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To examine the association between oral health literacy (OHL) with sociodemographic variables and dental visitation in adults presenting to an urban emergency department (ED). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 556 adults aged 18⁻90. Interview data from the study were used to collect self-reported sociodemographic characteristics and dental visitation history. The OHL of the study participants was measured using the Health Literacy in Dentistry scale (HeLD-14), and the score was dichotomized into low and high OHL. Bivariate associations between sociodemographic variables and OHL were conducted using chi-square tests, and logistic regression was used to examine the association between OHL and dental visitation within the past year. Results: Sixty percent of participants reported having visited a dentist within the past year. Over two-thirds of the sample was classified as having low OHL. Low OHL was more common in non-White races, less-educated, single, unemployed, and lower-income individuals, and those without a primary care physician or dental insurance (p < 0.05). Patients with low oral health literacy were 39% less likely to have visited the dentist in the past year (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.38, 0.96). Conclusions: This study highlights significant disparities in OHL. Interventions targeted toward the unique needs of underserved populations should be developed to improve health outcomes. | The objectives of this study were to examine the pattern of association between dental utilization and oral health literacy (OHL). As part of the Carolina Oral Health Literacy Project, clients in the Women, Infants, and Children’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program completed a structured 30-min in-person interview conducted by 2 trained interviewers at 9 sites in 7 counties in North Carolina. Data were collected on clients’ OHL, sociodemographics, dental utilization, self-efficacy, and dental knowledge. The outcome, OHL, was measured with a dental word recognition test (30-item Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry). Descriptive and multiple linear regression methods were used to examine the distribution of OHL and its association with covariates. After adjusting for age, education, race, marital status, self-efficacy, and dental knowledge, multiple linear regression showed that dental utilization was not a significant predictor of OHL (P > 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, dental utilization was not a significant predictor of OHL. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 2,100 |
INTRODUCTION ::: An important objective of education is to improve clinical competence and hence confidence of students. Ample evidence on effectiveness of medical outreach programs is available but data pertaining to effectiveness of dental outreach, especially from developing countries, are still limited. The present study was undertaken to assess effectiveness of outreach placements on clinical confidence and communication skills of Indian dental students. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: A non-randomized trial was conducted in three randomly selected dental colleges of Bangalore city, India, amongst 89 students pursuing internship programs. Subjects were put into two groups: outreach (study group) and dental school based only (control group). A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate the change in clinical confidence and communication skills of both groups from baseline and after 3 months of follow-up via global self-assessment test, then-test and transition judgment. Outcome measures were analysed using t-test. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Global assessment revealed outreach group confidence level was higher in comparison to dental school based group only (4.37±0.49 vs 4.04±0.21, p<0.001), while using then-test their baseline confidence was observed to be lower (3.42±0.75 vs 3.72±0.72, p=0.04). Transition judgement rated an increase in their confidence significantly higher than the dental school based group only (4.24±0.91 vs 2.54±0.66, p<0.001). The outreach group rated increase in communication skills to be higher for the transition judgement. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: The present trial supports the concept of outreach programs to be incorporated in the existing dental curricula in order to supplement the traditional school-based dental education to achieve an overall professionally trained dentist. | UNLABELLED ::: Primary care outreach placements increasingly feature in UK undergraduate dental curricula. The profile of clinical work undertaken on placement may differ from traditional hospital-based programmes and between outreach settings. An appreciation of any differences could inform curriculum development. ::: ::: ::: OBJECTIVE ::: To compare the profiles of clinical work experienced on a traditional hospital-based programme and outreach placements in different settings. ::: ::: ::: SETTING ::: One dental hospital and eight existing primary care block placements in England. ::: ::: ::: SUBJECTS AND METHODS ::: Subjects were four cohorts of senior dental students in one UK dental school. Departmental records provided data on students' clinical experience in different settings and their achievement of placement learning objectives. Descriptive statistics for groups were compared. ::: ::: ::: MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ::: (1) Counts of patients encountered and of clinical procedures completed in the following categories: simple plastic restorations, endodontics, cast restorations, dentures, extractions and children's dentistry. (2) Student perceptions of placement learning reported via Likert scales. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Outreach students encountered twice as many patients and typically completed about three times as much clinical work as students in the hospital, e.g. 44 cf 16 simple plastic restorations, seven cf two endodontic procedures. There were variations in profiles by setting. For example, amalgam being more likely to be used on outreach especially in the General Dental Service; more children's dentistry in community services and more extractions in Dental Access Centres. Students reported learning outcomes generally being achieved (average 94%) although with some variation by setting. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Dental outreach training greatly increases the quantity of students' clinical experience in everyday dentistry compared to a hospital-based programme. Placements also increase awareness of service delivery and develop clinical skills. There are appreciable variations between outreach settings possibly reflecting their purposes. Multiple contrasting outreach placements for each student might increase the uniformity of learning experiences. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,101 |
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the revenues cover the costs in a pilot capitation plan, a dental insurance scheme, and to compare this capitation plan (CP) with the original fee-for-service system (FFS), in terms of the amount and type of dental care provided. Data was collected longitudinally over a period of three years from 1,650 CP patients in five risk groups at a test clinic, and from 1,609 (from the test clinic) and 3,434 (from a matched control clinic) FFS patients, in Göteborg, Sweden. The care investigated was the number of total treatments provided and the number of examinations by dentists and dental hygienists, together with preventive, restorative and emergency treatments. The economic outcome was positive from the administrator's perspective, in all risk groups for the three-year period. The amount and type of care provided differed between the payment models, as CP patients received more preventive treatments, less restorative treatments, and more examinations by dental hygienists than the FFS patients. Emergency treatment was performed more often on CP patients, and the difference was due to a higher frequency of such treatments among women in the CP group. The difference between clinics concerning certain treatment measures was sometimes greater than the difference between payment models. The results from this study indicate a net positive economic outcome for the pilot CP system over three years. The payment model and the clinic affiliation had impact on what type and amount of dental care the patients received. This might suggest that the risk of skewed selection and its consequences as well as the influence of clinic-specific practice need further investigation, to ensure economic sustainability in a longer perspective. | If dental professionals want to improve the oral health of their patients, they need to address what makes them sick: the social determinants of health. In this article, we propose a model of 'social dentistry' that shows how dentists could tackle these fundamental causes of oral disease. Socially engaged dentists conduct actions at three levels. At the individual level, they provide patient-centred care and, when necessary, liaise with local resources to better address what makes their patients sick. At the community level, they adapt their practice to the needs of the most vulnerable groups and advocate for healthier local policies. At the societal level, they are engaged in upstream actions addressing the social determinants of health. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,102 |
Front carrier for a motor vehicle | The invention relates to a front support (108) for a motor vehicle (100), wherein the front support (108) is in one piece and is composed exclusively of plastic. | This study was conducted to examine the caries experience of children ::: aged 6-9 years in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Overall, 1522 children were examined ::: from six primary schools located in different areas of the city. Results showed ::: that the mean dmft and DFT were 4.23 and 1.85, respectively. The mean dmft ::: and DFT values excluding caries-free children, however, were 5.71 and 2.95, ::: respectively. Only 26.1% of the children were caries free. There was a high ::: proportion of untreated dental caries and most of the carious teeth were treated by ::: extraction. The need for effective preventive measures was stressed. | eng_Latn | 2,103 |
“8/18/97 Bite me”: Resistance in learning and work | This article examines characterizations of resistance in learning and at work and provides an alternative interpretive position and empirical work concerning the productive role of the performance of resistance in learning and self‐development at work. Specifically in contrast with more traditional views of resistance as an obstacle or impediment to learning, I suggest that resistance can be read as a constructive and deconstructive process in which learners forge bridges between pasts and presents and emerge themselves as authorial participants in workplace change. | Compliance with recommended infection control practices in East Asia has not been clearly documented. To investigate changes in compliance with recommended infection control practices over a eleven-year period and to identify affecting factors, two nationwide cross-sectional surveys of dentists in Taiwan were conducted in 1999 and 2010. An anonymous questionnaire that assessed characteristics of dentists and practices of recommended infection control guidelines was mailed. Results showed that all infection control practices surveyed had improved in 2010. Factors affecting compliance with wearing basic protective barriers in 2010 were being female (odds ratio [OR]=3.631, p | eng_Latn | 2,104 |
Analysis of paediatric injuries related to child restraint seats: Are children at higher risk of injury outside the vehicle than inside? | The authors study pediatric head injuries and the use of appropriate child restraint seats (CRSs) in non motor vehicle crash (MVC) scenarios (i.e. use of the CRS outside the motor vehicle). In a study of Canadian data, non-MVC CRS injuries were 7 times higher than MVC CRS injuries. The most common cause of non-MVC CRS injuries involved falls. Non-MVC CRS victims were found to be significantly younger than MVC CRS victims. | Purpose – To assess what volunteers‐ and ministers of faith‐based organizations (FBO) think about their own expertise in delivering a tobacco prevention initiative, the impact of such an initiative on youth, their potential for burnout in doing so, and their interest in other health initiatives.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 149 volunteers and ministers attending a tobacco prevention workshop anonymously answered questions about its impact, and their own expertise, potential for burnout, and interest in other health initiatives.Findings – Respondents strongly endorsed their personal expertise and the impact of tobacco prevention on youth. On burnout, ministers were significantly lower (an average answer of “don't know”) than teachers and others (an average answer of “disagree”); on other health initiatives, ministers were significantly more interested (an average answer of “strongly”) than teachers (an average answer of “moderately”). All were significantly more positive about offering other hea... | eng_Latn | 2,105 |
