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What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states? | The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities. | During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well. | eng_Latn | 1,800 |
Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947? | In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,801 |
Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities? | Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,802 |
As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries? | As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,803 |
For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs? | In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund—the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4.8 billion over a three-year period. | In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a runoff election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau. | eng_Latn | 1,804 |
What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal? | Football is largely considered the Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2014. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,805 |
What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of? | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression. | eng_Latn | 1,806 |
What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations? | The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force. | On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution. | eng_Latn | 1,807 |
What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy? | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954. | eng_Latn | 1,808 |
How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953? | Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts. | The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector. | eng_Latn | 1,809 |
In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria? | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,810 |
What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s? | In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | eng_Latn | 1,811 |
What is Edward Grant a historian of? | Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities". Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led". | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | eng_Latn | 1,812 |
What form has corruption taken in Africa? | Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 1,813 |
Albania have been awarded a 3-0 victory over Serbia in a reversal of a Uefa decision made after a European Championship qualifier was abandoned. | Crowd trouble following the appearance of a drone with a pro-Albanian banner had forced the October tie in Belgrade to be called off before half-time.
Uefa had given Serbia a 3-0 walkover.
But the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ruled it was the reaction of the home fans and stadium stewards that had caused the abandonment after an appeal.
CAS said it was "the security lapses of the organisers and acts of violence exerted on the Albanian players by the Serbian fans" that had forced English referee Martin Atkinson to call off the match.
Uefa had already deducted Serbia three points and ordered them to play their next two qualifiers in an empty stadium, while both countries were also fined £72,000.
The decision leaves Serbia bottom of Group I on one point, while Albania now have 10 points from their first four qualifying matches and are joint-second with Denmark. Portugal top the group with 12 points.
The Euro 2016 qualifier, refereed by English official Martin Atkinson, was suspended in the 41st minute at 0-0.
Trouble flared when a drone appeared above the pitch, carrying an Albanian flag and a map of "greater Albania" showing nationalist claims on neighbouring states, including Serbia.
A Serbia player pulled down the flag and a brawl ensued during which several Albanian players were attacked by fans.
Atkinson led the players off the field and, after a delay of around 30 minutes, Uefa confirmed the match had been abandoned.
Albanian fans had been banned from entering the stadium by Uefa on safety grounds and the match was set against a backdrop of tight security.
Serbia and Albania have a history of turbulent relations, predominantly in relation to the former Serbian province of Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008.
Kosovo has been recognised by the United States and major European Union countries, but Serbia refuses to do so, as do most ethnic Serbs inside Kosovo.
The two nations will meet again in the reverse fixture in Shkoder on Thursday, 8 October. | He warned the Security Council that armed groups were inciting Christians and Muslims against each other.
Mr Ban also backed the establishment of a UN peacekeeping force before the crisis leads to widespread atrocities.
The impoverished country has been in a state of chaos since rebels seized power in March.
A rebel alliance known as Seleka ousted President Francois Bozize from office, replacing him with the alliance's commander, Michel Djotodia.
Mr Djotodia has since formally disbanded the rebels and integrated many fighters into the national army.
But former rebels linked to Seleka have continued to launch attacks on scores of villages, prompting the emergence of local civilian protection groups.
In a report to the Security Council, Mr Ban said violence in the CAR "threatens to degenerate into a countrywide religious and ethnic divide, with the potential to spiral into an uncontrollable situation".
Armed gangs, mainly former Seleka rebels, who are mostly Muslim, now control most of the landlocked country.
Mr Ban said escalating rebel attacks and retaliation by Christian militia groups "have created a deep suspicion between Christians and Muslims in some areas of the country".
In December, the African Union is due to take charge of the regional peacekeeping force of 2,500 troops currently in the country.
But Mr Ban said he supported the eventual establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission with as many as 9,000 troops as long as conditions allowed.
He also urged Security Council members to impose sanctions against perpetrators of mass rapes and killings allegedly already committed in the CAR.
The Christian majority and Muslim minority always lived in harmony until March 2013 when Mr Djotodia seized power after his forces overran the capital, Bangui.
Mr Djotodia became the first Muslim to rule CAR, installing himself as interim president and forming a transitional government that he says will organise democratic elections.
The government denies targeting any group, but recognises the rise in inter-community violence. | eng_Latn | 1,814 |
Manaf Tlas, a Syrian general, has deserted the regime of President Bashar al-Assad and left the country gripped by continuing unrest. | Brig Gen Tlas, said to be in his mid-40s, is a member of Syria's most powerful Sunni family, which has given its support to the Assad's Alawite clan for decades.
The general's father, Mustafa Tlas, was Syria's longest serving defence minister, who helped to ensure Mr Assad's succession to the presidency in 2000 following the death of his father.
As a young man, Gen Tlas also attended military training with President Assad.
So, naturally, he was a member of Mr Assad's so-called inner circle, serving as commander of an elite Republican Guard unit.
The general - together with his wife - was also seen as a leading figure on the Damascus social scene, entertaining foreign envoys, artists and the media.
But sources say he has become increasingly frustrated in recent months over the violent crackdown by the security forces on protesters.
He was reportedly under a form of home arrest since May 2011, following his meeting with the opposition to try to start a political dialogue and also because of his opposition to the clampdown.
The current regime, he once reportedly said, was taking the country to hell.
Most of Syria's leaders are Alawite, but Gen Tlas is a Sunni Muslim, and his desertion may encourage other Sunni officers to consider their allegiances. | In power since 2010, Artur Mas was re-elected as regional head in December 2012 after his centre-right Convergence and Union (CiU) alliance agreed an unlikely pact with the centre-left Republic Left (ERC) party.
Despite their traditional ideological differences, both pro-independence parties pledged to work towards holding a referendum on secession from Spain, in the face of fierce opposition from the Spanish government.
In order to pave the way for the referendum, the regional parliament in 2013 passed a declaration stating that the people of Catalonia have a democratic right to decide on their sovereignty.
After the Spanish constitutional court ruled that the planned referendum would be unconstitutional, Mr Mas said the vote - held in November 2014 - would have non-binding nature.
The exercise resulted in a 80% "yes" vote in favour of independence.
Artur Mas hailed the result as a "great success". Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catala dismissed it as a "useless sham".
New regional elections were called for September 2015, to win support for a possible unilateral declaration of independence.
Mr Mas has headed Catalonia's regional executive since December 2010, when his centre-right Convergence and Union alliance defeated the Socialist Party of his predecessor, Jose Montilla, in legislative elections.
For much of his career Mr Mas did not favour full independence, but has changed his view in recent years. Since 2007, Mr Mas has spearheaded a push to revitalise Catalan nationalism.
Born in Barcelona in 1956, Mr Mas has an economics degree. He has a long career in municipal and then regional-level politics.
An alliance of moderately nationalist parties, his Convergence and Union governed Catalonia continuously from the re-establishment of regional autonomy in 1980 until 2003, when it lost power to the Socialists.
Catalonia's autonomy statute gives the regional authority - the Generalitat - broad powers of self-government within Spain, especially on matters such as culture, education, health, transport, public safety and commerce. It is the only Spanish region to have its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra. | eng_Latn | 1,815 |
President: Alexander Lukashenko | Alexander Lukashenko, often referred to as Europe's last dictator, won a fifth term as president in October 2015, with no significant opposition candidate allowed to stand.
President Alexander Lukashenko is entering his fifth term in office
Profile: Alexander Lukashenko
His win in December 2010 was followed by violent confrontations in the capital Minsk between the security forces and thousands of opposition demonstrators protesting about alleged vote-rigging.
A former state farm director, Mr Lukashenko was first elected president in 1994, following his energetic performance as chairman of the parliamentary anti-corruption committee.
A 1996 referendum gave the president greatly increased powers at the expense of parliament and extended his term by two years. He won a further five years in office in 2001 presidential elections condemned as undemocratic by Western observers. Another referendum in October 2004 supported lifting the two-term limit on Mr Lukashenko's rule, allowing him to stand again in 2006 and 2010.
Over the years, several opposition politicians who might have provided leadership have disappeared or been imprisoned. Insulting the president, even in jest, carries a prison sentence.
The president remains defiant in the face of Western pressure for change. He has dismissed all possibility of revolutions such as those which brought an end to old-style regimes in Georgia and neighbouring Ukraine. | It said Lula would be heard as a witness and was not being investigated.
Police say they want to see if he benefited from the Petrobras scheme. Other members of the governing Workers' Party will be questioned.
Prosecutors say firms bribed Petrobras executives to secure contracts.
Some of the money was then passed on to Workers' Party politicians.
The scandal is the largest in Brazil's history, with top politicians accused of taking bribes.
Among those arrested in connection are Mr Lula's former chief of staff Joss Dirceu and the former Workers' Party treasurer Joao Vaccari.
But Mr Lula's successor as Brazilian leader, Dilma Rousseff, who chaired Petrobras when much of the corruption is believed to have taken place, has been cleared of involvement. | als_Latn | 1,816 |
British number three Aljaz Bedene was beaten by Serb Nikola Cacic - a player ranked 692 places below him - in the first round of the Croatia Open. | Cacic, ranked 761 in the world, came back from a set down to win 5-7 6-4 6-4 on Bedene's 27th birthday on Tuesday.
Elsewhere, British number four Dan Evans won 6-2 6-1 against German world number 96 Benjamin Becker in the first round of the Citi Open in Washington.
Evans needed 49 minutes to win and will now face Bulgaria's Grigor Dimitrov. | He warned the Security Council that armed groups were inciting Christians and Muslims against each other.
Mr Ban also backed the establishment of a UN peacekeeping force before the crisis leads to widespread atrocities.
The impoverished country has been in a state of chaos since rebels seized power in March.
A rebel alliance known as Seleka ousted President Francois Bozize from office, replacing him with the alliance's commander, Michel Djotodia.
Mr Djotodia has since formally disbanded the rebels and integrated many fighters into the national army.
But former rebels linked to Seleka have continued to launch attacks on scores of villages, prompting the emergence of local civilian protection groups.
In a report to the Security Council, Mr Ban said violence in the CAR "threatens to degenerate into a countrywide religious and ethnic divide, with the potential to spiral into an uncontrollable situation".
Armed gangs, mainly former Seleka rebels, who are mostly Muslim, now control most of the landlocked country.
Mr Ban said escalating rebel attacks and retaliation by Christian militia groups "have created a deep suspicion between Christians and Muslims in some areas of the country".
In December, the African Union is due to take charge of the regional peacekeeping force of 2,500 troops currently in the country.
But Mr Ban said he supported the eventual establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission with as many as 9,000 troops as long as conditions allowed.
He also urged Security Council members to impose sanctions against perpetrators of mass rapes and killings allegedly already committed in the CAR.
The Christian majority and Muslim minority always lived in harmony until March 2013 when Mr Djotodia seized power after his forces overran the capital, Bangui.
