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Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the transglycosylation of xyloglucan, the major hemicellulose polymer, which has been thought to mediate the cross-linking of cellulose microfibrils in cellular walls and proposed to be involved in the control of cell wall relaxation. To understand the relationship between litchi fruit cracking and gene expression patterns, three XET genes from litchi fruit were identified and then examined for their expression profiles in pericarp and aril tissues at different development stages, using a cracking-resistant cultivar, 'Huaizhi', and a cracking-susceptible cultivar, 'Nuomici'. Three full-length cDNAs of 1267, 1095 and 1156 bp encoding XETs, named LcXET1, LcXET2 and LcXET3, respectively, were isolated from expanding fruit using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) methods. Northern blotting analysis showed that LcXET1 mRNA accumulation occurred much earlier in aril tissues at 59 days after anthesis (DAA) than in pericarp tissues at 73 DAA in 'Nuomici'. However, it appeared at almost the same time (66 DAA) in pericarp and aril tissues in 'Huaizhi'. which suggested that differential accumulation of LcXET1 in pericarp and aril tissues in 'Nuomici' and 'Huaizhi' was closely associated with fruit cracking. LcXET2 mRNA accumulation could be detected in pericarp and aril tissues throughout fruit development but exhibited a differential accumulation pattern between pericarp and aril tissues. In the aril of 'Nuomici', intensive signal bands were detectable at 59-73 DAA in rapidly expanding fruits of 'Nuomici' but only weak bands could be found in the pericarp tissues. In contrast, moderate signal bands were detectable both in pericarp and aril tissues of 'Huaizhi' fruits. Furthermore, LeXET3 showed constitutive expression in both pericarp and aril tissues of developing 'Nuomici' and 'Huaizhi' litchi fruit. In addition, differential expression patterns of three XETs genes were observed in different tissues of litchi, with only LcXET1 being fruit-specific. To further address the role of LcXET in fruit cracking, alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used to treat 'Nuomoci' to reduce fruit cracking. Enhanced LcXET1 mRNA accumulation appeared in pericarp while LcXET2 and LeXET3 mRNTA accumulation enhanced in aril tissues in the NAA-treated fruits. Thus, LcXET1 is more likely to play a role in reducing litchi fruit cracking than LcXET2 and LcXET3. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

XET;litchi fruit;cracking;growth;NAA

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Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the transglycosylation of xyloglucan, the major hemicellulose polymer, which has been thought to mediate the cross-linkining of cellulose microfibrils in cellular walls and proposed to be involved in the control of cell wall relaxation. To understand the relationship between longan fruit growth and XET gene expression patterns, three XET genes from fruit were identified and then their expression profiles in pericarp and aril tissues of fruit at different development stages were investigated. Three full-length cDNAs of 1077, 1093 and I IS I bp encoding XETs, named DIXET1, DIXET2 and DIXET3, respectively, were isolated from expanding fruit using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) methods. Northern blotting analysis showed that three DIXET mRNAs exhibited different patterns during fruit growth and development. Accumulation of MET] kept changeable during the fruit growth and development, DI-XET2 mRNA accumulations in the pericarp, and in the aril increased gradually following fruit growth during the whole fruit developmental stage. In addition, DIXET3 did not accumulate in the pericarp during the whole fruit development stage, but it could be detected in the aril of fruit during the rapid aril growth stage (63-74 DAA). These results indicated that DIXET2 was associated with growth of pericarp and aril in longan fruit, while DIXET1 was related to pericarp growth and DIXET3 was primarily responsible for aril growth. To further characterize the expressions of three XETs regulated by plant growth substances, alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) were used to treat longan fruit at 21 DAA and 56 DAA when pericarp, and aril grew rapidly respectively, it was found that treatment at 21 DAA, only TDZ increased the accumulation of DIXET2 mRNA at 12 h after treatment. However, both NAA and TDZ increased the accumulation of DIXET3 after 36 h treatment, although DIXET-3 did not accumulate in the whole fruit. While, treatment at 56 DAA, both NAA and TDZ increased the accumulations of DIXETs in aril except DIXET3 in aril by NAA treatment. In addition. the expression patterns of the three XETs showed different tissue specificity. These results suggested that XET genes played a different role in longan fruit growth and showed different response to plant growth substances which existed difference at different growth stage. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

longan fruit;XET;expression;growth;NAA;TDZ

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Yeasts are the major producer of biotechnology products worldwide, exceeding production in capacity and economic revenues of other groups of industrial microorganisms. Yeasts have wide-ranging fundamental and industrial importance in scientific, food, medical, and agricultural disciplines (Fig. 1). Saccharomyces is the most important genus of yeast from fundamental and applied perspectives and has been expansively studied. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts (non-conventional yeasts) including members of the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes also have substantial current utility and potential applicability in biotechnology. In an earlier mini-review, "Biotechnology of non-Saccharomyces yeasts-the ascomycetes" (Johnson Appl Microb Biotechnol 97: 503-517, 2013), the extensive biotechnological utility and potential of ascomycetous yeasts are described. Ascomycetous yeasts are particularly important in food and ethanol formation, production of single-cell protein, feeds and fodder, heterologous production of proteins and enzymes, and as model and fundamental organisms for the delineation of genes and their function in mammalian and human metabolism and disease processes. In contrast, the roles of basidiomycetous yeasts in biotechnology have mainly been evaluated only in the past few decades and compared to the ascomycetous yeasts and currently have limited industrial utility. From a biotechnology perspective, the basidiomycetous yeasts are known mainly for the production of enzymes used in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis, for production of certain classes of primary and secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and carotenoids, for aerobic catabolism of complex carbon sources, and for bioremediation of environmental pollutants and xenotoxicants. Notwithstanding, the basidiomycetous yeasts appear to have considerable potential in biotechnology owing to their catabolic utilities, formation of enzymes acting on recalcitrant substrates, and through the production of unique primary and secondary metabolites. This and the earlier mini-review (Johnson Appl Microb Biotechnol 97:503-517, 2013) were motivated during the preparation and publication of the landmark three-volume set of "The yeasts: a taxonomic study, 5th edition" (Kurtzman et al. 2011a, b).

Yeasts;Basidiomycetes;Yeast biotechnology;Industrial enzymes;Bioremediation;Oxidative catabolism;Pollutant degradation;Terpenoids;Carotenoids

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Yeasts from water sources have been associated with diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to life threatening diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the water quality as well as diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts from two rivers. Yeast levels and physicochemical parameter data were analyzed by principal component analysis to determine correlations between physico-chemical data and yeast levels. Yeast morphotypes were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disk diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted. Physico-chemical parameters of the water were within target water quality range (TWQR) for livestock farming. For irrigational use, total dissolved solids and nitrates were not within the TWQR. Yeast levels ranged between 27 +/- 10 and 2,573 +/- 306 cfu/L. Only non-pigmented, ascomycetous yeasts were isolated. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata were most frequently isolated. Several other opportunistic pathogens were also isolated. A large number of isolates were resistant to azoles, especially fluconazole, but also to other antifungal classes. Candida species were resistant to almost all the antifungal classes. These water sources are used for recreation and religious as well as for watering livestock and irrigation. Of particular concern is the direct contact of individuals with opportunistic yeast, especially the immune-compromised. Resistance of these yeast species to antifungal agents is a further health concern.

resistance patterns;26S rRNA gene sequences;water pollution;yeast diversity;yeast infections

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Yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. YFV NS4B is reported to be involved in viral replication and immune evasion. Here interactions between NS4B and human proteins were determined using a GST pull-down assay and analyzed using 1-DE and LC-MS/MS. We present a total of 207 proteins confirmed using Scaffold 3 Software. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the positive regulation of flavivirus replication, was identified as a possible NS4B partner. 59 proteins were found to be significantly increased when compared with a negative control, and CypA exhibited the greatest difference, with a 22-fold change. Fisher's exact test was significant for 58 proteins, and the p value of CypA was the most significant (0.000000019). The Ingenuity Systems software identified 16 pathways, and this analysis indicated sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor of CypA. Immunofluorescence and viral plaque assays showed a significant reduction in YFV replication using sirolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) as inhibitors. Furthermore, YFV replication was strongly inhibited in treated with both inhibitors using reporter BHK-21-rep-YFV17DLucNeolres cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CypA-NS4B interaction regulates YFV replication. Finally, we present the first evidence that YFV inhibition may depend on NS4B-CypA interaction.

yellow fever virus;NS4B;proteomics;protein interactions;systems biology;cyclophilin A;cyclosporine A;sirolimus

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Yellow nail syndrome (YNS; OMIM 153300, ORPHA662) is a very rare disorder that almost always occurs after 50 years of age but a juvenile or familial form has also been observed. YNS is diagnosed based on a triad associating yellow nail discoloration, pulmonary manifestations (chronic cough, bronchiectasia, pleural effusion) and lower limb lymphedema. Chronic sinusitis is frequently associated with the triad. YNS etiology remains unknown but a role of lymphatic impairment is usually evoked. YNS is more frequently isolated but may be associated in rare cases with autoimmune diseases, other clinical manifestations implicating lymphatic functions or cancer and, hence, is also considered a paraneoplastic syndrome. YNS management is symptomatic and not codified. YNS can resolve spontaneously. Oral vitamin E alone or even better when associated with triazole antifungals may achieve partial or total disappearance of nail discoloration. Pleural effusion can be treated surgically, with decortication/pleurectomy or pleurodesis. Antibiotic prophylaxis is prescribed for bronchiectasia with chronic sputum production. Lymphedema treatment is based on low-stretch bandages and the wearing of elastic compression garments combined with skin care, exercises and, as needed, manual lymph drainage.

