i \theta_j} \right].$$ We write this using a bosonic variable $\phi_i = e^{i\theta_i}$ subject to the constraint that $|\phi_i|^2 = 1$, giving $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\label{boson-action}
\nonumber
S({\bar{\phi}},\phi;\lambda) & = &\int_0^{\beta} d\tau \Big[ \frac{1}{2U}\sum_i \left|{\partial}_\tau \phi_i \right|^2
- i \sum_i \lambda_i \\
+ & &\sum_{ij}\left(i\lambda_i \delta_{ij} - 2 t_{ij} \chi_{ij}\right) {\bar{\phi}}_i \phi_j
\Big],\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda$ is an auxiliary field introduced to enforce the constraint. Treating this new constraint in saddle point approximation, the solution of the bosonic part of the Hamiltonian is reduced to solving this saddle point equation and a free bosonic problem. These saddle point equations simply fix the boson number at each site to one.
We assume a uniform state on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice, by considering $\chi_{ij} \equiv \chi$ and $B_{ij} \equiv B$ in plane, with $\chi_{ij} = \alpha \chi$ and $B_{ij} = \alpha B$ out of plane, where $\alpha$ is chosen so that we smoothly match the non-interacting limit. [^1] For the $\rm Cr$ spins it is natural to assume that the periodicity is that found by experiments[@julian; @julian-neutron] and previous classical calculations[@hopkinson], with wavevector of $(1/3,1/3,0)$. Within this space of magnetic states, we consider only canted classical ground states, that is states where the inplane components in each triangle are at $120^{\circ}$ but they are tilted out of plane by a canting angle $\psi$. These states interpolate between a subset of the ground states for $J_H \gg J_K$ at $\psi = 0$ and the ferrimagnetic state valid for $J_K \gg J_H$ with $\psi = \pi/2$[@hopkinson]. Among these states one can see that only those with a finite moment, as one sums around a hexagon in the Kagome lattice, will be favoured due to the $J_K$ interaction. With these constraints we only have a single set of magnetic states to consider parametrized by the canting angle $\psi$. Under these assumptions the trimer feels the following effective magnetic field (defined as $\vec{h}_i = \sum_{a \in \hexagon_i} \vec{S}_a$) after summing around the hexagon $$\vec{h}_i = 6 S \cos{\psi}\left[ \cos{(\vec{Q}\cdot \vec{r}_i)}\hat{x}+
\sin{(\vec{Q}\cdot \vec{r}_i)}\hat{y}\right]+
12 S \sin{\psi} \hat{z},$$ where $\vec{Q} = (1/3,1/3,0)$ and $S$ is the magnitude of the $\rm Cr$ moment. Note the factor of $2$ between the in-plane and out-plane components due to the partial cancellation as we sum around the hexagon. The phase diagram for $J_H/t = 0.4$ is shown in Fig. \[phase4\], and demonstrates the full range of phases.
There are three distinct phases shown in these phase diagrams. At low $J_K/t$ and $U/t$ we find a metallic phase on the $\rm Fe$ sublattice with zero canting angle (i.e. in plane, 120$^\circ$ ordering) on the $\rm Cr$ sublattice. This metallic state is characterized by condensation of the bosonic degree of freedom (${\langle \phi \rangle} \neq 0$) and a uniform, real $\chi_{ij} = |\chi|$ implying the existence of an electron Fermi surface and gapless charge excitations. Futhermore, the $\rm Fe$ trimers have an induced moment (anti-ferromagnetically) following the $\rm Cr$ moment. This moment scales with $J_K/t$, and is thus will be small so long as $J_K/t$ is. As we increase $U/t$ and keep $J_K/t$ small, we find a metal insulator transition near $U_c/t \approx 3.5$ into a uniform, $U(1)$ spin liquid (SL) phase. The metal-insulator boundary is very flat, as seen in Fig. \[phase4\]. , since under the mean field ansatz we have employed the critical $U$ is only a function of $\chi$ which changes only by a small amount as we increase $J_K$ (below the jump into the paramagnet phase). This SL phase is also characterized by a uniform, real $\chi_{ij}$ but gapped bosons (${\langle \phi \rangle}=0$), meaning the existence of a spinon Fermi surface but gapped charge excitations. This insulating phase carries the induced moment as in the metallic phase, with the magnitude also being proportional to $J_K/t$. In both the metallic and insulating phases as $J_K/t$ is increased (but remains small) the $\chi$ order parameter decreases towards zero.
![ \[phase4\] (Color Online) Phase diagram as a function of $J_K/t$ and $U/t$ for the value $J_H/t = 0.4$. The inset diagrams show a sample of the $\rm Cr$ spin configuration on one of the Kagome triangles. $\chi$ and $B$ and the slave-rotor mean field parameters, ${\langle \phi \rangle}$ is the rotor condensate and $\psi$ is the $\rm Cr$ canting angle (see text). ](fig4.pdf)
From the spin only model of Ref. \[\] (accounting for the differing normalizations) one expects that for large $U/t$ the canting angle will become non-zero at $J_K = 2 J_H$ and saturate at $J_K = 4 J_H$ as one sees in Fig. \[phase4\]. We find that the uniform spin liquid does not support a non-zero canting angle. By this we mean that as $J_K/t$ is increased the canting angle remains zero until some critical $J_K/t$, wherein the spin liquid is replaced by the canted AF with $\chi=B=0$. The converse is not true, as can be seen in Fig. \[phase4\]. We see that the spin liquid phase can be destroyed before the onset of the canted magnetic state, leaving a window where we have a a simple insulating, in-plane antiferromagnet. Once inside this canted AF phase with $\chi=B=0$, the canting angle increases with $J_K/t$ until in becomes saturated and we enter a ferrimagnetic phase, with a net magnetic moment. The key feature of the phase diagrams we want to emphasize is that for a variety of values of $J_H$ and for small $J_K$ this spin liquid state is stable and does not coexist with a finite canting.
Discussion
==========
To discuss the applications of this to ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$ the effects of fluctuations must be taken into account near the metal insulator transtion. These include both charge and gauge degrees of freedom and are treated in detail in the work of Podolsky et al[@podolsky]. In this work it is found that there are two relevant temperature scales ${{T}^{*}}$ and ${T}^{**}$ that determine the qualitative features of the thermodynamic and transport properties. These temperature scales vanish as one approaches the critical point separating the metal and insulator. At temperatures above these scales the specific heat has weak logarithmic corrections $$C \sim T \ln\ln(1/T),$$ while the conductivity has a strong temperature dependence. Specifically, writing $\sigma = \sigma_f + \sigma_b$ where $\sigma_f$ is the spinon conductivity and $\sigma_b$ is boson conductivity, under the assumption of weak disorder we have $\sigma_f \sim \sigma^{\rm imp}_f$ due to impurity scattering and $$\sigma_b \sim T \ln^2(1/T).$$ This implies that the effects of the fluctuations on the specific heat are much more difficult to discern experimentally then the effect on the resistivity, which will be a monotonically decreasing function of $T$, as seen in the experiments on ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. This is possible scenario for ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$ where a nearly linear specific is observed, as these logarithmic corrections would only be visible over large temperature ranges, where other contributions would begin to dominate and wash out the signature. This is also consistent with the magneto-resistance measurements[@julian], where no change is seen in the low temperature resistivity under magnetic fields up to $8$T, as the magnetic field would only couple weakly to the rotor fluctuations.
A method to test this hypothesis experimentally would be a study of the pressure dependence of the transport and thermodynamic properties. Naively one expects that the application of pressure should drive the material through the metal-insulator transition, into the quantum critical metal and eventually into a Fermi liquid phase. Under our scenario, this could in principle be visible as the development of a maximum in the resistivity at low temperatures as the pressure is increased. Furthermore, the specific heat should be relatively unaffected, still only being renormalized by a logarithmic term.
The limitations of the current study deserve some discussion as they lead to future directions. Due to the natural ansatz used in the slave-rotor study, a number of non-trivial spin-liquid states have been excluded from the analysis, such as those with a non-trivial phase structure or that break translational symmetry[@rau-prl]. A full exploration of the possible phases in this model could yield useful insights for ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. Another aspect of this problem that requires future work is the inclusion quantum effects in the description of $\rm Cr$, leading to a Kondo-Heisenberg model with strong interactions for the conduction electrons. While the addition of frustrating interactions for the Kondo spins has attracted attention recently[@coleman1; @si1], the inclusion of electronic interactions is largely unaddressed (particularly with frustration on the conduction electrons) and is an interesting, but highly non-trivial, question for future study.
Summary {#conclusions}
=======
In this paper we have presented and motivated a minimal model for the low energy degrees of freedom in the compound ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. Starting from the crystal structure and using the experimental facts, we have argued that the magnetic degrees of freedom are well described by a set of classical, localized moments and the electronic degrees of freedom take the form of a half-filled Hubbard model on the trimer sublattice. The coupling between these two subsystems stabilizes a definite magnetic order on the localized moments despite the high degree frustration. To explain the thermodynamic and transport properties of this material at low temperatures we propose that the electrons residing on the $\rm Fe$ trimers could be close to a quantum critical point separating metallic and insulating phase. The charge fluctuations associated with the critical point strongly renormalize the transport properties but provide only small corrections to the thermodynamics, qualitatively consistent the experimental results on ${{\rm FeCrAs}}$. Finally, we have discussed unexplored experimental consequences of this proposal and future directions for theoretical work.
We thank J. Hopkinson, S. Julian, Y.B. Kim and Y.J. Kim for useful discussions. This research was supported by NSERC of Canada and the Canada Research Chair program.
Hopping integrals
=================
We first consider direct hopping between the Fe atoms in a trimer. The $t_2$ level is composed of $xz$, $yz$ and $xy$ orbitals with respect to the canonical choice of tetrahedron axes. Rotating these into the axes of a tetrahedron in a trimer, the orbitals are oriented as shown in Fig. \[local-orb\].
From Fig. \[local-orb\] one can estimate that the only significant hoppings would be between ${xy-xy}$, ${xz-yz}$ and ${yz-xz}$. One can approach this more quantitatively using the ideas of Slater-Koster[@slater-koster] theory to compute the orbital overlaps in terms of rotation matrices and irreducible overlaps. We identify the vector connecting two sites in a trimer $\hat{a}$ as $(\hat{x}+\sqrt{3}\hat{y})/2$, giving the (Euler) representation $R=R_{\hat{z}}(0) R_{\hat{y}}(-\frac{\pi}{2}) R_{\hat{z}} (-\frac{\pi}{3})$. The rotation that takes our tetrahedron into the proper axes is given as $R_T=R_{\hat{z}}(-\frac{\pi}{2}) R_{\hat{y}}(\frac{\pi}{2}) R_{\hat{z}} (\frac{\pi}{4})$ giving the transformation to local axes $R_T$ and $R_{\hat{z}}(\frac{2\pi}{3}) R_T$ for the neighbouring tetrahedron in the trimer. This reduces the number of parameters to three, given by overlaps of $l=2$, $m=0,\pm 1,\pm 2$ orbitals displaced along the $\hat{z}$ direction which we will denote as $t_{\sigma}$, $t_{\pi}$ and $t_{\delta}$ respectively. The hopping matrix in the basis of $xz$,$yz$ and $xy$ is then given by $$\nonumber
\frac{1}{32}
\left[
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$\scriptstyle t_{\delta} -8t_{\pi} - 9t_{\sigma}$ &
$\scriptstyle 7t_{\delta} -16t_{\pi} + 9t_{\sigma}$ &
$\scriptstyle \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\left(-7t_{\delta} -4t_{\pi} +3t_{\sigma}\right)$ \\
$\scriptstyle 7t_{\delta} -16t_{\pi} + 9t_{\sigma}$ &
$\scriptstyle t_{\delta} -8t_{\pi} - 9t_{\sigma}$ &
$\scriptstyle \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\left(-7t_{\delta} +4t_{\pi} -3t_{\sigma}\right)$ \\
$\scriptstyle \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\left(7t_{\delta} +4t_{\pi} -3t_{\sigma}\right)$ &
$\scriptstyle \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\left(-7t_{\delta} -4t_{\pi} +3t_{\sigma}\right)$ &
$\scriptstyle \frac{1}{2}\left(49t_{\delta} -12t_{\pi} +3t_{\sigma}\right)$ \\
\end{tabular}
\right].$$ Considering the orbitals at atomic separations, we expect $t_{\sigma}$ and $t_{\delta}$ are positive with $t_{\pi}$ negative. The simplest ansatz to try is $ t_{\sigma} = t_{\delta} = -t_{\pi}\equiv t$. This gives:
$$t
\left(
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$0$ & $1$ & $0$ \\
$1$ & $0$ & $0$ \\
$0$ & $0$ & $1$
\end{tabular}
\right),$$
as one might guess by looking at the orbital overlaps in the rotated axes. Varying the numerical values for the irreducible hopping parameters around this point gives qualitatively the same picture as this simple case, justifying our naive guess.
[^1]: More general ansatzes could be employed while maintaining uniformity, such as varying the phases of $\chi$ and $B$ over the tripled unit cell or include spin-dependent $\chi$. For simplicity we leave these considerations for future work.
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
Computer monitor causes scare at Newark airport - J3L2404
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/20/AR2010122001381.html
======
kgermino
I understand that we need to be careful take precautions and all that but
come-on we closed down an entire terminal because somebody shipped a computer
monitor? If a dog smells explosives, fine, shut down the airport, but just
because a monitor releases some radiation (which it's supposed to do) doesn't
mean we need to shut down an entire terminal while we wait for an all clear.
~~~
tgflynn
This is the first time I've ever heard of a computer monitor emitting
radiation when it's turned off (I'm assuming a monitor inside luggage would
have no power source). CRT's emit some X-rays due to high-voltage vacuum tubes
but only when they are on, and who uses CRT's anymore ?
I'd be curious if anyone can explain why an unpowered monitor or a flat-screen
monitor would emit ionizing radiation. A Google search for "computer monitor
radiation" turned up no technically useful information on the first couple of
screens.
~~~
dhughes
The article never stated it was a flatscreen or CRT monitor but if radiation
was detected I'd say it must have been a CRT monitor.
It may be the lead in the glass, lead is already slightly radioactive and
being bombarded by x-ray probably doesn't improve that situation any.
~~~
tgflynn
I am quite confident that bombardment with X-rays of several keV has no effect
on the natural background radiation of lead or any other material. Such
effects require nuclear interactions with activation energies in the MeV range
or greater.
------
Qz
I tried packing one of my monitors inside checked luggage back when I was
flying to/from college a lot. It didn't fit, and in retrospect I guess that
was a good thing -- although this was 4-6 years ago when security personnel
were slightly less insane.
------
ceejayoz
This sounds like a nice way to run a denial of service attack on the nation's
airports.
~~~
KeithMajhor
That's kind of ironic. I never considered over-zealous security as a
vulnerability.
~~~
ceejayoz
Just wait until someone bombs a crowded airport security checkpoint some
holiday weekend.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
Tools
About
A competition entry for a future community.
Published:
Container City cantilevering over the Lagos shoreline & the small general-purpose shipping vessel serving it below.
"Several of you have questioned the relevance of discussing spontaneous design. You expressed doubt with the concept, particularly about my choice of New Makoko. Let me begin by saying everything is obvious in hindsight. You roll your eyes at the ingenuity of these concepts. You say, but of course barriers to entry lowered as technology advanced. Of course construction was revolutionized, just as in every other field of endeavour. The specifics might not have been clear, but that it would happen seems obvious. That might be so now, but wasn’t several decades ago.
The reason was that the wall between design and construction hadn’t come down yet – people saw them as distinct. Similarly, they thought that building and occupation occupied distinct areas in the fourth dimension. This was not surprising. After all, building materials weren’t as flexible as they are today and thus design couldn’t be. Besides, nobody wanted to live or work next to the cacophony of construction – so nobody really considered what would happen when it disappeared. The New Makoko was the first time a corner of that veil was lifted.
Yes, most experts claim that Bordello project in New York, or the cyber squatters in Spain were the first, but they are just suffering from old world prejudices. The first was the Container city. And yes, it suffering from terrible living conditions, poor sanitation and horrid safety standards, but if you just focus on that, you’re missing the point. Revolutions aren’t glamorous. This was the first horizontal skyscraper that had virtually no top down design. Every aspect of the building was created, added and modified by the inhabitants themselves – the craftsmen, traders, shippers, crackers, designers and programmers that occupied it. Previously people had moved into a building meant for one purpose and adapted it to another. This is not what happened in New Makoko. Here they built it from the ground up; creating a vibrant, exciting, unexpected and above all innovative community where before there had only been coastline.
That is important. New Makoko demonstrates human ingenuity and tenacity. This thing thrived and prospered even as Nigeria suffered under a kleptocracy and Lagos itself city was gridlocked and mismanaged. Some argue that this demonstrates the strength of the Nigerian spirit, that this building was built despite these adversities. Though I am not trying to disparage the Nigerian spirit, I say different. I believe that it was exactly because of these adverse conditions that the New Makoko came to be. It could never have been built in a more ‘civilized’ country. Regulators would have legislated it into non-existence, both for what it was and for what it represented – decreeing it ugly, dangerous and illegal. It was only because life in Lagos itself was the way it was – with its corruption and frontier mentality – that the Container City became viable.
What many people don’t realize is the impact New Makoko has had on modern technology. Without it there would be no vibrant 3D design exchange, the crowd crafting revolution would have been impossible, and consumers would still have been locked in the walled gardens of such technological dinosaurs as Apple and Google. It was only because of the lawlessness and flagrant copyright infringement of places like New Makoko that governments accepted patent laws had to change. Without those changes, self-assembling machinery would have been impossible, without them automated reassembly could never have existed. Could you imagine a world without such technologies? I certainly can’t!
What I’m trying to say is that the Container city was not just revolutionary in terms of design construction, or the materials used, it was also the beginning of a global revolution. Without it spontaneous design might still have happened, but many other technologies might have been strangled at birth by over-regulation, industry behemoths and lobbyists. For that reason I have decided to include it in this course. So far, any questions?"
Detail
A detail of the loading/unloading shafts in the belly of New Makoko. Note the desalination filters to the left.
An inner working detail of the DS2 'fast fab' container & in particular the coin-operated 3D print machines that was the driving force in the trade of counterfeit goods.
" Let’s discuss why the Container City was the birthplace of all these new technologies. Before New Makoko industry had two big problems. First, it wasn’t naturally adaptive; factories were good at making what they were making, but the implementation of innovation required extensive retooling, making it expensive. Second, processes were incredibly wasteful, with the acquisition of a technology’s newest incarnation requiring that the previous version be discarded. The result was a mass-produced throwaway society, where the purpose of production was apparently – except for the momentary blip of individual ownership – to fill landfills.
The dual technologies of circular manufacture and 3D printing solved both these problems. Circular manufacturing created the possibility to reuse base materials – consisting of easily transformable molecules suspended in a nanobot reagent – with very limited waste, while 3D printing allowed for a departure from mass production into the realm of individualization and adaptation.
Though these technologies went through several incarnations, they eventually congealed in New Makoko into what we nowadays call ‘fast fab’ printing kiosks. Let me be clear, this was hardly the first attempt to install such technology, but due to general resistance previous attempts were stillborn. Unsurprisingly, really, since these technologies were incredibly disruptive. For example, they pushed trade online, with designs only turned into a physical product at the point of purchase, thereby undermining shipping; the profits of assembly line manufacture were squeezed, forcing the closing of plants and the laying off of workers; and the ability of individual designers to knock off products made by large conglomerates, and the difficulty of persecuting such loosely connected networks, reduced the profitability of patent-protected innovation.
The reason that "fast fab" kiosks were built in Nigeria was that the country was the state of its government. Money stopped all regulations and legislation, and 3D printing was profitable. Besides, the largest interest group in Nigeria was a ballooning middle class, with a great thirst for western gadgets at non-western prices. Catering to them meant allowing printing kiosks.
A law was adopted whereby any industrial building structure built over the Nigerian coastline & it’s economic zone was not subject to Nigerian patent and copyright laws. After that New Makoko grew almost organically into a coast hugging horizontal skyscraper. This law – which turned New Makoko into one of the only places where the 3D design could legally be stored – turned New Makoko into a storehouse of the world’s 3D designs, which were offered free of charge to the world at large. Though this might sound altruistic, it wasn’t. The designers of New Makoko benefited tremendously, as they used those very designs to manufacture the knock off products that the Nigerian populace so desired.
Of course, eventually through the application of international pressure, the laws surrounding Nigerian patents were reversed. By this time, however, the building had grown so large in status and size that the constant need to bribe police and suffer the occasional police raid had could not undermine it. In this case the decentralization of the building, something previously considered disadvantageous, became advantageous, as it could not be crippled by occupying some part of it.
Instead, the building became a victim of its own success. After spending two decades trying to dismantle New Makoko, the international community finally came to accept the container city and her implications. It became clear that open source design could be profitable, even for the designer, and patent laws were changed to be less restrictive. As the technologically fuelled social upheaval quieted down the world slowly inched towards a more New Makokoian model. New Makoko – which was still cramped, uncomfortable, dangerous and unsanitary – suddenly lost its reason for existence. The designers and crafters moved out of the cramped hotboxes and into a world that now accepted them. Their places within the Container City were taken by less savoury characters. From there it didn’t take long for the population to turn against it. The government moved quickly and – 24 years after it was built – the supporting structure blown up and she became a new habitat for fish. In other words, acceptance managed in a few years, what resistance hadn’t managed in two decades. A delicious irony, to be sure, though it did cost us one of the most unique building-architecture of the 21st century." | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Monday, December 31, 2012
It's just about time to bid farewell to 2012 - this calls for some bubbly! In my opinion, if you aren't sending 2012 off with a Champagne toast, you just aren't doing it right.
I tasted my first Champagne Cocktail at a restaurant called the Public House in Chattanooga. This cocktail, which Victor Laszlo and Captain Renault both ordered in the 1942 film Casablanca, has an elegant, vintage feel that doesn't distract too much from the true Champagne flavor. These days, you can find such a wide variety of champagne cocktails, from the French 75 to flavored bellinis, but the Champagne Cocktail is the original.
To make the classic Champagne Cocktail, place 1 brown sugar cube in a champagne flute. Add 2 dashes of Angostura bitters and top with champagne (some recipes call for a 1/2 ounce of brandy and a lemon peel garnish, choose your favorite). Enjoy!
Thursday, December 27, 2012
I've been making a lot of banana bread as of late, largely because I keep buying bananas in bulk and I can't eat them fast enough! Overripe bananas make the best banana bread - they're easy to mash, super soft and make a moist bread.
I eat my banana bread with cream cheese and it is just so good, you have to try it. That's how my mom made it when I was little and when I asked her about it, she said she learned that from the Neiman Marcus Tea Room, where they serve banana bread bites with cream cheese and strawberries- how lovely!
Preheat oven to 350. Grease a 9X5 loaf pan, set aside. Sift together all dry ingredients. Cut butter into cubes and work it into the dry ingredients using your hands or a pasty cutter, until it is crumbly and the size of small peas. Add the mashed bananas and eggs to dry ingredients and stir well to combine, being careful not to over mix (it will be slightly lumpy). Bake for 45 minutes, or until a skewer inserted in the highest peak comes out clean (test in a few places, keep in mind that the bananas will stay soft so sometimes the skewer will not be totally clean). Serve warm with cream cheese.
Monday, December 17, 2012
Since this will be the last year that we will be spending Christmas apart, Mike and I decided to celebrate what we call "little Christmas" a bit early this year. We spent the whole day in our pajamas (well, a festive onesie for me), feasted on quiche and banana bread for breakfast, lasagna for dinner, more banana bread for dessert, and opened presents by the tree. Honestly, I could not imagine a more perfect day!
I knew I wanted to make some special meals for our mini celebration, but I also knew I didn't want to spend the whole day in the kitchen or doing a lot of dishes. Enter- quiche! Quiche is so versatile, you can really add any ingredients or flavors that suit you. It's also great for holidays or company because it can be made up to 3 days in advance and reheated in the oven when needed.
Preheat the oven to 375. Arrange the pie shell in a 12 inch pan(I really wanted mine to be pretty with perfectly crimped edges- but you can see, pie dough is not my forte!). Place a sheet of parchment paper over the dough and weight down with rice, beans or pie weights (this is called blind baking - it's a way to pre-bake the crust so it stays crisp; if you use beans or rice, just save them to reuse for this purpose, not to eat), and bake for 20 minutes, or until the edges are lightly browned. Meanwhile, heat a sauté pan to medium heat and melt putter. Add onions to pan and cook until lightly browned (7-8 minutes). In a bowl, add the eggs, grated cheese, heavy cream, cooked bacon, and onions. Stir well to combine. Transfer the egg mixture to the pie shell and bake for 40-45 minutes, until the center of the quiche is just set. If you are making the quiche ahead of time, let it cool, then refrigerate for up to 3 days. Reheat in the oven at 325 for 20 minutes. Enjoy!
Thursday, December 13, 2012
I love a festive baked good as much as the next person, but sometimes it's nice to give a little something savory along with all the holiday sweets. This salsa is tasty for any occasion, but this year I thought I'd include it in some gift bags because it's so easy to make, makes a pretty large batch (about 6 jars, I believe they each hold a cup), and it's great to set out with appetizers. I'm giving salsa this year as gifts along with a bag of red and green tortillas (Trader Joe's!) and a store bought jar of queso. Some margarita mix might make a nice accompaniment as well! 'Tis the season after all..
Combine all ingredients in a mixing bowl. Use an immersion blender to blend the ingredients until desired consistency is reached. If you do not have an immersion blender, use a blender or food processor to blend the salsa. Refrigerate until ready to serve.
Wednesday, December 12, 2012
I just adore giving homemade holiday gifts, especially ones that I know will be appreciated. I've never met a person who didn't love Peppermint Bark, and it's SO easy to make homemade.
Make a big batch now and keep gift bags of it in the fridge in case any unexpected friends or neighbors pop in with a gift. I'm loving these treat bags I found at Target - 3 for a dollar, you can't beat that!
Melt white chocolate over a double boiler (if you're not familiar with a double boiler, place the chocolate in a heat proof bowl- some glass is heat proof, but I use a stainless steel bowl just in case- and set it over a pot of boiling water; you only need an inch or two of water as you don't want it to touch the bottom of the bowl). When chocolate is melted and smooth, remove from heat and stir in crushed candy canes and peppermint extract. Smooth white chocolate out on a baking sheet lined with wax paper and refrigerate until firm (30-40 minutes). Once the white chocolate is firm, melt the dark chocolate using the double boiler, pour onto the firm white chocolate mixture and return to refrigerator until firm. Break into bite size pieces and serve.
Monday, December 10, 2012
I'm always looking for creative gifts for those people on my list that are hard to shop for. You know the type...The neighbors, your boss, your in-laws, the person who has everything. A good Olive Oil and Balsamic are great gifts because they last well past the holiday season, but can also come in handy for the host who will be entertaining a lot throughout the holidays. Some people may think that all olive oil is created equal. I say those people haven't been to Taste the Olive!
I ventured to Taste the Olive recently to pick up a bottle of Greek olive oil. Little did I know that Greek olive oil is not in season until February or March! I set out to tasting their variety of oils to pick one that suited me and I settled on a Chilean Frantoio. As I picked a few to taste, I really didn't anticipate being able to differentiate, but you'd be surprised how unique the various oils are based on their region. The Chilean oil had a smooth, buttery flavor we all know and love in an olive oil, but it also had a peppery after taste. The quality olive oils are best eaten raw as opposed to using them in cooking. I like to serve mine with parmesan and balsamic (I picked up this parmesan herb blend to try while I was there) and a crusty bread, drizzled over a sharp cheese, or of course with a big bowl of pasta, and whoever is lucky enough to get this as a gift will too!
