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Electrochemical Characteristics of Pure Titanium Produced by MIM (Metal Injection Molding) Process
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Two kinds of pure titanium specimens, i.e., the first one is prepared by the ingot metallurgy (I/M) process and the second one is prepared by the metal injection molding (MIM) process were used in this experiment, and their corrosion behavior under stress has been investigated in several aqueous solutions by Slow Strain Rate Tensile (SSRT) test. Ti MIM specimen showed the larger maximum stress and the lower maximum stain than I/M Ti specimen in the deionized water. Both Ti I/M and MIM specimens indicated good corrosion resistance in the aqueous solution of 2.5 kmol/m3 H2SO4 + 0.2 kmol/m3 NaCl in which SUS304 stainless steel showed SCC, and showed the decrease of the maximum stress and the maximum strain in the aqueous solutions of CH3OH + 0.1 kmol/m3 HCl, where the brittle fracture appearance was more remarkable with an decrease of H2O in the solution.
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Abstract A soft X-ray pulse height analyzer has been designed and installed on the J-TEXT tokamak for measuring the electron temperature and possibly for monitoring the impurity content and concentration. A multi-channel analyzer, a set of amplifiers, and three silicon drift detectors constitute the detection system. An off-line analysis code was developed to analyze the raw data recorded by the system. The system can measure a minimum electron temperature of 400 eV, and its routine operation provides electron temperature measurements at three different positions with a temporal resolution of 60 ms and channel separation of 18 cm. Line radiation from some moderate and high Z impurities are observable by the system. The results show that the intensity of line radiation from heavy impurity ions is inversely proportional to the plasma density under similar discharge conditions.
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eng_Latn
| 10,100 |
Deep overpressure gas accumulation
|
The Kela-2 gas field in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin is one of the greatest fields recently discovered in the deep overpressure reservoir in the world. The play conditions of Kela-2 field and Ya21-1 structure features in the Qiongdongnan Basin on the South China Sea shelf has been studied, and a gas accumulation under deep overpressure must have the following two conditions (besides other favourable conditions for gas accumulation): one is that the time of gas charge matches with overpressure occurrence time, and the other is a good quality caprock. If the charge was early and the overpressure occurrence was late, and a fine caprock of the evaporite bed existed, the accumulation of gas is favourable; conversely, it is difficult to form a gas reservoir.
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Preface Bose-Einstein Condensation in Nonlinear System New Aspects of Relaxation Processes in Cryogenic Solids Induction Transformer Coupled Discharges: Investigation & Application P-Type InGaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Structures for Infrared Photodetection A D-3He Spherical Tokamak Reactor with the Plasma Current Ramp-Up by Vertical Field 5-Dimension Space-Time Field Theory & Realization of Matter Chemical Physics of Phonons & Superconductivity: A Heuristic Approach Description of the Ultraslow Light Phenomenon in Atomic Bose Condensates in the Framework of the Microscopic Approach Energy Decay Mechanism of Quantum Grid Turbulence in He II Below 1 K Dark Matter Haloes as Fruits of Merger Trees in a CDM Garden Application of GEANT4 Code in Gamma Irradiation Processing Stochastic Dynamic Systems with Long-Range Correlations: Basic Notions & Applications Index.
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eng_Latn
| 10,101 |
A new extraction method of retention time from the leakage current in 0.23 /spl mu/m DRAM memory cell
|
The retention time distributions of DRAM memory cell with 0.23 /spl mu/m design rule and STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) have been investigated for several process splits that are designed to increase the retention time. A new extraction method of retention time in memory cell is proposed from the cell leakage current behavior at the general test pattern of memory cell array structure. The 50% bit failure time of memory cell is calculated by the proposed method and compared with the measured retention time. The calculated retention time is very well matched with the measured result in several process conditions of memory cell. Thus, this method can be used for extraction of the retention time of high-density DRAM memory (below 0.23 /spl mu/m) from the cell leakage current.
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In order to investigate the production of plasma with simultaneous high density ::: and high degree of ionisation and to study laser-plasma energy transport, ::: experiments have been undertaken to measure the plasma electron densities formed ::: in a thin layer of aluminium buried below an overlay of plastic when the plastic ::: overlay is irradiated by focussed lasers of wavelength (and pulse length).53tm ::: (2Ops) ; .35im (2Ops) and .27 pm (5Ops) . For the .53im and .35pni wavelengths, ::: the shorter pulse length (2Ops) results in higher time-averaged electron ::: densities (up to 6 x 1022 cm3) than for the .27tm wavelength experiments with ::: 50 ps pulse length, but the production of hydrogen-like aluminium relative to ::: helium-like is less with the shorter pulse-length.
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eng_Latn
| 10,102 |
Observation of the polarization in reaction π−→ηn at 40 GeV/c
|
The preliminary results of polarization measurements in reaction π−+p→η+n at 40 GeV/c for the 4‐momentum transfers up to 1 (GeV/c)2 are presented. Averaged blue of the polarization in the t‐range 0,5<‖t‖<1 (GeV/c)2 is −(24±8)%. The presented data are in a contraction with existant Regge model predictions.
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The published cross sections of 232Th, 233U, 234U, 235U, 236U, 237Np, 238U, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, and 242Pu from 1 keV to 10 MeV have been carefully studied to select best cross sections for fast re...
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eng_Latn
| 10,103 |
Muon ring images with an atmospheric Čerenkov telescope
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High energy muons generated by air showers can be detected with atmospheric Cerenkov imaging telescopes via their ring signature. The distribution of Cerenkov light along the ring is a function only of the muon's distance of impact from the telescope: this property makes possible the calibration of the photon collection efficiency of imaging telescopes. We evaluate the acceptance of an imaging Cerenkov telescope to muons and discuss its application to the study of cosmic rays. We point out that muons may set a gamma-ray flux sensitivity limit for ground-based gamma-ray telescopes.
|
Using a pump-probe Michelson experiment, we test the theory of thermo-optic (TO) effects in dielectric mirror coatings. We observe partial cancellation between coating expansion and TO effects. We also measure relevant thin film material parameters.
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eng_Latn
| 10,104 |
Possible Existence of Bound Neutral Nuclei
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Abstract The observation of 72Zn in a 100 g Zn sample located near a 10 cm W target irradiated by 24 GeV protons is taken as tentative evidence for the production of bound neutral nuclei, with an unknown mass of possibly 5 to 9, formed by fragmentation of the W nuclei and yielding 72Zn nuclei through a compound ( A n , xn ) reaction in the Zn sample.
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In this paper, we consider the density-dependent incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in with linearly growing initial velocity at infinity. We obtain a blow-up criterion and global well-posedness of the two-dimensional system. It generalized the local well-posedness results due to the recent work by the first and third authors to the global well-posedness in . Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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eng_Latn
| 10,105 |
Solid state detection means of electronic nose
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A method for analysis of a solid substance by heating a sample, characterized in that the sample is pyrolyzed by heating, the pyrolysis gases are analyzed by directly registering, parallel-operated sensors in their time characteristic and the substance is characterized by this course of time.
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We discuss the relation between the observed CC, ES, and NC fluxes with the flavor fractional content of the solar neutrino flux seen by SNO. By using existing estimates of the cross sections for the charged and neutral current reactions which take into account the detector resolution, we show how the forthcoming SNO rates unconstrained by the standard $^8$B shape could test the oscillations into active states. We perform a model independent analysis for the Super-K and SNO data, assuming a non distorted spectrum.
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eng_Latn
| 10,106 |
State-to-state photoionization of VO : propensity for large, positive changes in rotational quantum number
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State‐to‐state threshold photoionization cross sections from specific spin–rotation levels N’=7, J’=8.5, v’=3 of C 4∑− VO to specific levels N+J+ of X 3∑− VO+ show a remarkable propensity for large, positive ΔN. Observed transitions span the ranges ΔN=−5 to +7 and ΔJ=−5.5 to +4.5. The adiabatic ionization potential of VO is 7.2386±0.0004 eV. The mean bond length of v+=0, X 3∑− VO+ is 1.561±0.003 A.
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We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,107 |
A Spatial Limited Angle Model for Computerized Tomography
|
The following results settle the basis for a fast inversion formula for a spatial, limited angle, X-ray CT model. Let E be a finite set and let R⊂2E be a family of subsets of E. Given any PЄE, let H P ={rЄR PЄr} denote the pen of elements of R passing through P.
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Abstract A prototype of a new CsI(Tl) telescope, which will be used in the reaction studies of light isotopes with energy of several hundred AMeV, was constructed and tested at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The telescope has a multi-layer structure, and the range information was obtained to improve the particle identification performance. This prototype has seven layers of different thickness. An energy resolution of 5.0% (FWHM) was obtained for one of the layers in a beam test experiment. Positive improvement for the identification of 14 O and 15 O isotopes was achieved using the range information.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,108 |
Resonances inAl27+ p forEp=3.1–3.6MeV
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With the use of Ge(Li) detectors for gamma ray yield measurements, several resonances were located in proton-induced reactions on a /sup 27/Al target for bombarding energies of E/sub p/ = 3.1--3.6 MeV (E/sub x/ = 14.62--15.04 MeV in /sup 28/Si). Decay modes of the resonances were determined.
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Abstract : The interaction parameter, B, of moving dislocations with electrons and with phonons in aluminum was determined in the temperature range 10 degrees K to 250 degrees K. A new technique was developed for measuring ultrasonic attenuation changes, the change in alpha, as a function of a dynamic bias stress. The numerical values of B were obtained from an analysis of the change in alpha, which does not require any knowledge of dislocation density or of other inaccurately known features of the dislocation network. The results indicate that the dislocation interaction with electrons is temperature independent and the interaction with phonons increases with increasing temperature. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions. (Author)
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eng_Latn
| 10,109 |
Fontaine used his plasmid-enhanced army to attack Ryan but appeared to die in the battle , allowing Ryan to seize his assets including the Little Sisters .
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Ryan seized control of Fontaine 's plasmid business .
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Therefore the finders , led by Geraint Jones of the Cassini MIMI team , argue that the decrease of electrons must be caused by solid particles orbiting Rhea : The simplest explanation for the symmetrical punctuations in plasma flow are `` extended arcs or rings of material '' orbiting Rhea in its equatorial plane .
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eng_Latn
| 10,110 |
X-ray fireworks could signal supernovae
|
NASA astronomers last month detected two X-ray blasts and an almost-gamma ray burst that could be signs of imminent supernovae. The X-ray flashes came on 12 and 16 September, followed on 24 September by something
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Engineers at Japan's NHK have demonstrated progress on Super Hi-Vision, a future replacement for today's HDTV systems.
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eng_Latn
| 10,111 |
Period differences between X-ray and very high energy gamma-ray observations of accreting X-ray pulsars
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Very high energy pulsed gamma-rays have been reported from several accreting X-ray binaries. A model is considered here which gives efficient gamma-ray production in 1000-second bursts and period differences of the observed magnitude. The key feature is acceleration of ultrahigh energy particles through the inner accretion disk in which there is radial flow toward the star as well as Keplerian motion around it. Participating in this inward flow are disk annuli which have a thickness small enough to allow decay gamma-rays from pi(0) mesons to escape. The consequences of this model for burst duration and the related period shift are discussed. A proposed particle accelerator of appropriate power which accelerates 10 to the 15th eV nucleons into the disk is discussed. 17 references.
|
We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,112 |
Hot-electron energy deposition around unsupported laser targets
|
Free‐falling spheres, released by a simple mechanism, are used as laser targets. Hot‐electron energy transport upon one‐sided irradiation with 300‐ps iodine laser pulses (6×1015 W cm−2) is studied by various methods, including x‐ray pinhole photography and time‐resolved shadowgraphy. Spatial energy deposition is consistent with hot‐electron spreading in the presence of self‐generated magnetic fields, as suggested by recent experiments and simulations. The insensitivity of the results to the presence of a supporting stalk is attributed to inductive decoupling of the target. Free‐falling targets open the possibility of highly symmetric implosion experiments.