Representative Sampling, II: Scientific Literature, Excluding Statistics | Perils and potentials of self-selected entry to epidemiological studies and surveys | Convenience samples of college students and research reproducibility | eng_Latn | 2,106 |
Assessing Beliefs about and Needs of Senior Citizens Using the Focus Group Interview: A Qualitative Approach | The Use of Focus Groups in the Design of Cholesterol Education Intervention Programs | Quantitative Assessment of the Subepithelial Collagen Band Does Not Increase the Accuracy of Diagnosis of Collagenous Colitis | eng_Latn | 2,107 |
The second was in the combination of case study methods with other methods, particularly surveys, in order to achieve the generalizability that evaluators called external validity. | The case study methods were combined with other methods. | The case study methods were not combined with other methods. | eng_Latn | 2,108 |
In his multi-center study, interventionists felt restricted by a standard intervention, sensing that variation was needed to meet different clients' needs. | The study showed that interventionists could sense that their clients needed variation. | The study confirmed that a standard intervention was suitable for everyone. | eng_Latn | 2,109 |
Exhibit 15 presents the mean estimate of avoided health effects in 2010 and 2020 for each health endpoint included in the Base analysis. | The mean estimate of avoided health effects in 2010 and 2020 is presented by exhibit 15. | The mean estimate of avoided health effects in 2010 and 2020 is presented by exhibit 19. | eng_Latn | 2,110 |
The second was that we may have difficulty selling alcohol interventions because they are in competition with other types of interventions such as helmet use, seat belt use, or smoking prevention. | Alcohol interventions are in competition with other types of intervention. | Alcohol intervention is a huge priority. | eng_Latn | 2,111 |
Factors to be explored range from practitioner behavior and practice guidelines to policy changes that are needed to facilitate implementation of screening and intervention in these settings. | Factors to be explored range from practitioner behavior and practice guidelines | Factors to be explored don't range from practitioner behavior and practice guidelines | eng_Latn | 2,112 |
No studies have compared different types of intervention providers in These settings. | Studies have not compared intervention providers. | Many studies have been done to compare. | eng_Latn | 2,113 |
Asess compliance and control effectiveness. | Evaluate control and compliance effectiveness. | Omitt the assessment of control and control effectiveness. | eng_Latn | 2,114 |
developing information on the risks associated with evolving practices, | You must develop information on the risks of practices that evolve. | You must ignore information on the risks of practices that evolve. | eng_Latn | 2,115 |
This research is crucial as the field progresses from evaluating efficacy in research settings to examining effectiveness in the current, complex health care delivery system. | This research is crucial as the field progresses from evaluating efficacy | This research isn't crucial as the field progresses from evaluating efficacy | eng_Latn | 2,116 |
Goals for this treatment are articulated by the client and can include reduction as well as abstinence from alcohol. | Goals for the treatment are set by the client. | Clients are not able to set their own goals. | eng_Latn | 2,117 |
In addition to an interest in the program, potential users may have an ability to influence the conduct of the program. | Users can have an influence the conduct of the program. | Potential users have no affect on the program at all. | eng_Latn | 2,118 |
When we adapt proven interventions to new settings, we change many factors so we need to have an RCT. | When proven interventions and modified for new settings, many factors are changed. | An RCT is completely pointless when adapting proven interventions to new settings. | eng_Latn | 2,119 |
One of the goals of the Substance Abuse Interest Group of SAEM was to authorize a substance abuse category for abstracts and sessions at the annual meeting. | There were some goals set by the SAEM group. | There was only one goal set during the meeting. | eng_Latn | 2,120 |
Multiple, feasible referral options that vary in intensity and scope should be available as part of the intervention. | As part of the intervention, a variety of feasible referrals should be open. | There should only be one feasible referral option available. | eng_Latn | 2,121 |
The impact of screening on referral and intervention, as well as outcomes such as reduced risk behaviors, must be demonstrated. | We must show the overall impact of intervention. | We do not know the impact of screening on referral and intervention. | eng_Latn | 2,122 |
Without screening, there cannot be much intervention. | It is hard to have intervention without screening. | Intervention do not depend on screening. | eng_Latn | 2,123 |
Reconceptualizing Efficacy in Substance Use Prevention Research: Refusal Response Efficacy and Drug Resistance Self-Efficacy in Adolescent Substance Use | THE FEAR MANAGEMENT MODEL: BUILDING AN INTEGRATIVE FEAR APPEAL THEORY THROUGH SYSTEM DYNAMICS | The reflexive imperative among high-achieving adolescents | eng_Latn | 2,124 |
Evaluating occupational health nursing units in Bangkok textile factories: exploring the world through international occupational health programs. | Factors Predicting the Provision of Smoking Cessation Services Among Occupational Health Nurses in Thailand | Factors Predicting the Provision of Smoking Cessation Services Among Occupational Health Nurses in Thailand | eng_Latn | 2,125 |
This study examines the perceptions of 163 White family counselors who reported their overall impressions of family functioning in response to a fictitious case report. On the intake summary, the family was identified as either Latino or White. Aside from the names used for family members, the cases were identical. Participants assigned significantly higher (i.e., healthier) ratings to the Latino family as compared with the White family. However, this effect was moderated by self-reported multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness. Implications of the findings are discussed. | Objective: This paper examines the dimensionality and factorial invariance of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (C-FAI) using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MCFAs). Method: A total of 3,649 students responded to the C-FAI in a community survey. Results: Results showed that there are five dimensions of the C-FAI (communication, mutuality, conflict and harmony, parental concern, parental control), which are subsumed under two higher order factors (family interaction and parenting). Evidence of factorial invariance in terms of configuration, first-order factor loadings, second-order factor loadings, intercepts of measured variable, and intercepts of first-order latent factor, was found. Conclusions: The C-FAI is an objective measure of Chinese family functioning with high factorial validity. It can be used in family practice contexts of Chinese families. | Despite declines over recent years, youth tobacco and other substance use rates remain high. Latino youth are at equal or increased risk for lifetime tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use compared with their white peers. Family plays an important and influential role in the lives of youth, and longitudinal research suggests that improving parenting skills may reduce youth substance use. However, few interventions are oriented towards immigrant Latino families, and none have been developed and evaluated using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) process that may increase the effectiveness and sustainability of such projects. Therefore, using CBPR principles, we developed a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of a family-skills training intervention to prevent tobacco and other substance use intentions in Latino youth. In collaboration with seven Latino community-serving agencies, we will recruit and randomize 336 immigrant families, into intervention or delayed treatment conditions. The primary outcome is youth intention to smoke 6 months post intervention. The intervention consists of eight parent and four youth sessions targeting parenting skills and parent–youth relational factors associated with lower smoking and other substance use in youth. We present the study protocol for a family intervention using a CBPR randomized clinical trial to prevent smoking among Latino youth. The results of this trial will contribute to the limited information on effective and sustainable primary prevention programs for tobacco and other substance use directed at the growing US Latino communities. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01442753 | eng_Latn | 2,126 |
BackgroundMental health has been integrated in the primary health care program in small cities and villages of Iran in a national level since the late 1980s. We performed a systematic review of literature to investigate the effect of education on change in attitude and knowledge of mental health care providers and the population covered in the program during the recent two decades in Iran.MethodsElectronic bibliographic databases including Pubmed, PsycINFO and EMBase as well as the main Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, IranPsych, and IranDoc) were searched. Additionally, hand searching, personal contacts and tracking of reference lists were performed. All of the studies which compared the attitude and knowledge of the related population before and after an educational intervention were recruited.ResultsSix articles met the inclusion criteria and entered the review. All of these studies showed an improvement in the attitude and knowledge of the studied population. Although the studies were different in many respects, a meta-analysis on the two more similar studies showed a significant effect of training on long term improvement of the knowledge and attitude of the population.ConclusionA short term training improved knowledge and attitude of the population and health personnel immediately after the intervention. There is also evidence for a long term change in the attitude and knowledge of general population after short term training. | Background: After the establishment of Primary Health Care (PHC) program in Iran, health indicators have improved every year. This progress was so rapid that a number of shortcomings and weaknesses of the PHC program remained silent behind its successes. This study aimed to assess the status of Iran’s PHC system (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) in terms of health system’s control knobs. Methods: The search was conducted through two English `databases of Web of Knowledge and PubMed, two English publications of Science Direct and Springer and two Persian databases of Magiran and SID. Keywords were selected from MeSH and included primary health care, PHC and Iran in both Persian and English. No time limit was considered . Results: Iran's PHC system has numerous successes in dealing with health system’s control knobs; which largely part of that related to the health network implementation, the role of Behvarz, improvement of health indicators in rural areas and the elimination of urban-rural inequality, but there are some weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Iranian PHC system as well. Conclusion: By considering socio-economic changes the current structure of PHC system needs to be reformed to coordinate with phenomenon of chronic diseases, accidents and aging. The current information system in PHC does not provide the required information for decision makers and policy makers so it needs to be transformed to the electronic system with unique electronic health file for individuals. | The phenomenon of job satisfaction generates high costs for organizations, as it impacts on the processes of selection, training, and motivation of their human resources, while affecting the produc... | eng_Latn | 2,127 |