Yellow nail syndrome;Respiratory manifestations;Sinusitis;Lymphedema;Review

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Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea) grows in small, widely scattered populations in the wild, but is also a popular ornamental tree that thrives when planted in urban areas outside its natural range. Since the small native populations of yellowwood in several states are considered at risk of extirpation, the cultivated population could serve as an ex situ repository of yellowwood genetic diversity that could be used to restore lost local populations of the species. The potential value of cultivated yellowwood for conservation depends on the genetic diversity among cultivated trees compared to natural populations. Using nuclear microsatellite markers, we genotyped 180 yellowwoods from natural populations in Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Kentucky, along with 61 trees from urban parks and landscapes in Indiana, Ohio, and Missouri. We found that, even when statistics were adjusted based on population size, the urban "population" had higher genetic diversity than any of the wild populations sampled, indicating that commercially-grown yellowwood is most likely a mixture of genotypes from isolated wild populations. We observed strong genetic differentiation among wild populations, and evidence for inbreeding in at least one of the wild populations.

Ex situ conservation;Urban forest;Landscape genetics;Fabaceae

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Yield stress fluid flows occur in a great many operations and unit processes within the oil and gas industry. This paper reviews this usage within reservoir flows of heavy oil, drilling fluids and operations, wellbore cementing, hydraulic fracturing and some open-hole completions, sealing/remedial operations, e.g., squeeze cementing, lost circulation, and waxy crude oils and flow assurance, both wax deposition and restart issues. We outline both rheological aspects and relevant fluid mechanics issues, focusing primarily on yield stress fluids and related phenomena.

Bingham fluid;Oil and gas industry;Yield stress

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Yokukansan (YKS) and yokukansankachimpihange (YKSCH) are traditional Japanese Kampo medicines. The latter comprises YKS along with the medicinal herbs Citrus unshiu peel and Pinellia tuber. Both of these Kampo medicines are indicated for the treatment of night crying and irritability in children and for neurosis and insomnia in adults. In recent clinical trials, YKS exhibited ameliorative effects on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as aggressiveness, excitement, and irritability. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the involvement of cholinergic degeneration in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in the development of aggressiveness in rats. Subsequently, using this animal model, the effects of YKS and YKSCH on aggressiveness were compared and the mechanisms underlying these effects were investigated. L-Glutamic acid (Glu) was injected into the right NBM of rats to induce deterioration of cholinergic neurons. On day 8 after Glu injection, aggressive behaviors were evaluated using resident-intruder tests. After the evaluation, YKS or YKSCH was administered to rats with aggressive behaviors daily for 7 days. In some groups, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 was coadministered with YKS or YKSCH over the same period. In other groups, locomotor activity was measured on days 12-14 after Glu injection. On day 15, immunohistochemistry was then performed to examine choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities in the NBM. Aggressive behaviors had developed on day 8 after Glu injection and were maintained until day 15. YKS and YKSCH significantly ameliorated the aggressive behaviors. These suppressive effects were entirely abolished following coadministration of WAY-100635. Finally, the number of ChAT-positive cells in the right NBM was significantly reduced on day 15 after Glu injection, and treatment with YKS or YKSCH did not ameliorate these reduced cell numbers. Our results show that unilateral Glu injections into the NBM of rats leads to the development of aggressive behaviors, which is thought to reflect cholinergic degeneration. YKS and YKSCH treatments ameliorated Glu-induced aggressive behaviors, and these effects were suggested to be mediated by 5-HT1A receptor stimulation, but not by improvement of cholinergic degeneration.

aggressive behavior;glutamic acid;nucleus basalis of Meynert;rats;yokukansan;yokukansankachimpihange

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Youn DY, Lee DH, Lim MH, Yoon JS, Lim JH, Jung SE, Yeum CE, Park CW, Youn HJ, Lee JS, Lee SB, Ikawa M, Okabe M, Tsujimoto Y, Lee JH. Bis deficiency results in early lethality with metabolic deterioration and involution of spleen and thymus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295: E1349-E1357, 2008. First published October 7, 2008; doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90704.2008. - Bcl-2 interacting cell death suppressor (Bis), also known as Bag3 or CAIR-1, is involved in antistress and antiapoptotic pathways. In addition to Bcl-2, Bis binds to several proteins, suggesting it has diverse functions in normal and pathological conditions. To better define the physiological function of Bis in vivo, we developed bis-deficient mice with a cre-loxP system. Targeted disruption of exon 4 of the bis gene was demonstrated by Southern blotting and PCR, and Western blotting showed that no intact or truncated Bis protein was synthesized in bis(-/-) mice. While heterozygotes were fertile and appeared normal, Bis-deficient mice showed growth retardation and died by 3 wk after birth. The relative weight of the thymus and spleen was reduced and the total numbers of white blood cells, splenocytes, and thymocytes were significantly reduced compared with wild-type littermates. Serum profiles indicated significant hypoglycemia as well as decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Expression profiles of metabolic genes indicated that gluconeogenesis and beta-oxidation are activated in the liver of bis(-/-) mice. This activation, as well as a decrease in peripheral fat and an induction of fatty liver, appears to be an adaptive response to hypoglycemia. Our study reveals that the absence of Bis has considerable influences on postnatal growth and survival, possibly due to a nutritional impairment.

bis;knockout;hypoglycemia

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Young adolescents are generally considered to be self-absorbed. Studies indicate that they lack relevant general cognitive abilities, such as impulse control, that mature in early adulthood. However, their idealism may cause them to be more intolerant of unfair treatment to others and thus result in their engaging in more altruistic behavior. The present study aimed to clarify whether young adolescents are more altruistic than adults and thus indicate whether altruistic competence is domain-specific. One hundred 22 young adolescents and adults participated in a face-to-face, two-round, third-party punishment experiment. In each interaction group, a participant served as an allocator who could share money units with a stranger; another participant who knew the allocator could punish the acquaintance for the stranger. Participants reported their emotions after the first round, and at the end of the experiment, the participants justified their behavior in each round. The results indicated that the young adolescents both shared more and punished more than did the adults. Sharing was associated with a reference to fairness in the justifications, but altruistic punishment was associated with subsequent positive emotion. In sum, greater altruism in young adolescents compared to adults with mature cognitive abilities provides evidence of domain-specificity of altruistic competence. Moreover, sharing and altruistic punishment are related to specific cognitive and emotional mechanisms, respectively.

sharing;altruistic punishment;third-party punishment;fairness;adolescent

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Young adult (YA) cancer survivors report substantial distress, social isolation, and body image concerns that can impede successful reintegration into life years after treatment completion. Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) interventions focus on developing mindfulness and self-compassion for managing distress, hardships, and perceived personal inadequacies. An MSC intervention would be beneficial in supporting YA survivors' management of psychosocial challenges that arise in survivorship; however, a telehealth intervention modality is essential for reaching this geographically dispersed population. We conducted a single-arm feasibility study of an MSC 8-week videoconference intervention for nationally recruited YA survivors (ages 18-29). The MSC intervention was group-based, 90-minute videoconference sessions, held weekly over 8 weeks, with audio-supplemented home practice. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed via attendance rate and an intervention satisfaction scale. Baseline to post-intervention changes in psychosocial outcomes (body image, anxiety, depression, social isolation, posttraumatic growth, resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness) were assessed using paired t tests and Cohen's d effect sizes. Thirty-four participants were consented and 25 attended a videoconference group. Feasibility was established with 84% attending at least six of the eight sessions, and intervention acceptability was high (M = 4.36, SD = 0.40, score range = 1-5). All psychosocial outcomes, except for resilience, demonstrated significant changes (p0.5). YA survivors are interested in receiving an MSC videoconference intervention. Feasibility, acceptance, and potential psychosocial benefits of the intervention were demonstrated. Findings can be applied toward the design of an efficacy randomized controlled trial to improve quality of life for YA survivors in transition after cancer treatment.

Young adult cancer survivors;Videoconference;Self-compassion;Mindfulness;Feasibility study;Intervention

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Young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience significant rates of unemployment and underemployment, and the field needs an inexpensive, evidence-based vocational intervention. We examined an approach developed for people with serious mental illness, IPS supported employment, for young adults with ASD. We described a pilot IPS program for young adults with ASD and evaluated the first five participants over 1 year. The first five IPS participants succeeded in competitive employment, expanded independence, and achieved broad psychosocial gains. IPS could help young adults with ASD succeed in competitive employment at a relatively low cost.

Autism spectrum disorder;Supported employment;Individual placement and support

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Young bisexual women experience worse mental and sexual health outcomes in comparison to their heterosexual and lesbian peers. These disparities are associated with stigma and devaluation of bisexual identities. The current paper addresses a community-based focus group project in which participants discussed bisexual stigma in regard to bisexual erasure and other stereotypes. Specifically, participants detailed experiences of feeling pressured to provide evidence of their bisexual identity, modifying their relationship or sexual behavior to conform to these expectations, as well as feeling excluded from queer community. Further, participants discussed how these experiences were related to decreased mental and sexual health. Future research should further investigate the relationship between bisexual stigma, pressure to provide evidence of bisexual identity, and negative mental and sexual health outcomes.