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The effects of virtual leptoquarks on various polarized asymmetries, as well as the charge asymmetry, at HERA are studied. The authors present the areas of parameter space that can be excluded by HERA. Generally, HERA can place a mass limit on leptoquarks that is slightly higher than {radical}s for large leptoquark-quarkelectron couplings.
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eng_Latn
| 10,113 |
Charging Phenomena during Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy of Insulating Materials
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Charging phenomena that occur during XPS and AES analysis of insulating materials are discussed, with special focus on surface potential change by X-ray or electron beam irradiation. Some typical examples of charging phenomena observed during XPS analysis are introduced together with practical methods for charge compensation and for the estimation of peak shifts by charging. As the practical methods are now under discussion in the frame of ISO activities, the content of relating ISO document (ISO 19318) is also briefly explained. Then charging phenomena observed in AES analysis of insulating materials are discussed in terms of the relation between surface charging and secondary electron emission, for which a new concept of static/dynamic secondary electron yield is explained. Practical methods for charge compensation in AES analysis are also introduced, and experimental results showing the effect of those methods are presented.
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In this paper we propose a Gaussian decomposition approach to compute the SPECT imaging system matrix. The flexibility of our method allows the implementation of a wide range of imaging systems. With the system matrix, we predict the variance in reconstructed images using the Fisher information matrix and local block circulant approximation. We present results of noise prediction for 3 multi-pinhole systems and 3 multi-slit slit-slat systems, each of them being designed to be inserted in an MRI system. Results show that for a particular phantom 2×2 multi-pinhole and 2 slits slit-slat systems achieve lowest variance.
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eng_Latn
| 10,114 |
Recombination radiation from landau states in impactionized GaAs
|
Recombination radiation from Landau states in impact ionized high-purity GaAs has been observed. The narrow band (∼ 3 cm−1) emission has been magnetically tuned from 80–120 cm−1, and used to observe rotational transitions in water vapor.
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Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers.
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eng_Latn
| 10,115 |
Towards automated Virus Detection and Identification using TEM
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an important virus diagnostic tool. The main drawbacks are that an expert in virus appearance in electron microscopy needs to perform the analysis at the m ...
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Considering the thermal issues of sever, a thermal simulation model is built using the lumped parameter method. It finds that the high temperature areas are mainly concentrated in CPU and north bri...
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eng_Latn
| 10,116 |
Performance of CdTe detector in the 13–1333 keV energy range
|
Abstract The photopeak efficiency, peak to valley ratio and energy resolution of a 3×3×1 mm 3 CdTe detector were determined experimentally for 13–1333 keV photon energy by using polyester coated radioisotopes 241 Am, 22 Na, 54 Mn, 57 Co, 60 Co, 109 Cd, 137 Cs and 133 Ba. The data were analyzed by using PX4 from Amptek. The experimental values were fitted to an analytical function of photon energy, and an agreement was observed for the entire range of the studied energies. The results have shown that the CdTe detector has a high performance due to both the improved charge collection efficiency comparable with that of SI GaAs detectors ( Vittone et al., 1999 ), and the low leakage current. Also, CdTe detector is very attractive for field application as it works at room temperature.
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The dependence of the differential cross section ${\mathrm{d}\sigma}/{\mathrm{d}p_{\perp}}$ of inclusive heavy quark production in pp and $\bar{\mathrm{p}}$p collisions on the renormalization and factorization scales is investigated. The implications of our results for experiments at TEVATRON and LHC are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the NLO QCD predictions for $\bar{t}t$ production at the LHC based on the Principle of Minimal Sensitivity are by 30-50% higher than the standard ones.
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eng_Latn
| 10,117 |
THE LEPTONIC MODEL FOR BLAZAR EMISSION
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The leptonic model has become the standard method of fitting the multiwavelength spectra of blazars. In what follows we review the basic premises of the model, giving emphasis on the evolution of its key ideas and assumptions.
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Simple and small laser interferometers for the Space optical systems testing are discussed. ::: Interferometer consists of a lens in front of the gas laser, flat pellicle beamsplitter, a tiny flat reference mirror, ::: and optics under test. The interferometer is not affected by displacements and the tilts of the lens, the ::: beamsplitter, and the the reference flat mirror, that it is especially recommended for the Space optics testing on ::: the orbit.
|
yue_Hant
| 10,118 |
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter overview and status report
|
An overview status is given of the Lead Tungstate electromagnetic calorimeter which is being developped for the CMS detector at LHC. This includes the development status of PbW0 4 crystals, the mechanical design of the calorimeter, the read-out and a brief look into results from test measurements in particle beams.
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This work was supported by an EPSRC Programme Grant EP/K034529/1 and CRM was supported by a Churchill Scholarship.
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eng_Latn
| 10,119 |
Measurement methodology of projectors in confined environment
|
The intent of this paper is to describe the first stages of potentially ongoing collaborative research between the United States Naval Research Laboratory's Underwater Sound Reference Detachment (USRD) and France's DCN In genierie cenae Sud Departement Lutte Sous-Marine (DCN/SUD/DLSM). The immediate focus of this collaborative work is on high Q electroacoustic transducer calibration in reverberation limited environments. This paper will be divided into three sections: the first one, a description of the motivating problem in reverberation limited measurements, the second one, a description of the two techniques developed by each laboratory, finally, research results and the activities necessary to complete the work in progress
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High energy muons generated by air showers can be detected with atmospheric Cerenkov imaging telescopes via their ring signature. The distribution of Cerenkov light along the ring is a function only of the muon's distance of impact from the telescope: this property makes possible the calibration of the photon collection efficiency of imaging telescopes. We evaluate the acceptance of an imaging Cerenkov telescope to muons and discuss its application to the study of cosmic rays. We point out that muons may set a gamma-ray flux sensitivity limit for ground-based gamma-ray telescopes.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,120 |
A Four Gap Synchrotron RF Cavity
|
A proposed four gap synchrotron cavity is described here. The drift tube (140° long) is rigidly supported by a reentrant conducting structure near each end. Each support structure provides two accelerating gaps. The potential across each gap is approximately the same as the potential between the drift tube and the vacuum tank wall in the central region. The reentrant feature has the effect of a two-turn center tapped transformer, which is achieved in the cavity by passing one current surface through another by means of spokes and holes.
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The authors became aware of a mistake in the data displayed in Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2 of the original version of the Article. Specifically, the 14C production values were printed out in the code before the conversion between the omnidirectional fluence and the flux. As a consequence, the values of the 14C production in Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2 were too high by a factor of 4×π = 12.566.. As a result of this, a number of changes have been made to both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article. A full list of these changes is available online.
|
kor_Hang
| 10,121 |
Subpicosecond magnetization dynamics in TbCo alloys
|
Since the discovery of all-optical magnetization switching in rare-earth transition-metal alloys the underlying magnetization dynamics of multisublattice magnets has become a hot topic of modern magnetism. We studied the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in TbCo alloys as a function of the alloy composition and the laser fluence using either 800 nm or 400 nm probe pulses. Direct comparison between TbCo samples with different compositions for equal excitation conditions demonstrates that the magnetization dynamics of the Co sublattice strongly depends on the Tb concentration. For Tb32Co68 the magnetization of the sublattices can even transiently be reversed on a subpicosecond time scale.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dose predicted by cone convolution algorithm. This work describes an experimental verification of two dose calculation algorithms available on the Philips Pinnacle3 (version 8.0) commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS): Collapsed cone convolution and Fast convolve. Both experiment and TPS were tested for 6 MV photon beam, the fields were 5cm×5cm and 10cm×10cm respectively. Dosimetry was performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters. At the end of this article, we analyzed the difference between calculation and experiment
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eng_Latn
| 10,122 |
Biological Effects of Bromus Inermis Induced by Single Ion Microbeam
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The article describe operating principle of the single-particle microbeam device,we implanted the SAM and RAM of embryos with a 2.0 MeV of energy and 25 μm of diameter proton microbeam at the fluence of 6×106ions.The embryos' root patterning parameters was observed in detail,such as the development of primary root and the formation of lateral root.The results indicated that some contributions of vacuum treatment might be involved in the biological effects,ion-beam bombardment and the interactions might be existed between each other.The results showed that auxin signal transduction might be relevant.
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Abstract : Methane-Air mixture in Argon heat bath is ignited by shock, reflected from the endwall of shock tube. Experiments are compared with numerical prediction based on Bowman's reaction scheme including Zel'dovich mechanism. Agreement between experimental density profiles and numerical prediction is very good. Methane absorption outside the boundary layer agrees well with computation based on isobaric combustion. Measurements in the boundary layer, albeit with insufficient space resolution, are in accord with the predicted trends.
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eng_Latn
| 10,123 |
Expanding the Fluorine Chemistry of Living Systems Using Engineered Polyketide Synthase Pathways
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Organofluorines represent a rapidly expanding proportion of molecules that are used in pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, agrochemicals, and materials. Despite the prevalence of fluorine in synthetic compounds, the known biological scope is limited to a single pathway that produces fluoroacetate. Here, we demonstrate that this pathway can be exploited as a source of fluorinated building blocks for introduction of fluorine into natural-product scaffolds. Specifically, we have constructed pathways involving two polyketide synthase systems, and we show that fluoroacetate can be used to incorporate fluorine into the polyketide backbone in vitro. We further show that fluorine can be inserted site-selectively and introduced into polyketide products in vivo. These results highlight the prospects for the production of complex fluorinated natural products using synthetic biology.
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Summary form only given, substantially as follows. Reviews fifteen possible model experiments on astrophysics with lasers. When a focused ultra-intense laser irradiates a high-Z material, relativistic high-energy electrons are efficiently produced, and subsequent nuclear and QED (quantum electrodynamics) phenomena are expected to take place inside the target. The relativistic Fokker-Planck equation has been solved numerically for electrons and positrons with parameters used in the experiment. The author clarifies what physics is most important in the experiment and how the energy spectrum of the created positrons are determined. Such studies suggest that relativistic and dense electron-positron plasmas can be made in the laboratory.
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eng_Latn
| 10,124 |
Role of intervalley scattering in the radiative recombination in Pb1 − xEuxTe alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
|
Measurements of the photoluminescence from epitaxial layers of Pb1 − x Eu x Te alloys with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.32 are carried out. It is found that the luminescence intensity decreases with increasing Eu content and, already for x as low as about 0.1, drops by more than one order of magnitude. No luminescence is observed for 0.2 0.85, optical transitions also take place with the participation of the X valley; in this case, the emission is governed by the formation of magnetic polarons. The temperature dependences of the band gap are determined for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.11. These dependences have a wide linear region characterized by a positive dE g /dT coefficient, which decreases with the Eu content to become negative in pure EuTe.
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This chapter is dedicated to impulse radio as it is a very prominent form of UWB. Initially, impulse radio (IR) is introduced and generic transceiver architecture for IR is presented. Then, common and custom tailored pulse shapes for impulse radios are discussed. Various IR modulation techniques are presented and their performance is analyzed. To enable multiple accesses, a technique known as time hopping (TH) is introduced and it is integrated into various modulation techniques. Finally, the impact of the various antenna types on the transmitted and received UWB signal is investigated.
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eng_Latn
| 10,125 |
Atomic nitrogen ion distribution and g15755 emission in the auroral ionosphere
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Calculations are presented to show the night-time distribution of N+ with the incidence of an aurora. In addition, use is made of the λ3914/λ5755 intensity ratio to estimate the fraction of dissociative ionization encounters of electrons with N2 which lead to the metastable 1S state of NII.