Background: Despite the great efforts done by the government, there has been an increase in the number of people adopting smoking habit, among them health care professionals. Objectives: The aims of this work are 1) to assess the attitudes, behaviors, and risk perceptions among primary health care providers in the ambulatory health services in Abu Dhabi towards smoking and 2) to assess the impact of their smoking status on their practices of smoking counseling. Rationale: The justification of the research was that it provides an understanding on the influence of the smoking behaviour of health care providers and their eventual service delivery especially counselling smoking patients. Subjects and Methods: Self-administered descriptive questionnaires were used to collect data. They were distributed to doctors and nurses who consented to participate and the filled questionnaires were collected in sealed envelopes. Out of 137 health care professionals who were approached, 122 responded (participation rate of 89 %). 47% were physicians and 53% were nurses. Results: The results showed that, among the studied group the rate of smoking was 8.3 % with influence from friends being cited as the greatest contributing factor. Cigarette smoking was used by the 87.5% of the participants and 25% used “Shisha”. Irrespective of its adverse effects, most of healthcare providers have a positive attitude towards smoking cessation policy. An inadequacy in training these personnel on how to counsel their patients with regard to smoking cessation. Conclusion: A pre-service as well as continuous smoking cessation training is needed in order to change the attitude of the primary health care providers and enhance their counselling techniques. Key words: Smoking Cessation, Smoking, Health Care Professionals, KAP Analysis, | AIM ::: The aim of the study was (1) to explore the baseline beliefs and practices of accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers of Khurda district of Orissa with respect to tobacco cessation and (2) to assess whether a brief intervention will be effective in improving the beliefs and practices of ASHA workers. The results of this study could be utilized by policy makers for framing important strategies for tobacco cessation in rural areas utilizing ASHA workers. ::: ::: ::: MATERIALS AND METHODS ::: A quasi-experimental study (before and after comparison) was performed in Khurda district of Orissa to find out whether a brief intervention could improve the beliefs and practices of ASHA workers related to antitobacco counseling in rural areas. A 14-item structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, written in English (translated in Odiya), was used. The final sample size was estimated as 135. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 21) for analysis. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: All the mean belief items, practice items, degree of preparedness, and interest in training scores of study population increased significantly from baseline to postintervention. The study population showed a statistically significant improvement in postintervention composite belief and composite practices score. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: The majority of ASHA workers had positive beliefs and favorable practices after attending a brief intervention toward smoking cessation in their community. After attending the intervention, nearly half of the respondents felt themselves either somewhat or very well prepared for tobacco cessation. Most of them showed their interest toward getting further training in the field. ::: ::: ::: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ::: Training programs and regular tobacco cessation activities should be planned in the primary health-care delivery system of India. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 2,128 |
The government is pushing to get more people aged 40 to 74 years to undergo health checks after finding patchy implementation of its policy and uptake rates of around just 50%. ::: ::: However, specialists in public health are concerned that the checks are ineffective and may lead to unnecessary tests and treatment. ::: ::: John Middleton, vice president of the UK Faculty of Public Health, told the BMJ that the “jury is still out on health checks.” He added, “This is a route through which people are being foisted with unnecessary tests and private sector involvement.” ::: ::: He said that plain packaging of tobacco products, a minimum price on a unit of alcohol, a sugar tax, and standards for school meals were all very low cost policies that the government could have adopted instead of health checks and that their benefits would have been seen across “a very wide population.” ::: ::: The Labour government introduced health checks in … | BACKGROUND ::: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. However, many individuals are unaware of their CVD risk factors. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the effectiveness of existing intervention strategies to increase uptake of CVD risk factors screening. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: A systematic search was conducted through Pubmed, CINAHL, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Additional articles were located through cross-checking of the references list and bibliography citations of the included studies and previous review papers. We included intervention studies with controlled or baseline comparison groups that were conducted in primary care practices or the community, targeted at adult populations (randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials with controlled groups and pre- and post-intervention studies). The interventions were targeted either at individuals, communities, health care professionals or the health-care system. The main outcome of interest was the relative risk (RR) of screening uptake rates due to the intervention. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: We included 21 studies in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias for randomization was low to medium in the randomized controlled trials, except for one, and high in the non-randomized trials. Two analyses were performed; optimistic (using the highest effect sizes) and pessimistic (using the lowest effect sizes). Overall, interventions were shown to increase the uptake of screening for CVD risk factors (RR 1.443; 95% CI 1.264 to 1.648 for pessimistic analysis and RR 1.680; 95% CI 1.420 to 1.988 for optimistic analysis). Effective interventions that increased screening participation included: use of physician reminders (RR ranged between 1.392; 95% CI 1.192 to 1.625, and 1.471; 95% CI 1.304 to 1.660), use of dedicated personnel (RR ranged between 1.510; 95% CI 1.014 to 2.247, and 2.536; 95% CI 1.297 to 4.960) and provision of financial incentives for screening (RR 1.462; 95% CI 1.068 to 2.000). Meta-regression analysis showed that the effect of CVD risk factors screening uptake was not associated with study design, types of population nor types of interventions. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Interventions using physician reminders, using dedicated personnel to deliver screening, and provision of financial incentives were found to be effective in increasing CVD risk factors screening uptake. | This second edition is throughly revised and corrected to take account of the many changes in the subject over the last 6 years, and has been enlarged by over 20per cent. | eng_Latn | 2,129 |
National health-care costs are continuing to climb and employers in Hawaii and across the nation are forced to increase their share of the burden. To limit these costs, worksite health promotion programs are increasing in number and in scope. Smoking control programs in particular now rank as the most prevalent type of worksite program; as the disability, absenteeism, and early death on the part of smokers have been well-documented as contributing to the cost of health care. Our research describes a year-long, pilot smoking-cessation program implemented at Hawaiian Telephone Company. Our program used a combination of behavioral-modification, social support and incentives technique to assist people to stop smoking or to maintain their nonsmoking behavior. The 12 volunteer participants provided a multiethnic, long-term, heavy smoker employee sample. Survey results at 1 year demonstrated that 4 of them quit smoking (quit rate = 50%), 2 reduced their tobacco intake, 2 dropped out of the program and continued to smoke. The 4 who had entered the program for maintenance purposes remained smoke-free. Cost-benefit analysis yielded conservative estimates indicating that the program had paid for itself and saved an additional $350 a year per participant who remained a nonsmoker. | PURPOSE ::: To investigate the association between perceived stress and illness-related work absenteeism. ::: ::: ::: DESIGN ::: A standardized health profile questionnaire developed by Johnson & Johnson Advanced Behavioral Technologies, Inc., was used to collect demographic and personal health data between June 1988 and January 1993. Chi-square, odds ratio, and stepwise regression tests were used to analyze perceived stress and self-reported absenteeism data. ::: ::: ::: SETTING ::: Worksite health promotion programs in 250 U.S. companies. ::: ::: ::: SUBJECTS ::: Subjects consisted of 79,070 employees. ::: ::: ::: MEASURES ::: Stress data, grouped as low, moderate, and high, were correlated with absenteeism data grouped by annual days missed (None, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5+). ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Significant relationships were found (p < or = .05) between high stress and absenteeism for both genders. Female workers reported higher stress levels and absenteeism than men. Those with high stress were 2.22 more likely to be absent 5+ days per year than those with low stress. Work, finances, and family were the highest stress sources. Greatest absenteeism predictors were health, legal, social, and financial stress. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: These data primarily represented self-selected white workers and may not apply to all employees. However, if high stress relates to absenteeism, these data may provide valuable information for program design in stress management. | Students in Brazil, China, Sweden, and the United States were compared as to how they responded to a 2-stage conditional probability problem. In each culture, there was not only a significant tendency to stick with an initial decision when they should stick, but also to stick when they should switch. On this type of problem, the 4 cultures did not differ significantly. | eng_Latn | 2,130 |
Background ::: Little is known regarding the epidemiology of drug injection and risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) across India. In particular, there is limited data on the prevalence of stimulant injection. | Substance use has been present in India since many millennia, and the type and pattern of substances being abused have seen changes over time. In the review, we look at the traditional recreational substance and then describe the newer and emerging recreational drugs in India. | We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate behavioral HIV risk reduction interventions targeting people who inject drugs. We included 37 RCTs evaluating 49 independent HIV risk reduction interventions with 10,190 participants. Compared to controls, intervention participants reduced injection drug use (IDU) and non-IDU, increased drug treatment entry, increased condom use, and decreased trading sex for drugs. Interventions were more successful at reducing IDU when participants were non-Caucasians, when content focused equivalently on drug-related and sex-related risks, and when content included interpersonal skills training specific for safer needle use. Condom use outcomes improved when two intervention facilitators were used instead of one. IDU outcomes did not decay, but condom use outcomes did. Behavioral interventions reduce risk behaviors among people who inject drugs, especially when interventions target both drug risk and sexual risk behaviors, and when they include certain behavioral skills components. Implications for future interventions are presented. | eng_Latn | 2,131 |
Determinants of Intentions toward Smoking Hookah in Iranian Adolescents Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior | Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict implementation of harm reduction strategies among MDMA/ecstasy users. | An utter refutation of the ‘Fundamental Theorem of the HapMap’ | eng_Latn | 2,132 |