Bisexuality;health inequalities;community-based focus group study

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Young carers are at increased risk of developing mental health and social problems. The objective was to pilot a camp-based resilience-building programme for young carers. Twelve young carers (12 to 14 years) recruited from Carers Queensland attended a 3-day resilience-building camp adapted from the Resourceful Adolescent Program. One month after the camp, carers participated in a semi-structured telephone interview. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Two key themes emerged. The first, coping self-efficacy, included subthemes of affect regulation, interpersonal skills, and recognition of strengths and coping ability. The second key theme, social benefits, included opportunities for respite and social engagement. Overall, participants reported enjoying the camp and would recommend it to other young carers, yet they were able to provide some suggestions to improve future camps. Implementing an integrative resilience-building program such as the Resourceful Adolescent Program in a camp format shows promise as a way of both engaging and benefiting young carers, as well as selective populations more generally.

prevention interventions;resilience;Resourceful Adolescent Program;young carers

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Young children are surrounded by fictional media, including books, videos, and games. Often they are expected to learn new information from these explicitly fictional sources, while simultaneously avoiding confusion about what is true in the real world versus what is true only in fictional worlds. How do children navigate this "reader's dilemma"? The current review addresses this question by first examining whether fiction can change children's real-world knowledge or behaviors, both generally and through learning of specific pieces of information from fictional contexts. The bulk of this research suggests that children can learn new information from fiction. We then ask whether fiction teaches children more effectively than other types of activities or than nonfiction media, as well as whether there are differences in children's learning from realistic as opposed to fantastical fiction. Many open questions about these topics remain, including how selective children are when learning from fiction, which properties of the media affect their selectivity, how long children retain information learned from fictional contexts, and how child level factors like age may affect this learning. We close the review by addressing these issues and offering some suggestions for future research in this area. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning;Fiction;Education;Reality/fiction distinction;Reader's dilemma

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Young children exert little control over household tobacco smoke exposure, which is considered a developmental neurotoxicant. Using the Quebec Longitudinal Study birth cohort, we examine prospective associations between early childhood smoke exposure and later antisocial behavior. Parents of 1035 children reported on the presence of household smokers at seven follow-ups from ages 1.5 to 7.5. At age 12, children self-reported on five aspects of early antisocial dispositions. After adjusting for confounders, every standard deviation increase in household smoke exposure was prospectively associated with a 19% standard deviation unit increase in conduct problems (=0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] from 0.04 to 0.09), a 11% standard deviation unit increase in proactive aggression (=0.04; 95% CI from 0.01 to 0.07), a 13% standard deviation unit increase in reactive aggression (=0.07; 95% CI from 0.03 to 0.12), a 14% standard deviation unit increase in school indiscipline (=0.13; 95% CI from 0.05 to 0.20), and a 10% standard deviation unit increase in dropout risk (=0.07; 95% CI from 0.01 to 0.12). These long-term findings warrant fostering parental awareness of developmental risks by policy-makers/health practitioners. School curricula can equally integrate these ideas into their curriculum.

antisocial behavior;developmental psychopathology;dropout risk;environmental smoke;household smoke;secondhand smoke

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Young children share fairly and expect others to do the same. Yet little is known about the underlying cognitive mechanisms that support fairness. We investigated whether children's numerical competencies are linked with their sharing behavior. Preschoolers (aged 2.5-5.5) participated in third-party resource allocation tasks in which they split a set of resources between 2 puppets. Children's numerical competence was assessed using the Give-N task (Sarnecka & Carey, 2008; Wynn, 1990). Numerical competence-specifically knowledge of the cardinal principle-explained age-related changes in fair sharing. Although many subset-knowers (those without knowledge of the cardinal principle) were still able to share fairly, they invoked turn-taking strategies and did not remember the number of resources they shared. These results suggest that numerical cognition serves as an important mechanism for fair sharing behavior, and that children employ different sharing strategies (division or turn-taking) depending on their numerical competence.

sharing;fairness;numerical cognition;preschoolers;prosocial behavior

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Young children with suspected abusive head trauma often receive skull radiographs to evaluate for fractures as well as computed tomography (CT) of the head to assess for intracranial injury. Using a CT as the primary modality to evaluate both fracture and intracranial injury could reduce exposure to radiation without sacrificing performance. To evaluate the sensitivity of CT head with (3-D) reconstruction compared to skull radiographs to identify skull fractures in children with suspected abusive head trauma. This was a retrospective (2013-2014) cross-sectional study of infants evaluated for abusive head trauma via both skull radiographs and CT with 3-D reconstruction. The reference standard was skull radiography. All studies were read by pediatric radiologists and neuroradiologists, with ten percent read by a second radiologist to evaluate for interobserver reliability. One hundred seventy-seven children (47% female; mean/median age: 5 months) were included. Sixty-two (35%) had skull fractures by radiography. CT with 3-D reconstruction was 97% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI]: 89-100%) and 94% specific (CI: 87-97%) for skull fracture. There was no significant difference between plain radiographs and 3-D CT scan results (P-value = 0.18). Kappa was 1 (P-value < 0.001) between radiologist readings of CTs and 0.77 (P = 0.001) for skull radiographs. CT with 3-D reconstruction is equivalent to skull radiographs in identifying skull fractures. When a head CT is indicated, skull radiographs add little diagnostic value.

Computed tomography;Fracture;Infant;Non-accidental trauma;Radiography;Sensitivity

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Young gay and bisexual men are at increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research suggests that the stress associated with being a stigmatized minority is related to negative mental health outcomes, substance use, and condomless sex. However, interventions aimed at reducing HIV risk behaviors in young gay and bisexual men have failed to address these important variables. The purpose of the present paper is to assist cognitive and behavioral therapists who work with young gay and bisexual men to conduct therapy for stress management and HIV prevention. This paper provides an overview of the research on stress and coping among gay and bisexual men and its relation with condomless sex among young gay and bisexual men. The treatment described here integrates minority stress theory (e.g., Meyer, 2003) and stress and coping theory (e.g., Lazarus, 2000) in a small group counseling framework that uses psychoeducation, cognitive reframing, and role plays to help young gay and bisexual men to manage stress, reduce substance use, and reduce condomless sex. The application of empirically supported theory and a combination of cognitive and behavioral techniques to reduce both psychological distress and HIV risk behavior for young gay and bisexual men is illustrated using three case examples. The present treatment may help therapists working with young HIV-negative gay and bisexual men who engage in condomless sex and who wish to remain HIV-negative by decreasing their HIV risk behavior.

young adults;gay men;coping;HIV/AIDS;sexual behavior

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Young individuals better memorize initially seen faces with emotional rather than neutral expressions. Healthy older participants and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show better memory for faces with positive expressions. The socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that this positivity effect in memory reflects a general age-related preference for positive stimuli, subserving emotion regulation. Another explanation might be that older participants use compensatory strategies, often considering happy faces as previously seen. The question about the existence of this effect in tasks not permitting such compensatory strategies is still open. Thus, we compared the performance of healthy participants and AD patients for positive, neutral, and negative faces in such tasks. Healthy older participants and AD patients showed a positivity effect in memory, but there was no difference between emotional and neutral faces in young participants. Our results suggest that the positivity effect in memory is not entirely due to the sense of familiarity for smiling faces.

Alzheimer's disease;healthy aging;emotional expressions;positivity effect in memory;familiarity

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Young Latino gay and bisexual men experience discrimination due to heterosexism and racism from within and beyond their communities. Although most research has emphasised overt forms of discrimination, a growing body of research is examining the effects of microaggressions, or indirect forms of discrimination, on racial and sexual minorities. The purpose of this study was to explore the contexts of various types of microaggressions, as well as describe the resilience strategies used by young adult Latino gay and bisexual men living in Los Angeles, California. A sample of 21 young Latino gay and bisexual men aged 18 to 29years were recruited to complete qualitative, in-depth, semi-structured interviews following a phenomenological approach. Three contextual themes relevant to microaggressions emerged: (1) microassaults, (2) microinsults and (3) microinvalidations. Three themes emerged around the resilience strategies to overcome these experiences: (1) self-discovery, (2) adaptive socialisation and (3) self-advocacy. Family and community-based efforts to reinforce and expand resilience repertoires are needed to help young Latino gay and bisexual men. ResumeLes jeunes hommes latinos, gays ou bisexuels, sont victimes de discriminations en raison de l'heterosexisme et du racisme existant au sein et au-dela de leur communaute. Si la plupart des etudes ont mis l'accent sur les formes manifestes de la discrimination, un nombre croissant de recherches examine les effets de la micro-agression, ou des formes indirectes de la discrimination, sur les minorites raciales et sexuelles. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'explorer les contextes des divers types de micro-agression, ainsi que de decrire les strategies de resilience adoptees par les jeunes latinos, gays ou bisexuels, vivant a Los Angeles. 21 jeunes issus de cette population et ages de 18 a 29 ans ont ete recrutes pour participer a des entretiens qualitatifs, en profondeur et semi-structures, conduits dans une approche phenomenologique. Trois themes contextuels relevant de la micro-agression ont emerge : (a) les micro-assauts, (b) les micro-insultes, et (c) les micro-invalidations. Trois themes ont emerge, relativement aux strategies de resilience adoptees pour surmonter ces experiences : (a) l'auto-decouverte, (b) la socialisation adaptive, et (c) l'autonomie sociale. Des efforts fondes sur la famille et la communaute visant a renforcer et elargir le repertoire des strategies de resilience sont necessaires pour aider les jeunes hommes latinos gays ou bisexuels. ResumenLos hombres jovenes homosexuales y bisexuales de origen hispano sufren discriminacion debido a heterosexismo y racismo dentro y fuera de sus comunidades. Aunque en la mayoria de los estudios se ha hecho hincapie en las formas evidentes de discriminacion, en cada vez mas estudios se analizan los efectos de la micro agresion, o formas indirectas de discriminacion, en minorias raciales y sexuales. La finalidad de este estudio fue analizar los contextos de varios tipos de micro agresion, asi como describir las estrategias de resiliencia que utilizan los hombres jovenes adultos homosexuales y bisexuales de origen hispano que viven en Los angeles, California. Se capto una muestra de 21 hombres jovenes homosexuales y bisexuales de origen hispano con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 29 anos para participar en entrevistas semiestructuras cualitativas y exhaustivas con enfoque fenomenologico. Surgieron tres temas contextuales que eran relevantes para la micro agresion: (a) micro asaltos, (b) micro insultos, y (c) micro invalidaciones. Surgieron tres temas como estrategias de resiliencia para superar estas experiencias: (a) autodescubrimiento, (b) socializacion adaptable, y (c) autodefensa de sus derechos. Es necesario el apoyo de la familia y la comunidad para fortalecer y ampliar los repertorios de resiliencia con el fin de ayudar a los hombres jovenes homosexuales y bisexuales de origen hispano.