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Theoretical barograms have been calculated for acoustic-gravity waves ::: generated by underground explosions. Two formulations were used. 1) The ::: thermally modeled gravitating atmosphere is excited by a time varying deformation of the earth's surface. The final deformation is the static ::: surface displacement due to a point pressure source at depth in an elastic ::: half-space. 2) The same atmosphere overlying a multilayered half-space ::: is excited by a point pressure source at depth in the solid medium.
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eng_Latn
| 10,126 |
X-ray powerful diagnostics for highly-ionized plasmas: He-like ions
|
The calculations of the ratios of the Helium-like ion X-ray lines from C V to Si XIII are revisited in order to apply the results to density, temperature and ionization process diagnostics of data from high-resolution spectroscopy of the new generation of X-ray satellites: Chandra and XMM-Newton. Comparing to earlier computations, Porquet&Dubau (2000), the best experimental values are used for radiative transition probabilities. The influence of an external radiation field (photo-excitation), the contribution from unresolved dielectronic satellite lines and the optical depth are taken into account. These diagnostics could be applied to collision-dominated plasmas (e.g., stellar coronae), photo-ionized plasmas (e.g., ``Warm Absorber'' in AGNs), and transient plasmas (e.g., SNRs).
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Abstract We have explored the radiolytic action of the analyzing 15 N beam on thick samples of hydrogenated carbon. The exposure induced a reduction of the Doppler width compatible with the destruction of carbon-hydrogen bonds and the formation of molecular hydrogen.
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eng_Latn
| 10,127 |
High precision time delay estimation using generalised mvdr cross spectrum
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A high precision time delay estimation method is proposed based on the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) cross spectrum. The time delay between two sensor signals is estimated from the phase of the MVDR spectrum without maximum searching. Simulation results show the performance improvements of the proposed algorithm.
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Abstract We have designed, constructed and installed a system that makes an accurate 3D map of the electron drift velocity and measures the space-charge distorting effects in the TPCs of the DELPHI Barrel RICH detector. Details of the design considerations, construction and production are given.
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eng_Latn
| 10,128 |
Research of Electromagnetic Shielding Material for Building
|
Electromagnetic shielding material is the material basis for the realization of electromagnetic shielding.The properties and characters,the study and application of several kinds of common electromagnetic shielding materials for building are introduced in this paper,and the development direction of these materials is pointed out.
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Abstract Calculations employing the simple Monte Carlo model of gamma-ray interaction in a silicon ΔE -detector provide a very reliable energy spectrum of Compton-scattered electrons. This makes it possible to determine the thickness of a Si ΔE -detector with a good accuracy.
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eng_Latn
| 10,129 |
Evaluation of High Stability Secondary Emission Monitors
|
A stable, remotely operated low scattering (? = 0.246 mrad) secondary emission monitor (SEM) which was developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is described. Experimental results for secondary yield vs. energy of incident protons of 3.6 GeV/c to 12.33 GeV/c indicate that the yield increase is about 0.03%/GeV/c/A1 surface. Theoretical yield increase in the same energy range is about 0.02%/GeV/c/A1 surface. The overall yield/proton/A1 surface as observed at ANL increases from 2.7%/A1 surface at 3.6 GeV/c to 2.96%/A1 surface at 12.33 GeV/c.
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Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies were made on mouse hemoglobin specifically labeled at the C-2 histidine position. Measurement of the spin lattice relaxation times of the label before and after hemolysis of the erythrocytes provides information on the intracellular fluid viscosities.
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eng_Latn
| 10,130 |
Transplantation of nuclei into the polar plasm of Drosophila eggs.
|
Nuclei of preblastoderm and blastoderm stages of yw strain of Drosophila melanogaster were transplanted into posterior ends of fertilized eggs of the v; bw strain. Several mosaics were obtained, including gynandromorphs with external genitalia of the donor's type. One mosaic was fertile, with gonads derived from the transplanted preblastodermic nuclei. Genetic analysis showed that the genome of these nuclei was not affected by differentiation or by transplantation.
|
Summary form only given, substantially as follows. Reviews fifteen possible model experiments on astrophysics with lasers. When a focused ultra-intense laser irradiates a high-Z material, relativistic high-energy electrons are efficiently produced, and subsequent nuclear and QED (quantum electrodynamics) phenomena are expected to take place inside the target. The relativistic Fokker-Planck equation has been solved numerically for electrons and positrons with parameters used in the experiment. The author clarifies what physics is most important in the experiment and how the energy spectrum of the created positrons are determined. Such studies suggest that relativistic and dense electron-positron plasmas can be made in the laboratory.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,131 |
Protein translocation pathways of the mitochondrion
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The biogenesis of mitochondria depends on the coordinated import of precursor proteins from the cytosol coupled with the export of mitochondrially coded proteins from the matrix to the inner membrane. The mitochondria contain an elaborate network of protein translocases in the outer and inner membrane along with a battery of chaperones and processing enzymes in the matrix and intermembrane space to mediate protein translocation. A mitochondrial protein, often with an amino-terminal targeting sequence, is escorted through the cytosol by chaperones to the TOM complex (translocase of the outer membrane). After crossing the outer membrane, the import pathway diverges; however, one of two TIM complexes (translocase of inner membrane) is generally utilized. This review is focused on the later stages of protein import after the outer membrane has been crossed. An accompanying paper by Lithgow reviews the early stages of protein translocation.
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In order to comply with the special challenges (open 4f-shell, configuration mixing) of simulating the spectrum of W23+ an extensive atomic model was implemented using the flexible atomic code (FAC). In detail, the basis functions from 11 configurations were used to model about 12000 levels, which give rise to roughly 60 million transitions including nearly 6 million electric and magnetic dipole transitions. A collisional radiative model has been put together which could handle the size of the input data. The modelled spectra (4-40 nm) show low sensitivity on the electron density, which validates the comparison of EBIT and tokamak spectra. The emissions between 4 and 7 nm are discussed in the context of the observations at fusion plasmas. In this range, the influence of W23+ is limited due to the small contribution to the measurement - however, elements of the presented modelling might explain the second, not understood spectral feature at 6 nm. Further details of the spectra are only briefly discussed as...
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eng_Latn
| 10,132 |
Hot-electron blast induced by ultrashort-pulsed lasers in layered media
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Femtosecond laser heating on metals produces a blasting force in the sub-picosecond domain, which exerts on the metal lattices along with the non-equilibrium heat flow from hot electrons. Such a hot-electron blast depends on both temperature and temperature gradient in the electron gas, resulting in pronounced effects in multi-layered metal films due to discontinuous heat transfer and load transmission across the interface. This work employs the parabolic two-step model to study the effect of the hot-electron blast in multi-layered thin metal films. Dominating physical parameters are identified to characterize the ultrafast heating and deformation across the interface.
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We present a systematic study of production of strange and non-strange hadron yields and their ratios obtained in various experiments using our thermodynamically consistent excluded-volume model. We also analyze the production of light nuclei, hypernuclei and their antinuclei in terms of our excluded-volume model over a broad energy range starting from Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) to Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies. Further, we extend our model for studying rapidity spectra of hadrons produced in heavy-ion collisions.
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eng_Latn
| 10,133 |
SASE based 4/sup th/ generation light sources and the LCLS project
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Advances in the physics and technology of photoinjectors, linear accelerators, insertion devices and free-electron lasers make it now possible to generate coherent radiation in the X-ray region by means of the Self-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission (SASE) process. This radiation has much higher brightness, shorter pulses and coherence than present 3/sup rd/ generation sources. The status of the physics and technology involved in a radiation source based on SASE is reviewed, together with an overview of the main activities in this field around the world. The design status of a 1.5 /spl Aring/ SASE-FEL at SLAC, called the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), is described.
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In order to solve the link assignment problem in GNSS constellation, which is affected by the performance of dynamic topology, the method of Finite Time Slot (FTS) is proposed for GNSS constellation in this paper. Firstly, we model a GNSS constellation network as a FTS, where each time slot corresponds to an equal-length interval in system period of the GNSS network. Then, we formulate link assignment as a mixed integer linear programming problem, and proposing an iterative optimization method. Finally, the link assignment efficiency and routing performance are simulated for several kinds of time slot. The researching results will support on orbit management and maintenance for Chinese GNSS Constellation.
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eng_Latn
| 10,134 |
IR and Raman Spectroscopies, The Study of Art Works☆
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The applications of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to art are addressed in this article. Several examples are taken to illustrate the role that FT-IR and FT-Raman can play in the analysis of artistic samples such as the characterization of genuine and fake artefacts, information for strategic restoration of artworks being undertaken by art restorers and museum conservation scientists and the effects of environmental and climatic degradation on exposed artwork and identification of pigments.
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Abstract We have developed image analysis software to facilitate the analysis of optical-transition radiation (OTR) patterns generated by the electron beam from the Los Alamos free-electron laser facility. The software can be used for beam alignment, beam profile and angular divergence measurements, and the programs run on an IBM AT microcomputer. The programs and their use are described and some results shown.
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eng_Latn
| 10,135 |
Self-folding printable elastic electric devices: Resistor, capacitor, and inductor
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This paper presents a methodology and validation of print-and-self-fold electric devices. For printing functional structures for robotic use, we realize electric circuitry based on metallic polyester film (MPF). By exploiting the unique material properties of MPF, we developed fundamental electric devices, namely a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. The developed polyvinyl chloride laminated MPF sheet shows reliable selffolding processes under a heat application, and it configures 3D electric devices. Due to the pre-resolved kinematic design, these devices feature elasticity, making them suitable as sensors and actuators in soft circuits. Here we testify to a self-assembled variable resistor and capacitive strain sensor. An actuation mechanism consisting of a folded contractible coil is also considered and shown. Finally, an RLC circuit obtained from the integration of all the developed devices is demonstrated, in which the coil based actuator is controlled by reading a variable capacitive strain sensor.
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Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers.
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eng_Latn
| 10,136 |
Spectra of the high Tc cuprates understood by the variational studies of the t–J-type models
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Trial wavefunctions with and without antiferromagnetic order for the 2-dimensional t–J-type model are proposed to describe the low-energy states of high Tc cuprates with doped holes or electrons. In the slightly doping regime, we found states behaving like charged quasi-particles with well-defined momenta and having much less pairing correlations than previously studied ones. There exist also states showing the incoherent and ‘spin-bag’ behaviors. Our results are supported by exact calculation and are consistent with recent photoemission experiments. With increasing doping, superconducting states emerge and behave similarly with that described in recent band-structure analysis and seen in various materials.
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We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media.
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eng_Latn
| 10,137 |
Determination of β-SPN content in sodium thiocyanate solution
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A method for determining β-SPN content in recoverable sodium thiocyanate solution is proposed based on molecule structure and property of cyanoethyl sodium sulfonate(β-SPN).In the experiment,NaOH is used as titrant,methyl red is used as inindicator.The linear relationship between the mass of sample and the volume difference of titration is obtained:ΔV=0.5075 W-0.0325,r=0.9999.The RSD of the precision test is 0.0127% and the accuracy is-0.175%.The method has good reliability and high repeatability.It could be used to determine β-SPN content in sodium thiocyanate solution.
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NSRRC has been operating a 1.5 GeV synchrotron light source, the Taiwan Light Source (TLS), for over 15 years and has established a large user community. For the future development of synchrotron radiation research in Taiwan, a feasibility study report to construct a 3.0 GeV low‐emittance storage ring, the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), was issued in July 2005. The government approval of the TPS project was obtained in December 2007 and the machine will be built at current site of NSRRC. The project has progressed steadily since and reached several major milestones now: the architect firm has finished the site plan and civil design, the accelerator design has been fixed, and purchase of long‐lead items begins its course. The TPS storage ring has a circumference of 518.4 meters with a concentric booster of 496.8 meters. The storage ring adopted a 24‐cell double‐bend structure with a 1.6 nm‐rad natural emittance. There are six 12‐m and eighteen 7‐m ID straights. For user research, five new beamlines have been ...