Mr Djotodia became the first Muslim to rule CAR, installing himself as interim president and forming a transitional government that he says will organise democratic elections.
The government denies targeting any group, but recognises the rise in inter-community violence. | eng_Latn | 1,817 |
Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert is to be released early from prison, where he is serving a 27-month sentence for corruption. | A parole board cut his term by a third, his lawyer Shani Illouz said. Olmert, jailed in February 2016, will go free on Sunday, she told Israeli radio.
Olmert is the first former Israeli head of government to be sent to prison.
He became prime minister in 2006 but resigned three years later when police recommended charges against him.
The 71-year-old is currently being investigated by the state attorney's office over suspicions he smuggled a chapter of a book he is writing out of prison, raising fears that it might compromise national security.
The parole board said Olmert had been "punished for his deeds and paid a heavy price", according to AFP news agency.
"The inmate underwent a significant rehabilitation process in prison and displays motivation to continue it," the board added.
The board said Olmert's behaviour had been largely "impeccable".
Last week, Olmert was taken to hospital after complaining of chest pains. But he was given the all-clear and returned to prison a few days later.
A leaked picture of Olmert in a hospital gown looking gaunt circulated on social media, leading to calls for leniency, including from Education Minister Naftali Bennett.
In 2014, Olmert was convicted of bribery in connection with a property development when he was mayor of Jerusalem between 1993 and 2003.
He was also convicted of fraud, breach of trust and obstructing justice in a series of separate trials, and acquitted of other charges. | This includes the one seat held by an opposition politician following the 2010 poll.
Election commission chairman Merga Bekana made the announcement saying the elections were credible and free and fair.
Opposition parties have said that the process was rigged.
African Union observers described the 24 May vote as "calm, peaceful and credible" and that "it provided an opportunity for the Ethiopian people to express their choices at the polls".
Beyane Petros, the leader of Medrek, one of the main opposition coalitions, said last month that there was no election to speak of as it was not conducted in a fair way, according to the Horn Affairs website.
Medrek has said that hundreds of its members and supporters have been arrested and beaten in recent months, according to an opposition website.
The EPRDF has been in power since the overthrow of the military government in 1991.
In 2005 official results said the opposition won more than 150 seats, but the opposition claimed the figure was much higher.
More than 190 people were killed as protesters clashed with police in the wake of the announcement of those results, an independent report found.
The government says the number was much lower.
In the two elections since then the EPRDF has dominated the parliament. | eng_Latn | 1,818 |
Four men have been found guilty of trying to murder Rwanda's former army chief, Gen Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa. | Media playback is unsupported on your device
29 August 2014 Last updated at 14:58 BST
The shooting happened in South Africa in June 2010. The BBC's Nomsa Maseko reports that the magistrate said it was a politically motivated crime, emanating from a certain group of people from Rwanda. Rwanda has denied involvement in the shooting.
Here is the story in 15 seconds. | An official at the faculty said there were concerns over the way she presented the military.
Leila Sidhoum has accused the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Algiers 3 of censorship and intimidation.
She said she had already successfully defended her work before a board.
Ms Sidhoum, who is also an assistant professor at the university, themed her work on the role of governing elites in the democratic transition in Algeria, from 1989 to 2016.
She said, after complying with earlier amendments requested by the board, her work was validated and she was awarded a distinction.
However, her degree was later blocked by the acting dean and her work was pulled from the university library, she said.
A university official, who preferred not to be named, told the BBC that the thesis included allegations and ideological, unscientific statements about the military.
The official also said the board of examiners had failed to properly check the work's content and review its standards.
Ms Sidhoum said she has been told to remove parts of the thesis referring to the army, the president and the banned Islamic Salvation Front party (FIS).
The FIS won the first round the country's first multi-party elections in 1991, but an armed conflict erupted after the military cancelled the second round.
It is estimated that more than 100,000 people were killed in the ensuing conflict and thousands remain missing.
The government of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who has ruled since 1999, offered a peace deal to moderate Islamic groups, which was adopted after a referendum. | eng_Latn | 1,819 |
An Israeli court has extended former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's 18-month jail sentence for bribery by a month. | The court rejected a plea bargain that would have seen Olmert serve six months for obstruction of justice concurrently with the bribery sentence.
Instead, he will serve five months concurrently and one consecutively.
Olmert, prime minister from 2006 to 2009, will become the first former head of government in Israel to go to prison when his sentence begins on Monday.
The 70 year old was handed a six-year sentence in 2014 after being found guilty of accepting, while he was mayor of Jerusalem, a 500,000-shekel ($129,000; £89,000) bribe from developers of one real estate project and a 60,000-shekel bribe in connection with another project.
But the Supreme Court subsequently cleared him of the charge of accepting the 500,000-shekel bribe and reduced his sentence to 18 months.
The Supreme Court is yet to rule on an appeal by Olmert against an eight-month prison sentence he was handed last year after being convicted of fraud and breach of trust for accepting illegal payments from an American businessman.
Olmert has denied accepting bribes or illegal payments, but did admit to attempting to persuade his former secretary not to testify against him. | This includes the one seat held by an opposition politician following the 2010 poll.
Election commission chairman Merga Bekana made the announcement saying the elections were credible and free and fair.
Opposition parties have said that the process was rigged.
African Union observers described the 24 May vote as "calm, peaceful and credible" and that "it provided an opportunity for the Ethiopian people to express their choices at the polls".
Beyane Petros, the leader of Medrek, one of the main opposition coalitions, said last month that there was no election to speak of as it was not conducted in a fair way, according to the Horn Affairs website.
Medrek has said that hundreds of its members and supporters have been arrested and beaten in recent months, according to an opposition website.
The EPRDF has been in power since the overthrow of the military government in 1991.
In 2005 official results said the opposition won more than 150 seats, but the opposition claimed the figure was much higher.
More than 190 people were killed as protesters clashed with police in the wake of the announcement of those results, an independent report found.
The government says the number was much lower.
In the two elections since then the EPRDF has dominated the parliament. | eng_Latn | 1,820 |
who was the last romanian comunist president ? | Nicolae Ceasuscu ... i m romanian :> | Nope, not to my knowledge. That also just doesn't sound like something that Reagon would do or would have the power to do. | eng_Latn | 1,821 |
1.why were they given that name? are they still alive?\n2.further more i also want to know which African president was the first to introduce Humanism in (brotherhood or familyhood)in his country, and he ends up influencing another president to do the same.\n\nplease i need this for my history assignments. do not answer this question if you are not sure. | Dictator: A “dictator” is a head of state who exercises arbitrary authority over the lives of his citizens and who cannot be removed from power through legal means. The worst commit terrible human-rights abuses. There is no such thing as the top five in dictators....they all are viewed as bad (are some worse that others? that is a judgment call). \n\nAfrica, unfortunately has had many. Here are some recent candidates: Omar al-Bashir, Sudan. Age 62. In power since 1989. Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe. Age 81. In power since 1980. Teodoro Obiang Nguema, Equatorial Guinea. Age 63. In power since 1979. Muammar al-Qaddafi, Libya. Age 63. In power since 1969. King Mswati III, Swaziland. Age 37. In power since 1986. Isayas Afewerki, Eritrea. Age 59. In power since 1993. Meles Zenawi, Ethiopia. Age 50. In power since 1995. Charles Taylor, Liberia. Age 55. In power since 1997.\n\nGood luck on trying to figure out who are the top five. \n\nAs far as the first to introduce humanism in his country, it would have to be President Kaunda of Zambia. A major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991, he led the campaign for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kenneth Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of humanism," which condemned human exploitation and stressed cooperation among people, but not at the expense of the individual. I wouldn't say that he influenced Nelson Mandela to do the same (he's six years Mandela's junior) since they both were followers of Gandhi's philosophy. He was, however, instrumental in Mandela's release from prison. | How about marrying a woman with more than one husband? I could benefit from my brothers, have plenty of time for myself, have plenty of help in caring for my children, but I might have to wait for alone time. \nCheck out the social heirarchy of gorilla packs and chimp tribes. Other primates have this sort of arrangement too, so its definately a part of our social anscestry. | eng_Latn | 1,822 |
Five Grundos took turns weighing themselves on a scale. However, they weighed each other two at a time, ten times total , so that every possible combination of two grundos was weighed. The scale had the following readouts for the pairs: 236 pounds, 244 pounds, 228 pounds, 250 pounds, 258 pounds, 230 pounds, 246 pounds, 238 pounds, 242 pounds, and 252 pounds.\n\nHow heavy was the heaviest Grundo? | ****BELOW IS THE CORRECT ANSWER FURNISHED TO ME BY A FRIEND NAMED RUSS****\n\nThe heaviest Grundo is: 132 pounds!!!\n\n"note: using the observation that a+b+c+d+e = 606 would have helped in my approach below, with 5 eqns in 5 unknowns producing presumably consistent linear system:\n \n a+b+c+d+e = 606\n a+b = 228\n a+c = 230\n c+e = 252\n d+e = 258\n \n=> \n c-b = 2 => b=c-2\nand\n d-c = 6 => d=c+6\n \n=>\n a+(c-2)+c+(c+6)+e = 606\n => a + 3c + e = 602\na+c = 230 => a = 230 - c\n => 230 +2c +e = 602\nc+e = 252 => e = 252-c\n => 230 + c +252 = 603 => c = 602 - 482 = 120\n \nc = 120\nb = c-2 = 118\nd = c+6 = 126\na = 228 - b = 110\ne = 252 - c = 132\n\na= 110 \nb= 118 \nc= 120 \nd= 126 \ne= 132"\n\nNotice all the readouts for the pairs are represented as follows:\n\n 110+118=228 110+120=230 110+126=236 110+132=242\n \n 118+120=238 118+126=244 118+132=250\n \n 120+126=246 120+132=252\n \n 126+132=258 | Dictator: A “dictator” is a head of state who exercises arbitrary authority over the lives of his citizens and who cannot be removed from power through legal means. The worst commit terrible human-rights abuses. There is no such thing as the top five in dictators....they all are viewed as bad (are some worse that others? that is a judgment call). \n\nAfrica, unfortunately has had many. Here are some recent candidates: Omar al-Bashir, Sudan. Age 62. In power since 1989. Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe. Age 81. In power since 1980. Teodoro Obiang Nguema, Equatorial Guinea. Age 63. In power since 1979. Muammar al-Qaddafi, Libya. Age 63. In power since 1969. King Mswati III, Swaziland. Age 37. In power since 1986. Isayas Afewerki, Eritrea. Age 59. In power since 1993. Meles Zenawi, Ethiopia. Age 50. In power since 1995. Charles Taylor, Liberia. Age 55. In power since 1997.\n\nGood luck on trying to figure out who are the top five. \n\nAs far as the first to introduce humanism in his country, it would have to be President Kaunda of Zambia. A major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991, he led the campaign for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kenneth Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of humanism," which condemned human exploitation and stressed cooperation among people, but not at the expense of the individual. I wouldn't say that he influenced Nelson Mandela to do the same (he's six years Mandela's junior) since they both were followers of Gandhi's philosophy. He was, however, instrumental in Mandela's release from prison. | eng_Latn | 1,823 |
kofi Annan comes from which country? | GHANA !!\n\nKofi Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana, on 8 April 1938. | our foregion policy sets us up to be hated, we are not the worlds cop, but we act like it, we have corruption here, stolen 2000 election, for example, and we invade others at will, we have a history if assinating leaders and installing puppets to reign. | eng_Latn | 1,824 |
who is nelson mandela? | edit data. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, who held office from 1994â99. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the African National Congress's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. | Nelson Mandela. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela is a well educated man. He is a great believer in education and life-long learning. It was at the Wesleyan mission school that he first attended that he was given the name Nelson. This formal schooling was not the only Mandela education though. | eng_Latn | 1,825 |