Microaggression;sexual prejudice;resilience;Latino;gay;bisexual;coming out;USA

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Young people live in an environment that sexualises them, particularly women, along traditional gender roles. This, in parallel with a silence about positive sexuality in policy development, means that sexual double standards prevail in young people's lives. The aim of this study was to explore the discourses young women and men from two European countries, Germany and England, draw on when making sense of sexual relationships and how these are steeped in the local cultural climate and messages. The study used Q methodology and included 65 German and English young people between 16 and 19years of age. Six accounts emerged: sex as responsible, intimate and shared experience; sex as joint fun; ideal versus reality; sex has to be responsible, consensual and shared; caring relationships offer the perfect context for fulfilling sex; and equality between partners. The importance of cultural context in the availability of specific dominant and alternative discourses is discussed with a focus on how this influences young people's sense-making with regard to sexuality and sexual relationships. Future directions for research are highlighted.

England;sexuality;Germany;Young people;Q methodology;discourse

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Younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; high-risk siblings) exhibit lower levels of initiating joint attention (IJA; sharing an object or experience with a social partner through gaze and/or gesture) than low-risk siblings of children without ASD. However, high-risk siblings also exhibit substantial variability in this domain. The neurotransmitter dopamine is linked to brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and attention, and common dopaminergic variants have been associated with attention difficulties. We examined whether these common dopaminergic variants, DRD4 and DRD2, explain variability in IJA in high-risk (n=55) and low-risk (n=38) siblings. IJA was assessed in the first year during a semi-structured interaction with an examiner. DRD4 and DRD2 genotypes were coded according to associated dopaminergic functioning to create a gene score, with higher scores indicating more genotypes associated with less efficient dopaminergic functioning. Higher dopamine gene scores (indicative of less efficient dopaminergic functioning) were associated with lower levels of IJA in the first year for high-risk siblings, while the opposite pattern emerged in low-risk siblings. Findings suggest differential susceptibilityIJA was differentially associated with dopaminergic functioning depending on familial ASD risk. Understanding genes linked to ASD-relevant behaviors in high-risk siblings will aid in early identification of children at greatest risk for difficulties in these behavioral domains, facilitating targeted prevention and intervention. Autism Res2016, 9: 1142-1150. (c) 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

high-risk siblings;initiating joint attention;dopamine;differential susceptibility;autism spectrum disorder

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Youth ageing out of the child welfare system become parents at rates two to three times higher than their non-child welfare system involved peers. Substantial literature acknowledges that youth ageing out who are parenting are vulnerable; yet, little is known about their lived experiences. Social capital, or the actual or potential resources available from one's network, can provide essential resources for the wellbeing of parents ageing out. This qualitative study examined social capital of mothers ageing out from the perspectives of both mothers and service providers. We conducted small group interviews with 13 mothers ageing out and 14 service providers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed the use of a social capital framework delineates that mothers lacked beneficial social relationships and, consequently, support. A lack of trust coupled with a desire to break intergenerational patterns and norms contributed to understanding why mothers ageing out may not capitalize on resources that providers often considered available. Based on findings, we conclude that providing mothers ageing out with additional opportunities to develop trust, positive relationships with mentors and extended services may help to disrupt intergenerational patterns of maltreatment and promote child and family wellbeing.

child welfare;leaving care;parenting/parenthood;social support;unmarried mothers

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Youth- and parent-rated screening measures derived from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) were compared on their psychometric properties as predictors of caseness in adolescence (mean age 14). Successful screening was judged firstly against the likelihood of having an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis and secondly by the ability to discriminate between community (N = 252) and clinical (N = 86) samples (sample status). Both, SDQ and DAWBA measures adequately predicted the presence of an ICD-10 disorder as well as sample status. The hypothesis that there was an informant gradient was confirmed: youth self-reports were less discriminating than parent reports, whereas combined parent and youth reports were more discriminating-a finding replicated across a diversity of measures. When practical constraints only permit screening for caseness using either a parent or an adolescent informant, parents are the better source of information.

Adolescent psychopathology;Screening;Multi-informants;SDQ;DAWBA

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Youth are exposed to large amounts of violence in real life and media, which may lead to desensitization. Given evidence of curvilinear associations between exposure to violence and emotional distress, we examined linear and curvilinear associations of exposure to real-life and movie violence with PTSD symptoms, empathy, and physiological arousal, as well emotional and physiological reactivity to movie violence. College students (N = 209; mean age = 18.74) reported on their exposure to real-life and televised violence, PTSD symptoms, and empathy. Then, students were randomly assigned to view a series of violent or nonviolent high-action movie scenes, providing ratings of emotional distress after each clip. Blood pressure was measured at rest and during video viewing. Results showed that with increasing exposure to real-life violence, youth reported more PTSD symptoms and greater identification with fictional characters. Cognitive and emotional empathy increased from low to medium levels of exposure to violence, but declined at higher levels. For males, exposure to higher levels of real-life violence was associated with diminishing (vs. increasing) emotional distress when viewing violent videos. Exposure to televised violence was generally unrelated to emotional functioning. However, those with medium levels of exposure to TV/movie violence experienced lower elevations of blood pressure when viewing violent videos compared to those with low exposure, and those with higher levels of exposure evidenced rapid increase in blood pressure that quickly declined over time. The results point to diminished empathy and reduced emotional reactivity to violence as key aspects of desensitization to real-life violence, and more limited evidence of physiological desensitization to movie violence among those exposed to high levels of televised violence.

Violence;Desensitization;Emotion;Physiological

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Youth leadership programming has become an increasingly common context to foster basic psychological needs and promote youth development. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore strategies involved in fostering youth needs support within six leadership programs. Two leaders and 30 youth participated in semi-structured interviews to better understand the strategies used to foster needs support. Findings revealed that leaders were able to foster a sense of relatedness among youth through building trusting adult-youth relationships and nurturing an inclusive environment. Maximizing choice and negotiating youth voice helped to foster youth's autonomy. Finally, creating a task-oriented climate and providing intentional opportunities for skill-building helped to foster youth's competence. Findings suggest that training for leaders is critical in understanding what, and how strategies should be employed to help foster youth needs support in leadership programming. Limitations and future directions are outlined. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leadership programming;Basic psychological needs theory;Youth;Qualitative

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Youth sports participation is on the rise, resulting in an increase in sports-related injuries in the pediatric and adolescent population. The presentation of injury, pathology, and disease in this younger population is often unique and may require customize and novel medical and rehabilitation interventions to optimize the outcome. The purpose of this review is to highlight unique considerations in the rehabilitation management of the pediatric and adolescent athlete. General guidelines for progression of this population through a criteria-based rehabilitation program with a focus on a systematic return to sport algorithm will be reviewed.

pediatric sports medicine;rehabilitation;physical therapy

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Youth violence is a growing problem worldwide. Research on adolescent violence in India is limited. Fifteen hundred high school students were investigated to study the prevalence and demographic characteristics of witnesses, victims and perpetrators of violence and to see the impact of violence exposure on their psychosocial adjustments. Sixty nine percent of students had witnessed violence in real life and 28% were of serious nature. Media violence exposure was universal. The prevalence of victims and perpetrators was 27% and 13% respectively. Bullying was prevalent. Male sex was the most important predictive risk factor for witnessing and perpetrating violence (P <= 0.001). Victims were predominantly females. Those having exposure to violence had poorer school performance and adjustment scores (P <= 0.05). Thus violence exposure is prevalent even in the lives of Indian adolescents and gender differences exist. Its impact on their psychosocial adjustments is detrimental. Early identification and corrective interventions of these adolescents is vital.

adolescents;gender;violence

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Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience significant difficulties assuming adult responsibilities and achieving independence. Little is known about their desire or ability to manage their own finances. This study explored the financial circumstances, money management skills, and desires for financial independence among 27 youth with ASD. Youth took part in 30-60 min semi-structured interviews about independence. Strategies of theme analysis identified three critical themes about finances and emerging adulthood for youth with ASD. Youth (1) defined independence by being able to manage their finances, (2) worried about their lack of money management skills, and (3) cited poor financial skills as barrier to independence. Results suggest youth with ASD understand the importance of financial capability and strive for financial independence, but lack the skills and support needed to achieve their financial goals. This study provides preliminary information for clinicians, educators, and researchers to develop financial capability modules for youth with ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder;Youth/young adults;Independence;Financial capabilities;Money management;Qualitative methods