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eng_Latn
| 10,138 |
Conference on Electron Microscopy - Nottingham, July 1961
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The annual conference of the Electron Microscopy Group of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society was held in the Department of Chemistry, the University of Nottingham, from 10th to 14th July 1961. A general account of the proceedings is given.
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Pilots of No. 62 Squadron. L to R O. B. Fenton, S. Parry, and Boyce H. Cachy in March 1918 in France. Image displayed (72 dpi JPEG), Master image (600 dpi TIFF).
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eng_Latn
| 10,139 |
Beam-plasma interactions in a positive ion-negative ion plasma
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An electron‐free plasma consisting of negative ions (SF6 −) and positive ions (Ar+), and negligible neutral‐ion collision frequencies has been created in the laboratory. This plasma has a mass ratio of approximately 3.5‐similar to many computer particle‐in‐cell simulated systems. A fluid description of this positive and negative ion confinement (PANIC) plasma is given and compared to experimental measurements of a beam–plasma instability for both beam species and a wide range of beam energies. The fluid dispersion relation and most growing modes are predicted to be insensitive to many parameters of the PANIC beam–plasma system, and found to the consistent with the data.
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Measurements performed at the Tevatron of both the like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry inBd;s-meson samples and the mixing-induced CP asymmetry inBs! J= depart from their standard model (SM) predictions. This could be an indication for new CP phases in B = 2 transitions, preferentially in Bs{ Bs mixing. The experimental situation, however, remained inconclusive, as it favored values of the element s of the decay matrix in the Bs-meson system that are notably dierent
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eng_Latn
| 10,140 |
A two-colour photoelectric investigation of the eclipsing binary system AG Persei
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The detached eclipsing binary system AG Per was observed at Ege University Observatory on 12 nights from December 1974 to December 1975. Approximately 460 observations were obtained in each yellow and blue. AG Per has long been known to have an apsidal motion and eccentricities. New apsidal motion parameters based on the author's observations and all of the other minima are given. Solutions for its orbital elements were carried out using three different procedures: the Kitamura method, Wood triaxial ellipsoid model and Kopal's Fourier analysis method in the frequency-domain. By use of the available spectroscopic data for AG Per, the observational apsidal motion constant has been calculated.
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Abstract : A simulation was performed to predict the thermal behavior of a commercial power module with silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) during switching of multiple power pulses.
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eng_Latn
| 10,141 |
Temperature dependence of the electron spin resonance spectra of a coal-derived vacuum distillation residue and components
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Measurements of the intensities of the electron spin resonance (ESR) absorptions, in the g approx. 2 region of the spectrum, of the title materials were performed over a wide range of temperatures. Linear correlations of the measured intensities vs. the reciprocal of the absolute temperature were obtained. The regression lines have intercepts which are larger than the standard deviations of the measurements. This study shows that the intercepts arise from systematic errors in the measurements that introduce curvature into the plots. Two converging lines of research were followed: (a) a theoretical study of the effect of systematic errors on the outcome of ESR intensity measurements; and (b) repeated sets of measurements on two major fractions of the title materials. A complete analysis of all data shows conclusively that the materials of both fractions obey the Curie law exactly and that any observed deviation from this behavior lies within the range of systematic errors predicted by the theoretical study.
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Photoelectric conversion efficiency is a important capability parameter for Industry CT Detectors in Low energy.I have analyzed the effect of some common scintillating crystals' parameter such as efficiency,dimension and to Photoelectric conversion efficiency.And compared their Photoelectric conversion efficiency of CsI(TI) and CdWO4 scintillating crystal detectors through test experiments.It proved that in the Low X-ray energy Industry CT,CsI(TI) is more suitable than CdWO4 to be material for scintillating crystal detector,and its thickness greatly affect on the detector.It has certain referenced values to optimize the selection and designing dimension of Industry CT system detector Scintillating crystal.
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eng_Latn
| 10,142 |
Optical potentials in ion‐atom collisions
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The time dependent extension of the Feshbach formalism allows the formulation of a set of nonunitary coupled channel equations in a given finite model space based on the assumption that consecutive interactions occur simultaneously. For a variety of collision systems we demonstrate that a microscopic optical potential model yields reasonable results for excitation capture and total ionisation at comparatively small basis sets.
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The technique for indirect shielding of the eye situated within the irradiation field during telecobalt therapy is reported by using demonstrations of isodoses. The dose at the lens is approximately 10% of the maximum dose measured at electron equilibrium. Thls dose does not depend upon the arrangement of the shielding within the irradiation area. (auth)
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eng_Latn
| 10,143 |
Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Gas Discharge
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When ordinary sound propagates in a weakly ionized gas, the wave motion of neutral particles controls that of charge carriers. The ion‐density, electric‐field, and electron‐temperature responses to a given gas‐density perturbation are calculated by means of linearized hydrodynamic equations for the case of wave propagation along the axis of a discharge. The equations include ionizing collisions, ambipolar diffusion, wall recombination, and collisions leading to intercomponent momentum and energy transfer. Because of competing effects of ions and electrons, no observable wave amplification can result from intercomponent momentum transfer. In addition to previously reported consequences of elastic collisions, the calculated dispersion relation contains an amplification term characterized by a time constant τν which is approximately the reciprocal ionization frequency (per electron) times the gas‐to‐plasma pressure ratio.
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We have acquired in vivo photoacoustic images of gastrointestinal tracts in rats using recently developed clinical photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging system. The result can be used to investigate motility of gastrointestinal tracts in clinical studies.
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eng_Latn
| 10,144 |
Modeling asymmetric beams using higher-order phase-space moments
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Shadwick et al. developed [Commun. Nonlinear. Sci. Numer. Simulat. 17, 2153-2160 (2012)] a self-consistent model of beam transport using a phase-space moment description (up to 2nd order) based on the Vlasov-Maxwell Hamiltonian structure. Tzoufras et al. have shown [Physics of Plasmas 16, 056705 (2009)] that for a laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beam, the spatial profile that minimizes the energy spread is a trapezoidal distribution. This profile is spatially asymmetric and thus cannot be described by only using moments less than order three, and so the moment method developed by Shadwick et al. was expanded upon to account for asymmetry by taking the profile to be a sum of two gaussian “blobs.” It was found that, as long as the electric field across the beam was close to linear, treating the two blobs as separate species was a good approximation.
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To solve the question that output voltage can not adjusting of the permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM),a kind of new type machine-the paratactic structure hybrid excitation synchronous machine(HESM) is introduced,its structure and working principle is described,and its equivalent magnetism circuit is analyzed,the non-load characteristic,load characteristic and regulative characteristic are tested. The result of test show: the paratactic structure hybrid excitation synchronous machine solved shortcoming of PMSM,the structure is feasible.
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eng_Latn
| 10,145 |
Microstructural investigations of 800 keV Ar ions irradiated nanocrystalline ZrN thin films
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ABSTRACTThe effect of 800 keV Ar ion irradiation on the microstructure and composition of ZrN films grown by pulsed laser deposition technique was investigated. Grazing incidence and symmetrical X-...
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A near-field millimeter-wave exposure system configuration allowing cell culture exposures at 60 GHz is proposed and characterized. The design was optimized to obtain relatively homogeneous distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR) within the cell layer for the incident power densities ranging from 0 up to 67 mW/cm2 for the input power of 500 mW. Averaged over the cell monolayer volume SAR is computed and the results are provided as a function of the input power. This exposure system will be used in in vitro experiments to determine power thresholds corresponding to the functional modifications in the human cell.
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eng_Latn
| 10,146 |
Dielectric barrier discharge plasma atomizer for hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry—Performance evaluation for selenium☆
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Abstract Atomization of selenium hydride in a quartz dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atomizer was optimized and its performance was compared to that of the externally heated quartz multiatomizer. Argon was found as the best DBD discharge gas employing a flow rate of 75 ml min − 1 Ar while the DBD power was optimized at 14 W. The detection limits reached 0.24 ng ml − 1 Se in the DBD and 0.15 ng ml − 1 Se in the multiatomizer. The tolerance of DBD to interferences is even better than with the multiatomizer.
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One embodiment of the invention includes a method comprising the step of transferring the heat from the group electrolytic step with the PV array to transfer groups deliver the power produced by the PV array. The process according to the result will be to produce more reproducible from solar energy at a lower cost per kg of hydrogen. Solar, electrolyzer, PV arrays, the heat exchanger, the hydrogen gas
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eng_Latn
| 10,147 |
Optical simulation model for flat mirror concentrators
|
Different simulation models for solar concentrators were developed to obtain the irradiance distribution on the absorber. Usually these optical simulations were valid only for a particular concentrator. Other simulations adequate for different concentrator shapes are based on ray tracing algorithms requiring high computing resources. An optimized reverse ray tracing model for flat mirror concentrators that allows to reduce the noise and the computing time necessary for such simulations is described.
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In this investigation we consider a semiclassical fully ionized plasma in which interparticle interactions are treated by means of an effective potential taking into account both quantum and correlation effects. An expression for the dielectric function corresponding to the generalized Drude–Lorentz formula is obtained beyond assumptions on the homogeneity of electromagnetic waves. The reflection index of semiclassical electron plasmas is then calculated and a comparison is made with similar results yielded by the method of moments.
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eng_Latn
| 10,148 |
Testing various polarized parton distributions at RHIC
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Abstract A very promising spin physics programme will be soon on the way at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). By studying the spin asymmetries for various processes (single photon, single jet and W ± production), we will compare the different predictions obtained using some sets of polarized parton distributions, available in the recent literature. We will put some emphasise on the analysis of the anticipated errors, given the event rates expected from this high luminosity new machine and the current acceptance for the detector systems at RHIC.
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We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media.
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eng_Latn
| 10,149 |
Early Days in the X-Ray Crystallography
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Reminiscences are given out of the early stages of the development in x-ray crystallography, both in Japan and abroad. Activities in Prof. Ewald's school in Germany, those of Prof. Bragg's in England, Prof. Terada's and Nishikawa's in Japan are described.Prof. Nishikawa's contribution concerning the space group theory in the structure analysis is brought to attention. Early works of Prof. Nitta on organic crystals are also described.Some x-ray photographs taken by Prof. Nishikawa and Prof. Nitta in the early period from 1913 to 1925 are reproduced. (abstract by the editor)
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Sony ICX 259AL CCD matrices were irradiated by proton and neutron beams of a synchrocyclotron of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. The data on production cross sections, as well as the spatial and time distributions of pixels of the irradiated matrices with high dark current, are presented. The experimental data are compared with the calculation results.
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eng_Latn
| 10,150 |
Multimode quantum properties of a self-imaging OPO: squeezed vacuum and EPR beams generation
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We investigate the spatial quantum properties of the light emitted by a perfectly spatially degenerate optical parametric oscillator (self-imaging OPO). We show that this device produces local squeezing for areas bigger than a coherence are that depends on the crystal length and pump width. Furthermore, it generates local EPR beams in the far field. We show, calculating the eigenmodes of the system, that it is highly multimode for realistic experimental parameters.
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The superluminal radio components observed in microquasars are usuallyinterpreted as individual ejection events. We discuss some of theshortcomings of this model and propose the internal shock model inquasi-continuous relativistic jets as an alternative. This model canresolve the problems with the single ejection model and is inagreement with radio observations. We outline some further testablemodel predictions some of which are already confirmed by observations.
