Search is not available for this dataset
query
stringlengths 1
13.4k
| pos
stringlengths 1
61k
| neg
stringlengths 1
63.9k
| query_lang
stringclasses 147
values | __index_level_0__
int64 0
3.11M
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
Can you lower your AC on purpose? | Can someone decide to be hit? | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,200 |
Need to split right bracket at side of matrix into three smaller brackets | Matrix with labels nested in braces | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,201 |
Why variable in SparseArray can't be replaced? | Using ReplaceAll on SparseArray | Using ReplaceAll on SparseArray | eng_Latn | 1,202 |
Partial fraction decomposition algorithm | General rule for partial fraction decomposition | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,203 |
Gather elements in sublist by first element for the purpose of summing | Combining values in one column (or part) when values in another column (or part) match | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,204 |
extracting part of a vector | Best way to extract a subvector from a vector? | Extracting matrix rows when one of its elements is part of a list (without a loop) | eng_Latn | 1,205 |
Optimize the code to run faster (with MatrixPower and Partition) | Rewrite code to make it faster | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,206 |
Is there a built-in function to multiply each matrix line by an array? | Multiplying two dimensional data by a constant | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,207 |
Question about the matrix operation | Combining values in one column (or part) when values in another column (or part) match | Matrix doesn't shrink when put in fraction. | eng_Latn | 1,208 |
Replacing diagonal elements of square matrix without looping | How to assign values to a MATLAB matrix on the diagonal? | creating a diagonal matrix with a variable amount of parameters | eng_Latn | 1,209 |
Accelerated proximal gradient methods for nonconvex programming | A feasible method for optimization with orthogonality constraints | The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits | eng_Latn | 1,210 |
cost matrix | Defining a Cost Matrix. A cost matrix does two things. It defines the list of host computers that make up the abstract parallel machine that will run the HeNCE program, and it provides HeNCE with an estimate of the cost of running each of the program's subroutines on each of the hosts. | The Matrix Model of Intensive Outpatient Treatment. The Matrix Model is a multi-element package of therapeutic strategies that complement each. other and combine to produce an integrated outpatient treatment experience. It is a set of. | eng_Latn | 1,211 |
Only get the lowest Eingenvalue? | Find the eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue, not smallest in magnitude | Increase the visibility of the association bonus by documenting it with the other privileges | eng_Latn | 1,212 |
collapse vs minimize | collapse vs minimize | collapse vs minimize | eng_Latn | 1,213 |
Gun-Barrel Democracy Has Failed Time and Again | The Political Economy of the Creeping Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy | Failure of Acanthamoeba castellanii to produce intraocular infections. | eng_Latn | 1,214 |
Or, radical politicians could challenge Mbeki's control of the ANC and return the organization to its left-wing roots. | Radical politicians challenge Mbeki to return the organization to its roots. | Radical politicians agree with Mbeki. | eng_Latn | 1,215 |
But the key figure in the sultanate was Tun Perak, bendahara (prime minister) and military commander. | Tun Perak was the military commander and the prime minister. | Though Tun Perak had command of the military, but no political power. | eng_Latn | 1,216 |
This corruption and authoritarianism have irked democracy advocates, but it has not been enough to fully discredit Tudjman. | Tudjman is still credible to some people even after corruption. | Tudjman is no longer credible to anyone after corruption took place. | eng_Latn | 1,217 |
They appointed an overall governor, or Pasha, who then organized the country to his own liking with mameluke help. | They appointed a governor who organized the country. | They appointed a governor who was a bad leader. | eng_Latn | 1,218 |
Military officers in Sierra Leone (primer--it's in west Africa) ousted the country's first democratically elected president in a coup. | The country's first elected president was removed by the military. | The first president of Sierra Leone is respected by all. | eng_Latn | 1,219 |
The Zaire, posted Saturday, March 22, now in The Compost, inaccurately identified Paul Kagame as president of Rwanda. | The Zaire inaccurately identified Paul Kagame as president of Rwanda. | The zaire accurately identified Paul Kagame as president of Rwanda. | eng_Latn | 1,220 |
Since then Hosny Mubarak has been Egypt's president. | After undisclosed events, Hosny Mubarak became the central leader of Egypt. | Mubarak eventually stepped down from his position and trusted it to a close friend. | eng_Latn | 1,221 |
Political Turmoil | Political Unrest. | Political Stability. | eng_Latn | 1,222 |
On the other hand, leaders who are--by African standards--democratic, uncorrupt, and competent have taken over former military dictatorships such as Uganda. | On the other side, the good leaders have control of military dictatorships such as Uganda. | All African leaders are know to be democratic, uncorrupt and competent. | eng_Latn | 1,223 |
ANC power will most probably be challenged in the 1999 election by the left. | The left will challenge ANC power. | ANC power will not be challenged by the left. | eng_Latn | 1,224 |
978-1107-13984-8 — Dictators and their Secret Police | Political Institutions Under Dictatorship | On the (In)Succinctness of Muller Automata | eng_Latn | 1,225 |
Everyday Legitimacy and International Administration: Global Governance and Local Legitimacy in Kosovo | The state, war, and the state of war | Mounting evidence against the role of ICC in neurotransmission to smooth muscle in the gut | eng_Latn | 1,226 |
During the Arab Spring, revolutionary insurrections targeted republican dictatorships while largely bypassing the eight ruling monarchies. Popular domestic explanations for such royal exceptionalism, such as cultural legitimacy and economic wealth, not only lack analytic validity but also ignore the most pertinent reason for monarchical persistence-more effective strategies of opposition management. Presidential regimes reacted against protests with mass coercion, which radicalized opposition and mobilized further resistance, while most ruling kingships refrained from systematic violence and neutralized dissent through nonrepressive means, such as co-optation. What accounts for such striking policy convergence? This essay suggests an innovative answer: the royal leaderships atop the Arab monarchical regimes constitute an epistemic community, one predicated on not just a collective perception of threat from regional democratization, but also shared normative beliefs regarding their historical rarity and dynastic superiority. Under this framework, dense communal ties facilitated the diffusion of noncoercive strategies of opposition management, and helped enshrine promises of mutual security within existing institutions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council. Based upon a combination of historical analysis and fieldwork, this essay argues that such transnational circulation of ideas and strategies did not merely aim to prevent democracy, but specifically promoted a special subtype of authoritarianism-ruling monarchism-as a viable type of political order. | ABSTRACTResearch suggests that regional organisations ‘lock in’ their dominant political systems. Democratic regionalism stabilises transitioning democracies whilst regionalism in autocratic regions is associated with boosts in authoritarianism. Little research, however, has examined the regional-level trends and tactics that authoritarian leaders have sought to exploit in democratising regions. This article focuses on increasingly democratic West Africa, examining how authoritarian leaders have at times benefitted from regional dynamics in an otherwise democratising region. It suggests that both formal and informal regional interactions can provide benefits that support authoritarianism and suggests a typology of the mechanisms through which this can happen. It serves as a potential guide for other regions in Africa yet to democratise to the level of West Africa, and as warning regarding the types of regional authoritarianism-enhancing processes that could be used to support backsliding in (West) Africa ... | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 1,227 |
Analyzing the Fault of “Blood Transfusion” Policy Simply of Tito Period by the War of Kosovo | With regard to the various internal and external causes of Kosovo War,the wrong policies concerning the ethnic minorities in Yugoslavia under the rule of Josip Broz Tito served as important ones in which the economic policy played a crucial role.The former Yugoslavia regions faced uneven development while Kosovo was the poorest and most backward,in this connection,the Tito government stubbornly carried out“blood infusion namely government aid”policy to Kosovo but all the efforts ended with failure,for which there were two major causes as followed:firstly,the inappropriate relation between“blood fusion”and“independent blood making namely independent development in Kosovo”;secondly,Yugoslavia Federation government's“blood infusion”fund counteracted with the population rise in Kosovo,which escalated the ethnical conflicts in Kosovo region followed by the tragic Kosovo. | Problems with application of exclusion from refugee protection under Art.1F of 1951 Convention in Central African Republic, Kenya and Tanzania following genocide in Rwanda, including screening, interviews and consequences of decisions. | eng_Latn | 1,228 |
Internal party democracy in former rebel parties | Intraparty democracy is considered an important feature of former rebel movements’ adaptation to democracy more generally. What conditions intraparty democracy in former rebel parties? This article traces internal debates about and organizational adaptation to intraparty democracy in Partai Aceh (Indonesia) and Fretilin (East Timor), paying specific attention to the interaction between party leaderships and the wider rebel organization. Leaning on theories of party change and organization, the article finds that even in the presence of formal procedures that prescribe inclusive decision-making, the nature and persistence of decentralized wartime command structures and relative strength and dependence on these networks limits intraparty democracy. | Ideologies in Action: Language Politics in Corsica. Alexandra Jaffe. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter, 1999. + 323 pp., notes, references, index. | eng_Latn | 1,229 |
KONFLIK DAERAH SEBAGAI BUDAYA POLITIK MASYARAKAT | Democracy and election process in Indonesia, both of general and local, has often caused conflicts in many places. It might happen in political party and supporting the candidate. Geopolitics aspects also show differences how public acts on their political system. Those differences can be drawn in their orientation such as cognitive, affective, and evaluative and all of these orientation forms political culture in Indonesia. Comparative political culture can bring political process in Indonesia becomes well. Kata Kunci: Konflik, Daerah, Budaya Politik | Maurice J. Bric and John Coakley, Introduction: The roots of militant politics in Ireland Maurice J. Bric: The invention and re-invention of public protect in Ireland, 1760-1900 Ronan Fanning, The home rule crisis of 1912-14 and the failure of British democracy in Ireland Michael Laffan, Republicanism in the revolutionary decade: the triumph and containment of militarism, 1912-23 Paul Bew, Moderate nationalism, 1918-23: perspectives on politics and revolution Eunan O'Halpin, The geopolitics of republican diplomacy in the twentieth century Alvin Jackson, Modern unionism and the cult of 1912-14 Joseph Ruane, Contemporary republicanism and the strategy of armed struggle Paul Dixon, Contemporary unionism and the tactics of resistance John de Chastelain, The Northern Ireland peace process and the impact of decommissioning John Coakley, Conclusion: the legacy of political violence in Ireland Appendices Notes References Index | yue_Hant | 1,230 |
Romanian Survivors of the 1848 Revolution in Exile | The Romanian Forty-Eighters in exile The crushing of the Romanian revolution by the Russian and Ottoman military campaigns in fall 1848 caused revolutionaries throughout Europe, and even in Asia Minor to retreat into exile. But the homeland of the exiles remained without question France, although the Empire had dashed all republican hopes. Some Romanian revolutionaries were actively involved in resistance against Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. For example, Jean C. Bratianu was involved in the "Hippodrome" plot. Romanian exiles, like all refugees, experienced financial hardships and divisions. But it was the home situation, and especially the Crimean War, that caused the revolutionaries to modify their policy, and move towards a dialogue with the Western governments. After an absence of ten years, most of them made a triumphant return and their struggles marked a major episode in the foundation of the Romanian nation. | Problems with application of exclusion from refugee protection under Art.1F of 1951 Convention in Central African Republic, Kenya and Tanzania following genocide in Rwanda, including screening, interviews and consequences of decisions. | eng_Latn | 1,231 |
From which country did the USA purchase the Philippines in 1898? | Introduction - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress) Photographic History of the Spanish American War , p. 36. On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As a result Spain lost its control over the remains of its overseas empire -- Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines Islands, Guam, and other islands. Background Beginning in 1492, Spain was the first European nation to sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean, explore, and colonize the Amerindian nations of the Western Hemisphere. At its greatest extent, the empire that resulted from this exploration extended from Virginia on the eastern coast of the United States south to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America excluding Brazil and westward to California and Alaska. Across the Pacific, it included the Philippines and other island groups. By 1825 much of this empire had fallen into other hands and in that year, Spain acknowledged the independence of its possessions in the present-day United States (then under Mexican control) and south to the tip of South America. The only remnants that remained in the empire in the Western Hemisphere were Cuba and Puerto Rico and across the Pacific in Philippines Islands, and the Carolina, Marshall, and Mariana Islands (including Guam) in Micronesia. Cuba Following the liberation from Spain of mainland Latin America, Cuba was the first to initiate its own struggle for independence. During the years from 1868-1878, Cubans personified by guerrilla fighters known as mambises fought for autonomy from Spain. That war concluded with a treaty that was never enforced. In the 1890's Cubans began to agitate once again for their freedom from Spain. The moral leader of this struggle was José Martí , known as "El Apóstol," who established the Cuban Revolutionary Party on January 5, 1892 in the United States. Following the grito de Baire, the call to arms on February 24, 1895, Martí returned to Cuba and participated in the first weeks of armed struggle when he was killed on May 19, 1895. The Philippines Islands The Philippines too was beginning to grow restive with Spanish rule. José Rizal , a member of a wealthy mestizo family, resented that his upper mobility was limited by Spanish insistence on promoting only "pure-blooded" Spaniards. He began his political career at the University of Madrid in 1882 where he became the leader of Filipino students there. For the next ten years he traveled in Europe and wrote several novels considered seditious by Filipino and Church authorities. He returned to Manila in 1892 and founded the Liga Filipina, a political group dedicated to peaceful change. He was rapidly exiled to Mindanao. During his absence, Andrés Bonifacio founded Katipunan , dedicated to the violent overthrow of Spanish rule. On August 26, 1896, after learning that the Katipunan had been betrayed, Bonifacio issued the Grito de Balintawak , a call for Filipinos to revolt. Bonifacio was succeeded as head of the Philippine revolution by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy , who had his predecessor arrested and executed on May 10, 1897. Aguinaldo negotiated a deal with the Spaniards who exiled him to Hong Kong with 400,000 pesos that he subsequently used to buy weapons to resume the fight. Puerto Rico During the 1880s and 1890s, Puerto Ricans developed many different political parties, some of which sought independence for the island while others, headquartered like their Cuban counterparts in New York, preferred to ally with the United States. Spain proclaimed the autonomy of Puerto Rico on November 25, 1897, although the news did not reach the island until January 1898 and a new government established on February 12, 1898. United States U.S. interest in purchasing Cuba had begun long before 1898. Following the Ten Years War, American sugar interests bought up large tracts of land in Cuba. Alterations in the U.S. sugar tariff favoring home-g | Ethiopia in 1995 | Britannica.com Ethiopia in 1995 Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The landlocked republic of Ethiopia is in the Horn of northeastern Africa. Area: 1,133,882 sq km (437,794 sq mi). Pop. (1995 est.): 55,053,000. Cap.: Addis Ababa. Monetary unit: birr, with (Oct. 6, 1995) a free rate of 5.80 birr to U.S. $1 (9.17 birr = £ 1 sterling). Presidents in 1995, Meles Zenawi (interim) and, from August 22, Negasso Gidada; prime ministers, Tamirat Layne (acting) and, from August 22, Meles Zenawi. The new constitution approved in December 1994 retained the key features of the draft presented earlier in 1994 to the Constituent Assembly, including the right of all peoples within Ethiopia to self-determination, including secession from the country. Uniquely among African constitutions, it instituted a largely ceremonial presidency, vesting executive power in the prime minister elected by the National Assembly. Assembly elections were held in May in most of the country but were postponed to June in the east. They were, however, boycotted by the four major opposition groupings and contested by only three small opposition parties. The conduct of the elections was reported by foreign observers to have been fair, but there was little challenge to the ruling Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a multiethnic grouping whose constituent parties won 493 of the 548 seats. Only in Addis Ababa, where 10 of the 23 seats were won by independents, was government control seriously contested. The new Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was formally established on August 22. The new president, Negasso Gidada, was a Christian Oromo from the Welega region of western Ethiopia who had served as minister of information in the outgoing transitional government. The outgoing president, Meles Zenawi, became prime minister and head of government. The 17-member Council of Ministers was carefully selected to reflect the ethnic balance of the country, with four each for Oromo and Amhara, two each for Tigray (including the prime minister) and Gurage, and one each for five smaller groups. New regional assemblies were also elected in May and June and were likewise controlled by the EPRDF. The transfer of powers from the central government to the regions increasingly became a reality. For example, in the large Oromo region surrounding Addis Ababa, Oromifa increasingly replaced Amharic as the language of administration. A number of leading members of Meles Zenawi’s Tigray People’s Liberation Front were posted back to Tigray. The trials of members of the former regime charged with serious human rights abuses, which had been adjourned until May 1995 to allow both sides to prepare their cases, were further postponed until later in the year. Attempts to secure the extradition of the ousted dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam from his refuge in Zimbabwe were unsuccessful. At the same time, alleged human rights abuses by the new regime, though not remotely approaching those committed by the old one, continued to attract international attention. There was some harassment of journalists, though the press continued to be more independent than under previous governments, and Amnesty International condemned the arrest in June of five opposition politicians on what it described as "slender and dubious evidence of conspiracy." The government’s standing in Africa was reflected in the election of Meles Zenawi as chairman of the Organization of African Unity in June. Relations with Eritrea, which had separated from Ethiopia in 1993, continued to be close, but those with the Islamist military regime in The Sudan deteriorated rapidly. Ethiopia accused The Sudan of complicity in the attempted assassination of Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt in Addis Ababa in June; it subsequently ordered the reduction of the Sudanese diplomatic staff from 15 to 4, denied Sudan Airways landing rights in Addis Ababa, and closed the Sudanese consulate at Gambela in southwes | eng_Latn | 1,232 |
Who won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize? | The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Al Gore Share this: The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Prize share: 1/2 Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. Prize share: 1/2 The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 15 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/> | Biography Ato Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi was born on 8th May 1955 at Adwa in northern Ethiopia. He received elementary education at the Queen of Sheba Junior Secondary School and completed High School in 1972 at General Wingate School in Addis Ababa. He then joined the Medical Faculty of Addis Ababa University where he studied for two years. Meles interrupted his studies in 1974 to join the Tigrai Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF). He was elected to the Leadership of the Leadership Committee of the TPLF in 1979 and to its Executive Committee in 1983. He is chairman of both the TPLF and the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) since 1989. EPRDF is a political alliance of the four main political organisations in the country. Upon the defeat of the military junta, Meles became president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia and Chairman of the Council of Representatives (the legislative body of the transitional government) from 1991 to 1995. He was elected Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 1995 and re-elected for a second term in 2000. He served as chairman of the Organisation of the African Union from June 1995 until June 1996. He is serving as co-chairman of the Global Coalition for Africa. He has also been actively involved in IGAD's efforts to end the conflicts in Sudan and Somalia, and Africa initiatives to seek a solution to the crises in Burundi. In 2004, he was appointed by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair as one of the Commissioners taking part in the Commission for Africa. Meles acquired a First Class M.A. in Business Administration from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and an MSc. in Economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004. The Prime Minister is married and is a father of three. His hobbies are reading, swimming and tennis. | eng_Latn | 1,233 |