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Youth-movements in Israel are non-formal organizations that educate for social and political involvement and provide a broad platform for youth involvement in the community. This study explored the question: does the social activism of adolescents who both elect for membership in youth movements and a leadership role of instructing younger members also reflect itself in environmentalism? In a survey of 1496 young instructors drawn from 15 official youth movements, findings on environmental literacy variables show youth are only generally knowledgeable about environmental problems; express technical-optimism' which leads them to limited concern for the environment; show limited recognition of the importance of environmental education, and show limited acknowledgment of the necessity for changes in personal consumerism. Findings also show that environmental issues are not on their mind since they are not a conversation topic with peers or family. Nonetheless, these youth also demonstrate strong self-efficacy to effect change; view themselves as role models for younger members; and express willingness to include environmentally-supportive activities within regular youth movement activities. Their valuing of nature also provides a foundation for building other environmental values. Further analysis shows how these findings can contribute theoretical and practical tools for incorporating sustainability within the youth movement framework, and help realize their potential for promoting sustainability in society.

youth movements;environmental literacy;non-formal education;psycho-social variables;consumerism in adolescents;environmentally responsible behavior

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YY1 is a multifunctional transcription factor that activates or represses gene transcription depending on interactions with other regulatory proteins that include coactivator YY1AP. Here, we describe the cloning of a novel homolog of YY1AP, referred to as YARP, from the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. The cloned cDNA encoded a 2240 amino acid protein that contained a domain which was 97% homologous to an entire YY1AP sequence of 739 amino acids. Two splice variants, YARP2 and YARP3, were also cloned. Northern blotting demonstrated the YARP mRNA (similar to 10kb), which was increased 1.7-fold after dibutyryl cAMP-induced neural differentiation of the cells. Presence of YARP mRNA was also confirmed in human tissues such as the heart, brain and placenta. Bioinformatic analysis predicted various functional motifs in the YARP structure, including nuclear localization signals and domains associated with protein-protein interactions (PAH2), DNA-binding (SANT), and chromatin assembly (nucleoplasmin-like), outside the YY1AP-homology domain. Thus, we propose that YARP is multifunctional and plays not only a role analogous to YY1AP, but also its own specific roles in DNA-utilizing processes such as transcription.

YY1-associated protein;YARP;Dingo;GON4L;gene expression;human

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Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important vertebrate model organism in biomedical research, especially suitable for morphological screening due to its transparent body during early development. Deep learning has emerged as a dominant paradigm for data analysis and found a number of applications in computer vision and image analysis. Here we demonstrate the potential of a deep learning approach for accurate high-throughput classification of whole-body zebrafish deformations in multifish microwell plates. Deep learning uses the raw image data as an input, without the need of expert knowledge for feature design or optimization of the segmentation parameters. We trained the deep learning classifier on as few as 84 images (before data augmentation) and achieved a classification accuracy of 92.8% on an unseen test data set that is comparable to the previous state of the art (95%) based on user-specified segmentation and deformation metrics. Ablation studies by digitally removing whole fish or parts of the fish from the images revealed that the classifier learned discriminative features from the image foreground, and we observed that the deformations of the head region, rather than the visually apparent bent tail, were more important for good classification performance.

shape deformation;high-throughput screening;quantitative microscopy;zebrafish ( Danio rerio);deep learning

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Zebrafish have become a popular animal model for studying the development of alcohol addiction. Several behavioral paradigms for studying alcohol addiction have been developed for zebrafish, including conditioned place preference, alcohol-induced tolerance, and withdrawal. However, alcohol choice preference tasks have not been established in zebrafish as of yet. The ability of zebrafish to detect alcohol in their environment is required in alcohol choice or preference tasks. To our knowledge, it is currently unknown whether zebrafish are able to detect alcohol in their environment immediately following bath immersion. In the current study, we analyzed the time course of alcohol-induced behavioral changes of zebrafish while being immersed in alcohol solution in a 1.5 L tank. We recorded each trial in high-definition and quantified behavioral responses using automated video tracking-based and manual observation-based methods to quantify temporal changes in alcohol-induced behaviors. As alcohol is known to require several minutes of bath immersion to reach the brain in zebrafish, we argued that behavioral responses before this time point would prove zebrafish's ability to detect this substance in the water. Our results show that a 60-min exposure to 1% alcohol alters behavioral responses in a time-dependent manner. Notably, alcohol exposure significantly increased absolute turn angle, decreased distance to bottom, and variance of distance to bottom within the first 3 min immediately following exposure, a response that occurred before alcohol could reach the brain of the subjects in measurable amounts. These results imply that zebrafish are able to detect alcohol in their environment immediately following immersion into the drug solution.

alcohol;alcohol addiction;alcohol choice;alcohol perception;zebrafish

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Zeolites are fascinating and versatile materials which are vital for a wide range of industries, due to their unique structural and chemical properties, which are the basis of applications in gas separation, ion exchange, and catalysis. Given their economic impact, there is a powerful incentive for smart design of new materials with enhanced functionalities for maximizing their application performance. This review article intends to summarize the published reports on the applications of molecular simulation in adsorption, separation and diffusion. The theoretical aspects, adsorption thermodynamics, adsorption isotherm were comprehensively studied in relation to the adsorption applications and how the adsorbates' characteristics influence the adsorption. This review comprehensively discusses the theoretical and computational aspects of diffusion of pure components, long chain hydrocarbons or mixture diffusion, including the molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic Monte Carlo. Furthermore, the cation-zeolite-adsorbate interactions are thoroughly examined so as to elucidate the role of cations in zeolites applications and how the cation exchange influences structural dynamics and properties of zeolites. This study also focuses on the role of cations in gas/liquid adsorption and separations. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zeolites;Molecular simulation;Adsorption;Separation;Diffusion

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Zernike moments (ZMs) are very useful image descriptors which belong to a family of orthogonal rotation invariant moments. Due to their many attractive characteristics, they have been used in many pattern recognition, image processing and computer vision applications. However, they suffer from very high computation complexity which prohibits their use in many practical problems. The ZMs are computed as a convolution process between the image data and the Zernike kernel functions. In the past, various attempts have been made for the efficient computation of ZMs and considerable success has been achieved using recursive relations and 8-way symmetry/anti-symmetry of Zernike function. In this paper, we propose a new computational flow model for the convolution of the image data with the Zernike kernel functions. The proposed model also takes advantage of the 8-way symmetry/anti-symmetry property of the kernel function and builds up the convolution process which reduces the number of additions/subtractions from 56 to 24 and the number of multiplications from 12 to 8 (refer Table 6 in the text) for each location in an octant of a circular disk on which the moments are computed. Detailed experimental results show that the speed of the ZMs computation increases by a factor varying from 15% to 41% (depending upon the order of moments) for multiple images as compared to the existing fast algorithms available in the literature. When ZMs are computed at each pixel of an image on overlapping blocks, the improvement in computation time varies from 10% to 33%. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Zernike moments;Fast convolution;Orthogonal moments;Rotation invariance

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Zero-attracting least-mean-square (ZA-LMS) algorithm has been widely used for online sparse system identification. It combines the LMS framework and l(1)-norm regularization to promote sparsity, and relies on subgradient iterations. Despite the significant interest in ZA-LMS, few works analyzed its transient behavior. The main difficulty lies in the nonlinearity of the update rule. In this study, a detailed analysis in the mean and mean-square sense is carried out in order to examine the behavior of the algorithm. Simulation results illustrate the accuracy of the model and highlight its performance through comparisons with an existing model.

Performance analysis;sparse system identification;transient behavior;zero-attracting least-mean square (ZA-LMS)

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Zero-difference balanced (ZDB) functions have many applications in coding theory, cryptography and communications engineering and so on. Recently, the authors 0,11] generalized the definition of ZDB functions to be G-ZDB functions. In this paper, based on p-cyclotornic cosets, two classes of ZDB functions are obtained, and several new classes of C-ZDB functions are constructed. Furthermore, some frequency-hopping sequences are obtained directly from G-ZI)B functions.

Zero-difference balanced (ZDB) function;generalized ZDB function;cyclotomic coset;difference systems of sets;constant composition code;frequency-hopping sequence

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Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams (ZDDs) are widely used data structures for representing and handling combination sets and Boolean functions. In particular, ZDDs are commonly used in CAD for the synthesis and verification of integrated circuits. The purpose of this article is to design an error-resilient version of this data structure: a self-repairing ZDD. More precisely, we design a new ZDD canonical form, called index-resilient reduced ZDD, such that a faulty index can be reconstructed in time O(k), where k is the number of nodes with a corrupted index. Moreover, we propose new versions of the standard algorithms for ZDD manipulation and construction that are error resilient during their execution and produce an index-resilient ZDD as output. The experimental results validate the proposed approach.