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eng_Latn
| 10,151 |
Seismic Scaling of Explosive Source Functions Using Teleseismic P Waves
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Abstract : Short period P waves of four presumed Soviet explosions from Eastern Kazakh are examined at five teleseismic arrays: LASA, YKA, OONW, WRA and GBA. Transfer functions to shape the lower magnitude to the highest magnitude event were computed at each array to eliminate transmission path effects from source to receiver. The transfer functions are locally consistent from sensor to sensor at each array, but show considerable global variations from array to array. This suggests that there are strong azimuthal variations in the source radiation of the events, due to complex scattering of the signals at the test site. At LASA, the observed transfer functions can be explained by using explosion source functions of Blake and Haskell. The assumed source parameters are scaled functions of the yield of each event, which is estimated from an empirical amplitude yield relationship.
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A new Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification system was established with three stage amplifiers. Pumping the final amplifier with a 100 J doubled-frequency Nd:glass laser, we generated stable 355 TW laser pulses at duration of 31 f s.
|
kor_Hang
| 10,152 |
A simple method for determination of ratio error and phase angle in current transformers
|
Discussion and author's closure of paper 41–109 by E. C. Wentz, presented at the AIEE summer convention, Toronto, Ontario, Can., June 16–20, 1941, and published in AIEE TRANSACTIONS, 1941 (October section), pages 949–54.
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Abstract We have developed image analysis software to facilitate the analysis of optical-transition radiation (OTR) patterns generated by the electron beam from the Los Alamos free-electron laser facility. The software can be used for beam alignment, beam profile and angular divergence measurements, and the programs run on an IBM AT microcomputer. The programs and their use are described and some results shown.
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eng_Latn
| 10,153 |
Atomic-Molecular Ionization by Electron Scattering: Theory and Applications
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A comprehensive and up-to-date text in the field of electron scattering and ionization, covering fundamentals, experimental background, quantum scattering theories and applications. Electron impact ionization of atoms and molecules in ground/metastable states is discussed comprehensively. The text covers electron scattering phenomena for diatomic and common molecules, polyatomic molecules and radicals including hydro-carbons, fluoro-carbons and other larger molecules together with relevant radical species in detail. Applications of electron impact ionization and excitation in gaseous or plasma and condensed matter is discussed in a separate chapter. Recent advances in the field of electron molecule scattering and ionization for polyatomic molecules is covered extensively.
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To understand better the spread of ash from volcanic eruptions penetrating into the stratosphere, laboratory experiments are performed using a recently developed light attenuation technique to measure the deposit of sediments from a particle-bearing plume rising in stratified fluid. The results are used to calibrate an adaptation of a plume model that accounts for particle settling and re-entrainment.
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eng_Latn
| 10,154 |
Detection of high-altitude explosions by observation of air fluorescence
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X-rays radiated from a nuclear explosion in space excite fluorescence of air molecules in the upper atmosphere. The fluorescence has a characteristic space-time signature which can be recognized from the ground even against a bright daylight sky. The criteria determining detectability and range are discussed, along with a number of practical systems of detection. False alarms, caused mainly by lightning flashes, can cause excessive triggering of single-station detectors unless discrimination techniques are employed. They also compel reliance on a net of stations for reliable recognition of true, nuclear explosion induced fluorescence.
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A comparison of density fluctuation, estimated from the different equations, has been done. It was shown that density fluctuation can be calculated from the values of the volume of a fluctuational free volume minimum hole. The concentration fluctuation can be calculated from the structural characteristics of amorphous polymers. This parameter serves as the characteristic of the degree of the nonuniformity of a structure in the amorphous state of polymers.
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eng_Latn
| 10,155 |
Fine structure in 14C cluster emission from 225Ac
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A fine structure in the 14C decay of 225Ac is predicted quantitatively by accounting dynamical aspects during the disintegration process. Transitions to the excited states of the daughter nucleus are considered to be mainly directed by the Landau–Zener promotion mechanism in the region of avoided crossing levels. The level scheme is evaluated with the superasymmetric two–center shell model. The half–lives are computed considering the cluster decay as a superasymmetric fission process.
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An analysis of the August 20, 2002 flare using RHESSI, Hα, and radio observations is presented. Radio data in the decimetric frequency range showed a type IIId (relativistic) burst at the time of the X-ray maximum. At this time a very flat (γphot = 1.8) X-ray spectrum was measured. Fitted double power-law spectra in the thick-target model revealed an increase of the low energy cuto in the electron spectrum that rose to as high as 81 keV. This cutoff evolution is interpreted as a possible gap in energies of electrons injected into the X-ray thick-target source and those of the background plasma. Fast changes of Ha intensities were found to be located away from the X-ray sources in the beginning of the Ha flare.
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eng_Latn
| 10,156 |
Opportunities and problems in determining proton and light nuclear radii
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We briefly review the so-called ‘proton puzzle’, i.e., the disagreement of the newly extracted value of the proton charge radius r p from muonic hydrogen spectroscopy with other extractions, its possible significance and related problems. After describing the conventional theory to extract the proton radius from atomic spectroscopy we focus on a novel consistent approach based on the Breit equation. With this new tool, we confirm that the radius has indeed become smaller compared to the value extracted from scattering experiments, but the existence of different theoretical approaches casts some doubt on the accuracy of the new value. Precision measurements in atomic physics do provide the opportunity to extract light nuclear radii but the accuracy is limited by the methods of incorporating the nuclear structure effects.
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Background ::: A lack of consistent methods to evaluate Ki67 expression is problematic in terms of accurately predicting prognosis in breast cancer. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the causes of discrepancies in Ki67 labeling index measurements by different observers under different conditions using breast cancer samples.
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eng_Latn
| 10,157 |
Refinements of the One-Dimensional FEL Theory
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The realistic description of FELs operating in the high-gain regime has to be based on a three-dimensional theory. The dependencies of the electron beam current density and of the light wave on the transverse coordinates x and y must be taken into account. Betatron oscillations of the electrons and diffraction of the light wave play an important role. Moreover, energy spread in the electron beam and the longitudinal slippage of the FEL pulse with respect to the short electron bunch must be considered (in the 1D theory as described in Chaps. 4 and 5 the bunch is treated as being infinitely long, which is far from reality).
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The design of optimal decentralized detectors requires simultaneous optimization both of quantizer mappings for the individual sensors and of the global fusion rule. It is shown that if the likelihood ratios of the unquantized (or raw) observations contain no point-masses of probability, the optimal test does not randomize; this is so despite the fact that the data to be used can be considered discrete. Since of an uncountably infinite number of fusion rules only a finite few are admissible candidates, this results in a considerable simplification in design algorithms. >
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eng_Latn
| 10,158 |
Nuclear Bragg Diffraction of Synchrotron Radiation at the 8.41 keV Resonance of Thulium
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For the first time nuclear Bragg diffraction of synchrotron radiation at the 8.41 keV resonance of 169Tm was observed. Time differential measurements were performed with the pure nuclear (424) reflection of a thulium iron garnet single crystal. The dynamical theory of Mossbauer optics is applied to evaluate the time spectra. The measurements reveal information about the hyperfine fields which has not been accessible before by conventional Mossbauer spectroscopy with polycrystalline samples.
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Several studies for the LHC luminosity upgrade pointed out the need for low-beta quadrupoles with apertures larger than the present baseline (70 mm). In this paper we focus on the design issues of a 130 mm aperture quadrupole. We first consider the Nb-Ti option, presenting a magnetic design with the LHC dipole and quadrupole cables. We study the electromagnetic forces and we discuss the field quality constraints. For the Nb3Sn option, we sketch three designs, two based on the LARP 10 mm width cable, and one on a larger cable with the same strand. The issue of the stress induced by the e.m. forces, which is critical for the Nb3Sn, is discussed using both scaling laws and finite element models.
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eng_Latn
| 10,159 |
Three particle singularities in scattering amplitudes
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As a preliminary to a study of the three particle case, a detailed discussion is given, within the framework of the S-matrix postulates of unitarity and analyticity, of methods of defining “reduced” two particle scattering amplitudes that lack the two particle singularity; the extension to the multichannel case is briefly described. The same methods are used to remove one, two, and three particle physical threshold singularities from a three particle scattering amplitude. Using a causality argument, a derivation is given of the iϵ prescription for all these singularities.
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This main objectives of this effort are the development and prototyping of a small. sensitive, and low-cost multi-channel nanoparticle scintillation microdevice with integrated waveguides for alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron detection. This research effort has integrated experiments and simulation to determine the combination of process-specific materials for the achievement optimum detection conditions.
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eng_Latn
| 10,160 |
Digest: Splendid (Continental) radiations
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Henry Fairfield Osborn, vertebrate paleontologist and long-time president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, once referred to adaptive radiation as “one of the essential features of divergent evolution … the idea of differentiation of habit in several directions from a primitive type … . This idea of radiation becomes a means of interpretation, and a way of imagining the relations of extinct and living faunae. As perceived by [E. D.] Cope, it applies both on a small and on a vast scale” (Osborn 1902). ::: ::: This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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The review of results on the ρ , ω , and ϕ radiative and rare hadronic decays, measured in SND and CMD-2 experiments at VEPP-2M e + e − -collider is presented. Comparison with KLOE measurements and theoretical models is given.
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eng_Latn
| 10,161 |
[Breast-specific gamma imaging in breast cancer].
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Breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) is a new technique in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of breast cancer. After intravenous injection of the radioactive substance 99mTc-sestamibi the breasts are imaged with a gamma camera. The radionuclide assimilates into intracellular mitochondria, which are present in greater numbers in breast cancer cells than in normal cells. This causes a relatively high uptake of the radionuclide in tumours. Along with mammography and ultrasound, MRI is the current gold standard in breast imaging diagnostics. However, MRI is a complex and expensive procedure and has low specificity leading to high false-positive rates. BSGI has equally high sensitivity but is more specific, cheaper and much simpler to interpret. BSGI could replace MRI as a complementary technique to show, exclude or indicate the extent of breast cancer.
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A simple null charge model was employed to describe GaAs sheet resistance evolution as a function of proton implantation fluence using a previous knowledge of the irradiation created defect characteristics. In the specific case of GaAs irradiated with protons, three different irradiation related defect schemes were analyzed. Data obtained by both n-type and p-type majority carrier DLTS should be used together to give correct information about compensating deep centers. For a good estimation of isolation process by ion irradiation, not only the defects energy levels and introduction rates must be obtained, but also the corresponding charge transitions should be known.
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eng_Latn
| 10,162 |
German radio observatory stockert
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During the past 20 years the world has been aware of electromagnetic radiation from the universe. Numerous institutes exist in a number of countries for exploration of this radiation. The Federal Republic of Germany has now set up a radio telescope with an antenna diameter of 25 meters for research on the 21-cm radiation of interstellar hydrogen. Precision of reflector construction and servo technique are unusual.
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Thermal performance predictions based on test data are presented for the Alpha Solarco Model 104 solar collector, with 0.125-inch Schott low-iron glass reflector surface, for three output temperatures at five cities in the United States.
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eng_Latn
| 10,163 |
Improving the thermal stability of the electret properties of corona electrets based on fluoroplastic-32L
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Corona electrets based on composites constituted by fluoroplastic-32L and powdered ferroelectric filler, barium titanate, were studied. It was found that introduction of a ferroelectric filler into fluoroplastic-32L improves the thermal stability of the electret properties by 30–40°.
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Abstract The Project 8 experiment aims to determine the electron neutrino mass by measuring the spectrum of tritium beta decay electrons near the 18.6 keV endpoint. Unlike past tritium experiments, which used electrostatic and magnetostatic spectrometers, Project 8 will detect decay electrons nondestructively via their cyclotron radiation emission in a magnetic field. An individual electron is expected to emit a detectable pulse of microwaves at a frequency which depends on the electron energy. Precise measurement of these pulse frequencies is a novel spectroscopy technique particularly well-suited for the high rate, high precision, low background needs of a tritium experiment. The collaboration is currently operating a prototype designed to detect single 83mKr conversion electron decays in an 0.9T magnetic field. We report on recent activities on the prototype, and on progress towards the design of a large tritium experiment with new neutrino-mass sensitivity.