who is joko widodo | Joko Widodo sworn in as Indonesian president. Read more about sharing. Joko Widodo, the charismatic outsider who won Indonesia's presidency, made a call for national reconciliation and unity as he was sworn in. Popularly known as Jokowi, the 53-year-old took the oath of office at a ceremony held at parliament in Jakarta. | title / office. political affiliation. Joko Widodo, byname Jokowi (born June 21, 1961, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia), Indonesian businessman, politician, and government official, who served as governor of Jakarta (2012â14) and as president of Indonesia (2014â ). | eng_Latn | 1,826 |
when did the us fight in somalia | the Battle of Mogadishu was part of Operation Gothic Serpent that was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, by forces of the U.S. against Somali militia fighters loyal to warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, with support from armed civilian fighters. | In 1990, on the eve of the civil war, Somalia's first President Aden Abdullah Osman Daar and about 100 other Somali politicians signed a manifesto advocating reconciliation. A number of the signatories were subsequently arrested.he Federal Government of Somalia was later established in August 2012, constituting the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. | eng_Latn | 1,827 |
what type of government did suharto run | Suharto's New Order: Development of Indonesia under Authoritarian Rule. Suharto (1921-2008), the second president in Indonesian history, came to power amid a period of exceptional crisis and bloodshed. His predecessor, Soekarno, had created a highly dangerous and antagonistic government composition consisting of nationalists, communists and religious fractions. | In the early morning hours of October 1, 1965, a handful of presidential guards and junior military officers roused six army generals from their beds, hustled them away, and murdered them. It was the beginning of a coup called the September 30th Movement, a coup that would bring down Indonesia's first president, Sukarno. | eng_Latn | 1,828 |
facts about what nelson mandela did | Here is a list of quick facts about Nelson Mandela. 1 Nelson Mandela was born July 18, 1918. 2 He was born in Transkei, Africa. 3 When he was born, his name was Rolihlahla Mandela.4 His birth name means to pull a branch off a tree and troublemaker.. 5 He was given the name Nelson in school when he was seven years old. He was born in Transkei, Africa. 2 When he was born, his name was Rolihlahla Mandela. 3 His birth name means to pull a branch off a tree and troublemaker.. 4 He was given the name Nelson in school when he was seven years old. | Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election in 1994. He was also the first non-European p ⦠resident of South Africa. He was born 18 July 1918 in South Africa. Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. | eng_Latn | 1,829 |
what is saragat | Saragat was minister without portfolio in the first post-liberation cabinet of Ivanoe Bonomi, in 1944, and then was ambassador to Paris (1945â46). In 1946 he was elected president of the Constitutional Assembly, which drafted postwar Italyâs constitution. | Paul Ekblom of the British Home Office has recently proposed a development of SARA consisting of: Intelligence, Intervention, Implementation, Involvement, and Impact and process evaluation. The 5 I's are supported by a wealth of practical concepts and tools. | eng_Latn | 1,830 |
what is the anc | African National Congress (ANC) Related articles. 1 4. The African National Congress' (ANC) Centenary logo. The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing party and has been in power since the transition to democracy in April 1994. | The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing party and has been in power since the transition to democracy in April 1994.he African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing party and has been in power since the transition to democracy in April 1994. | eng_Latn | 1,831 |
what is lunula | Lunula: the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail. | Lula, a former steel worker turned union boss, came to office as Brazil's first left-wing leader in almost half a century. He remains one of the best-loved politicians in Brazilian history. But critics insist he is a hypocrite - and a symbol of endemic political corruption. | eng_Latn | 1,832 |
who is ashad | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ashad Ali, (Adey, Adubarey) (born 14 September 1986) is a Maldivian footballer nicknamed Adey or Adubarey, who plays as a forward for Maziya S&RC. He is a member of the Maldives national football team. He was the Maldivian National Team Captain in the most recent bangabandhu gold cup 2016, held in Bangladesh, Dhaka. | The Ashanti (also spelled Asante) Empire (1701â1957) was an Akan people empire and kingdom of what is now often called the Ashanti Region. The Ashanti Empire expanded its borders from Ashanti to include the Brong-Ahafo, Central region, Eastern region, Greater Accra region, and Western region, of present-day Ghana. | eng_Latn | 1,833 |
what is the national african congress | The African National Congress (ANC) is the Republic of South Africa's governing social democratic political party.It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since 1994, including the election of Nelson Mandela as president from 1994-1999.n 20 December 2013, a special congress of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA), the country's biggest trade union with 338,000 members, voted to withdraw support from the ANC and SACP, and form a socialist party to protect the interests of the working class. | 1. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (in South Africa) a political party, founded in 1912 as an African nationalist movement and banned there from 1960 to 1990 because of its active opposition to apartheid: in 1994 won South Africa's first multiracial elections. Abbreviation: ANC.ummary: Pretoria-President of the Russian delegation at the 17th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS), Igor Makarov, condemned the thoughtless and irresponsible hostile statements to Morocco, by the president of the. | eng_Latn | 1,834 |
who is juntao in rush hour | Juntao was the first Triad leader to appear in the Rush Hour series. The second was Ricky Tan (in Rush Hour 2), and Kenji was the last and final, appearing in the third film. Griffin's name Thomas' in the film is his real name in real life. | Cabo Verde is a republic with a president, who is the head of state, and a prime minister who heads the government. The prime minister is appointed by parliament. Correia e Silva was sworn in as prime minister in April 2016 after leading his Movement for Democracy (MPD) to victory in a general election. | eng_Latn | 1,835 |
who deposed mossadegh | Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the CIA at the request of MI6, which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh. While the coup is commonly referred to in the West as Operation Ajax after its CIA cryptonym, in Iran it is referred to as the 28 Mordad 1332 coup, after its date on the Iranian calendar. | WASHINGTON, DC â JUNE 16: Sidney Blumenthal (C), a longtime advisor to Bill and Hillary Clinton, arrives to be deposed by the House Select Committee on Benghazi (Photo: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images). | eng_Latn | 1,836 |
when did the apartheid movement end | The End of Apartheid Apartheid, the Afrikaans name given by the white-ruled South Africa's Nationalist Party in 1948 to the country's harsh, institutionalized system of racial segregation, came to an end in the early 1990s in a series of steps that led to the formation of a democratic government in 1994. | Although South Africa was heavily criticized for the system, it was not until 1991 that the legal system of apartheid began to be broken down, and in 1993 was thrown out altogether with the election of Nelson Mandela, the first black democratically elected President of South Africa. | eng_Latn | 1,837 |
the president of icc is | The current ICC president is Zaheer Abbas, who was appointed in June 2015 following the resignation of Mustafa Kamal in April 2015. Kamal, the former president of the Bangladesh Cricket Board, resigned shortly after the 2015 World Cup, claiming the organisation operated both unconstitutionally and unlawfully. | The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The current President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru | eng_Latn | 1,838 |
who is the president of mozambique | President of Mozambique. Filipe Nyusi, President of Mozambique (since Jan 15, 2015) Filipe Jacinto Nyusi (born 9 February 1959), also spelt Nyussi, is the fourth President of Mozambique, in office since 2015. He previously served as Minister of Defence from 2008 to 2014. | President: Jose Eduardo dos Santos. Jose Eduardo dos Santos, of the ruling MPLA, has been in power since 1979, and is Africa's second-longest serving head of state after Equatorial Guinea's Teodoro Obiang. He keeps tight control over all aspects of Angola's political life. | eng_Latn | 1,839 |
how many votes do uhuru and raila have | As per the IEBC's official results, Uhuru got 6,173,433 of the 12,221,053 valid votes cast ahead of the second placed Raila Odinga who garnered 5,340,546 (43.7%). Uhuru's result was 50.51% of the vote and was above the 50% plus 1 vote threshold set out in the 2010 constitution, thus making him the president-elect. | Borno State Education Commissioner Inuwa Kubo, making a presentation to a Presidential Fact Finding Committee on the Chibok abduction in Borno state capital of Maiduguri on May 23 said that authorities believe the number of the schoolgirls being held by Boko Haram stood at 219. | eng_Latn | 1,840 |
how did amin dada died | On 16 August 2003 Idi Amin Dada, the 'Butcher of Uganda', died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The cause of death was reported to be 'multiple organ failure'. Although the Ugandan government announced that his body could be buried in Uganda, he was quickly buried in Saudi Arabia. | Idi Amin. -Idi Amin, quoted in Uganda, the Human Rights Situation by the United States Senate. (above) Idi Amin, also known as Idi Amin Dada, was a military dictator and president of the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.di Amin. -Idi Amin, quoted in Uganda, the Human Rights Situation by the United States Senate. (above) Idi Amin, also known as Idi Amin Dada, was a military dictator and president of the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. | eng_Latn | 1,841 |
what is an olif | Account Login. Welcome to Olif, the online store for Alveus and other kitchen sinks and mixer taps. We would be delighted to supply a product of your choice, if you need any advice on which item to choose, please feel free to give us a call or email us and we will be pleased to help. OLIF Trading Ltd. | Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo/Oromo Liberation Front. The Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) is a political organization established in 1973 by Oromo nationalists to lead the national liberation struggle of the Oromo people against the Abyssinian colonial rule. | eng_Latn | 1,842 |
One of this country's shekels can be broken down into 100 agorot | Potpourriiii - jService.io - Jeopardy trivia question API Clues for: Potpourriiii. Question, Answer, Value, Airdate. | Bachir Gemayel - Wikipedia Bachir Gemayel was a Lebanese leader and president-elect. He was a ..... On 14 September 1982, Bachir was addressing fellow ... A reporter was heard telling him "You didn't kill a man, you killed a country. ... Bachir Gemayel's older brother Amine Gemayel was then elected as president,... | eng_Latn | 1,843 |
He's chronologically first on the list of U.N. Secretaries-General | UN Secretary-General | UNelections.org Elections Timeline ... As the symbolic head of the UN, the Secretary-General serves as both its top diplomat and its chief administrative officer. As the UN Charter postulates, s/he is responsible for performing various functions ... 51/241 states that the Secretary General should be appointed as early as possible, preferably no... | Assassination of Anwar Sadat - Wikipedia The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of .... Sadat was buried in the Unknown Soldier Memorial, located in the Nasr City district of Cairo. The inscription on his grave reads: "hero of war and... | eng_Latn | 1,844 |
From whom did ministers derive their power? | The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings. | During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf. | eng_Latn | 1,845 |