Data structures for logic synthesis;error resilient data structures;binary decision diagrams;zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams

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Zero-wear is considered as wear within the limits of surface topography of the component. The honed cylinder liner surface is composed of the plateaus and relatively deep valleys. In this paper, a two-scale homogenized mixed lubrication and wear model is established to study the "zero-wear" process of the cylinder liner. In order to consider the plateau roughness and the valleys separately on local and global scales, the honed surface is firstly decomposed into plateaus and valleys by the morphological filtering approach. Then, based on two-scale homogenization technique, a homogenized mixed model is developed to characterize the lubrication properties and the contact severity of the piston ring-liner system. On this basis, the cylinder liner "zero-wear" process is divided into two stages: at the first stage, running in of the plateau component on the local scale; at the second stage, wear of the valley component on the global scale. On the local scale, the influence of the plateau component running-in on the homogenized flow factors and contact stiffness is studied. On the global scale, the influence of the valley component wear on the lubrication properties (load carrying capacity, contact force and friction coefficient) is stu, died. Experiments are conducted on a reciprocating tester. The experimentally measured friction coefficient and wear depth are shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results. The results showed that the two-scale homogenized mixed lubrication and wear model developed in this paper can well predidt the cylinder liner "zero wear" process. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

"Zero-wear";Two-scale;Homogenization technique;Mixed lubrication;Cylinder liner;Wear modeling

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Zika virus (ZIKV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) is a rapidly expanding global pathogen that has been associated with severe clinical manifestations, including devastating neurological disease in infants. There are currently no molecular clones of a New World ZIKV available that lack significant attenuation, hindering progress toward understanding determinants of transmission and pathogenesis. Here we report the development and characterization of a novel ZIKV reverse genetics system based on a 2015 isolate from Puerto Rico (PRVABC59). We generated a two-plasmid infectious clone system from which infectious virus was rescued that replicates in human and mosquito cells with growth kinetics representative of wildtype ZIKV. Infectious clone-derived virus initiated infection and transmission rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes comparable to those of the primary isolate and displayed similar pathogenesis in AG129 mice. This infectious clone system provides a valuable resource to the research community to explore ZIKV molecular biology, vaccine development, antiviral development, diagnostics, vector competence, and disease pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne pathogen that has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital microcephaly in developing fetuses and infants. ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. The viral molecular determinants of any of these phenotypes are not well understood. There is no reverse genetics system available for the current epidemic virus that will allow researchers to study ZIKV immunity, develop novel vaccines, or develop antiviral drugs. Here we provide a novel infectious clone system generated from a recent ZIKV isolated from a patient infected in Puerto Rico. This infectious clone produces virus with in vitro and in vivo characteristics similar to those of the primary isolate, providing a critical tool to study ZIKV infection and disease.

Flavivirus;Zika virus;infectious clones

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Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. People with Zika virus disease can have symptoms, including mild fever, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, or headache. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days. There is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Association with other neurological complications are also being investigated. The aim of the present review is to summarize and discuss the evidence base data regarding Zika virus and related complications. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

diagnosis;Guillain-Barre syndrome;microcephaly;prevention;treatment;Zika virus

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Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes clinical symptoms similar to those observed in dengue and chikungunya virus infections. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated laboratory testing using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in January 2016. More than 1,000 suspected cases of infection were tested and nine were confirmed as imported cases of Zika virus infection from January to July 2016. The travel destinations of the infected individuals were Brazil, Philippines, Viet Nam, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial envelope gene indicated that the viruses belonged to the Asian genotype circulating in South America. We further investigated the duration for which the viral RNA and virus-specific antibodies were detectable after the symptom onset. After the day of symptom onset, Zika virus was detectable until 6 days in serum, 14 days in urine and saliva, and 58 days in semen. Immunoglobulin M against Zika virus was detected as early as 2 days after the symptom onset and was maintained at these levels until 41 days, whereas Immunoglobulin G was detectable from 8 days after the symptom onset and was maintained until 52 days. These findings would help diagnostic laboratories improve their testing programs for Zika virus infection.

Zika virus;Chikungunya virus;Dengue virus;Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction;Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay;Phylogenetic analysis

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Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne (Aedes genus) arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family. Following epidemics in Micronesia and French Polynesia during the past decade, more recent Zika virus infection outbreaks were first reported in South America as early as May 2013 and spread to now 50 countries throughout the Americas. Although no other flavivirus has previously been known to cause major fetal malformations following perinatal infection, reports of a causal link between Zika virus and microcephaly, brain and ocular malformations, and fetal loss emerged from hard-hit regions of Brazil by October 2015. Among the minority of infected women with symptoms, clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection may include fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and maculopapular rash; however, only 1 of every 4-5 people who are infected have any symptoms. Thus, clinical symptom reporting is an ineffective screening tool for the relative risk assessment of Zika virus infection in the majority of patients. As previously occurred with other largely asymptomatic viral infections posing perinatal transmission risk (such as HIV or cytomegalovirus), we must develop and implement rapid, sensitive, and specific screening and diagnostic testing for both viral detection and estimation of timing of exposure. Unfortunately, despite an unprecedented surge in attempts to rapidly advance perinatal clinical testing for a previously obscure arbovirus, there are several ongoing hindrances to molecular-and sonographic-based screening and diagnosis of congenital Zika virus infection. These include the following: (1) difficulty in estimating the timing of exposure for women living in endemic areas and thus limited interpretability of immunoglobulin M serologies; (2) cross-reaction of immunoglobulin serologies with other endemic flaviruses, such as dengue; (3) persistent viremia and viruria in pregnancy weeks to months after primary exposure; and (4) fetal brain malformations and anomalies preceding the sonographic detection of microcephaly. In this commentary, we discuss screening and diagnostic considerations that are grounded not only in the realities of current obstetrical practice in a largely global population but also in basic immunology and virology. We review recent epidemiological data pertaining to the risk of congenital Zika virus malformations based on trimester of exposure and consider side by side with emerging data demonstrating replication of Zika virus in placental and fetal tissue throughout gestation. We discuss limitations to ultrasound based strategies that rely largely or solely on the detection of microcephaly and provide alternative neurosonographic approaches for the detection of malformations that may precede or occur independent of a small head circumference. This expert review provides information that is of value for the following: (1) obstetrician, maternal-fetal medicine specialist, midwife, patient, and family in cases of suspected Zika virus infection; (2) review of the methodology for laboratory testing to explore the presence of the virus and the immune response; (3) ultrasound-based assessment of the fetus suspected to be exposed to Zika virus with particular emphasis on the central nervous system; and (4) identification of areas ready for development.

amniotic fluid analysis;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations;counseling of the patient at risk;Dengue virus;fetal magnetic resonance imaging;Food and Drug Administration regulations;head circumference;epidemiology;flaviviridae family;immunoglobulin M serology;microcephaly;neurosonography;perinatal viral infection;plaque reduction neutralization test;reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction;transplacental transmission of viruses;viral culture;viral detection with polymerase chain reaction;viral detection with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction;Zika virus;Zika virus in pregnancy

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Zinc finger protein 36, C3H type-like 1 (ZFP36L1) is a member of the tristetraprolin (TTP) family and its role in the aging-related bone loss is currently unknown. We present evidence that ZFP36L1 expression in rat femurs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) was down-regulated with aging. ZFP36L1 knockdown decreased osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 and C3H10T1/2 cells, and increased adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells, whereas ZFP36L1 overexpression did the opposite. The finding that ZFP36L1 overexpression enhanced osteoblastic and repressed adipogenic differentiation was also corroborated by ex vivo experiments. Troglitazone prevented ZFP36L1 from inhibiting adipogenic differentiation, suggesting the significance of PPAR gamma 2 repression in ZFP36L1's inhibitory effect on adipogenic differentiation. ZFP36L1 overexpression repressed the expression of Ppar gamma 2 mRNA, but not the PPAR. promoter activity. Biotin pull-down and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays suggested that ZFP36L1 might interact with endogenous Ppar gamma 2 mRNA by binding to its 3'UTR. The ZFP36L1-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes of ZFP36L1-overexpressing cells contained less Ppar gamma 2 mRNA than those of control cells. In a luciferase reporter construct, replacement of the SV40 poly(A) fragment by the 3'UTR of Ppar gamma 2 mRNA reduced the expression of luciferase transcripts in ZFP36L1-overexpressing cells. Examination of the kinetic expression of Ppar gamma 2 mRNA after transcriptional blockage showed that ZFP36L1 might enhance the degradation of the transcripts. Together, these data imply that ZFP36L1 overexpression might repress adipogenesis at least by down-regulating PPAR gamma 2 expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms. Thus, our findings support the notion that decrease of ZFP36L1 expression in bmMSCs with aging might contribute to the aging-related bone loss.

ZFP36L1;osteoporosis;aging-related bone loss;osteoblastogenesis;adipogenesis;Gerotarget

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Zinc is a modeling language in which a conceptual model is automatically mapped into different design models using well-known solving techniques: constraint programming, mathematical methods, and local search. As a result, Zinc is solver and technique independent. Since original conceptual models may be nonlinear, mapping to linear solvers requires the models to be linearized first. In this paper, we introduce LinZinc, a new library for Zinc which includes necessary functions to linearize high-level data structures and expressions in Zinc models. The interesting point is that, thanks to the extensibility of Zinc, LinZinc is written in Zinc itself instead of being implemented in the compiler. We have used LinZinc for linearizing a set of well-known nonlinear models. The experimental results show that on the one hand, there is no significant overhead in linearizing models and, on the other hand, the linearized models are sometimes faster than the original models. Using the proposed approach, Zinc users can implement their own linearizing techniques without any need to change the language and without being anxious about the mapping overhead.