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eng_Latn
| 10,164 |
Linac4 low energy beam measurements with negative hydrogen ions.
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Linac4, a 160 MeV normal-conducting H(-) linear accelerator, is the first step in the upgrade of the beam intensity available from the LHC proton injectors at CERN. The Linac4 Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line from the pulsed 2 MHz RF driven ion source, to the 352 MHz RFQ (Radiofrequency Quadrupole) has been built and installed at a test stand, and has been used to transport and match to the RFQ a pulsed 14 mA H(-) beam at 45 keV. A temporary slit-and-grid emittance measurement system has been put in place to characterize the beam delivered to the RFQ. In this paper a description of the LEBT and its beam diagnostics is given, and the results of beam emittance measurements and beam transmission measurements through the RFQ are compared with the expectation from simulations.
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The dependence of the differential cross section ${\mathrm{d}\sigma}/{\mathrm{d}p_{\perp}}$ of inclusive heavy quark production in pp and $\bar{\mathrm{p}}$p collisions on the renormalization and factorization scales is investigated. The implications of our results for experiments at TEVATRON and LHC are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the NLO QCD predictions for $\bar{t}t$ production at the LHC based on the Principle of Minimal Sensitivity are by 30-50% higher than the standard ones.
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eng_Latn
| 10,165 |
Study of operating condition of semiconductors for calorimetry in LHC/SSC radiation environment
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Abstract For experiments with future hadron colliders involving multi-TeV proton beams, such as the LHC and SSC, sampling calorimeters with silicon as active medium satisfy the special experimental conditions. Defect formation processes and electrical behavior of neutron irradiated p + -n ion implanted silicon detectors were studied. A fast monolithic preamplifier to be employed at hadron calorimeters was investigated for noise as a function of the expected leakage current in an SSC/LCH silicon calorimeter.
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Abstract Bernthsen reaction has been carried out under microwave irradiation in the presence of p-TSA (10 mol%) as catalyst in a solventless reaction to provide 9-substituted acridines. In the present report, time economy and better yields as compared to conventional Bernthsen reaction are described.
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eng_Latn
| 10,166 |
On possibility of effect similar to superluminality upon two-frequency interaction in medium with combined nonlinearity
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A computer simulation was implemented to study a phenomenon similar to the effect of superluminality appearing upon interaction of two femtosecond pulses in a medium with combined nonlinearity under the conditions of a nonzero group velocity mismatch. The possibility of the formation of sub-pulses at the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies, which demonstrate soliton-like propagation with a velocity higher or lower than that of linear pulse propagation in presence of group velocity dispersion, is revealed. It is shown that acceleration of the sub-pulse is due to the induced periodic grating facilitating energy transfer from one wave to the other. An important property of the formed structures is the sensitivity of each of the anomalously propagating sub-pulses to perturbation imposed on the other sub-pulse at a given cross section.
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The calculations of the ratios of the Helium-like ion X-ray lines from C V to Si XIII are revisited in order to apply the results to density, temperature and ionization process diagnostics of data from high-resolution spectroscopy of the new generation of X-ray satellites: Chandra and XMM-Newton. Comparing to earlier computations, Porquet&Dubau (2000), the best experimental values are used for radiative transition probabilities. The influence of an external radiation field (photo-excitation), the contribution from unresolved dielectronic satellite lines and the optical depth are taken into account. These diagnostics could be applied to collision-dominated plasmas (e.g., stellar coronae), photo-ionized plasmas (e.g., ``Warm Absorber'' in AGNs), and transient plasmas (e.g., SNRs).
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eng_Latn
| 10,167 |
X-Ray and HαEmission of the 20 Aug 2002 Flare*
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An analysis of the August 20, 2002 flare using RHESSI, Hα, and radio observations is presented. Radio data in the decimetric frequency range showed a type IIId (relativistic) burst at the time of the X-ray maximum. At this time a very flat (γphot = 1.8) X-ray spectrum was measured. Fitted double power-law spectra in the thick-target model revealed an increase of the low energy cuto in the electron spectrum that rose to as high as 81 keV. This cutoff evolution is interpreted as a possible gap in energies of electrons injected into the X-ray thick-target source and those of the background plasma. Fast changes of Ha intensities were found to be located away from the X-ray sources in the beginning of the Ha flare.
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A bibliography of unclassified references on removal of entrained particles from evaporator vapor streams is presented. Sources searched were Nuclear Science Abstracts, 1947 to June 1959, and Chemical Abstracts, 1946 to 1958. (J.R.D.)
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eng_Latn
| 10,168 |
Australian post rockers SLEEPMAKESWAVES premiere new track “To Light And Then Return”
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The spareness and sense of space, as well as breathtaking cinematic experience in SLEEPMAKESWAVES work has always been remarkable, and its only getting ...
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To satisfy the requirements of surface and atomic physics study in the field of low energy multiple charge state ion incident experiments, a low energy (10eV∕q–20keV∕q) ion beam platform is under design at IMP. A simple test bench has been set up to test the ion beam deceleration systems. Considering virtues such as structure simplicity, easy handling, compactness, cost saving, etc., an all-permanent magnet ECRIS LAPECR1 [Lanzhou all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source No. 1] working at 14.5GHz has been adopted to produce intense medium and low charge state ion beams. LAPECR1 source has already been ignited. Some intense low charge state ion beams have been produced on it, but the first test also reveals that many problems are existing on the ion beam transmission line. The ion beam transmission mismatches result in the depressed performance of LAPECR1, which will be discussed in this paper. To obtain ultralow energy ion beam, after being analyzed by a double-focusing analyzer m...
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kor_Hang
| 10,169 |
Experimental investigation of non LTE population redistribution in radiatively pumped plasmas
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Abstract Experiments are described in which simultaneous absorption and fluorescence spectra of K-shell transitions were observed from a well characterized x-ray driven aluminium plasma. Fluorescence was caused by photopumping with the M-band x-rays from a high-Z laser produced plasma. Pump and drive spectra, ionization and density histories and fluorescence spectra were all carefully measured. Fluorescence was observed also from transitions which were not directly photopumped. This is attributed to collisional-radiative redistribution in ions with a 1s vacancy. The fluorescent intensity suggests a redistribution rate much faster than the total rate at which the 1s vacancy is filled, contrary to expectations based on simple estimates of the rates.
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In our work, we consider a querying application of a Multihop Cell phone Sensor Networks (MCpSN). It requires data to be sensed within a time window and further uploaded at the Querying Access Point within a time deadline. Considering a Random Waypoint distribution of cell phone users, we propose a novel, energy-efficient Spatio-Temporal Power Adaptive (STPA) protocol for this application. STPA is compared to purely spatially/temporally adaptive schemes through simulations.
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eng_Latn
| 10,170 |
Interpreting tunneling time in circularly polarized strong-laser ionization
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We propose a method to study the tunneling process by analyzing the time-dependent ionization yield in circularly polarized laser. A numerical calculation shows that for an atom exposed to a long laser pulse, if its initial electronic state wave function is non-spherical symmetric, the delayed phase shift of the ionization rate vs. the laser cycle period in real time in the region close to the peak intensity of the laser pulse can be used to probe the tunneling time. In this region, an obvious delay phase shift is observed, showing the tunneling time is in order of tens of attoseconds. Further study shows the atom has a longer tunneling time in the ionization under a shorter wavelength laser pulse. In our method, a Wigner rotation technique is employed to numerically solve the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation of a single-active-electron in a three dimensional spherical coordinate system.
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A fine structure in the 14C decay of 225Ac is predicted quantitatively by accounting dynamical aspects during the disintegration process. Transitions to the excited states of the daughter nucleus are considered to be mainly directed by the Landau–Zener promotion mechanism in the region of avoided crossing levels. The level scheme is evaluated with the superasymmetric two–center shell model. The half–lives are computed considering the cluster decay as a superasymmetric fission process.
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eng_Latn
| 10,171 |
Characterization of large volume HPGe detectors. Part I: Electron and hole mobility parameterization
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An analytical model for the hole mobility in a Ge crystal lattice was developed to describe the hole drift anisotropy with experimental velocity values along the crystal axis as parameters. The new model is based on the drifted Maxwellian hole distribution in Ge. It is verified by reproducing experimental longitudinal hole anisotropy data with high accuracy. A comparison between electron and hole mobility shows large differences for the longitudinal and tangential velocity anisotropy as a function of the electrical field orientation with respect to the crystal orientation. The anisotropic mobility causes measurable differences on rise times and pulse shapes which vary with the location where the charge carriers are created in the Ge crystal. These effects are relevant for position determination and γ-ray tracking.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of the Best Linear Approximation Using Random Excitations Generation of Uncertainty Bounds? Identification of the Best Linear Approximation Using Periodic Excitations Advises and Conclusions ]]>
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eng_Latn
| 10,172 |
Characteristic in the 0.01 GHz-2.6 GHz range of film transformer with coils on both sides of flexible polyamide film
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Two meander planar thin film transformers were fabricated using microlithography on a flexible polyamide film surface. One transformer was fabricated on the same polyamide surface (single sided transformer). The other transformer had coils which were placed on either side of the polyamide surface (double sided transformer). The output characteristics of these thin film transformers were measured using a spectrum analyzer in the frequency range from 0.01 GHz to 2.6 GHz and compared to the output characteristics obtained by simulating the transformer using a distributed parameter circuit theory. The simulated results for a single sided transformer agreed well with the measured results. On the other hand, the simulated results obtained using a double sided transformer did not fit the measured results for frequency above 1 GHz.
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Abstract We propose the novel gamma-camera with a functional collimator, that has detection ability on the collimator wall surface. The gamma-ray detection sensitivity of the proposed gamma-camera is improved by a factor of 70 compared with a conventional one. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the required gamma-ray emissions for image reconstruction is confirmed to dramatically to be reduced by using the information collected on the collimator wall surface. The spatial resolution is estimated to be 10 mm. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate image reconstruction procedure including reading out the collimator wall surface information. We successfully acquire the reconstructed images of a point-like Am-241 gamma-ray source from the projection image of the prototype gamma-camera with the functional collimator. We conclude that a much larger contribution from the gamma-ray emitters than background results in reduction on the lattice-shaped artifact.
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eng_Latn
| 10,173 |
A transition radiation detector based on thin inorganic scintillators
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The possibility of designing a prototype of the scintillation transition radiation detector (Sci-TRD) based on a thin (∼200 μm) inorganic scintillator has been investigated. Vacuum and silicon photomultipliers have been used in the measurements with inorganic scintillator samples based on LuBO3:Ce and wavelength shifting fibers. The light collection coefficient has been measured for scintillator prototypes under exposure to X rays, and the quantity of photoelectrons has been experimentally determined by irradiating the Sci-TRD working substance with a 241Am X ray source. The electron-hadron rejection ratio of the proposed Sci-TRD is expected to be ∼30.
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A low-voltage low-power transceiver for ISM applications has been presented. The sensitivity of the super-regenerative receiver is comparable to that of classical superheterodyne receivers. Frequency selectivity is sufficient for short-range wireless data transmission in the ISM frequency bands, but not good enough for GSM applications.
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eng_Latn
| 10,174 |
Fast estimation of pulse height spectra and extraction of transport parameters for semiconductor detectors
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We discuss two simple, computationally efficient methods of estimating pulse height spectra for semiconductor detectors, one based on analytical techniques and the other involving Monte Carlo simulation. The former method gives rapid insight into the impact of major material parameters on detector performance, while the latter yields reasonable realistic spectra incorporating all major effects. We use both techniques in conjunction with a simulated annealing algorithm to extract electron and hole transport parameters from measured spectra.