From which country did Rwanda obtain independence in 1962? | Join our e-mail list Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country By 1994, Rwanda’s population stood at more than 7 million people comprising three ethnic groups: the Hutu (who made up roughly 85% of the population), the Tutsi (14%) and the Twa (1%). Prior to the colonial era, Tutsis generally occupied the higher strata in the social system and the Hutus the lower. However, social mobility was possible, a Hutu who acquired a large number of cattle or other wealth could be assimilated into the Tutsi group and impoverished Tutsi would be regarded as Hutu. A clan system also functioned, with the Tutsi clan known as the Nyinginya being the most powerful. Throughout the 1800s, the Nyingiya expanded their influence by conquest and by offering protection in return for tribute. Ethnic Conflict Begins The former colonial power, Germany, lost possession of Rwanda during the First World War and the territory was then placed under Belgian administration. In the late 1950’s during the great wave of decolonization, tensions increased in Rwanda. The Hutu political movement, which stood to gain from majority rule, was gaining momentum while segments of the Tutsi establishment resisted democratization and the loss of their acquired privileges. In November 1959, a violent incident sparked a Hutu uprising in which hundreds of Tutsi were killed and thousands displaced and forced to flee to neighboring countries. This marked the start of the so- called ‘Hutu Peasant Revolution’ or ‘social revolution’ lasting from 1959 to 1961, which signified the end of Tutsi domination and the sharpening of ethnic tensions. By 1962, when Rwanda gained independence, 120,000 people, primarily Tutsis, had taken refuge in neighboring states to escape the violence which had accompanied the gradual coming into power of the Hutu community. A new cycle of ethnic conflict and violence continued after independence. Tutsi refugees in Tanzania and Zaire seeking to regain their former positions in Rwanda began organizing and staging attacks on Hutu targets and the Hutu government. Ten such attacks occurred between 1962 and 1967, each leading to retaliatory killings of large numbers of Tutsi civilians in Rwanda and creating new waves of refugees. By the end of the 1980s some 480,000 Rwandans had become refugees, primarily in Burundi, Uganda, Zaire and Tanzania. They continued to call for the fulfillment of their international legal right to return to Rwanda, however, Juvenal Habyarimana, then president of Rwanda, took the position that population pressures were already too great, and economic opportunities too few to accommodate large numbers of Tutsi refugees. The Civil War In 1988, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) was founded in Kampala, Uganda as a political and military movement with the stated aims of securing repatriation of Rwandans in exile and reforming of the Rwandan government, including political power sharing. The RPF was composed mainly of Tutsi exiles in Uganda, many of whom had served in President Yoweri Museveni’s National Resistance Army, which had overthrown the previous Ugandan government in 1986. While the ranks of the RPF did include some Hutus, the majority, particularly those in leadership positions, were Tutsi refugees. On 1 October 1990, the RPF launched a major attack on Rwanda from Uganda with a force of 7,000 fighters. Because of the RPF attacks which displaced thousands and a policy of deliberately targeted propaganda by the government, all Tutsis inside the country were labeled accomplices of the RPF and Hutu members of the opposition parties were labeled as traitors. Media, particularly radio, continued to spread unfounded rumours, which exacerbated ethnic problems. In August 1993, through the peacemaking efforts of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the governments in the region, the signing of the Arusha peace agreements appeared to have brought an end to the conflict between the then Hutu dominated government and the opposition Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In October 1993, the Security Council establish | MVR - Maldivian Rufiyaa rates, news, and tools MVR - Maldivian Rufiyaa Maldives (Maldive Islands), Rufiyaa The Maldivian Rufiyaa is the currency of Maldives (Maldive Islands). Our currency rankings show that the most popular Maldives (Maldive Islands) Rufiyaa exchange rate is the MVR to INR rate . The currency code for Rufiyaa is MVR. Below, you'll find Maldivian Rufiyaa rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take MVR rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website. | eng_Latn | 1,234 |
Which country was ruled between 1971 and 1986 by Idi Amin, Milton Obote, General Tito Okello and Yoweri Museveni? | President Tito Okello Lutwa (General) | State House Uganda President Tito Okello Lutwa (General) 29 July 1985 to 26 January 1986 President Tito Okello Lutwa (General) Born in Nam Okora, Kitgum district in 1914, the year in which the First World War began, Tito Okello was destined to be a soldier right from the word go. In 1940, aged 26 years, he joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the regional colonial army at the time. This was around the same time that Idi Amin too joined the force. As the case was, he was moved to Kenya and battled the Mau Mau uprising-a Kenyan movement that was fighting for independence. Tito Okello later joined the Uganda Army as the country got independence. He soon rose to the rank of Lt of the Uganda Army in 1962 and by 1968, he had risen to the rank of Colonel. At the time, he was one of the highest ranked soldiers in the country. When Obote was overthrown by Idi Amin, Tito Okello narrowly survived being captured by Amin`s henchmen and killed. He managed to sneak out of the country through Masaka-Mutukula and into Tanzania. In Tanzania, he was among the top commanders who organized the Ugandan exiles into a force that finally overthrew Idi Amin in 1979. After the war, he became part of the Military Commission, the supreme body that was composed of former exiles that led the country soon after Amin`s overthrow. He was named Army Commander, a position he held for some time. Through the early 80s, he was part of the UNLA forces that fought various insurgences including the National Resistance Army (NRA) in Luwero Triangle. He was promoted to Lt-General in 1984, partly as a bid by then President Military Obote to stop a division within his army-between the Langi and Acholi. Serious divisions broke out within their ranks because of the heavy casualties that the UNLA soldiers were suffering at the hands of the NRA. The Acholi accused their Langi counterparts of doing nothing serious to fight the NRA. On top of that the earlier appointment of Brigadier Smith Opon Acak, a junior officer to the position of Chief of Staff, replacing late Major General David Oyite Ojok did not go down well with the Acholi officers. Subsequently in early 1985, they mobilized their forces and camped in Gulu. In early July, they started their march to Kampala, briefly fighting off Langi soldiers at Karuma, before capturing power on the morning of July 27, 1985. Immediately, they named General Tito Okello as President of the Military Council, but his was not a very easy Presidency. There was a lot of chaos across most of the country. His army was battling several rebel groups and the economy was completely dead. Lutwa tried to forge reconciliation by inviting the warring factions back home. Some of them like Colonel Isaac Nkwanga’s FEDEMU, Andrew Kayiira`s Uganda Freedom Movement and Moses Ali’s FUNA agreed to join the new dispensation, however the largest guerrilla group, the NRA refused to come on board. In November, peace talks between the Military Junta and the NRA/M started in Nairobi. An agreement was soon signed but it became apparent that it was not going to work since fighting continued, as abuse of human rights skyrocketed. By late December, the NRA had cut off most of the South and West of the country, advancing as far as Mpigi. On January 26, Tito Okello was overthrown. He went to exile in different countries including Kenya, Tanzania and several in Europe before his death in 1996, aged 82 years. Tito Okello was married to Esther Okello. Years later, one of Tito Okello’s sons Okello Oryem served as Minister in the NRM government. He is buried in Kitgum. | WW2: Italy invades Ethiopia | South African History Online South African History Online Home » WW2: Italy invades Ethiopia WW2: Italy invades Ethiopia italy_ethiopia_big.jpg Thursday, 3 October 1935 In 1935, the League of Nations was faced with another crucial test. Benito Mussolini , the Fascist leader of Italy, had adopted Adolf Hitler's plans to expand German territories by acquiring all territories it considered German. Mussolini followed this policy when he invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ) the African country situated on the horn of Africa. Mussolini claimed that his policies of expansion were not different from that of other colonial powers in Africa. The aim of invading Ethiopia was to boost Italian national prestige, which was wounded by Ethiopia's defeat of Italian forces at the Battle of Adowa in the nineteenth century (1896), which saved Ethiopia from Italian colonisation. Another justification for the attack was an incident during December 1934, between Italian and Abyssinian troops at the Wal-Wal Oasis on the border between Abyssinian Somaliland, where 200 soldiers lost their lives. Both parties were exonerated in the incident, much to the disgust of Mussolini, as he felt Abyssinia should have been held accountable for the incident. This was used as a rationale to invade Abyssinia. Mussolini saw it as an opportunity to provide land for unemployed Italians and also acquire more mineral resources to fight off the effects of the Great Depression . References: | eng_Latn | 1,235 |
Radovan Karadzic is associated with genocide between 1992 and 1995 in which country? | Bosnian Genocide - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Background In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Balkan states of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia became part of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. After the death of longtime Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, growing nationalism among the different Yugoslav republics threatened to split their union apart. This process intensified after the mid-1980s with the rise of the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, who helped foment discontent between Serbians in Bosnia and Croatia and their Croatian, Bosniak and Albanian neighbors. In 1991, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia declared their independence; during the war in Croatia that followed, the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army supported Serbian separatists there in their brutal clashes with Croatian forces. Did You Know? In 2001, Serbian General Radislav Krstic, who played a major role in the Srebrenica massacre was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 46 years in prison. In Bosnia, Muslims represented the largest single population group by 1971. More Serbs and Croats emigrated over the next two decades, and in a 1991 census Bosnia’s population of some 4 million was 44 percent Bosniak, 31 percent Serb, and 17 percent Croatian. Elections held in late 1990 resulted in a coalition government split between parties representing the three ethnicities (in rough proportion to their populations) and led by the Bosniak Alija Izetbegovic. As tensions built inside and outside the country, the Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and his Serbian Democratic Party withdrew from government and set up their own “Serbian National Assembly.” On March 3, 1992, after a referendum vote (which Karadzic’s party blocked in many Serb-populated areas), President Izetbegovic proclaimed Bosnia’s independence. Struggle for Control in Bosnia Far from seeking independence for Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs wanted to be part of a dominant Serbian state in the Balkans–the “Greater Serbia” that Serbian separatists had long envisioned. In early May 1992, two days after the United States and the European Community (precursor to the European Union) recognized Bosnia’s independence, Bosnian Serb forces with the backing of Milosevic and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army launched their offensive with a bombardment of Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo. They attacked Bosniak-dominated town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, forcibly expelling Bosniak civilians from the region in a brutal process that later was identified as “ethnic cleansing.” (Ethnic cleansing differs from genocide in that its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group, even though the same methods–including murder, rape, torture and forcible displacement–may be used.) Though Bosnian government forces tried to defend the territory, sometimes with the help of the Croatian army, Bosnian Serb forces were in control of nearly three-quarters of the country by the end of 1993, and Karadzic’s party had set up their own Republika Srpska in the east. Most of the Bosnian Croats had left the country, while a significant Bosniak population remained only in smaller towns. Several peace proposals between a Croatian-Bosniak federation and Bosnian Serbs failed when the Serbs refused to give up any territory. The United Nations (U.N.) refused to intervene in the conflict in Bosnia, but a campaign spearheaded by its High Commissioner for Refugees provided humanitarian aid to its many displaced, malnourished and injured victims. Attack on Srebrenica: July 1995 By the summer of 1995, three towns in eastern Bosnia–Srebrenica, Zepa and Gorazde–remained under control of the Bosnian government. The U.N. had declared these enclaves “safe havens” in 1993, to be disarmed and protected by international peacekeeping forces. On July 11, however, Bosnian Serb forces advanced on Srebrenica, overwhelming a battalion of Dutch peacekeeping forces stationed there. Serbian forces su | Airlines Yugoslavia 1968 - 1968 Renamed ^ Comments : Aviogenex was formed on 21May1968 as Genex Airlines. Restarted under current name on 30Apr1969 & liquidated in Feb2015 ^ Genealogy : Genex Airlines >Aviogenex 1968 - 1986 Renamed ^ Comments : Adria Airways was formed on 14Mar1961 & operations started on 30Jun1961 as Adria Airways, renamed to Inex in 1968 and back to Adria again in 1986. National airline of Slovenia ^ Genealogy : Adria Airways >Inex Adria Airways >Adria Airways JAT (Jugoslovenski Aerotransport) 1947 - 2003 Renamed ^ Comments : Air Serbia was founded as Aeroput on 17Jun1927, renamed to JAT on 01Apr1947. Started ops on 15Apr1947, Renamed again on 08Aug2003 to JAT Airways & reformed as Air Serbia on 26Oct2013 ^ Genealogy : Aeroput >JAT (Jugoslovenski Aerotransport) >JAT Airways >Air Serbia Jugoslovenski Aerotransport | eng_Latn | 1,236 |
The islands Santa Ysabel, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Malaita and San Cristbal are in which group? | Solomon Islands: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Earthquake and Tsunami Strike in April 2013 Geography A scattered archipelago of about 1,000 mountainous islands and low-lying coral atolls, the Solomon Islands lie east of Papua New Guinea and northeast of Australia in the south Pacific. The islands include Guadalcanal, Malaita, Santa Isabel, San Cristóbal, Choiseul, New Georgia, and the Santa Cruz group. Government Parliamentary democracy. History It is thought that people have lived in the Solomon Islands since at least 2000 B.C. Explored in 1568 by Alvaro de Mendana of Spain, the Solomons were not visited again for about 200 years. In 1886, Great Britain and Germany divided the islands between them, but later Britain was given control of the entire territory. The Japanese invaded the islands in World War II, and they were the scene of some of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific theater, most famously the battle of Guadalcanal. The British gained control of the island again in 1945. In 1976 the islands became self-governing and gained independence in 1978. The border with Papua New Guinea (PNG) remained a source of tension in the 1990s. Incursions into Solomon Islands territory by PNG forces, who were countering secessionist action on neighboring Bougainville Island, gave rise to formal protests in mid-1997. Since early 1999, the Isatabu Freedom Movement, a militia group made up of indigenous Isatabus from Guadalcanal, have expelled more than 20,000 Malaitans from the island. The Malaitans had migrated from nearby Malaita, and many secured jobs in the capital, Honiara, stirring resentment among Isatabus that has grown steadily since independence. In response to the ethnic violence and expulsions, a rival Malaitan militia group was founded, the Malaita Eagle Force. In June 2000, the Malaita Eagle Force stole police weapons, forced Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu to resign, and seized control of Honiara. The rival groups agreed to a cease-fire in June 2000, barely averting a civil war. Although a peace agreement had been signed and elections had taken place, the country continued to suffer from lawlessness. In July 2003, at the request of the prime minister, a 2,250-strong international peacekeeping force led by Australia arrived on the island to restore order, disarm the militias, and expel the “thieves, drunkards, and extortionists” from the notoriously corrupt police force. Australia's intervention was highly successful, and two years after troops had arrived, the country remained relatively stable. In April 2006 Snyder Rini was appointed prime minister. Rioting and looting followed—many claimed Rini, who had previously served as deputy prime minister, was beholden to Chinese interests. Eight days later he stepped down. The parliament then elected the opposition candidate, Manasseh Sogavare, to the post. A magnitude 8.0 earthquake and tsunami struck the Solomon Islands in April 2007, killing at least 20 people and destroying villages. | The_German_pocket_battleship_ADMIRAL_GRAF_SPEE_in_flames_after_being_scuttled_off_Montevideo,_Uruguay,_after_the_Battle_of_the_River_Plate,_17_December_1939._A6 - WAR HISTORY ONLINE The_German_pocket_battleship_ADMIRAL_GRAF_SPEE_in_flames_after_being_scuttled_off_Montevideo,_Uruguay,_after_the_Battle_of_the_River_Plate,_17_December_1939._A6 Bringing a Panzer IV back to life | eng_Latn | 1,237 |
Who became the first President of Tanzania in 1964? | Julius Nyerere | president of Tanzania | Britannica.com president of Tanzania Alternative Titles: Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Jawaharlal Nehru Julius Nyerere, in full Julius Kambarage Nyerere, also called Mwalimu (Swahili: “Teacher”) (born March 1922, Butiama, Tanganyika—died October 14, 1999, London , England ), first prime minister of independent Tanganyika (1961), who became the first president of the new state of Tanzania (1964). Nyerere was also the major force behind the Organization of African Unity (OAU; now the African Union ). Julius Nyerere, 1985. William F. Campbell—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Nyerere was a son of the chief of the small Zanaki ethnic group. He was educated at Tabora Secondary School and Makerere College in Kampala , Uganda . A convert to Roman Catholicism, he taught in several Roman Catholic schools before going to Edinburgh University. He was the first Tanganyikan to study at a British university. He graduated with an M.A. in history and economics in 1952 and returned to Tanganyika to teach. By the time Nyerere entered politics, the old League of Nations mandate that Britain had exercised in Tanganyika had been converted into a United Nations trusteeship, with independence the ultimate goal. Seeking to hasten the process of emancipation, Nyerere joined the Tanganyika African Association, quickly becoming its president in 1953. In 1954 he converted the organization into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Under Nyerere’s leadership the organization espoused peaceful change, social equality, and racial harmony and rejected tribalism and all forms of racial and ethnic discrimination . Julius Nyerere. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In 1955 and 1956 he journeyed to the United Nations in New York City as a petitioner to the Trusteeship Council and the Fourth Committee on trusts and non-self-governing territories. After a debate that ended in his being granted a hearing, he asked for a target date for the independence of Tanganyika. The British administration rejected the demand, but a dialogue was begun that established Nyerere as the preeminent nationalist spokesman for his country. The British administration nominated him a member of the Tanganyikan Legislative Council, but he resigned in 1957 in protest against the slowness of progress toward independence. In elections held in 1958–59, Nyerere and TANU won a large number of seats on the Legislative Council. In a subsequent election in August 1960, his organization managed to win 70 of 71 seats in Tanganyika’s new Legislative Assembly . Progress toward independence owed much to the understanding and mutual trust that developed during the course of negotiations between Nyerere and the British governor, Sir Richard Turnbull. Tanganyika finally gained responsible self-government in September 1960, and Nyerere became chief minister at this time. Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961, with Nyerere as its first prime minister. The next month, however, he resigned from this position to devote his time to writing and synthesizing his views of government and of African unity. One of Nyerere’s more important works was a paper called “ Ujamaa—The Basis for African Socialism, ” which later served as the philosophical basis for the Arusha Declaration (1967). When Tanganyika became a republic in 1962, he was elected president, and in 1964 he became president of the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanganyika and Zanzibar). Tanganyika gaining independence, 1961. Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Britannica Stories Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales Nyerere was reelected president of Tanzania in 1965 and was returned to serve three more successive five-year terms before he resigned as president in 1985 and handed over his office to his successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi. From independence on Nyerere also headed Tanzania’s only political party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). As outlined in his political program, the Arusha Declaration, Nyerere was committed to the creation of an egalitarian | John Clayton III (a.k.a. Tarzan), Viscount Greystoke - eRepublik Official Wiki John Clayton III (a.k.a. Tarzan), Viscount Greystoke From eRepublik Official Wiki This page is a lonely page You can help by adding links pointing to it. Notes: Adding {{ LangMenu }} template or linking it from your user page is not solution for this problem. This template will be removed by sysops upon the article is not considered to be lonely anymore. This is a warning before deletion! Dear editor, You have started a page without enough data or without proper formatting. An article should have text, a template , proper formatting , an image, and, if applicable, follow the guidelines for non-English pages. If you do not comply with the notice in 14 days, this page will be deleted. You have 0 days before this page is deleted. This template was added on 26 August 2016 by Sre8renica for the following reason: Lonely page, no such citizen This article contains fictional information. John Clayton III (a.k.a. Tarzan), Viscount Greystoke Society | eng_Latn | 1,238 |