Saturday, December 8, 2012
Rum cakes are the perfect holiday treat- rich and buttery with a crunchy sugar crust. They keep well for a few days and make a great dessert, snack, or even breakfast! The first time I made this cake, one of my good friends, Katie, had just returned from a trip to Trinidad and brought me a HUGE bottle of dark Trinidadian rum. Since i'm not much of a rum drinker, I decided to make a cake with it. I brought her my first rum cake as a thank you, and ever since this recipe has been in high demand!
I found the recipe in a book my mom gave me, "Someone's in the Kitchen with Melanie," by local Greensboro cookbook author Melanie Soles. It starts with a boxed cake mix and the best part is everything goes into the same bowl. You can whip up the batter in no time, so it's quick in a pinch!
Preheat oven to 350. Grease and flower a Bundt pan. Comine all ingredients for batter and mix until smooth. Pour into the Bundt pan and bake for 45 minutes, or until cooked through (insert a wooden skewer into the cake; when it comes out clean the cake is done). Cool the cake in the pan on a wire rack for ten minutes or so. Meanwhile, prepare the glaze by bringing 1 c. sugar, butter, rum, and water to a boil. Whisk the glaze continuously for 2-3 minutes (don't walk away!). Remove the heat, set aside. Line a baking sheet with tin foil and a wire rack, and flip the cake on top of the rack (I do this so that the any glaze drips fall on the tin foil). Stir in the additional sugar to the warm glaze. Spoon the glaze over the cake and sprinkle with additional sugar if desired.
Tuesday, December 4, 2012
Somehow, I managed to escape the all too common childhood trauma of being forced to eat my brussels sprouts. I'll have to check with my mom on that one, but I have a sneaking suspicion she doesn't like them herself! Hmm..
I recently had brussels sprouts for what may have been the first time in my life and, as it turns out, they're delicious! This recipe was my first attempt at making them at home and it was so simple, I think I'll make it a more common staple. The brussels sprouts were delicious simply roasted with olive oil, but the bacon adds that extra something special. I served them with mustard roasted salmon and skipped the starch - and I didn't even miss it!
Preheat oven to 375. Rinse the brussels sprouts, remove any loose leaves (these tend to burn in the oven), and cut into halves or quarters, depending on your preference. Arrange the brussel sprouts on a baking sheet and drizzle with olive oil, salt and pepper. Transfer to the oven and roast for 25-30 minutes until they're nicely browned, stirring once. Meanwhile, heat a skillet over medium high heat. Add the bacon and cook until crisp. Set the bacon aside on a paper towel to drain and reserve the bacon fat in the pan. When the brussels sprouts are finished, top with crumbled bacon and 1 tsp. of the bacon fat. Serve warm.
Monday, December 3, 2012
The holidays are upon us! Can you believe it? I think the season's arrival calls for a special treat. Ice Cream Soda is actually a specialty of my mom's; I don't remember a week going by when I was younger that I didn't have one (I mean, it was the perfect accompaniment to my weeklyTGIF Pizza Party after all). It's such a delicious, nostalgic treat, and it only takes two ingredients: Vanilla Ice Cream and Vernor's Ginger Ale ( and I insist you use Vernor's). The ginger ale gives the ice cream almost a freeze dried texture and creates a yummy, bubbly foam on top.
Not only is Ice Cream Soda a fun dessert for adults and kids alike, but also make for a lovely finale at a dinner party. No matter what I make, I find that people are almost always too full for dessert (ok, so I may be guilty of refilling the cheese plate until it's gone, but who am I to judge how much cheese 5 people can consume?!). Not the case with ice cream soda! The first time I made it for friends was after my first annual ladies gift exchange a few years ago. I made Julia Child's famous boeuf bourguignon and everyone was about to burst when I mentioned dessert. Most of the ladies politely declined, but as soon as I brought out a few Ice Cream Soda's on a tray, their eyes perked up! It's such a refreshing, sweet treat, it really is hard to resist. Be sure to serve it up with both a straw and spoon (I found these red striped straws at Sur la Table). Merry Sipping! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Bad Girl (Madonna song)
"Bad Girl" is a song by American singer and songwriter Madonna, recorded for her fifth studio album, Erotica (1992). The song was written by Madonna, Shep Pettibone and Anthony Shimkin, and produced by Madonna and Pettibone. The song was released as the third single from the album on February 2, 1993 by Maverick Records. Lyrically, the song describes a woman that is unhappy with her life because she believes she is behaving badly, due to the sadness that has overwhelmed her since the end of a romantic relationship.
"Bad Girl" received positive reviews from music critics, who described it as riveting and tragic, while also applauding the sophistication and overall message of the song. The song was a modest success on the charts, reaching number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number ten on the UK Singles Chart, falling off the chart shortly after. The music video to accompany the single was directed by David Fincher, who had previously collaborated on Madonna's "Express Yourself", "Oh Father" and "Vogue" videos. The clip features Madonna playing a high-powered Manhattan executive who has many one-night stands with a variety of men—ultimately being murdered by one of these men at the end of the video. The video features the American actor Christopher Walken, who plays Madonna's guardian angel.
Madonna has performed the song live only once, during an appearance on Saturday Night Live in January 1993. At the end of the performance, she referenced Sinéad O'Connor's actions of ripping a photograph of Pope John Paul II and yelling "Fight the real enemy" during O'Connor's Saturday Night Live performance in October 1992. The photograph Madonna ripped was of Joey Buttafuoco.
Background
After the completion of filming A League of Their Own, Madonna began working on her fifth studio album Erotica with Shep Pettibone in his apartment studio in New York City, during late 1991. "Bad Girl" – along with the songs "Erotica", "Deeper and Deeper", "Rain", and "Thief of Hearts" – made up the first batch of songs that they worked on together, with Madonna writing the lyrics to the songs as Pettibone worked on the music. The mindset of the sessions was one of "low-tech standards". For example, the vocals to "Bad Girl" were recorded using an older style SM57 microphone because Pettibone felt that "sometimes, older is better". According to Pettibone, the writing of "Bad Girl", along with "In This Life", another track on the album, was the evidence that Erotica was taking a more melancholy turn, instead of just being "up-and-happy music". Pettibone went on to say that at that point Madonna's stories were getting a lot more "serious and intense" and she was definitely driving the creative direction of the songs into "deeply personal territory". Bad Girl was released as the third single off of Erotica in February 1993.
Composition
"Bad Girl" is a pop ballad. It was written by Madonna, Shep Pettibone, and Anthony Shimkin and was produced by Madonna and Pettibone. Madonna's vocal range is from F#3- C#5. Lyrically, the song is about a woman that is experiencing extreme sadness due to a failed relationship. As she lives her day-to-day life, she masks her pain through debauchery, engaging in self-destructive behaviors such as getting drunk, smoking, and engaging in one-night stands with random men. Throughout the song she expresses remorse for such "bad" behavior. According to the book The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, the song highlights the main theme explored throughout the Erotica album, which is "the pain and torment of the heart and the perils of romance." When it was released, the song was a departure from Madonna's highly sexualized image that she had at the time - which was bolstered by the extremely sexual nature of such songs as Justify My Love and Erotica - because instead of celebrating sex, it instead explored the complex emotional intersections of sex, power, and self-confidence. The tone of the song is melancholy and sobering, with Madonna delivering lines such as "Bad girl, drunk by six, kissing some kind stranger's lips. Smoked too many cigarettes today, I’m not happy when I act this way." In his book Madonna as Post-Modern Myth, author Georges-Claude Guilbert points out that the song, along with its music video, conveys a traditional moral message, adding that the song actually depicts a "good" girl, who is capable of feeling contrition for her immoral actions.
The maxi-single for "Bad Girl" doesn't include any remixes of the song, only an edit and an extended mix - both of which are almost identical to the original album version. However, the single does include four remixes of its B-side, Madonna's cover of Little Willie John's 1956 song "Fever." The video remix of "Fever" is not one of the four remixes included. Jose F. Promis of AllMusic stated that the single could have been better, adding that although the remixes of "Fever" are "good, sweaty, stripped down, bare-bones deep house versions of the song," the single as a whole could have benefited from including the video remix.
Reception
Critical response
"Bad Girl" received positive reviews from music critics. Rolling Stone magazine called the song a "riveting" ballad which describes "the mind of a girl who'd rather mess herself up than end a relationship she's too neurotic to handle, [and] the characters remain faceless. It's as if Madonna recognizes the discomfort we feel when sensing the human character of a woman whose function is purely sexual. A sex symbol herself, she coolly removes the threat of her own personality." Entertainment Weekly reviewed it as a "lonely-at-the-top, lovesick-victim song." Alfred Soto of Stylus Magazine praised the "sophistication" of the song, stating that it "puts the lie to those fools who (still) think Madonna has no input on her records." Soto goes on to say that the track is Madonna's most "cogent response to the wages of fame," adding that when Madonna "insists that she doesn’t want to cause you any pain, you believe it."
J.D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun gave the song a positive review, writing that it "shows the other side of the stereotypical good-time girl." Considine goes on to say that the song's chorus is "as sobering as it is sad," adding that "hearing the quaver in Madonna's voice as she insists 'You'll always be my baby' is enough to break any listener's heart." Scott Kearnan of Boston.com included the track at number twenty-nine on his list of "30 Best Madonna Songs," commenting that many people overlooked the song when it was released, due to the "backlash to her most overtly sexual period" that was occurring at that time. Larry Flick of Billboard gave the song a positive review, calling it "Lyrically daring." Louis Virtel of The Backlot described the song as a "parable about a woman who's sick of walking on the wild side," adding that it's a "classy ballad with a great message." Jose F. Promis of AllMusic stated that the lukewarm commercial reception of the song is not a reflection on its "artistic achievement," speculating that when it was released, the public may have been just growing tired of Madonna's "bad girl" image.
Chart performance
In the United States, "Bad Girl" debuted at Billboard Hot 100 at number 75 in the issue dated February 20, 1993. In its sixth week of charting, the song peaked at number 36, becoming Madonna's first single to miss the top 20 and breaking her streak of 27 consecutive top 20 hits that had begun with "Holiday", in 1983. The single remained on the chart for 11 weeks. "Bad Girl" performed moderately well on the Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot 100 Airplay charts, peaking at numbers 36 and 44 respectively. However, it reached the top spot on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, thanks to the remixes of "Fever", which were included on the maxi single.
The song fared better in the other countries. In the United Kingdom, "Bad Girl" debuted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and reached its peak one week later, peaking at number ten on March 13, 1993. It remained on the chart for a total of seven weeks. The song also entered the top 10 in Iceland, and the top 20 in Canada, where it peaked at numbers 3 and 20 respectively. The song also peaked at number 20 In Ireland, spending a total of five weeks on the IRMA singles chart. In Australia, the song reached the top 40, peaking at number 32 on the ARIA singles chart the week of April 11, 1993. It spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. It also achieved top 40 success on the Swiss Singles Chart, New Zealand's RIANZ Singles Chart, and the Netherlands' Dutch Top 40 chart, peaking at numbers 25, 35, and 34 respectively. The song achieved modest success on the German Singles Chart, charting for nine weeks and peaking at number 47. On the French Singles Chart it peaked at number 44, charting for a total of four weeks.
Music video
Development
After directors Ellen von Unwerth and Tim Burton both rejected offers to direct the music video, it was eventually directed by David Fincher, who worked with Madonna on her videos for "Express Yourself", "Oh Father" and "Vogue." it was filmed on location in New York City on January 12–18, 1993. Besides Walken, the video also features appearances by actors Mark Margolis, Tomas Arana, Rob Campbell, James Rebhorn, and an uncredited cameo appearance from Matt Dillon, who plays a crime scene detective.
The video clip was the first time that Madonna was shown wearing penciled-on eyebrows, after shaving them prior to the filming of the video for her previous single "Deeper and Deeper". Madonna said her idea for the video was influenced by the 1977 American film Looking for Mr. Goodbar – a film in which the main female character lives a rather self-destructive life and is stabbed to death by a one-night stand. It also took inspiration from the 1987 Franco-German romantic fantasy film Wings of Desire – a film which includes invisible, immortal angels populate Berlin and listen to the thoughts of the human inhabitants and comfort those who are in distress.
Synopsis
The music video for "Bad Girl" features Madonna playing the character "Louise Oriole" (Madonna's middle name is Louise and Oriole is a street she once lived on), a high-powered and successful but ultimately lonely and depressed Manhattan female executive who is a chain smoking alcoholic with a penchant for one-night stands with many different men (from affluent yuppies to shady low-lifes). She behaves this way in order to try and deal with her depression and sadness over a relationship with someone she loves deeply, but ultimately has no future. Through her days, Louise gets distracted by cigarettes, cocktails, and random hook-ups, as lamented in the song's lyrics.
Christopher Walken plays her guardian angel who watches over her self-destructive activities. In one scene Louise wakes up alone in her bed after a one-night stand and discovers a hand-written note laying on the pillow beside her. She is clearly upset after reading the note and she crumples it and throws it to the ground. Another scene shows her passed out on an easy chair after drinking an entire bottle of wine in one sitting. The next scene shows her guardian angel reading the note which simply reads "thank you whoever you are." In a later scene her guardian angel delivers Louise with a "kiss of death" before her final encounter with a man, during which it is suggested she was strangled with her stocking. After her death, she reappears as a spirit alongside with her guardian angel overseeing the police taking her body away to the morgue.
Analysis and reception
Author Carol Vernallis, in her book Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context, points out that there are several examples of "iconic imagery" throughout the music video which helps the viewer predict the final outcome of Madonna's character. According to Vernallis, Madonna's black dress, encased in dry cleaner's plastic symbolizes the body-bag she will eventually be carried out in; her cat hissing at her suggests that she is a ghost or a figure that bears a curse; and a doorway that she passes through during the music video looks like the entrance to Hades.
When Scott Kearnan of Boston.com included "Bad Girl" on his list of "30 Best Madonna Songs," he commented that the cinematic music video for the song reinforces the fact that "while Madonna is indisputably sex-positive, her outlook on the complex emotional intersections of sex, power, and self-confidence is not without nuance." In his book Madonna as Postmodern Myth, author Georges-Claude Guilbert describes the video as "a masterpiece of the [music video] genre" which conveys a "conventional moral message" of the possible dangers of a one-night stand. In a 2012 Billboard Magazine reader's poll which ranked Madonna's best music videos, "Bad Girl" was voted in at number nine.
Live performance
Madonna has only performed the song live once, during an appearance on Saturday Night Live in January 1993. At the end of the performance, she yelled "Fight the real enemy!" as she ripped up an 8–by–10 photograph of Joey Buttafuoco – the alleged lover of Amy Fisher, the Long Island teenager who shot Buttafuoco's wife in the face. This action was a spoof of the actions taken by Sinéad O'Connor when she was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live in October 1992, in which she ripped apart a photograph of Pope John Paul II and yelled "Fight the real enemy!," as a protest against sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church. According to the Deseret News, after O'Connor's Pope-incident originally occurred, Madonna stated that she believed that O'Connor's irreverence had gone too far. However, Madonna's spoof of the incident appeared to be intended in fun. The Huffington Post included the Saturday Night Live performance of "Bad Girl" on their list of Madonna's most "legendary performances", stating that it was the "highlight" of her appearance at the program.
Track listing
US 7" vinyl, Cassette single / Japanese 3" CD single (5439-18650-7, 5439-18650-4 / WPDP-6321)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Fever" (Album Version) – 5:00
US 12" maxi-single (9362-40793-0)
"Bad Girl" (Extended Mix) – 6:29
"Fever" (Extended 12") – 6:08
"Fever" (Shep's Remedy Dub) – 4:29
"Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
"Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28
"Fever" (Oscar G's Dope Mix) – 4:55
US / Australian CD maxi-single (9362-40793-2)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
"Fever" (Extended 12") – 6:08
"Bad Girl" (Extended Mix) – 6:29
"Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28
"Fever" (Hot Sweat 12") – 7:55
UK CD single, 12" vinyl (9362-40789-2 / 9362-40789-0)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Erotica" (William Orbit 12") – 6:07
"Erotica" (William Orbit Dub) – 4:53
"Erotica" (Madonna's in My Jeep Mix) – 5:46
UK 7" vinyl, Cassette single (5439-18556-7 / W0154C, 5439-18580-4)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Erotica" (William Orbit Dub) – 4:53
European 7" vinyl single (5439-18556-7)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Deeper and Deeper" (Shep's Deep Bass Dub) – 5:00
French / European CD single, 12" single (9362-40812-9 / 9362-40810-0)
"Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:38
"Deeper and Deeper" (Shep's Deep Bass Dub) – 5:00
"Deeper and Deeper" (Shep's Deepstrumental) – 5:31
Charts
See also
List of Madonna tribute albums
References
External links
Category:1992 songs
Category:1993 singles
Category:1990s ballads
Category:Madonna (entertainer) songs
Category:Maverick Records singles
Category:Music videos directed by David Fincher
Category:Pop ballads
Category:Contemporary R&B ballads
Category:Sire Records singles
Category:Songs about alcohol
Category:Songs about casual sex
Category:Songs written by Madonna (entertainer)
Category:Songs written by Shep Pettibone
Category:Song recordings produced by Madonna (entertainer)
Category:Song recordings produced by Shep Pettibone
Category:Warner Records singles
Category:American contemporary R&B songs
Category:Angels in art | {
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Continuous transition from weakly localized regime to strong localization regime in Nd0.7La0.3NiO3 films.
We report an investigation of metal-insulator transition (MIT) using conductivity and magnetoconductance (MC) measurements down to 0.3 K in Nd0.7La0.3NiO3 films grown on crystalline substrates of LaAlO3 (LAO), SrTiO3 (STO), and NdGaO3 (NGO) by pulsed laser deposition. The film grown on LAO experiences a compressive strain and shows metallic behavior with the onset of a weak resistivity upturn below 2 K which is linked to the onset of weak localization contribution. Films grown on STO and NGO show a cross-over from a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistance regime to negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistance regime at definite temperatures. We establish that a cross-over from PTC to NTC on cooling does not necessarily constitute a MIT because the extrapolated conductivity at zero temperature [Formula: see text] though small (<10 S cm-1) is finite, signaling the existence of a bad metallic state and absence of an activated transport. The value of [Formula: see text] for films grown on NGO is reduced by a factor of 40 compared to that for films grown on STO. We show that a combination of certain physical factors makes substituted nickelate (that are known to exhibit first-order Mott type transition), undergo a continuous transition as seen in systems undergoing disorder/composition driven Anderson transition. The MC measurement also supports the above observation and shows that at low temperatures, there exists a positive MC that arises from the quantum interference which co-exists with a spin-related negative MC that becomes progressively stronger as the electrons approach a strongly localized state in the film grown on NGO. | {
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Jantzen Red Pointelle V-neck Swimdress
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Get that something extra you've been looking for out of a swimsuit with this Jantzen Pointelle V-Neck Swimdress. This suit has a stylish H-back neck closure, removable cups, ruched side seams, and a unique pointelle design.
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8 Flight Fixed Shafts INT BLK 26mm
The 8 Flight shaft system features interchangeable shaft capabilities, meaning you can mix up your set-up without needing a new flight. Both fixed and spin shafts have identical screw tight mechanisms to secure the flight to the shaft. | {
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Apple patented a way to catch thieves via Touch ID
Touch ID from Apple is a great way to safeguard your device, and a newly filed patent suggests it will also be able to help catch thieves.
The patent, named ‘biometric capture for unauthorized user identification,’ is pretty straightforward. If Touch ID detects a fingerprint that isn’t yours, it’ll store an image of the scan as a means of catching who may have stolen your phone.
It may also take their picture, or a video of them trying to hack your device. Here’s the abstract description of the patent: "A computing device may determine to capture biometric information in response to the occurrence of one or more trigger conditions. The trigger condition may be receipt of one or more instructions from one or more other computing devices, detection of potential unauthorized use by the computing device, normal operation of the computing device, and so on. The computing device may obtain biometric information and may store such biometric information. Such biometric information may be one or more fingerprints, one or more images of a current user of the computing device, video of the current user, audio of the environment of the computing device, forensic interface use information, and so on. The computing device may then provide the stored biometric information for identification of one or more unauthorized users."
Like many patents, it’s probably just an idea Apple is putting its thumb on (pun intended!) so nobody else can claim it. There are a lot of things to consider with making it a user-facing feature, like how the info is stored on your phone and if you’d actually be able to access or delete it (say a child snatched a parent’s phone to watch videos; that’s sketchy to the device, but definitely not theft). Either way, it’s an interesting feature I’d actually like to see refined and put into practice as an optional security feature. | {
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The cytotoxicity of naturally occurring styryl lactones.
We extracted and isolated three natural styryl lactones from Goniothalamus griffithii Hook f. Thoms and investigated their cytotoxicity on a panel of three hepatocyte cell lines, HepG2, drug resistant HepG2 (HepG2-R) and primary cultured normal mice hepatocyte in order to find candidates of potential anti-cancer drugs which have low toxicity on normal cells and high effect on tumors or drug resistant tumors. All the three styryl lactones showed evident cytotoxic activities on both HepG2 and HepG2-R cell lines; however, gonithalamin and goniodiol shows less toxicity on normal mice hepatocyte as the IC(50) values of them on normal mice hepatocyte were about three times of that on HepG2. Morphological observation and cell cycle analysis were employed to elucidate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the tested compounds. Many apoptotic cells were observed in gonithalamin- and altholactone-treated cells, whereas, cells with chromosomes gathered at the equator were easily found in goniodiol-treated cultures. The analysis of cell cycle showed that G(2)/M arrest contributed to goniothalimin- and gonidiol-caused cell death and apoptosis was the cause of gonithalamin- and altholactone-induced cell death. Our results suggest that the three styryl lactones may be prospectively developed into anti-tumor drugs, especially on treating drug-resistance tumor after structure modification. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Last updated on .From the section Rugby Union
Taufa'ao Filise has been the Blues most capped player since December 2015
Cardiff Blues have agreed contract extensions with six players ahead of the new season including veterans Taufa'ao Filise and Matthew Rees.
Brad Thyer, Scott Andrews, Anton Peikrishvili and Lewis Jones have also agreed new deals to remain in Cardiff.
Tongan tight-head Filise, 40, arrived at Cardiff Arms Park in 2006 and has made a record 241 appearances for the region since his arrival.
The Blues' season kicks-off at home to Edinburgh on Friday, 1 September. | {
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Making a worthwhile contribution to the community is part of Kirk Storie ‘s DNA so it’s hardly surprising that his new service is one that guarantees the safety and respect of senior citizens and parents wanting the best for their children.
MEDIA RELEASE
December 15 2011
Safe and reliable personal driving service for Hibiscus Coast
Making a worthwhile contribution to the community is part of Kirk Storie ‘s DNA so it’s hardly surprising that his new service is one that guarantees the safety and respect of senior citizens and parents wanting the best for their children.
Kirk is the proud owner of Freedom Companion Driving, a new personal driver service that transports North Shore clients to and from medical appointments, grocery shopping and social outings, school pick-ups to sports and other extra curricula activities and ensuring the safe and secure home delivery.
Freedom Companion Drivers offers a unique service including the same friendly driver each trip while maintaining the dignity and independence of each customer Kirk said. The service is expected come as welcome news to senior citizens.
“ It’s quite different from existing services such as taxis, it’s more like having your own personal chauffeur,” he says. “ I have personal experience with people who were no longer confident driving at night and who needed help sometimes with carrying heavy grocery bags. It was a concern for the entire family but we weren’t always available to help. It’s great now to be able to take the anxiety out of the situation for our older clients, and for their families to know they’re safe.
“ The latest report from NZ Transport Agency said that the total number of road fatalities up to 30 November this year for 60+ is higher for both 2010 an 2011 than either the 15-19 and 20-24 year groups which are widely regarded as the ‘highest risks groups’. Unfortunately as the ageing population booms so too will the fatality rates,” he says. “We’re not saying older people should stop driving but we are here to provide a cost effective and safe service for those who are forced to stay driving just to be able to do everyday things like go to the doctor, take their cat to the vet and shopping. Public transport is limited and traditional taxis are expensive and with varying costs and don’t they provide the level of support we do. Our clients don’t have the cost of keeping a vehicle on the road either.
“ Unless you’re experiencing it, you don’t understand how difficult it is not to be able to get yourself to church, medical appointments and social outings,” he said. “Car keys are a symbol of independence and freedom for Kiwis and it can be a devastating experience for those who lose the ability to drive.”
Kirk says safety isn’t only an issue for older adults. “ Getting children safely to school or to after school activities is a real problem for many busy working parents. To know that the same trusted driver will be there every time is a great reassurance for parents, and for the children,” he said.
Born and bred on the North Shore Kirk has lived in the region for 40 years. For nearly 15 years he has been an active member of Radio Lollipop NZ at Star ship Hospital – a charity devoted to entertaining youngsters in hospital, providing music and fun activities in an environment which can be strange and scary.
“ The kids love it” he said. “And they also participate – we don’t talk down to them, we’re there to show them we care. That’s the key with older adults too. They want to feel like the person cares about them.
“ We take all the anxiety out of the outings – providing a familiar friendly face, at an affordable price on time every time, as well as a helping hand when required” . Police checked and with specialist license endorsements the Freedom Companion Driver service operates from the North Shore to Waiwera. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
How to make Python differentiate between upper and lower characters.
Hello guys I hope you will help me with a small problem that I did not figured out yet.
Here is the description of the homework to have an idea first about what I am working on.
" In this part of the homework, you will write a program that inputs two different
characters in the form of "c1-c2", where c1
is the first character and c2
is the second
character. You need to check the validity of this input. That is, the input should
start with a letter, followed by a dash (-), and it should end with another letter case
insensitively (it means that "a" and "A" are the same characters). Please note that
the characters to be obtained from the user must be different from each other. In
case that the user enters an invalid input, your program should continuously
prompt for the required value until (s)he enters a valid one."
Here is some sample runs:
Please enter two different characters in the form c1-c2: a-A
Invalid input!
Please enter two different characters in the form c1-c2: a-B
(The program should stop if it is correct.)
Here is what I tried so far:
ascii_letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
def process(Z):
if Z[0] in ascii_letters:
return True
if Z[1] == '-':
return True
if Z[2] in ascii_letters:
return True
if Z[0] != Z[2]:
return True
if Z[0] != Z[2].upper():
return True
if Z[0] != Z[2].lower():
return True
X = False
while X == False:
ask = input("Please enter two different characters in the form c1-c2: ")
if process(ask) == False :
print("Invalid input!")
else:
break
A:
The inbuilt function -isalpha() will be helpful for your homework.
while True:
ask=input('Please enter two different characters in the form c1-c2: ')
if len(ask)!=3:
continue
if ask[1] == '-' and ask[0].isalpha() and ask[2].isalpha() and ask[0]!=ask[2]:
break
The isalpha() function returns True if the given string has all alphabets.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
It looks like Nintendo is testing the mobile app waters with a new Pokemon app called Pokemon Say Tap? BW. Yes, great name. This app is a timing game that uses music and Pokemon cards with some tap action to make the first Nintendo game on a non-Nintendo mobile platform. That's pretty big news, folks.
The tapping begins this summer on both iOS devices and Android. An official date will be given later on the Pokemon site. The Japanese info page from Nintendo says that the game is coming to iPhone (3GS, iPhone4) iPod touch (3rd generation), iPad, and Android devices running Ver.2.1 or later.
This is really happening!