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In view of the complex process of information integration and untimely data sharing during data acquisition of small sluices, it is necessary to establish a real-time data security monitoring platform, which involves solving the data transmission problem of different types of sensors and multi-measurement points. Taking a small sluice as an example, a data acquisition scheme for multi-type communication interface and the solution of real-time data monitoring for multi-measurement points are introduced. The working principle of the sensor in the monitoring system is discussed. The software function of the monitoring system is discussed. The real-time data acquisition, monitoring and management in the operation of the sluice are realized. It effectively improves the efficiency of safety monitoring and management of sluices.
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eng_Latn
| 10,175 |
Momentum imaging of the photo double ionization of ethylene molecules: A kinematically complete experiment
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The direct photo double ionization (PDI) is a process that arises essentially because of the electron correlation. We investigated the PDI of ethylene near its threshold in order to unravel unique and important intertwining of electron correlation in inter-shell and intra-shell cases and the subsequent molecular dynamics. Using the COLTRIMS technique, we were able to detect two ejected electrons in coincidence with nascent photo-fragments (two CH2+ ions). From this we derived the angular distributions of the emitted photoelectrons in reference to the fixed-in-space molecular axis and the linear polarization of the incoming light (40eV).
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Characteristics of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) and its importance, in particular for astrophysics, are discussed. Selected observables in nuclear collisions are sensitive to the EOS and can be used to constrain it. For central collisions, these include collective flow asymmetries, subthreshold kaon yields and isospin diffusion. Comparisons between the data and transport theory suggest an energy per nucleon that rises relatively slowly with density for symmetric matter and symmetry energy that rises relatively quickly around the normal nuclear density.
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eng_Latn
| 10,176 |
Doppler spectroscopy of a beam in the channel of a H− ion source
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It is shown that high-accuracy contact-free measurements of the divergence and emittance of an accelerated H− ion beam at the exit from the source can in principle be performed by passive Doppler spectroscopy of a beam of excited hydrogen atoms produced by neutralization of the ions with excitation on the residual gas in the source channel. The intensity of the Hα-line radiation detected by the Doppler system is calculated, taking into account the principal processes leading to the excitation and deexcitation of the 3s, 3p, and 3d levels of the hydrogen atoms in the beam, for residual gas densities of the order of 10−4–10−5 Torr in the source channel. The computed Hα-line intensity was confirmed experimentally, making it possible to perform photoelectronic detection of the spectral contour of the line in the current mode rather than the photon-counting mode.
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The effects of virtual leptoquarks on various polarized asymmetries, as well as the charge asymmetry, at HERA are studied. The authors present the areas of parameter space that can be excluded by HERA. Generally, HERA can place a mass limit on leptoquarks that is slightly higher than {radical}s for large leptoquark-quarkelectron couplings.
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eng_Latn
| 10,177 |
Investigation of charge symmetry violation in the mirror reactions 2H(d, p)3H and 2H(d, n)3He
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Abstract Precision measurements of the angular distributions of the vector and the three tensor analysing powers of the mirror reactions 2 H(d, p) 3 H and 2 H(d, n) 3 He are compared betwen 1.5 and 15.5MeV incident deuteron energy. Large and complex differences are observed over the whole energy range. After applying approximate Coulomb corrections, the discrepancies are essentially constant above 4 MeV deuteron energy. Although at present calculations which treat the Coulomb interaction in an exact way cannot be made, there is strong evidence for charge symmetry violation in these mirror reactions.
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We report on ab initio coupled-cluster calculations of the interaction potential energy surface for the HCNH+–He complex. The aug-cc-pVTZ Gaussian basis, to which is added a set of bond functions placed at mid-distance between HCNH+ center of mass and He atom is used. The HCNH+ bonds length are set to their values at the equilibrium geometry, i.e., r e [HC]=1.0780 A, r e [CN]=1.1339 A and r e [NH]=1.0126 A. The interaction energy presents a global minimum located \(266.9~\mathrm{cm^{-1}}\) below the HCNH+–He dissociation limit. Using the interaction potential obtained, we have computed rotational excitation cross sections in the close-coupling approach and downward rate coefficients at low temperature (T≤120 K). It is expected that the data worked out in this study may be beneficial for further astrophysical investigations as well as laboratory experiments.
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eng_Latn
| 10,178 |
A simple method of analysing alpha spectra of environmental natural uranium samples
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Abstract Alpha spectrometry of natural uranium was performed using a 232 U spike. In order to calculate in an accurate manner the area corresponding to each isotope in the spectrum, it is necessary to consider the low-energy tail from higher-energy emitters and the branching-ratio corrections. To correct for the low-energy tail a method is described which assumes the same form for the block of peaks for each isotope and the same form for each of the isolated peaks (in the case of 228 Th). The branching-ratio correction is made taking isolated peaks as having the same form. Checks with a standard source show that the 235 U 238 U activity ratio is calculated reliably, which appears to be a significant innovation for a simple method especially suitable for environmental measurements. The simple computer BASIC program ACURA has been developed in order to perform all the indicated operations.
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Summary. Data do not support earlier suggestions that absorption along the path of the direct P signal relative to later arrivals is responsible for variations in the complexity of P signals from nuclear explosions. Scattering of seismic waves in the crust and upper mantle explains many aspects of the P coda and we suggest that complexity is a function, not of variation in attenuation for paths between source and station, but of the scattering properties of the upper mantle.
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eng_Latn
| 10,179 |
Saturation of the ODMR effect on singlet exciton induced emission in molecular crystals: Application to crystalline tetracene
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We have studied the variation of the ODMR effect according to the intensity of a microwave field. We have highlighted a saturation effect of ODMR lines. This effect has been studied as part of the kinetic theory by developing the pilot equation while utilizing for the first time the formalism of a superoperator coupled with a time dependent sinusoidal perturbation. The agreement of the best fit between the experiment and the theory gives the mixing between singlet and quintuplet states, which seems to depend on the direction of the applied magnetic field.
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In an earlier paper by the author the problem of determining the optimum symmetrical weighting factors for a video MTI radar was discussed. This paper extends this work so as to remove the symmetrical restriction from the problem. In addition, for a staggered pulse system, optimum times of transmission are determined. In the earlier paper a global solution to the restricted optimization problem was achieved. In this paper only a locally optimum solution is achieved for the more general problem.
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eng_Latn
| 10,180 |
Computation of elastic constants and phonon frequencies in K-Cs melt.
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Using experimental compressibility the elastic constant C 11 of the alloy has been computed. C 11 has also been computed through Schobeld's equations and the computations have been iterated with various values of the empty-core radius r c . Care, however, has been taken to ascertain that the values of r c are near the free-ion value as given by Pauling. Thus a self-consistent method has been evolved in arriving at C 11
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Abstract Ion temperature and total ion concentration measured on 25th October 1977 during the flight of the geophysical rocket “Vertical-6” are analyzed. The solar EUV fluxes determined in five wave-length bands with a photoelectron analyzer are also given. The observed anomalous variation of ion temperature between 700 and 900 km and the measured ion concentration can be explained, if the charge exchange reactions H + ⇌ O + and diffusion are taken into account.
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eng_Latn
| 10,181 |
Microelectronics in Military Technology
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Abstract : The report is written in answer to letters from radio amateurs asking about the impact of microelectronics on military techniques. Because the electronic equipment on rockets as well as aircraft is so bulky, various methods of miniaturization must be used. These methods, including compact mounting methods, thin film circuitry, solid state circuitry, are discussed in some detail. Included in this discussion are qualitative explanations of the construction of circuit elements in thin film and solid state devices. The subject is treated in a general way, with no hint of the type of equipment peculiar to Soviet practice. (Author)
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We show <-50 dB AM-to-PM conversion over a wide photocurrent range in MUTC photodiodes. By controlling the AM-to-PM coefficient minimum, we generate 15 dBm microwave power with 60 dB AM rejection onto the microwave phase.
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eng_Latn
| 10,182 |
A SPINNING-STAGE, TOTAL ELECTRON-YIELD DETECTOR FOR THE ELIMINATION OF DIFFRACTION PEAKS IN X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTRA
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A primary problem in collecting and analyzing x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) from crystalline samples, including thin films grown on crystalline substrates, is the contamination of the x-ray absorption spectrum by diffraction events. To address this limitation, a total electron-yield detector equipped with a spinning stage was developed. Samples of (MnZn)Fe2O4, grown on single crystal (100) MgO substrates, were used to illustrate its effectiveness as an electron-yield detector and in eliminating diffraction-related contamination from the XAFS. The design and performance characteristics of this detector are presented and discussed.
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PROTECTION DEVICE FOR A TELEVISION RECEIVER INTERRUPTING SUPPLY CIRCUIT OF THE RECEIVER INCLUDING THE CIRCUIT SWEEP HORIZONTAL INCIDENT. DEVICE INCLUDING MEANS DELAY 35, 38 TO DISCONTINUE Do CIRCUIT AFTER DETECTION OF ABSENCE OF A TIME AT LEAST ONE PREDETERMINED TIME T IS REPRESENTED BY VOLTAGE TERMINAL CAPACITOR 35 SE LOADING, WHEN APPEARANCE OF A DEFECT, ONLY oCCUR WHEN THE PERIODIC IMPLUSIONS SHORT-TERM IN RELATION TO THE PERIOD AS THE PULSE RETURN SWEEP HORIZONTAL.
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yue_Hant
| 10,183 |
Channelling and channelling radiation
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The study of channelling phenomena has developed rapidly since the early 1960s and today channelling has found many applications. The radiation emitted by channelled megaelectronvolt and gigaelectronvolt electrons and positrons has been investigated extensively and the possibility of, for example, constructing intense tunable X- and γ-ray sources is being explored. Multi-gigaelectronvolt radiation and pair-creation processes in single crystals show similarities with strong-field effects and are of particular interest because of high production rates that persist far beyond the channelling regime.
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The transition from order to chaos in atomic nuclei has been studied analytically and numerically using a quadrupole-quadrupole residual interaction. This interaction leads to chaotic behaviour, but the critical energyEC≅12.6 MeV, corresponding to the onset of chaos, is higher than that of the experimental one.
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eng_Latn
| 10,184 |
Pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of the involvement of amygdaloid complex serotonin in the reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance response in rats
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Serotonin metabolism and [3H]-serotonin radioligand receptor binding were studied in the amygdaloid complex of the rat brain at different stages of a conditioned passive avoidance response. Serotoninergic changes were specific for the process of reproduction of the conditioned response. The involvement of serotonin in the amygaloid complex during reproduction of memory traces consisted of a reduction in its postsynaptic receptor binding. The serotonin level in the amygaloid complex did not change, while changes in serotonin metabolism detected during reproduction of the conditioned avoidance response were associated with an increase in its deamination by monoamine oxidase and an increase in the active transport of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from nerve terminals.
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Abstract A simple method of compensating for the kinematic energy spread of the particles from a nuclear reaction detected in a silicon PSD is described. The technique relies on a suitable choice of the series resistor for the reaction of interest and the degree of compensation is shown to be equivalent to the first order correction for the acceptance of a magnetic spectrometer. Experimental results using recoil protons, elastically scattered alpha-particles and carbon ions from a heavy ion induced reaction illustrate the practical application and success of the technique. The limit of the compensation for light ions is set by the resistive noise in the ‘energy x position’ signal while for heavy ions the nuclear scattering spread sets the lower limit.
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eng_Latn
| 10,185 |
Energetic study of focused ultrashort Gaussian beams
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An energetic study of focused ultrashort Gaussian beams was carried out using the Fresnel diffraction formulae ::: in the frequency domain. Analysis of the encircled energy at the focused plane shows that diffraction spreading ::: of a focused pulsed beam occurs in the limiting case of a ultrashort pulse by comparing it to a cw beam whose ::: frequency is ω m which strongly contributes to the diffracted intensity rather than the carrier frequency ω 0 .