Which country was the first to have a woman elected Head of State? | Woman Heads of State and Government Woman Premier Ministers of External Territories 17.12.1917-09.03.1918 Acting Head of the Government Evheniya Bohdanivna Bosch, Ukraine Евгения Богдановна Бош, Yevgeniya Bogdanovna Bosh, or Yevheniya Bohdanivna Bosh was People's Commissioner of Inteir, and it was regulated by a number of documents that the holder of this office was the Acting Head of the Executive Power. She had been a socialist activist from 1890s, Head of the Kyiv Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Worker�s Party (RSDRP) 1911-12 until she was imprisoned and a deprived of civil rights and exiled to Siberia for life. After the revolution she became Secretary of Regional Committee of RSDRP(B). She resigned from the government in protest to the Brest-Litovsk Peace, according to which Soviet Russia occupied Ukraine. Afterwards she worked on different party and Soviet posts outside Ukraine. When the pain of her disease became unbearable, she committed suicide. She was of German-Jewish origin, and she originally named Gotlibovna Maysh, and lived (1879-1925). 06.04.1940-11.10.1944 Head of State Khertek Anchimaa-Toka, Peoplenids Republic of Tannu Tuva As Chairperson of the Presidium of the Parliament, the Little H�ral, Khertek Amyrbitovna was the Head of the state which became Independent in 1921, a People's Republic in 1926, was incoroprated into the Soviet Union in 1944. She had held various jobs in local administration and the party administration, Chairperson of the Women Department of the Central Committee of the Tuvinian People's Revolutionary Party 1938-1940. Married to the First Secretary of the TPRP, Salchak Kalbakkhorekovich Toka in 1940, Deputy Chairperson of Oblast Executive Committee 1944-1961 and Deputy Chairperson of the Council of Ministers of Tuva 1961-1972. She lived (1912-2008). 21.07.1960-27.03.1965 Prime Minister Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka 29.05.1970-23.07.1977 Prime Minister 14.11.1994-10.8.2000 Prime Minister Chairperson 1960-93 and 1993-2000 President of Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 1965-70 and 1988-94 Leader of The Opposition, 1976 Chairperson of the Association of Non Aligned Nations. As Prime Minister, she also held the posts as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finance etc, and before her appointment to Prime Minister in 1994, she was Senior Minister without Portfolio (Second in Cabinet) in her daughter, Chandrika's cabinet. She was the widow of Solomon B., Premier of Ceylon 1956-59 until he was assassinated. Her father Mr. Ratwatte was a Senator. She is mother of three children. She lived (1916-2000). 19.01.1966-24.03.1977 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, India 14.01.1980-31.10.1984 (�) Prime Minister President 1959-60 and 1966-77 Leader of the Congress Party. She was Minister of Information 1964-66 and member of Rajya Sabha 1964-67 and of Lok Sabha 1967-77, 1978 and 1980-84. In 1975 she declared a stated of emergency and ruled as a dictator. She lost the 1977-elections and imprisoned. After her release she was leader of Congress (I) 1978-84 and as Premier she also held posts of Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finance, Home Affairs etc. Killed by Sikh bodyguard. She was daughter of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1947-64(�)), married to Feroze Gandhi in 1942. Her younger son Rajiv Ghandi, was Prime Minister (1984-89(�)). She lived (1917-84). 31.10.1968-24.02.1972 Acting Head of State Song Qingling, China 06.07.1976-05.03.78 Joint Acting Head of State 1979-1980 "Honorary President" Born into a ri | On this day September 20, 1979 | Formae Mentis NGO™ in Central African Republic On this day September 20, 1979 A coup d’état in the Central African Empire overthrows Emperor Bokasa I, born Jean-Bédel Bokassa 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa and Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, was the military ruler of the Central African Republic from 1 January 1966 and the Emperor of the Central African Empire from December 4, 1976, until he was overthrown on 20 September 1979. Bokassa’s overthrow by the French government was called “France’s last colonial expedition” (“la dernière expédition coloniale française”) by veteran French diplomat Jacques Foccart. Operation Barracuda began the night of 20 September and ended early the next morning. An undercover commando squad from the French intelligence agency SDECE (now DGSE), joined by Special Forces’ 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, or 1er RPIMa, led by Colonel Brancion-Rouge, landed by Transall and managed to secure the Bangui Mpoko airport. Upon arrival of two more transport aircraft, a message was sent to Colonel Degenne to come in with his Barracudas (codename for eight Puma helicopters and Transall aircraft), which took off from N’Djamena military airport in neighbouring Chad. | eng_Latn | 1,239 |
From 1960 to 1966 who was the first President of independent Ghana? | Kwame Nkrumah | president of Ghana | Britannica.com president of Ghana Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah, (born Sept. 1909, Nkroful, Gold Coast [now Ghana]—died April 27, 1972, Bucharest , Rom.), Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast’s drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana . He headed the country from independence in 1957 until he was overthrown by a coup in 1966. Kwame Nkrumah, 1962. Marc and Evelyne Bernheim/Woodfin Camp and Associates Early years Kwame Nkrumah’s father was a goldsmith and his mother a retail trader. Baptized a Roman Catholic, Nkrumah spent nine years at the Roman Catholic elementary school in nearby Half Assini. After graduation from Achimota College in 1930, he started his career as a teacher at Roman Catholic junior schools in Elmina and Axim and at a seminary. Increasingly drawn to politics, Nkrumah decided to pursue further studies in the United States . He entered Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1935 and, after graduating in 1939, obtained master’s degrees from Lincoln and from the University of Pennsylvania . He studied the literature of socialism , notably Karl Marx and Vladimir I. Lenin, and of nationalism , especially Marcus Garvey , the black American leader of the 1920s. Eventually, Nkrumah came to describe himself as a “nondenominational Christian and a Marxist socialist.” He also immersed himself in political work, reorganizing and becoming president of the African Students’ Organization of the United States and Canada. He left the United States in May 1945 and went to England, where he organized the 5th Pan-African Congress in Manchester. Meanwhile, in the Gold Coast, J.B. Danquah had formed the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) to work for self-government by constitutional means. Invited to serve as the UGCC’s general secretary, Nkrumah returned home in late 1947. As general secretary, he addressed meetings throughout the Gold Coast and began to create a mass base for the new movement. When extensive riots occurred in February 1948, the British briefly arrested Nkrumah and other leaders of the UGCC. When a split developed between the middle-class leaders of the UGCC and the more radical supporters of Nkrumah, he formed in June 1949 the new Convention Peoples’ Party (CPP), a mass-based party that was committed to a program of immediate self-government. In January 1950, Nkrumah initiated a campaign of “positive action,” involving nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British colonial authorities. From prison to prime ministry In the ensuing crisis, services throughout the country were disrupted, and Nkrumah was again arrested and sentenced to one year’s imprisonment. But the Gold Coast’s first general election (Feb. 8, 1951) demonstrated the support the CPP had already won. Elected to Parliament, Nkrumah was released from prison to become leader of government business and, in 1952, prime minister of the Gold Coast. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent When the Gold Coast and the British Togoland trust territory became an independent state within the British Commonwealth—as Ghana—in March 1957, Nkrumah became the new nation’s first prime minister. In 1958 Nkrumah’s government legalized the imprisonment without trial of those it regarded as security risks. It soon became apparent that Nkrumah’s style of government was to be authoritarian . Nkrumah’s popularity in the country rose, however, as new roads, schools, and health facilities were built and as the policy of Africanization created better career opportunities for Ghanaians. By a plebiscite of 1960 Ghana became a republic and Nkrumah became its president, with wide legislative and executive powers under a new constitution. Nkrumah then concentrated his attention on campaigning for the political unity of black Africa, and he began to lose touch with realities in Ghana. His administration became involved in magnificent but often ruinous development projects, so that a once-prosperous country became crippled with foreign debt. His governm | Archbishop of Canterbury - meherbabatravels jimdo page! Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury ( mid 1930s ) Born : 31st October, 1864 - Fyvie manse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Died : 5th December, 1945 - near Kew Gardens, London, England Buried : Canterbury Cathedral Nationality : English English religious leader DURING 1936, the King of England, Edward VIII , had abdicated the throne to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American suing her husband for divorce. His younger brother, George VI , was being crowned king in Westminster Abbey on Wednesday, May 12th, 1937, and the Westerners listened to the coronation ceremony on B.B.C. radio. Baba also listened for some time and remarked, "It's all illusion – bound by time and space." However, at the same time he expressed that he appreciated the king giving up his crown for the sake of love. They asked if Edward was listening to the broadcast of the coronation and Baba said, "Yes, but he does not feel regret about it." During the Archbishop of Canterbury's address, Baba commented, "Those in the church all speak of Christ our Lord, but do not follow him." After the ceremony he explained to the group, "Edward is free now to follow love and to draw toward me. To follow divine love, impersonal or personal, is to come to me." Remarking on the new King George and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, Baba stated, "At least it is some solace to the people that they both have good hearts." From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cosmo Gordon Lang, Baron Lang of Lambeth Archbishop of Canterbury Buried Chapel of St Stephen Martyr, Canterbury Cathedral William Cosmo Gordon Lang, 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth GCVO , PC (31 October 1864 – 5 December 1945) was an Anglican prelate who served as Archbishop of York (1908–1928) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1928–1942). His rapid elevation to Archbishop of York, within 18 years of his ordination , is unprecedented in modern Church of England history. As Archbishop of Canterbury during the abdication crisis of 1936 he took a strong moral stance and comments he made in a subsequent broadcast were widely condemned as uncharitable towards the departed king. The son of a Scots Presbyterian minister, Lang abandoned the prospect of a legal and political career to train for the Anglican priesthood . Beginning in 1890, his early ministry was served in slum parishes in Leeds and Portsmouth , except for brief service as an Oxford college chaplain. In 1901 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Stepney in London, where he continued his work among the poor. He also served as a canon of St Paul's Cathedral , London. In 1908 Lang was nominated Archbishop of York, despite his relatively junior status as a suffragan rather than a diocesan bishop. His religious stance was broadly Anglo-Catholic , tempered by the liberal Anglo-Catholicism advocated in the Lux Mundi essays. He entered the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual and caused consternation in traditionalist circles by speaking and voting against the Lords' proposal to reject David Lloyd George 's 1909 " People's Budget ". This apparent radicalism was not, however, maintained in later years. At the start of the First World War , Lang was heavily criticised for a speech in which he spoke sympathetically of the German Emperor . This troubled him greatly and may have contributed to the rapid ageing which affected his appearance during the war years. After the war he began to promote church unity and at the 1920 Lambeth Conference was responsible for the Church's Appeal to All Christian People. As Archbishop of York he supported controversial proposals for the revision of the Book of Common Prayer , but after acceding to Canterbury he took no practical steps to resolve this issue. Lang became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1928. He presided over the 1930 Lambeth Conference , which gave limited church approval to the use of contraception . After denouncing the Italian invasion of A | eng_Latn | 1,240 |
What was the purpose of the kokoda campaign? | Significance of kokoda campaign? | Significance of kokoda campaign? | eng_Latn | 1,241 |
How many dictators int he world? | How many dictators in UN? | How many dictators in UN? | eng_Latn | 1,242 |
Who was the president in Azerbaijan in 2011? | Who is 2011 president of Azerbaijan? | Who is 2011 president of Azerbaijan? | eng_Latn | 1,243 |
Who are all the former Presidents of Malawi? | Who were the former Presidents of Malawi? | Who were the former Presidents of Malawi? | eng_Latn | 1,244 |
Who was president of Senegal in 2009? | What was the name of Senegal's president in 2009? | What was the name of Senegal's president in 2009? | eng_Latn | 1,245 |
Who won the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize? | The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Desmond Tutu The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 was awarded to Desmond Tutu. Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 1984". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1984/> | Presidential Election of 1988 Change History! Try out the 1988 interactive map 1988 Election Facts Dukakis won West Virginia; however one Elector cast a vote for Dem. Vice-President candidate Lloyd Bentsen (with Dukakis as Vice-President) Issues of the Day: Stock market crash, Iran-Contra, Progress in US-USSR relations (INF Treaty) Margin of Victory Map This map is shaded by how large the popular vote difference was between the two nominees. It is a way to view the relative competitiveness of each state. These maps are also available as a timeline for each election from 1972-2016 . X Content Display Issues A few people have reported problems viewing certain 270toWin election maps and/or polls. If you have an Ad Blocker in place, please disable it. Separately, you may not be able to view our maps in the new IE10 browser due to some changes Microsoft has made regarding the display of Flash content. This issue will not be fixed prior to the election, so you may want to visit 270toWin using a different web browser. Sorry for any inconvenience. Copyright © 2004-2017 270towin.com All Rights Reserved | eng_Latn | 1,246 |
What country occupied Ethiopia between 1936 and 1941? | Ethiopia - Countries - Office of the Historian Ethiopia - Countries A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ethiopia Summary Long isolated, the Ethiopian emperors began to consolidate the country in the mid-nineteenth century. The Italian invasions in 1895 and 1935 forced Ethiopia into greater contact with world politics. U.S.-Ethiopian relations were established in 1903 and were good throughout the period prior to the Italian occupation in 1935. Modern Flag of Ethiopia After World War II, these ties strengthened and Ethiopia has played an active role in world and African affairs. Following Ethiopia’s revolution, U.S.-Ethiopian relations began to cool due to the Derg’s linking with international communism and U.S. revulsion at the Derg’s human rights abuses. With the downfall of the Mengistu regime in 1991, U.S.-Ethiopian relations improved dramatically. Today, Ethiopia has very good relations with the United States, especially in responding to regional instability and supporting war on terrorism and, increasingly, through economic involvement. Recognition First Official Diplomatic Interaction, 1903. The United States and Ethiopia, both long established as states, engaged in their first official diplomatic interaction on December 27, 1903, when King of Ethiopia Menelik II and U.S. representative Robert P. Skinner signed a treaty of commerce. Diplomatic Relations Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, 1903. Diplomatic relations were established on December 27, 1903, when King of Ethiopia Menelik II and U.S. representative Robert P. Skinner signed a treaty of commerce in which the two states agreed to receive representatives “in order to perpetuate and strengthen the friendly relations which exist between Ethiopia and the United States of America.” Establishment of American Legation in Addis Ababa, 1909. The American Legation was established on July 6, 1909, when U.S. Minister Resident and Consul General Hoffman Philip presented his credentials in Addis Ababa. American Legation Closed, 1937. The Italians invaded Ethiopia and occupied Addis Ababa on May 6, 1936. Although the United States never publicly recognized Italian authority in Ethiopia, it did withdraw its diplomatic representation and close the legation in Addis Ababa. U.S. Minister Resident and Consul General Cornelius Van H. Engert departed Addis Ababa on March 4, 1937, and the consulate was closed after March 31, 1937. American Legation Reopened, 1943. The American Legation in Addis Ababa reopened on August 31, 1943, when U.S. Minister Resident and Consul General John K. Caldwell presented his credentials. Ethiopian Legation Reopened, 1943. The Ethiopian Legation in the United States was opened on November 9, 1943, and Blatta Ephrem Tewelde Medhen served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. American Legation Raised to Embassy, 1949. The American Legation in Addis Ababa was elevated to Embassy status on June 28, 1949, when Ambassador George R. Merrell presented his credentials Ethiopian Legation Raised to Embassy, 1949. The Ethiopian Legation was raised to Embassy status on September 27, 1949 when Ras H.S. Imru presented his credentials as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Resources | Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959 | Reviews in History Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959 Book: Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959 David French Oxford, OUP Oxford, 2015, ISBN: 9780198729341; 352pp.; Price: £58.50 Reviewer: Flinders University, South Australia Citation: Dr Andrekos Varnava, review of Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959, (review no. 1901) DOI: 10.14296/RiH/2014/1901 Date accessed: 18 January, 2017 During his long and distinguished career David French, Professor Emeritus in the History Department at University College London, has published many highly respected works. (1) He has now added to this list with the exceptional Fighting EOKA: the British Counter-insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955–1959. It is no easy task for anyone to write about the Cyprus emergency because it can excite passions from the various sides involved, but French succeeds because he tells it how it is. His account is impressive, especially the main chapters (two to eight), and logically structured. The argument is based on a thorough analysis of the archival material, including the recently released FCO files, which French was instrumental in having opened (some redacted though), although not the State Archives, Nicosia (yet most of the controversial files would have been ‘migrated’ and found in the FCO lot). His expertise in the history of insurgency and counter-insurgency shows in two areas: his successful integration of the political with the security/military/terrorist aspects of the story, which is the real strength of his study; and his comparisons with the Malayan and Kenyan, and sometimes Algerian, cases. Although he claims on to not label the violence as terrorism or terror, he does do so, which is fine by me, and I would have liked a brief theoretical section on terrorism – group and state based terrorism and counter-terrorism – to show how the three players in this violent saga do fit these definitions, models and typologies. For example there is a perception outside the academy that terrorism grows out of poverty and oppression, which is simply not the case and this example is no exception. Additionally, it would have been good if French had critiqued the idea that the British sponsored TMT, which has been implied by several writers, such as Christopher Hitchens, in his popular account. The book’s strengths are chapters two through to eight; the guts, so to speak, of the book. The story is expertly told, with clarity and impartiality, although some people may not agree with me on the last point. What I most admire about French’s book is how he manages to integrate the political aspects of the ‘Cyprus problem’ with the organised violence and oppositional violence from the state and from the opposing group, and the ramifications on each other. Chapter two provides a good exploration of the origins, organisation and recruiting of EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston). French brings to the debate a fresh perspective on why EOKA was a small group of dedicated individuals and why they were so young – fitting so well the traditional characteristic of a terrorist group. There are a few omissions in this chapter. French does not mention that Eden’s judgement, both as Foreign Secretary and as Prime Minister, was impaired by his addiction to amphetamines and barbiturates. (2) As regards Grivas, although appropriately showing that he modelled EOKA on his ‘X’ organisation in Greece, Grivas also claimed (although I cannot seem to find the reference) that he modelled EOKA on the Jewish terrorist groups. Additionally, French does not mention that Grivas had been in Cyprus in the late 1940s and involved himself in clashes with Communists. (3) Intriguingly, French discusses the early EOKA being under the name KARI (Cypriot Fighters and Audacious Leaders), but nothing is said about who they actually were and whether they were merely another name for EOKA. Additionally, althou | eng_Latn | 1,247 |
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, the Grameen Bank was founded to offer small, collateral free loans to the rural poor of which country? | Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize Speech given by The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Ole Danbolt Mjøs (Oslo, December 10, 2006) Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Laureates, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, "The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006, divided into two equal parts, to Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below. Lasting peace can not be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty. Micro-credit is one such means. Development from below also serves to advance democracy and human rights." Those were the words in which the Nobel Peace Prize award was announced on the 13th of October this year. Today the time has come for well-deserved celebration! Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank: congratulations on the Nobel Peace Prize! And congratulations to you, Mosammat Taslima Begum, who will receive the prize on behalf of Grameen Bank. Not all the journalists covering the announcement of the award at the Nobel Institute knew who Yunus and Grameen Bank were. Some thought Grameen Bank was a person. Let that be the reporters' problem. The many who did know of both held that they ought to have received the Peace Prize long ago. In 2002, Bill Clinton put it this way: "Dr. Yunus is a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize and I'll keep saying that until they finally give it to him." Now Clinton will no longer need to remind us. This year's award has been well received, internationally, in Norway, and not least in Bangladesh. It almost defies comprehension that when, as chairman of the Nobel Committee, I walk up to a microphone at the Nobel Institute in Oslo and announce that this year's Peace Prize is going to Yunus and Grameen Bank, politicians and papers in large parts of the world begin to comment on, and to a large extent to applaud, the Norwegian Nobel Committee's choice. And what is even harder to believe: there is an outbreak of joyful demonstrations in Bangladesh. For several days one could almost have described the country as closed because of happiness. Many said that this was the greatest thing to have happened to the country since independence in 1971. In recent weeks, growing numbers of people have become acquainted with the outlines of Yunus's exciting story. Trained in economics in the United States, he returned to Bangladesh in 1972 and took a chair in economics at the University of Chittagong. In 1974 he underwent a personal crisis during the country's famine. It shook him to see such poverty. And he asked himself, "What is the point of all these splendid economic theories when people around me are dying of hunger?" As early as in 1976, he hit on the idea of opening a bank for poor people. He lent 27 dollars out of his own pocket to 42 craftsmen in a little village in Bangladesh, telling them that they could pay the money back when they could afford to. In the weeks that followed, he gave the matter a great deal of thought, and decided that there would have to be an institutional solution. The result was Grameen Bank, which is present today in the vast majority of Bangladesh's thousands of villages, and which since its formal opening in 1983 has lent almost six billion dollars. Today the bank has almost seven million borrowers. Grameen Bank lends 800 million dollars per year, in loans averaging just over one hundred dollars. The bank is self-financing and makes a profit. The repayment percentage is very high. Muhammad Yunus says, "Lend the poor money in amounts which suit them, teach them a few sound financial principles, and they manage on their own". By means of this year's Peace Prize award, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to focus attention on dialogue with the Muslim world, on the women's perspective, and on the fight against poverty. First, we hope that this Peace Prize will represent a possible approach to the Muslim part of the world. Since the 11th of September 2001, we have seen a widespread tendency to demonize Islam. It is an | Eurovision Song Contest 1956 | Eurovision Song Contest Show more Eurovision Song Contest 1956 The first ever Eurovision Song Contest took place in Lugano, Switzerland, at the Teatro Kursaal, on 24th of May 1956. The first ever contest Inspired by the Italian Sanremo Festival, the idea to organise a pan-European musicial competition was born at a meeting of the European Broadcasting Union in Monaco in 1955. It was decided that the first ever Eurovision Song Contest would be hosted the following year in the Swiss resort of Lugano. The 1956 Eurovision Song Contest was primarily a radio show, although some cameras were taping the contest for the few Europeans who had a television set at that time. Lohengrin Filipello hosted the programme, which lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes. The seven participating countries each submitted two entries. The songs of the contest were not to exceed three and a half minutes, and the performers were accompanied by an orchestra of 24 musicians, led by Fernando Paggi. Switzerland wins! The winning song, as announced by the head of the jury, was Refrain, performed by Lys Assia from Switzerland (recent photo). Lys Assia is the only Swiss contestant to have ever won the Eurovision Song Contest, as Switzerland's other winner, Céline Dion, is French-Canadian. Facts & figures The broadcasters from Austria, Denmark and the United Kingdom missed the deadline for participating in the first ever Eurovision Song Contest and only appeared one year later. Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest. Groups were initially banned - a rule which would only be abolished in the 1970s; All participating countries sent two jury members to Lugano in order to vote secretly on the songs. The jury members from Luxembourg could not make it to Lugano, so the EBU allowed Swiss nationals to vote on their behalf. The juries were allowed to vote for whatever country they wished to, including their own; The scores of the voting have never been made public, leaving room for lots of speculation. Attempts to reconstruct the voting by interviewing jury members over the past five decades did not lead to any reliable outcome. Facts & Figures | eng_Latn | 1,248 |