Antisocial behaviors take place in a primarily social context and are usually aversive to others. These heterogeneous behavior problems probably represent some of the most important impediments to deinstitutionalization and adaptation to community living for retarded persons. Surprisingly little is actually known about their prevalence and natural history. Both physiological and environmental theories have been advanced to account for antisocial behavior, but the interaction of medically oriented approaches with behavioral management approaches has not yet been studied adequately. Analysis of antecedent events like crowding, social grouping, scheduling, and availability of materials and staff is beginning to occur and may be expected to contribute to formulation of a set of principles for design of therapeutic environments. Punishment procedures, timeout, response cost, and overcorrection have been shown to be effective in suppressing antisocial behaviors, but analysis of side effects and their effects on collateral behaviors are scarce. Building repertoires of prosocial alternative behaviors and social skill training may be fruitful areas for future applied research. | A recent paper by Foxx and Shapiro (1978) used a nonexclusionary timeout procedure to reduce inappropriate behaviors in a mentally retarded population. The present study was designed to replicate these findings, to examine the utility of modifying the basic reinforcement schedule of the original study, and to demonstrate control across settings and maladaptive behaviors using a multiple baseline design. The subject was a 19-year-old severely retarded male, and the design consisted of implementing the program sequentially across three settings. Following initial baseline in each setting, a discriminative cue was provided to the client, and a DRO schedule was instituted. Any occurence of target disruptive behaviors resulted in removal of the discriminative cue and interruption of the reinforcement schedule. After the intervention program was implemented in each setting, inappropriate behaviors decreased to virtually zero rates of occurrence. These findings indicate that a signaled timeout can be employed successfully in more than one setting and that it can be used in conjunction with DRO reinforcement schedule. The advantages of mediating transfer of behavioral improvements with portable disciminative cues were discussed. | In a contemporary business environment where change is often regarded as continuous, the ability of people or organizations to be able to successfully adapt and respond to change is key. Change oft... | eng_Latn | 2,133 |
More than 10 years after the introduction of immigrant integration policies in Western Europe, policy debates have shifted from conceptual issues (What is integration? When is an immigrant integrated into a society?) to the effectiveness of integration policies (Do integration policies help immigrants to find jobs, learn a language or access services?). There is, in other words, a manifest need of an evidence basis, but no scientific studies on the topic have been published so far. Is there an evidence basis for immigrant integration policies? Which standards ought such an evidence basis to fulfil? This article addresses the two questions from an exploratory perspective. It provides an overview of the available information on the effectiveness of immigrant integration policies across the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. By doing so, it contributes to the incorporation of the perspective of evidence-based policy literature from the field of public administration into immigrant integration studies. | There are many psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents. The effects of these interventions in day-to-day practice are nevertheless often unclear. Researchers typically take the randomized controlled trial (RCT) as the "gold standard" for the supply of evidence regarding the effectiveness of an intervention. However, such trials are rarely performed in youth care practice because they are difficult to conduct and sometimes meet with ethical objections. RCTs may also be prematurely and thus unnecessarily conducted on interventions that are not yet fully developed or interventions that have yet to be accepted into actual practice. In this article, a four-stage model for the classification and development of effective interventions carried out in actual youth care practice is presented. Stage 1 (potential interventions) requires specification of the core elements of an intervention (e.g., objectives, target groups, activities) and may involve both descriptive and implementation studies. Stage 2 (plausible interventions) requires the explication of an underlying intervention theory (e.g., what works with whom and why) and may involve both literature reviews and techniques to elicit the knowledge of experts. Stage 3 (functional interventions) requires preliminary evidence that the intervention works in actual practice and may involve client satisfaction studies, goal attainment studies, pre-post test studies, quality control studies, benchmark studies, correlational studies, and quasi-experimental studies. Stage 4 (efficacious interventions) requires clear evidence that the intervention is responsible for the observed effects and may involve RCTs and well-designed repeated case studies. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,134 |
This article describes deer hunters' profiles and assesses the applicability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting deer hunting intentions. Model assessment was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The TPB model successfully predicted hunting intentions. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) emerged as the strongest predictor of hunting intentions, followed by subjective norms, while the effect of attitudes was not significant. These findings imply that TPB could be useful for understanding why people participate in deer hunting and deer hunting is not under complete volitional control. The findings suggest that hunters fully intended to participate in deer hunting. Resource managers may want to consider initiating viable programs and strategies to enhance hunting success rate and quality of experiences by enhancing control beliefs through enhancing opportunities and skills. | A mail survey ( n = 395) assessed perceived benefits of outdoor recreation activities. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the study revealed that hunters, wildlife viewers, and other outdoor recreationists differ greatly in terms of their beliefs about the outcomes of these behaviors and in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control, as well as wildlife-related values and values to life in general. Preferred activities were perceived as producing more desirable outcomes than less preferred activities, and they were associated with more favorable attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of control. They also reflected broad value orientations to wildlife and to life in general. These findings suggest that some activities are better suited than others to produce desired benefits for different types of individuals, and that outdoor recreationists need to be served in different ways to optimize the benefits they derive. | The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review. | eng_Latn | 2,135 |
Part I. Learning the Foundations of Outdoor Education Chapter 1. What Is Outdoor Education? Chapter 2. Describing the Professional Outdoor Educator Chapter 3. Explaining Theories in Outdoor Education Part II. Preparation for Teaching Chapter 4. Understanding Your Participants Chapter 5. Creating the Learning Environment Chapter 6. The Outdoor Education Setting Chapter 7. Designing a Lesson Part III: Methods and Delivery of Outdoor Education Chapter 8. Teaching with Physical Based Methods Outline Chapter 9. Knowledge Based Methods and Their Use Chapter 10. Emotion-Based Methods Chapter 11. Sample Lessons Chapter 12. Epilogue. | The Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics developed the Promoting Environmental Awareness in Kids (PEAK) program to teach children the seven Leave No Trace principles. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the PEAK program. A significant increase was found between the pre-test (M = 3.41, SD = .34) and the post-test (M = 3.61, SD = .36) with the post-test scores being significantly higher, F(1, 140) = 11.15, p<.01. No significant difference was found between the pre-test (M = 3.48, SD = .35), post-test (M = 3.63, SD = .35), and 8-month post-test (M = 3.38, SD = .41). The 8-month post-test indicated a drop in scores, though not statistically significant, below the pre-test. Results supported the PEAK program’s effectiveness, in the short-term, in teaching children the Leave No Trace principles. However, longer-term retention was not supported. | The Guide to Community Preventive Service's methods for systematic reviews were used to evaluate the effectiveness of various approaches to increasing physical activity: informational, behavioral and social, and environmental and policy approaches. Changes in physical activity behavior and aerobic capacity were used to assess effectiveness. Two informational interventions ("point-of-decision" prompts to encourage stair use and community-wide campaigns) were effective, as were three behavioral and social interventions (school-based physical education, social support in community settings, and individually-adapted health behavior change) and one environmental and policy intervention (creation of or enhanced access to places for physical activity combined with informational outreach activities). Additional information about applicability, other effects, and barriers to implementation are provided for these interventions. Evidence is insufficient to assess a number of interventions: classroom-based health education focused on information provision, and family-based social support (because of inconsistent findings); mass media campaigns and college-based health education and physical education (because of an insufficient number of studies); and classroom-based health education focused on reducing television viewing and video game playing (because of insufficient evidence of an increase in physical activity). These recommendations should serve the needs of researchers, planners, and other public health decision makers. | eng_Latn | 2,136 |
Several countries use capability assessments as a part of their efforts to manage risk. However, it is unclear how such assessments are connected to other risk management activities, e.g. risk assessment. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to present a study of how capability assessment is related to risk assessment. Capability assessment methods were identified through a scoping study and the Swedish capability assessment method was investigated through interviews with Swedish public actors and analysis of legislative documents. The data was analysed using a design science perspective. The results of the analysis show that the purposes presented for some capability assessment methods are the same or similar to purposes common to risk assessment methods, and the actual form of some of the methods is similar to existing risk assessment methods. Nevertheless, the relationship between capability assessment and risk assessment is unclear. We conclude that if capability assessments are going to continue to be an important part of risk management activities more research is needed to better establish the relationship between risk assessment and capability assessment. (Less) | The paper motivates, presents, demonstrates in use, and evaluates a methodology for conducting design science (DS) research in information systems (IS). DS is of importance in a discipline oriented to the creation of successful artifacts. Several researchers have pioneered DS research in IS, yet over the past 15 years, little DS research has been done within the discipline. The lack of a methodology to serve as a commonly accepted framework for DS research and of a template for its presentation may have contributed to its slow adoption. The design science research methodology (DSRM) presented here incorporates principles, practices, and procedures required to carry out such research and meets three objectives: it is consistent with prior literature, it provides a nominal process model for doing DS research, and it provides a mental model for presenting and evaluating DS research in IS. The DS process includes six steps: problem identification and motivation, definition of the objectives for a solution, design and development, demonstration, evaluation, and communication. We demonstrate and evaluate the methodology by presenting four case studies in terms of the DSRM, including cases that present the design of a database to support health assessment methods, a software reuse measure, an Internet video telephony application, and an IS planning method. The designed methodology effectively satisfies the three objectives and has the potential to help aid the acceptance of DS research in the IS discipline. | I consider the importance of scientific risk assessment as optimal basis for socially sound risk management decisions. The health professional has both risk assessment and risk management responsibilities; the functions are conceptually separate and governed by separate criteria: scientific for risk assessment and social for risk management. The history of the development of regulating risk assessment methodology with particular reference to potential carcinogens is discussed. The scientific basis for possible improvements in risk assessment methodology for potential carcinogens is identified and the significance of the potential improvements is considered with special reference to the health professional. | eng_Latn | 2,137 |