NBA Teams that want to be the city to host the NBA All Star Game in 2008, 2009. and 2010. | nothing has been announced yet. in 2007 it will be i Las Vegas, this year will be in Houston. usually the NBA switches from east coast to west coast every year, but are gonna make an exception for next year because it is gonna be in Vegas for the first time. | 1990 Walesa, Polish President Lech Walesa became the first freely-elected President of Poland. He received 74% of the vote. \n\n1990 Elections in Myanmar In the first free elections in 30 years, the voters of Myanmar (formerly Burma) repudiated the military government. The military ignored the election and maintained their rule. \n\n1990 Nelson mandela Freed Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, was released after spending 27 years behind prison walls. Mandela was released by President F.W. DeKlerk, as the first step in the creation of a multi-racial democracy. \n\n1990 Nambia Free After being occupied by South Africa for nearly 70 years, Namibia became independent.\n\n1990 Iraq Attacks Kurds in Northern Iraq Iraqi troops began an all-out assault on Kurdish forces revolting against Saddam Hussein in northern Iraq. After pressure from the US, Iraq withdrew from the northern border area, and the United States set up a security zone for the Kurds in northern Iraq. \n\n1990 Gulf War Begins On August 2, Iraq attacked Kuwait. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had a number of claims against Kuwait, but most important among them was Iraq's longstanding assertion that Kuwait was actually part of Iraq. The U.N. Security Council passed a resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal, and the US rushed troops to Saudi Arabia to defend it against an expected Iraqi attack. US President Bush put together an international coalition that massed in Saudi Arabia to force Iraq out of Kuwait. \n\nOn January 15, 1991 the US-led coalition struck with a massive air attack against Iraqi targets. Hussein responded with a missile attack against Israel, which did not retaliate due to US pressure.\n\nOn February 24, a land offensive was begun; it met little resistance as Iraqi forces collapsed. Coalition forces liberated Kuwait and occupied parts of Southern Iraq. A cease-fire was accepted before complete destruction of the Iraqi army occurred. When the war ended, Saddam Hussein remained in power. He successfully suppressed a Shi'ite revolt in the South and a Kurdish revolt in the North.\n \n1990 Free elections were held in Nicaragua Violetta Chamorro, owner of the opposition newspaper La Prensa, led a broad spectrum of opposition to the Sandinistas. She won the election. | eng_Latn | 1,846 |
what does afge mean | The American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) is an American labor union representing over 670,000 employees of the federal government, about 5,000 employees of the District of Columbia, and a few hundred private sector employees, mostly in and around federal facilities. | Afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean (Ancient Libya). This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe; see Terence#Biography for discussion.ortugal's overseas presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (most notably in Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and Sao São tome Tomé) and principe prÃncipe lasted from the 16th, century to 1975 After the estado novo regime was overthrown in a Military. coup in lisbon | eng_Latn | 1,847 |
I would like to know the current prime minister of Norway, and the current king! ~Please~ | PM = Jens Stoltenberg (Labour Party).\nKING = King Harald | http://www.national-lottery.co.uk/player/p/promotions/promotions.do?promo=contactfaq#ch2\n\nIt is a scam. There is a lottery but it has nothing to do with Nigeria and you do not have to pay.\nDelete the mail. | eng_Latn | 1,848 |
who is head of the senate | The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The current President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. | President pro Tempore, Kevin de Len (D) The President pro Tempore, who also serves as the Chair of the Rule Committee, is the actual leader of the Senate. He or she is elected by the Members at the beginning of each Session. | eng_Latn | 1,849 |
longest serving governors in us history | Iowa Gov. Terry Branstad, the longest-serving governor in U.S. history, will soon be nominated as President-elect Donald Trump's ambassador to China. (Reuters photo) In 1985, an up-and-coming Chinese official brought a delegation to the U.S. to work on a grain trade deal. | All-time record holders. The longest-serving leaders of post-colonial African countries have been: Emperor King Haile Selassie, who was ousted from power in Ethiopia in 1974 after 44 years. Moamer Kadhafi of Libya, who ruled his north-African state for almost 42 years after a coup in 1969. | eng_Latn | 1,850 |
who is the current governor of phoenix az | Governor Doug Ducey To Attend NGA Summer Meeting, Republican National Convention. PHOENIX â Governor Doug Ducey left today for the National Governors Association (NGA) summer meeting, being held July... | The state's first governor, George W. Hunt, still presides in his recreated office at the Arizona State Capitol. | eng_Latn | 1,851 |
Polysomnography in Children and Adolescents | Normal Polysomnography in Children and Adolescents | Normal Polysomnography in Children and Adolescents | eng_Latn | 1,852 |
It is, of course, the juxtaposition of childish amusements and adult ornamentation that makes this list so pleasingly perverse. | It is the contrast between kid and adult entertainment that makes this endearing. | The mixing of adult and kid activities makes the list a creepy place. | eng_Latn | 1,853 |
Puerto Rican Latina Youth Coming Out to Talk About Sexuality and Identity | ABSTRACTPublic health efforts focused on Latina youth sexuality are most commonly framed by the syndemic of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, a narrow and often heteronormative focus that perpetuates silences that contribute to health inequities and overlooks the growing need for increased education, awareness, and support for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. This article presents findings from the project Let’s Talk About Sex: Digital Storytelling for Puerto Rican Latina Youth, which used a culturally centered, narrative-based approach for analyzing participants’ own specifications of sexual values and practices. The strength of digital storytelling lies in its utility as an innovative tool for community-based and culturally situated research, as well as in its capacity to open up new spaces for health communication. Here we present two “coming out” case studies to illustrate the value of digital storytelling in supporting the development of meaningful... | This article is the second of two parts. The first one was published in the issue no 2 of this same journal. The preseni study uses the dependency index and the youth ratio to describe the aging process both at regional and municipal levels. Our data show a yet moderate aging process in (he region. with an uneven distribution throughout the different municipalities. | eng_Latn | 1,854 |
The prevention of sexual child abuse: Focus on the perpetrator | Abstract Conventional approaches to the prevention of sexual assault focus on the victim. This paper presents two hypotheses relating to the development of the behavior of sexual child abuse in males, reviews empirical evidence supporting these hypotheses and projects approaches to the prevention of sexual child abuse based on these hypotheses. The hypotheses are that a large proportion of males who abuse children sexually 1) have been sexually abused themselves as children, and 2) are sexually ignorant and socially immature. | Contemporary Pediatrics recently spoke with Mary Koslap-Petraco, DNP, PNP-BC, CPNP, FAANP, a nationally known expert in immunization practice, about why measles infection rates have skyrocketed in her home state of New York, what’s in store for the rest of the United States during the current measles outbreak, and how physicians can engage with parents to boost immunization rates. | eng_Latn | 1,855 |
Understanding teenage sexuality in Ireland | This report aimed to explore, in depth, post-primary pupils' perspectives on sexuality, sex education and the factors and pressures that influence their sexual knowledge and behaviour. | Country, village and pier regional relations and local identities difference and dispute the generosity of community fierce needle and fine craic the politics of powerlessness | eng_Latn | 1,856 |
Knowledge about Puberty and Sexual Development in 11‐16 Year‐olds: implications for health and sex education in schools | Summary Knowledge is an important but largely neglected variable in sex education research. This study aimed to develop a measure to assess young people's knowledge about puberty and sexual development, and to examine knowledge in relation to age, gender and school. The main results of the study were that knowledge increased more between age 11/12 and 13/14 than between 13/14 and 15/16, girls knew more than boys at every age, and there were few differences in knowledge between the four schools involved in the study. The research has a number of implications for sex education in schools. First, it was found that even by age 15‐16 some young people lack information which is essential if they are to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Second, it may be that boys and girls need to be taught separately to enable the different needs of each gender to be addressed. Third, young people know more about some aspects of puberty and sexual development than others, and there are particular times when knowledge develops most rap... | Celebrities feature prominently in the media and popular cultural landscape of ‘tween’-aged girls. While there has been much speculation about the potential influence of celebrities such as Miley Cyrus and Vanessa Hudgens on ‘tween’ girls, particularly with respect to ‘growing up too fast’ and becoming ‘sexy too soon’, research with tweens is lacking. This paper draws on material from a research project that explores the ways in which some preteen girls in two cities in New Zealand engage with the popular culture they encounter in their everyday lives. The focus is on the ways in which the participants respond to the image of Miley Cyrus on the cover of Vanity Fair in 2008, in particular, their critiques of this previously popular celebrity. We explore the ways in which the framing of Cyrus as a ‘bad role model’ and ‘slut’ is used to regulate celebrity identifications, viewing practices and girlhood identities. | eng_Latn | 1,857 |
LibGuides Sandbox for Library Schools. Research Guide to figures of speech in literature. Home. | This guide will be instructive in the use of the various figures of speech used in literary works | ABSTRACTPublic health efforts focused on Latina youth sexuality are most commonly framed by the syndemic of teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, a narrow and often heteronormative focus that perpetuates silences that contribute to health inequities and overlooks the growing need for increased education, awareness, and support for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. This article presents findings from the project Let’s Talk About Sex: Digital Storytelling for Puerto Rican Latina Youth, which used a culturally centered, narrative-based approach for analyzing participants’ own specifications of sexual values and practices. The strength of digital storytelling lies in its utility as an innovative tool for community-based and culturally situated research, as well as in its capacity to open up new spaces for health communication. Here we present two “coming out” case studies to illustrate the value of digital storytelling in supporting the development of meaningful... | eng_Latn | 1,858 |
Assertive Communication in Condom Negotiation: Insights From Late Adolescent Couples' Subjective Ratings of Self and Partner | Teenage pregnancy prevention: the role of young men | An instrumental variable approach finds no associated harm or benefit from early dialysis initiation in the United States | eng_Latn | 1,859 |
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles "High Efficient Modified MixColumns in Advanced Encryption Standard Using Vedic Multiplier" by M. Senthil Kumar, S. Rajalakshmi in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET), July 2014, pp. 462-466 After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles. This paper duplicates text and figures from the papers cited below. The original content was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper titles) and without permission. Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following articles: "Novel Architecture for Inverse Mix Columns for AES Using Ancient Vedic Mathematics on FPGA" by Sushma R. Huddar , Sudhir Rao Rupanagudi, Ramya Ravi, Shikha Yadav, Sanjay Jain in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), August 2013, pp. 1924-1929 "Fault-Tolerant Encryption for Space Applications" by Roohi Banu, Tanya Vladimirova in the IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol 45, No 1, January 2009, pp. 266-279 This paper is designed for the purpose of commercial security algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). We need to protect the sensitive and valuable data transmitted from satellites to ground. It has increased and hence the need to use encryption on board. AES, which is a very popular choice in world communications, is slowly emerging as the preferred option in the aerospace industry includes satellites. In order to meet this requirement, various algorithms have been designed and implemented in the previous, but each of these algorithms have their own shortcomings with respect to an ASIC or an FPGA implementation. In this paper, we propose high efficient architecture for performing the mix columns operation, which is the main function in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) method of cryptography. We perform the same using prehistoric Vedic Mathematics techniques. It gives more efficient results in AES. The AES was designed and implemented on a Xilinx Spartan 3 of FPGA. The novel model is designed using Verilog, from which the area and power are measured. | Based on the definition of a mission vulnerability factor, this paper proposes the use of on-line memory scrubbing technique joined with memory partitioning, describing how such approach can help to reduce overhead and performance penalties of ECC-based protection systems. | Surveys of young people under-represent those in alternative education settings (AES), potentially disguising health inequalities. We present the first quantitative UK evidence of health inequalities between AES and mainstream education school (MES) pupils, assessing whether observed inequalities are attributable to socioeconomic, familial, educational and peer factors. Cross-sectional, self-reported data on individual- and poly-substance use (PSU: combined tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use) and sexual risk-taking from 219 pupils in AES (mean age 15.9 years) were compared with data from 4024 pupils in MES (mean age 15.5 years). Data were collected from 2008 to 2009 as part of the quasi-experimental evaluation of Healthy Respect 2 (HR2). AES pupils reported higher levels of substance use, including tobacco use, weekly drunkenness, using cannabis at least once a week and engaging in PSU at least once a week. AES pupils also reported higher levels of sexual health risk behaviours than their MES counterparts, including: earlier sexual activity; less protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and having 3+ lifetime sexual partners. In multivariate analyses, inequalities in sexual risk-taking were fully explained after adjusting for higher deprivation, lower parental monitoring, lower parent-child connectedness, school disengagement and heightened intentions towards early parenthood among AES vs MES pupils. However, an increased risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.15, 2.60) of weekly PSU was found for AES vs MES pupils after adjusting for these factors and the influence of peer behaviours. AES pupils are more likely to engage in health risk behaviours, including PSU and sexual risk-taking, compared with MES pupils. AES pupils are a vulnerable group who may not be easily targeted by conventional population-level public health programmes. Health promotion interventions need to be tailored and contextualised for AES pupils, in particular for sexual health and PSU. These could be included within interventions designed to promote broader outcomes such as mental wellbeing, educational engagement, raise future aspirations and promote resilience. | eng_Latn | 1,860 |