How was Burkino Faso previously known? | Burkina Faso: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities President Compaoré Is Deposed Geography Slightly larger than Colorado, Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its neighbors are Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, and Ghana. The country consists of extensive plains, low hills, high savannas, and a desert area in the north. Government Parliamentary. History Burkina Faso was originally inhabited by the Bobo, Lobi, and Gurunsi peoples, with the Mossi and Gurma peoples immigrating to the region in the 14th century. The lands of the Mossi empire became a French protectorate in 1897, and by 1903 France had subjugated the other ethnic groups. Called Upper Volta by the French, it became a separate colony in 1919, was partitioned among Niger, the Sudan, and Côte d'Ivoire in 1932, and was reconstituted in 1947. An autonomous republic within the French Community, Upper Volta became independent on Aug. 5, 1960. President Maurice Yameogo was deposed on Jan. 3, 1966, by a military coup led by Col. Sangoulé Lamizana, who dissolved the national assembly and suspended the constitution. Constitutional rule returned in 1978 with the election of an assembly and a presidential vote in June in which Gen. Lamizana won by a narrow margin over three other candidates. On Nov. 25, 1980, Col. Sayé Zerbo led a bloodless coup that toppled Lamizana. In turn, Maj. Jean-Baptist Ouedraogo ousted Zerbo on Nov. 7, 1982. But the real revolutionary change occurred the following year when a 33-year-old flight commander, Thomas Sankara, took control. A Marxist-Leninist, he challenged the traditional Mossi chiefs, advocated women's liberation, and allied the country with North Korea, Libya, and Cuba. To sever ties to the colonial past, Sankara changed the name of the country in 1984 to Burkina Faso, which combines two of the nation's languages and means “the land of upright men.” While Sankara's investments in schools, food production, and clinics brought some improvement in living standards, foreign investment declined, many businesses left the country, and unhappy labor unions began strikes. On Oct. 15, 1987, formerly loyal soldiers assassinated Sankara. His best friend and ally Blaise Compaoré became president. Compaoré immediately set about “rectifying” Sankara's revolution. In 1991, he agreed to economic reforms proposed by the World Bank. A new constitution paved the way for elections in 1991, which Compaoré won easily, although opposition parties boycotted. In 1998, he was reelected by a landslide. A coup against the president was foiled in 2003, and he was reelected a third time in 2005. Prime Minister Yonli resigned in June 2007 and was replaced by Tertius Zongo, who has served as the ambassador to the United States and as the country's finance minister. Violent protests by soldiers and police in the capital of Ouagadougou, sparked by low pay and unpaid housing allowances, were answered by President Blaise Compaore with a new government and a new head of the armed forces in the spring of 2011. In Jan. 2013, Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao's new government was announced; the main portfolios remain unchanged. | Brunei Map / Geography of Brunei / Map of Brunei - Worldatlas.com Print this map The small country of Brunei Darussalam is situated on the northwestern edge of the island of Borneo, an island that is also a part of Indonesia and Malaysia . In fact, it once controlled much of Borneo, as well as the southern Philippines , and its regional influence peaked by the end of the 17th Century. The country entered a period of decline caused by internal fighting over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and local piracy, and in 1578 was overrun by Spanish forces. By the 19th century much of Brunei's territory was lost to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, and the signing of the Treaty of Protection enabled Britain control of the country's external affairs. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, following a dispute over who the rightful Sultan was, and remained as such for nearly a hundred years. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Brunei, completely demolishing the country's economy, and sparking fires on the oil wells of Seria. Following the war a new government was formed under the British , and a new constitution was written in 1959. The people of Brunei began to grow restless with their new government, and in 1962 formed an uprising against the British forces. Quickly subdued by the United Kingdom , it wasn't until 1984 that Brunei gained complete independence from British ruling. The following decades saw significant economic growth, and Brunei has been remodeled into an industrialized nation. The country benefits from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, and this tax-free haven's citizens enjoy one of the highest (per capita) GDPs in the world. Politically, the same family has ruled the country of Brunei for over six centuries, and its legal system is based on English common law, with Islamic shariah law overruling in certain instances. Tourists to Brunei speak endlessly of the grand mosques, quiet river journeys and the virgin rainforests that cover over 70% of the nation's land, all of which cannot be missed if you choose to travel to this unique country. See Also | eng_Latn | 1,249 |
'Live Aid' pop concerts are staged on July 13th 1985 in London and which other US city? | Live Aid concert - Jul 13, 1985 - HISTORY.com Live Aid concert Publisher A+E Networks On July 13, 1985, at Wembley Stadium in London, Prince Charles and Princess Diana officially open Live Aid, a worldwide rock concert organized to raise money for the relief of famine-stricken Africans. Continued at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia and at other arenas around the world, the 16-hour “superconcert” was globally linked by satellite to more than a billion viewers in 110 nations. In a triumph of technology and good will, the event raised more than $125 million in famine relief for Africa. Live Aid was the brainchild of Bob Geldof, the singer of an Irish rock group called the Boomtown Rats. In 1984, Geldof traveled to Ethiopia after hearing news reports of a horrific famine that had killed hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians and threatened to kill millions more. After returning to London, he called Britain’s and Ireland’s top pop artists together to record a single to benefit Ethiopian famine relief. “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” was written by Geldof and Ultravox singer Midge Ure and performed by “Band Aid,” an ensemble that featured Culture Club, Duran Duran, Phil Collins, U2, Wham!, and others. It was the best-selling single in Britain to that date and raised more than $10 million. “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” was also a No. 1 hit in the United States and inspired U.S. pop artists to come together and perform “We Are the World,” a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Ritchie. “USA for Africa,” as the U.S. ensemble was known, featured Jackson, Ritchie, Geldof, Harry Belafonte, Bob Dylan, Cyndi Lauper, Paul Simon, Bruce Springsteen, Tina Turner, Stevie Wonder, and many others. The single went to the top of the charts and eventually raised $44 million. With the crisis continuing in Ethiopia, and the neighboring Sudan also stricken with famine, Geldof proposed Live Aid, an ambitious global charity concert aimed at raising more funds and increasing awareness of the plight of many Africans. Organized in just 10 weeks, Live Aid was staged on Saturday, July 13, 1985. More than 75 acts performed, including Elton John, Madonna, Santana, Run DMC, Sade, Sting, Bryan Adams, the Beach Boys, Mick Jagger, David Bowie, Queen, Duran Duran, U2, the Who, Tom Petty, Neil Young, and Eric Clapton. The majority of these artists performed at either Wembley Stadium in London, where a crowd of 70,000 turned out, or at Philadelphia’s JFK Stadium, where 100,000 watched. Thirteen satellites beamed a live television broadcast of the event to more than one billion viewers in 110 countries. More than 40 of these nations held telethons for African famine relief during the broadcast. A memorable moment of the concert was Phil Collins’ performance in Philadelphia after flying by Concorde from London, where he performed at Wembley earlier in the day. He later played drums in a reunion of the surviving members of Led Zeppelin. Beatle Paul McCartney and the Who’s Pete Townsend held Bob Geldof aloft on their shoulders during the London finale, which featured a collective performance of “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” Six hours later, the U.S. concert ended with “We Are the World.” Live Aid eventually raised $127 million in famine relief for African nations, and the publicity it generated encouraged Western nations to make available enough surplus grain to end the immediate hunger crisis in Africa. Geldof was later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his efforts. In early July 2005, Geldof staged a series of “Live 8″ concerts in 11 countries around the world to help raise awareness of global poverty. Organizers, led by Geldof, purposely scheduled the concert days before the annual G8 summit in an effort to increase political pressure on G8 nations to address issues facing the extremely poor around the world. Live 8 claims that an estimated 3 billion people watched 1,000 musicians perform in 11 shows, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and by 2,000 radio stations. Unlike Live Aid, Live 8 was intentionally not billed as a fundraiser–Geldof’s slogan was | Proposals for a Jewish state : Wikis (The Full Wiki) 9 References Ararat city 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by M.M.Noah, page 1. The page 2 shows the map of the Land of Israel In 1820, in a precursor to modern Zionism , Mordecai Manuel Noah tried to found a Jewish homeland at Grand Island in the Niagara River , to be called " Ararat ," after Mount Ararat , the Biblical resting place of Noah's Ark . He erected a monument at the island which read "Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah in the Month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825) and in the Fiftieth Year of American Independence." Some have speculated whether Noah's utopian ideas may have influenced Joseph Smith , who founded the Latter Day Saint movement in Upstate New York a few years later. In his Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews Noah proclaimed his faith that the Jews would return and rebuild their ancient homeland. Noah called on America to take the lead in this endeavor. [3] British Uganda Program Main article: British Uganda Program The British Uganda Program was a plan to give a portion of British East Africa to the Jewish people as a homeland. The offer was first made by British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain to Theodore Herzl 's Zionist group in 1903. He offered 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2) of the Mau Plateau in what is today Kenya . The offer was a response to pogroms against the Jews in Russia , and it was hoped the area could be a refuge from persecution for the Jewish people. The idea was brought to the World Zionist Organization 's Zionist Congress at its sixth meeting in 1903 meeting in Basel . There a fierce debate ensued. The African land was described as an " ante-chamber to the Holy Land", but other groups felt that accepting the offer would make it more difficult to establish a Jewish state in Palestine (the historical land of Israel). Before the vote on the matter, the Russian delegation stormed out in opposition. In the end, the motion passed by 295 to 177 votes. The next year, a three-man delegation was sent to inspect the plateau. Its high elevation gave it a temperate climate, making it suitable for European settlement. However, the observers found a dangerous land filled with lions and other creatures. Moreover, it was populated by a large number of Maasai who did not seem at all amenable to an influx of Europeans. After receiving this report, the Congress decided in 1905 to politely decline the British offer. Some Jews, who viewed this as a mistake, formed the Jewish Territorialist Organization with the aim of establishing a Jewish state anywhere. [4] A few Jews did move to Kenya, but most settled in the urban centers. Some of these families remain to this day. Jewish Autonomous Oblast in USSR Main article: Jewish Autonomous Oblast On March 28, 1928, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee of the USSR passed the decree "On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Far East for settlement of the working Jews." The decree meant that there was "a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of the called region". [5] On August 20, 1930, the General Executive Committee of the Russian Soviet Republic ( RSFSR ) accepted the decree "On formation of the Birobidzhan national region in the structure of the Far Eastern Territory". The State Planning Committee considered the Birobidzhan national region as a separate economic unit. In 1932, the first scheduled figures of the region development were considered and authorized. [5] On May 7, 1934, the Presidium accepted the decree on its transformation in the Jewish Autonomous Region within the Russian Republic. In 1938, with formation of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) was included in its structure. [5] According to Joseph Stalin 's national policy, each of the national groups that formed the Soviet Union would receive a territory in which to pursue cultural autonomy in a socialist framework. In that sense, it was also a response to two s | eng_Latn | 1,250 |
Who was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 - 1991? | Robert Hawke | prime minister of Australia | Britannica.com prime minister of Australia Alternative Titles: Bob Hawke, Robert James Lee Hawke Robert Hawke Robert Hawke, in full Robert James Lee Hawke, byname Bob Hawke (born Dec. 9, 1929, Bordertown, S.Aus., Australia ), Australian labour leader and prime minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991. Robert Hawke, 1987. James Pozarik/Gamma Liaison After graduating from the University of Western Australia with a degree in law, Hawke spent three years at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He was briefly an economics researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra and in 1958 joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), the umbrella organization of the country’s tightly organized labour movement. As president of the ACTU from 1970 to 1980, Hawke proved to be a brilliant trade-union official, getting favourable settlements for the unions before Australia’s arbitration commissions. Hawke had also joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) as a student, and he rose through the ranks to serve as the party’s national president from 1973 to 1978. By the time he successfully ran for Parliament in 1980 as a Labor candidate, Hawke already enjoyed immense national popularity. In February 1983 Hawke was elected leader of the ALP , and in the elections held the following month he led his party to a landslide victory over the Liberal Party , becoming prime minister of Australia. As prime minister, Hawke achieved greater industrial harmony by instituting a unified wage accord among Australia’s fractious labour unions. He also was able to lower the rate of inflation, and he continued to maintain close relations with the United States . Hawke was reelected prime minister in the elections he had called for December 1984. The Labor Party maintained its electoral majority in the 1987 elections, but because of a worsening economy his parliamentary majority was considerably reduced in the 1990 election, and he resigned in December 1991. Learn More in these related articles: | Floriano Peixoto Floriano Peixoto 23 November 1891 – 15 November 1894 Vice President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 Preceded by 19 April 1890 – 22 January 1891 President 13 September 1884 – 5 October 1885 Monarch Barra Mansa , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Nationality Brazilian Political party Independent Spouse(s) Josina Peixoto (m. 1872–1895; his death) Signature Brazilian Army Years of service 1861–1889 Rank Field Marshal Battles/wars Paraguayan War Floriano Vieira Peixoto ( Portuguese pronunciation: 30 April 1839 – 29 July 1895), born in Ipioca (today a district of the city of Maceió in the State of Alagoas ), nicknamed “Iron Marshal”, [1] was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the Paraguayan War , and the second President of Brazil . [2] He is the first Vice President of Brazil to have succeeded a former President mid-term. Contents 5 External links Election and Succession as President Floriano Peixoto was an army Marshal when elected vice-president in February 1891. Later, in November 1891, he rose to the presidency following the resignation of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , the first president of Brazil. Floriano Peixoto came to the presidency in a difficult period of the new Brazilian Republic, which was in the midst of a general political and economic crisis made worse by the effects of the bursting of the Encilhamento economic bubble . Government Floriano Peixoto defeated a naval officers’ rebellion against him in 1893–1894 and a seditious military movement in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina during the same years. His government was marked by increased centralization of power and nationalism . Legacy Monument to Marshal Floriano Peixoto in Downtown Rio de Janeiro He is often referred to as “the Consolidator of the Republic” or “The Iron Marshal”. He left the presidency on 15 November 1894. In spite of his unpopularity, he was responsible for the consolidation of the new Republican Government. Desterro, the capital of the state of Santa Catarina , was renamed Florianópolis as punishment for its participation in the Federalist Revolution in 1894. References | eng_Latn | 1,251 |
Donald Tusk became the prime minister of which country in November 2007? | Donald Tusk, Politician • Biography & Facts Donald Tusk Politician Donald Franciszek Tusk ([ˈdɔnalt franˈt͡ɕiʂɛk ˈtusk] (13px ); born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician who has been President of the European Council since 1 December 2014. Previously he was Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014, having also been co-founder and chairman of the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska) party.Tusk was officially designated as Prime Minister on 9 November 2007 and took office on 16 November. His cabinet won a vote of confidence in the Sejm on 24 November 2007. He was the longest serving Prime Minister of the Third Republic of Poland. In October 2011, Tusk's Civic Platform won a plurality of seats in the Polish parliamentary election, meaning that Tusk became the first Prime Minister to be re-elected since the fall of communism in Poland.Tusk began his public career as an activist in his home town of Gdańsk, supporting Solidarity and organizing his fellow university students. With the exception of one four-year stretch, Tusk has served in the Third Republic parliament continuously since its first elections in 1991. He was Vice Marshal (deputy speaker) of the Senate from 1997 to 2001 and Vice Marshal of the Sejm from 2001 to 2005.On 30 August 2014, it was announced at an extraordinary EU Council meeting that Tusk would be the next President of the European Council. On 9 September, Tusk submitted his resignation as Prime Minister. Personal facts | G8 Summit 2009 - official website - Home The Baton Passes to Canada: The Muskoka G8 2010 Gets Off the Ground 31/12/2009 Canada's tenure of the G8 presidency is about to begin: the 2010 Summit is due to be held in Muskoka, a spectacular region of central Ontario rich in lakes, picturesque towns and villages, and beautiful natural scenery. The symbol of the Canadian G8, a pine tree with windswept branches yet whose trunk is solidly rooted in the rock, perfectly embodies the spirit of the region. All the Official Documents of the 2009 G8 Summit 31/12/2009 The official documents of the G8 Summit under Italian Presidency, which was held in L'Aquila from 8 to 10 July 2009, can be consulted in the pages of this website by clicking on "Summit Proceedings" under the "Summit" menu. The documents can be consulted and/or downloaded in Pdf format in the original English version and, where applicable, also in the Italian version. A Year With the G8 Website: Over Half a Million Consolidated Visitors, and Millions of Hits 30/12/2009 More than 536,000 consolidated visitors, peaks running into millions of hits during the three days of the Summit in L'Aquila, over 180 news items published, 26 official documents explained and commented on, 48 HD photo galleries and 25 video galleries: these are but a few of the figures regarding our website in 2009, the year in which Italy has held the G8 duty presidency. The photo galleries and news items are the sections that have attracted the highest number of visitors. G8: A Year With Italy at the Helm 30/12/2009 A year is drawing to a close that has been marked by intense hard work on numerous issues at the heart of the international debate such as combating the worldwide economic crisis, imparting a fresh boost to international trade, fighting climate change, promoting development in the world's poorer countries, guaranteeing food safety and security, ensuring access to water, health, the struggle against terrorism, and peace and cooperation amongst peoples and nations. | eng_Latn | 1,252 |