As researchers, designers, operators, and managers of complex, high-risk operations, we share an interest in human performance tools that can help us assess and manage risk. Through effective risk management, we seek to achieve the highest levels of operational and personal safety as a top priority. At the same time, however, operations must prove themselves efficient and effective in a time of dwindling resources and an unpredictable economy. In light of these conditions, we, more than ever, need reliable and valid tools to assess risk so that resources can be managed effectively and the balance of safety and performance is optimized. I will be describing several innovative approaches to risk that have been developing over the last five or six years. But first, I would like to introduce three types of risk in order to set up a context for describing these new approaches. The three risk types are 1) design risk, 2) process risk, and 3) the risk of human error. As their names suggest, they refer to different targets and serve different purposes although I will argue that they have been mixed and merged in a variety of helpful and unhelpful ways. In spite of the fact that the different risk types often share analysis tools, their distinct objectives and limitations should provide guidance for their best use. The new initiatives I will describe cross the boundaries of these risk types as they combine to create a more robust and expanded risk description. | Preface. Basic Risk Concepts. Accident Mechanisms and Risk Management. Probabilistic Risk Assessment. Fault-Tree Construction. Qualitative Aspects of System Analysis. Quantification of Basic Events. Confidence Intervals. Quantitative Aspects of System Analysis. System Quantification for Dependent Events. Human Reliability. Uncertainty Quantification. Legal and Regulatory Risks. Index. | To investigate the roles of 3 types of alienation; powerlessness hopelessness and social isolation as barriers to the utilization of health services 806 low income mothers from three Los Angeles neighborhoods were interviewed about the preventive health care they received. Alienation has a minimal effect on the dental care received for the children but is a highly significant (p less than .001) barrier to family planning. | eng_Latn | 2,138 |
Background. Tobacco companies are focusing their interest in less developed countries. In the absence of governmental opposition, physicians are expected to lead tobacco control efforts. We studied Colombian medical students' smoking prevalence and tobacco attitudes. ::: ::: Methods. First- and fifth-year students from 11 medical schools in seven Colombian cities answered anonymous, self-administered, 38-item questionnaires. Additionally, smokers answered the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). ::: ::: Results. Two thousand twenty-one students (males 50.6%; age 15–44, median 19) completed the survey; average response rate was 89.9%. Globally 25.9% of students were current smokers (males 27.9%, females 24.0%). Living at higher altitude and attending private universities were associated with higher prevalence (P < 0.001). Males had a higher chance of having given up smoking (P < 0.05); 91.3% of current smokers would like to quit; 67.3% of all smokers and 44.8% of daily smokers scored 0 in the FTND. Prevalence was similar among first- and fifth-years, but fifth-year students were more complacent with smoking in health centers and showed a lesser desire to quit. ::: ::: Conclusions. Medical students' smoking prevalence is similar to that of the general population. Tobacco control strategies need to be included in the curriculum. Nicotine addiction does not seem to be the main perpetuating factor. | BackgroundPhysician-delivered preventive counseling is important for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Data from the U.S. indicates that medical students with healthy personal habits have a better attitude towards preventive counseling. However, this association and its correlates have not been addressed in rapidly urbanized settings where chronic disease prevention strategies constitute a top public health priority. This study examines the association between personal health practices and attitudes toward preventive counseling among first and fifth-year students from 8 medical schools in Bogotá, Colombia.MethodsDuring 2006, a total of 661 first- and fifth-year medical students completed a culturally adapted Spanish version of the "Healthy Doctor = Healthy Patient" survey (response rate = 78%). Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between overall personal practices on physical activity, nutrition, weight control, smoking, alcohol use (main exposure variable) and student attitudes toward preventive counseling on these issues (main outcome variable), stratified by year of training and adjusting by gender and medical training-related factors (basic knowledge, perceived adequacy of training and perception of the school's promotion on each healthy habit).ResultsThe median age and percentage of females for the first- and fifth-year students were 21 years and 59.5% and 25 years and 65%, respectively. After controlling for gender and medical training-related factors, consumption of ≥ 5 daily servings of fruits and/or vegetables, not being a smoker or binge drinker were associated with a positive attitude toward counseling on nutrition (OR = 4.71; CI = 1.6–14.1; p = 0.006 smoking (OR = 2.62; CI = 1.1–5.9; p = 0.022), and alcohol consumption (OR = 2.61; CI = 1.3–5.4; p = 0.009), respectively.ConclusionAs for U.S. physician and medical students, a positive association was found between the personal health habits of Colombian medical students and their corresponding attitudes toward preventive counseling, independent of gender and medial training-related factors. Our findings, the first relating to this association in medical students in developing regions, also suggest that within the medical school context, interventions focused on promoting healthy student lifestyles can potentially improve future physician's attitudes toward preventive counseling. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 2,139 |
Cathy A. Roheim is a professor in the Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA (email: [email protected]). The author acknowledges funding from King’s Seafood Company and Rhode Island Sea Grant and assistance from Michelle Armsby, graduate research assistant and URI Sustainable Seafood Fellow, in the completion of this research. Thalassorama | This article investigates the impact of Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification on a Japanese certified fishery. In September 2008, the MSC first certified the Kyoto Danish Seine Fishery Federation (KDSFF) as a sustainable fishery in Asia. In order to examine any impact of MSC certification on the KDSFF, this study examines structural changes in the market. Since no immediate impact of price premium changes can be realized, structural break tests and cointegration tests are conducted. The monthly ex-vessel price of flathead flounder in the Kyoto market is compared with those in the two adjacent uncertified markets. The structural break tests detected a significant impact two months after the KDSFF's certification. The cointegration and Granger causality tests showed that the Kyoto market was previously influenced by other larger markets, but has become less subject to their influence after introduction of MSC certification. | The purpose of this study was to examine two theories of HIV disclosure. The first is a disease progression theory and the second is the theory of competing consequences. Participants were 138 HIV-positive gay men involved in a larger study of HIV disclosure. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze each model, with the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the nonnormed fit index (NNFI) used to evaluate goodness of fit. The RMSEA for the disease progression model was .031 and the NNFI was .932. The RMSEA for the consequences model was .018 and NNFI was .978. Both indices are considered to be a close fit; however, the parameter estimates for disease progression to disclosure in the disease model and disease progression to consequences in the consequences model were nonsignificant, suggesting that disease progression may not play a role in the decision to disclose an HIV diagnosis. Researchers may want to focus on the intentions and possible outcomes from disclosure as predictive factors. | eng_Latn | 2,140 |
Farmers are increasingly asked to pay for agricultural research and extension (ARE) services in many developing countries. Although, farmers participate diversely in funding these services, their motivation is rarely sustainable. This paper addresses the question whether this financial participation is the reflection of the development of a sense of appropriation of services or rather an adaptation strategy of farmers who may have been coerced to share the costs of services. We conducted a qualitative inductive analysis based on three case studies in Benin to develop a framework for understanding farmers’ motivation to finance ARE. The analyses show that farmers’ subjective interpretations of service organizations triggered and guided the motivation to finance ARE. Motivation processes could turn to diversion processes or congruence processes. Conversely to diversion processes, motivation congruence processes ensured a sustainable farmer financial participation. These findings could be useful for designing or analysing ARE funding systems, especially with respect to their effectiveness and sustainability. | Self-efficacy, Bandura's concept of a central cognitive mediating belief, has been widely researched and found to play an important role in the initiation, persistence, and achievement of a variety of behaviors. Self-efficacy can be viewed as one aspect of expectancy-value theory, but little research has been conducted to identify the relationship between measures of self-efficacy and outcome expectation across performance trials. This paper illustrates the importance of multiple trials in the investigation of self-efficacy, outcome expectation, outcome value, and performance. Using an item-writing task, subjects' self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and outcome value ratings were measured across a 10-week period. While self-efficacy was initially related to performance, in later trials it was past behavior that accounted for most of the explained variance in item-writing performance. It appears that investigating these variables across multiple trials is essential if a comprehensive view of the relationship between self-efficacy, outcome expectation, outcome value, and behavior is to be gained. Results and alterative explanations are discussed in light of both self-efficacy theory and cognitive information process. | The existence of a winning strategy in the well-known Banach-Mazur game in a completely regular topological space X is proved to be equivalent to the generic existence of solutions of optimization problems generated by continuous functions in X | eng_Latn | 2,141 |