Here It Is, an Official Pokémon App [Kotaku] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
It's 18:00 in a somewhat deserted Toronto on the last day before the scheduled end of the world at midnight, the end which has been known now for months. Most people are treating midnight as a matter-of-fact event with little sense of panic. In fact, many are celebrating this last day. Most have very specific wants for this last day and will do whatever they need to to make those wants happen. And some, such as Duncan and Donna with the gas company, are working, ensuring that the masses are served and comfortable during the final hours. The Wheeler family are marking the last day by having a Christmas party, although sullen adult son Patrick, his thoughts in part stemming from being recently widowed, has made it clear he wants to be alone in his own home at the end. Patrick's wants may be in jeopardy when a woman named Sandra - Duncan's wife - lands on his doorstep. Sandra is stranded, trying to make it across town to her own home so that she and Duncan can carry out their own last ... Written by Huggo | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Technologies
Nothing is more important than the safety of people in their day-to-day work! This is why we at uvex are constantly developing our products based on pioneering technologies. The objective: Combining protection, wearer comfort and relief in every product in the best possible way.
Hearing protection
x-grip technology
The optimised mixing ratio of the polyurethane foam developed in-house significantly improves the contact pressure and the reset time of the products made from it. The earplugs are absolutely silicone-free. The x-shaped recess in the earplug makes it easier to handle. Less material also minimises the contact pressure; the delicate entrance to the ear canal is gently and fully closed.
x-cap and x-fold technology
The foam pads are made of two components, so the earplugs do not move when worn. The oval form simulates the entrance to the ear canal, therefore guaranteeing extremely high wearer comfort. uvex banded ear protectors in lightweight construction have a total weight of just 8 grams. The foldable variant uvex x-fold is equipped with a film hinge for which a patent application has been submitted.
We use cookies to personalise content and advertisements, to provide social media functionalities and to analyse who is visiting our website. We also pass on information regarding your use of our website to our social media partners (Facebook pixels), advertising partners and partners who use this information for analysis (Google). More information and instructions on how to disable individual analysis functions can be found in our Privacy Policy. By pressing the "OK" button, you are confirming that you have read and understood this message.Ok | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/*
* container-test.js: Tests for the Container object
*
* (C) 2011 Charlie Robbins
* MIT LICENSE
*
*/
var assert = require('assert'),
fs = require('fs'),
http = require('http'),
path = require('path'),
vows = require('vows'),
winston = require('../lib/winston'),
helpers = require('./helpers');
vows.describe('winston/container').addBatch({
"An instance of winston.Container": {
topic: new winston.Container(),
"the add() method": {
topic: function (container) {
return container.add('default-test');
},
"should correctly instantiate a Logger": function (logger) {
assert.instanceOf(logger, winston.Logger);
},
"the get() method": {
topic: function (logger, container) {
this.callback.apply(this, arguments);
},
"should respond with the logger previously created": function (existing, container) {
var logger = container.get('default-test');
assert.isTrue(existing === logger);
}
},
"the has() method": {
topic: function (logger, container) {
this.callback.apply(this, arguments);
},
"should indicate `default-test` logger exists": function (existing, container) {
assert.isTrue(container.has('default-test'));
},
"should indicate `not-has` logger doesnt exists": function (existing, container) {
assert.isFalse(container.has('not-has'));
}
},
"the close() method": {
topic: function (logger, container) {
this.callback.apply(this, arguments);
},
"should remove the specified logger": function (logger, container) {
container.close('default-test');
assert.isTrue(!container.loggers['default-test']);
}
}
}
},
"An instance of winston.Container with explicit transports": {
topic: function () {
this.port = 9412;
this.transports = [
new winston.transports.Webhook({
port: this.port
})
];
this.container = new winston.Container({
transports: this.transports
});
return null;
},
"the get() method": {
topic: function (container) {
var server = http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.end();
});
server.listen(this.port, this.callback.bind(this, null));
},
"should add the logger correctly": function () {
this.someLogger = this.container.get('some-logger');
assert.isObject(this.someLogger.transports);
assert.instanceOf(this.someLogger.transports['webhook'], winston.transports.Webhook);
assert.strictEqual(this.someLogger.transports['webhook'], this.transports[0]);
},
"a second call to get()": {
"should respond with the same transport object": function () {
this.someOtherLogger = this.container.get('some-other-logger');
assert.isObject(this.someOtherLogger.transports);
assert.instanceOf(this.someOtherLogger.transports['webhook'], winston.transports.Webhook);
assert.strictEqual(this.someOtherLogger.transports['webhook'], this.transports[0]);
assert.strictEqual(this.someOtherLogger.transports['webhook'], this.someLogger.transports['webhook']);
}
}
}
}
}).export(module); | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
This will probably come as a tremendous shock to many of you but the S. Pellegrino List of the Top 100 Restaurants in the World for 2010 has just been released and there are none in the Philly/South Jersey area. That’s a little embarrassing when you consider that there are THREE restaurants in Russia that made the list!
I have to confess I have never been to ANY of them. I guess my wallet keeps me firmly grounded in our local BYOB’s, and that’s ok with me, too. Here are a few little tidbits from the list. El Bulli, in Spain has held down the top spot for the past four years. It has now been knocked out of first place by a restaurant in Copenhagen, Denmark called NOMA which last year, finished third. Rene Redzepi is the Chef at Noma which means “Nordic food”. El Bulli is now second while The Fat Duck, in the town of Bray, outside London, holds third place.
The highest ranked American restaurant on the list is Alinea in Chicago. The biggest climb by any restaurant on the list was made by Daniel, the New York eatery jumped from 41st last year to 8th place in the latest rankings. The French Laundry, which many consider the USA’s top dining spot fell 20 places this year from 12th to 32nd.
It’s really hard to see how anyone could actually compile a list like this as it is all so subjective. Everyone loves a good list though, so enjoy this one for what it’s worth. Start phoning now and within the next decade you might be able to book a table at one of these culinary temples that can be found listed here. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Sell scripts built on framework
I was wondering if it is allowed to create commercial scripts (scripts for sale) that are built on a framework like Laravel or Codeigniter?
A:
Both Laravel and CodeIgniter use the MIT License:
...
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
...
You are free to sell your own derivative works without worry.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Ci troviamo davanti a una rivoluzione, la scuola come la ricordavamo è solo una reminiscenza. Questo che pensiamo non appena entriamo nell’istituto comprensivo “Cardinale Oreste Giorgi” di Valmontone.
Dall’inizio di maggio, in via sperimentale, dopo un lavoro di progettazione lungo oltre un anno, è partito il progetto “DADA” che ha totalmente ribaltato gli schemi scolastici classici. “DADA” sta per “Didattiche per Ambienti di Apprendimento”, ovvero il nostro classico sistema scolastico funziona per classe, ogni alunno ha una sua classe e in quel luogo passerà il resto dell’anno scolastico, mentre, questo nuovo sistema, “DADA” appunto, prevede che ogni studente si sposti di ora in ora nella classe in cui si trova la materia che dovrà frequentare.
Questo è un modello scolastico ben collaudato che arriva dalla Svezia, in particolare promosso dalla scuola “Vittra Telefonplan” di Stoccolma; in Italia è arrivato per la prima volta a Roma 5 anni fa, da lì si sta diffondendo in tutta la penisola: naturalmente la “Card. O. Giorgi” sempre molto apprezzata per la sua qualità e per il suo essere avanti con i tempi non poteva non avviare il progetto.
“Con questo sistema abbiamo dato a ogni studente un’ambiente più consono alla didattica” dichiara il Dirigente scolastico Chiararia. Infatti, una delegazione di professori che ha lavorato al progetto, ci spiega come in questo modo il materiale che di volta in volta serve agli studenti non deve, come prima, essere ricercato all’interno della scuola, ma di come si trovi già nell’aula adibita: le cartine geografiche, oppure le strumentazioni che servono per svolgere la pratica nell’ora di Tecnica o di Musica, adesso si trovano tutte nello stesso ambiente. Vuoi la tua pubblicità qui? Le pubblicità sostengono il servizio
Sempre il preside afferma che: “All’inizio non tutti erano fiduciosi e si pensava a una perdita di tempo durante il cambio dell’ora, ma non è stato così, anzi ciò ha responsabilizzato gli alunni e migliorato l’apprendimento. I genitori soprattutto si sono ricreduti e tuttora abbiamo un livello di soddisfazione altissimo, con una grande partecipazione genitoriale”. D’altronde è nettamente riscontabile come questo sistema sia efficace, vedendo anche il sistema universitario, dato che il nostro organo pensante non riesce a rimanere concentrato più di un determinato lasso temporale, qui è fondamentale il moto fisico e il prendersi una piccola pausa.
“Abbiamo avuto una forte partecipazione dell’istituzione comunale, che ha creduto in noi e nel progetto, inoltre anche un'altra istituzione come la Guardia Di Finanza ci ha appoggiato, donandoci gli armadietti personali per i ragazzi” conclude Chiararia. L’amministrazione comunale è la prima ad essere vicina alle esigenze dei plessi scolastici, investendo in questi ultimi anni nella loro adeguata messa a norma.
Laura Mujic, Consigliere Comunale con delega alla Pubblica Istruzione, afferma: “Abbiamo creduto nel progetto, siamo rimasti totalmente soddisfatti da quest’opera, infatti abbiamo potuto osservare che sia i professori e sia gli alunni hanno totalmente cambiato modo di rapportarsi alla scuola, migliorando la loro percezione del lavoro svolto”.
*Servizio a cura di Marco Saracini
LEGGI ANCHE: | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Obstetric interventions during labor and childbirth in Brazilian low-risk women.
This study evaluated the use of best practices (eating, movement, use of nonpharmacological methods for pain relief and partograph) and obstetric interventions in labor and delivery among low-risk women. Data from the hospital-based survey Birth in Brazil conducted between 2011 and 2012 was used. Best practices during labor occurred in less than 50% of women and prevalence of the use of these practices was lower in the North, Northeast and Central West Regions. The rate of use of oxytocin drips and amniotomy was 40%, and was higher among women admitted to public hospitals and in women with a low level of education. The uterine fundal pressure, episiotomy and lithotomy were used in 37%, 56% and 92% of women, respectively. Caesarean section rates were lower in women using the public health system, nonwhites, women with a low level of education and multiparous women. To improve the health of mothers and newborns and promote quality of life, a change of approach to labor and childbirth that focuses on evidence-based care is required in both the public and private health sectors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
SOAPUI: How to find node count in JSON response
I have JSON response below in SOAP UI:-
I need to find number of JSON Nodes in this JSON.
I tried with JSONPATH Count but it doesn't give accurate result.
Here 8 nodes are there wich is expected as output.
<data contentType="text/plain" contentLength="772"><![CDATA[[{
"EmployeeId": "99",
"EmployeeName": "Doe",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "88",
"EmployeeName": "John",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "999",
"EmployeeName": "Doe",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "888",
"EmployeeName": "John",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "777",
"EmployeeName": "Keerthi",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "666",
"EmployeeName": "Keerthi",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "1234",
"EmployeeName": "Sushant",
"Role": "Doctor"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "107",
"EmployeeName": "John8",
"Role": "LabTech"
}]]]></data>
How to find Node Counts?
A:
You may extract the list and use size() method on it get the count using groovy script.
For example:
def employees = '''
[
{
"EmployeeId": "88",
"EmployeeName": "John",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "999",
"EmployeeName": "Doe",
"Role": "Dr"
}
]'''
def employeeList = new groovy.json.JsonSlurper().parseText( employees )
println employeeList.size()
Output is 2 which is expected.
Update:
If you want to the specific data that you provided, here you go.
Since the data is not directly json type, i.e., wrapped in cdata which is part of xml.
So first need to extract json data from xml then apply size to get the count.
def xml = '''
<data contentType="text/plain" contentLength="772"><![CDATA[[{
"EmployeeId": "99",
"EmployeeName": "Doe",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "88",
"EmployeeName": "John",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "999",
"EmployeeName": "Doe",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "888",
"EmployeeName": "John",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "777",
"EmployeeName": "Keerthi",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "666",
"EmployeeName": "Keerthi",
"Role": "Dr"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "1234",
"EmployeeName": "Sushant",
"Role": "Doctor"
},
{
"EmployeeId": "107",
"EmployeeName": "John8",
"Role": "LabTech"
}]]]></data>'''
def data = new XmlSlurper().parseText(xml)
def list = new groovy.json.JsonSlurper().parseText( data.toString())
log.info list.size()
You may also assert it using :
assert 8 == list.size(), "Employee count is not matching"
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
10 Reasons to Start Looking for a Better Job
How many years have you worked on your job? Are you satisfied with it? Maybe it’s time to find a new job which would meet your desires?
Many people don’t change their current place of work because of being afraid of not finding better. But think about the time and efforts you spend doing something you don’t like and exhausting your mental and emotional resources. How long will you be patient? You deserve the best. You just need to believe in yourself and get rid of any doubt and fear! You’re not a tree planted in the ground. You are a human and have the right to change what you don’t like. Here are 10 main reasons which indicate that you need to consider looking for a new job that would better suit your interests and expectations.
1. You don’t enjoy your work
You wake up every morning without a smile because you have to go again in the place where you don’t want to be and do things you hate doing? Many people take up a vacant position only for money and don’t enjoy their work. This is the main reason to consider changing your job simply because there is no point of spending 1/3 of your life on something you don’t like.
2. Lack of understanding with your boss
Your boss often offends you or puts you in an awkward position? He/she is always dissatisfied and never appreciates your efforts? Don’t tolerate it! Quit and let him try to find such a valuable employee like you.
3. Bad working conditions and difficult schedule
Working conditions and the time schedule directly affect your ability to work and the quality of life in general. Often have to stay at work till late at night because your boss says so? Do you work all day and all week so that no time remains for yourself and your family and friends? Think about it.
4. Small wages
This is one of the most common reasons that make people change jobs. Do you feel that your work is not sufficiently appreciated and you get a small salary? Then, the decision to change your job is the most appropriate in this case.
5. Bad relationship with your colleagues
If the people you work with don’t support and don’t appreciate you, then there is no sense to continue working in a team without being a part of it.
6. Your work is underestimated
If you feel that you are working hard but nobody notices this, look for a place where your efforts will be appreciated.
7. Your opinion isn’t taken into account
Everyone feels important and necessary when his opinion is taken into account. But when a person’s initiatives are suppressed, he feels like being nothing. Do you feel this way? If yes, quitting your current job is the right decision.
8. Lack of career prospects
Everything in nature is constantly changing and developing. Human is part of nature, so he also tends to change and evolve. If the work doesn’t give you the opportunities to grow, do you really have to stay there?
9. Lack of personal development
This is as a result of the previous case. Career growth is an aspect of personal development, and when you don’t evolve as a personality, at some point you start feeling incomplete and stuck in your life.
10. Constant psychological stress and health risks
Maybe health is not the most important thing in life but without health everything is nothing! If your job threatens your life and health – both physical and mental – think twice whether you really need to stay there. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Igor Yuryevich Ivanov
Igor Yuryevich Ivanov (; born 19 May 1954) is a Soviet and Russian actor of theater and director.
He is a People's Artist of Russia (2004).
Education and work
Igor Ivanov graduated 1979 from the Leningrad State Institute of Theatre Music and Cinematography from Katsman's and Dodin's class.
He acted with the Tomsk Young Viewers' Theatre from 1979 till 1980. During the same year became an actor with the well-known Maly Drama Theatre in Saint Petersburg – where he works to this day.
Since 2010 he has lived and worked in Berlin part-time.
Awards
2004 – People's Artist of Russia – Honorary Title for Life Achievement in the field of Acting
2003 – The Golden Soffit – Award for Male Leading Role in Theatre
2003 – Strezhelchik Award – Award for Life Achievement in Theatre
2002 – The International Stanislavski Award of the Russian Federation – Award for Male Leading Role in Theatre
1991 – Honored Artist RSFSR
Selected work in theatre
Intrigue and Love, President Walter – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Long Journey into the night, James Tyron – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Life and Fate, Mostovskoy – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Love's Labors's lost, Don Adriano de Armado – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Uncle Vanya, Alexander Serebrjakov – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
The Cherry Orchard, Lopachin – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
The Disappearance, Baruch Najleben – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Jurij Kordonski
The Broken Jug, Consultant Walter – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Benjamin Felshtinski
Desire Under The Elms, Simon – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Devils, Captain Lebyadkin – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Fiesta, Bill Gorton – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Efim Padve
Brothers and Sisters, Piotr Zhitov – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe, Lev Dodin
Stars on the Morningsky, Nikolai – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe – Lev Dodin
The House, Jegorsha – MDT – Theatre de l'Europe – Lev Dodin
Selected work in film
External links
Official website of actor and director Igor Ivanov
IMDB-Site
Category:Soviet male actors
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Saint Petersburg
Category:Soviet male film actors
Category:Soviet male television actors
Category:Soviet male stage actors
Category:Russian male film actors
Category:Russian male television actors
Category:Russian male stage actors
Category:Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Category:People's Artists of Russia
Category:Male actors from Saint Petersburg
Category:Russian State Institute of Performing Arts alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
/*
* Copyright 2016 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
* OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
* ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
* OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
* Authors: AMD
*
*/
#include "dm_services.h"
#include "dc.h"
#include "mod_freesync.h"
#include "core_types.h"
#define MOD_FREESYNC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS 32
/* Refresh rate ramp at a fixed rate of 65 Hz/second */
#define STATIC_SCREEN_RAMP_DELTA_REFRESH_RATE_PER_FRAME ((1000 / 60) * 65)
/* Number of elements in the render times cache array */
#define RENDER_TIMES_MAX_COUNT 10
/* Threshold to exit BTR (to avoid frequent enter-exits at the lower limit) */
#define BTR_EXIT_MARGIN 2000
/* Number of consecutive frames to check before entering/exiting fixed refresh*/
#define FIXED_REFRESH_ENTER_FRAME_COUNT 5
#define FIXED_REFRESH_EXIT_FRAME_COUNT 5
#define FREESYNC_REGISTRY_NAME "freesync_v1"
#define FREESYNC_NO_STATIC_FOR_EXTERNAL_DP_REGKEY "DalFreeSyncNoStaticForExternalDp"
#define FREESYNC_NO_STATIC_FOR_INTERNAL_REGKEY "DalFreeSyncNoStaticForInternal"
#define FREESYNC_DEFAULT_REGKEY "LCDFreeSyncDefault"
struct gradual_static_ramp {
bool ramp_is_active;
bool ramp_direction_is_up;
unsigned int ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns;
};
struct freesync_time {
/* video (48Hz feature) related */
unsigned int update_duration_in_ns;
/* BTR/fixed refresh related */
unsigned int prev_time_stamp_in_us;
unsigned int min_render_time_in_us;
unsigned int max_render_time_in_us;
unsigned int render_times_index;
unsigned int render_times[RENDER_TIMES_MAX_COUNT];
unsigned int min_window;
unsigned int max_window;
};
struct below_the_range {
bool btr_active;
bool program_btr;
unsigned int mid_point_in_us;
unsigned int inserted_frame_duration_in_us;
unsigned int frames_to_insert;
unsigned int frame_counter;
};
struct fixed_refresh {
bool fixed_active;
bool program_fixed;
unsigned int frame_counter;
};
struct freesync_range {
unsigned int min_refresh;
unsigned int max_frame_duration;
unsigned int vmax;
unsigned int max_refresh;
unsigned int min_frame_duration;
unsigned int vmin;
};
struct freesync_state {
bool fullscreen;
bool static_screen;
bool video;
unsigned int vmin;
unsigned int vmax;
struct freesync_time time;
unsigned int nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
bool windowed_fullscreen;
struct gradual_static_ramp static_ramp;
struct below_the_range btr;
struct fixed_refresh fixed_refresh;
struct freesync_range freesync_range;
};
struct freesync_entity {
struct dc_stream_state *stream;
struct mod_freesync_caps *caps;
struct freesync_state state;
struct mod_freesync_user_enable user_enable;
};
struct freesync_registry_options {
bool drr_external_supported;
bool drr_internal_supported;
bool lcd_freesync_default_set;
int lcd_freesync_default_value;
};
struct core_freesync {
struct mod_freesync public;
struct dc *dc;
struct freesync_registry_options opts;
struct freesync_entity *map;
int num_entities;
};
#define MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync)\
container_of(mod_freesync, struct core_freesync, public)
struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync_create(struct dc *dc)
{
struct core_freesync *core_freesync =
kzalloc(sizeof(struct core_freesync), GFP_KERNEL);
struct persistent_data_flag flag;
int i, data = 0;
if (core_freesync == NULL)
goto fail_alloc_context;
core_freesync->map = kzalloc(sizeof(struct freesync_entity) * MOD_FREESYNC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
GFP_KERNEL);
if (core_freesync->map == NULL)
goto fail_alloc_map;
for (i = 0; i < MOD_FREESYNC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS; i++)
core_freesync->map[i].stream = NULL;
core_freesync->num_entities = 0;
if (dc == NULL)
goto fail_construct;
core_freesync->dc = dc;
/* Create initial module folder in registry for freesync enable data */
flag.save_per_edid = true;
flag.save_per_link = false;
dm_write_persistent_data(dc->ctx, NULL, FREESYNC_REGISTRY_NAME,
NULL, NULL, 0, &flag);
flag.save_per_edid = false;
flag.save_per_link = false;
if (dm_read_persistent_data(dc->ctx, NULL, NULL,
FREESYNC_NO_STATIC_FOR_INTERNAL_REGKEY,
&data, sizeof(data), &flag)) {
core_freesync->opts.drr_internal_supported =
(data & 1) ? false : true;
}
if (dm_read_persistent_data(dc->ctx, NULL, NULL,
FREESYNC_NO_STATIC_FOR_EXTERNAL_DP_REGKEY,
&data, sizeof(data), &flag)) {
core_freesync->opts.drr_external_supported =
(data & 1) ? false : true;
}
if (dm_read_persistent_data(dc->ctx, NULL, NULL,
FREESYNC_DEFAULT_REGKEY,
&data, sizeof(data), &flag)) {
core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_set = true;
core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value = data;
} else {
core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_set = false;
core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value = 0;
}
return &core_freesync->public;
fail_construct:
kfree(core_freesync->map);
fail_alloc_map:
kfree(core_freesync);
fail_alloc_context:
return NULL;
}
void mod_freesync_destroy(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync)
{
if (mod_freesync != NULL) {
int i;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync =
MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
for (i = 0; i < core_freesync->num_entities; i++)
if (core_freesync->map[i].stream)
dc_stream_release(core_freesync->map[i].stream);
kfree(core_freesync->map);
kfree(core_freesync);
}
}
/* Given a specific dc_stream* this function finds its equivalent
* on the core_freesync->map and returns the corresponding index
*/
static unsigned int map_index_from_stream(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
for (index = 0; index < core_freesync->num_entities; index++) {
if (core_freesync->map[index].stream == stream) {
return index;
}
}
/* Could not find stream requested */
ASSERT(false);
return index;
}
bool mod_freesync_add_stream(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream, struct mod_freesync_caps *caps)
{
struct dc *dc = NULL;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
int persistent_freesync_enable = 0;
struct persistent_data_flag flag;
unsigned int nom_refresh_rate_uhz;
unsigned long long temp;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
dc = core_freesync->dc;
flag.save_per_edid = true;
flag.save_per_link = false;
if (core_freesync->num_entities < MOD_FREESYNC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS) {
dc_stream_retain(stream);
temp = stream->timing.pix_clk_khz;
temp *= 1000ULL * 1000ULL * 1000ULL;
temp = div_u64(temp, stream->timing.h_total);
temp = div_u64(temp, stream->timing.v_total);
nom_refresh_rate_uhz = (unsigned int) temp;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].stream = stream;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].caps = caps;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].state.
fullscreen = false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].state.
static_screen = false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].state.
video = false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].state.time.
update_duration_in_ns = 0;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].state.
static_ramp.ramp_is_active = false;
/* get persistent data from registry */
if (dm_read_persistent_data(dc->ctx, stream->sink,
FREESYNC_REGISTRY_NAME,
"userenable", &persistent_freesync_enable,
sizeof(int), &flag)) {
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_gaming =
(persistent_freesync_enable & 1) ? true : false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_static =
(persistent_freesync_enable & 2) ? true : false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_video =
(persistent_freesync_enable & 4) ? true : false;
/* If FreeSync display and LCDFreeSyncDefault is set, use as default values write back to userenable */
} else if (caps->supported && (core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_set)) {
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.enable_for_gaming =
(core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value & 1) ? true : false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.enable_for_static =
(core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value & 2) ? true : false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.enable_for_video =
(core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value & 4) ? true : false;
dm_write_persistent_data(dc->ctx, stream->sink,
FREESYNC_REGISTRY_NAME,
"userenable", &core_freesync->opts.lcd_freesync_default_value,
sizeof(int), &flag);
} else {
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_gaming = false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_static = false;
core_freesync->map[core_freesync->num_entities].user_enable.
enable_for_video = false;
}
if (caps->supported &&
nom_refresh_rate_uhz >= caps->min_refresh_in_micro_hz &&
nom_refresh_rate_uhz <= caps->max_refresh_in_micro_hz)
stream->ignore_msa_timing_param = 1;
core_freesync->num_entities++;
return true;
}
return false;
}
bool mod_freesync_remove_stream(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream)
{
int i = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
unsigned int index = 0;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
dc_stream_release(core_freesync->map[index].stream);
core_freesync->map[index].stream = NULL;
/* To remove this entity, shift everything after down */
for (i = index; i < core_freesync->num_entities - 1; i++)
core_freesync->map[i] = core_freesync->map[i + 1];
core_freesync->num_entities--;
return true;
}
static void adjust_vmin_vmax(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams,
int num_streams,
int map_index,
unsigned int v_total_min,
unsigned int v_total_max)
{
if (num_streams == 0 || streams == NULL || num_streams > 1)
return;
core_freesync->map[map_index].state.vmin = v_total_min;
core_freesync->map[map_index].state.vmax = v_total_max;
dc_stream_adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync->dc, streams,
num_streams, v_total_min,
v_total_max);
}
static void update_stream_freesync_context(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream)
{
unsigned int index;
struct freesync_context *ctx;
ctx = &stream->freesync_ctx;
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
ctx->supported = core_freesync->map[index].caps->supported;
ctx->enabled = (core_freesync->map[index].user_enable.enable_for_gaming ||
core_freesync->map[index].user_enable.enable_for_video ||
core_freesync->map[index].user_enable.enable_for_static);
ctx->active = (core_freesync->map[index].state.fullscreen ||
core_freesync->map[index].state.video ||
core_freesync->map[index].state.static_ramp.ramp_is_active);
ctx->min_refresh_in_micro_hz =
core_freesync->map[index].caps->min_refresh_in_micro_hz;
ctx->nominal_refresh_in_micro_hz = core_freesync->
map[index].state.nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
}
static void update_stream(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream)
{
unsigned int index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
if (core_freesync->map[index].caps->supported) {
stream->ignore_msa_timing_param = 1;
update_stream_freesync_context(core_freesync, stream);
}
}
static void calc_freesync_range(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
struct freesync_state *state,
unsigned int min_refresh_in_uhz,
unsigned int max_refresh_in_uhz)
{
unsigned int min_frame_duration_in_ns = 0, max_frame_duration_in_ns = 0;
unsigned int index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
uint32_t vtotal = stream->timing.v_total;
if ((min_refresh_in_uhz == 0) || (max_refresh_in_uhz == 0)) {
state->freesync_range.min_refresh =
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
state->freesync_range.max_refresh =
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
state->freesync_range.max_frame_duration = 0;
state->freesync_range.min_frame_duration = 0;
state->freesync_range.vmax = vtotal;
state->freesync_range.vmin = vtotal;
return;
}
min_frame_duration_in_ns = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
max_refresh_in_uhz)));
max_frame_duration_in_ns = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
min_refresh_in_uhz)));
state->freesync_range.min_refresh = min_refresh_in_uhz;
state->freesync_range.max_refresh = max_refresh_in_uhz;
state->freesync_range.max_frame_duration = max_frame_duration_in_ns;
state->freesync_range.min_frame_duration = min_frame_duration_in_ns;
state->freesync_range.vmax = div64_u64(div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
max_frame_duration_in_ns) * stream->timing.pix_clk_khz),
stream->timing.h_total), 1000000);
state->freesync_range.vmin = div64_u64(div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
min_frame_duration_in_ns) * stream->timing.pix_clk_khz),
stream->timing.h_total), 1000000);
/* vmin/vmax cannot be less than vtotal */
if (state->freesync_range.vmin < vtotal) {
/* Error of 1 is permissible */
ASSERT((state->freesync_range.vmin + 1) >= vtotal);
state->freesync_range.vmin = vtotal;
}
if (state->freesync_range.vmax < vtotal) {
/* Error of 1 is permissible */
ASSERT((state->freesync_range.vmax + 1) >= vtotal);
state->freesync_range.vmax = vtotal;
}
/* Determine whether BTR can be supported */
if (max_frame_duration_in_ns >=
2 * min_frame_duration_in_ns)
core_freesync->map[index].caps->btr_supported = true;
else
core_freesync->map[index].caps->btr_supported = false;
/* Cache the time variables */
state->time.max_render_time_in_us =
max_frame_duration_in_ns / 1000;
state->time.min_render_time_in_us =
min_frame_duration_in_ns / 1000;
state->btr.mid_point_in_us =
(max_frame_duration_in_ns +
min_frame_duration_in_ns) / 2000;
}
static void calc_v_total_from_duration(struct dc_stream_state *stream,
unsigned int duration_in_ns, int *v_total_nominal)
{
*v_total_nominal = div64_u64(div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
duration_in_ns) * stream->timing.pix_clk_khz),
stream->timing.h_total), 1000000);
}
static void calc_v_total_for_static_ramp(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
unsigned int index, int *v_total)
{
unsigned int frame_duration = 0;
struct gradual_static_ramp *static_ramp_variables =
&core_freesync->map[index].state.static_ramp;
/* Calc ratio between new and current frame duration with 3 digit */
unsigned int frame_duration_ratio = div64_u64(1000000,
(1000 + div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
STATIC_SCREEN_RAMP_DELTA_REFRESH_RATE_PER_FRAME) *
static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns),
1000000000)));
/* Calculate delta between new and current frame duration in ns */
unsigned int frame_duration_delta = div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns) *
(1000 - frame_duration_ratio)), 1000);
/* Adjust frame duration delta based on ratio between current and
* standard frame duration (frame duration at 60 Hz refresh rate).