In 1993 the Turkish economist and academic Tansu Penbe Çiller became the country's first? | 9 female Muslim statesmen who have made their mark in world history 9 female Muslim statesmen who have made their mark in world history SHARE TWEET PIN IT When hearing about women’s rights in the Muslim world, the assumed story is often exclusively one of oppression, marginalisation and lack of power. However, many often forget that eight countries have had Muslim women as their head of state. This is compared to the fact that neither of the two major US parties – Democrats and Republicans – has ever nominated a female presidential candidate. Tansu Çiller: Prime Minister of Turkey 1993-1996 1 of 8 Tansu Penbe Çiller – born 24 May 1946 – is a Turkish academic, economist and politician who served as the 30th Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She is Turkey’s first and only female prime minister to date. As the leader of the True Path Party, she went on to concurrently serve as Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1996 and 1997. After the death in office of President Turgut Özal (which according to some was part of the 1993 alleged Turkish military coup), DYP Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel won the 1993 presidential election on 16 May 1993. Suddenly the important position as Prime Minister and leader of the DYP was vacant. The party found itself in an identity crisis. Ciller was no obvious candidate, but the three male contenders could not muster the resources, skill and support to compete effectively. Ciller was a professional urban woman, young and smart with a Western higher education. The media supported her, as well as the business community, and externally she gave the impression that Turkey was a progressive Muslim country. On 13 June 47 year old Çiller fell 11 votes shy of a majority in the first ballot for party leader. Her opponents withdrew and she became the party’s leader and on 25 June, the Prime Minister of the DYP-Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) coalition government (50th government of Turkey). Megawati Sukarnoputri: President of Indonesia 2001-2004 1 of 7 Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri – born 23 January 1947 – is an Indonesian politician who served as president of Indonesia from 23 July 2001 to 20 October 2004. Megawati is the leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, one of Indonesia’s largest political parties. She is the daughter of Indonesia’s first president, Sukarno. Megawati has been Indonesia’s only female president and the fourth woman to lead a predominantly Muslim nation. She is also the first Indonesian leader to be born after Indonesia proclaimed independence. After serving as vice-president to Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati became president when Wahid was removed from office in 2001. She ran for re-election in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. She sought a rematch in the 2009 presidential election, losing again to Yudhoyono. Mame Madior Boye: Prime Minister of Senegal 2001-2002 1 of 5 Mame Madior Boye was Prime Minister of Senegal from 2001 to 2002. She was the first female holder of that position. Following the victory of Abdoulaye Wade in the 2000 presidential election, Boye became Minister of Justice in April 2000. But tensions arose between the President and the Prime Minister, who was from another political party. Moustapha Niasse resigned and Boye was appointed by Wade as Prime Minister on 3 March 2001, two months before the legislative elections. Wade lacked a majority in the legislature and more than 30 non-partisan women’s organizations organized a campaign before the elections demanding more women in the legislature. Boye was not only a woman, she was also non-partisan. She remained as Minister of Justice in the new government. The elections gave Wade a large majority – 89 of 120 seats. The representation of women increased, but not to more than 19 per cent. Following the April 2001 legislative elections, Boye was reappointed as Prime Minister on 10 May 2001; she was, however, replaced as Minister of Justice in the government appointed on 12 May. Atifete Jahjaga: Preside | Goreng, Bakar, Tumis, Rebus, and Kukus are major Indonesian: Cooking styles; Volcanoes; Soccer clubs; TV soap operas? View the step-by-step solution to: Goreng, Bakar, Tumis, Rebus, and Kukus are major Indonesian: Cooking styles; Volcanoes; Soccer clubs; TV soap operas? This question was answered on May 31, 2016. View the Answer Goreng, Bakar, Tumis, Rebus, and Kukus are major Indonesian: Cooking styles; Volcanoes; Soccer clubs; TV soap operas? sonyabarnes posted a question · May 31, 2016 at 5:49am Top Answer rampsaud answered the question · May 31, 2016 at 5:50am Other Answers The way to answer this question is ... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29838574) ]} Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29838588) ]} Search for Other Related Study Materials Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? profcelia 4 World History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 1,253 |
In 1915, which Balkan nation joined W.W.I., on the side of the Central Powers (i.e. Germany), by declaring war on Serbia? | Serbia | Article about Serbia by The Free Dictionary Serbia | Article about Serbia by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Serbia Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Acronyms , Wikipedia . Serbia (sûr`bēə), Serbian Srbija (sŭr`bēä), officially Republic of Serbia, republic (1995 est. pop. 10,394,000), 34,116 sq mi (88,361 sq km), W central Balkan Peninsula; formerly the chief constituent republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia , Serbo-Croatian Jugoslavija, former country of SE Europe, in the Balkan Peninsula. Belgrade was the capital and by far the largest city. Yugoslavs (i.e. ..... Click the link for more information. and of its short-lived successor, Serbia and Montenegro. It is bounded in the northwest by Croatia, in the north by Hungary, in the northeast by Romania, in the east by Bulgaria, in the south by Macedonia, in the southwest by Kosovo Kosovo , Albanian Kosova, Serbian Kosovo i Metohija and Kosmet, officially Republic of Kosovo, republic (2011 est. pop. 1,826,000), 4,126 sq mi (10,686 sq km), SE Europe, a former province of Serbia that unilaterally declared its independence in 2008. ..... Click the link for more information. (a former Serbian province whose independence is not recognized by Serbia) and in the west by Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Belgrade Belgrade , Serbian Beograd, city (1991 est. pop. 1,168,454), capital of Serbia, and of the former nation of Yugoslavia and its short-lived successor, Serbia and Montenegro, at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. ..... Click the link for more information. is the capital. Land and People Landlocked and largely mountainous in the west and south, Serbia lies within several mountain systems: the Dinaric Alps in the west, the Kopaonik range in the southwest, and the Balkan Mts. in the east. Much of Serbia slopes generally north toward the Danube and Sava rivers and is drained chiefly by the Drina (which forms part of the western border), Kolubara, Morava, and Timok rivers and their tributaries. The northeast is part of the fertile Danubian plain; it is drained by the Danube, Sava, Tisa (Tisza), and Morava rivers. Politically, the country consists of Serbia proper with the cities of Belgrade, Niš Niš or Nish , city (1991 pop. 175,391), SE Serbia, on the Nišava River. An important railway and industrial center, it has industries that textiles, cigarettes, electronics, and spirits. The Roman Naissus, it was the site of a victory (A.D. ..... Click the link for more information. , and Kragujevac Kragujevac , city (1991 pop. 147,305), S central Serbia. The economic and cultural center of the Sumadija region, Kragujevac's industries include the manufacture of motor vehicles and munitions, vegetable canning, and flour milling. First mentioned in 17th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. and the ethnically mixed Vojvodina Vojvodina or Voivodina , autonomous province (1991 pop. 2,013,889), 8,301 sq mi (21,500 sq km), N Serbia. Novi Sad is the chief city and administrative center. ..... Click the link for more information. province with Subotica Subotica , Ger. Maria Theresiopel or Theresiopel, Hung. Szabadka, city (1991 pop. 100,386), N Serbia, in the Vojvodina region. An important railway junction and an industrial center, it has factories that produce metal goods, fertilizer, furniture, and ..... Click the link for more information. and Novi Sad Novi Sad , Ger. Neusatz, Hung. Újvidék, city (1991 pop. 179,626), N Serbia, on the Danube River. The chief city and administrative center of Vojvodina prov. ..... Click the link for more information. . The Sanjak, or Sandžak, region, which straddles the Serbia-Montenegro border, is home to many Muslims. The population consists primarily of Serbs, with Magyar (Hungarian), Romani (Gypsy), Bosniak, Montenegrin, and other minorities. The Serbs are very closely related to the Montenegrins and closely related to the Croats. but have been marked by different historical experiences. The Serbs also distinguish themselves culturally from the Croats through their membership in the | Croatian parliamentary election, 2016 - WikiVisually FEATURED ARTICLES · CHANGE LANGUAGE · hover over links in text for more info click links in text for more info Croatian parliamentary election, 2016 33.2% , 56 seats ( Croatia is Growing ) 13.5%, 19 seats 33.82% 9.91% Results of the election in each of the ten electoral districts of Croatia : the party with the plurality of votes in each electoral unit. e Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia on 11 September 2016, with all 151 seats in the Croatian Parliament up for election. The elections were preceded by a successful motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Tihomir Orešković and his cabinet on 16 June 2016, with 125 MPs voting in favour of the proposal. A subsequent attempt by the Patriotic Coalition to form a new parliamentary majority, with Minister of Finance Zdravko Marić as Prime Minister, failed and the Parliament voted to dissolve itself on 20 June 2016. The dissolution took effect on 15 July 2016, which made it possible for President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović to officially call for elections on 11 September 2016. These were the ninth parliamentary elections since the 1990 multi-party elections. The elections were contested by the two largest parties in the outgoing eighth Parliament; the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), led by Andrej Plenković , and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) led by Zoran Milanović . The SDP contested the election as part of the People's Coalition , consisting of the SDP, HNS , HSS and HSU . They were also challenged by a number of other parties and coalitions, including the Bridge of Independent Lists (Most), which held the balance of power after the 2015 elections. The incumbent Prime Minister Tihomir Orešković, a non-partisan technocrat , announced that he would not be running on any party's candidate list and would not seek reelection. The election resulted in a victory of HDZ with 61 seats in the parliament, while the People's Coalition won 54 seats. Andrej Plenković started talks about forming a governing majority with Most, which won 13 seats. Zoran Milanović announced his withdrawal from politics after the defeat. A few weeks after the election HDZ and Most concluded talks on forming a government, which would also include the 8 Members of Parliament representing national minorities. On 10 October 2016 Plenković formally presented 91 signatures of support by MPs to President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , therefore far more than the necessary majority of 76 signatures and he was thus made Prime Minister-designate with a 30-day mandate to form a government until 9 November 2016. The 9th Assembly of the Croatian Parliament was constituted on 14 October with the election of Most leader Božo Petrov as Speaker . On 19 October a parliamentary vote of 91 in favor, 45 against and 3 abstentions formally confirmed Croatia's 14th government cabinet since the first multi-party elections in 1990 , with Andrej Plenković as Croatia's 12th Prime Minister. The new cabinet consisted of 20 ministers, including Goran Marić , a minister without portfolio responsible for state property. Contents Background[ edit ] Following the 2015 elections a government was formed by independent businessman Tihomir Orešković who was supported by the conservative Patriotic Coalition , led by Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), and Bridge of Independent Lists (MOST). However, HDZ put forward a motion of no confidence on 16 June, with 125 of 151 MPs voting in favor of the motion. [2] The HDZ sought to form a new government with Minister of Finance Zdravko Marić as Prime Minister, however it was clear that he would not get support of 76 MPs. [2] On 20 June MPs voted to dissolve parliament effective on 15 July, resulting in snap elections being called by President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , who called for elections on 11 September. [3] Electoral system[ edit ] The 151 members of the Croatian Parliament are elected by three methods; 140 are elected in ten 14-seat constituencies by open list proportional representation using a 5% electoral threshold, with seats alloc | eng_Latn | 1,254 |
What was the cause of a state of emergency in Kenya from October 1952 to December 1959? | A Brief History on Kenya | Republic of Kenya | The Embassy of the Republic of Kenya A Brief History on Kenya Pre-colonial history Around 2000 BC, Cushitic-speaking people from northern Africa settled in the part of East Africa that is now Kenya. By the 1st Century AD, the Kenyan coast was frequented by Arab traders, who due to Kenya's proximity to the Arabian Peninsula, established Arab and Persian colonies there. The Nilotic and Bantu people also moved into the region during the first millennium AD. and settled inland. The Europeans Evolving from a mixture of Bantu and Arabic, the Swahili language then developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples. When the Portuguese arrived in 1498, the Arab dominance on the coast was clipped, as the Port of Mombasa became an important resupply stop for ships bound for the Far East. The Portuguese gave way in turn to Islamic control under the Imam of Oman in the 1600s until another European influence came along, this time from the United Kingdom during the 19th century. Colonial History The roots of the colonial history of Kenya go back to the Berlin Conference in 1885, when East Africa was first divided into territories of influence by the European powers. The British Government founded the East African Protectorate in 1895 and soon after, opened the fertile highlands to white settlers. Even before it was officially declared a British colony in 1920, these settlers were allowed a voice in government, while the Africans and the Asians were banned from direct political participation until 1944. During this period thousands of Indians were brought into Kenya to work on building the Kenya Uganda Railway Line and subsequently settled there, whilst inviting many of their kith and kin who were mainly traders from India to join them. Resistance to Colonialism -- the Mau Mau In 1942, members of the Kikuyu, Embu, Meru and Kamba tribes took an oath of unity and secrecy to fight for freedom from British rule. The Mau Mau Movement began with that oath and Kenya embarked on its long hard road to National Sovereignty. In 1953, Jomo Kenyatta was charged with directing the Mau Mau and sentenced to 7 years imprisonment. Another freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi was arrested in 1956 for his role in the Mau Mau uprising as one of the leaders of the struggle for independence and was subsequently hanged by the colonialists. Kenya was put under a state of emergency from October 1952 to December 1959, due to the Mau Mau rebellion against British colonial rule and thousands of Kenyans were incarcerated in detention camps. During this period, African participation in the political process increased rapidly and in 1954 all three races (European, Asian and African) were admitted into the Kenya Legislative Council on a representative basis. Kenya achieves independence In 1957, the first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place and those elected increased the people's agitation for Jomo Kenyatta's release from detention. In 1962 Kenyatta was released to become Kenya's first Prime Minister, when Kenya finally gained independence on December 12, 1963. The following year, Kenya became a Republic with Kenyatta as its first President. In the same year Kenya joined the British Commonwealth. The Road to Kenyatta's one party state In 1966, a small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya People's Union (KPU), was formed by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, a former Vice President and Luo elder. KPU was banned shortly thereafter and its leader arrested in 1969 and Kenya became a "de facto" single party state. Following Kenyatta's death in August 1978, Vice President Daniel Arap Moi succeeded him as Kenya's second President. The Moi era In June 1982, Kenya was officially declared a one party state by the National Assembly and the constitution was amended accordingly. Parliamentary elections were held in September 1983 under a single party for the first time and the 1988 elections reinforced the one party system. However, in December 1991, Parliament annulled the one party sect | What African country was invaded by Italy in 1935? | Reference.com What African country was invaded by Italy in 1935? A: Quick Answer Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and later subjugated the country. Italy had previously tried to colonize the country in the 1890s, and Ethiopia was one of the few African states that maintained independence before the invasion. Full Answer Italian leader Benito Mussolini justified an invasion of Ethiopia because of a border dispute with Somalia, which was under the control of Italy, and he rejected all deals before invading the country. The Italian army was able to defeat the ill-equipped armies of Ethiopia and conquered the country in 1936. Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was forced into exile, and Mussolini crowned Italian king Victor Emmanuel III as the new emperor of the African state. Mussolini also appointed General Pietro Badoglio, who was one of the generals in charge of the Ethiopian campaign, as viceroy. | eng_Latn | 1,255 |
"What war was described as ""the equivalent of two bald men fighting over a comb""?" | A Cold War: Britain, Argentina and Antarctica | History Today A Cold War: Britain, Argentina and Antarctica Britain , Argentina Military The Argentinian writer Borges described the combatants in the Falklands War as being like 'two bald men fighting over a comb.' But thirty years before, Britain and Argentina nearly came to blows over territory far more remote and inhospitable. On February 1st, 1952, Sir Miles Clifford, the Governor of the Falkland Islands, sent a telegram to the Colonial Office in London reporting the occurrence of a serious Anglo-Argentine incident – he suggested that 'this presumably constitutes an act of war' – at Hope Bay in Antarctica, wherein the two governments were in competition for the same piece of territory. Significantly, the clash came at a time when rumours were circulating in Buenos Aires and London to the effect that President Peron of Argentina might undertake some move against either the Falklands or the Falkland Islands Dependencies (FID) as a distraction from domestic difficulties. That morning a party of British scientists from the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) – the organisation performing British research in Antarctica – left the ship, John Biscoe, to land the materials required for rebuilding the base at Hope Bay, where the previous station had been destroyed by fire in 1948. The Argentine government, pursuing a forward policy towards both the Falkland Islands and Antarctica, had taken advantage of the subsequent British withdrawal to establish their own base at Hope Bay only a few hundred metres away from the deserted British station, and, inevitably, on January 30th, 1952, the arrival of the John Biscoe elicited an immediate protest designed to record and maintain the Argentine position in the region. Thus, the ship was boarded by an officer, who delivered a letter of protest regarding the ship's presence in Argentine territory without permission. Want the full article and website archive access? Already a member? Log in now | ��ࡱ� > �� : < ���� 7 8 9 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ #` �� a| bjbj�� .� � � �3 � �� �� �� � � � � $ � � v v v � �_ �_ �_ 8 2` t �` \ � K� a $a $a $a $a $a $a $a .� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� $ k� h �� r T� � v 1� $a $a 1� 1� T� v v $a $a � K� K� K� 1� � v $a v $a .� K� 1� .� K� K� ļ v v � $a a @h�� )� �_ !� ܼ .� � 0 K� � , E� 5� � E� � � Z E� v j� � $a � �{ K� � D 2� � $a $a $a T� T� � d $a $a $a K� 1� 1� 1� 1� � � � �/ � VK � � �/ VK � � � v v v v v v ���� Peaceful revolutions Successful political revolutions in the last three decades have been dominated by masses of unarmed people. They have challenged the present political establishment and refused to obey orders, often at central places in the capitals. Different from the traditional armed guerillas confronting the state army these movements have not used deadly means, not even when confronted with violent police and militaries. These cases are on crucial points different from the traditional revolutions like the French,, Russian, Chinese or Cuban ones. The understanding of these movements draws on research on social movements as well as revolutionary theories and the nonviolent tradition within peace research. The role of the nonviolent means by large groups has been vital but not sufficient for the successful outcomes. A revolution is a social change that happens relatively fast and in which a society goes from one social system to another. It is distinguished from a �reform� by being carried out outside the established channels for societal changes (parliament, constitution etc) and can take place in any combination of the political, cultural or economic systems in a society. If all these three social systems are changed simultaneously we may talk of a social revolution. Most of the peaceful revolutions are limited to the political system, but with frequent unintended effect on the economical system as well. Large peaceful masses are not the only feature these revolutions have in common. In addition most cases t | eng_Latn | 1,256 |
What city is the capital of Argentina? | What is the Capital of Argentina? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Argentina The Capital City of Argentina (officially named Argentine Republic) is the city of Buenos Aires. The population of Buenos Aires in the year 2008 was 3,034,161 (12,789,000 in the metropolitan area). Argentina is a Spanish speaking country on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Information | Female Foreign Ministers In 1999 she was appointed acting Premier after the former premier resigned. (b. 1958-). 1999-2004 Lydie Polfer, Luxembourg Apart from being Foreign Minister she was also Vice-Premier Minister and Minister of External Trade and Minister of Public Service and Administrative Reform. She was Mayor of Luxembourg Ville 1982-99, Member of the Bureau of Chamber des Deput�es, President of the Parti Democratique 1994-2004, Chairperson of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2002 and from 2004 Member of the European Parliament. (b. 1952-). 1999-2009 Nkosazana C. Dlamini-Zuma, South Africa 1994-99 Minister of Health. Offered the post of Deputy President in 2005 after her ex-husband, Jacob Zuma was fired after corruption charges. She was candidate for the post of Deputy President of ANC in 2007, Minister of Home Affairs 2009-12 and Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2012 (b. 1949-). 1999-2004 Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Avila, El Salvador Former Academic and administrative career. (1956-). 1999-2000 and 2001-10 Dodo A�chatou Mindaoudou, Niger 1995-96 she was Minister of Social Development, Population and Women. 2010 the government was deposed in a military coup d'etat. (b. 1959-). 1999 Hilia Garez Gomes Lima Barber, Guinea-Bissau Also known as Ilia or Ilia Barber, she was ambassador to Israel 1995-99 and to France, the Vatican, UNESCO etc. from 2011. (b. 1944-). 2000-04 Soledad Alvear Valenzuela, Chile 1990-94 Minister for the National Women Service, 1994-99 Minister of Justice; She was leader of the Election Campaign of President Ricardo Lagos Escobar in 1999, before becoming Chancellor or Foreign Minister. She was chosen as the Christian Democratic Party's candidate for the primary of the centre-left Concertacion coalition, but she quit the race in May 2005 to pave the way for Michelle Barchelet's nomination. Senator and President of the Democracia Cristiana 2006-09. (b. 1951-). 2000-04 Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austria 2004-10 Commissioner of External Relations, European Union A career diplomat, 1993 she was Minister-Counsellor and Assistant Chief of Protocol of the Foreign Ministry, 1994-1995 Assistant Secretary General of the United Nation and Chief of Protocol 1995-2000 Minister of State of Foreign Affairs. In 2000 she was Chairperson-in-Office of OSCE and Presidential Candidate 2004 and Candidate for the post of Director General of UNOESCO in 2009. (b. 1948-). 2000-02 Haja Mahawa Bangoura Camara, Guinea In 1995 she was Ambassador to USA and later to the United Nations . Her official title was Minister to the presidency charged with Foreign Affairs and an alternative version of her name is Camara Hadja Mawa Bangoura. 2000-04 Lillian E. Patel, Malawi 1996-99 Minister of Women's and Children's' Affairs, Community Development and Social Welfare 1999-2000 Minister of Health and Population. From 2004 Minister of Labour and Vocational Training. 2000-05 Maria Elisabeth Levens, Suriname Trained teacher and former head of various bureaus within the Ministry of Education and Community Development and Policy Advisor to the Minister of Education. Also chair or member of several commissions, from 1975 Secretary of the Progressive Women�s Union and Chairperson of the Forum of NGO�s in Suriname 1991-2000. (b. 1950-). 2001 Antonieta Rosa Gomes, Guinea Bissau Leader of Foro C�vic da Guin� (Guinean Civil Forum) since 1995 and Presidential Candidate in 1994 and 1999. 2000-2001 Minister of Justice. 2001 also third in the cabinet. 2001-02 Tanaka Makiko, Japan 1994-95 Minister of State, Director General of Science and Technology Agency. Tanaka Makiko is h | eng_Latn | 1,257 |