i don't yeah and i maybe that's not what they meant maybe that's just the way both of us took the wording but i i think it's a good i get idea to get younger people involved in the government in some way or the public you know happenings it's just they they're not aware of why things cost what they do why things operate the way they do but i just | Young people would benefit from being involved in the government. | I don't think it's a good idea to involve young people in the government. | eng_Latn | 1,861 |
(I would bet that every survey of teens taken since Cain and Abel found that they named parents as their favorite role models.) | I would bet that teens look up to their parents. | Teens do not think highly of their parents. | eng_Latn | 1,862 |
well possibly i think it does um i'm not sure i think it does some uh it it it it may sort of lead to some uh it it it may just be another form of sort of regimenting you know in kids which i which i think is good actually to have some kids sort of sit together and you know just say things and sort of do things together so possibly | I think it may lead to kids doing things together. | I think that it is a bad thing for kids to do things together. | eng_Latn | 1,863 |
The NYT's Styles section reports a new trend in the use of kids as social stepping stones. | Recently the NYT published an article bringing to light a new trend of parents using their kids to get ahead in the social world. | The latest trend is Mothers completely skipping the social circle of their peers. | eng_Latn | 1,864 |
oh i would imagine helping them feel good about themselves they're at a bad stage anyway and then to have to deal with sexual abuse would be terrible as a teen | Having to deal with sexual abuse must be terrible when you're a teenager. | Helping sexually abused teens to feel good about themselves would be pointless. | eng_Latn | 1,865 |
The cover story attributes teen-agers' mercurial behavior to underdeveloped brains. | Underdeveloped brains might be the reason behind teenagers' behavior. | Teenagers have overdeveloped brains, which leads to their behavior. | eng_Latn | 1,866 |
yes it's whether the parent wants to take the risk | It depends on whether the parent wants to take the risk. | It doesn't involve the parents taking on risk at all. | eng_Latn | 1,867 |
uh i i guess i see all of us benefiting and i i don't see it just relegated to the young but i see i i see so much going on that that's bad and this would give them a chance to have some positive self esteem something that they turn back | this would help them build a sense of positive self-esteem | i think this would only tear down their self-esteem | eng_Latn | 1,868 |
And some insiders even claimed that kids at PEES had surfed adult websites during classes. | Kids were surfing adult websites during classes. | None of the kids went to an adult site. | eng_Latn | 1,869 |
of the actual stuff but they didn't they didn't age it | the people never matured it | The stuff was very old | eng_Latn | 1,870 |
Sexual Minority Stress and Same-Sex Relationship Well-being: A Meta-analysis of Research Prior to the U.S. Nationwide Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage | The Influence of Internalized Stigma on the Efficacy of an HIV Prevention and Relationship Education Program for Young Male Couples | Individual variation in reproductive costs of reproduction: high-quality females always do better | eng_Latn | 1,871 |
Self-Reported Factors Influencing Condom Use among Clinic Attendees | Gender Differences in Attitude to Use of Condom and Sexual Practices among Higher School Students in Nigeria. | An instrumental variable approach finds no associated harm or benefit from early dialysis initiation in the United States | eng_Latn | 1,872 |
Teacher beliefs, professional preparation, and practices regarding exceptional students and sexuality education. | “Why Can't We Just Have Sex?”: An Analysis of Anonymous Questions About Sex Asked by Ninth Graders | Low External Workloads Are Related to Higher Injury Risk in Professional Male Basketball Games. | eng_Latn | 1,873 |
The Effect of a Text Messaging Based HIV Prevention Program on Sexual Minority Male Youths: A National Evaluation of Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Guy2Guy | Puberty and adolescent sexuality | Mounting evidence against the role of ICC in neurotransmission to smooth muscle in the gut | eng_Latn | 1,874 |
From kissing to coitus? Sex-of-partner differences in the sexual milestone achievement of young men. | Adolescent Sexual Behavior Patterns in a British Birth Cohort: A Latent Class Analysis | More than ability: Gender and personal relationships influence science and technology involvement. | eng_Latn | 1,875 |
Gay Youth and the Right to Education | "It Never Occurred to Me That I Might Have a Gay Student in My K-12 Classroom": An Investigation of the Treatment of Sexual Orientation Issues in Teacher Education Programming. | Male gender predicts mortality in a large cohort of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda | eng_Latn | 1,876 |
Knowledge and Attitudes of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among High School Students in Sarajevo. | Awareness and Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Secondary School Adolescents in Ado Ekiti, South Western Nigeria | Single-Sex Mathematics Instruction in an Urban Independent School. | eng_Latn | 1,877 |
ZUCKERMAN, PAUL; ZIEGLER, MARK; and STEVENSON, HAROLD W. Children's Viewing of Television and Recognition Memory of Commercials. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 96-104. Children in grades 2, 3, and 4 were videotaped while watching a standard 15-min television presentation in a seminaturalistic setting. Videotapes were analyzed for attention to television, viewing patterns, and alternate activities. Recognition memory of auditory and visual content of the commercials and of the products was tested. Comparisons were made of the children's behavior during the program and during the commercials. In general, the children's behavior was marked by low levels of attention, a decline in attention during commercials, and poor recognition memory of commercial content. Attention was more strongly related to visual than to auditory recognition. Evidence for rapid habituation to the content of commercials was obtained. | A content analysis of 601 commercials was conducted in order to identify the appeals that characterize commercials aimed at children and teenagers. Our findings demonstrated that the use of appeals (a) showed strong age differences and (b) was highly gender-role stereotyped, particularly in commercials aimed at children. The most typical appeals in commercials aimed at male children were action-adventure, sports, and play, whereas commercials aimed at female children emphasized nurturing, physical attractiveness, friendship, and romance. Having the best, competition, and achievement were the dominant appeals in commercials aimed at male teenagers, whereas romance, sexuality, and belonging to a group were emphasized in commercials aimed at female teenagers. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,878 |
To get information in the sexual and contraceptive behaviors in Chinese female college students, a randomized cluster sampling was conducted in colleges and universities in Wuhan Area, China, in terms of types of colleges, subjects (literature, sciences, medicines, art etc), and grades etc. A total number of 2450 questionnaires were distributed, with 2365 questionnaires returned being valid. The return rate of valid questionnaires was 96.6%. The questionnaire investigation was conducted on a multiple-choice and anonymous basis. Data were input into computer and SPSS12.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. Among the female students, 1196 had the experiences of hug and kiss (50.57%) and 423 (17.89%) had sexual experiences (sexual intercourse). The first sexual intercourse took place at the age of 19.23+/-1.74 y. There were significant differences in the sexual experiences among the majors of different subjects, with the rate of sexual experiences in art majors (43.17%) and high-grade students (34.31%) being the highest. The causes of the first sexual intercourse included sexual impulse, curiosity, intention to strengthen the relationship or to show loyalty to boyfriend and sometimes violence. While the motives of the sexual intercourse within the past one year before the investigation were to satisfy the sexual needs and to strengthen the relation with their boyfriends. With both first intercourse and sexual experiences within last one year, the partners of the sexual intercourse were mainly their boyfriends (95.7% and 97.3% respectively), but the partners also included acquaintances, "one night stand" partners and customers of sex trade. Some of them had multiple sexual partners, with the highest number of the sexual partners being 11. In the first sexual intercourse of the subjects, 44.0 % of them did not take any contraceptive measures; only 16.4% of them used condoms. In the sexual intercourse within the last one year, only 44.6% took contraceptive measures every time they had sexual intercourse. Among those who took contraceptive measures, 64.4% used condoms. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 101 persons got pregnant, with a rate of pregnancy being 4.3%, accounting for 23.9% of all who had sexual intercourse. Among those who got pregnant, 78 persons got pregnant once; the others became pregnant more than two times, the highest being 5 times. There were 122 persons who had inflammation of reproductive system, mostly vaginitis. Other conditions included venereal warts and herpes genitalis. It is concluded that the rate of sexual behaviors is high in female college students and there exist promiscuity, unexpected pregnancy and transmission of STD in the students. | With the increasing prevalence of premarital sex among college students in China, our aim was to examine prevalence and determinants of condom use among sexually active female undergraduates at 16 university campuses in Wuhan. Questionnaires were distributed to 5076 unmarried female undergraduates, recruited using randomized cluster sampling by type of university and student major and grade, and anonymously completed questionnaires were received from 4769 (94% of enrollees). The complex samples logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with condom use, yielding odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of 4769 female students, 863 (18.1%) reported ever having sexual intercourse. Of these, 19.8% used a condom in their first sexual encounter, and these students were more likely to age 20 or older at first intercourse, and less likely to live in countryside during middle school period, and majoring in the arts. Fully 30% of those having intercourse reported never or seldom or sometimes using condoms in the past 12 months. Students using condoms consistently in the past 12 months were more likely majoring in science and technology, to believe that condoms are the safest way to prevent STD and unwanted pregnancy, and to have used a condom at first intercourse; they were less likely to live in countryside during middle school period, and to report multiple sexual partners since initiating sexual behavior. These results suggested that a larger subset of Chinese female undergraduates is engaged in unprotected, premarital sex, and interventions provided for them should stress the importance of delaying sexual initiation, using condoms from the very first sexual encounter, and consistently using condoms after initiating sex. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,879 |
Physician Adherence to Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening Guidelines in an OB/GYN Teaching Clinic in Hawai'i. | The risk of adolescent suicide across patterns of drug use: a nationally representative study of high school students in the United States from 1999 to 2009 | User fee exemptions are not enough: out-of-pocket payments for ‘free’ delivery services in rural Tanzania | eng_Latn | 1,880 |
Alcohol--a predictor of risky sexual behavior among female adolescents. | HIV Behavioral Interventions for Adolescents in Community Settings | A systematic review of parent based programs to prevent or reduce alcohol consumption in adolescents | eng_Latn | 1,881 |