*/
unsigned int ramp_rate_interpolated = div64_u64(((unsigned long long)(
frame_duration_delta) * static_ramp_variables->
ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns), 16666666);
/* Going to a higher refresh rate (lower frame duration) */
if (static_ramp_variables->ramp_direction_is_up) {
/* reduce frame duration */
static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns -=
ramp_rate_interpolated;
/* min frame duration */
frame_duration = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
core_freesync->map[index].state.
nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz)));
/* adjust for frame duration below min */
if (static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns <=
frame_duration) {
static_ramp_variables->ramp_is_active = false;
static_ramp_variables->
ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns =
frame_duration;
}
/* Going to a lower refresh rate (larger frame duration) */
} else {
/* increase frame duration */
static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns +=
ramp_rate_interpolated;
/* max frame duration */
frame_duration = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
core_freesync->map[index].caps->min_refresh_in_micro_hz)));
/* adjust for frame duration above max */
if (static_ramp_variables->ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns >=
frame_duration) {
static_ramp_variables->ramp_is_active = false;
static_ramp_variables->
ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns =
frame_duration;
}
}
calc_v_total_from_duration(stream, static_ramp_variables->
ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns, v_total);
}
static void reset_freesync_state_variables(struct freesync_state* state)
{
state->static_ramp.ramp_is_active = false;
if (state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz)
state->static_ramp.ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns =
((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz)));
state->btr.btr_active = false;
state->btr.frame_counter = 0;
state->btr.frames_to_insert = 0;
state->btr.inserted_frame_duration_in_us = 0;
state->btr.program_btr = false;
state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active = false;
state->fixed_refresh.program_fixed = false;
}
/*
* Sets freesync mode on a stream depending on current freesync state.
*/
static bool set_freesync_on_streams(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams)
{
int v_total_nominal = 0, v_total_min = 0, v_total_max = 0;
unsigned int stream_idx, map_index = 0;
struct freesync_state *state;
if (num_streams == 0 || streams == NULL || num_streams > 1)
return false;
for (stream_idx = 0; stream_idx < num_streams; stream_idx++) {
map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_idx]);
state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->supported) {
/* Fullscreen has the topmost priority. If the
* fullscreen bit is set, we are in a fullscreen
* application where it should not matter if it is
* static screen. We should not check the static_screen
* or video bit.
*
* Special cases of fullscreen include btr and fixed
* refresh. We program btr on every flip and involves
* programming full range right before the last inserted frame.
* However, we do not want to program the full freesync range
* when fixed refresh is active, because we only program
* that logic once and this will override it.
*/
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_gaming == true &&
state->fullscreen == true &&
state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active == false) {
/* Enable freesync */
v_total_min = state->freesync_range.vmin;
v_total_max = state->freesync_range.vmax;
/* Update the freesync context for the stream */
update_stream_freesync_context(core_freesync,
streams[stream_idx]);
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, map_index,
v_total_min,
v_total_max);
return true;
} else if (core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_video && state->video == true) {
/* Enable 48Hz feature */
calc_v_total_from_duration(streams[stream_idx],
state->time.update_duration_in_ns,
&v_total_nominal);
/* Program only if v_total_nominal is in range*/
if (v_total_nominal >=
streams[stream_idx]->timing.v_total) {
/* Update the freesync context for
* the stream
*/
update_stream_freesync_context(
core_freesync,
streams[stream_idx]);
adjust_vmin_vmax(
core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, map_index,
v_total_nominal,
v_total_nominal);
}
return true;
} else {
/* Disable freesync */
v_total_nominal = streams[stream_idx]->
timing.v_total;
/* Update the freesync context for
* the stream
*/
update_stream_freesync_context(
core_freesync,
streams[stream_idx]);
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, map_index,
v_total_nominal,
v_total_nominal);
/* Reset the cached variables */
reset_freesync_state_variables(state);
return true;
}
} else {
/* Disable freesync */
v_total_nominal = streams[stream_idx]->
timing.v_total;
/*
* we have to reset drr always even sink does
* not support freesync because a former stream has
* be programmed
*/
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, map_index,
v_total_nominal,
v_total_nominal);
/* Reset the cached variables */
reset_freesync_state_variables(state);
}
}
return false;
}
static void set_static_ramp_variables(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
unsigned int index, bool enable_static_screen)
{
unsigned int frame_duration = 0;
unsigned int nominal_refresh_rate = core_freesync->map[index].state.
nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
unsigned int min_refresh_rate= core_freesync->map[index].caps->
min_refresh_in_micro_hz;
struct gradual_static_ramp *static_ramp_variables =
&core_freesync->map[index].state.static_ramp;
/* If we are ENABLING static screen, refresh rate should go DOWN.
* If we are DISABLING static screen, refresh rate should go UP.
*/
if (enable_static_screen)
static_ramp_variables->ramp_direction_is_up = false;
else
static_ramp_variables->ramp_direction_is_up = true;
/* If ramp is not active, set initial frame duration depending on
* whether we are enabling/disabling static screen mode. If the ramp is
* already active, ramp should continue in the opposite direction
* starting with the current frame duration
*/
if (!static_ramp_variables->ramp_is_active) {
if (enable_static_screen == true) {
/* Going to lower refresh rate, so start from max
* refresh rate (min frame duration)
*/
frame_duration = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
nominal_refresh_rate)));
} else {
/* Going to higher refresh rate, so start from min
* refresh rate (max frame duration)
*/
frame_duration = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
min_refresh_rate)));
}
static_ramp_variables->
ramp_current_frame_duration_in_ns = frame_duration;
static_ramp_variables->ramp_is_active = true;
}
}
void mod_freesync_handle_v_update(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams)
{
unsigned int index, v_total, inserted_frame_v_total = 0;
unsigned int min_frame_duration_in_ns, vmax, vmin = 0;
struct freesync_state *state;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
struct dc_static_screen_events triggers = {0};
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
if (core_freesync->num_entities == 0)
return;
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[0]);
if (core_freesync->map[index].caps->supported == false)
return;
state = &core_freesync->map[index].state;
/* Below the Range Logic */
/* Only execute if in fullscreen mode */
if (state->fullscreen == true &&
core_freesync->map[index].user_enable.enable_for_gaming &&
core_freesync->map[index].caps->btr_supported &&
state->btr.btr_active) {
/* TODO: pass in flag for Pre-DCE12 ASIC
* in order for frame variable duration to take affect,
* it needs to be done one VSYNC early, which is at
* frameCounter == 1.
* For DCE12 and newer updates to V_TOTAL_MIN/MAX
* will take affect on current frame
*/
if (state->btr.frames_to_insert == state->btr.frame_counter) {
min_frame_duration_in_ns = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz)));
vmin = state->freesync_range.vmin;
inserted_frame_v_total = vmin;
if (min_frame_duration_in_ns / 1000)
inserted_frame_v_total =
state->btr.inserted_frame_duration_in_us *
vmin / (min_frame_duration_in_ns / 1000);
/* Set length of inserted frames as v_total_max*/
vmax = inserted_frame_v_total;
vmin = inserted_frame_v_total;
/* Program V_TOTAL */
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, index,
vmin, vmax);
}
if (state->btr.frame_counter > 0)
state->btr.frame_counter--;
/* Restore FreeSync */
if (state->btr.frame_counter == 0)
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, streams, num_streams);
}
/* If in fullscreen freesync mode or in video, do not program
* static screen ramp values
*/
if (state->fullscreen == true || state->video == true) {
state->static_ramp.ramp_is_active = false;
return;
}
/* Gradual Static Screen Ramping Logic */
/* Execute if ramp is active and user enabled freesync static screen*/
if (state->static_ramp.ramp_is_active &&
core_freesync->map[index].user_enable.enable_for_static) {
calc_v_total_for_static_ramp(core_freesync, streams[0],
index, &v_total);
/* Update the freesync context for the stream */
update_stream_freesync_context(core_freesync, streams[0]);
/* Program static screen ramp values */
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, streams,
num_streams, index,
v_total,
v_total);
triggers.overlay_update = true;
triggers.surface_update = true;
dc_stream_set_static_screen_events(core_freesync->dc, streams,
num_streams, &triggers);
}
}
void mod_freesync_update_state(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams,
struct mod_freesync_params *freesync_params)
{
bool freesync_program_required = false;
unsigned int stream_index;
struct freesync_state *state;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
struct dc_static_screen_events triggers = {0};
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
if (core_freesync->num_entities == 0)
return;
for(stream_index = 0; stream_index < num_streams; stream_index++) {
unsigned int map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index]);
bool is_embedded = dc_is_embedded_signal(
streams[stream_index]->sink->sink_signal);
struct freesync_registry_options *opts = &core_freesync->opts;
state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
switch (freesync_params->state){
case FREESYNC_STATE_FULLSCREEN:
state->fullscreen = freesync_params->enable;
freesync_program_required = true;
state->windowed_fullscreen =
freesync_params->windowed_fullscreen;
break;
case FREESYNC_STATE_STATIC_SCREEN:
/* Static screen ramp is disabled by default, but can
* be enabled through regkey.
*/
if ((is_embedded && opts->drr_internal_supported) ||
(!is_embedded && opts->drr_external_supported))
if (state->static_screen !=
freesync_params->enable) {
/* Change the state flag */
state->static_screen =
freesync_params->enable;
/* Update static screen ramp */
set_static_ramp_variables(core_freesync,
map_index,
freesync_params->enable);
}
/* We program the ramp starting next VUpdate */
break;
case FREESYNC_STATE_VIDEO:
/* Change core variables only if there is a change*/
if(freesync_params->update_duration_in_ns !=
state->time.update_duration_in_ns) {
state->video = freesync_params->enable;
state->time.update_duration_in_ns =
freesync_params->update_duration_in_ns;
freesync_program_required = true;
}
break;
case FREESYNC_STATE_NONE:
/* handle here to avoid warning */
break;
}
}
/* Update mask */
triggers.overlay_update = true;
triggers.surface_update = true;
dc_stream_set_static_screen_events(core_freesync->dc, streams,
num_streams, &triggers);
if (freesync_program_required)
/* Program freesync according to current state*/
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, streams, num_streams);
}
bool mod_freesync_get_state(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
struct mod_freesync_params *freesync_params)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
if (core_freesync->map[index].state.fullscreen) {
freesync_params->state = FREESYNC_STATE_FULLSCREEN;
freesync_params->enable = true;
} else if (core_freesync->map[index].state.static_screen) {
freesync_params->state = FREESYNC_STATE_STATIC_SCREEN;
freesync_params->enable = true;
} else if (core_freesync->map[index].state.video) {
freesync_params->state = FREESYNC_STATE_VIDEO;
freesync_params->enable = true;
} else {
freesync_params->state = FREESYNC_STATE_NONE;
freesync_params->enable = false;
}
freesync_params->update_duration_in_ns =
core_freesync->map[index].state.time.update_duration_in_ns;
freesync_params->windowed_fullscreen =
core_freesync->map[index].state.windowed_fullscreen;
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_set_user_enable(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams,
struct mod_freesync_user_enable *user_enable)
{
unsigned int stream_index, map_index;
int persistent_data = 0;
struct persistent_data_flag flag;
struct dc *dc = NULL;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
dc = core_freesync->dc;
flag.save_per_edid = true;
flag.save_per_link = false;
for(stream_index = 0; stream_index < num_streams;
stream_index++){
map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index]);
core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable = *user_enable;
/* Write persistent data in registry*/
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_gaming)
persistent_data = persistent_data | 1;
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_static)
persistent_data = persistent_data | 2;
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_video)
persistent_data = persistent_data | 4;
dm_write_persistent_data(dc->ctx,
streams[stream_index]->sink,
FREESYNC_REGISTRY_NAME,
"userenable",
&persistent_data,
sizeof(int),
&flag);
}
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, streams, num_streams);
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_get_user_enable(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
struct mod_freesync_user_enable *user_enable)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
*user_enable = core_freesync->map[index].user_enable;
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_get_static_ramp_active(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
bool *is_ramp_active)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
*is_ramp_active =
core_freesync->map[index].state.static_ramp.ramp_is_active;
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_override_min_max(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *streams,
unsigned int min_refresh,
unsigned int max_refresh,
struct mod_freesync_caps *caps)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync;
struct freesync_state *state;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, streams);
state = &core_freesync->map[index].state;
if (max_refresh == 0)
max_refresh = state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz;
if (min_refresh == 0) {
/* Restore defaults */
calc_freesync_range(core_freesync, streams, state,
core_freesync->map[index].caps->
min_refresh_in_micro_hz,
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz);
} else {
calc_freesync_range(core_freesync, streams,
state,
min_refresh,
max_refresh);
/* Program vtotal min/max */
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, &streams, 1, index,
state->freesync_range.vmin,
state->freesync_range.vmax);
}
if (min_refresh != 0 &&
dc_is_embedded_signal(streams->sink->sink_signal) &&
(max_refresh - min_refresh >= 10000000)) {
caps->supported = true;
caps->min_refresh_in_micro_hz = min_refresh;
caps->max_refresh_in_micro_hz = max_refresh;
}
/* Update the stream */
update_stream(core_freesync, streams);
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_get_min_max(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
unsigned int *min_refresh,
unsigned int *max_refresh)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
*min_refresh =
core_freesync->map[index].state.freesync_range.min_refresh;
*max_refresh =
core_freesync->map[index].state.freesync_range.max_refresh;
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_get_vmin_vmax(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
unsigned int *vmin,
unsigned int *vmax)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
*vmin =
core_freesync->map[index].state.freesync_range.vmin;
*vmax =
core_freesync->map[index].state.freesync_range.vmax;
return true;
}
bool mod_freesync_get_v_position(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream,
unsigned int *nom_v_pos,
unsigned int *v_pos)
{
unsigned int index = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
struct crtc_position position;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return false;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync, stream);
if (dc_stream_get_crtc_position(core_freesync->dc, &stream, 1,
&position.vertical_count,
&position.nominal_vcount)) {
*nom_v_pos = position.nominal_vcount;
*v_pos = position.vertical_count;
return true;
}
return false;
}
void mod_freesync_notify_mode_change(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams)
{
unsigned int stream_index, map_index;
struct freesync_state *state;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
struct dc_static_screen_events triggers = {0};
unsigned long long temp = 0;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
for (stream_index = 0; stream_index < num_streams; stream_index++) {
map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index]);
state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
/* Update the field rate for new timing */
temp = streams[stream_index]->timing.pix_clk_khz;
temp *= 1000ULL * 1000ULL * 1000ULL;
temp = div_u64(temp,
streams[stream_index]->timing.h_total);
temp = div_u64(temp,
streams[stream_index]->timing.v_total);
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz =
(unsigned int) temp;
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->supported) {
/* Update the stream */
update_stream(core_freesync, streams[stream_index]);
/* Calculate vmin/vmax and refresh rate for
* current mode
*/
calc_freesync_range(core_freesync, *streams, state,
core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->
min_refresh_in_micro_hz,
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz);
/* Update mask */
triggers.overlay_update = true;
triggers.surface_update = true;
dc_stream_set_static_screen_events(core_freesync->dc,
streams, num_streams,
&triggers);
}
}
/* Program freesync according to current state*/
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, streams, num_streams);
}
/* Add the timestamps to the cache and determine whether BTR programming
* is required, depending on the times calculated
*/
static void update_timestamps(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
const struct dc_stream_state *stream, unsigned int map_index,
unsigned int last_render_time_in_us)
{
struct freesync_state *state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
state->time.render_times[state->time.render_times_index] =
last_render_time_in_us;
state->time.render_times_index++;
if (state->time.render_times_index >= RENDER_TIMES_MAX_COUNT)
state->time.render_times_index = 0;
if (last_render_time_in_us + BTR_EXIT_MARGIN <
state->time.max_render_time_in_us) {
/* Exit Below the Range */
if (state->btr.btr_active) {
state->btr.program_btr = true;
state->btr.btr_active = false;
state->btr.frame_counter = 0;
/* Exit Fixed Refresh mode */
} else if (state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active) {
state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter++;
if (state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter >
FIXED_REFRESH_EXIT_FRAME_COUNT) {
state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter = 0;
state->fixed_refresh.program_fixed = true;
state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active = false;
}
}
} else if (last_render_time_in_us > state->time.max_render_time_in_us) {
/* Enter Below the Range */
if (!state->btr.btr_active &&
core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->btr_supported) {
state->btr.program_btr = true;
state->btr.btr_active = true;
/* Enter Fixed Refresh mode */
} else if (!state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active &&
!core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->btr_supported) {
state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter++;
if (state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter >
FIXED_REFRESH_ENTER_FRAME_COUNT) {
state->fixed_refresh.frame_counter = 0;
state->fixed_refresh.program_fixed = true;
state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active = true;
}
}
}
/* When Below the Range is active, must react on every frame */
if (state->btr.btr_active)
state->btr.program_btr = true;
}
static void apply_below_the_range(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream, unsigned int map_index,
unsigned int last_render_time_in_us)
{
unsigned int inserted_frame_duration_in_us = 0;
unsigned int mid_point_frames_ceil = 0;
unsigned int mid_point_frames_floor = 0;
unsigned int frame_time_in_us = 0;
unsigned int delta_from_mid_point_in_us_1 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
unsigned int delta_from_mid_point_in_us_2 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
unsigned int frames_to_insert = 0;
unsigned int min_frame_duration_in_ns = 0;
struct freesync_state *state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
if (!state->btr.program_btr)
return;
state->btr.program_btr = false;
min_frame_duration_in_ns = ((unsigned int) (div64_u64(
(1000000000ULL * 1000000),
state->nominal_refresh_rate_in_micro_hz)));
/* Program BTR */
/* BTR set to "not active" so disengage */
if (!state->btr.btr_active)
/* Restore FreeSync */
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, &stream, 1);
/* BTR set to "active" so engage */
else {
/* Calculate number of midPoint frames that could fit within
* the render time interval- take ceil of this value
*/
mid_point_frames_ceil = (last_render_time_in_us +
state->btr.mid_point_in_us- 1) /
state->btr.mid_point_in_us;
if (mid_point_frames_ceil > 0) {
frame_time_in_us = last_render_time_in_us /
mid_point_frames_ceil;
delta_from_mid_point_in_us_1 =
(state->btr.mid_point_in_us >
frame_time_in_us) ?
(state->btr.mid_point_in_us - frame_time_in_us):
(frame_time_in_us - state->btr.mid_point_in_us);
}
/* Calculate number of midPoint frames that could fit within
* the render time interval- take floor of this value
*/
mid_point_frames_floor = last_render_time_in_us /
state->btr.mid_point_in_us;
if (mid_point_frames_floor > 0) {
frame_time_in_us = last_render_time_in_us /
mid_point_frames_floor;
delta_from_mid_point_in_us_2 =
(state->btr.mid_point_in_us >
frame_time_in_us) ?
(state->btr.mid_point_in_us - frame_time_in_us):
(frame_time_in_us - state->btr.mid_point_in_us);
}
/* Choose number of frames to insert based on how close it
* can get to the mid point of the variable range.
*/
if (delta_from_mid_point_in_us_1 < delta_from_mid_point_in_us_2)
frames_to_insert = mid_point_frames_ceil;
else
frames_to_insert = mid_point_frames_floor;
/* Either we've calculated the number of frames to insert,
* or we need to insert min duration frames
*/
if (frames_to_insert > 0)
inserted_frame_duration_in_us = last_render_time_in_us /
frames_to_insert;
if (inserted_frame_duration_in_us <
state->time.min_render_time_in_us)
inserted_frame_duration_in_us =
state->time.min_render_time_in_us;
/* Cache the calculated variables */
state->btr.inserted_frame_duration_in_us =
inserted_frame_duration_in_us;
state->btr.frames_to_insert = frames_to_insert;
state->btr.frame_counter = frames_to_insert;
}
}
static void apply_fixed_refresh(struct core_freesync *core_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state *stream, unsigned int map_index)
{
unsigned int vmin = 0, vmax = 0;
struct freesync_state *state = &core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
if (!state->fixed_refresh.program_fixed)
return;
state->fixed_refresh.program_fixed = false;
/* Program Fixed Refresh */
/* Fixed Refresh set to "not active" so disengage */
if (!state->fixed_refresh.fixed_active) {
set_freesync_on_streams(core_freesync, &stream, 1);
/* Fixed Refresh set to "active" so engage (fix to max) */
} else {
vmin = state->freesync_range.vmin;
vmax = vmin;
adjust_vmin_vmax(core_freesync, &stream, map_index,
1, vmin, vmax);
}
}
void mod_freesync_pre_update_plane_addresses(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams,
unsigned int curr_time_stamp_in_us)
{
unsigned int stream_index, map_index, last_render_time_in_us = 0;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
for (stream_index = 0; stream_index < num_streams; stream_index++) {
map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index]);
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->supported) {
last_render_time_in_us = curr_time_stamp_in_us -
core_freesync->map[map_index].state.time.
prev_time_stamp_in_us;
/* Add the timestamps to the cache and determine
* whether BTR program is required
*/
update_timestamps(core_freesync, streams[stream_index],
map_index, last_render_time_in_us);
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].state.fullscreen &&
core_freesync->map[map_index].user_enable.
enable_for_gaming) {
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->btr_supported) {
apply_below_the_range(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index], map_index,
last_render_time_in_us);
} else {
apply_fixed_refresh(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index], map_index);
}
}
core_freesync->map[map_index].state.time.
prev_time_stamp_in_us = curr_time_stamp_in_us;
}
}
}
void mod_freesync_get_settings(struct mod_freesync *mod_freesync,
struct dc_stream_state **streams, int num_streams,
unsigned int *v_total_min, unsigned int *v_total_max,
unsigned int *event_triggers,
unsigned int *window_min, unsigned int *window_max,
unsigned int *lfc_mid_point_in_us,
unsigned int *inserted_frames,
unsigned int *inserted_duration_in_us)
{
unsigned int stream_index, map_index;
struct core_freesync *core_freesync = NULL;
if (mod_freesync == NULL)
return;
core_freesync = MOD_FREESYNC_TO_CORE(mod_freesync);
for (stream_index = 0; stream_index < num_streams; stream_index++) {
map_index = map_index_from_stream(core_freesync,
streams[stream_index]);
if (core_freesync->map[map_index].caps->supported) {
struct freesync_state state =
core_freesync->map[map_index].state;
*v_total_min = state.vmin;
*v_total_max = state.vmax;
*event_triggers = 0;
*window_min = state.time.min_window;
*window_max = state.time.max_window;
*lfc_mid_point_in_us = state.btr.mid_point_in_us;
*inserted_frames = state.btr.frames_to_insert;
*inserted_duration_in_us =
state.btr.inserted_frame_duration_in_us;
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
BERLIN (Reuters) - Angela Merkel’s conservative alliance may splinter in a row over immigration, an ally of the German chancellor said on Friday, as the third party in her fragile government suggested its patience was wearing thin.
The dispute between Merkel’s Christian Democrats (CDU) and their Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) sister party threatens the future of her coalition three months after it took office, just as European divisions over migrants are causing rifts between EU partners.
“I believe (Merkel) will try to the very end to find unity in the matter,” said CDU home affairs spokesman Mathias Middelberg. Asked if the alliance with the CSU could shatter, he told Deutschlandfunk radio: “That can’t be fully ruled out.”
Middelberg said the vast majority of CDU politicians backed Merkel in wanting to find a European solution to the migration issue in the two weeks ahead of a June 28-29 EU summit. But the CSU does not want to wait and is urging Germany to take unilateral action.
Bavaria was on the frontline of a migration crisis in 2015, when an “open door” policy adopted by Merkel led to around a million refugees flooding into Germany.
Many conservatives held that policy responsible for a surge in support for the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), the main opposition party since national elections in September.
CSU Interior Minister Horst Seehofer, whose party faces a regional election in October, now wants Germany to refuse entry to migrants who have already registered in countries further south, a plan that Merkel opposes.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
As a compromise, the CDU proposes turning away at the border migrants who have already applied for asylum and been rejected. The CDU also suggests forging bilateral deals to make it possible to send back people who have already applied for asylum in another EU country.
Bavarian CSU premier Markus Soeder - widely considered to want to wrest the CSU party chairmanship from Seehofer - stood by that proposal on Friday. “We have to listen to the people,” he told mass-circulation daily Bild.
A poll for broadcaster ARD published on Thursday found that 62 percent of Germans believed refugees without papers should not be allowed in.
“NOT GAME OF THRONES”
Veteran CSU politician Hans-Peter Friedrich was optimistic the dispute would be settled, telling broadcaster RTL there was agreement on 62 of the 63 points in Seehofer’s plan, adding: “There’s still a problem on one point but we’ll manage it.”
Economy Minister Peter Altmaier of the CDU said he was convinced the sister parties could come to an agreement.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
The conservatives’ centre-left coalition ally, the Social Democrats (SPD), said the dispute - linked by many to the CSU’s desire to improve its chances in Bavaria’s elections and the battle for succession with the party - needed to be settled.
SPD Finance Minister Olaf Scholz said: “The task of governing our country is not an episode of Game of Thrones, but a very serious matter. Those involved should not forget that.”