Which country is ruled by the House of Thani? | 5 countries that are governed by the Kings and Sultans : Did you know? New Delhi, June 2, 2015 | UPDATED 15:03 IST 5 countries that are governed by the Kings and Sultans Five countries with absolute monarchy. 5 Countries with absolute monarchy RELATED STORIES Everything you should know about Smart Cities Do you know that currently, we have more than 40 countries that have a monarch ruling over them. The European countries with a monarchy form of government have a constitutional monarchy which means that the monarchs have only traditional powers. They exercise limited power in the area of politics. The general structure of governance until the beginning of the 19th century was Monarchy. Here is a list of five countries that are governed by the Kings and Sultans: Vatican City The walled city covers only 110 acres of the land and has a population of 842. It is the smallest independent state. The state is ruled by the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, of the Catholic Church. The Pope has the legislative, executive, and judicial power to rule the state. Vatican has its own anthem and flag. It is the only state that has not become a member of the United Nations. In 1870s a cold war had started between the Church and the Italian government after the government seized the Papal states. The popes in Vatican City refused to accept the Italian government. In 1929, the Vatican city was finally allowed to exist as an independent state. Currently, the city is governed by Pope Francis. Swaziland It is an independent state in southern Africa. The people of the country take their names from Mswati II. The smallest country in Africa, is ruled by Ngwenyama (King) Mswati III who ascended the throne in 1986 after the death of his father King Sobhuza II. The head of the state appoints the Prime Minister and other representatives in the parliament. The reign is shared by the king and his mother according to their tradition. She is called Ndlovukati. If the king's mother is no longer alive, the reign is shared by one of his wives. Swaziland is a member of the United Nations. Oman The Sultanate of Oman is an Arabian country. The country is governed by the Sultan, Qaboos bin Said al Said, who has self-appointed himself as the Sultan of the country. In 1737, Oman was invaded by the Persians. The Al Said dynasty came to power in 1749 and the Persians were driven out of the country. The Al Said dynasty has been ruling the country till date. It is said that the Sultan of Oman does not tolerate criticism and very few rights have been given to the Omani citizens. The Omani government decides on who can be a journalist and censorship is very common. Omanis cannot hold a public meeting without the approval of the government. The laws are made to prohibit any kind of criticism of the Sultan. Qatar Qatar has been ruled by the Al Thani dynasty since the mid 19th century. Presently, the head of the state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. It is the most conservative society and follows the strict Wahhabi Interpretation of Islam. Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani was appointed as the leader after the establishment of the House of Thani. The Al Thani family has been ruling on Qatar since 1825. Qatar does not allow formation of political parties or any other organisation. The citizens of Qatar do get to hear about the international deals but never if the deals are in favour of the citizens. Emir Hamad is responsible for the social and cultural decisions. Andorra Officially, it is known as the Principality of Andorra. It is the sixth smallest country in Europe and has a population of approximately 85,000. It is known as the principality as it is governed by two princes, the Roman Catholic Bishop and the President of France. The country gets most of its economy from tourism and also through business. It has the most lenient tax laws. The country sees approximately 10 million tourists per year. Andorra does not have its own forces but in the time of natural disasters all able-bodied men must serve the country. | MARKET PLACE MARCH 2015 by Baker Pickard SL (page 41) - issuu issuu Taste of India Tandoori Restaurante C/. Carabeo, 51 Nerja We specialize in traditional dishes and take great pride in serving authentic Indian food of the finest quality in a relaxed, friendly atmosphere. All dishes are cooked with fresh and natural ingredients. Reserve your table 10% discount on take-away Open every evening Except Tuesday for Dinner: 1900 till 2300 NAME JUMBLE 20 E Prize Entries for the Name Jumble can be handed in to our sales office in Calle Castilla Perez, posted to Apartado de Correos 230, 29780 Nerja, or sent by e-mail to info@ themarketplace-spain.com. For posted entries please ensure the first line of the address reads 'Apartado de Correos 230' because new post office regulations mean it won't be delivered otherwise. Entries for the Name Jumble must be received by the 12th of the month. The answer will be published in next month's edition of Market Place together with the winner's name. The first correct entry drawn will win a meal for two up to 20 Euros. Please e-mail: info@themarketplace-spain. com to claim your prize. Taste of India Tandoori Restaurante Map spot 46 C/. Carabeo, 51 - Nerja, Tel: 95 252 0043 Congratulations to Bill Ogilvie of Torrox the winner of last month's Name Jumble competition....Well Done! Last Month’s Answer: A S H T O N K U T C H E R Tel: 95 252 0043 1. The movie 'Gone in 60 Seconds' featured which type of car with the nickname 'Elanor'? Dodge Charger F Ford Mustang E Pontiac Trans-Am G 2. Which boxing class is heaviest? Flyweight Bantam weight Feather weight R S O Answer the questions and ring around the letter. When you have answered all the questions collect the letters & rearrange to find the name of a well known tv personality. 3. What colour is the cross on the Greek flag? White N Blue T Black I 4. Diana Ross had a hit with 'Chain Reaction' but who wrote it? Dolly Parton C Stevie Wonder N The Bee Gees R 5. The flower Convallaria is better known as what? Lily of the valley R Marigold J Tulip K 6. If you are suffering from varicella what have you got? Varicose Veins L Chickenpox G Cold Sores O 7. In which city were the 1960 Summer Olympic Games held? Athens Paris Rome I U M 1 8. From which musical does the song 'There's no Business like Show Business' come? Annie get your Gun I Guys and Dolls U Singin in the Rain A 9. Cape Finisterre is the most westerly mainland point of which country? Spain France Canada 10. Which character did Adrian Edmondson play in the BBC comedy 'The Young Ones'? Rik E Vivien A Neil S 11. Who did Bjorn Borg beat to win his first Wimbledon singles title? Ilie Nastase S Jimmy Connors E Roscoe Tanner B 2 | eng_Latn | 1,258 |
What country was led by Haile Selassie? | Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83 Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83 By ALDEN WHITMAN Haile Selassie, the last emperor in the 3,000-year-old Ethiopian monarchy, who ruled for half a century before he was deposed by military coup last September, died yesterday in a small apartment in his former palace. He was 83 years old. His death was played down by the military rulers who succeeded him in Addis Ababa, who announced it in a normally scheduled radio newscast there at 7 A.M. They said that he had been found dead in his bed by a servant, and that the cause of death was probably related to the effects of a prostate operation Haile Selassie underwent two months ago. The broadcast said that the once-revered "Lion of Judah's" only surviving daughter, Princess Tenagne-Work, visited the former Emperor Tuesday at his request, after he had determined that his health was rapidly deteriorating. But in London, Crown Prince Afsa Wossen Haile Selassie, who has been living abroad since the leftist government in Ethiopia formally declared an end to the monarchy last March, said his father had been in "excellent health." In a written statement issued in London, it was said that "the Crown Prince demands that independent doctors and the International Red Cross be allowed to carry out an autopsy to ascertain the cause of death of Ethiopia's and Africa's father." Official sources said that burial of the former Emperor would be "in the strictest privacy." According to Ethiopian custom, burial must take place within 24 hours after death. As a symbol of regal power, His Imperial Majesty the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Haile Selassie I, Elect of God, Emperor of Ethiopia, had ruled his ancient realm as a medieval autocrat. Seized in a military coup after almost a year of festering discontent with his regime, Haile Selassie, who was accustomed to Rolls-Royces, was hustled from his spacious palace to an army officer's bungalow in the back seat of a blue Volkswagen. The final confrontation between the aged and frail Emperor and the young and robust army men was like a scene from a Verdi opera. Haile Selassie scolded and insulted the officers as insolent, and they, with mounting ire, decided on the spot to take him to a military camp rather than to another palace. And on the way, he was jeered by crowds yelling: "Thief! Thief!" Haile Selassie's troubles began in 1973 with disquiet in the countryside and in the peasant-based army over Government attempts to hush up a drought that eventually took 100,000 lives in two northern provinces. The unrest was compounded in February, 1974, when mutinies broke out in the military over low pay; and a secessionist guerrilla war in Eritrea complicated the Emperor's problems. In the spring and summer, after riots in Addis Ababa, the capital, his absolute power was gradually circumscribed. Lost Touch With Subjects Ironically, Haile Selassie initiated the changes that led to his downfall--the military training program that exposed Ethiopian officers to representative institutions in the United States, and Haile Selassie I University, where students learned to think about political economy. The Emperor, however, could not seem to adapt to new concepts, and he lost touch with his subjects in recent years, showing more affection for his pet cheetahs and dogs, diplomats said, than for his human entourage. In the working out of Haile Selassie's cautious reforms, a thin layer of technocrats and intellectuals was created, a group that perceived the country far differently from the tradition-bound Emperor. The reform process, moreover, created a dependency on the United States, which equipped the army and which drew Ethiopia into the periphery of superpower politics. This came about because of the country's strategic position on the Red Sea. The Soviet Union, likewise alert to geopolitics, equipped the military forces of Somalia, which also lies on the Red Sea and abuts Ethiopia on the southeast. For years the two countries quarreled over their border, adding | Indonesia shares which island with Brunei and Malaysia: New Guinea; Borneo; Timor; or Java? View the step-by-step solution to: Indonesia shares which island with Brunei and Malaysia: New Guinea; Borneo; Timor; or Java? This question was answered on May 31, 2016. View the Answer Indonesia shares which island with Brunei and Malaysia: New Guinea; Borneo; Timor; or Java? ellenellis posted a question · May 31, 2016 at 7:30am Top Answer Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29839830) ]} rampsaud answered the question · May 31, 2016 at 7:31am Other Answers The answer to this question... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29839840) ]} The island is divided among three countries: Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Dr.Mitch May 31, 2016 at 7:33am {[ getNetScore(29839844) ]} Here is the solution... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29839845) ]} {[ getNetScore(29839993) ]} owala answered the question · May 31, 2016 at 7:45am The island is known as the Bruneo.It is known as the largest island in Asia.It si located at geographic... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29840051) ]} ProfAndrianBen answered the question · May 31, 2016 at 7:49am Borneo island. This is how the third largest island is shared among... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29840058) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions 100-150 words reply We've discussed how European kingdoms were evolving into Nation-States as a result of the Reformation and the Renaissance. Do you think Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? mathtutor1983 5 World History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 1,259 |
Who was the Prime Minister of WW2 Japan? | Japanese New Prime Minister apologizes for WW2 - National/World News - Baltimore Sun Talk Forums Baltimore Sun Talk Forums Japanese New Prime Minister apologizes for WW2 Started by John Henneman , Aug 15 2010 07:12 AM This topic has been archived. This means that you cannot reply to this topic. 42 replies to this topic Posted 15 August 2010 - 07:12 AM New Japanese Prime Minister gives a ****! http://news.yahoo.co...apan_war_shrine YURI KAGEYAMA, Associated Press Writer Yuri Kageyama, Associated Press Writer – 1 hr 53 mins ago TOKYO – Japan's new liberal prime minister shunned a visit to a shrine that has outraged Asian neighbors for honoring war criminals, breaking from past governments' tradition and instead apologizing Sunday for the suffering World War II caused.Members of the now-opposition Liberal Democratic Party, which ruled Japan nearly continuously since the end of the war, made a point by carrying out their own trip to Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo on the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II.The Shinto shrine — a spectacular building with sweeping roofs and a museum in its grounds that glorifies kamikaze pilots — has set off controversy by honoring the 2.5 million Japanese war dead, including Class A war criminals such as Hideki Tojo, Japan's wartime prime minister who was executed in 1948.Among those who visited Yasukuni was LDP leader Sadakazu Tanigaki and former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. About 40 legislators went to the shrine, but none from Prime Minister Naoto Kan's Cabinet, according to Japanese media reports. Kan leads the Democratic Party, which took power last year after winning elections on promises of greater transparency and grass-roots democracy. It is the first time since the end of World War II that the entire Japanese Cabinet has avoided visiting Yasukuni on Aug. 15, the day Japan surrendered in the war."We caused great damage and suffering to many nations during the war, especially to the people of Asia," Kan told a crowd of about 6,000 at an annual memorial service for the war dead at Budokan hall in Tokyo."We feel a deep regret, and we offer our sincere feelings of condolence to those who suffered and their families," he said. "We renew our promise to never wage war, and we promise to do our utmost to achieve eternal world peace and to never repeat again the mistake of war."Among those listening to Kan's words were Emperor Akihito, whose father Hirohito announced the surrender 65 years ago in a radio broadcast — the first time the Japanese public had heard the real voice of the emperor, who had been revered as a living god to justify imperial expansion.Akihito, who has never visited Yasukuni, led a moment of silence at noon, bowing deeply before a stage filled with yellow and white chrysanthemums.The families and friends of more than 3 million Japanese who died in war, including a gray-haired woman in a wheelchair clutching a black-and-white photo of a soldier, bowed their heads in silence for a minute."I don't ever want war," said the woman, Chiyoka Takakura, 96, whose husband died in the Philippines. "I am asking his spirit to protect us all." http://www.philstar....bCategoryId=200 TOKYO (Xinhua) - Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan apologized to Asian countries for aggression during the World War II Sunday at a ceremony to mark the 65th anniversary of Japan's unconditional surrender, and avoided visiting a controversial shrine where the top Japanese war criminals were honored."Japan inflicted great damage and pain on people in Asian countries," Kan said, adding that he extended his condolence to people who died in the war and his country should "actively contribute to the establishment of ever-lasting peace in the world. "Japanese Emperor Akihito, Empress Michiko and some 5,400 people including families of those who died as well as 1,800 government officials also took part in the ceremony at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo. Following Kan's address, participants observed a one-minute silence at noon for the some 3 million Japanese people who died in the war."I truly hope that the horror | Floriano Peixoto Floriano Peixoto 23 November 1891 – 15 November 1894 Vice President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 Preceded by 19 April 1890 – 22 January 1891 President 13 September 1884 – 5 October 1885 Monarch Barra Mansa , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Nationality Brazilian Political party Independent Spouse(s) Josina Peixoto (m. 1872–1895; his death) Signature Brazilian Army Years of service 1861–1889 Rank Field Marshal Battles/wars Paraguayan War Floriano Vieira Peixoto ( Portuguese pronunciation: 30 April 1839 – 29 July 1895), born in Ipioca (today a district of the city of Maceió in the State of Alagoas ), nicknamed “Iron Marshal”, [1] was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the Paraguayan War , and the second President of Brazil . [2] He is the first Vice President of Brazil to have succeeded a former President mid-term. Contents 5 External links Election and Succession as President Floriano Peixoto was an army Marshal when elected vice-president in February 1891. Later, in November 1891, he rose to the presidency following the resignation of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , the first president of Brazil. Floriano Peixoto came to the presidency in a difficult period of the new Brazilian Republic, which was in the midst of a general political and economic crisis made worse by the effects of the bursting of the Encilhamento economic bubble . Government Floriano Peixoto defeated a naval officers’ rebellion against him in 1893–1894 and a seditious military movement in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina during the same years. His government was marked by increased centralization of power and nationalism . Legacy Monument to Marshal Floriano Peixoto in Downtown Rio de Janeiro He is often referred to as “the Consolidator of the Republic” or “The Iron Marshal”. He left the presidency on 15 November 1894. In spite of his unpopularity, he was responsible for the consolidation of the new Republican Government. Desterro, the capital of the state of Santa Catarina , was renamed Florianópolis as punishment for its participation in the Federalist Revolution in 1894. References | eng_Latn | 1,260 |
Madagascar declared its independence from which country in 1960? | MADAGASCAR: Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 MADAGASCAR: Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 The following is excerped from the Country Studies--Area Handbook program of the U.S. Department of the Army. The original version of this text is available at the Library of Congress . Full index of Country Studies-Madagascar Madagascar Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 View of Antananarivo from the Royal Hill Courtesy Brian Kensley After France adopted the Constitution of the Fifth Republic under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, on September 28, 1958, Madagascar held a referendum to determine whether the country should become a self-governing republic within the French community. The AKFM and other nationalists opposed to the concept of limited self-rule mustered about 25 percent of votes cast. The vast majority of the population at the urging of the PSD leadership voted in favor of the referendum. The vote led to the election of Tsiranana as the country's first president on April 27, 1959. After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state. The cornerstone of Tsiranana's government was the signing with France of fourteen agreements and conventions designed to maintain and strengthen Franco-Malagasy ties. These agreements were to provide the basis for increasing opposition from Tsiranana's critics. A spirit of political reconciliation prevailed in the early 1960s. By achieving independence and obtaining the release of the MDRM leaders detained since the Revolt of 1947, Tsiranana had coopted the chief issues on which the more aggressively nationalist elements had built much of their support. Consistent with Tsiranana's firm commitment to remain attached to Western civilization, the new regime made plain its intent to maintain strong ties to France and the West in the economic, defense, and cultural spheres. Not entirely sanguine about this prospect, the opposition initially concurred in the interest of consolidating the gains of the previous decade, and most ethnic and regional interests supported Tsiranana. Similar to other African leaders during the immediate independence era, Tsiranana oversaw the consolidation of his own party's power at the expense of other parties. A political system that strongly favored the incumbent complemented these actions. For example, although the political process allowed minority parties to participate, the constitution mandated a winner-take- all system that effectively denied the opposition a voice in governance. Tsiranana's position was further strengthened by the broad, multiethnic popular base of the PSD among the c�tiers, whereas the opposition was severely disorganized. The AKFM continued to experience intraparty rifts between leftist and ultranationalist, more orthodox Marxist factions; it was unable to capitalize on increasingly active but relatively less privileged Malagasy youth because the party's base was the Merina middle class. A new force on the political scene provided the first serious challenge to the Tsiranana government in April 1971. The National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (Mouvement National pour l'Ind�pendance de Madagascar--Monima) led a peasant uprising in Toliara Province. The creator and leader of Monima was Monja Jaona, a c�tier from the south who also participated in the Revolt of 1947. The main issue was government pressure for tax collection at a time when local cattle herds were being ravaged by disease. The protesters attacked military and administrative centers in the area, apparently hoping for support in the form of weapons and reinforcements from China. Such help never arrived, and the revolt was harshly and quickly suppressed. An estimated fifty to 1,000 persons died, Monima was dissolved, and Monima leaders, including Jaona and several hundred protesters, | Mata Hari - YouTube Mata Hari Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 2, 2014 Margaretha Geertruida "Margreet" Zelle MacLeod (7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a member of the Frisian minority from the Netherlands, and was an exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy[1] and executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands.[3] She was the eldest of four children of Adam Zelle (2 October 1840 – 13 March 1910) and his first wife Antje van der Meulen (21 April 1842 – 9 May 1891).[4] She had three brothers. Her father owned a hat shop, made successful investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha a lavish early childhood[5] that included exclusive schools until the age of 13.[6] However, Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced soon thereafter, and her mother died in 1891.[5][6] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (11 March 1844 – 1 December 1913), with whom he had no children. The family had fallen apart and Margaretha moved to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. In Leiden, she studied to be a kindergarten teacher, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her offended godfather.[5][6][7] After only a few months, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague Category | eng_Latn | 1,261 |