While collaborative change models are gaining momentum in human services, more needs to be known about those leading the changes in a contemporary context. The professional experiences of those who work among diverse, fragmented, even rival factions, often without formal authority, and manage to facilitate cross-system cooperation among multiple partners remain under explored. They represent the evolution of a rich and varied history of models of leadership in social networks and social movements. In this qualitative study, leaders from the Reclaiming Futures initiative reflect on their roles in collaborative efforts to improve substance abuse treatment and community involvement in juvenile justice. Findings revealed the characteristics and strategies of successful boundary spanners — valuable for those engaged in such work and for future workforce development. | Juvenile drug court (JDC) programs are an increasingly popular option for rehabilitating juvenile offenders with substance problems, but research has found inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness and economic impact. While assessing client outcomes such as reduced substance use and delinquency is necessary to gauge program effectiveness, a more comprehensive understanding of program success and sustainability can be attained by examining program costs and economic benefits. As part of the National Cross-Site Evaluation of JDC and Reclaiming Futures (RF), an economic analysis of five JDC/RF programs was conducted from a multisystem and multiagency perspective. The study highlights the direct and indirect costs of JDC/RF and the savings generated from reduced health problems, illegal activity, and missed school days. Results include the average (per participant) cost of JDC/RF, the total economic benefits per JDC/RF participant, and the net savings of JDC/RF relative to standard JDC. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,142 |
When countries do business with each other, be it through trade or investments, they expose themselves to foreign culture, behaviour and values (cultural traits). Previous research has shown that e ... | In global business, business organizations and their representatives frequently encounter corruption and may be the perpetrators, victims, or simply participants in such acts. While international corruption has existed in multiple forms for several years, many individuals, companies, nations, and international organizations are currently attempting to reduce or eliminate corrupt acts because of their harmful effects on local economies and the quality of life of citizens. Several of these corruption curtailment efforts have been directed toward the supply-side of corruption, i.e., those who make corrupt payments. In developing an understanding of corruption, however, and formulating strategies for its reduction, consideration must also be given to the demand-side of corruption, i.e., those who demand and accept corrupt payments. Accordingly, this study examined the demand-side of corruption and several related factors in the categories of government, economy and poverty, education, geography, and culture. Analysis of these factors employed the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), formulated annually by Transparency International (TI), and other sources. Several factors in each of the five categories were found to correlate significantly with perceived corruption, and strategies for addressing these issues were developed and discussed. | Health is a human right. Equity in health implies that ideally everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and, more pragmatically, that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential. Addressing the multi-faceted health needs of ethnically and culturally diverse individuals in the United States is a complex issue that requires inventive strategies to reduce risk factors and buttress protective factors to promote greater well-being among individuals, families, and communities. With growing diversity concerning various ethnicities and nationalities; and with significant changes in the constellation of multiple of risk factors that can influence health outcomes, it is imperative that we delineate strategic efforts that encourage better access to primary care, focused community-based programs, multi-disciplinary clinical and translational research methodologies, and health policy advocacy initiatives that may improve individuals' longevity and quality of life. | eng_Latn | 2,143 |
Increasingly, health organisations and governing bodies in developed countries are paying serious attention to the problem of adult inactivity. Many of the programs designed to increase levels of activity, particularly amongst target populations, such as women, have not been systematically assessed for their effectiveness in recruiting women and helping them maintain activity levels. The purpose of this study was to determine what attracted and sustained women to participate in physical activity programs. Responses from a survey to sport and recreation program providers identified 64 successful programs in the state of Victoria, Australia. Eight of these programs were purposively selected for case study analysis. Data was collected from a focus group with women participants from each of these eight programs. Six core themes emerged from inductive content analysis of the focus groups. The most frequent participant responses related to the social aspects of the exercise environment. Women in the focus groups valued instructor professionalism and instructors' technical knowledge, however, it was their awareness and sensitivity that participants appreciated most. This exploratory study is important because it reflects the voices of women talking about what made physical activity programs successful for them. The study raises critical questions that should be examined systematically through large-scale survey research and field-based intervention studies, which in turn should stimulate program development to encourage women in physical activity. | The majority of research on factors associated with women participation in physical activity (PA) has been in developed countries with limited research in developing countries. Few women in Malaysia are active at the recommended levels for health, and activity rates are less than developed countries. Little research has focused specially on physically active Malaysian women and the factors that contribute to them becoming and staying active in PA programs. This lack of knowledge hinders the tailored development and implementation of PA programs to meet their needs. The aim of this study was to identify the factors of participation in PA programs for Malaysian women. The social-ecological model was used to investigate and theme the factors. Focus group discussion was conducted with participants in six PA programs targeted specifically to women. Thirty-seven women were involved in the focus group discussion, with ages ranging from 19 to 82 years. Inductive and deductive content analysis was conducted from verbatim transcripts using NVivo. Inductive content analysis allowed raw data and second-order themes to emerge. Findings revealed social support structures, tailored programs for women, and location were key contributors that encouraged women to participate in these programs. The similarity in contributors between women in non-western and western countries signifies a prime opportunity for bi-lateral relationships to be formed to enable the enhancement of program development relevant to different ethnicities and cultures within or across countries. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,144 |
This paper presents the comments of authors Lawrence Green and Marshall Kreuter on the emerging Guide to Community Preventive Services of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services from a health promotion perspective. In terms of the framework, the authors discerned a shift of behavior from its previous position of risk factors to the position of intermediate outcome. This was found to be a refreshing departure from the single-minded focus other professions and sectors have come to expect of the health professions and sciences. The considerable emphasis placed on the intended practitioner and policy-maker audiences has pleased the authors. However, effective implementation can be a challenge to the partners involved in the process. In addition, limitations have been identified in the Task Force's methods. The limitation in the time frame for published studies tends to extend to modest time frames of most grants. This could be addressed by constructing a continuous, interactive system for gathering information about prevention research and practice as part of the infrastructure of the public health system. | The gap between research and practice is well documented. We address one of the underlying reasons for this gap: the assumption that effectiveness research naturally and logically follows from successful efficacy research. These 2 research traditions have evolved different methods and values; consequently, there are inherent differences between the characteristics of a successful efficacy intervention versus those of an effectiveness one. Moderating factors that limit robustness across settings, populations, and intervention staff need to be addressed in efficacy studies, as well as in effectiveness trials. Greater attention needs to be paid to documenting intervention reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Recommendations are offered to help close the gap between efficacy and effectiveness research and to guide evaluation and possible adoption of new programs. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,145 |
The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Chinese adolescents toward smoking, giving up smoking, and smoking cessation programs presently available. The study was a qualitative study carried out in 2002 by focus groups of 32 male secondary school students in Hong Kong who were either current smokers or had recently given up smoking. Subjects were students (grades 8-10) attending two full-day secondary schools in Hong Kong. Participants did not feel the need to make any serious psychological preparation for quitting. They underestimated the addictive nature of cigarette smoking and felt that they could choose to quit smoking at any time with little difficulty. Several barriers to quitting were reported, including boredom, peer influence, the urge to smoke, school work pressure, the wish to do something with their hands, difficulty in concentrating, and the ready availability of free cigarettes from peers. Those who had attempted to quit smoking (26/32) reported that peer influence and boredom were the main reasons why they started smoking and insisted that willpower and determination could have helped them in their quitting attempt. Participants were unanimous that pressure or encouragement from teachers, parents, or girlfriends did not help them to stay off cigarettes. Most (24/32) of the current smokers knew that smoking cessation services were available in Hong Kong, only 50% (12/24) of those who knew had made use of such services. None of the participants were able to identify any effective way of quitting smoking, though some suggested that the best practical measure was to avoid friends who smoked. The study suggests that attempts to persuade young people to quit smoking might benefit if they were framed to address issues such as the strong influence of their peers, the ease with which tobacco products can be obtained, the casual attitudes of young people toward smoking cessation, the perceived pros and cons of quitting, and (given that underage smoking is frowned upon by many parents and teachers) the need to respect confidentiality when offering support. | Background: Rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) during the last decade has transformed biomedical and population-based research and has become an essential part of many types of research and educational programs. However, access to these ICT resources and the capacity to use them in global health research are often lacking in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) institutions. Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the practical issues (ie, perceptions and learning needs) of ICT use among health sciences graduate students at 6 major medical universities of southern China. Methods: Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted from December 2015 to March 2016, involving 74 health sciences graduate students studying at 6 major medical universities in southern China. The sampling method was opportunistic, accounting for the graduate program enrolled and the academic year. All FGDs were audio recorded and thematic content analysis was performed. Results: Researchers had different views and arguments about the use of ICT which are summarized under six themes: (1) ICT use in routine research, (2) ICT-related training experiences, (3) understanding about the pros and cons of Web-based training, (4) attitudes toward the design of ICT training curriculum, (5) potential challenges to promoting ICT courses, and (6) related marketing strategies for ICT training curriculum. Many graduate students used ICT on a daily basis in their research to stay up-to-date on current development in their area of research or study or practice. The participants were very willing to participate in ICT courses that were relevant to their academic majors and would count credits. Suggestion for an ICT curriculum included (1) both organized training course or short lecture series, depending on the background and specialty of the students, (2) a mixture of lecture and Web-based activities, and (3) inclusion of topics that are career focused. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that a need exists for a specialized curriculum related to ICT use in health research for health sciences graduate students in China. The results have important implications for the design and implementation of ICT-related educational program in China or other developing countries. [JMIR Med Educ 2017;3(1):e11] | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,146 |