Linear programming;Zinc;Solver independence;LinZinc;Linearization techniques

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Zinc is a vital nutrient for human health. Over 300 biological functions in the human body rely on zinc. Even though zinc is incredibly important for our physiology and pathology, our current understanding of zinc, as it relates to tumor cell biology, leaves much to be desired. As with other natural, nonpatentable, and inexpensive agents, zinc remains a subject of explorative research for scientific interest rather than being promoted for practical use. To date, more than 5000 studies with the keywords 'zinc' and 'cancer' have been indexed in the Web of Knowledge portal. Although the numbers of papers have increased 2.5-fold during the last decade, these vast research data have not generated a single recommendation for the incorporation of zinc use in cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we intend to analyze the current available research data and epidemiological and clinical evidence on the role of zinc in human cancer prevention and treatment. We focus on the cancers - prostate, breast, and pancreatic - for which the most basic and epidemiological studies with zinc have been carried out. The pancreas, and prostate and mammary glands are secretory tissues that have unusual zinc requirements; they tightly regulate zinc metabolism through integration of zinc import, sequestration, and export mechanisms. This suggests to us that zinc could play an important role in the physiology and pathology of these organs. The objective of this review was to stimulate more interest in the research field, focusing on the role of zinc as a possible preventive and therapeutic agent and the accelerated application of this inexpensive and easily accessible nutrient in clinical oncology. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

breast cancer;nutrition;pancreatic cancer;prevention;prostate cancer;treatment;zinc

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Zinc is an essential trace element required by all living organisms because of its critical roles both as a structural component of proteins and as a cofactor in enzyme catalysis. The importance of zinc in human metabolism is illustrated by the effects of zinc deficiency, which include a diminished immune response, reduced healing and neurological disorders. Furthermore, nutritional zinc deficiency can be fatal in newborn or growing animals. While zinc deficiency is commonly caused by dietary factors, several inherited defects of zinc deficiency have been identified. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is the most commonly described inherited condition found in humans. In several of the few cases that have been reported, this disorder is associated with mutations in the hZIP4 gene, a member of the SLC39 family, whose members encode membrane-bound putative zinc transporters. Mutations in other members of this family or in different genes may account for other cases of acrodermatitis in which defects in hZIP4 have not been detected. Another inherited form of zinc deficiency occurs in the lethal milk mouse, where a mutation in ZnT4 gene, a member of the SLC30 family of transmembrane proteins results in impaired secretion of zinc into milk from the mammary gland. A similar disorder to the lethal milk mouse occurs in humans. In the few cases studied, no changes in ZnT4 orthologue, hZnT4, were detected. This, and the presence of several minor phenotypic differences between the zinc deficiency in humans and mice, suggests that the human condition is caused by defects in genes that are yet to be identified. Taking into account the fact that there are no definitive tests for zinc deficiency and that this disorder can go undiagnosed, plus the recent identification of multiple members of the SCL30 and SLC39, it is likely that mutations in other genes may underlie additional inherited disorders of zinc deficiency.

acrodermatitis;zinc and immune response;zinc secretion;zinc transporters;zinc and wound healing

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Zinc is the most ubiquitous of all trace elements involved in human metabolism. It participates in all major biochemical pathways and plays multiple roles in the perpetuation of genetic material, including transcription of DNA, translation of RNA, and ultimately cellular division. We analysed 100 cases of pregnant women, from first to third trimester of pregnancy, including high risk pregnant women and normal pregnant women. The latter one served as a control group, so that we could verify the accuracy of the results. Serum blood zinc was measured directly using atomic absorption spectrometry and at the same time using total fluorescence. Patients resulting with zinc values lower than 70 mu g/d1 were marked as zinc-deficient pregnant women, whereas those with zinc values higher than 70 mu g/d1were marked as normal pregnant women. The statistical evaluation showed that there was no significant change between two methods of serum zinc determination. Without an adequate nutritional request, the person may fall in zinc deficiency condition.

zinc in pregnancy;zinc lab tests;serum zinc measurement

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Zinc plays a very important role in animal and human metabolism. Nowadays, it is one of the most extensively studied trace element, since its sphere of action has been demonstrated to be very broad. From the biochemical standpoint, it controls more than 300 different enzymes, many of them involved with intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis, gene expression, and immunocompetence. It also plays a significant role in hormonal homeostasis, since it can interact with almost all hormones. Zn2+ is closely related to the thyroid and steroid hormones, insulin, parathormone, and pituitary hormones, particularly prolactin (PRL). Zn2+ can inhibit PRL secretion within a range of physiologically and pharmacologically relevant concentrations. This property has raised the possibility of clinical applications of zinc. In this article, we review the Literature on the subject in an attempt to provide a comprehensible general view.

ZINC;PROLACTIN SYNTHESIS STORAGE AND SECRETION;PROLACTINOMA;NORMAL INDIVIDUALS

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Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) are the most commonly used genome editing tools. Previous studies demonstrated that hypothermia treatment increased the mutation rates induced by ZFNs and TALENs in mammalian cells. Here, we characterize the effect of different culture temperatures on CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing and find that the genome editing efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 is significantly hampered by hypothermia treatment, unlike ZFN and TALEN. In addition, hyperthermia culture condition enhances genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 in some cell lines, due to the higher enzyme activity and sgRNA expression level at higher temperature. Our study has implications on CRISPR-Cas9 applications in a broad spectrum of species, many of which do not live at 37 degrees C. Copyright (C) 2017, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Genetics Society of China. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science Press. All rights reserved.

CRISPR-Cas9;Hyperthermia;Genome editing;Mammalian cells

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Zing finger protein 580 (ZFP580) is a novel Cys2-His2 zinc-finger transcription factor that has an anti-apoptotic role in myocardial cells. It is involved in the endothelial transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) signal transduction pathway as a mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) 2 binding partner. The aim of the present study was to determine the involvement of ZFP580 in TGF-beta 1-mediated cytoprotection against chemical hypoxia-induced apoptosis, using H9c2 cardiac myocytes. Hypoxia was chemically induced in H9c2 myocardial cells by exposure to cobalt chloride (CoCl2). In response to hypoxia, cell viability was decreased, whereas the expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and ZFP580 were increased. Pretreatment with TGF-beta 1 attenuated CoCl2-induced cell apoptosis and upregulated ZFP580 protein expression; however, these effects could be suppressed by SB431542, an inhibitor of TGF-beta type I receptor and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, suppression of ZFP580 expression by RNA interference reduced the anti-apoptotic effects of TGF-beta 1 and thus increased CoCl2-induced apoptosis. B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-associated X protein/Bcl-2 ratio, reactive oxygen species generation and caspase-3 activation were also increased following ZFP580 inactivation. In conclusion, these results indicate that ZFP580 is a component of the TGF-beta 1/Smad signaling pathway, and is involved in the protective effects of TGF-beta 1 against chemical hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis, through inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

transforming growth factor-beta;cardiomyocyte;hypoxia;zinc finger proteins;apoptosis

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Zoanthamine-type alkaloids display a wide spectrum of biological effects. This study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of norzoanthamine and its ten homologues of zoanthamine class on human fibroblast collagenase by modeling a three-dimensional structure of the ligands at collagenase using energy minimization, docking, molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PB/GBSA binding free energy calculations. The results showed that zoanthamide, zooxathellamine and enol-iminium form of norzoanthamine, with lower binding free energies than other compounds, are potent inhibitors of collagenase. However, the enol-iminium form of norzoanthamine showed a more inhibitory activity against collagenase than its keto form. This suggests that it can be used for treatment of many diseases such as osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Zinc-binding residues such as His 118, His 122 and His 128 for hydrogen bonds and Leu 81, Tyr 110, Val 115, Leu 126, Pro 138, Ser 139 for hydrophobic interactions should be considered for designing an inhibitor for collagenase. Our theoretical results and MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations are consistent with experimental studies.

Matrix Metaloproteinase-1;Zoanthamine alkaloid class;Docking;Molecular dynamics simulation;MM-PB/GBSA

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Zonisamide (ZNS), an anticonvulsant drug exhibiting symptomatic effects in Parkinson's disease (PD), was recently reported to exert neuroprotection in rodent models. One of the proposed neuroprotective mechanisms involves increased protein expression of xCT, the specific subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-), inducing glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Here, we investigated the outcome of ZNS treatment in a mouse model of PD based on intranigral proteasome inhibition, and whether the observed effects would be mediated by system x(c)(-). The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin (LAC) was administered intranigrally to male C57BL/6J mice receiving repeated intraperitoneal injections of either ZNS 30 mg kg(-1) or vehicle. Drug administration was initiated three days prior to stereotaxic LAC injection and was maintained until six days post-surgery. One week after lesion, mice were behaviorally assessed and investigated in terms of nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and molecular changes at the level of the basal ganglia, including expression levels of xCT. ZNS reduced the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons following LAC injection and the degree of sensorimotor impairment. ZNS failed, however, to modulate xCT expression in basal ganglia of lesioned mice. In a separate set of experiments, the impact of ZNS treatment on system x(c)(-) was investigated in control conditions in vivo as well as in vitro. Similarly, ZNS did not influence xCT or glutathione levels in naive male C57BL/6J mice, nor did it alter system x(c)(-) activity or glutathione content in vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ZNS treatment provides neuroprotection and behavioral improvement in a PD mouse model based on proteasome inhibition via system x(c)(-) independent mechanisms. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zonisamide;Neuroprotection;Parkinson's disease;Lactacystin;xCT;Glutathione

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Zonulin is considered a biomarker of increased intestinal permeability, and elevated levels have been found in celiac disease. The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between serum zonulin levels and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and secondarily, between zonulin levels and anthropometric and metabolic factors. The offspring (n = 363) of the participants of the Malmo Diet and Cancer cardiovascular cohort (MDC-CV) were invited to an anthropometric and clinical examination, where fasting plasma glucose levels were measured. Questionnaires about lifestyle factors and medical history were completed along with the Visual Analog Scale for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (VAS-IBS). Zonulin levels were measured in serum by ELISA. Neither GI symptoms nor GI diseases had any influence on zonulin levels. Higher zonulin levels were associated with higher waist circumference (p = 0.003), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), and glucose levels (p = 0.036). Higher zonulin levels were associated with increased risk of overweight (p < 0.001), obesity (p = 0.047), and hyperlipidemia (p = 0.048). We cannot detect altered zonulin levels among individuals reporting GI symptoms or GI diseases, but higher zonulin levels are associated with higher waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and increased risk of metabolic diseases.

blood pressure;gastrointestinal disorders;gastrointestinal symptoms;hyperlipidemia;obesity;overweight;zonulin