SPD leaders are due to meet on Monday to assess the dispute among the conservatives, a party source said.
A source in Merkel’s CDU denied a report in the Rheinische Post newspaper that said Volker Kauder, the head of the conservative benches in parliament, had asked Wolfgang Schaeuble, head of the lower house Bundestag, to mediate.
The parliamentary president traditionally steers clear of daily political issues.
The CSU fears anti-immigration sentiment could bring to an end its decades-old domination of Bavaria’s government.
Merkel says its plan would tie her hands as she seeks agreement on a proposal to share the refugee burden more equitably across the European Union, where another row over immigration has damaged ties between two other core member states, Italy and France.
If Seehofer pushes ahead with the plan under his authority as interior minister, Merkel could be forced to dismiss him, further fraying the coalition but potentially helping the CSU in its regional battle with the AfD. | {
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SO THE government “won.” Dylann Roof has been sentenced to death. Most Americans, when polled, will probably support the outcome. If ever a crime called out for the maximum punishment, this one was it.
We do not join in the celebration. That is, in part, because we do not believe the government should be in the business of taking the lives of its prisoners. But it is also because of what now stretches ahead: years of appeals and arguments, extended fights over whether Mr. Roof should have been allowed to represent himself in the penalty phase of the trial, millions of dollars of court costs, immeasurable pain for survivors and grieving families. To us, that does not seem preferable to a choice the government could have accepted from the start: life in prison for Mr. Roof, who deserves nothing better than to be locked away and forgotten.
Even before a federal jury delivered its unanimous decision on Tuesday, it seemed inevitable that he would receive the death sentence for his murderous assault on a historic African American church in Charleston. There was a particular horror to the murder of people as they were gathered in prayer. There was never any question of Mr. Roof’s guilt. There was no doubt that he acted out of racial hatred. He showed no remorse, telling the jury in his final argument, “I still feel like I had to do it.”
It took the jury of nine whites and three blacks just three hours to reach its decision in the penalty phase of the case involving the June 17, 2015, attack at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in which nine people were murdered. The jury last month found Mr. Roof guilty of 33 counts, including hate crimes resulting in death and obstruction of justice.
Before the trial began, Mr. Roof had offered to plead guilty in exchange for life in prison without possibility of parole. The government rejected that offer even though some of the people whose lives were directly affected by Mr. Roof’s actions favored it. Not only did they show extraordinary grace in their ability to forgive the then-21-year-old gunman, but they didn’t want the trauma of endless appeals that would force them to relive the events of that terrible night.
Mr. Roof sidelined his court-appointed defense attorneys during the penalty phase. He called no witnesses and presented no evidence. So concerned was he that no one say he had psychological problems, he likely denied himself the one viable defense that might have spared his life. Some have speculated that perhaps he actually preferred execution to a long lifetime in a cell. If so, he may get his wish — though, chances are, not for many years. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
BackboneJS: iterate on model attribute and change value
I want to make a function with functionality like toJSON()'s functionality which returns and edits model.
My question is how to iterate on model's attribute and edit the specific value of the attribute you selected.
If have a model e.g:
Item = Backbone.Model.extend({
defaults: {
name: '',
amount: 0.00
},
toHTML: function(){
// i think this is the place where
// where i can do that function?
//
console.log(this.attribute)
}
});
var item = new Item;
item.set({name: 'Pencil', amount: 5}):
item.toJSON();
-> {name: 'Pencil', amount: 5}
// this is the function
item.toHTML();
-> {name: 'Pencil', amount: 5.00}
A:
You can iterate over an object using a for ... in loop and then use toFixed to format the number:
toHTML: function() {
var attrs = { }, k;
for(k in this.attributes) {
attrs[k] = this.attributes[k];
if(k === 'amount')
attrs[k] = attrs[k].toFixed(2);
}
return attrs;
}
Note that amount will come out as a string but that's the only way to get 5.00 rather than 5 to come out. I'd probably leave the formatting up to the template and not bother with this toHTML implementation.
Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/ambiguous/ELTe5/
A:
If you want to iterate over a model's attributes, use the attributes hash:
// Inside your model's method
for(attr in this.attributes){
console.log(attr, this.attributes[attr]);
}
Here's a jsFiddle using your example code.
A:
Though the answers provided here are correct and would do what you want. But I think the better way would be to use the underscore functions for this purpose.
for simple looping you can use
_.each(list, iteratee, [context])
_.each(model.attributes, function(item, index, items){
console.log(item);
console.log(index);
})
you can also use specialized functions as per your specific need. Like if you are want to have a new result array as a result of applying some function on every element of your list, map can be the best option for you.
_.map(list, iteratee, [context])
var newList = _.map(model.attributes, function(item, index, list){
return item * 5;
})
I would recommend you to go through the documentation of underscore and backbone for the best function for your need.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Conventional flood control is done by having a waterway such as bayous, rivers, or streams lead from the area in which it is raining toward the ocean, or in the case of the Houston area, to the Gulf of Mexico. As rain falls, water travels down to the lower parts of the waterway at a speed which is a function of the grade or slope of the waterway and the depth of the water, typically carrying a variety of debris with it. The more the grade or the difference in height from where the rain is falling to the ocean, the faster the water will flow and when water is deeper, more of the water is away from the wall effects and therefore it will flow faster as more and more rain falls. The waterway will become increasingly fuller until at some point the amount of water which will flow down to the waterway is exceeded by the amount of rain fall, and therefore you have a flood.
The elevation of the seawater the water is flowing to and the elevation of the area in which the rain is falling on are not variable for a specific location. Therefore, the conventional methods for increasing the amount of flow is by making the waterway larger, making it straighter so that the water will not be slowed down by making turns, and removing friction causing impediments from the waterway such as trees.
In the case of the Great Flood of 2001 in the City of Houston and Hurricane Harvey in 2017, the elevation between the flooded area and the Gulf of Mexico was about 24 feet above sea level and the distance from the flooded area to the Gulf Mexico was about 20 miles. So, the driving force of the rainwater was a head of about 24 feet. It literally would not do a substantial amount of good to make the waterway significantly deeper because if the waterway were significantly deeper it would potentially be below sea level. To make the waterway progressively wider to increase the volume in a highly urbanized area is a massive investment in the purchase of land and the movement of earth, and the changes to other civil engineering structures such as bridges and roads.
This invention will be primarily discussed in terms of the sites specific application of Houston, Tex. and the floods of 2001 and 2017. However, it can be applied to a number of other localities such as even flooding on the Mississippi River can be prevented by the methods discussed herein.
Flooding is caused because water is concentrated in an area and is not caused to move out of that area to the sea. That is an obvious statement, but it is a statement well worth considering. If we take one pound of water in the middle of the flood in Houston and desire to deliver it to the Gulf of Mexico at sea level, it will be reduced in height by the amount of the elevation in Houston to the elevation of sea level or about 24 feet. In other words, it will give up about 24 foot-pounds of energy in the transportation from Houston to the Gulf of Mexico. Where do the 24-foot pounds go? The 24 foot-pounds of energy goes to frictional losses moving down Buffalo Bayou from Houston to the Gulf of Mexico. A certain amount of the energy is retained in kinetic energy as it has a velocity as it enters the Gulf of Mexico and so some part of the energy is given up due to frictional losses traveling down Buffalo Bayou some of it is kinetic energy which dissipates into the Gulf of Mexico as it arrives at the Gulf of Mexico. Pound for pound this says that each pound of water in the middle of the flood has 24 pound-feet of energy available to drive itself from the flooded area to the Gulf of Mexico. This additionally says that in the flooded situation in the City of Houston with the volume of water to be handled at that time, 24 foot-pounds of energy is not enough to drive the water away fast enough to prevent flooding. We literately have an objective measure that says this is not enough energy, not enough horsepower or however you want to say it, to get the job done. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
×
As we begin 2017, despondency covers America's progressives like a dark and enervating fog. With good reason-these are going to be a hard four years, with a great deal of suffering to come. But perhaps the biggest legislative battle of the Trump administration is beginnning, and it's one Democrats can win, if they're smart about it.
As Republicans themselves are now realizing, it's easy to criticize a complex health-care law when the other party is getting blamed for everything anyone doesn't like about the system, but it's a lot harder to come up with an alternative that won't do real harm to at least some Americans. That's their dilemma, and it provides the opening Democrats need to kill the repeal of the Affordable Care Act.
There are only a tiny number of conservatives who actually care about health care at all as a policy issue; it was essentially foisted on them when Barack Obama and congressional Democrats finally succeeded in passing comprehensive reform in 2010 after decades of failure. Since Democrats did care about it, they had spent all that time thinking about the system and how they might like to change it, which included debating amongst themselves and arriving at something like an internal consensus about what compromises had to be made in order to arrive at a practical and politically achievable solution.
The average Republican congressman could tell you a dozen different changes he'd like to make to the tax code, but he and his colleagues haven't had that same internal discussion on health care. Which hasn't been a problem up until now, because he can just say to his constituents, "Obamacare is a disaster! We'll repeal it and replace it! With, you know, something terrific!" If asked to be specific, he'd say, "Um, patient centered, not Washington dictates ... uh ... freedom to buy across state lines ... uh ... did I mention freedom?" They haven't thought much about this issue, and they're now going to be made to defend both repeal and whatever their leaders come up with for a replacement. That's what makes them vulnerable.
It's one thing to keep people from getting something they don't already have, but taking away something people are benefiting from is much harder. Which is why, for instance, Republican governors in most of the South could refuse to accept the ACA's expansion of Medicaid without paying much of a political price; in Texas alone, over a million people could have gotten insurance courtesy of the federal government, but it was more important for Rick Perry and his successor Greg Abbott to give Barack Obama the finger. But now imagine you're a governor in a state that did accept the expansion, like Ohio. If the ACA is repealed, that would mean 714,000 Ohioans on Medicaid because of the expansion would lose their insurance. The news media will be filled with stories of the catastrophic effect it will have on their lives-particularly when people start literally dying, which they will. What was an abstraction will become very real.
That prospect ought to make Republican politicians very afraid.
So Democrats need to remember that the specific things the ACA does are extraordinarily popular-most of them garner about 80 percent support in polls. As Kevin Drum recently wrote, "Even Republicans like practically everything about Obamacare, including the taxes to pay for it. People like the subsidies; they like the exchanges; they like the out-of-pocket caps; they like the Medicaid expansion; they like the pre-existing conditions ban; and they like taxing the rich to fund it all. The only unpopular part of the whole law is the individual mandate." Up until now that got lost amid a haze of Republican scare-mongering (remember "death panels"?) and broad attacks on this vague thing called "Obamacare" that few people understand. But now, every one of those provisions is a weapon that can be wielded against any Republican thinking about supporting repeal.
Which points to a critical thing Democrats need to do now: confront Republican senators and congresspeople, at the local level, with calls and emails, and in person. Every time a member of Congress does a town meeting, he should be asked questions like: Why do you want to re-open the Medicare prescription drug "donut hole"? Why do you want to kick so many people in our state off their health coverage? Why do you want to take away the subsidies that make insurance affordable for so many people? Why do you want to bring back lifetime limits on coverage? Can you promise that under your plan, nobody who has coverage now will lose it? I'm not happy about my out-of-pocket costs, but all the Republican plans look like they'll increase my out of pocket costs-that's what you and your buddies call "skin in the game." Can you promise me that won't happen? I have a pre-existing condition, like most people I know. Right now I don't have to worry-insurance companies can't even ask about it, and they can't charge me more or cancel my coverage because of it. Your plan sounds like it's going to make my life a lot more complicated. Can you promise I won't get screwed over?
The fear of questions like those is what's now leading Republicans to make promises they can't keep. Kellyanne Conway says that "We don't want anyone who currently has insurance to not have insurance." Paul Ryan says, "We will give everyone access to affordable health-care coverage" so that "no one is left out in the cold" and "no one is worse off." But the actual Republican plans will throw millions off their coverage and make most Americans worse off.
If you want to confront your representatives, you need to be armed with the numbers. If you're looking for the number of people in your state who will lose coverage under repeal, here's a source. And here's a study from the Commonwealth Fund showing how many job losses repeal would mean in each state. For example, let's take Nevada, where Senator Dean Heller is up for re-election in 2018. If the ACA is repealed, 264,000 Nevadans will lose their health insurance, including 187,000 who benefited from the Medicaid expansion and 67,000 who receive substantial subsidies. The Commonwealth Fund estimates that repeal would cost Nevada 22,000 jobs. Senator Heller should be forced to justify those losses every time he talks to voters. He should be deluged with calls and letters from his constituents explaining to him how they feel about it. That will most certainly influence his thinking about this issue.
And keep in mind that Republicans' margin in the Senate is only 52-48, which means Democrats only need to frighten three Republican senators out of supporting repeal, and they'll win the battle. Cracks are already showing in Republicans ludicrous "repeal and delay" strategy; as Politico reported on Saturday, "At least a half-dozen GOP senators have now expressed public or private concerns about the party's current trajectory. Their worry: Republicans will be blamed for wreaking havoc on the health care system and causing people to lose their coverage without any assurance they have a superior-or any-plan of their own." But when they do come up with a replacement plan, it will without question provide Democrats all the ammunition they need to make clear how awful the effects will be on Americans' lives.
This is a battle that Democrats can absolutely win. Tens of millions of Americans are depending on them. | {
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Gib Holgate
James Gibson "Gib" Holgate (August 13, 1920 – November 7, 2011) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Hillsdale College in 1948, compiling a record of 6–2–1. Holgate was later an assistant football coach and an administrator in the athletic department at Yale University.
Early years
Holgate was born in Gary, Indiana, in 1920 and spent his youth in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Clarence G. Holgate, was an engineer with a steel construction company. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Holgate was living with his parents, four sisters, and a brother in Shorewood, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. At the time of the 1940 United States Census, Holgate was living in McGill, White Pine County, Nevada, where he was living in a men's dormitory and working as a "surveyor helper" at a copper smelter.
Wisconsin and Michigan
Holgate enrolled at the University of Wisconsin where he played freshman football. After the United States entered World War II, Holgate enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. In 1943, he was transferred to the University of Michigan as part of the V-12 Navy College Training Program. While at Michigan, he played at the halfback position for the 1943 Michigan Wolverines football team that tied for the Big Ten Conference championship and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP Poll.
In October 1943, Holgate and several Michigan players who were part of the V-12 program received orders transferring them to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, effective immediately after the homecoming game against Minnesota on October 23, 1943. Holgate served on an assault transport in the Pacific Theater of Operations and attained the rank of a lieutenant colonel.
In 1946, after concluding his military service, Holgate returned to the University of Michigan where he received both bachelor's and master's degrees. He served as a graduate assistant to Fritz Crisler on the undefeated 1947 Michigan Wolverines football team.
Coaching/administrative career
In 1948, he was hired as the head football coach and athletic director at Hillsdale College. He compiled a 6–2–1 record in his one season as the football coach at Hillsdale.
In March 1949, he was hired as an assistant football coach at Yale University. He became the coach of the freshman football team in 1951. He served as the freshman coach for 14 years, compiling a record of 52–26–7. He became Yale's assistant athletic director in 1961, and associate athletic director in 1967. He was also a fellow at Yale's Morse College. He remained at Yale until 1984. Gibson also served on the executive committee of the New England Athletic Conference and the executive council of the Eastern College Athletic Council (ECAC). He was also the author of "Fundamental Football" published in 1959.
Family
Holgate was married to Marjorie Koch Holgate in approximately 1945. They had three children, Randy Lowe Holgate, Chris Ann Pearce, John Gibson Holgate. Holgate died at age 91 on November 7, 2011, in Southbury, Connecticut.
Head coaching record
References
Category:1920 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:American football halfbacks
Category:Hillsdale Chargers football coaches
Category:Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Category:Michigan Wolverines football players
Category:Yale Bulldogs football coaches
Category:American Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Category:United States Marine Corps officers
Category:Sportspeople from Gary, Indiana
Category:Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Category:Players of American football from Wisconsin | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
UIApplication.sharedApplication.open() doesn't load url
I'm working with Swift 3 and Xcode 8 (iOS 10.1), I'm completely new to the whole world. :)
I'm authenticating against an external app to get an access token. The use case is:
1) Load external app from my app
2) Validate the user and get the access token
3) Redirect back to my app from external app
I am able to do 1) and 2), but not 3). The external app has specified that you configure a redirect parameter, and I've done that. But alas, no cigar.
I have set up URL schemes in Info.plist for both apps. I don't get any errors in the console or debugger.
I have been googling and researching for the past 4 days and this is the solution I have come up with so far. Right now, I see the console messages, but the external app is no longer opening up.
AppDelegate
func application(_ app: UIApplication, open url: URL, options: [UIApplicationOpenURLOptionsKey : Any] = [:]) -> Bool {
if (url.scheme == "extapp") {
print("working with extapp scheme")
} else if (url.scheme == "myapp") {
print("redirecting back to app after working with extapp")
}
return true
}
ViewController
@IBAction func loginButton(_ sender: Any) {
let id = text.text
let currentCharacterCount = id.text?.characters.count ?? 0
if currentCharacterCount == 0 {
self.showAlert(text: "Please provide a id.")
} else if currentCharacterCount < 10 {
self.showAlert(text: "Oh! id doesn't seem to be in the correct format. Try again.")
} else {
if (self.firebaseData.callAuth(loggedIn: id!)) {
OpenExtApp()
}
}
}
func OpenExtApp() {
let Url = URL(string: "extapp:///?autostart=\(token)&redirect=myapp://key")
if (UIApplication.shared.canOpenURL(Url!)) {
UIApplication.shared.open(Url!, options: [:])
}
}
I would really appreciate your help in any way.
A:
The problem appears to have been with the addingPercentEncodingmethod I was using to encode the redirect parameter. I didn't notice that the parameter wasn't being encoded properly. It turns out that the default filter in with AllowedCharacters doesn't encode / and :. It's a known issue with Apple. This solved the encoding problem and, in turn, the problem I was having with opening the extapp:
let characterSetTobeAllowed = (CharacterSet(charactersIn: "!*'();:@&=+$,/?%#[] ").inverted)
let redirect = parameter.addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: characterSetTobeAllowed)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Over the years, Dennis Cooper’s blog has become a go-to spot for those who appreciate challenging, bold, experimental literature. Cooper has frequently championed books on indie presses and literary work in small journals, using his own influence to point readers in the direction of other work that they might enjoy. (Many writers I know have been thrilled to have been included in lists of highlights from Cooper’s recent reading.) Over time, the site has gradually become a place where devotees of avant-garde fiction can learn more about what’s new in that particular corner of literature.
You’ll notice, however, that I didn’t link to it in the paragraph above. That’s because, late last month, Google deleted both Cooper’s blog and his Gmail account without providing any advance notice to him. Visiting the URL now brings up an error page stating that the page has been removed, and that “[t]his address is not available for new blogs.”
In a post on his Facebook page, Cooper noted that Google hasn’t been particularly forthcoming about the deletion. “Other than being shown a general ‘violation of our terms of service’ statement, I have been given no explanation for this, and I have not received any response to my questions and complaints thus far,” he wrote on June 28th.
In the weeks since then, Cooper has been updating readers with progress on the case via Facebook. So far, there hasn’t been much change in the situation: as of July 5th, Cooper wrote, “there are now three separate and simultaneous ‘internal investigations’ into the situation going on at Google.” There remains no indication of whether Cooper’s account has been entirely deleted or whether some form of recovery is possible–or, for that matter, of why Google felt the need to delete Cooper’s email account and blog to begin with.
For any writer, the loss of their email address and several years’ worth of online work is huge–the sort of thing that gives many in the literary world uncanny shivers at night. In 2011, The Atlantic‘s James Fallows wrote about his own experiences having his Gmail account reinstated after a hacker deleted its contents; it’s a nerve-wracking account, especially for those of us who don’t have direct and high-ranking contacts at Google, as Fallows does.
The loss of Cooper’s blog is also something that affects the larger literary community. Given that experimental literature is generally not something that’s widely covered in literary sections across the country, a write-up on Cooper’s blog could end up being the highest-profile recommendation a book on a small press might get. Given Cooper’s long-standing history of writing challenging literature, his readership is not exactly small, and his endorsement can make a significant impact on the books that he highlights. Losing that space is another blow against some of the most vital literature out there–and a worrisome reminder than a vital literary community can be only one keystroke away from vanishing.
Follow Vol. 1 Brooklyn on Twitter, Facebook, Google +, our Tumblr, and sign up for our mailing list. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
1928 Martin by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Martin on 16 June 1928. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP and Trade and Customs Minister Herbert Pratten.
The by-election was won by the Nationalist candidate, Pratten's nephew Graham.
Results
References
Category:1928 elections in Australia
Category:New South Wales federal by-elections | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
market strategy
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Mistake 6: Using image-based CTA buttons
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Unfortunately, we’ve all been there. Every now and then, we make cringe-worthy mistakes. But the mistakes that haunt us in our personal lives often aren’t as public as email marketing mistakes, which go out to hundreds and thousands of subscribers.
Download this ebook to learn about the eight most common email marketing pitfalls and how you can avoid or fix them:
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"Email has proven itself as a revenue-driving workhorse of any marketing strategy. And yet, two-thirds of marketers are still less than satisfied with their email marketing efforts. We joined forces with Email on Acid to shed a light on the most effective email campaigns. Read The Art of the Click to learn helpful email insights, like:
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This report sponsored by HP + Intel outlines a strategy for getting the benefits of the cloud quickly. Learn about the solutions that can help you save time, improve storage efficiency and maintain a secure, available environment.
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The Clear & Complete Guide to Account Based Marketing (ABM) is your guide to solving this problem.
It will take you, step-by-step, through this fast-emerging discipline, showing you how to align your sales and marketing team around a strategy that’s optimized for the biggest, most important deals. As you’ll see, ABM is not a magic wand. Instead, it’s a powerful combination of people, process and technology that, deployed intelligently, will out-perform every other demand generation initiative in your company.
B2B demand generation has almost completely re-invented itself over the last decade. The collision of inbound, content marketing, lead nurturing, marketing automation, analytics, email, search, social media and native advertising has transformed the discipline from a dark art to an increasingly data-driven science. But there’s a problem.
When it comes to helping to land and expand these major deals, today’s marketing teams are seriously handicapped. The Clear & Complete Guide to Account Based Marketing (ABM) is your guide to solving this problem. It will take you, step-by-step, through this fast-emerging discipline, showing you how to align your sales and marketing team around a strategy that’s optimized for the biggest, most important deals.
B2B demand generation has almost completely re-invented itself over the last decade. The collision of inbound, content marketing, lead nurturing, marketing automation, analytics, email, search, social media and native advertising has transformed the discipline from a dark art to an increasingly data-driven science.
But there’s a problem
When it comes to helping to land and expand these major deals, today’s marketing teams are seriously handicapped. The Clear & Complete Guide to Account Based Marketing (ABM) is your guide to solving this problem. It will take you, step-by-step, through this fast-emerging discipline, showing you how to align your sales and marketing team around a strategy that’s optimized for the biggest, most important deals.
Marketing executives, face a constant stream of business pressure. At the same time, customer expectations are increasing and customer satisfaction is becoming increasingly difficult This report provides a blueprint of what best-in-class CMO's (Chief Marketing Officers) do differently to improve marketing effectiveness through marketing automation.
This white paper is written as an introduction to the idea of Creative
Operations Business Intelligence. The marketing and creative
production organizations that embrace this concept will maximize
their work in progress performance.
A great customer experience requires great content. And to ensure all your content meets customer expectations, you need a combination of the right talent, technology, culture, and strategy. It takes effort, but it’s worth it to earn your customers’ loyalty. In this report, we share the nine steps to achieve content marketing excellence, including how to:
• Define a content marketing strategy
• Use personal experiences to connect with audiences
• Speed up and streamline content flow
A great customer experience requires great content. And to ensure all your content meets customer expectations, you need a combination of the right talent, technology, culture, and strategy. It takes effort, but it’s worth it to earn your customers’ loyalty. In this report, we share the nine steps to achieve content marketing excellence, including how to:
• Define a content marketing strategy
• Use personal experiences to connect with audiences
• Speed up and streamline content flow
75% of today’s S&P 500 companies will be replaced by 2027. It’s a tenuous time to be a marketing leader - many of the strategies that have worked in the past are no longer relevant. Learn how companies like Microsoft, LVMH, and IBM are approaching digital transformation.
Strategies for State, Local, and Education IT Management
View this webinar to learn about how the explosive growth of data calls for new approaches from IT management. You'll hear from a panel of state, local, and education IT decision makers how increasing scale and complexity of data collection and storage are challenging their departments to adapt.
Participants:
Mark Meyers is the CTO and DIS Director of the state of Arkansas
Dr. Paul Kim is the CTO and Assistant Dean of the Graduate School Education at Stanford University
Leo Leung is the VP of Corporate Marketing at Scality
Bob Schaar is the Segment Solutions Leader for SLED and SMB at Hewlett Parckard Enterprise
Wyatt Kash is the VP of Content Strategy at Fedscoop
The ability to know the next action of an individual customer is gold, quite literally, as this knowledge translates directly into revenue. True predictive intelligence has arrived, and it’s one of the most incredibly exciting advancements in modern marketing. With good reason given that for many brands as much as 95% of future revenue comes from a mere 5% of customers! But with any major advancement, messaging landmines threaten a marketer’s ability to identify the technologies that can actually deliver on the predictive promise. | {
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Yale English Students: Move Beyond White Male Writers
Alison Flood (The Guardian) reports on a petition that rejects traditional English curriculum at Yale
Undergraduates at Yale University have launched a petition calling on the English department to abolish a core course requirement to study canonical writers including Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton, saying that “it is unacceptable that a Yale student considering studying English literature might read only white male authors”.
The prestigious Connecticut university requires its English majors to spend two semesters studying a selection of authors it labels the “major English poets”: “Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and John Donne in the fall; John Milton, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, and TS Eliot or another modern poet in the spring”.
Its intention, the university says, “is to provide all students with a generous introduction to the abiding formal and thematic concerns of the English literary tradition”. The poems the students read, it adds, “take up questions and problems that resonate throughout the whole of English literature: the status of vernacular language, the moral promise and perils of fiction, the relationships between men and women, the nature of heroism, the riches of tradition and the yearning to make something new”.
But students have launched a petition calling on Yale to “decolonise” the course. They want the university to abolish the major English poets requirement, and to refocus the course’s pre-1800/1900 requirements “to deliberately include literatures relating to gender, race, sexuality, ableism, and ethnicity”.
About
RhysTranter.com is a blog offering commentary and analysis across literature, philosophy, and the arts. In 2016, the site was selected to become part of the British Library’s permanent UK Web Archive. [Read More]
Subscribe
Enter your email address to follow RhysTranter.com and receive notifications of new posts by email. | {
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// Reset default browser styles using Normalize
@import "../../node_modules/normalize-scss/sass/_normalize.scss";
// Install FontAwesome for useful icons
@import "../../node_modules/font-awesome/scss/font-awesome.scss";
// Import fonts from Google
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700|Lato:400,700);
// Set variables and reusable mixins
@import "base/config";
@import "base/mixins";
// Import typical layout styles
@import "base/grid";
@import "base/type";
// Import reusable modules
@import "components/media";
@import "components/buttons";
@import "components/tables";
@import "components/forms";
@import "components/alerts";
@import "components/nav";
@import "components/other";
// Specific project styles, add any section specific sass modules here
@import "pages/layout";
@import "pages/home";
// Additional styles to think about
@import "base/responsive";
@import "base/print";
// If IE support is needed
@import "base/ie";
// For anything quick and dirty that needs thrown in
@import "base/shame";
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory are warning that the steady lowering of the Halemaumau lava lake at Kilauea volcano’s summit overlook crater indicates that explosive eruptions are possible in the coming weeks.