INTRODUCTION ::: In 2002, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute partnered with the Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA's) Bureau of Primary Health Care and Office of Rural Health Policy to address cardiovascular health in the US-Mexico border region. From 2003 through 2005, the 2 agencies agreed to conduct an intervention program using Salud para su Corazón with promotores de salud (community health workers) in high-risk Hispanic communities served by community health centers (CHCs) in the border region to reduce risk factors and improve health behaviors. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Promotores de salud from each CHC delivered lessons from the curriculum Your Heart, Your Life. Four centers implemented a 1-group pretest-posttest study design. Educational sessions were delivered for 2 to 3 months. To test Salud para su Corazón-HRSA health objectives, the CHCs conducted the program and assessed behavioral and clinical outcomes at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the intervention. A 2-sample paired t test and analyses of variance were used to evaluate differences from baseline to postintervention. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Changes in heart-healthy behaviors were observed, as they have been in previous Salud para su Corazón studies, lending credibility to the effectiveness of a promotores de salud program in a clinical setting. Positive changes were also observed in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, weight, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Results suggest that integrating promotores de salud into clinical practices is a promising strategy for culturally competent and effective service delivery. Promotores de salud build coalitions and partnerships in the community. The Salud para su Corazón-HRSA initiative was successful in helping to develop an infrastructure to support a promotores de salud workforce in the US-Mexico border region. | Physical activity (PA) public health programming has been widely used in Mexico; however, few studies have documented individual and organizational factors that might be used to evaluate their public health impact. The RE-AIM framework is an evaluation tool that examines individual and organizational factors of public health programs. The purpose of this study was to use the RE-AIM framework to determine the degree to which PA programs in Mexico reported individual and organizational factors and to investigate whether reporting differed by the program’s funding source. Public health programs promoting PA were systematically identified during 2008–2013 and had to have an active program website. Initial searches produced 23 possible programs with 12 meeting inclusion criteria. A coding sheet was developed to capture behavioral, outcome and RE-AIM indicators from program websites. In addition to targeting PA, five (42%) programs also targeted dietary habits and the most commonly reported outcome was change in body composition (58%). Programs reported an average of 11.1 (±3.9) RE-AIM indicator items (out of 27 total). On average, 45% reported reach indicators, 34% reported efficacy/effectiveness indicators, 60% reported adoption indicators, 40% reported implementation indicators, and 35% reported maintenance indicators. The proportion of RE-AIM indicators reported did not differ significantly for programs that were government supported (M = 10, SD = 3.1) and programs that were partially or wholly privately or corporately supported (M = 12.0, SD = 4.4). While reach and adoption of these programs were most commonly reported, there is a need for stronger evaluation of behavioral and health outcomes before the public health impact of these programs can be established. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,147 |
BACKGROUND ::: FEM-PrEP-a clinical trial of daily, oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention among women in sub-Saharan Africa-did not show a reduction in HIV acquisition because of low adherence to the study pill. We conducted a follow-up study to identify reasons for nonadherence. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Qualitative, semistructured interviews (n = 88) and quantitative, audio computer-assisted self-interviews (n = 224) were conducted with former FEM-PrEP participants in Bondo, Kenya, and Pretoria, South Africa. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data, and descriptive statistics were used to describe audio computer-assisted self-interviews responses. Data are presented within the 5 categories of Ickovics' and Meisler's conceptual framework on adherence: (1) the individual, (2) trial characteristics and study pill regimen, (3) patient-provider relationship, (4) clinical setting, and (5) the disease. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Participants' explanations for nonadherence were primarily situated within 3 of the framework's 5 categories: (1) the individual, (2) trial characteristics and study pill regimen, and (3) the disease. Concerns about the investigational nature of the drug being tested and side effects were the prominent reasons reported for nonadherence. Participants also described being discouraged from taking the study pill by members of the community, their sexual partners, and other participants, primarily because of these same concerns. Limited acceptability of the pill's attributes influenced nonadherence for some participants as did concerns about HIV-related stigma. In addition, many participants reported that others continued in FEM-PrEP while not taking the study pill because of the trial's ancillary benefits and visit reimbursement-factors related to the clinical setting. Negative patient-provider relationships were infrequently reported as a factor that influenced nonadherence. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Despite substantial study staff engagement with participants and communities, concerns about the study pill and discouragement from others seemed to have influenced nonadherence considerably. Alternative study designs or procedures and enhanced community engagement paradigms may be needed in future studies. | Oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) has been evaluated as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We describe the accuracy of self-reported adherence to FTC/TDF and pill counts when compared to drug concentrations in the FEM-PrEP trial. Using drug concentrations of plasma tenofovir (TFV) and intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) among a random sub-sample of 150 participants assigned to FTC/TDF, we estimated the positive predictive value (PPV) of four adherence measures. We also assessed factors associated with misreporting of adherence using multiple drug-concentration thresholds and explored pill use and misreporting using semi-structured interviews (SSIs). Reporting use of ≥1 pill in the previous 7 days had the highest PPV, while pill-count data consistent with missing ≤1 day had the lowest PPV. However, all four measures demonstrated poor PPV. Reported use of oral contraceptives (OR 2.26; p = 0.014) and weeks of time in the study (OR 1.02; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with misreporting adherence. Although most SSI participants said they did not misreport adherence, participant-dependent adherence measures were clearly unreliable in the FEM-PrEP trial. Pharmacokinetic monitoring remains the measure of choice until more reliable participant-dependent measures are developed. | This memo specifies CPIM Presence Information Data Format (PIDF) as a ::: common presence data format for CPIM-compliant IM/Presence protocols. | eng_Latn | 2,148 |
We present a determinant quantum Monte Carlo study of the competition between instantaneous on-site Coulomb repulsion and retarded phonon-mediated attraction between electrons, as described by the two-dimensional Hubbard-Holstein model. At half filling, we find a strong competition between antiferromagnetism (AFM) and charge-density-wave (CDW) order. We demonstrate that a simple picture of AFM-CDW competition that incorporates the phonon-mediated attraction into an effective-U Hubbard model requires significant refinement. Specifically, retardation effects slow the onset of charge order so that CDW order remains absent even when the effective U is negative. This delay opens a window where neither AFM nor CDW order is well established and where there are signatures of a possible metallic phase. | We study the interplay between the electron-phonon (e-ph) and on-site electron-electron (e-e) interactions in a three-orbital Hubbard-Holstein model on an extended one-dimensional lattice using determinant quantum Monte Carlo. For weak e-e and e-ph interactions, we observe a competition between an orbital-selective Mott phase (OSMP) and a (multicomponent) charge-density-wave (CDW) insulating phase, with an intermediate metallic phase located between them. For large e-e and e-ph couplings, the OSMP and CDW phases persist, while the metallic phase develops short-range orbital correlations and becomes insulating when both the e-e and e-ph interactions are large but comparable. Many of our conclusions are in line with those drawn from a prior dynamical mean field theory study of the two-orbital Hubbard-Holstein model [Phys. Rev. B 95, 12112(R) (2017)] in infinite dimension, suggesting that the competition between the e-ph and e-e interactions in multiorbital Hubbard-Holstein models leads to rich physics, regardless of the dimension of the system. | BackgroundThis paper evaluates the effect of the World Starts With Me (WSWM), a comprehensive sex education programme in secondary schools in Uganda. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of WSWM on socio-cognitive determinants of safe sex behaviour (delay; condom use and non-coercive sex).MethodsA survey was conducted both before and immediately after the intervention among students in intervention (N = 853) and comparison (N = 1011) groups. A mixed model repeated measures analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of the WSWM programme on the main socio-cognitive determinants of safe sex behaviour at post-test. A similar post-hoc comparison was made between schools based on completeness and fidelity of implementation of WSWM.ResultsSignificant positive effects of WSMW were found on beliefs regarding what could or could not prevent pregnancy, the perceived social norm towards delaying sexual intercourse, and the intention to delay sexual intercourse. Furthermore, significant positive effects of WSWM were found on attitudes, self-efficacy and intention towards condom use and on self-efficacy in dealing with sexual violence (pressure and force for unwanted sex). A reversed effect of intervention was found on knowledge scores relating to non-causes of HIV (petting, fondling and deep kissing). A follow-up comparison between intervention schools based on completeness of the programme implementation revealed that almost all significant positive effects disappeared for those schools that only implemented up to 7 out of 14 lessons. Another follow-up analysis on the basis of implementation fidelity showed that schools with a "partial" fidelity score yielded more significant positive effects than schools with a "full" fidelity of implementation score.ConclusionsThe study showed an intervention effect on a number of socio-cognitive determinants. However, the effectiveness of WSWM could be improved by giving more systematic attention to the context in which such a programme is to be implemented. Implications for the systematic development and implementation of school-based safe sex interventions in Uganda will be discussed. | eng_Latn | 2,149 |