Adolescent’s self-concept: Understanding the role of gender and academic competence | Chandon the need for individuation and the need for assimilation The role of gender on the frequency of shopping with friends during adolescence : Between | Aspects on confounding in occupational health epidemiology. | eng_Latn | 1,882 |
Objectives: To determine status of the adolescents in the context of education, nutrition, gender role, employment and reproductive rights in selected member countries of SAFOG. Materials and methods: An analysis has been made through review of printed and electronic resources on selected parameters of adolescent health. Results: The opportunity of primary education is not universal and gross disparity in youth literacy rate between male and female exist in most countries except a few. Malnutrition is quite prevalent in some countries reflected by a high proportion of low birth weight newborn and stunted adolescents. Employment opportunities for adolescent girls are less than the boys and many are engaged in non productive and domestic work. Gender discrimination is quite pronounced in how girls and boys are socialized, in household food allocation, opportunity for education, employment and in wage for work. In the traditional culture of this region talking about sex is a taboo and adolescents are poorly informed with regard to their own sexuality, physical well being, health and rights. Conclusion: The sheer number of adolescents and their great potential of physical, mental and social development have made them a special group to be dealt with priority. Professional bodies like SAFOG can take a leading role in this respect. DOI: 10.3329/bjog.v24i1.6323 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol , 2009; Vol. 24(1) : 22-26 | Young women or adolescent girls are a world within themselves. Though the spark of extensive economic reforms and globalisation in the last few decades seems to have forced its way through this world the health care needs of adolescence the stage which bridges childhood and adulthood traditionally remained unattended for long. However it suddenly seems to have come into prominence with more focused attention from researchers and policy-makers throughout the developing world. Serious behavioural studies on the status of the reproductive and sexual health of young boys and girls have started showing how little we know about this silent but total transition in this vital organ of our society. The status of this newly discovered world and the scope of its needs have been examined and comprehensively unfurled by a recently published report of the Alan Guttmacher Institute (1998). The research for and publication of this well-edited report is part of a three-year project on youth worldwide undertaken by the Alan Guttmacher Institute in collaboration with organisations from 13 developing countries. The main theme of this report is centered around the needs of young women in this rapid and chaotic age of societal transition. How are they to be prepared physically and otherwise to deal with the major aspects of womens lives e.g. sexual relationships marriage and childbearing? Are the health and population programmes in developing countries appropriately equipped and aligned to cater to their specific needs? What is the evidence of the positive impact of enhancing economic and social opportunities on the sexual and reproductive health behaviour of adolescents? The report based on the data collected from a large number of countries succinctly documents the collected evidence and helps us build our own hypotheses on the above and many other questions. (excerpt) | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 1,883 |
CONTEXT: In the United States, the pregnancy rate and birthrate of Hispanic teenagers are higher than those of other races and ethnicities. Although recommendations for culturally appropriate pregnancy prevention programs are commonplace, little is known about how practitioners address such recommendations. ::: ::: METHODS: In individual interviews, 58 teenage pregnancy prevention practitioners who work primarily with Mexican American female teenagers from two regions in California were asked about their understanding of recommendations for best practices and discussed the strategies they have used and challenges they have faced in implementing the recommendations. Qualitative methods were used to categorize responses and identify themes. ::: ::: RESULTS: Practitioners indicated that knowledge and awareness of Hispanic culture are essential, as is commitment to teenagers and their needs. They regard activities that encourage educational and career achievement as critical program components, and view both male partners' and family members' involvement in programs as important but challenging. Furthermore, practitioners feel that the implicit program goals of continued education and female self-sufficiency are often at odds with traditional Hispanic cultural values. ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners have valuable insight into the reality of implementing culturally sensitive programs. Programs need to balance the often competing values and goals of prevention programs with those of Hispanic youth culture and experiences. | We wished to examine variables associated with pregnancy desire among pregnant adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds. This study analyzed 335 charts at a state-funded family planning clinic. Participants were adolescents who had a positive pregnancy test at the clinic on the day of the survey. Logistic regression was utilized to determine differences in pregnancy desire. We found that Hispanic teens were more than twice as likely to desire pregnancy as African American teens (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-3.65) and adolescents who were not in school were almost twice as likely as those who were in school full-time to desire pregnancy (AOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.08 -3.09). Hispanic teens who were not in school were 12 times more likely to desire pregnancy than African American teens who were in school full-time (odds ratio [OR] 11.47; 95% CI 3.68 -35.75). Adolescent pregnancy desire is significantly associated with educational status and racial background. Developing culturally appropriate interventions to encourage continued education and asking about community and familial norms are essential steps in addressing this issue. (authors) | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,884 |
Aim. The purpose of this study was to test a model of sexual self-concept and sexual risk cognition affecting sexual communication in Taiwanese adolescents. ::: ::: ::: ::: Background. Parent–adolescent sexual communication has been shown to influence adolescent sexual behaviour. Self-concept is an important predictor of human behaviour, especially sexual behaviour. Few researchers have assessed sexual self-concept in adolescents, despite its clear relevance to understanding adolescent sexual behaviour. ::: ::: ::: ::: Design. A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was used in this study. ::: ::: ::: ::: Method. In 2009, data were collected by questionnaire from 748 adolescent students at a junior college in Taiwan. ::: ::: ::: ::: Results. The results revealed that the postulated model fits the data from this study well. Sexual self-concept significantly predicts sexual risk cognition and sexual communication. Sexual risk cognition significantly predicts sexual communication and has an intervening effect on the relationship between sexual self-concept and sexual communication. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions. Sexual risk cognition is important in explaining sexuality in adolescents. Sexual self-concept has both direct and indirect effects on sexual communication. Our findings provide concrete directions for school educators in developing sexual health programmes to increase adolescent sexual self-concept and sexual communication with their parents. ::: ::: ::: ::: Relevance to clinical practice. Future sexual health programmes about sexual self-concept and sexual risk cognition must add for increasing adolescent’s sexual communication with their parents. | Background ::: Adolescent sexual activity, especially among the urban poor, remains a challenge. Despite numerous interventions and programs to address the negative consequences arising from early and frequent sexual activity among youth in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, only slight progress has been made. A plausible explanation is that our understanding of what adolescents think about sex and about their own sexuality is poor. In that sense, examining how adolescents in urban poor communities think about their sexual readiness, and identifying characteristics associated with that sexual self-concept dimension, should deepen our understanding of this topical issue. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,885 |
Previous studies have suggested high rates of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections in theU.S.–Mexico border region. However, no information is available on the risk for HIV infection among Mexican adolescents living in this geographic area. This study examines the prevalence of HIV risk practices and psychosocial correlates among 370 high school students in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico, by gender and age group. The results indicate substantial risk for HIV infection among Tijuana youth due to unprotected sexual practices, lifetime rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, and needle-sharing practices, mostly related to tattooing and body piercing. These findings suggest the need for HIV prevention programs for Tijuana adolescents. These programs must be culturally sensitive and tailored to meet the needs of the different age and gender groups in this region. | Condom availability programs (CAPs) may increase access to condoms and contribute to increased condom use among youth. This study describes the characteristics degree of satisfaction and gender differences among users of a CAP implemented in two high schools in Tijuana (Baja California Mexico). A kiosk distributing free male condoms was set up in two high schools in Tijuana. Kiosk users (N=570) were more likely to be male young and/or enrolled in a lower SES school. Most kiosk users were either sexually active or planning to have sex. Females were less likely to request condoms and to continue using the kiosk but more likely to request information on other contraceptive methods. Results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing CAPs in Mexican schools and suggest that these programs can improve adolescents condom access. (authors) | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,886 |
The aim of this study was to assess religiosity and health risk behaviours among university students from 26 low, middle and high income countries. Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 20,222 undergraduate university students (mean age 20.8, SD = 2. 8) from 27 universities in 26 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas. Among all students, 41.1 % engaged at least once a week in organized religious activity, 35.8 % practised a non-organized religious activity daily or more than once daily, and more or less two-thirds of the students agreed to the three different statements on intrinsic of subjective religiosity. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher reported involvement in organized religious activity was associated with addictive, injury, sexual and oral health risk behaviour, while lower reported involvement in organized religious activity was associated with physical inactivity and oral health risk behaviour. Lower reported involvement in non-organized religious activity was associated with addictive, nutrition risk, injury, sexual and oral health risk behaviour, while higher reported involvement in non-organized religious activity was associated with physical inactivity. Finally, lower reported intrinsic religiosity was associated with addictive and sexual risk behaviour, while higher reported intrinsic religiosity was associated with nutrition risk behaviour, physical inactivity and oral health risk behaviour. | Background ::: Alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and risky sexual behaviours remain high among adolescents in South Africa and globally. Religiosity influences, mitigates and provides resilience against engaging in risky behaviours among young people but few South African studies have explored potential associations between religiosity, AOD use and risky sex. We report the prevalence of religiosity and association between religiosity and AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. ::: ::: ::: Methods ::: Between May and August 2011, a cross sectional survey was conducted among 20 227 learners from 240 public schools randomly selected through a stratified multistage sampling design to determine the prevalence of AOD use and sexual risk behaviours. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the association between religiosity, AOD use and risky sexual behaviours. ::: ::: ::: Results ::: The learners were aged 10–23 years. Almost three quarters (74%) of learners reported high religiosity (defined as attending religious services or activities at least 1–2 times a month). More female than male learners had high religiosity. The prevalence of past 30 day reported alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was 23%, 19% and 8% respectively. Compared to learners with low religiosity, those with high religiosity were less likely to engage in AOD use: specifically alcohol use, (AOR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.76–0.97), tobacco use (AOR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.67–0.87), cannabis use (AOR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.48–0.68) in the last 30 days. They were also less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviours (AOR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.81–0.99). ::: ::: ::: Conclusion ::: Religiosity was associated with lower odds of reported AOD use and risky sexual behaviours among learners in the Western Cape. This calls for further exploration on how to incorporate religiosity into AOD use and risky sexual behaviour interventions. | Background ::: Spirituality and religious attendance (RA) have been associated with personal attitudes and values, and this may affect lifestyle. The aim of this study was to explore their association with adolescent leisure-time choices in a highly secular environment. ::: ::: ::: Methods ::: A nationally representative sample of adolescents (n = 4,182, 14.4±1.1 years, 48.6% boys) participated in the 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children cross-sectional study. We measured RA, spirituality (adjusted shortened version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale), excessive television, computer games, and internet use, as well as participation in organized leisure-time activities. ::: ::: ::: Results ::: Compared to non-attending and non-spiritual respondents, respectively, both attending respondents and spiritual respondents were less likely to watch television and play computer games excessively, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.6 (95% confidence interval 0.5–0.8) to 0.92 (0.9–0.99). Only attending and only spiritual respondents were more likely to use the internet excessively, but this was not the case for those that were both attending and spiritual. Moreover, religious and spiritual respondents were more likely to be involved in at least one organised activity. ORs were 2.9 (1.9–4.3) for RA and 1.3 (1.2–1.4) for spirituality compared to their counterparts. The same pattern was observed for sporting and non-sporting activities combined (ORs 4.6 (3.0–7.1) and 1.5 (1.4–1.7), respectively) and regularly reading books or playing a musical instrument. ::: ::: ::: Conclusions ::: Adolescent RA and spirituality are associated with a more active way of spending leisure-time. Further research should focus on understanding potential mechanisms that underlie these associations. | eng_Latn | 1,887 |