Meaning “cluster of eight” in the local language, what did the Ellice Islands change their name to upon gaining independence? | CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background Afghanistan Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces. The Communist regime in Kabul collapsed in 1992. Fighting that subsequently erupted among the various mujahidin factions eventually helped to spawn the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that fought to end the warlordism and civil war which gripped the country. The Taliban seized Kabul in 1996 and were able to capture most of the country outside of Northern Alliance srongholds primarily in the northeast. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. In late 2001, a conference in Bonn, Germany, established a process for political reconstruction that ultimately resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and presidential elections in 2004. On 9 October 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan. National Assembly elections are tentatively scheduled for spring 2005. Akrotiri By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created the independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovreignty and jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers in total: Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The southernmost and smallest of these is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as the Western Sovereign Base Area. Albania Between 1990 and 1992 Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven difficult as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks with links to high government officials, and disruptive political opponents. International observers judged parliamentary elections in 2001 to be acceptable and a step toward democratic development, but identified serious deficiencies. Some of these were addressed through reforms in the Albanian electoral code prior to the nationwide municipal elections in 2003. Algeria After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the subsequent generation were not satisified, however, and moved to counter the FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992-1998 and which resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the presidency in 1999 in a fraudulent election but claimed neutrality in his 2004 landslide reelection victory. A number of longstanding problems continue to face BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic minority Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the | Leofric | earl of Mercia | Britannica.com earl of Mercia Cenwulf Leofric, (died Aug. 31, 1057, Bromley, Eng.), Anglo-Saxon earl of Mercia (from 1023 or soon thereafter), one of the three great earls of 11th-century England , who took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of King Canute in 1035, Leofric supported the claim of Canute’s son Harold to the throne against that of Hardecanute; and, during the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine in 1051, he played the part of a mediator. Through his efforts civil war was averted, and in accordance with his advice the settlement of the dispute was referred to the Witan. Because Chester was his principal residence and the seat of his government, he is sometimes called Earl of Chester. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva . Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at Coventry . Learn More in these related articles: Edward (king of England [1002?-1066]) 1002/05 Islip, Eng. Jan. 5, 1066 London; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now October 13 king of England from 1042 to 1066. Although he is often portrayed as a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, Edward preserved much of the dignity of the crown and managed... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference (died 1057). Leofric was an Anglo-Saxon earl of Mercia (central England) from 1023 or soon thereafter. He was known as one of the three great earls of 11th-century England. He took a leading part in public affairs. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: July 03, 2007 URL: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leofric Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share | eng_Latn | 1,262 |
What was The Zaire River called before 27th October 1971. | A brief history of the Congo later to be known as Zaire 1600's to 1700's The British, Dutch, Portuguese and French merchants exploited the slave trade. 1870s The Belgian King Leopold II set up a private venture to colonise the Congo. 1874-77 The British explorer Henry Stanley navigated the Congo river to the Atlantic Ocean. 1879-87 King Leopold II commissioned Henry Stanley to establish the King's authority in the Congo basin. 1884-85 European countries at a Conference in Berlin recognised King Leopold's claim to the Congo basin. 1885 King Leopold II announced the establishment of the ‘Congo Free State’, to be headed by himself. 1891-92 Belgian troops conquered the state of Katanga. 1892-94 The Eastern Congo is taken from the control of East African Arabs and Swahili-speaking traders. 1908 The Belgian state annexed the Congo amid protests over killings and atrocities carried out on a mass scale by Leopold's agents. Millions of Congolese were said to have been killed or worked to death during Leopold's control of the territory. 1955 Belgian Professor Antoin van Bilsen published a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government. 1959 Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville by now renamed Kinshasa. 15th March 1960 Martial Law is proclaimed. 30th June 1960 The Republic of Congo gained its independence from Belgium. Patrice Lumumba became the countries first prime minister while Joseph Kasavubu was made president. 11th July 1960 The copper rich state of Katanga secedes from the rest of the country. 15th July1960 The Congolese army mutinies and Moise Tshombe declared Katanga to be independent. Belgian troops were sent in to protect Belgian citizens and mining interests. The United Nations Security Council voted to send troops to help establish law and order in the country, however the troops were not allowed to intervene in internal affairs (they left in 1964). 14th September 1960 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu, the army's 29-year-old chief of staff, lead a coup to break up a power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and Premier Patrice Lumumba, and arrested Lumumba after President Kasavubu had dismissed him as prime minister. November 1960 Congolese and United Nations troops clashed. January 1961 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu returned power of the country to Joseph Kasavubu. 17th January 1961 Patrice Lumumba was handed over to the Katanga rebels and murdered. Fierce fighting broke out between the United Nations troops and pro Lumumba supporters. Evidence later emerged connecting Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to Lumumba's murder. However, Belgium also played a part in Lumumba’s death. 22nd January 1961 Belgian paratroops flew into Stanleyville to rescue European settlers. February 1961 A federation was formed of all the sovereign states, replacing the existing republic. August 1961 Cyrille Adoula was appointed prime minister of the country. August 1961 United Nation troops began disarming Katangese soldiers. September 1961 United Nations troops for the second time tried to crush the Katangan rebels. 18th September 1961 Dag Hammarskjold Secretary General of the United Nations, died in an air crash as he flew out of the country. 31st October 1961 A third attempt was mounted by United Nation troops to once again try and crush the Katangan rebels. 29th December 1962 United Nation troops occupied the Katangan capital city Elizabethville. 1st January 1963 President Tshombe appealed to the United Nations to declare a cease fire. 8th January 1963 President Tshombe was placed under house arrest by the United Nations. 15th January1963 Moise Tshombe bowed to United Nations pressure and agreed to end Katanga's secession. 1964 President Joseph Kasavubu appointed Moise Tshombe as prime minister. Early 1964 A minor Communist inspired revolt took place in the Kwilu Provence. Within five months this minor revolt would become a major uprising that would involve | What was the name of the paperboy whose 1978 murder sparked a massive manhunt by British police? View the step-by-step solution to: What was the name of the paperboy whose 1978 murder sparked a massive manhunt by British police? This question was answered on May 17, 2016. View the Answer What was the name of the paperboy whose 1978 murder sparked a massive manhunt by British police? RandalNeilsen posted a question · May 17, 2016 at 7:23am Top Answer Chrisjoel answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 7:24am Other Answers The way to answer this question is ... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573342) ]} Here is the solution... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573349) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573350) ]} Let me explain the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573364) ]} {[ getNetScore(29573372) ]} Wilsonimbira20 answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 7:26am The Bridgewater Four was the collective name given to the quartet of men who were tried and... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573413) ]} peterkivuva61 answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 7:28am Carl Bridgewate r (January 2, 1965 - September 19, 1978) was shot dead at Yew Tree Farm on the A449 in Stafford... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573531) ]} The way to approach this... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29573560) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions During this second great era of empire-building (the first taking place in the Western Hemisphere between 1500 and 1700), how were the Europeans able to Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? kritak 8 World History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. 890,990,898 Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! 890,990,898 Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! | eng_Latn | 1,263 |
In 2001, Count Jacques Rogge replaced Juan Antonio Samaranch as head of what body? | IOC Presidents - The International Olympic Committee IOC Presidents 20th Century History Expert By Jennifer Rosenberg The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established on June 23, 1894 in order to organize the Olympic Games . This organization continues to be the ruling body of the Olympics. This is a list of the past and present presidents of the IOC. 2001-2013 Count Jacques Rogge (Belgium) 1980-2001 Juan Antonio Samaranch (Spain) 1972-1980 Michael Morris (Ireland) 1952-1972 Avery Brundage (United States) 1946-1952 J. Sigfrid Edström (Sweden) 1925-1942 Henri de Baillet-Latour (Belgium) 1896-1925 Pierre de Coubertin (France) 1894-1896 Dimitrios Vikelas (Greece) | G8 Summit 2009 - official website - Home The Baton Passes to Canada: The Muskoka G8 2010 Gets Off the Ground 31/12/2009 Canada's tenure of the G8 presidency is about to begin: the 2010 Summit is due to be held in Muskoka, a spectacular region of central Ontario rich in lakes, picturesque towns and villages, and beautiful natural scenery. The symbol of the Canadian G8, a pine tree with windswept branches yet whose trunk is solidly rooted in the rock, perfectly embodies the spirit of the region. All the Official Documents of the 2009 G8 Summit 31/12/2009 The official documents of the G8 Summit under Italian Presidency, which was held in L'Aquila from 8 to 10 July 2009, can be consulted in the pages of this website by clicking on "Summit Proceedings" under the "Summit" menu. The documents can be consulted and/or downloaded in Pdf format in the original English version and, where applicable, also in the Italian version. A Year With the G8 Website: Over Half a Million Consolidated Visitors, and Millions of Hits 30/12/2009 More than 536,000 consolidated visitors, peaks running into millions of hits during the three days of the Summit in L'Aquila, over 180 news items published, 26 official documents explained and commented on, 48 HD photo galleries and 25 video galleries: these are but a few of the figures regarding our website in 2009, the year in which Italy has held the G8 duty presidency. The photo galleries and news items are the sections that have attracted the highest number of visitors. G8: A Year With Italy at the Helm 30/12/2009 A year is drawing to a close that has been marked by intense hard work on numerous issues at the heart of the international debate such as combating the worldwide economic crisis, imparting a fresh boost to international trade, fighting climate change, promoting development in the world's poorer countries, guaranteeing food safety and security, ensuring access to water, health, the struggle against terrorism, and peace and cooperation amongst peoples and nations. | eng_Latn | 1,264 |
Who became President of Egypt in June 2012? | Presidents of Egypt Presidents of Egypt Egypt's new President, Mohammed Morsi Flag of Egypt Presidents of Egypt President Muhammad Naguib (in office June 18,1953 to November 14, 1954)--Assumed office after leading the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, in which King Farouk was overthown by then-Lieutenant General Muhammad Naguib and Gamel Abdel Nasser. Naguib becomes Egypt's first President. President Gamal Abdel Nasser (in office November 14, 1954 to September 28, 1970)--Nasser became president after forcing President Naguib from office. Nasser served as president until his death. Nasser was succeeded by his vice-president, Anwar Sadat. President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak. President Hosni Mubarak (in office October 6, 1981 to February 11, 2011 )--Mubarak became president upon the assassination of his predecessor, Anwar Sadat. Mubarak imposed Emergency Rule upon the death of Sadat, and maintained his rule as an autocratic dictator until resignining the presidency in February, 2011 in the face of massive unrest . As of February 11, 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman, became the ruling authority upon the resignation of President Mubarak. President Mohammed Morsi--(elected in June, 2012)--Morsi, running as the candidate of the once-outlawed Muslim Brotherhood, won Egypt's first free election with nearly 52% of the vote. | Ne Win - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays Ne Win Politician Born In Myanmar#3 About Prime Minister of Burma in the 1960s who was also the Head of State of the country from 1962 to 1981. He resigned in the aftermath of the Four Eights Uprising but many believe he orchestrated the military coup that crushed all hopes for democracy several months later. Before Fame He attended Rangoon University for two years before leaving. He went on to become a member of the Dobama Asiayone, a nationalist group. Trivia He founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party in 1962 and in 1964 he formally declared it to be the only legal party. Family Life He was married six times and had six biological children, in addition to three more, which were brought into the marriage by his third wife. | eng_Latn | 1,265 |
Who became president of Egypt following the assassination of Anwar El Sadat in 1981? | Is Egypt a Democracy? Is Egypt a Democracy? Middle East Issues Expert By Primoz Manfreda Egypt is not yet a democracy, despite the big potential of the 2011 Arab Spring uprising that swept away Egypt’s long-standing leader, Hosni Mubarak , who had ruled the country from 1980. Egypt is effectively run by the military, which has deposed an elected Islamist president in July 2013, and handpicked an interim president and a government cabinet. Elections are expected at some point in 2014. System of Government: A Military-Run Regime Egypt today is a military dictatorship in all but name, although the army promises to return power to civilian politicians as soon as the country is stable enough to hold fresh elections. The military-run administration has suspended the controversial constitution approved in 2012 by a popular referendum, and disbanded the upper house of parliament, Egypt’s last legislative body. Executive power is formally in the hands of an interim cabinet, but there is little doubt that all important decisions are decided in a narrow circle of army generals, Mubarak-era officials, and security chiefs, headed by General Abdul Fattah al-Sisi, the head of the army and acting defense minister. The top levels of the judiciary have been supportive of the July 2013 military takeover, and with no parliament there are very few checks and balances on Sisi’s political role, making him the de-facto ruler of Egypt. The state-owned media has championed Sisi in a manner reminiscent of the Mubarak era, and criticism of Egypt’s new strongman elsewhere has been muted. Sisi’s supporters are saying the military has saved the country from an Islamist dictatorship, but the country’s future seems as uncertain as it was after Mubarak’s downfall in 2011. Failure of Egypt’s Democratic Experiment Egypt has been ruled by successive authoritarian governments since the 1950s, and before 2012 all three presidents – Gamal Abdul Nasser, Mohammed Sadat, and Mubarak – have come out from the military. As a result, Egyptian military always played an important role in political and economic life. The army also enjoyed deep respect among ordinary Egyptians, and it was hardly surprising that after Mubarak’s overthrow the generals assumed the management of the transition process, becoming the guardians of the 2011 “revolution”. However, Egypt’s democratic experiment soon ran into trouble, as it became clear that the army was in no rush to retire from active politics. Parliamentary elections were eventually held in late 2011 followed by presidential polls in June 2012, bringing to power an Islamist majority controlled by President Mohammed Morsi and his Muslim Brotherhood. Morsi struck a tacit deal with the army , under which the generals withdrew from day-to-day government affairs, in exchange for retaining a decisive say in defense policy and all matters of national security. But growing instability under Morsi and the threat of civil strife between secular and Islamist groups appeared to have convinced the generals that civilian politicians botched the transition. The army removed Morsi from power in a popularly-backed coup in July 2013, arrested senior leaders of his party, and cracked down on supporters of the former president. The majority of Egyptians rallied behind the army, tired of instability and economic meltdown, and alienated by the incompetence of the politicians. Do Egyptians Want Democracy? Both mainstream Islamists and their secular opponents generally agree that Egypt should be governed by a democratic political system, with a government chosen through free and fair elections. But unlike Tunisia , where a similar uprising against a dictatorship resulted in a coalition of Islamist and secular parties, Egyptian political parties could not find a middle ground, making politics a violent, zero-sum game. Once in power, the democratically-elected Morsi reacted to criticism and political protest often by emulating some of the repressive practices of the former regime. Sadly, this negative experience made many Egyptians willing to acc | The Emperor’s electric chair | A Blast From The Past A Blast From The Past / allkindsofhistory The death chair in Auburn prison, c.1890 Many countries have folk-tales that feature foolish kings – monarchs whose vanity causes them to make catastrophic misjudgements or attempt impossible things. Greek mythology offers the tradition of King Midas, who lived to regret wishing for the power to turn everything he touched into gold; for we Brits, the foolish ruler is King Canute, who – at least in the common modern telling of the tale – allowed courtiers to flatter him that even the seas would obey his commands, and consequently got his feet wet in a failed attempt to turn back the tides.1 Most of these legends are hundreds of years old, of course, but the motif is a potent one and it still crops up from time to time. Here, for example, is a story that has stuck firmly in my mind ever since I first read it in The Book of Lists, a best-selling compendium of all sorts of remarkable trivia, first published in 1977: The Abyssinian electric chair On August 6, 1890, the first electric chair in history was put into use in the death chamber of Auburn Prison in New York. In distant Abyssinia – now called Ethiopia – Emperor Menelik II (1844-1913) heard about it and decided that this new method of execution should become part of his modernisation plan for his country. Immediately, he put in an order for three electric chairs from the American manufacturer. When the chairs arrived and were unpacked, the emperor was mortified to learn that they wouldn’t work – Abyssinia had no electricity. Determined that his investment would not be completely wasted, Emperor Menelik adopted one of the electric chairs for his imperial throne. David Wallechinsky et al, The Book of Lists (London: Corgi, 1977) p.463. Pretty amusing, and plainly I’m not the only person who finds this odd tale peculiarly memorable; the editors of The Book of Lists themselves ranked it among their “15 favourite oddities of all time,” and if you type the search string ‘Menelik’s electric chair’ into Google, you come up with several thousand hits from sites such as anecdotage.com , all of which are clearly based on the BoL‘s telling of the story; they contain the same basic information, but nothing different or new. Of course, you don’t have to think too hard about the Abyssinian electric chair to realise that the story’s racist: the joke is always on Menelik and those funny Africans, so backward that they’ve never heard of electricity, and so stupid that it doesn’t actually occur to them that they might need some in order to operate an invention called an electric chair. And that interests me, because the thing is that – pace Lloyd Bentsen – I know Abyssinian history. Abyssinian history is an interest of mine. And – for several reasons – the story of Emperor Menelik and his electric chair does not strike me as good or reasonable history. Part I. The King of Kings Menelik II Let’s look briefly, to begin with, at the remarkable man at the heart of this story. Menelik II, who reigned in Abyssinia for the best part of a quarter of a century, is generally acknowledged as one of the most able of all Ethiopian emperors – indeed, of all African rulers. Coming to the throne at a time when the country had suffered a large setback – his predecessor, Yohannes IV, had just been killed in battle with the same Sudanese Islamic zealots who famously did for General Gordon at Khartoum – Menelik not only saved Abyssinia from colonisation (his victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896 has been described, with pardonable exaggeration, as the first by an African army over a European one since Cannae), but also played a leading role in bringing his empire into the twentieth century. For the Emperor was – most pertinently for our enquiry – a man with a pronounced love of engineering. He founded Addis Ababa, and enjoyed sketching designs and building wooden models of the innovations that he planned. Menelik was also progressive and a moderniser , responsible for introducing or encouraging a wide variety | eng_Latn | 1,266 |