HVO said that there is typically “very little warning” of steam-driven explosions at volcanoes.
“If the lava column drops to the level of groundwater beneath Kilauea Caldera, influx of water into the conduit could cause steam-driven explosions,” the warning issued this morning said. “Debris expelled during such explosions could impact the area surrounding Halemaumau and the Kilauea summit. At this time, we cannot say with certainty that explosive activity will occur, how large the explosions could be, or how long such explosive activity could continue.”
The hazards of an explosive eruption are ballistic projectiles and ashfall, scientists said.
“During steam-driven explosions, ballistic blocks up to 2 yards across could be thrown in all directions to a distance of 0.6 miles or more. These blocks could weigh a few pounds to several tons. Smaller (pebble-size) rocks could be sent several miles from Halemaumau, mostly in a downwind direction,” they said.
“Should steam-driven explosions begin, ash clouds will rise to greater elevations above ground. Minor ashfall could occur over much wider areas, even up to several tens of miles from Halemaumau,” the warning continued. “In 1924, ash may have reached as high as 20,000 feet above sea level. Small amounts of fine ash from these explosions fell over a wide area as far north as North Hilo (Hakalau), in lower Puna, and as far south as Waiohinu.”
Gas emitted during steam-drive explosions will be mainly steam, but will include some sulfur dioxide.
Residents of the summit area should learn about the hazards of ashfall, stay informed of the status of the volcano and area closures, and review family and business emergency plans, HVO said. More information is available at https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanic_ash/
———
For more information: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/status.html.
Resources on volcanic ash can be found at: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanic_ash/. | {
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Domicile of Particular Persons
“Domicile” is technically defined as the relation which the law creates between an individual and a particular locality or country. It is the legal conception of home, being derived from the Latin “domus”, meaning a home or dwelling. It is synonymous with “home”. In a strict legal sense, the domicile of a person is the place where s/he has a true, fixed, permanent home and principal establishment, and to which, whenever s/he is absent, s/he has the intention of returning[i].
The law defines domicile specifically particular types of persons including: | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Q:
Is there a better design for this loop?
I am iterating over 1 BYTE at a time, reading it from file to allocated memory, then checking if it's the start of a new jpg, or if it's the end of the file, and if not, writing it to the currently open jpg file (img). This code works, however I see that I check if it's a new jpg header, or if it's the end of the file, then write, then check the same thing over again before starting the loop again. Since each loop is checking these 2 conditions twice, I reckon it is going to use unnecessary computing power making the code slower. Thanks for any suggestions!
do
{
fread(p, sizeof(BYTE), 512, file);
if (!(p[0] == 0xff && p[1] == 0xd8 && p[2] == 0xff && (p[3] & 0xf0) == 0xe0) && (!feof(file)))
{
fwrite(p, sizeof(BYTE), 512, img);
}
}
while (!(p[0] == 0xff && p[1] == 0xd8 && p[2] == 0xff && (p[3] & 0xf0) == 0xe0) && (!feof(file)));
A:
Well, as people have stated in the comments, you should not use while(!feof(file)) and it is explained here
But to focus on other stuff. You basically have this:
do {
// Read
if(<condition>) {
// Write
}
} while(<condition>);
Provided that evaluating the condition does not contain side effects and that the "// Write" cannot influence the condition, this is equivalent to:
do {
// Read
if(<condition>) {
// Write
} else {
break;
}
} while(1);
But as a general advice when it comes to performance, you should profile your code to find out if the performance bottleneck really is where you think it is. To me, the duplication of code seems like a much more important issue than the performance. Important enough to rewrite it.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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The effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population.
Increased plasma homocysteine is associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and venous thrombosis. Folic acid is the most effective therapy for reducing homocysteine levels. The lowest effective supplement of folic acid is not known, particularly for the elderly who have the highest prevalence of these conditions. To explore the effects of daily supplements of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 microg folic acid on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Participants (n=368) aged 65-75 years were randomly allocated to receive one of the treatments for 6 weeks. Plasma homocysteine was recorded after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of supplementation. Only the 400 microg and 600 microg groups had significantly lower homocysteine levels compared to placebo (p=0.038 and p<0.001, respectively). Using multiple linear regression and each individual's total folic acid intake (diet plus supplement), a total daily folic acid intake of 926 microg per day would be required to ensure that 95% of the elderly population would be without cardiovascular risk from folate deficiency. A daily folic acid intake of 926 microg is unlikely to be achieved by diet alone. Individual supplementation or fortification of food with folic acid will be required to reach this target. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Virbia flemmingi
Virbia flemmingi is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Ecuador.
References
Category:Moths described in 1910
flemmingi | {
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Giving People A Reason To Change
Realizing the goals of United Nations sustainable development agenda to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all, Asha Bhavan Centre works in the society to reduce the evils of poverty, illiteracy, inequality and discrimination. The organization invests its tireless efforts to create meaningful opportunities for the social and economic development of the marginalized community, so that they gain dignity, equity and self-confidence in life. We invite all of you to join us and redeem our pledge to humanity. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
Python, logging and design
I have frequent doubts when I write python modules and classes, specifically:
Where/how should I put the main flag that controls logging and where/how to create the logger,
Should it be at the module level? ---thus need to have some global MyLogger almost everywhere inside each method.
Should it be an argument passed to methods and/or classes? Perhaps to decide if a method or class needed it or not, maybe I could use the **args stars magic, with call like myMethod(..., logger=Mylogger)?
Where should I define/set the I_logged_something flag? (...or should I rely on the if MyLogger: MyLogger.log('something'))
What about when the class or module is imported?
What is the Pythonic way of logging? How do you use the logging tools?
A:
You use logging everywhere, regardless.
In your modules, use:
import logging
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
and log away. Use the different levels (log.info(), log.debug(), log.error(), etc.) depending on what type of message you are logging.
Your main entry point then configures the logging module output. That can include completely disabling any output, or directing debug information to a file, but logging errors to the console.
Your modules do not need to care, the logging module handles configuration of the output handlers and formatting as global state.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
i and 3 have the same value?
False
Suppose -4*b = 5*w + 12, -4*b + 8 = 4*w + 20. Let i = 1 - b. Let l be (-11)/(-44) - 1/i. Which is smaller: -2/31 or l?
-2/31
Let g(a) = 50 + 3*a**2 - 4*a**2 - 37 - 11*a. Let k be g(-13). Do k and -14 have the same value?
False
Let y be (2/(-44))/(5 + (-6017)/1188). Which is greater: 2 or y?
2
Let v be 4 - 5/(-135)*-87. Is 1 at most as big as v?
False
Let d = -50474/445 - -566/5. Is -1 greater than d?
False
Suppose -3614 - 7736 = 25*m. Is -454 > m?
False
Let h = 11478/175 + -458/7. Which is smaller: -1 or h?
-1
Suppose 0 = -2*m + 4*m - 5*h + 137, -5*h = -3*m - 203. Let s = m - -67. Are s and 0.1 unequal?
True
Let j be 4/4 + 3*9. Suppose -266 = -16*q + 182. Is j at least q?
True
Suppose -6*m + 40 = -32. Let f = m - 11. Suppose -c = 2*a - 2, -6*c = -3*c - 3*a + 3. Are f and c non-equal?
True
Let n = 121 + -359. Do n and -238 have different values?
False
Let v be 13/(65/10) + 13. Are v and 9 nonequal?
True
Let g(v) = 6*v**2 - 33*v - 4. Let j be g(9). Is 185 at least as big as j?
True
Suppose 1800 = -25*z + 21*z. Is -450 at least as big as z?
True
Let a = 3.05 - -0.05. Let z = -3 + a. Which is smaller: 60 or z?
z
Let a = -256/979 - 1/89. Let b(i) = i - 3. Let p be b(7). Suppose w = p*w. Which is greater: a or w?
w
Let u = 52 - 48. Let w be u/4*(-1)/(-1). Is w <= 4/25?
False
Let h(t) = -15*t**2 + 2. Let g be h(1). Let c(y) = y**3 - 6*y**2 - y - 3. Let j be c(7). Suppose f - j = 3*o, -5*o + 4*f - 63 = 3*f. Which is greater: g or o?
o
Suppose -20*j + 161 = 1. Suppose 0 = -3*z + 5*m - 16, -5*z + 2*m - 48 - 4 = 0. Let w be z/(4 - j) + 0. Is 5 < w?
False
Suppose -2*q - f + 3*f - 32 = 0, -2*q = -f + 32. Is q greater than -16?
False
Let m = -299 - -326. Do 30 and m have different values?
True
Let m = -1 + 4. Suppose m*g - g - 10 = 0. Let o = 8 - 10. Which is smaller: o or g?
o
Suppose c = 3*j - c + 1, 4*j + 2*c - 22 = 0. Suppose -7 = -2*l + 5*i, j*i + i = 4. Does l = 7?
False
Suppose 0 = -3*z + 3*h + 126, 12*z - 8*z + 4*h - 144 = 0. Does z = 119/3?
False
Let l(y) = -y - 5. Let r be l(-9). Suppose -r*c - 320 = -8*c. Suppose -3*h - c = 2*h. Do -16 and h have different values?
False
Let g = 80 + -157/2. Is g greater than 8?
False
Let h = 24 + -8. Suppose h = 3*s + s. Suppose 0 = -0*t + 4*t + s. Which is greater: t or -3/11?
-3/11
Let q(d) = 6*d**2 + 4*d + 3. Let l be q(-1). Suppose 2*c - 4*u - 4 = 6*c, l = -c - 2*u. Is c bigger than -3?
True
Let x(b) = b + 8. Let c be x(-5). Let y(p) = -1 - 2 + 2*p**2 - 8*p + 10 - p**c + 4*p**2. Let i be y(5). Which is smaller: i or -6?
i
Let h = -2635 - -5513/2. Let s = -121 + h. Which is smaller: 1 or s?
s
Suppose -6*h = -2*h - 16. Let o be 2 - -1 - (-4)/(-1). Let p be 0 - (-4 + 5)*o. Which is smaller: p or h?
p
Suppose -4*m - 3*r - 1195 = 0, 19*r - 21*r = -6. Is -301 <= m?
True
Let s(q) = -2*q**2 + 16*q + 3. Let r be s(8). Let j be 4 - (143*(-3)/(-63) - r). Which is smaller: -1 or j?
-1
Let i(z) be the third derivative of 3*z**2 + 0*z + 0 - 1/2*z**3 + 1/24*z**4. Let r be i(5). Which is smaller: 1 or r?
1
Let v = 168/37 - 4320/1147. Are 2 and v equal?
False
Let p = -3.06 + 3. Let n = 4.09 - -203.91. Let l = -209 + n. Does l = p?
False
Let x = 7114/7 + -1330290/1309. Which is smaller: -1 or x?
-1
Let d be ((-18)/15)/((-6)/(-80)). Let m be 0 + (-812)/d - (-1)/4. Is m greater than 50?
True
Let k = 10519070/679 + -15492. Which is bigger: k or 1?
1
Let s be (-18)/10 + 4/(-20). Let b(v) = -v**3 + 2*v**2 - 3*v + 3. Let g be b(6). Let u be 4/14 - g/(-189). Is s bigger than u?
False
Let r be ((-6)/(-10))/(7/35). Let f be 4 - r*57/9. Is -16 less than f?
True
Let f(g) = 4*g**2 + 20*g - 14. Let z be 12/(-9)*((-28)/(-8) - -1). Let t be f(z). Which is greater: t or 8?
t
Let w = -2427/7 + 372. Is 24 at most w?
True
Let q = 160 - 111. Let t = 50 - q. Which is bigger: t or 13?
13
Let m = 117 + -116.887. Let n = -2.887 - m. Is -11 less than n?
True
Let t be 10/(((-16)/780)/(28/(-70))). Are t and 195 nonequal?
False
Let o be 8/(-4 + 8) + (-1 - 1). Which is smaller: -34/41 or o?
-34/41
Let z(f) = -8*f**2 + f. Let y be z(-1). Suppose -7*w - 34 = -104. Let q = w + y. Is 2/31 < q?
True
Let o = 145 + -161. Let p be (-3)/(-9) - 20/6. Is o < p?
True
Suppose 0 = 2*d + d. Suppose -4*c = -d*c - 16. Let x(b) = b**2 + b - 7. Let r be x(-4). Which is smaller: c or r?
c
Let p = -46/5 + 38/5. Is p <= -3?
False
Let y(i) = -i**3 - 17*i**2 + 6. Let c be y(-17). Suppose 3*q + 2*k - c = 7, 2*k = 10. Which is smaller: q or 3/7?
3/7
Let o = 20 - 16. Let m be 3*(2 - (-3 + o)). Suppose 0 = -4*b + 4, m*b - 2 - 5 = -4*c. Which is greater: c or -1/4?
c
Let k be (-20)/(-5) + 36/(-10). Let w be 1 + (2/(-7) - (-5)/(-7)). Are k and w nonequal?
True
Suppose -5*y + 0*y = -85. Suppose 3*d - y = 2*b, 0*b + 3*b = d - 36. Let g(f) = -5*f**2 + f + 6. Let a be g(2). Which is greater: b or a?
a
Let z = -563.43 - -606.6. Let f = z + -0.17. Let r = f - 65. Which is smaller: r or 1?
r
Let p be 6 - (-66)/(-4) - -3 - -8. Is p at most -632?
False
Let p be 3/(7 - (-132)/(-24)). Let l(x) be the first derivative of -x**3/3 + 2*x**2 + 1. Let q be l(4). Is p greater than or equal to q?
True
Let l = 6.57 + -6.5. Let x = -1.04 + -0.16. Let n = 0.2 + x. Which is greater: n or l?
l
Suppose 7 - 32 = -5*l. Let c be ((-25)/2)/l*2. Is -4 < c?
False
Suppose 0 = 4*a - 4*o - 648, 7*a + 2*o = 6*a + 150. Which is greater: 156 or a?
a
Suppose -3*w + 85 = -4*p, -5*p + 6*w - 3*w - 110 = 0. Let z = p - -203/8. Which is smaller: z or 0?
0
Let q(s) = s**2 - 20*s + 20. Let y be q(18). Let n = -0.03 + 0.03. Which is bigger: n or y?
n
Suppose 0 = 6*t - 5*t - 2. Suppose q = 3*f + 1 + t, -3 = -q + 4*f. Which is smaller: q or -2?
-2
Let z be (-3 - 0)*((-1138)/(-6) - -2). Let o be (30/z)/(1*2/(-5)). Is 1 smaller than o?
False
Let x = -2 - -7. Suppose 0 = x*o - 9 - 6. Let c be 1*2/o*-3. Is c bigger than -4?
True
Let x = 753 + -759.98. Let p = x + -0.02. Let v = p + 7.2. Is v less than -0.2?
False
Suppose 16 = -y - 3*y. Let p = 0.234 - -0.166. Which is smaller: p or y?
y
Suppose -2*n = 4*a - 28, a + 5*n - 30 = -a. Suppose 0 = -a*m + 5*f + 15, 2*m = 4*m + 3*f - 26. Which is smaller: m or 9?
m
Suppose m = 2*p + 5, -p + 2*m - 6 = -2*m. Which is smaller: p or -9?
-9
Let x be (-282)/9*(0 - (-41)/(-3)). Let p = x - 429. Which is bigger: p or -2?
p
Suppose -55 = -5*n + t, -5*n - 5*t - 8 = -33. Is 93/10 less than or equal to n?
True
Let k(o) = 0 + 2 - o - 4. Let y = 18 - 19. Let f be k(y). Is f > -2/11?
False
Let b = 2 - 2. Let s = 21.1 + -19.8. Is b at most s?
True
Suppose 3*u = 6 + 12. Suppose -u*w = -w - 2*j - 73, 4*j = 4*w - 56. Suppose g = -13*g + 182. Are w and g nonequal?
True
Let s(j) = -j**3 + 3*j**2 - 2*j. Let b be s(0). Which is bigger: b or 8/23?
8/23
Let b = -0.154 - 25.846. Is 0.1 less than or equal to b?
False
Let i = -273 - -324. Which is smaller: 53 or i?
i
Suppose 0 = -5*g - 2*g - 35. Which is bigger: g or -10?
g
Let m = 1/98 - -55/98. Suppose -4*h + 5*h + 16 = 0. Let d be (-6)/(-21) - h/42. Is d greater than m?
True
Let y be (11615/26 + 2)/(-61 + -2). Let k = y + 99/14. Is k greater than 1?
False
Suppose -1 - 25 = 13*r. Let v(b) = -b**3 + 9*b**2 - 6*b - 11. Let a be v(8). Suppose -l - a = -3. Are r and l equal?
True
Let y be 2 + 1414/132 + 6/(-11). Which is smaller: 11 or y?
11
Let j be (76/57)/((-4)/21). Which is bigger: 5 or j?
5
Let h = -91 - -98. Does 7 = h?
True
Let h = 159 + -158.9. Let z(c) = 4*c**3 - c**2 - 2*c - 3. Let y be z(-2). Is h bigger than y?
True
Let s = -3907 - -3232. Is -674 smaller than s?
False
Let y be ((-4)/3)/4*33. Let o(w) = w**3 + 10*w**2 - 12*w - 7. Let m be o(y). Which is smaller: 3 or m?
3
Let r(o) = 7*o + 3*o - 3*o + 3 - 3*o. Let h(v) = -17*v - 11. Let b(n) = 2*h(n) + 9*r(n). Let a be b(-5). Is -5 bigger than a?
False
Let u be 2/(-5)*(-10 + 600/56). Let y be 4 + -20 - 3*-1. Is u smaller than y?
False
Let b be ((-210)/224)/(188/(-88) + 2). Which is greater: 7 or b?
7
Let x(m) = 5*m**3 - 1. Let r be x(-1). Let g(n) = -n**3 - 6*n**2 + 5. Let f be g(r). Suppose -f*a + 2 = c, 2*a + 8 = -3*a + 4*c. Which is smaller: -4/3 or a?
-4/3
Suppose -o + 2*g = 157, -841 = 5*o + g + 3*g. Let k = -46 - -32. Let p be 4/k*(-11)/o. Is -1 greater than p?
False
Let g be 0 + (-548)/(-276) + -2. Which is smaller: g or 0?
g
Let q be ((-3)/(-48))/((-3352)/(-560) - | {
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High Energy Physics
Research Projects:
ATLAS is a multi-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. It is a general-purpose detector, with some of the primary goals being to look for the Higgs boson and study its properties if it is found, to look for supersymmetric particles, and to look for new physics such as extra dimensions and mini black holes. The collaboration consists of over 3000 physicists and engineers from 18 countries.
BaBar is a detector at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Stanford, CA. It took data from 2000 to 2009, with analysis continuing. The primary physics goal is to study in detail symmetry-breaking properties of the weak interaction. The name BaBar® is used by permission from Laurent. deBrunhoff.
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Mayly Sanchez wins Presidential Early Career Award
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BaBar Experiment Observes Time-reversal Violation
It has been believed for over fifty years that time-reversal in Physics is not a valid symmetry, but a direct measurement of time reversal violation has not been possible until now. In a clever analysis the BaBar experiment at SLAC has finally made a direct measurement that yields a result at the expected level. This result was chosen by Physics World Magazine as the third most important result of 2012. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
---
abstract: 'In the paper, the authors introduce a notion “$(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions” and establish some integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions.'
address:
- 'College of Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 028043, China'
- 'College of Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 028043, China'
- 'School of Mathematics and Informatics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, 454010, China; Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin City, 300387, China'
author:
- 'Ai-Ping Ji'
- 'Tian-Yu Zhang'
- Feng Qi
title: 'Integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $\boldsymbol{(\alpha,m)}$-GA-convex functions'
---
[^1]
[^2]
Introduction
============
In [@Mihesan-1993-Romania; @Toader-Proc-1985-338], the concepts of $m$-convex functions and $(\alpha,m)$-convex functions were introduced as follows.
A function $f:[0,b]\to \mathbb{R}$ is said to be $m$-convex for $m\in(0,1]$ if the inequality $$f(\alpha x+m(1-\alpha)y)\le \alpha f(x)+m(1-\alpha)f(y)$$ holds for all $x,y\in [0,b]$ and $\alpha\in[0,1].$
For $f:[0,b]\to\mathbb{R}$ and $(\alpha,m)\in(0,1]^2$, if $$f(tx+m(1-t)y)\le t^\alpha f(x)+m(1-t^\alpha)f(y)$$ is valid for all $x,y\in[0,b]$ and $t\in[0,1]$, then we say that $f(x)$ is an $(\alpha,m)$-convex function on $[0,b]$.
Hereafter, a few of inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for the $m$-convex and $(\alpha,m)$-convex functions were presented, some of them can be recited as following theorems.
\[Klaric-Ozdemir-Pecaric-08-1032\] Let $I\supset\mathbb{R}_0=[0,\infty)$ be an open interval and let $f:I\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function on $I$ such that $f'\in L([a,b])$ for $0\le a<b<\infty$, where $L([a,b])$ denotes the set of all Lebesgue integrable functions on $[a,b]$. If $|f'(x)|^{q}$ is $m$-convex on $[a,b]$ for some given numbers $m\in(0,1]$ and $q\ge1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|f\biggl(\frac{a+b}{2}\biggr)-\frac{1}{b-a} \int_a^bf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \\
\le \frac{b-a}{4}
\min \biggl\{\biggl[\frac{|f'(a)|^{q}+m|f'(b/m)|^{q}}{2}\biggr]^{1/q}, \biggl[\frac{m|f'(a/m)|^{q}+|f'(b)|^{q}}{2}\biggr]^{1/q} \biggr\}.\end{gathered}$$
Let $I\supset[0,\infty)$ be an open interval and let $f:I\to(-\infty, \infty)$ be a differentiable function on $I$ such that $f'\in L([a,b])$ for $0\le a<b<\infty$. If $|f'(x)|^{q} $ is $(\alpha,m)$-convex on $[a,b]$ for some given numbers $m, \alpha\in(0,1]$, and $q\ge1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{f(a)+f(b)}{2}-\frac{1}{b-a} \int_a^bf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{b-a}{2}\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr)^{1-1/q}\\*
\times\min\biggl\{\biggl[v_1|f'(a)|^{q}+v_{2}m \biggl|f'\biggl(\frac{b}{m}\biggr)\biggr|^{q}\biggr]^{1/q}, \biggl[v_{2}m\biggl|f'\biggl(\frac{a}{m}\biggr)\biggr|^{q} +v_1|f'(b)|^{q}\biggr]^{1/q} \biggr\},\end{gathered}$$ where $$v_1=\frac{1}{(\alpha+1)(\alpha+2)}\biggl(\alpha+\frac{1}{2^\alpha}\biggr)$$ and $$v_{2}=\frac{1}{(\alpha+1)(\alpha+2)}\biggl(\frac{\alpha^{2} +\alpha+2}{2}-\frac{1}{2^\alpha}\biggr).$$
For more information on Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for various kinds of convex functions, please refer to the monograph [@Dragomir-selected-Topic], the recently published papers [@Hadramard-Convex-Xi-Filomat.tex; @H-H-Bai-Wang-Qi-2012.tex; @Dragomir-Agarwal-AML-98-95; @Kirmaci-AMC-04-146; @Kir-Bak-Ozd-Pec-AMC-26-35; @Wang-Qi-Xi-Hadamard-IJOPCM.tex; @Xi-Bai-Qi-Hadamard-2011-AEQMath.tex], and closely related references therein.
In this paper, we will introduce a new concept “$(\alpha,m)$-geometric-arithmetically convex function” (simply speaking, $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex function) and establish some integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions.
A definition and a lemma
========================
Now we introduce the so-called $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions.
\[(a,m)-GA-convex-dfn\] Let $f:[0,b] \to \mathbb{R}$ and $(\alpha,m)\in [0,1]^2$. If $$\label{(a,m)-GA-convex-dfn-eq}
f\bigl(x^\lambda y^{m(1-\lambda)}\bigr)\le \lambda ^\alpha f(x)+ m(1-\lambda^\alpha )f(y)$$ for all $x,y\in [0,b]$ and $\lambda\in [0,1]$, then $f(x)$ is said to be a $(\alpha,m)$-geometric-arithmetically convex function or, simply speaking, an $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex function. If is reversed, then $f(x)$ is said to be a $(\alpha,m)$-geometric-arithmetically concave function or, simply speaking, a $(\alpha,m)$-GA-concave function.
When $m=\alpha=1$, the $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex (concave) function defined in Defintion \[(a,m)-GA-convex-dfn\] becomes a GA-convex (concave) function defined in [@Niculescu-MIA-00-155; @Niculescu-MIA-03-571].
To establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions, we need the following lemma.
\[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f:I \subseteq \mathbb{R}_+=(0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function and $a,b \in I$ with $a < b$. If $f'(x) \in L([a,b])$, then $$\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x = \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\int_0^1 a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}f'\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t.$$
Let $x=a^{1-t}b^t$ for $0\le t\le 1$. Then $$\begin{gathered}
(\ln b-\ln a)\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}f'\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t
= \int_a^b x^2f'(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\\
=b^2f(b)-a^2f(a) -2\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x.\end{gathered}$$ Lemma \[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\] is thus proved.
Inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type
=====================================
Now we turn our attention to establish inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex functions.
\[thm1-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f:\mathbb{R}_0=[0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function and $f'\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $|f'|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max \{a^{1/m},b\}\bigr]$ for $(\alpha,m)\in (0,1]^2$ and $q\ge1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\label{thm1-2012-GA-Ji-1}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q} \\
\times \bigl\{ {m\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr) -G(\alpha,3)\bigr]\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q + G(\alpha,3)|f'(b)|^q} \bigr\}^{1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $$\label{2012-GA-Ji}
G(\alpha,\ell) = \int_0^1 {t^\alpha a^{\ell(1-t)}}b^{\ell t} \operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t$$ for $\ell \ge 0$ and $$\label{log-mean-dfn-eq}
L(x,y)=\frac{y-x}{\ln y-\ln x}$$ for $x,y>0$ with $x\ne y$.
Making use of the $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convexity of $|f'(x)|^q$ on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$, Lemma \[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\], and Hölder inequality yields $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\bigr|\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1-1/q}
\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\Bigl|f'\Bigl(\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)^{m(1-t)}b^t\Bigr)\Bigr|^q\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q}\\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl(\frac{b^3-a^3}{\ln b^3-\ln a^3}\biggr)^{1-1/ q}\\
&\quad\times\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\bigl(t^\alpha|f'(b)|^q +m(1-t^\alpha)\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q}\\
&=\frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q}\\
&\quad\times\bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)-G(\alpha,3)\bigr] \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q+G(\alpha,3)|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ As a result, the inequality follows. The proof of Theorem \[thm1-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.1-1-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm1-2012-GA-Ji\], if $q=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}2-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|\\
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)-G(\alpha,3)\bigr] \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|
+ G(\alpha,3)|f'(b)|\bigr\}.\end{gathered}$$
\[cor-3.1-2-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm1-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\label{cor-3.1-2-2012-GA-Ji-1}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}2-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|\le\frac{\bigl(b^3-a^3\bigr)^{1-1/q}}{6} \\
\times\Bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)-a^3\bigr] \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q
+ \bigl[b^3-L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)\bigr]|f'(b)|^q\Bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
This follows from the fact that $$G(1,3)=\int_0^1ta^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t =\frac{b^3-L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)}{3(\ln b-\ln a)}.$$ The proof of Corollary \[cor-3.1-2-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.1-3-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm1-2012-GA-Ji\], we have $$\begin{gathered}
\label{cor-3.1-3pineq1}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}2-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q} \\
\times\biggl(\frac{1}{\alpha+1}\biggr)^{1/q}
\bigl\{m\bigl[(\alpha+1)L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)-b^3\bigr] \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q+b^3|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q}\end{gathered}$$ and $$\label{cor-3.1-3pineq2}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}2-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr)|f'(b)|.$$
Using $\bigl(\frac{b}a\bigl)^{3t}\le\bigl(\frac{b}a\bigl)^3$ for $t\in[0,1]$ in gives $$G(\alpha,3)=a^3\int_0^1t^\alpha\biggl(\frac{b}a\biggr)^{3t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\le\frac{b^3}{\alpha+1}.$$ Substituting this inequality into yields .