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In this article we are discussing the nature and mechanism of the huge ::: amount of heat generation in Megawatts Energy Catalyzers (E-cat) of Andrea ::: Rossi that are able to change the energetics of our civilization in general. ::: These processes are new effects of Unitary Quantum Theory and do not relate to ::: either chemical or nuclear reactions or phase transfer.
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eng_Latn
| 10,186 |
A compact THz source for imaging and spectroscopy
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We report of a easy-to-use terahertz radiation source, which combines a QCL operating at 3.1 THz with a compact, low-input-power Stirling cooler. The QCL, which is based on a two-miniband design, has been developed for high output powers and low electrical pump power. The whole system weighs less than 15 kg including cooler, power supplies etc. The peak output power is 8 mW at 3.1 THz. The applicability of the system is demonstrated by imaging and molecular spectroscopy experiments.
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Approach addresses pitfalls that have held back widespread use of SPECT/CT for myocardial ischemia
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eng_Latn
| 10,187 |
Analysis on risk factor of diabetes mellitus using LISEREL
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ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factor of diabetes mellitus in Shenzhen city.MethodsRisk factors of DM was analyzed by factor analysi s and linear structural relation model,then fit and evaluate the model. ResultsIndex of biochemistry affected directly the statu s of disease index of physiology,affected the status of disease not only directl y but also indirectly through the index of biochemistry as well sex and living h abit,affected indirectly the status of disease. ConclusionThe linear structural relation model could wel l analyze the risk factor of DM.
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An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Prototype facility to be built at Daresbury Laboratory serves as a testbed for the study of beam dynamics and accelerator technology important for the design and construction of the 4th Generation Light Source (4GLS). This paper describes the possibility of utilising a planar undulator at the 4GLS prototype facility for the generation of coherent synchrotron radiation in the far infra-red region.
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kor_Hang
| 10,188 |
Molvib - A flexible program for force field calculations
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Abstract A description is given of MOLVIB, a Fortran program for classical harmonic force field calculations on free and crystalline molecules. All the calculations are done in mass-weighted cartesian coordinates, which eliminates most problems with redundant coordinates. The force field is refined by a modified least squares method. The program is well suited for large overlay calculations and can handle different types of force fields.
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This bachelor thesis describes the design of an IF-filter and the hardware construction of a new version of a 77 GHz FMCW-radar demonstrator. The purpose of the demonstrator is to illustrate how the silicon germanium-, SiGe, technology could be used instead of the more conventional but also much more expensive gallium arsenide-, GaAs, technology. The old radar prototype that Acreo AB has developed is fully functional but needs to be redesigned to be able to evaluate the radar performance in a better way. The thesis presents the basic radar theory and equations to help understanding the construction of the system blocks. The report also describes the system architecture and how its functionality should be tested. The redesigned IF-filter has been simulated in a PSpice simulator and a prototype has been manufactured and measured. A 4-layer PCB-board of the whole system was done in Orcad Layout. Finally the report is concluded with suggestions on improvements for the next demonstrator version.
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eng_Latn
| 10,189 |
Excimer laser with ionization by radiation from a nuclear reactor
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The development of an electric-discharge excimer laser installed in the active zone of a steady-state nuclear reactor is reported. The working gas mixture He-3 + Xe + NF3 is ionized by the products of the nuclear reaction He-3(n, p)T. The experimental results confirm the conclusion that electric-discharge excimer lasers can operate at low neutron flux densities, about 10 to the 12th n/(sq cm s). It thus becomes possible to develop excimer lasers with working volumes of tens of liters and a pulse repetition frequency of tens of kHz. 9 references.
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Long pulse operation has an important impact on the design and utilization of a neutral beam injection system. This paper, first describes briefly the injectors designed for ITER FEAT as they are the first to be designed for long pulse operation under conditions approaching those that will be experienced in future machines. The important consequences of long pulse operation on the injector design will be then discussed, and finally some suggestions will be made for future, continuously operating systems.
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eng_Latn
| 10,190 |
Charge distribution around a nucleus with Z 137
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The effect of vacuum polarisation for nuclei with Z 137 is studied on the basis of a Bethe-Salpeter type model ignoring spins. The increase of the effective extension of charge distribution is seen to ensure a gap in the electron energy spectrum and thus avoid a breakdown of the theory.
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The published cross sections of 232Th, 233U, 234U, 235U, 236U, 237Np, 238U, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, and 242Pu from 1 keV to 10 MeV have been carefully studied to select best cross sections for fast re...
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eng_Latn
| 10,191 |
Myocardial perfusion imaging with xenon-133
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In 1948, Eckenhoff et al. [1] described a method of measuring coronary flow based on the principle that an inert gas (nitrous oxide) diffuses across the capillary membrane in proportion to the rate of coronary flow. A concentration curve was obtained by sampling from the coronary sinus and by applying the Fick principle, myocardial flow may be calculated. Several different gases have been employed (H-2 helium, argon and radioactive xenon-133) with arterial or coronary venous sampling to construct desaturation curves.
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Sony ICX 259AL CCD matrices were irradiated by proton and neutron beams of a synchrocyclotron of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. The data on production cross sections, as well as the spatial and time distributions of pixels of the irradiated matrices with high dark current, are presented. The experimental data are compared with the calculation results.
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eng_Latn
| 10,192 |
Binary modulation and transient periodic variations in X-ray emission from the AM Her binary H 0139-68
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The authors present the results of a detailed timing analysis of the soft X-ray data on the AM Her type binary H0139-68, obtained with HEAO-1 and Einstein satellites. It is demonstrated that the X-ray flux from H0139-68 is modulated at the 113.6363 min orbital period of its optical counterpart. The imaging proportional counter (IPC) data obtained with the Einstein satellite show a high and low state in the X-ray source, consistent with the binary modulation seen in the HEAO-1 data. Transient X-ray pulsations with a period of ≡275 s are observed in the IPC data during the high state. It is shown that the present optical and X-ray data rule out the presence of an accretion disc in the binary system.
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This paper presents design and characteristics of a compact, highly integrated Ka-band T/R module built by using a miniature magnetron in the transmitter chain. By implementing a solid-state modulator and microstrip design in the microwave part of the receiver, the overall size of the module has been reduced significantly. The module provides capabilities to realize Doppler date processing by using a digital coherent-on-receiver technique.
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eng_Latn
| 10,193 |
Room Temperature 10 µm Intersubband Lasers based on Carrier Capture Processes in Step Quantum Wells
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In this work, a new room temperature intersubband laser at 10 µm wavelength is proposed in which population inversion is achieved between subbands in a step quantum well based on carrier capture processes. It is known that in quantum well structures, emission of LO phonons is the main carrier capture mechanism. The LO-phonon scattering rate depends on the Froehlich matrix element and the overlap of the initial and final wave functions squared1,2. In a step quantum well with a high ratio of the step width to the well width the wave function overlap of the state in the step and the state in the well is reduced and thus a lower LO-phonon scattering rate and a longer capture time result. The carriers in the ground state in the well can be removed by a coupled quantum well by tunneling and thus population inversion can be realized.
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Abstract A prototype of a new CsI(Tl) telescope, which will be used in the reaction studies of light isotopes with energy of several hundred AMeV, was constructed and tested at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The telescope has a multi-layer structure, and the range information was obtained to improve the particle identification performance. This prototype has seven layers of different thickness. An energy resolution of 5.0% (FWHM) was obtained for one of the layers in a beam test experiment. Positive improvement for the identification of 14 O and 15 O isotopes was achieved using the range information.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,194 |
Determination of the local current density by means of tangential Thomson scattering: Experimental setup, feasibility test, and preliminary observations
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The local current density is one of the most important and most difficult parameters to be determined in a thermonuclear plasma. An experimental setup to measure the local electron drift velocity and thus, the current density, by means of tangential Thomson scattering, is presented. The drift velocity of the plasma causes a small wavelength shift of the scattered spectrum, which will be proportional to the local current density if toroidal ion rotation can be neglected. The ratio between the drift velocity and the mean thermal electron velocity is small, typically ∼0.05. A 20‐channel high transmission polychromator has been constructed to observe the electron temperature and density within an accuracy of 1% and the drift velocity within 20% at a plasma density ne≊5×1019 m−3 and a laser energy of 7 J. A feasibility test on radial scattering shows that there is good agreement between the accuracy obtained from quantum statistics and observations, respectively. The high transmission and relatively high resol...
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Abstract We have designed, constructed and installed a system that makes an accurate 3D map of the electron drift velocity and measures the space-charge distorting effects in the TPCs of the DELPHI Barrel RICH detector. Details of the design considerations, construction and production are given.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,195 |
Influence of γ phase upon thermally stimulated current spectra in polyvinylidene fluoride
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The presence of the γ crystalline phase in polyvinylidene fluoride is shown to enhance the thermally stimulated current response around room temperature by at least 50 times. Infrared absorption and thermally stimulated current are correlated.
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We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media.
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eng_Latn
| 10,196 |
Last trends in the development of halide scintillators
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Halide scintillators are the most common used radiation detection materials but these scintillators are still under development. This presentation is devoted to scintillator developments for nuclear medicine (SPECT, PET, X-ray detectors, and so on) and high energy physics (BELLE and BaBar). Examples of recent detector design like calorimeters, curve, cylindrical and matrix detectors for nuclear medicine will be given. Some physical aspects of radiation damage suppression, afterglow decrease and energy storage will be discussed from the point of view of point defect manipulation. Harmful impurity classification is proposed for the specification of scintillators for new scientific experiments, medical and industrial applications. Particular attention is paid to the last years search of new efficient halide scintillation crystals. Some examples of emission modification are shown for ABX3 halide scintillators and dosimeters.
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It is shown that the use of pseudo-cubic crystal field Hamiltonian enables to interpret susceptbility and magnetization curves of terbium gallium garnet at low temperatures.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,197 |
The GRIFFIN Facility for Decay-Spectroscopy Studies at TRIUMF-ISAC
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Abstract Gamma-Ray Infrastructure For Fundamental Investigations of Nuclei, GRIFFIN, is a new high-efficiency γ -ray spectrometer designed for use in decay spectroscopy experiments with low-energy radioactive ion beams provided by TRIUMF’s Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC-I) facility. GRIFFIN is composed of sixteen Compton-suppressed large-volume clover-type high-purity germanium (HPGe) γ -ray detectors combined with a suite of ancillary detection systems and coupled to a custom digital data acquisition system. The infrastructure and detectors of the spectrometer as well as the performance characteristics and the analysis techniques applied to the experimental data are described.
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Photo: THE EULOGY Greg Bennick of TRIAL and BETWEEN EARTH & SKY release a quick commentary and statement on the recent happenings in the States ...
|
kor_Hang
| 10,198 |
Gamma-Ray Telescope and Uncertainty Principle
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Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle is one of the important basic principles of quantum mechanics. In most of the books on quantum mechanics, this uncertainty principle is generally illustrated with the help of a gamma ray microscope, wherein neither the image formation criterion nor the lens properties are taken into account. Thus a better illustration is required for the clear understanding of this principle. In this article we illustrate Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle with a new thought experiment that could be called as gamma ray telescope with the inclusion of properties of the lens and quantum nature of light.
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We study the effects of gluon radiation on top production and decay processes at an $e^+e^-$ collider.The matrix elements are computed without any approximations, using spinor techniques. We use a Monte Carlo event generator which takes into account the infrared singularity due to soft gluons and differences in kinematics associated with radiation in the production versus decay process. The calculation is illustrated for several strategies of top mass reconstruction.
|
eng_Latn
| 10,199 |
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