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Z-scheme water splitting is a promising approach based on high-performance photocatalysis by harvesting broadband solar energy. Its efficiency depends on the well-defined interfaces between two semiconductors for the charge kinetics and their exposed surfaces for chemical reactions. Herein, we report a facile cation-exchange approach to obtain compounds with both properties without the need for noble metals by forming Janus-like structures consisting of gamma-MnS and Cu7S4 with high-quality interfaces. The Janus-like gamma-MnS/Cu7S4 structures displayed dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production rates of up to 718 mu mol g(-1) h(-1) under full-spectrum irradiation. Upon further integration with an MnOx oxygen-evolution cocatalyst, overall water splitting was accomplished with the Janus structures. This work provides insight into the surface and interface design of hybrid photocatalysts, and offers a noble-metal-free approach to broadband photocatalytic hydrogen production.

cation exchange;Janus structures;photocatalysis;water splitting;Z-scheme

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Karate erfreut sich sowohl im Profi- als auch im Breitensport gro ss er Beliebtheit. Die Einteilung der verschiedenen Stilrichtungen erfolgt anhand des Impacts in Voll-, Halb- und Lowkontakt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse von Sportverletzungen im Kyokushinkai- (Vollkontakt) und traditionellem Karate (Semikontakt). Methoden: Im Rahmen einer Querschnittsbefragung wurden insgesamt 215 aktive Amateurkarateka (114 Vollkontakt- und 101 Semikontaktkarateka) mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens nach sportarttypischen Verletzungen der letzten 36 Monate befragt. Die Verletzungen wurden nach Verletzungsschwere in vier Gruppen unterteilt. Schweregrad I bedeutete, dass keine arztliche Behandlung erfolgte, Schweregrad II beinhaltete eine einmalige arztliche Behandlung, Schweregrad III eine mehrfache ambulante medizinische Behandlung und bei Schweregrad IV erfolgte eine stationare Behandlung. Ergebnisse: 217 Verletzungen wurden im Einzelnen beschrieben wobei 125 Verletzungen (58%) bei Vollkontakt- und 92 Verletzungen (42%) bei Semikontaktkarateka auftraten. Es ergab sich eine expositionszeitbezogene Verletzungsrate von 1,9/1000 Stunden fur Vollkontakt- und 1,3/1000 Stunden fur Semikontaktkarateka (p<0,05). Die haufigsten Verletzungsarten waren muskuloskelettale Kontusionen (33% Vollkontaktkarate; 20% Semikontaktkarate), gefolgt von Distorsionen mit 19 bzw. 16%. Die untere Extremitat war bei den Vollkontaktkarateka mit 40% doppelt so haufig betroffen wie bei Semikontaktkarateka (20%). 80% der Vollkontakt- und 77% der Semikontaktkarateka gaben an, sich wahrend des Trainings verletzt zu haben. Sowohl im Training als auch im Wettkampf kam es beim Kumite (Freikampf) zu den meisten Verletzungen. 75% der Verletzungen bei Vollkontakt- und 70% bei Semikontaktkarateka entfielen auf leichte Verletzungen (Grad I oder II). Schlussfolgerung: Die hohe Verletzungsrate im Training und im Kumite (Freikampf) weist auf spezifische Praventionsziele hin. Hier sollte verstarkt auf propriozeptives Training und auf ein konsequentes Aufwarmen Wert gelegt werden. Zur Pravention im Wettkampf selbst kommt den Schiedsrichtern eine wichtige Aufgabe zu. Abstract Background: Karate enjoys great popularity both in professional and recreational sports and can be classified into full, half and low contact styles. The aim of this study was the analysis of sports injuries in Kyokushinkai (full contact) and traditional Karate (semi-contact). Methods: In a retrospective study design, 215 active amateur karateka (114 full contact, 101 semi-contact) were interviewed by means of a standardised questionnaire regarding typical sport injuries during the last 36 months. Injuries were categorised into severity grade I (not requiring medical treatment), grade II (single medical treatment), grade III (several outpatient medical treatments) and grade IV (requiring hospitalisation). Results: In total, 217 injuries were reported in detail. 125 injuries (58%) occurred in full contact and 92 (42%) in semi-contact karate. The time related injury rate of full contact karateka was 1.9/1000h compared to 1.3/1000h of semi-contact karateka (p<0.05). The most common types of injuries were musculoskeletal contusions (33% full contact, 20% semi-contact), followed by articular sprains with 19% and 16%. The lower extremity was affected twice as often in full contact (40%) as in semi-contact (20%) karate. Training injuries were reported by 80% of the full contact and 77% of the semi-contact karateka. Most injuries, both in training and competition, occurred in kumite. 75% of the reported injuries of full contact and 70% of semi-contact karateka were classified as low grade (I or II). Conclusion: The high rate of injuries during training and kumite (sparring) points to specific prevention goals. The emphasis should be put on proprioceptive training and consistent warm-up.In the actual competition the referees play a vital role regarding prevention.

Karate;Verletzungsrisiko;Sportverletzung;Pravention;karate;risk of injury;sports injury;prevention

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Z-Wave is an implementation of home automation, under the broad category of Internet of Things (IoT). To date, the ability to perform forensic investigations on Z-Wave devices has largely been ignored; however, the placement of these devices in homes and industrial facilities makes them valuable assets for the investigation of criminal and adversarial actors. Z-Wave devices consist of sensors and actuators, which can be connected to the Internet via a gateway. Therefore, their memory contents may contain sensor reports of criminal activity or, more indirectly, provide evidence that the devices have been manipulated to achieve physical or cyber access. This paper provides details on extracting and programming the Flash and EEPROM memory of the ZW0301, which is a common Z-Wave transceiver module found on many Z-Wave devices. Specifically, the memory usage is characterized and several artifacts are identified. The feasibility of conducting a firmware modification attack on the ZW0301 is also explored. The results of this work identify several data structures including the node protocol information table and node adjacency table. The compiler and coding language used for the firmware image are also fingerprinted. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Z-Wave;Wireless;Embedded systems;Internet of Things forensic analysis;IoT forensics

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Zwitterionic peptides were anchored to a conducting polymer of citrate doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via the nickel cation coordination, and the obtained peptide modified PEDOT, with excellent antifouling ability and good conductivity, was further used for the immobilization of a DNA probe to construct an electrochemical biosensor for the breast cancer marker BRCA1. The DNA biosensor was highly sensitive (with detection limit of 0.03 fM) and selective, and it was able to detect BRCA1 in 5% (v/v) human plasma with satisfying accuracy and low fouling. The marriage of antifouling and biocompatible peptides with conducting polymers opened a new avenue to construct electrochemical biosensors capable of assaying targets in complex biological media with high sensitivity and without biofouling.

Antifouling biosensor;Peptide;Electrochemistry;PEDOT;Cancer biomarker;DNA

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ZY-3 has been acquiring high quality imagery since its launch in 2012 and its tri-stereo (three-view or three-line-array) imagery has become one of the top choices for extracting DSM (Digital Surface Model) products in China over the past few years. The ZY-3 tri-stereo sensors offer users the ability to capture imagery over large regions including an entire territory of a country, such as China, resulting in a large volume of ZY-3 tri-stereo scenes which require timely (e.g., near real time) processing, something that is not currently possible using traditional photogrammetry workstations. This paper presents a high performance computing solution which can efficiently and automatically extract DSM products from ZY-3 tri-stereo imagery. The high performance computing solution leverages certain parallel computing technologies to accelerate computation within an individual scene and then deploys a distributed computing technology to increase the overall data throughput in a robust and efficient manner. By taking advantage of the inherent efficiencies within the high performance computing environment, the DSM extraction process can exploit all combinations offered from a set of tri-stereo images (forward-backword, forward-nadir and backword-nadir). The DSM results merged from all of the potential combinations can minimize blunders (e.g., incorrect matches) and also offer the ability to remove potential occlusions which may exist in a single stereo pair, resulting in improved accuracy and quality versus those that are not merged. Accelerated performance is inherent within each of the individual steps of the DSM extraction workflow, including the collection of ground control points and tie points, image bundle adjustment, the creation of epipolar images, and computing elevations. Preliminary experiments over a large area in China have proven that the high performance computing system can generate high quality and accurate DSM products in a rapid manner.

High Performance Computing;Parallel Computing;Distributed Computing;Automation;Image Matching;DSM Extraction

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Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a serious foliar disease of wheat, is a necrotrophic pathogen that undergoes a long latent period. Emergence of insensitivity to fungicides, and pesticide reduction policies, mean there is a pressing need to understand septoria and control it through greater varietal resistance. Stb6 and Stb15, the most common qualitative resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars, determine specific resistance to avirulent fungal genotypes following a gene-for-gene relationship. This study investigated compatible and incompatible interactions of wheat with Z. tritici using eight combinations of cultivars and isolates, with the aim of identifying molecular responses that could be used as markers for disease resistance during the early, symptomless phase of colonization. The accumulation of TaMPK3 was estimated using western blotting, and the expression of genes implicated in gene-for-gene interactions of plants with a wide range of other pathogens was measured by qRT-PCR during the presymptomatic stages of infection. Production of TaMPK3 and expression of most of the genes responded to inoculation with Z. tritici but varied considerably between experimental replicates. However, there was no significant difference between compatible and incompatible interactions in any of the responses tested. These results demonstrate that the molecular biology of the gene-for-gene interaction between wheat and Zymoseptoria is unlike that in many other plant diseases, indicate that environmental conditions may strongly influence early responses of wheat to infection by Z. tritici, and emphasize the importance of including both compatible and incompatible interactions when investigating the biology of this complex pathosystem.

gene expression;MPK3;plant-host interactions;septoria;wheat;Zymoseptoria tritici

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