Utilizing $¡°t^\alpha\le1$ for $t\in[0,1]$ in reveals $$G(\alpha,3)\le \int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t=L\bigl(a^3,b^3\bigr).$$ Combining this inequality with yields . Corollary \[cor-3.1-3-2012-GA-Ji\] is thus proved.
\[thm2-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function and $f'\in L([a,b])$ with $0<a<b<\infty $. If $|f'|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $(\alpha,m)\in (0,1]^2$ and $q>1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl(\frac{1}{\alpha+1}\biggr)^{1/q}\\
\times\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3q/(q-1)},b^{3q/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q}
\bigl[|f'(b)|^q+\alpha m\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr]^{1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $L$ is defined by .
Since $|f'(x)|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$, from Lemma \[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\] and Hölder inequality, we have $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\int_0^1a^{3(1-t)}b^{3t}\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\bigr|\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3q/(q-1)(1-t)}b^{3q/(q-1)t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1-1/q}
\biggl[\int_0^1\Bigl|f'\Bigl(\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)^{m(1-t)}b^t\Bigr)\Bigr|^q\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q} \\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl[\frac{b^{3q/(q-1)}-a^{3q/(q-1)}}{\ln b^{3q/(q-1)}
-\ln a^{3q/(q-1)}}\biggr]^{1-1/q}\\
&\quad\times\biggl[\int_0^1\bigl(t^\alpha |f'(b)|^q+m(1-t^\alpha)\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggl]^{1/q} \\
&= \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3q/(q-1)},b^{3q/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q}
\biggl[\frac{1}{\alpha + 1}|f'(b)|^q + \frac{\alpha m}{\alpha+1}\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\biggr]^{1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm2-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.2-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm2-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}2-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \le \frac{\ln b-\ln a} {2^{1+1/q}}\\
\times\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3q/(q-1)}, b^{3q/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q}\bigl[|f'(b)|^q +m\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr]^{1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
\[thm3-1-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function and $f'\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $|f'|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $q>1$ and $(\alpha,m)\in (0,1]^2$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2} \\
\times\bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3q},b^{3q}\bigr)-G(\alpha,3q)\bigr] \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q+G(\alpha,3q)|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $G$ and $L$ are respectively defined by and .
Since $|f'(x)|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$, from Lemma \[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\] and Hölder inequality, we have $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \\
&\le\frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl(\int_0^11\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr)^{1-1/q}
\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3q(1-t)}b^{3qt}\Bigl|f'\Bigl(\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)^{m(1-t)}b^t\Bigr)\Bigr|^q\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q} \\
&\le\frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[mL\bigl(a^{3q},b^{3q}\bigr) \bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q+G(\alpha,3q)
\bigl(|f'(b)|^q-m\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr)\bigr]^{1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm3-1-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3-1.3-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm3-1-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le\frac{(\ln b-\ln a)^{1-1/q}}{2}\biggl(\frac{1}{3q}\biggr)^{1/q} \\
\times \bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3q},b^{3q}\bigr)-a^{3q}\bigr]\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q
+ \bigl[b^{3q}-L\bigl(a^{3q},b^{3q}\bigr)\bigr]|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
From $$G(1,3q) = \int_0^1 ta^{3q(1-t)}b^{3qt} \operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t
= \frac{b^{3q}-L\bigl(a^{3q},b^{3q}\bigr)}{\ln b^{3q}-\ln a^{3q}},$$ Corollary \[cor-3-1.3-2012-GA-Ji\] follows.
\[thm3-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function and $f'\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $|f'|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $q>1$, $q> p>0$, and $(\alpha,m)\in (0,1]^2$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr|
\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)},b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q} \\
\times \bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3p},b^{3p}\bigr)-G(\alpha,3p)\bigr]\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q +G(\alpha,3p)|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $G$ and $L$ are respectively defined by and .
Since $|f'(x)|^q$ is $(\alpha,m)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m},b\bigr\}\bigr]$, from Lemma \[lem1-2012-GA-Ji\] and Hölder inequality, we have $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)(1-t)}b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)t}\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1-1/q} \\
&\quad\times\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3p(1-t)}b^{3pt} \Bigl|f'\Bigl(\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)^{m(1-t)}b^t\Bigr)\Bigr|^q\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q} \\
&\le \frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\biggl[\frac{b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}-a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}}{\ln b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}
-\ln a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}}\biggr]^{1-1/q} \\
&\quad\times\biggl[\int_0^1a^{3p(1-t)}b^{3pt}\bigl(t^\alpha |f'(b)|^q
+m(1-t^\alpha )\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q} \\
&=\frac{\ln b-\ln a}{2}\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)},b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q} \\
&\quad\times \bigl[mL\bigl(a^{3p},b^{3p}\bigr)\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q+G(\alpha,3p)
\bigl(|f'(b)|^q-m\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q\bigr)\bigr]^{1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm3-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.3-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm3-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\biggl|\frac{b^2f(b)-a^2f(a)}{2}-\int_a^bxf(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr| \le \frac{(\ln b-\ln a)^{1-1/q}}{2}\biggl(\frac{1}{3p}\biggr)^{1/q}\\
\times\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3(q-p)/(q-1)},b^{3(q-p)/(q-1)}\bigr)\bigr]^{1-1/q} \\
\times \bigl\{m\bigl[L\bigl(a^{3p},b^{3p}\bigr)-a^{3p}\bigr]\bigl|f'\bigl(a^{1/m}\bigr)\bigr|^q
+ \bigl[b^{3p}-L\bigl(a^{3p},b^{3p}\bigr)\bigr]|f'(b)|^q\bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
By $$G(1,3p) = \int_0^1 ta^{3p(1-t)}b^{3pt} \operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t
= \frac{b^{3p}-L\bigl(a^{3p},b^{3p}\bigr)}{\ln b^{3p}-\ln a^{3p}},$$ Corollary \[cor-3.3-2012-GA-Ji\] can be proved easily.
\[thm4-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f, g:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}_0$ and $fg\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $f^q(x)$ is $(\alpha_1 ,m_1)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_1},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ and $g^q(x)$ is $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_2},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $q\ge 1$, $(\alpha_1,m_1)$, and $(\alpha_2,m_2)\in (0,1]^2$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x \le (\ln b-\ln a)[L(a,b)]^{1-1/q}\bigl\{m_1m_2[L(a,b) -G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_2,1)\\
+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f^q \bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q \bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+m_1[G(\alpha_2,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q(b)\\
+ m_2 [G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2 ,1)]f^q(b)g^q \bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)f^q(b)g^q(b)\bigr\}^{1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $G$ and $L$ are respectively defined by and .
Using the $(\alpha_1 ,m_1)$-GA-convexity of $f^q(x)$ and the $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-convexity of $g^q(x)$, we have $$f^q\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\le t^{\alpha_1}f^q(b)+m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1})f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)$$ and $$g^q\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\le t^{\alpha_2}g^q(b)+m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2})g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)$$ for $0\le t\le 1$. Letting $x=a^{1-t}b^t$ for $0\le t\le 1$ and using Hölder’s inequality figure out $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x
=(\ln b-\ln a)\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^tf\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \\
&\le (\ln b-\ln a)\biggl(\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr)^{1-1/q}
\biggl\{\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[f\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\bigr]^q\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr\}^{1/q}\\
&\le (\ln b-\ln a)\biggl(\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr)^{1-1/q}\biggl\{\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha _1}f^q(b)\\
&\quad+m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1})f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\bigr]
\bigl[t^{\alpha_2}g^q(b)+m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2})g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr\}^{1/q}\\
&=(\ln b-\ln a)[L(a,b)]^{1- 1/q}\biggl\{\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}f^q(b)g^q(b)\\
&\quad+m_1 t^{\alpha_2 }(1-t^{\alpha_1 })f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q(b)
+ m_2t^{\alpha_1} (1-t^{\alpha _2 })f^q(b)g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\\
&\quad+ m_1m_2(1-t^{\alpha_1})(1-t^{\alpha _2})f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \biggr\}^{1/q} \\
&=(\ln b-\ln a)[L(a,b)]^{1-1/q}\bigl\{m_1m_2[L(a,b)-G(\alpha_1,1) \\
&\quad-G(\alpha_2,1)+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\\
&\quad +m_1[G(\alpha_2,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g^q(b)\\
&\quad+ m_2 [G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2 ,1)]f^q(b)g^q\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr) +G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)f^q(b)g^q(b)\bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm4-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.4-1-2012-GA-Ji-cor\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm4-2012-GA-Ji\],
1. if $q=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x \le(\ln b-\ln a)\bigl\{m_1m_2[L(a,b)-G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_2,1)\\
+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+m_1[G(\alpha_2,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g(b) \\
+ m_2 [G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2 ,1)]f(b)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)f(b)g(b) \bigr\},\end{gathered}$$
2. if $q=1$ and $\alpha_1=\alpha_2=m_1=m_2=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\le\frac{1}{\ln b-\ln a}\{[2L(a,b)-a(\ln b-\ln a)-2a]f(a)g(a)+[a+b\\
- 2L(a,b)][f(a)g(b)+f(b)g(a)]+[2L(a,b)+b(\ln b-\ln a)-2b]f(b)g(b)\},\end{gathered}$$
3. if $\alpha_1=\alpha_2=m_1=m_2=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\le \frac{[L(a,b)]^{1-1/q}}{(\ln b-\ln a)^{2/(q-1)}}\bigl\{[2L(a,b)-a(\ln b-\ln a)-2a]f^q(a)g^q(a)\\
+[a+b- 2L(a,b)][f^q(a)g^q(b)+f^q(b)g^q(a)]\\
+[2L(a,b)+b(\ln b-\ln a)-2b]f^q(b)g^q(b)\bigr\}^{1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
\[thm5-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f, g:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}_0$ and $fg\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $f^q(x)$ is $(\alpha_1 ,m_1)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_1},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ and $g^{q/(q-1)}(x)$ is $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-convex on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_2},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $q>1$, $(\alpha_1,m_1)$, and $(\alpha_2,m_2)\in (0,1]^2$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\label{thm5-2012-GA-Ji-1-eq}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x \le (\ln b-\ln a)\bigl\{m_1f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)L(a,b)\\
+ G(\alpha_1,1)\bigl[f^q(b)-m_1f^q\bigl(a^{1/ m_1}\bigr)\bigr]\bigr\}^{1 /q}\bigl\{m_2g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)L(a,b)\\
+ G(\alpha _2 ,1)\bigl[g^{q/(q-1)}(b) -m_2 g^{q / (q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\bigr\}^{1-1/q},\end{gathered}$$ where $G$ and $L$ are respectively defined by and .
By the $(\alpha_1,m_1)$-GA-convexity of $f^q(x)$ and the $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-convexity of $g^{q/(q-1)}(x)$, we have $$f^q\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\le t^{\alpha_1}f^q(b)+m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1})f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)$$ and $$g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\le t^{\alpha_2}g^{q/(q-1)}(b)+m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2})g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)$$ for $t\in [0,1]$. Letting $x=a^{1-t}b^t$ for $0\le t\le 1$ and employing Hölder’s inequality yield $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\le \biggl[\int_a^bf^q(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\biggr]^{1/q}
\biggl[\int_a^b g^{q/(q-1)}(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x \biggr]^{1-1/q}\\
&=(\ln b-\ln a)\biggl[\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^tf^q\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \biggr]^{1 /q}
\biggl[\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^tg^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1-1/q} \\
&\le (\ln b-\ln a)\biggl[\int_0^1 a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha_1}
f^q(b)+ m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1} )f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\bigr]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr]^{1/q} \\
&\quad\times \biggl[\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha_2}g^{q/(q-1)}(b)+ m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2})g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \biggr]^{1-1/q} \\
&=(\ln b-\ln a)\bigl\{m_1f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)L(a,b)+G(\alpha_1,1)\bigl[f^q(b)- m_1f^q\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\bigr]\bigr\}^{1/q}\\
&\quad\times \bigl\{m_2 g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)L(a,b)\\
&\quad+G(\alpha _2 ,1) \bigl[g^{q/(q-1)}(b)-m_2g^{q/(q-1)}\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\bigr\}^{1- 1/q}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm5-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.5-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm5-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha_1=\alpha_2=m_1=m_2=1$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\le \{f^q(a)[L(a,b)-a]+[b-L(a,b)]f^q(b)\}^{1/q} \\
\times\bigl\{g^{q/(q-1)}(a)[L(a,b)-a]+[b-L(a,b)]g^{q/(q-1)}(b)\bigr\}^{1-1/q}.\end{gathered}$$
\[thm6-2012-GA-Ji\] Let $f, g:\mathbb{R}_0\to\mathbb{R}_0$ and $fg\in L([a,b])$ for $0<a<b<\infty $. If $f(x)$ is $(\alpha_1 ,m_1)$-GA-concave on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_1},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ and $g(x)$ is $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-concave on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_2},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ for $(\alpha_1,m_1)\in (0,1]^2$ and $(\alpha_2,m_2)\in (0,1]^2$, then $$\begin{gathered}
\label{thm5-2012-GA-Ji-2}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x
\ge(\ln b-\ln a)\bigl\{m_1m_2[L(a,b)-G(\alpha_1 ,1)-G(\alpha_2,1) \\
+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2 ,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+m_1[G(\alpha_2,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g(b) \\
+m_2[G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f(b)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)f(b)g(b)\bigr\},\end{gathered}$$ where $G$ and $L$ are respectively defined by and .
Since $f(x)$ is $(\alpha_1 ,m_1)$-GA-concave on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_1},b\bigr\}\bigr]$ and $g(x)$ is $(\alpha_2,m_2)$-GA-concave on $\bigl[0,\max\bigl\{a^{1/m_2},b\bigr\}\bigr]$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
&f\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\ge t^{\alpha_1}f(b)+m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1})f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
&g\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\ge t^{\alpha_2}g(b)+m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2})g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\end{aligned}$$ for $t\in [0,1]$. Further letting $x=a^{1-t}b^t$ for $0\le t\le 1$ and utilizing Hölder’s inequality reveal $$\begin{aligned}
&\quad\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x=(\ln b-\ln a) \int_0^1a^{1-t}b^tf\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1-t}b^t\bigr)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \\
& \ge (\ln b-\ln a)\biggl\{\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha _1}f(b) + m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1} )
f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\bigr]\\
&\quad\times\bigl[t^{\alpha_2 }g(b) + m_2(1-t^{\alpha_2 })g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)\bigr]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t\biggr\}\\
&=(\ln b-\ln a)\int_0^1a^{1-t}b^t\bigl[t^{\alpha_1+\alpha _2}
f(b)g(b)+m_1(1-t^{\alpha_1})t^{\alpha_2}f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g(b) \\
&\quad+ m_2 t^{\alpha_1}(1-t^{\alpha _2})f(b)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+ m_1m_2(1-t^{\alpha_1})(1-t^{\alpha_2})g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)\bigl]\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}t \\
& =(\ln b-\ln a)\bigl\{m_1m_2[L(a,b)-G(\alpha_1 ,1)-G(\alpha_2,1)\\
&\quad+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2 ,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)
+m_1[G(\alpha_2,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f\bigl(a^{1/m_1}\bigr)g(b)\\
&\quad+m_2[G(\alpha_1,1)-G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)]f(b)g\bigl(a^{1/m_2}\bigr)+G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,1)f(b)g(b)\bigr\}.\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Theorem \[thm6-2012-GA-Ji\] is complete.
\[cor-3.6-2012-GA-Ji\] Under the conditions of Theorem \[thm6-2012-GA-Ji\], if $\alpha_1=\alpha_2=m_1=m_2=1$, we have $$\begin{gathered}
\int_a^bf(x)g(x)\operatorname{d\mspace{-2mu}}x\ge(\ln b-\ln a)\{[2L(a,b)-a(\ln b -\ln a)-2a]f(a)g(a)+[a+b\\
-2L(a,b)][f(a)g(b)+f(b)g(a)]+[2L(a,b)+b(\ln b-\ln a)-2b]f(b)g(b)\}.\end{gathered}$$
[99]{}
R.-F. Bai, F. Qi, and B.-Y. Xi, *Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for the $m$- and $(\alpha,m)$-logarithmically convex functions*, Filomat **27** (2013), no. 1, 1–7.
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[^1]: This work was partially supported by the Foundation of the Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under grant number NJZY13159, China
[^2]: This paper was typeset using -LaTeX
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
Q:
Regular Expressions - tree grammar Antlr Java
I'm trying to write a program in ANTLR (Java) concerning simplifying regular expression. I have already written some code (grammar file contents below)
grammar Regexp_v7;
options{
language = Java;
output = AST;
ASTLabelType = CommonTree;
backtrack = true;
}
tokens{
DOT;
REPEAT;
RANGE;
NULL;
}
fragment
ZERO
: '0'
;
fragment
DIGIT
: '1'..'9'
;
fragment
EPSILON
: '@'
;
fragment
FI
: '%'
;
ID
: EPSILON
| FI
| 'a'..'z'
| 'A'..'Z'
;
NUMBER
: ZERO
| DIGIT (ZERO | DIGIT)*
;
WHITESPACE
: ('\r' | '\n' | ' ' | '\t' ) + {$channel = HIDDEN;}
;
list
: (reg_exp ';'!)*
;
term
: ID -> ID
| '('! reg_exp ')'!
;
repeat_exp
: term ('{' range_exp '}')+ -> ^(REPEAT term (range_exp)+)
| term -> term
;
range_exp
: NUMBER ',' NUMBER -> ^(RANGE NUMBER NUMBER)
| NUMBER (',') -> ^(RANGE NUMBER NULL)
| ',' NUMBER -> ^(RANGE NULL NUMBER)
| NUMBER -> ^(RANGE NUMBER NUMBER)
;
kleene_exp
: repeat_exp ('*'^)*
;
concat_exp
: kleene_exp (kleene_exp)+ -> ^(DOT kleene_exp (kleene_exp)+)
| kleene_exp -> kleene_exp
;
reg_exp
: concat_exp ('|'^ concat_exp)*
;
My next goal is to write down tree grammar code, which is able to simplify regular expressions (e.g. a|a -> a , etc.). I have done some coding (see text below), but I have troubles with defining rule that treats nodes as subtrees (in order to simplify following kind of expressions e.g.: (a|a)|(a|a) to a, etc.)
tree grammar Regexp_v7Walker;
options{
language = Java;
tokenVocab = Regexp_v7;
ASTLabelType = CommonTree;
output=AST;
backtrack = true;
}
tokens{
NULL;
}
bottomup
: ^('*' ^('*' e=.)) -> ^('*' $e) //a** -> a*
| ^('|' i=.* j=.* {$i.tree.toStringTree() == $j.tree.toStringTree()} )
-> $i // There are 3 errors while this line is up and running:
// 1. CommonTree cannot be resolved,
// 2. i.tree cannot be resolved or is not a field,
// 3. i cannot be resolved.
;
Small driver class:
public class Regexp_Test_v7 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws RecognitionException {
CharStream stream = new ANTLRStringStream("a***;a|a;(ab)****;ab|ab;ab|aa;");
Regexp_v7Lexer lexer = new Regexp_v7Lexer(stream);
CommonTokenStream tokenStream = new CommonTokenStream(lexer);
Regexp_v7Parser parser = new Regexp_v7Parser(tokenStream);
list_return list = parser.list();
CommonTree t = (CommonTree) list.getTree();
System.out.println("Original tree: " + t.toStringTree());
CommonTreeNodeStream nodes = new CommonTreeNodeStream(t);
Regexp_v7Walker s = new Regexp_v7Walker(nodes);
t = (CommonTree)s.downup(t);
System.out.println("Simplified tree: " + t.toStringTree());
Can anyone help me with solving this case?
Thanks in advance and regards.
A:
Now, I'm no expert, but in your tree grammar:
add filter=true
change the second line of bottomup rule to:
^('|' i=. j=. {i.toStringTree().equals(j.toStringTree()) }? ) -> $i }
If I'm not mistaken by using i=.* you're allowing i to be non-existent and you'll get a NullPointerException on conversion to a String.
Both i and j are of type CommonTree because you've set it up this way: ASTLabelType = CommonTree, so you should call i.toStringTree().
And since it's Java and you're comparing Strings, use equals().
Also to make the expression in curly brackets a predicate, you need a question mark after the closing one.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Oral collision carcinoma: salivary duct carcinoma of minor salivary gland origin and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa.
This paper reports a case of oral collision carcinoma consisting of salivary duct carcinoma of minor salivary gland origin and microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa in a 65-year-old Japanese man. This is an exceedingly rare example of collision carcinoma in the oral region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hylettus stigmosus
Hylettus stigmosus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Monné in 1982, and is known from southeastern Brazil.
References
Category:Beetles described in 1982
Category:Endemic fauna of Brazil
Category:Hylettus | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The identity of the assembly specified in the /asm:assembly/asm:assemblyIdentity node of the manifest does not match the identity of the assembly in the Authenticode signature in the /asm:assembly/ds:signature/ds:KeyInfo/msrel:RelData/r:license/r:grant/as:ManifestInformation/as:assemblyIdentity node.
BadDigest
The digital signature of the object did not verify.
BadSignatureFormat
The signature format is invalid.
BasicConstraintsNotObserved
The basic constraint extension of a certificate has not been observed.
CertificateExpired
The certificate has expired.
CertificateExplicitlyDistrusted
The certificate was explicitly marked as not trusted by the user.
CertificateMalformed
The certificate is missing or has an empty value for an important field, such as a subject or issuer name.
CertificateNotExplicitlyTrusted
The certificate is not trusted explicitly.
CertificateRevoked
The certificate has been revoked.
CertificateUsageNotAllowed
The certificate cannot be used for signing and verification.
ContainingSignatureInvalid
The strong name signature does not verify in the AuthenticodeSignatureInformation object. Because the strong name signature wraps the Authenticode signature, someone could replace the Authenticode signature with a signature of their choosing. To prevent this, this error code is returned if the strong name does not verify because substituting a part of the strong name signature will invalidate it.
CouldNotBuildChain
The chain could not be built.
GenericTrustFailure
There is a general trust failure with the certificate.
InvalidCertificateName
The certificate has an invalid name. The name is either not included in the permitted list or is explicitly excluded.
InvalidCertificatePolicy
The certificate has an invalid policy.
InvalidCertificateRole
The certificate has an invalid role.
InvalidCertificateSignature
The signature of the certificate cannot be verified.
InvalidCertificateUsage
The certificate has an invalid usage.
InvalidCountersignature
One of the counter signatures is invalid.
InvalidSignerCertificate
The certificate for the signer of the message is invalid or not found.
InvalidTimePeriodNesting
A certificate was issued after the issuing certificate has expired.
InvalidTimestamp
The time stamp signature or certificate could not be verified or is malformed.
IssuerChainingError
A parent of a given certificate did not issue that child certificate.
MissingSignature
The signature is missing.
PathLengthConstraintViolated
A path length constraint in the certification chain has been violated.
PublicKeyTokenMismatch
The public key token from the manifest identity in the /asm:assembly/asm:AssemblyIdentity node does not match the public key token of the key that is used to sign the manifest.
PublisherMismatch
The publisher name from /asm:assembly/asmv2:publisherIdentity does not match the subject name of the signing certificate, or the issuer key hash from the same publisherIdentity node does not match the key hash of the signing certificate.
RevocationCheckFailure
The revocation check failed.
SystemError
A system-level error occurred while verifying trust.
UnknownCriticalExtension
A certificate contains an unknown extension that is marked critical.
UnknownTrustProvider
The certificate has an unknown trust provider.
UnknownVerificationAction
The certificate has an unknown verification action.
UntrustedCertificationAuthority
The certification chain processed correctly, but one of the CA certificates is not trusted by the policy provider.
HRESULT values are generally returned by the unmanaged Microsoft Cryptographic API (CAPI); the other values are set by managed verification. This enumeration is not comprehensive of all possible HRESULT values and is subject to change. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
No matching constructor for initialisation of class
Cant see what i'm doing wrong ...
my GameWindow.h has code -
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace::std;
class GameWindow{
string WindowType;
string WindowName;
int TopLeftX,TopLeftY;
int Height,Width;
bool GetBoxed;
public:
GameWindow(string WinType, string WinName,int TLX,int TLY,int y,int x,bool box);
void SetHeight(int y);
void SetWidth(int x);
void SetTopLeftY(int TLY);
void SetTopLeftX(int TLY);
};
And the source file code being -
#include "GameWindow.h"
GameWindow::GameWindow(string WinType, string WinName,int TLX,int TLY,int y,int x,bool box){
WindowType = WinType; WindowName = WinName;
TopLeftX = TLX; TopLeftY = TLY;
Height = y; Width = x;
GetBoxed = box;
};
void GameWindow::SetHeight(int y){Height = y;}
void GameWindow::SetWidth(int x){Width = x;}
void GameWindow::SetTopLeftY(int TLY){TopLeftY=TLY;}
void GameWindow::SetTopLeftX(int TLX){TopLeftX=TLX;}
so then in another source file i attempt to create a vector of GameSpace and call the constructor each time i add one to the vector -
int OffsetX =5;
vector<GameWindow>GameSpace;
GameSpace.resize(8);
GameSpace[0] = GameWindow("MonstersLeftWin", "Misc",
(getmaxx(stdscr)-22-OffsetX), 2, 1, 22, true);
i get the "no matching constructor for initialisation of GameWindow" error. Cant see what im doing wrong at all!
i also get the error if i have -
GameSpace[0] = *new GameWindow("MonstersLeftWin", "Misc",
(getmaxx(stdscr)-22-OffsetX), 2, 1, 22, true);
still unsure if i need the "new" there or not.
Thanks for the help.
A:
The problem here is the GameSpace.resize(8) statement. As soon as you provide a custom constructor, the compiler wont generate a default constructor for you anymore. However, std::vector will default initialize elements in the resize call.
Either provide a default constructor (preferred): GameWindow()
Or use the void resize (size_type n, const value_type& val); overload
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
BRIEF- OPTIMUS GROUP announces IPO on TSE on Dec. 26
* Says its stock will begin trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) on Dec. 26, 2017, under the symbol “9268”
* In its initial public offering, the company will offer a total of 1,611,200 common shares, comprised of newly issued 270,600 shares and privately held 1,340,600 shares
* Says the nominal offering price as of filing date of Registration Statement is 1,710 yen per share with total offering amount will be 2.76 billion yen, and the fixed offering price will be announced at later date | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/***********************license start************************************
* Copyright (c) 2003-2017 Cavium, Inc.
* All rights reserved.
*
* License: one of 'Cavium License' or 'GNU General Public License Version 2'
*
* This file is provided under the terms of the Cavium License (see below)
* or under the terms of GNU General Public License, Version 2, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. When using or redistributing
* this file, you may do so under either license.
*
* Cavium License: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with
* or without modification, are permitted provided that the following
* conditions are met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
* disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
* with the distribution.
*
* * Neither the name of Cavium Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be
* used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* This Software, including technical data, may be subject to U.S. export
* control laws, including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its
* associated regulations, and may be subject to export or import
* regulations in other countries.