Who was Soviet Foreign Minister from 1957 to 1985? | Gromyko | Define Gromyko at Dictionary.com Gromyko [groh-mee-koh, gruh-; Russian gruh-mi-kuh] /groʊˈmi koʊ, grə-; Russian grʌˈmɪ kə/ Spell 1. Andrei Andreevich [uhn-dryey uhn-drye-yi-vyich] /ʌnˈdryeɪ ʌnˈdryɛ yɪ vyɪtʃ/ (Show IPA), 1909–89, Soviet diplomat: foreign minister 1957–85, president 1985–88. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for Gromyko Expand Contemporary Examples “You can just open the door there—just have you say hello to my daughter and son,” he tells Gromyko. British Dictionary definitions for Gromyko Expand noun 1. Andrei Andreyevich (anˈdrjej anˈdrjejɪvitʃ). 1909–89, Soviet statesman and diplomat; foreign minister (1957–85); president (1985–88) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | Floriano Peixoto Floriano Peixoto 23 November 1891 – 15 November 1894 Vice President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 President 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 Preceded by 19 April 1890 – 22 January 1891 President 13 September 1884 – 5 October 1885 Monarch Barra Mansa , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Nationality Brazilian Political party Independent Spouse(s) Josina Peixoto (m. 1872–1895; his death) Signature Brazilian Army Years of service 1861–1889 Rank Field Marshal Battles/wars Paraguayan War Floriano Vieira Peixoto ( Portuguese pronunciation: 30 April 1839 – 29 July 1895), born in Ipioca (today a district of the city of Maceió in the State of Alagoas ), nicknamed “Iron Marshal”, [1] was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the Paraguayan War , and the second President of Brazil . [2] He is the first Vice President of Brazil to have succeeded a former President mid-term. Contents 5 External links Election and Succession as President Floriano Peixoto was an army Marshal when elected vice-president in February 1891. Later, in November 1891, he rose to the presidency following the resignation of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , the first president of Brazil. Floriano Peixoto came to the presidency in a difficult period of the new Brazilian Republic, which was in the midst of a general political and economic crisis made worse by the effects of the bursting of the Encilhamento economic bubble . Government Floriano Peixoto defeated a naval officers’ rebellion against him in 1893–1894 and a seditious military movement in the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina during the same years. His government was marked by increased centralization of power and nationalism . Legacy Monument to Marshal Floriano Peixoto in Downtown Rio de Janeiro He is often referred to as “the Consolidator of the Republic” or “The Iron Marshal”. He left the presidency on 15 November 1894. In spite of his unpopularity, he was responsible for the consolidation of the new Republican Government. Desterro, the capital of the state of Santa Catarina , was renamed Florianópolis as punishment for its participation in the Federalist Revolution in 1894. References | eng_Latn | 1,267 |
How is the president of Somalia in 2009? | Who is the president of Somalia in 2009? | Who is the president of Somalia in 2009? | eng_Latn | 1,268 |
Who is the leader of the Autobots? | Decepticon leader | Teletraan I: The Transformers Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Marvel Comics Note: Events from the UK-only comic stories are in italics. Megatron was at first the sole Decepticon leader. Under his leadership, much of Cybertron was conquered. When Megatron disappeared, Trannis seized power, destroying Iacon and forcing the Autobots underground. After the Wreckers killed Trannis, Straxus took command of the Decepticons on Cybertron. When Megatron was defeated shortly after the Decepticons reactivated, Military Operations Commander Shockwave defeated the Autobots and usurped Megatron, reducing him to second-in-command . However, Megatron was soon defeated by the Dinobots , allowing Shockwave to fully assume command. Megatron's subsequent return saw a joint leadership, while Megatron was able to use logic to convince Shockwave to give him full leadership. After seemingly killing Optimus Prime , Megatron went mad and apparently killed himself, allowing Shockwave to assume full leadership again. Meanwhile, after receiving a mayday from the Earth bound Decepticons, Straxus constructed a space bridge that linked Earth and Cybertron, only for Straxus to be killed when it was attacked by Perceptor 's resistance cell. Fuel Auditor Ratbat emerged as the most powerful Decepticon in Polyhex , entering into an uneasy alliance with Shockwave. While this was going on, the Decepticon Scorponok took his unit to follow Fortress Maximus to Nebulos , where he underwent binary bonding with Zarak . Following Fortress Maximus to Earth, Scorponok also entered an uneasy alliance with Shockwave and Ratbat. With this many bytes of aggression, the stage was set for a coup. Ultimately, it came about that Air Commander Starscream was the catalyst that launched a rebellion. When the Decepticons learned that the legendary Underbase was coming to Earth, Starscream caused the Decepticons to turn against each other. By the end of the conflict, Shockwave was presumed to have burned up on reentry into Earth's atmosphere, Ratbat was shot dead by Scorponok, and Starscream was killed when he tried to absorb the Underbase's power. Without any rivals, Scorponok easily settled into power as Earth's sole Decepticon leader. Meanwhile, on Cybertron, Thunderwing petitioned the Decepticon High Council to be appointed leader of the Decepticon army. His bid was successful. Learning that the Autobots were searching for the Creation Matrix , Thunderwing managed to gain the Matrix and corrupted it. Thunderwing was ultimately killed, and the Matrix believed destroyed. With Unicron fast approaching Cybertron, Optimus Prime made the decision to surrender to Scorponok, in return for allying with the Autobots against Unicron. Scorponok planned to betray Prime, but Zarak later agreed to the alliance. However, Scorponok's troops were growing disgruntled, especially by his recruitment of Starscream, who had decimated them months earlier then was resurrected by Megatron, who had survived his space bridge suicide (only to be fused together with Autobot Chief Medical Officer Ratchet ). Taking advantage of this, Shockwave, who had survived his burn-up, managed to get several disgruntled Decepticons to ally with him and attack Scorponok's group. Ultimately, they were all transported to Cybertron by Primus , who named Optimus Prime as the commander of Cybertron's united army. During the battle with Unicron, Optimus Prime and Scorponok were both killed. As Shockwave and Starscream fled the dying Cybertron, Bludgeon was acclaimed Decepticon leader by the surviving Decepticons. He led the Decepticons in the conquest of Klo , then massacred the Autobots who arrived to stop them. However, Optimus Prime had been revived by the Last Autobot , whom Bludgeon had worshipped as the Ultimate Warrior. The Last Autobot revived the fallen Autobots, and Bludgeon agreed to lead the Decepticons into exile...planning to bide their time. Shockwave, meanwhile, had hijacked the Ark alongside Starscream with the intention of using it to conquer Earth. He didn't count on an alternate timeline | Media | Prime Minister of Australia Prime Minister of Australia The Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP Search form Today I am announcing changes to the Ministry that I will be recommending to His Excellency the Governor General. 17 January 2017 Doorstop with Luke Howarth MP, Member for Petrie What a great community spirit there is here in Redcliffe. Luke, it is a great credit to you for organizing the federal funding and seeing the way in which the community pulls together with the combination of financial contributions from different levels of government and from businesses and community members. 16 January 2017 | eng_Latn | 1,269 |
Who won the Golden Ball Award for best player at the 2006 FIFA World Cup? | BBC SPORT | Football | World Cup 2006 | Sent-off Zidane named best player Sent-off Zidane named best player Zidane's final match in professional football was the World Cup final Zinedine Zidane won the Golden Ball award for the World Cup's best player, despite being dismissed for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the final. France captain Zidane polled 2,012 points in the vote by journalists mostly carried out at half-time. The midfielder, 34, beat Italians Fabio Cannavaro (1,977 points) and Andrea Pirlo (715 points) in the ballot. He scored a penalty early on in the final but was sent off in extra time as France went on to lose on penalties. Report: Zidane welcomed home The former international player of the year and 1998 World Cup winner announced last month that he was retiring from football after the tournament. The vast majority of those votes were cast by journalists before the final was over and that I'm sure is why Zidane has come out top BBC sports news correspondent Gordon Farquhar On Sunday, he put France ahead from the spot in the opening minutes but was sent off after slamming his head into Materazzi's chest during the tense second period of extra time, which ended 1-1. It was to be his last act as a professional player and, with the French missing his prowess in the ensuing penalty shootout, Italy went on to claim the World Cup title. BBC sports news correspondent Gordon Farquhar was in Berlin to see the game and the vote. "The vast majority of those votes were cast by journalists before the final was over and that I'm sure is why Zidane has come out top," Farquhar told BBC Radio Five Live. WORLD CUP BLOG More on our World Cup blog "But it's going to be a bit embarrassing for Fifa - the man who got sent off in the final for a completely unacceptable foul against another player is the guy who's been chosen by journalists as the man of the tournament. "The reason the journalists voted for Zidane was this great emotional thing - everybody knew it was his last tournament and the final was his last game of football ever - but most people were dumbfounded to see what he did on Sunday. "If you'd asked the 2,012 journalists - who voted for him - after the game whether they wanted to change their vote, they probably would have." Other players on the Golden Ball shortlist included Maniche (Portugal), Michael Ballack (Germany), Gianluca Zambrotta (Italy), Thierry Henry (France), Gianluigi Buffon (Italy), Patrick Vieira (France) and Miroslav Klose (Germany). 606 VIEW | Female Foreign Ministers In 1999 she was appointed acting Premier after the former premier resigned. (b. 1958-). 1999-2004 Lydie Polfer, Luxembourg Apart from being Foreign Minister she was also Vice-Premier Minister and Minister of External Trade and Minister of Public Service and Administrative Reform. She was Mayor of Luxembourg Ville 1982-99, Member of the Bureau of Chamber des Deput�es, President of the Parti Democratique 1994-2004, Chairperson of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2002 and from 2004 Member of the European Parliament. (b. 1952-). 1999-2009 Nkosazana C. Dlamini-Zuma, South Africa 1994-99 Minister of Health. Offered the post of Deputy President in 2005 after her ex-husband, Jacob Zuma was fired after corruption charges. She was candidate for the post of Deputy President of ANC in 2007, Minister of Home Affairs 2009-12 and Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2012 (b. 1949-). 1999-2004 Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Avila, El Salvador Former Academic and administrative career. (1956-). 1999-2000 and 2001-10 Dodo A�chatou Mindaoudou, Niger 1995-96 she was Minister of Social Development, Population and Women. 2010 the government was deposed in a military coup d'etat. (b. 1959-). 1999 Hilia Garez Gomes Lima Barber, Guinea-Bissau Also known as Ilia or Ilia Barber, she was ambassador to Israel 1995-99 and to France, the Vatican, UNESCO etc. from 2011. (b. 1944-). 2000-04 Soledad Alvear Valenzuela, Chile 1990-94 Minister for the National Women Service, 1994-99 Minister of Justice; She was leader of the Election Campaign of President Ricardo Lagos Escobar in 1999, before becoming Chancellor or Foreign Minister. She was chosen as the Christian Democratic Party's candidate for the primary of the centre-left Concertacion coalition, but she quit the race in May 2005 to pave the way for Michelle Barchelet's nomination. Senator and President of the Democracia Cristiana 2006-09. (b. 1951-). 2000-04 Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austria 2004-10 Commissioner of External Relations, European Union A career diplomat, 1993 she was Minister-Counsellor and Assistant Chief of Protocol of the Foreign Ministry, 1994-1995 Assistant Secretary General of the United Nation and Chief of Protocol 1995-2000 Minister of State of Foreign Affairs. In 2000 she was Chairperson-in-Office of OSCE and Presidential Candidate 2004 and Candidate for the post of Director General of UNOESCO in 2009. (b. 1948-). 2000-02 Haja Mahawa Bangoura Camara, Guinea In 1995 she was Ambassador to USA and later to the United Nations . Her official title was Minister to the presidency charged with Foreign Affairs and an alternative version of her name is Camara Hadja Mawa Bangoura. 2000-04 Lillian E. Patel, Malawi 1996-99 Minister of Women's and Children's' Affairs, Community Development and Social Welfare 1999-2000 Minister of Health and Population. From 2004 Minister of Labour and Vocational Training. 2000-05 Maria Elisabeth Levens, Suriname Trained teacher and former head of various bureaus within the Ministry of Education and Community Development and Policy Advisor to the Minister of Education. Also chair or member of several commissions, from 1975 Secretary of the Progressive Women�s Union and Chairperson of the Forum of NGO�s in Suriname 1991-2000. (b. 1950-). 2001 Antonieta Rosa Gomes, Guinea Bissau Leader of Foro C�vic da Guin� (Guinean Civil Forum) since 1995 and Presidential Candidate in 1994 and 1999. 2000-2001 Minister of Justice. 2001 also third in the cabinet. 2001-02 Tanaka Makiko, Japan 1994-95 Minister of State, Director General of Science and Technology Agency. Tanaka Makiko is h | eng_Latn | 1,270 |
Who are all of the former Presidents of Montenegro? | Who are all former Presidents of Montenegro? | Who are all former Presidents of Montenegro? | eng_Latn | 1,271 |
Who's Ethiopia's president right now? | Who's the president in Ethiopia today? | Who's the president in Ethiopia today? | eng_Latn | 1,272 |
What was happening during 1952? | What happened during the 1950's in Algeria? | Who was France's ruler in 1950? | eng_Latn | 1,273 |
Who was leader of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994? | Is Tanja savic boisna herzegovina? | What you the president of dominican rebublic? | eng_Latn | 1,274 |
Public Organizational Birth and Death: Understanding the Exigencies of an African Political Environment | This research examines the application of theories of organizational birth and death in transitional and undemocratic political settings. Through the case study of the birth and death of the Ministry of Supplies and Marketing in Kenya, the author determines that theoretical explanations of organizational formation and demise do not necessarily fit a uniform profile. Under unstable and undemocratic environments, public organizations that are brought to life through decrees may also be unexpectedly vanished without following a logical and predictable cyclical sequence. | In this paper, the common ground and difference between enterprises and administrations are described. The process, (characters) and significance are discussed. It is a new way and new model for environmental management in China. | eng_Latn | 1,275 |
On the CPC Theoretical Workers' Exploration and Contribution to the Sinicization of Marxism during the Period of Yan'an | During the period of those CPC theoretical workers as Yan'an,Ai Siqi,Zhang Ruxin and Deng Tuo,conducted in-depth explorations and researches about a series of problems of the Sinicizaion of Marxism and achieved fruitful results.These explorations and results powerfully promoted the movement of the Sinicization of Marxism and made an important contribution to the systematization of Mao Zedong Thought and the recognition its guiding role in the Party. | Preface The Current Theory of Turnout Introduction to a Comprehensive Theory of Voter Turnout Removing Obstacles to Voting Nonpolicy-Related Organizational Efforts Major Party Focus on Nonparticipators The Impact of Party Alignment Mobilization and Demobilization Today Bibliography Index | eng_Latn | 1,276 |
Life of sardar vallabhai patel who signed the constitution? | What is the role of sardar vallbh bhai patel in unification integration? | Peace agreement signed at the eleventh hour? | eng_Latn | 1,277 |
Political conflict between the Igbo , Yoruba , Hausa and Fulani people erupted into two deadly military coups . | Political conflict between the Igbo 's , Yoruba 's , and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups . | The coat of arms shows the two national animals : the condor ( `` Vultur gryphus '' , a very large bird that lives in the mountains ) and the huemul ( `` Hippocamelus bisulcus , '' an endangered white tail deer ) . | eng_Latn | 1,278 |
Kruibeke ( ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders . | Kruibeke ( ] ) is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders . | Mathieu Kérékou , ( born 2 September 1933 ) is a Beninese politician . He was President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006 . | eng_Latn | 1,279 |
Abdelaziz Bouteflika ( ; ; born 2 March 1937 ) is an Algerian politician who has been the fifth President of Algeria since 1999 . | Abdelaziz Bouteflika ( born March 2 , 1937 ) is an Algerian politician . Since 1999 , he is the ninth President of Algeria . | Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil australopithecine which was discovered in 1993 by the paleontologist Michel Brunet . Brunet found the fossil in the Bahr el Ghazal valley near Koro Toro , in Chad , in Africa and named it Abel . | eng_Latn | 1,280 |
Curitiba is twinned with : In addition Curitiba has cooperation agreements with : | Curitiba has a strong relationship with the performing arts and theater . | In 1965 , when the country was facing one of its worst political , social , and economic crises -- a result of dictatorial misrule -- he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition ( Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata , CID ) . | eng_Latn | 1,281 |
What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye? | Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional. | Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: Aelon̄ Kein Ad (AKA), United People's Party (UPP), Kien Eo Am (KEA) and United Democratic Party (UDP). Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP. The following senators are in the legislative body: | eng_Latn | 1,282 |
The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom? | Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620. | After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai. | eng_Latn | 1,283 |
Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom" | The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague. In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war. | In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo – a US flag with 51 stars – was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot. | eng_Latn | 1,284 |
What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders? | Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council is the Falekaupule (the traditional assembly of elders) or te sina o fenua (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule (elected village presidents; one on each atoll). | In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall. | eng_Latn | 1,285 |
The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi ( 1313 -- 1354 ) , a late medieval Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people . | The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi ( 1313 -- 1354 ) , a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers . He helps the people to get power . | Rupiah Bwezani Banda ( born 13 February 1937 ) is a Zambian politician . Banda was the President of Zambia . | eng_Latn | 1,286 |
Guinea PM named in strike deal | Former diplomat Lansana Kouyate is appointed as Guinea's PM, in an effort to end weeks of unrest. | Con la nomina di 11 sottosegretari e 3 nuovi vice ministri si chiude la partita del rimpasto di governo. Alle 18 di oggi è previsto il giuramento a Palazzo Chigi. I vice ministri sono Antonio Martusciello | eng_Latn | 1,287 |
He co-founded Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman in 1999 , and has run the label since . | He also started a record label called Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman . | In 1965 , when the country was facing one of its worst political , social , and economic crises -- a result of dictatorial misrule -- he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition ( Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata , CID ) . | eng_Latn | 1,288 |
Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka ( born 4 November 1936 ) is a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002 . | Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka ( born 4 November 1936 ) is a Malagasy politician . He was the President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002 . | Prem Pal Singh Rawat ( now called Maharaji and in the past called Guru Maharaj Ji and Balyogeshwar ) was born in India on December 10 , 1957 . | eng_Latn | 1,289 |
At that time his father , Remzi Zarakolu , was the district governor on that island . | His father , Remzi Zarakolu , was the district governor on that island . | Bandovic had also taken control of the team temporarily before Zico came as a caretaker coach after Temuri Ketsbaia was fired . | eng_Latn | 1,290 |
There is an important music band called Banda Bizkarra . It has existed for 53 years and formed by 30 musicians . | There is a music band called Banda Bizkarra , formed by 30 musicians . | The Verkhovna Rada is a unicameral parliament composed of 450 deputies , which is presided over by a chairman or a speaker . | eng_Latn | 1,291 |
What is Adrian Moreira's job title? | A notable pattern that developed during the 2000s and 2010s has been for certain pop songs to have lengthy runs on AC charts, even after the songs have fallen off the Hot 100. Adrian Moreira, senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group, said, "We've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play". Rather than emphasizing older songs, adult contemporary was playing many of the same songs as top 40 and adult top 40, but only after the hits had become established. An article on MTV's website by Corey Moss describes this trend: "In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life." | By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum. | eng_Latn | 1,292 |
Who was president of Maldives in 2009? | Who was the president in Maldives in 2009? | Who was the president in Maldives in 2009? | eng_Latn | 1,293 |
After the Soviet Union established control over the area , it created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( NKAO ) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923 . | After the Soviet Union established control over the area , in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( NKAO ) within the Azerbaijan SSR . | In 2013 , Bobonazarova was the first woman to try to run for president in Tajikistan . Her campaign did not get enough signatures . | eng_Latn | 1,294 |
Leonese Language Day started on June 10 , 2006 and it was organisez by the Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu with the collaboration of the Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín , La Barda ( Leonese language association from Salamanca ) and Pro Monumenta . | The celebration was organized by the Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu with the help of the Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín , La Barda ( Leonese language association from Salamanca ) and Pro Monumenta . | Levon Mkrtchyan continues his contribution to the Armenian people by making more documentaries about the well known Armenians .1993 The Armenian Kingdom of Kilikia Footage includes the President of France - Francois Mitterand The President of Armenia - Levon Ter-Petrosyan . | eng_Latn | 1,295 |
On September 21 , 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused massive damage to the highway and cut the highway in multiple places between Dongshih and Lishan . | On September 21 , 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan . | In 1965 , when the country was facing one of its worst political , social , and economic crises -- a result of dictatorial misrule -- he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition ( Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata , CID ) . | eng_Latn | 1,296 |
Sauli Väinämö Niinistö ( , born 24 August 1948 ) is a Finnish politician who became the 12th President of Finland in 2012 . | Sauli Väinämö Niinistö ( born 24 August 1948 ) is the 12th and current President of Finland . | Gaius Cassius Longinus ( before 85 BC - October 42 BC ) was a Roman Senator , a leader of the plot to kill Julius Caesar , and the brother in-law of Brutus . | eng_Latn | 1,297 |
A graduate of University of São Paulo School of Law in the class of 1954 , he was president of the Catholic University Youth and was an active member of Popular Action . | He graduated from the University of São Paulo School of Law in 1954 . He was president of the Catholic University Youth and was an active member of Popular Action . | Jonathan is a member of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) , which is in power as of September 2010 . | eng_Latn | 1,298 |
Prince Morikuni was the shogun in Kamakura ; and the daimyo of Sagami , Hōjō Takatoki , was `` shikken '' or chief minister of the shogunate . | Prince Morikuni was the shogun in Kamakura ; and Hōjō Takatoki was the shogunate 's chief minister ( `` shikken ' ) . | Charles William Duncan , Jr. ( born September 9 , 1926 ) is an American entrepreneur , administrator , and statesman . Duncan served as the U.S. Secretary of Energy on the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter from 1979 to 1981 . | eng_Latn | 1,299 |
Subsets and Splits