This paper reports on a qualitative investigation of explanations for teenage girls' indirect aggression (e.g., spreading false rumours, excluding peers from the group) which is part of a larger study on the nature of teenage girls' indirect aggression. Focus groups were conducted with fifty-four 15-16-year-old girls. These focus group data were supplemented with interviews with six pairs of girls and a focus group discussion with a pilot group of eight 16-year-olds and separate individual interviews with ten key teachers. The overall aim of this part of the study was to explore why girls are indirectly aggressive to their peers. The key explanations proposed by the girls and their teachers were a desire to create excitement in girls' lives together with a range of friendship and group processes, centred around having close intimate relationships and belonging to the peer group. This study enriches our understanding of girls' indirect aggression and adds to earlier research conducted mainly using quantita... | This two-part exploratory study utilized a social cognitive theory framework in documenting gender portrayals in teen movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,888 |
These notes discuss secrecy properties of programs from the perspective of programming-language theory. They present and compare some simple type systems for establishing secrecy properties. They also distinguish descriptive and prescriptive statements of secrecy properties. | It is becoming increasingly common for distributed systems to bring together computing devices of different processing power, software provided by different sources and information with different secrecy and integrity requirements. Moreover, the users which interact with the system may be of different trust levels. | Adolescent penetration into the labor market is a relatively new, and much understudied, phenomena. To date, limited empirical evidence suggests that the extensive employment of adolescents increases their offending. We bring together insights garnered from life-course criminology, which emphasizes the timing of transitional role changes; and economic sociology, which draws attention to the "social embeddedness" of development and decision-making. The objective is to test whether a youth's embeddedness within the labor market has deleterious consequences for the youth's behavior. Our results show that work embeddedness is positively related to delinquency, and that this effect is not accounted for by prior levels of delinquent involvement. These findings were replicated by use of a community sample. In total our findings suggest that being embedded in a work role as a teenager has general deleterious consequences for behavior. | eng_Latn | 1,889 |
The N1s near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray emission spectra (XES) of blocked alanine in water solution have been investigated at the first-principles level based on cluster models constructed from classical molecular dynamics simulations. The bulk solvent has been described by both supermolecular and combined supermolecular-continuum models. With the former model we show that NEXAFS spectra convergent with respect to system size require at least the inclusion of the second solvation shell and that averaged spectra over several hundreds of snapshots can well represent the statistical effect of different instantaneous configurations of the solvation shells. With the combined model we demonstrate that calculations of a medium-sized peptide-water supermolecule qualitatively predict the NEXAFS spectrum of the solvated peptide even considering a single geometry. Furthermore, sampling over hundreds of snapshots by the combined model, the explicit inclusion of even a few waters yields an averaged spectrum in good quantitative agreement with the discrete model results. In comparison, the XES spectra show little dependence on the structures of either the solvent shell or the peptide itself. The ramifications of these findings are discussed. | Accessible values of the φ and ψ torsional angles determining peptide main chain conformation are traditionally displayed in the form of Ramachandran plots. The number of experimental methods making it possible to determine such conformational distribution is limited. In the present study, Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of Ac-Ala-NHMe were measured and fit by theoretical curves. This revealed the most favored conformers and a large part of the potential energy surface (PES) of this model dipeptide. Such experimental PES compares well to quantum chemical computations, whereas molecular dynamics (MD) modeling reproduces it less faithfully. The surface shape is consistent with the temperature dependence of the spectra, as observed experimentally and predicted by MD. Despite errors associated with spectral modeling and the measurement, the results are likely to facilitate future applications of ROA spectroscopy. | Surveys of young people under-represent those in alternative education settings (AES), potentially disguising health inequalities. We present the first quantitative UK evidence of health inequalities between AES and mainstream education school (MES) pupils, assessing whether observed inequalities are attributable to socioeconomic, familial, educational and peer factors. Cross-sectional, self-reported data on individual- and poly-substance use (PSU: combined tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use) and sexual risk-taking from 219 pupils in AES (mean age 15.9 years) were compared with data from 4024 pupils in MES (mean age 15.5 years). Data were collected from 2008 to 2009 as part of the quasi-experimental evaluation of Healthy Respect 2 (HR2). AES pupils reported higher levels of substance use, including tobacco use, weekly drunkenness, using cannabis at least once a week and engaging in PSU at least once a week. AES pupils also reported higher levels of sexual health risk behaviours than their MES counterparts, including: earlier sexual activity; less protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and having 3+ lifetime sexual partners. In multivariate analyses, inequalities in sexual risk-taking were fully explained after adjusting for higher deprivation, lower parental monitoring, lower parent-child connectedness, school disengagement and heightened intentions towards early parenthood among AES vs MES pupils. However, an increased risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.15, 2.60) of weekly PSU was found for AES vs MES pupils after adjusting for these factors and the influence of peer behaviours. AES pupils are more likely to engage in health risk behaviours, including PSU and sexual risk-taking, compared with MES pupils. AES pupils are a vulnerable group who may not be easily targeted by conventional population-level public health programmes. Health promotion interventions need to be tailored and contextualised for AES pupils, in particular for sexual health and PSU. These could be included within interventions designed to promote broader outcomes such as mental wellbeing, educational engagement, raise future aspirations and promote resilience. | eng_Latn | 1,890 |
AIMS ::: To estimate linear time-trends in substance use and primary prevention variables in adolescents in Iceland from 1997 to 2014. ::: ::: ::: DESIGN ::: Repeated, cross-sectional population-based school surveys with seven waves of pooled data. ::: ::: ::: SETTING ::: Iceland. ::: ::: ::: PARTICIPANTS ::: All accessible students enrolled in the 9th and 10th grades in the national Icelandic school system during the spring of 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2014 (n = 50 412, boys = 50%). Response rates ranged between 81 and 90% of the population. ::: ::: ::: MEASUREMENTS ::: Measures on substance use included smoking and alcohol use. Primary prevention measures included parental monitoring, parental social involvement, participation in organized sports and reduced participation in a party life-style. ::: ::: ::: FINDINGS ::: Substance use decreased consistently during the study period. For example, 30-day drunkenness declined from 29.6 in 1997 to 3.6% in 2014 (linear trend: χ(2) (1) = 2846.8, P < 0.001), and daily smoking during the last 30 days declined from 17.0 to 1.6% during the same period (linear trend: χ(2) (1) = 1614.3, P < 0.001). Primary prevention factors strengthened over time. For example, the mean score for parents knowing where their children are in the evenings rose from 2.44 in 1997 to 3.08 in 2014 (Ftrend(1, 42635) , 2538.3, P < 0.001), and mean scores for participation in party life-style declined from 2.23 in 1997 to 1.71 in 2014 (Ftrend(1, 38773) , 2033.1, P < .001). ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Substance use among adolescents in Iceland has declined steadily from 1997 to 2014, while primary prevention factors for substance use have increased in strength during the same time-period. | During the last decade, Iceland has made impressive progress in reducing adolescent substance use. By engaging schools, youth organizations, and other community stakeholders concerned with youth development, Iceland has developed local partnerships that have worked assiduously to reduce risk factors and strengthen school and community-level protective factors for adolescent substance use that peaked in 1998. The nationwide implementation of this transdisciplinary approach to health promotion has led to a 60% decline in both experimentation and use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis. This article describes the key components of the Icelandic approach to school and community-based health promotion. The potential for adapting elements of this approach to advance school-based healthcare policy and practice to prevent substance use and other health-compromising behaviors in other countries is discussed. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 1,891 |
CONTEXT ::: While a number of studies have examined the association between individuals' characteristics and their contraceptive use, few studies have examined the influence of partners' characteristics on individuals' contraceptive use. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, multiple logistic analyses were conducted to identify associations between the demographic characteristics of adolescents' heterosexual partners and adolescents' use of condoms or other contraceptive methods. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: The partners of white and black adolescents were likely to be similar to them, while the partners of Latino adolescents and of adolescents of "other" race or ethnicity were more likely to be of a different racial or ethnic group. Differences in age between adolescents and their partners were notable in all racial and ethnic groups. As adolescents age, the characteristics of their partners become more heterogeneous. The less similar adolescents and their partners are to one another--whether because of a difference in age, grade or school--the less likely adolescents are to use condoms and other contraceptive methods. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Many adolescents have relationships with partners whose characteristics differ from theirs and with whom they are less likely to use condoms or other contraceptive methods. This behavior is more common as adolescents grow older. To provide appropriate counseling, sexuality educators and family planning providers need to consider the ways in which adolescents' relationships change as they age and discuss with them the dynamics of relationships involving partners who differ in age or other characteristics. | CONTEXT: Most U.S. teenage pregnancies are unintended, partly because of inconsistent or no use of contraceptives. Understanding the factors associated with contraceptive use in teenagers’ most recent relationships can help identify strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy. METHODS: Data on 1,468 participants in Waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who had had two or more sexual relationships were analyzed to assess factors associated with contraceptive use patterns in teenagers’ most recent sexual relationship. Odds ratios were generated through logistic regression. | A 75-year-old woman suffered severe haemoptysis after insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter in an intensive care unit. Control of the pulmonary artery haemorrhage was quickly and successfully achieved with stainless steel coils as the embolic material. | eng_Latn | 1,892 |