*
* TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS"
* AND WITH ALL FAULTS AND CAVIUM INC. MAKES NO PROMISES, REPRESENTATIONS
* OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE, WITH
* RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ITS CONDITION, ITS CONFORMITY TO ANY
* REPRESENTATION OR DESCRIPTION, OR THE EXISTENCE OF ANY LATENT OR PATENT
* DEFECTS, AND CAVIUM SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED (IF ANY)
* WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR A
* PARTICULAR PURPOSE, LACK OF VIRUSES, ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS, QUIET
* ENJOYMENT, QUIET POSSESSION OR CORRESPONDENCE TO DESCRIPTION. THE
* ENTIRE RISK ARISING OUT OF USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE LIES
* WITH YOU.
***********************license end**************************************/
#ifndef __ZIP_DEFLATE_H__
#define __ZIP_DEFLATE_H__
/**
* zip_deflate - API to offload deflate operation to hardware
* @zip_ops: Pointer to zip operation structure
* @s: Pointer to the structure representing zip state
* @zip_dev: Pointer to the structure representing zip device
*
* This function prepares the zip deflate command and submits it to the zip
* engine by ringing the doorbell.
*
* Return: 0 if successful or error code
*/
int zip_deflate(struct zip_operation *zip_ops, struct zip_state *s,
struct zip_device *zip_dev);
#endif
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Request Support
Color Guard Request
North West Navy 2017 Color Guard Team at parade rest
Mission
Community and civic organizations may request ceremonial support from the University of Washington NROTC for participation in appropriate events. The Color Guard is a five-member formation. The Color Guard is responsible for rendering appropriate military honors. This traditional formation adds dignity to any military-related activity, parade, or civic event by showing respect to our Nation and those who have served. To have your event considered, please submit your request between 30 to 90 days before your event. ** NO EXCEPTIONS **
To request support, please completely fill out the form below and submit it. Afterwards, we will contact you to discuss the event and subsequently approve the request depending on the circumstances set forth.
Color Guard Request Form
Sponsor Organization Information
Representative
Name of Sponsoring Organization Is the Sponsoring Organization a civic organization? Does the event have the official backing of the local government?
Event Information
Title of Event Date of Event Time Event Start Time Event End Date of Event Expected Attendance Is the Event being used to raise funds for any purpose?
Junior ROTC Tour
JROTC Tour on the front steps of Clark Hall
Mission
The Midshipmen of the University of Washington Naval ROTC take pleasure in providing tours to members of the Junior ROTC programs across the nation. The tours are led by current Midshipmen and active duty students of the NROTC program who share their personal stories about their journey in the program. The tour consists of a short presentation at Clark Hall, campus tour, lunch at the Husky Union Building (HUB), and an opportunity to talk to current students on a personal basis. Furthermore, our freshmen advisor is on hand to answer any questions that you may have.
Items of Importance
Paid is the sole responsibility of the JROTC’s Staff Coordinator.
Lunch at the HUB will average $10 per person.
Tour hours are from 1000-1300 (Monday – Friday).
Three different dates must be requested at time of form submission. The date selected will be based on the Mishipmen’s academic schedule.
The point of contact must be the Commanding Officer or Senior Enlisted of the JROTC unit. No students are authorized to submit a request.
The request will be confirmed by the Assistant Marine Officer Instructor via phone call or email.
Mr. Patton is from Chicago, IL. He was enlisted in the Army for two years, most of which was spent in Germany. He ended his term as an E-4 with an MOS as Supply Technician. He joined the Coast Guard in 1979 as a Seaman Storekeeper and retired in August 2007 as a Chief Warrant Officer after 28 years of service. He has 11 years of sea duty and has been stationed aboard 6 Coast Guard Cutters, serving as a Department Head/Supply Officer aboard two. Mr. Patton has been awarded five Coast Guard Achievement medals, seven Good Conduct medals, two Armed Forces Expeditionary medals, two National Defense Service medals, the Global War on Terrorism Service medal, and the Humanitarian Service medal. He is married to wife Deborah and they have three children, Kevin, Samantha, and Linda.
Lieutenant Irgens was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. She graduated from Purdue University with a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering. While at Purdue, she was on the rowing team, earning a spot on the All-Region and All-American teams. During her senior year of college, she joined the Navy Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate Program in order to serve in the Submarine force. After graduation, she reported to Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island and commissioned in October 2011.
After commissioning, she reported to Nuclear Power School in Charleston, South Carolina to begin her nuclear training. After graduating from Nuclear Power School, she attended Submarine Officer Basic School in Groton, Connecticut and then completed Nuclear Power Training Unit Prototype in Charleston before reporting to USS GEORGIA GOLD in Kings Bay, Georgia.
While serving on the USS Georgia, she was the Reactor Controls Assistant, Damage Control Assistant, Assistant Weapons Officer, Assistant Engineer, Strike Officer, and Anti-Terrorism Officer. She completed two deployments vital to national security and a 16-month Maintenance and Modernization period.
Lieutenant Irgens was recognized as the Squadron Sixteen Junior Officer of the Year for 2016. Her personal awards include the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal and the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with gold star.
In October 2016, she reported to the University of Washington Naval ROTC Unit as an Assistant Professor of Naval Science and the Nuclear Power Officer.
She currently resides in Seattle, Washington with her husband Matthew De Villers. She is an avid long distance runner and competes for the All-Navy Running team.
Lieutenant Arthur was born and raised in Buffalo, New York. She graduated in the top 5% of her class from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2009 with a Bachelor of Science in Physics and language study minors in Spanish and Chinese. Lieutenant Arthur graduated with distinction and was awarded the Admiral Dewey Award for the midshipman who stands highest in professional courses in naval weaponry and who excels in the weapons phase of at-sea training.
Lieutenant Arthur reported to Pensacola, Florida in 2009 for training as a Naval Aviator. She trained in the T-34C in Corpus Christi, Texas with VT-27 and in the TH-57 B/C in Milton, Florida with HT-8. Upon receiving her wings in 2011, she completed her training in the MH-60R in San Diego, California with HSM-41. She reported to the HSM-78 “Blue Hawks” in 2012. She completed a seventh fleet deployment with HSM-78 Combat Element One onboard the USS Kidd, DDG-100 in 2014 and participated in RIMPAC 2014 onboard the USS Ronald Reagan. During this tour Lieutenant Arthur served as Air Operations Officer for her detachment as well as squadron Readiness Officer and Assistant Training Officer.
Lieutenant Arthur will be pursuing a Masters in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Washington in the Fall of 2016. Her personal awards include the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal.
In December 2015, she reported to the University of Washington Naval ROTC Unit as an Assistant Professor of Naval Science and is serving as the unit’s Aviation Officer and Neptune Company Advisor. She currently resides in Seattle, WA.
Lieutenant Kirby orientated from Vancouver, Washington. He enlisted in the Navy in 2004 and attended recruit training at Naval Station Great Lakes in Chicago, Illinois. After graduating from Recruit Training Command, he attended Gunners Mate “A” school then attended the Vertical Launching System “C” school before reporting to USS OSCAR AUSTIN (DDG 79) in May 2005, based out of Norfolk, Virginia.
While serving in USS Oscar Austin, he qualified as the command Search and Rescue (SAR) swimmer and completed two deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Lieutenant Kirby was selected to the FY09 Seaman to Admiral-21 program, then transferred from USS OSCAR AUSTIN in January 2010.
In December 2012, Lieutenant Kirby graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Technology from Old Dominion University and commissioned through the Hampton Roads Naval Reserve Officer Training Command in Norfolk, Virginia.
Lieutenant Kirby reported to USS RAMAGE (DDG 61) and served as the First Lieutenant. While serving aboard, he deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean in support of theater Ballistic Missile Defense operations. In July 2015, Lieutenant Kirby was selected as a “Fleet-up” and continued to serve as USS RAMAGE’s Fire Control Officer. As the Fire Control Officer, he deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Inherent Resolve.
In April 2017, Lieutenant Kirby received orders to the University of Washington’s NROTC. He is currently the unit’s SWO & Nursing Advisor and Midshipmen Summer Cruise Coordinator.
He resides in the greater Seattle area.
Capt Stephen Stone
Capt Stone
Marine Officer Instructor
University of Washington NROTC
Captain Stone was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in October of 2002 and attended recruit training in San Diego, California the following February. Upon completion of his entry level training and military occupational specialty school, Captain Stone was stationed at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina where he served as an artillery scout observer. While stationed at Camp Lejeune, Captain Stone completed deployments to Iraq and Okinawa, Japan.
In 2007, Captain Stone received orders to the Expeditionary Warfare Training Group Atlantic (EWTGLANT) in Norfolk, Virginia. While at EWTGLANT, he served as a fire support instructor for the Fire Support Coordination Course, Tactical Air Control Party Course, and the newly developed Joint Fires Observer Course.
In 2009, Captain Stone was selected for the Marine Enlisted Commissioning Education Program (MECEP) and subsequently attended Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He completed his degree in May of 2012. Upon commissioning, he attended The Basic School (TBS) in Quantico, Virginia followed by the Armored Basic Officer Leaders Course in Fort Benning, Georgia. In 2013, Captain Stone received orders to 1st Tank Battalion in Twentynine Palms, California. While there, he deployed to the Pacific as the tank platoon commander in support of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit.
Captain Stone reported to the Naval ROTC at the University of Washington in May 2016 where he currently serves as the Marine Officer Instructor, Battalion Operations Officer, and the Command Fitness Leader. Captain Stone’s personal awards include the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with gold star and the Combat Action Ribbon.
In March 2003, Private First Class McBride reported to 8th Engineer Support Battalion, Engineer Support Company, Camp Lejeune, NC. In October 2004, Lance Corporal McBride was promoted to Corporal and deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in April of 2005.
In July 2006, Corporal McBride was promoted to Sergeant and executed orders to Combat Logistics Battalion 13, 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, where he served as a Utilities Chief. In March 2007, Sergeant McBride again deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
In July 2008, Sergeant McBride reported to Drill Instructor School, Class 4-08, Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, CA. Upon completion of Drill Instructor School, Sergeant McBride was then assigned to Delta Company, 1st Recruit Training Battalion. During his tour as a drill instructor, he filled the billets of a Drill Instructor, Senior Drill Instructor and Chief Drill Instructor. Sergeant McBride was promoted to Staff Sergeant in November 2010.
In January 2012, Staff Sergeant McBride was selected to serve as an Instructor at Drill Instructor School, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, CA where he instructed the Basic Warrior Training and Standard Operating Procedures packages.
In October 2012, Staff Sergeant McBride received orders to 9th Engineer Support Battalion, Engineer Support Company where he served as a Utilities Section Chief.
In October 2015, Staff Sergeant McBride received orders to Combat Logistics Battalion 4, Combat Logistics Regiment 3, where he served as a Utilities Chief and Assistant Battalion Operations Chief. Staff Sergeant McBride was promoted to Gunnery Sergeant in November 2015.
He is married to the former Sagrario Cienfuegos of Nayarit, Mexico and they have three children: Selenne, Dominik, and Yasmeen.
Commander Christopher Sledge
CDR Sledge
Professor of Naval Science
Executive Officer
University of Washington NROTC
Commander Christopher Sledge is a native of Oak Harbor, Washington, and graduated with distinction from the United States Naval Academy in 1992 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering.
Following his designation as a Naval Aviator in 1994 he reported to the Seahawks of HSL-41 at NAS North Island, California, for training in the SH-60B. He joined the HSL-49 Scorpions in 1995, completing deployments on USS SHILOH (CG 67) and USS LAKE CHAMPLAIN (CG 57) and earning selection as the squadron’s Pilot of the Year for 1998. Commander Sledge returned to the HSL-41 Seahawks in 1999 for duty as a flight instructor and reported to USS BONHOMME RICHARD (LHD 6) in 2001, where he served as Assistant Air Officer and completed an extended deployment in support of combat operations in Afghanistan.
Commander Sledge joined the BattleCats of HSL-43 in 2003, completing the maiden deployment of USS PREBLE (DDG 88) before serving as squadron Operations Officer. He graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 2006 with a Master of Military Art and Science (Military History), earning recognition as winner of the Arter-Darby award for military history writing. He subsequently reported for duty as Deputy Safety Officer on the staff of Commander, Naval Air Forces, Pacific, in San Diego.
In 2010 Commander Sledge was assigned to USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN (CVN-72) in Everett, Washington, as Safety Officer, where he deployed twice to FIFTH Fleet. He reported to Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Training Center in San Diego in 2012 and served as Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Training Facility Officer. He graduated with distinction from the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, in 2016 with a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies. In June 2016 he reported to NROTC Unit, University of Washington for duties as Executive Officer.
Commander Sledge has accumulated more than 2,500 flight hours and his personal awards include the Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal (Strike/Flight Award), and other personal and unit-level awards.
Captain Michael Lockwood
Captain Michael Lockwood
Professor of Naval Science
Commanding Officer
University of Washington NROTC
Captain Lockwood was born and raised in Rochester, New York, and is a 1991 graduate of Rochester Institute of Technology where he earned a BS in Mechanical Engineering. He was commissioned via NROTC.
Ashore, Captain Lockwood’s most recent assignment was to Tactical Training Group Pacific in San Diego, California, where he served as Operations and Plans Syndicate Chair. He has also served as Maritime Division Chief (J32), Operations Directorate of North American Aerospace Defense Command, Colorado Springs, Colorado; and at Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington, DC; and Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
He holds a MS in National Resource Strategy from the National Defense University, and an MS in Applied Physics from the Naval Postgraduate School. His decorations include the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Navy Commendation Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, as well as other personal and unit level awards and citations. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
P&G to set up planning center in Hyderabad
Industry
Other Services
Proctor & Gamble is planning to establish a planning center in Telangana. The centre would cater to the entire South Asia operations. The company will recruit 50 skilled professionals in the beginning and it would double its strength later. It has also plans to increase the number of employees at its manufacturing unit to 1,200 from the present 786 people.
Extracted from BS, Oct 30,’15
Sales & Marketing Tools
Online Sales Skills Tests
Psychometrica.in is an established and high quality online
psychometric assessment services provider for corporate and individual to guide you along every step of your people management journey: from recruiting people that fit in best with your requirements, helping you retain and groom your talent, minimize attrition, identify training and development needs.
Psychometric test have been designed keeping in mind the psyche and the attitudes of today's Indian working generation and are developed by experienced and trained team of psychologists having 15 years' experience with certifications like MBTI and 16PF.
Quotation Software
Engquote the
quotation management software helps the organization/ Companies by eliminating manual errors and improving quote accuracy, eliminating billing errors/discrepancies thereby establishing a smooth flow process from sales quote to approved order to timely invoicing and payments.
Engquote enhances the management of quotations, orders and billing process by integrating the sales, billing and finance departments thus accelerating the sales cycle and having an edge on competitors.
The software has features to keep track of pending quotations, invoices, orders received, lost orders, declined orders/ quotes. The software helps in generating quotation of multiple products with multiple specifications.
Sales Tracking Software
Domex’s Sales Leads Tracker is a comprehensive software tool developed exclusively to cater to all the needs of a Sales Team. The software helps the sales personnel to manage leads, follow-ups and achieve sales closures efficienciently throughout the entire sales cycle. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Thricolepis
Thricolepis is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least three described species in Thricolepis.
Species
These three species belong to the genus Thricolepis:
Thricolepis inornata Horn, 1876 i c g b
Thricolepis seminuda Horn, 1894 i c g
Thricolepis simulator Horn, 1876 i c g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
Further reading
Category:Entiminae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
import 'rxjs-compat/add/operator/materialize';
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The role of examination under anesthesia (EUA) and vaginoscopy in pediatric and adolescent gynecology: a retrospective review.
Examination under anesthesia (EUA) with diagnostic vaginoscopy is an invaluable method in the lower genital tract assessment of pediatric and adolescent females. The literature on this topic remains scarce. This is a retrospective medical notes review of all patients who underwent EUA with or without vaginoscopy over the past 5 years at a pediatric and adolescent gynecology unit specializing in disorders of sex development (DSD). From 2005 to 2010, 83 patients underwent 92 procedures. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, and a 3-mm pediatric cystoscope was used for vaginoscopy. Of the 92 cases, 33 (36%) were EUA alone and 59 (64%) consisted of a combined EUA and vaginoscopy. The mean age was 13.3 ± 3.7 years. The most common indications included assessment for reconstructive surgery (33.7%), vaginal stenosis (21.7%), vaginal discharge (19.6%), vaginal bleeding (16.3%), and pelvic pain (8.7%). Most (61%) of those presenting for assessment for reconstructive surgery had a DSD and history of surgical correction in early childhood. In 88 cases (96%), the evaluation was satisfactory and a diagnosis was reached or normality confirmed. Four cases (4%) required further investigation. No significant intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. Of the 92 cases, 15 (16%) required a further minor procedure, which was performed at the time of the EUA/vaginoscopy. Another 33 (36%) required further major surgery, which was performed at a later date. EUA/vaginoscopy is a safe and highly useful method in the assessment of the lower genital tract in pediatric and adolescent patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
mgo.licio.us
"The face of the operation is Briatore (referred to exclusively in the film by his colleagues and angry, chanting detractors as "Flavio"), an anthropomorphic radish who spends most of his time at QPR plotting to fire all of the managers."
At press time, Harbaugh had sent Michigan’s athletic department an envelope containing a heavily annotated seating chart, a list of the 63,000 seat views he had found unsatisfactory, and a glowing 70-page report on section 25, row 12, seat 9, which he claimed is “exactly what the great sport of football is all about.”
I live about 45 min from Clemson and I've heard this all day. He was only at Clemson for 2 years so his ties aren't that strong. We just pulled him away from his hometown and school. He would just be dumb to leave the winningest program in college history to coach what we call down here the taters. And no I don't think he should stay just because we are Michigan. We are putting 228 million into our stadium and we are building a new practice facility and we just put a lot of money into our weight room. These are all things Clemson can't match. Plus we just went through a law suit over a buyout I'm pretty sure we would want that money back from Rod and Clemson has to pay Bowden 3.5 million. So this doesn't make sense from a financial standpoint either. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Claudia Rowe
Claudia Rowe is a journalist who currently works for The Seattle Times. In the past, she has worked for The New York Times, Mother Jones, Woman’s Day, The Huffington Post and The Stranger and other newspapers and magazines. She has been a member of the Humanities Washington Speakers Bureau.
Awards
Claudia has won many awards for her work in journalism and is a celebrated reporter and advocate.
She received the Casey Medal for Meritorious Journalism award in 2006, for "Judgment Calls: When to remove a child?", and won in 2008 for “One Fatal Shot”.
She also received first place awards from the Society of Professional Journalists.
She was given the Taylor Award from the Nieman Foundation for Journalism in 2009.
The Spider and the Fly
In 1998, Claudia was living in Poughkeepsie, New York, working for The New York Times. She was assigned to cover the murders of Kendall Francois, a serial killer who murdered at least eight women. Claudia spent five years talking with Kendall in a quest to understand what made him tick and why he committed such horrific crimes. The end result is The Spider and the Fly: A Reporter, a Serial Killer, and the Meaning of Murder, a book about Kendall, his effect upon her and how he helped her to overcome her own struggles. The book is presented as "part psychological thriller and part gut-wrenching memoir." (Review from Robert Kolker.)
The book was published by Dey Street Books on January 24, 2017.
References
External links
Official Site
Category:American women journalists
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
all changes from rc6 to rc10 the current version below.
Changelog rc7
—————
– Added small ammopack and health to the lower hallway leading to final cp
– Added medium ammopack below mid
– Added medium ammopack to the ridge around cp2
– Added medium ammopack below the bridge to cp2
– Reduced overal spawntimes a little
– Added possibility for scouts to jump up to cp2 from the left side (approaching)
– Added a route to the tunnel from bridge when defending cp2
– Added a route from lumber to below mid cp
– It is now possible to use the outside of the balcony looking out on water on mid to jump around
– Cut the sniper sightline from the back ridge of mid to choke leading to cp2
– Added fences around the ridge of mid to allow splash damage
– Added the possibility for scouts to jump from midhouse to portruding elevated rock formation leading to choke
Changelog rc8
—————
-Adjusted spawns so you spawn faster when you capped enemy cp2
-Defenders spawn slower when defending cp1
-Spawntimes are decreased slightly overal
-Captimes have been decreased
-Added a hill on the long stretch leading to cp1 cutting sightlines and creating an area to fight over
-Added cover to cp2
-Fixed z-clipping issues
-Made some lamps jumpable instead of non-solid
-Several other bugfixes
Changelog rc9
—————
– Fixed the spawntimes from rc8 had a slight bug (hence the recent release of rc9 again)
– Made falling off of last cp way less punishing by elevating most of the lower ground area to half of the original stairs
– Quickly ascending from the lower area will make it more useful and cuts sightlines when you duck in and out, I’m aware it also makes it easier to hold the lower doors, but to do that you give up holding up top so that’s good.
– Added a medium medpack to the lower entrance to last
– Added much needed cover and widened the flank route to lumbershack
– Fixed z-clipping issues again
– Added birdpoop decals to the floor of midhouse with pidgeons on the framework on the roof to add realism.
– Added a small ramp where the flank tunnel used to be going to last
– Added the possibility to run up cp2 from the other side using boxes and ladders
– Didn’t think of a better visual solution for the crates/ramp construction going to last
– Added non-solid windows to the map to make up for the recent removal on badlands
Changelog rc10
——————–
– Widened mid cp bridge
– Removed the cluster of beams below mid, central entrance.
– Added flank route to cp2 (going from under bridge to stone wall to last)
– Added the ability to acces final cp from the back
– Added windows to last cp central entrance
– Heightened the central entrance to last cp
– Added dropoff to the side of central entrance to last
– Added banana to banana highway
– Reduced captime on last
– Visual improvements
Screens rc10
—————
– http://i.imgur.com/vQMPKrw.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/k8wFvDf.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/ifg3keH.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/scCozrj.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/wcqyOIN.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/bJWrM72.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/PXNLLso.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/lTp2pjV.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/kpaU0gH.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/VBDUql7.jpg
Biggest changes comparisons from rc6 to rc10
– http://i.imgur.com/GVDDxuN.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/M1NxhTd.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/56NGqYq.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/99cmEdh.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/RiBgPAN.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/PPNl8tE.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/ByY3KL3.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/FJ9xL14.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/rwHlINg.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/X79FU03.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/xQl61zz.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/bHZWOdV.jpg
Changelog rc11
——————
– Cleaned up both initial spawn areas
– Scaled down transition cp2-cp3 by a third
(meaning i moved the entire middle area closer to cp2)
– Created a corner choke going to last/cp1
– Reversed the ramps behind cp1
(players got stuck there easily because of that)
– Improved fps
– Decreased filesize by approx. 20Mb
– Switched the ugly crate construction /- for a metal/concrete one more fitting
Image rc11
————-
– http://i.imgur.com/YLF6lBQ.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/POCh544.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/TjCYRBI.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/By5SdS3.jpg
– http://i.imgur.com/XD7b7EP.jpg
Download final
——————
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/2824637/cp_croissant_final.7z | {
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Renal artery stenosis: in vivo perfusion MR imaging.
The intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model of perfusion and diffusion imaging was applied to an in vivo canine model of unilateral renal artery stenosis and was compared with relative renal blood flow determination with radioactive microspheres. The percentage relative renal blood flow as determined with radioactive microspheres correlated closely with the percentage apparent diffusion coefficient. If this method can be adapted to human imaging, it may provide a noninvasive means for detecting renal artery stenosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Be Careful About What You Agree to in Your Property Settlement Agreement: Everett v. Everett
When ending your marriage, you may enter into a property settlement agreement
with your former spouse. This agreement will deal with issues of separating
personal and marital assets, as well as child custody, child support and
alimony. You must be extremely careful about what you agree to in this
agreement, as the Virginia case of
Everett v. Everett demonstrates.
In the
Everett case, the divorcing couple entered into a property settlement agreement
that contained the following stipulations:
“In recognition of the Children’s living expenses, including two private
school tuitions, summer camps, work-related child care, transportation,
insurances, in addition to food, clothing and housing, Husband agrees
to pay Wife the sum of Five Thousand and 00/100 ($5,000) per month as
and for child support commencing July 1, 2004, and continuing until each
child graduates from college . . .”
“In the event that Husband ever seeks a downward adjustment in his child
support obligations, Wife shall be entitled to pursue her marital share
of Husband’s business interests and to pursue spousal support, both
of which were waived to obtain child support beyond Virginia’s guidelines.”
The agreement also contained language that provided both parties would
equally share the costs of their children’s undergraduate educations,
which included tuition as well as housing. Moreover, the former couple
agreed that if the husband ever sought to decrease his child support payment,
he would have to pay for the former wife’s costs and attorney fees
for answering the petition to modify support.
Of course, once the oldest child went to college, the former wife’s
income increased and the youngest child received a scholarship for private
school – so the former husband filed a motion to decrease the amount
he had to pay in child support. And, you guessed it, the former wife answered
with the property settlement agreement, highlighting the above provisions.
Accordingly, the trial court ruled that the husband was obligated to pay
the $5,000/month in child support until his youngest child graduated from
college. Dissatisfied with this conclusion, the former husband appealed.
On appeal, the Virginia Court of Appeals made a number of conclusions.
First, the Court stated that because the agreement required the former
husband to pay child support to his oldest child through college graduation,
even though the child was over the age of 18, this portion of the husband’s
support obligation could not be modified because the settlement agreement
contained no language permitting a modification in the future. Under Virginia
law, a court is without power to award child support to a child over the
age of 18, absent an agreement of the child’s parents. And, if such
an agreement exists, the support obligation can only be modified if the
agreement explicitly allows for it.
Second, the court determined that the husband’s support obligation
with regard to the youngest (minor) child
could be modified, because the court always has jurisdiction to change, modify
and/or enforce its own order concerning the support and custody of minor
children. The Court also decided that the $5,000 the former husband owed
each moth could be apportioned amongst both children, because the settlement
agreement did not specifically prohibit it, in fact, it contemplated that
a modification may be sought in the future (albeit at the expense of the
former husband).
The appellate court sent the case back to the trial court for a determination
of how much support should be allocated to the youngest child, if this
support obligation should be modified and if so, how much the former husband’s
new payment should be. The Court also awarded the former wife her attorney’s
fees for defending the petition in the trial court, as well as on appeal.
This case illustrates why it is so important to carefully draft your property
settlement agreement and fully understand each and every provision. Here,
the former husband could never modify his support obligation towards the
oldest child, had to pay all of his former wife’s attorney’s
fees, and faced the likely prospect of having to give her an equitable
share of his business interest as well as alimony.
If you are in the process of drafting a marital or property settlement
agreement, would like to enforce or modify an existing one, you need the
help of a qualified family law and divorce attorney. Your lawyer can help
develop provisions that protect your interests and attain the results
you desire. The family lawyers of the DiPietro Family Law Group have decades
of experience with all family law issues in jurisdictions across Northern
Virginia, Maryland and Washington, DC.
The information on this website is for general information purposes only.
Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual
case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt
or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship.
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please update to most recent version. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Q:
Neat way to prove $\sin(\alpha+\beta)$ using complex exponential
I am supposed to prove that $\sin(\alpha+\beta)=\sin\alpha\cos\beta+\sin\beta\cos\alpha$ using complex exponentials:
$$
\begin{align}
\sin\theta&=-\frac{1}{2}i(e^{i\theta}-e^{-i\theta})\\
\cos\theta&=\frac{1}{2}(e^{i\theta}+e^{-i\theta})
\end{align}
$$
The proof that I have done is very long and messy and essentially I am showing that LHS and RHS are the same thing. I was wondering if there is a neater proof?
A:
Hint
Take the imaginary part of
$$e^{i(\alpha+\beta)}=e^{i\alpha}e^{i\beta}$$
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Subsets and Splits