Antecedents and correlates of sexual behavior among 167 (46% female) adolescents were examined in this multi-informant longitudinal study. Data were collected at birth through middle adolescence. Data on number of sexual partners and contraception use at age 16 defined sexual abstinence (SAs n = 73) high-risk sexual behavior (HRTs n = 45) and low-risk sexual behavior (LRTs n = 49) groups. Moffitts (1993) antisocial behavior taxonomy problem behavior theory social control theory (Hierschi) and a biosocial model guided expectations of differential group prediction. Variables from each of three developmental periods (< age 12 ages 12-13 age 16) were significantly associated with sexual behavior groups. The most salient factors that differentiated LRTs from SAs were physical maturation at age 13 and romantic relationship progression and alcohol use at age 16. Romantic relationship progression and drug use at age 16 differentiated HRTs from SAs. (authors) | The idea of a sexual double standard emphasizes that men have more sexual freedom, whereas women are subject to social sanctions for the same behaviors. This research uses a sample of adolescent women to examine the social consequences of reporting a greater number of sex partners. The research explores whether there are broader social costs and feelings of low self-worth associated with a high number of sex partners, and also focuses on characteristics of the adolescents' close friends. The analyses of quantitative data (n = 600) provide support for the emphasis on the adolescents' immediate network of friends: Friends' attitudes and behaviors were significant predictors of respondents' own sexual experiences, while those reporting a higher number of sex partners did not report a lack of popularity, desire for more friends, or lower self-esteem. In-depth relationship history narratives collected from a subset of respondents (n = 46) provide additional context. Women often recognized the existence of a do... | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 1,893 |
Sexual minority youth were found to be more likely to drink alcohol during weekdays compared to heterosexual youth. Drinking during weekdays was associated with consuming alcohol as a coping strategy. Sexual minority youth also more frequently consumed alcohol to eliminate personal worries (coping) and to not be excluded by their peers (conformity). Sexual orientation-related alcohol problems should be addressed at an early stage. Such efforts are likely to be effective if insecurities and stress related to sexual orientation are addressed as well. | Background and Aims ::: Although sexual orientation-related alcohol use disparities are well established, researchers have not identified whether disparities are diminishing as societal attitudes towards lesbian/gay and bisexual (LGB) people become more accepting. We examined changes in four alcohol-related disparities between heterosexual and LGB youth from 1998 to 2013 by (1) estimating the prevalence of these behaviors; (2) estimating disparities in alcohol-related outcomes between heterosexual and LGB youth within each wave year; and (3) testing whether the degree of difference in alcohol-related disparities between heterosexual and LGB youth has changed. ::: ::: Design ::: Logistic regression models and year × sexual orientation interactions with repeated, cross-sectional, provincially representative data. ::: ::: Setting ::: British Columbia, Canada. ::: ::: Participants ::: Students (ages 12–19) from the 1998 (n = 22 858), 2003 (n = 29 323), 2008 (n = 25 254) and 2013 (n = 21 938) British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey (total n = 99 373, 48.7% male, mean age = 14.84). ::: ::: Measurements ::: We modeled age-adjusted differences in life-time alcohol use, age of onset, past 30-day drinking and past 30-day heavy episodic drinking between heterosexual and three subgroups of sexual minority youth (i.e. mostly heterosexual, bisexual and lesbian/gay). ::: ::: Findings ::: Generally, alcohol use declined for all youth, although less so among LGB youth [average adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.58 and aOR = 0.53 for heterosexual males and females and aOR = 0.71 and aOR = 0.57 for sexual minority males and females, respectively). Within-year comparisons demonstrated elevated rates of alcohol use among LGB compared with heterosexual youth for each of the four survey years, especially among females. Findings indicate few changes over time; however, results show an increase in risky alcohol use from 1998 to 2013 among mostly heterosexual (aOR = 1.58 for life-time alcohol use, aOR = 1.58 for 30-day alcohol use and aOR = 1.34 for 30-day heavy episodic drinking), and bisexual (aOR = 1.95 for life-time alcohol use) females. ::: ::: Conclusion ::: Despite the general decline in the prevalence of alcohol use among young people in Canada since 1998, lesbian/gay and bisexual youth in Canada continue to show elevated rates of alcohol use compared with heterosexual youth. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 1,894 |
This cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of lifetime inhalant use and identifies demographic, psychosocial, and other risk behavior characteristics of students reporting lifetime inhalant use. The sample consisted of 354 students attending alternative high schools (dropout prevention/recovery schools) in Texas. The prevalence of lifetime inhalant use was 27.7%. After controlling for potentially confounding factors, students reporting lifetime inhalant use were less likely to be financially supported by their parents/guardians, more likely to use alcohol/tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine, and more likely to carry weapons and consider suicide. Study results may allow school officials, parents, researchers, and health care providers to gain a better understanding of inhalant use among students at risk for dropping out of school, a group which has not been extensively studied by previous researchers. | Surveys of young people under-represent those in alternative education settings (AES), potentially disguising health inequalities. We present the first quantitative UK evidence of health inequalities between AES and mainstream education school (MES) pupils, assessing whether observed inequalities are attributable to socioeconomic, familial, educational and peer factors. Cross-sectional, self-reported data on individual- and poly-substance use (PSU: combined tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use) and sexual risk-taking from 219 pupils in AES (mean age 15.9 years) were compared with data from 4024 pupils in MES (mean age 15.5 years). Data were collected from 2008 to 2009 as part of the quasi-experimental evaluation of Healthy Respect 2 (HR2). AES pupils reported higher levels of substance use, including tobacco use, weekly drunkenness, using cannabis at least once a week and engaging in PSU at least once a week. AES pupils also reported higher levels of sexual health risk behaviours than their MES counterparts, including: earlier sexual activity; less protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and having 3+ lifetime sexual partners. In multivariate analyses, inequalities in sexual risk-taking were fully explained after adjusting for higher deprivation, lower parental monitoring, lower parent-child connectedness, school disengagement and heightened intentions towards early parenthood among AES vs MES pupils. However, an increased risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.15, 2.60) of weekly PSU was found for AES vs MES pupils after adjusting for these factors and the influence of peer behaviours. AES pupils are more likely to engage in health risk behaviours, including PSU and sexual risk-taking, compared with MES pupils. AES pupils are a vulnerable group who may not be easily targeted by conventional population-level public health programmes. Health promotion interventions need to be tailored and contextualised for AES pupils, in particular for sexual health and PSU. These could be included within interventions designed to promote broader outcomes such as mental wellbeing, educational engagement, raise future aspirations and promote resilience. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 1,895 |
Changes to parental consent procedures in South Africa: implications for school-based adolescent sexual health research. | To the Editor: How can a researcher protect the rights of adolescents who want to take part in school-based sexual health research, ensuring that informed consent to participate is properly obtained, without hindering the potentially beneficial research itself? | Staff development is seen as a key aspect of medical education and many teachers/tutors are now required to attend some formal development activity. However, most workshops do not involve the student. In Manchester, the philosophy is to actively involve students in all aspects of the undergraduate course including delivery and evaluation. The authors have also worked with students in staff development. This predominantly descriptive article sets out some of the ways in which students have been involved in staff development, including co-facilitating sessions, role-play and discussion groups. Feedback from 10 workshops was analysed, which showed that 76% of the staff found the student involvement to be the most useful aspect of the workshops, particularly as it allowed staff to engage students in discussion about the course. Both these results and informal feedback from participants suggest that involvement of students is highly valued. Feedback from student volunteers also suggests that they gain from the... | eng_Latn | 1,896 |
The Civil Rights of Sexually Exploited Youth in Foster Care | This paper examines the civil rights of youth who are missing or discharged from foster care and become victims of sexual exploitation. It also addresses future implications of this epidemic, given demographic patterns of the United States, if we do not address this issue now. The paper concludes that adolescents in foster care have a constitutional right to be free from state action which puts them at risk for sexual exploitation. | This article discusses issues of social and distributive justice in the context of global capitalism in the twenty-first century and the necessity of incorporating values-clarification and ethical leadership as part of the core curriculum for university graduates. | eng_Latn | 1,897 |
Sex Differences in High School Athletes' Knowledge of Sport-Related Concussion Symptoms and Reporting Behaviors | Context: Recent researchers have reported that athletes' knowledge of sport-related concussion (SRC) has increased but that athletes still lack knowledge of all the signs and symptoms of SRC. Understanding the signs and symptoms of SRC and the dangers of playing while symptomatic are critical to reporting behaviors in high school athletes. Objective: To examine sex differences in knowledge of SRC symptoms and reasons for not reporting a suspected SRC to an authoritative figure in high school athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 288 athletes across 7 sports (198 males [68.8%] and 90 females [31.2%]). Main Outcome Measure(s): A validated knowledge-of-SRC survey consisted of demographic questions, a list of 21 signs and symptoms of SRC, and reasons why athletes would not report their SRC. The independent variable was sex. Athlete knowledge of SRC symptoms was assessed by having participants identify the signs and symptoms of SRC from a lis... | Sciences and technology study and technological jobs are deserted by girls. Many measurements were set up in the study to find an issue. But not enough researches learn over this question as part of education study, in other words on the process of transmission. Indeed they ignore for instance, if certain contents, certain types of activities, certain forms of studies, certain gestures of education and scholastic shapes are better adapted to the girls than to the boys and conversely. This article is centred on these aspects and more precisely on artefacts used to mediatise the education of technology. The teacher choice of aids is made in mainly for the pedagogic interest which the object gives. Is the pedagogic interest balanced from the point of view of the question of gender if artefacts introduced in class favour objects which are, in social life, mainly used by men, women or both? | eng_Latn | 1,898 |
Florida Residents' Preferred Approach to Sexuality Education | Abstract Although there is widespread support for sexuality education, whether to use an abstinence-only or comprehensive approach is hotly debated. This study assessed Florida residents preferred approach to school-based sexuality education. The 641 respondents were selected by random digit dialing, using methods to ensure ethnic and geographic representation. Chi-Squares were used to assess relationships between seven socio-demographic variables and participants' preferred approach to sexuality education. The majority of respondents supported Abstinence-Plus, followed closely by Responsible Decision-making, with few supporting Abstinence-Only. Although in most cases respondents in the various age ranges, education levels, political parties, and political ideologies were most likely to choose Abstinence-Plus, there were some significant differences (p's < 01). Support for sexuality education is widespread in Florida. | This brief report examined correlations between Korean men’s interest in gonzo pornography, perceptions of pornography’s functional value, and use of condoms. Neither a higher interest in gonzo por... | eng_Latn | 1,899 |
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