The rapid growth of student loan debt has led to increased public attention on college students' financial aid and financial behaviour. This study addresses the psychological process underlying effective college student financial behaviour and its determinants. A model modified based on planned behaviour theory is proposed and empirically tested using a sample of 243 college students. Structural equation modelling (SEM) is employed to examine the model fits and to investigate the relationship among the proposed factors. The determinants of financial behaviour identified by this study include attitude, intention, and perceived behavioural control, past behaviour, subjective norm, behavioural beliefs, subjective norm beliefs, and control beliefs. Additionally, this research examines the relative importance of these determinants and tests the role of beliefs. | In this study, 312 respondents were asked to indicate their attitude toward smoking and their smoking behavior. Attitudes were assessed by a direct attitude measure (4 items) and a series of 15 belief statements about the possible consequences of smoking. Next, respondents were asked to select the 3 consequences they found most important. Attitude scores derived from these important beliefs were more predictive of behavior than those based on all 15 beliefs, and far superior to attitude scores based on the remaining 12 beliefs. Differences between the 2 groups (smokers vs. nonsmokers) were more pronounced when attitude scores were based on important beliefs, and disappeared for scores based on nonselected, less important beliefs. It is argued that incorporating belief importance in expectancy-value models helps to assess the structure of attitudes and could improve our insight in the determinants of behavioral preference. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 2,150 |
Understanding the behaviors and attitudes of at-risk populations is fundamental to controlling the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The problem of nonresponse among these populations, however, plagues survey research designed to address these issues. Previous work undertaken to map out the dynamics of nonresponse--both noncontacts and refusals--have primarily focused on exploring the effectiveness of a single method of outreach. This analysis improves on this prior research by comparing the effectiveness of two types of outreach strategies in a follow-up face-to-face survey of individuals seeking HIV prevention services in New Jersey during the period 1999-2001. Case workers from community-based organizations (CBOs) attempted to contact one set of respondents, whereas "outsider" researchers attempted to contact the second set. In brief, the authors find that in contrast to a CBO research affiliation, an outsider researcher status is associated with higher survey response rates. | Summary ::: ::: Two parallel forms of a questionnaire were individually administered to 20 adult male heroin users, administrations being separated by 10–14 days. The first questionnaire was administered by a locally-known heroin user; the second questionnaire was administered by a ‘straight’ interviewer. The two forms were presented as belonging to two separate studies and as having no connection. Subjects consistently presented themselves as heavier users and as being more ‘addicted‘, when interviewed by the straight interviewer than by the known user. In addition, whilst there was no interviewer effect on a short scale of external attributions, scores on a scale of internal attributions were substantially modified between the two interviewers. For the most part, the differences found were substantial, and clear-cut. It is apparent that the heroin users in this study presented themselves in markedly different ways to the two interviewers. | A linear-quadratic N-pursuer single-evader differential game is considered. The evader can observe all the pursuers but pursuers have limited observations of themselves and the evader. The evader implements the conventional feedback Nash strategy and the pursuers implement Nash strategies based on a novel concept of best achievable performance indices. This problem has potential applications in situations where a well-equipped unmanned vehicle is evading several weakly equipped pursuing vehicles. An illustrative example is solved, and several scenarios are presented. | eng_Latn | 2,151 |
Lack of patient compliance with health recommendations is a well known fact. What is less well understood are the reasons why. This study used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to investigate the role of patients' health beliefs in patient compliance with preventive dental advice. A questionnaire was constructed to explore the four beliefs of "seriousness", "susceptibility", "benefits" and "self-efficacy" and this was administered to 43 adult patients attending the conservation department of a large teaching hospital for routine examination. Patients were seen twice, 1 month apart. At visit one, plaque was disclosed and plaque and bleeding scores were recorded. Patients were taught the modified Bass technique of plaque removal. Plaque and bleeding scores were repeated on visit two, 1 month later. Compliance was defined as any reduction in these scores at visit two. The health belief of "benefits" taken as a single variable showed a significant correlation with compliance and the combined beliefs of "susceptibility" and "benefits" were also found to be significantly related to compliance. | Oral healthcare providers have a clinical opportunityfor early detectionofdisorderedeating behaviors because they are often the first health professionals to observe overt oral and physical signs. Curricula regarding early recognition of this oral/systemic medical condition are limited in oral health educational programs. Web-based learning can supplement and reinforce traditional learning and has the potential to develop skills. The study purpose was to determine the efficacy of a theory-driven Web-based training program to increase the capacity of oral health students to perform behaviors related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors. Using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance evaluation framework, a longitudinal group-randomized controlled trial involving 27 oral health classes from 12 oral health education programs in the United States was implemented to assess the efficacy of the Web-based training on attitudes, knowledge, self-efficacy and skills related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors. Mixed-model analysis of covariance indicated substantial improvements among students in the intervention group (effect sizes: 0.51‐0.83) on all six outcomes of interest. Results suggest that the Web-based training program may increase the capacity of oral healthcare providers to deliver secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors. Implications and value of using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework are discussed. | The results presented in this paper originate from an EU research project that is near toits completion. The goal was to build a model that can be applied to all industrial sites inthe Mediterranean area. The approach followed to achieve the objectives was to study allthe new technologies and systems that, if applied globally, can make the whole areasustainable both energetically and environmentally. The application of the model allowsthe design and implementation of self-sufficient green areas in terms of energy which alsobrings to the reduction of the emissions into the atmosphere. An aim of the project wasalso to identify possible sources of funding or incentives. The main beneficiaries of theresults are SMEs that through a more responsible approach to the environment could getgreater market competitiveness and reduce energy costs of their enterprises. Otherbeneficiaries are the people who obtain advantages from a clearer and less pollutedsurrounding environment.The paper presents the results obtained from the application of the model in some pilotcases. | eng_Latn | 2,152 |
Purpose – To explore some of the factors that could obstruct the implementation of the sustainability initiatives in higher education institutions as a way for assisting key players to improve the effectiveness of their potential or current sustainability initiatives and being ready for the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development.Design/methodology/approach – It was conducted a literature review of published and unpublished articles, conference proceedings, university reports, books, and website documents. It was not target any specific discipline. However, most of the material was from engineering, economics, sociology, and related sciences. The time frame of the literature review was from 1990 to 2002. Important references prior to 1990 were also analyzed.Findings – The adequate conditions for the successful implementation of sustainability programs do not exist. There are many obstacles preventing the success of sustainability initiatives on campuses around the world. However, su... | Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This paper aims to describe the effects of 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) waste management initiatives on a campus community. It ascertains the environmental attitudes and opinions of the residents and investigates their behavioral responses to waste management initiatives. Practical implications for enhancing sustainable waste management are discussed in this paper. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Demonstration projects on waste segregation and recycling, as well as waste a reduction campaign, were set up on the campus to ascertain people’s attitudes and investigate their behavioral responses toward 3R practices. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey, observations, interviews and the project’s document review. A waste audit and waste composition analysis was carried out to assess waste flows and actual waste management behaviors and measure the change in the recycling rate. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: 3R waste management initiatives had positive effects on people’s attitudes about resources, waste management and consciousness of the need to avoid waste, but these initiatives did not affect recycling and waste management behavior. A voluntary approach-only cannot bring about behavioral change. Incentive measures showed a greater positive effect on waste reduction to landfills. Nevertheless, the demonstration projects helped to increase the overall campus recycling from 10 to 12 per cent. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This paper addresses a literature gap about the 3R attitudes and resulting behavior as part of campus sustainability of higher education institutions in a developing country. The authors’ results revealed hurdles to be overcome and presents results that can be compared to behavioral responses of people from other developed countries. These findings can be used as a guide for higher education institution’s policy-makers, as they indicate that voluntary instruments alone will not yield effective results, and other mechanisms that have an impact on people's behavior are required. | The article discusses the incorporation of individuals’ assessments regarding the effect of intervention program on themselves as a source of information in commonly used quantitative program evalu... | eng_Latn | 2,153 |
In this paper, first manufacturing scheduling is briefly discussed and later the problem studied is introduced. The optimal solution to minimizing the average flow time in single machine scheduling is obtained by the Shortest Processing Time rule if ready times are zero for all jobs. In the case of non-zero ready times, preemption plays a key role in the solution. Preemption allowed version is solved optimally by using the Shortest Remaining Processing Time procedure. However, the version of preemption not allowed is known as NP-hard and delay and nondelay strategies might be used in a hybrid fashion. This paper focuses on minimizing the average flow time in the presence of non-zero times and when preemption is not allowed. The proposed method is evolutionary programming (EP). The results indicate that EP produces near optimal and consistent results in a short period of time. | The image segmentation is often an important step in the analysis of images. In this paper, an image segmentation method based on cultural algorithms is presented. The method performs the image segmentation by selecting the optimal threshold values. The multi-threshold values are used. First of all, an entropy function corresponding to an image is defined. The optimal threshold values are obtained by making the entropy function reach the maximal value. Secondly, an algorithm based on the principle of cultural algorithms is presented for the computation of the optimal thresholds. The algorithm consists of three major components: a population space, a belief space, and a communication protocol that describes how knowledge is exchanged between the first two components. The designs and implementations of the three components are given in detail. The experimental results show that the segmentation method proposed in this paper can obtain the near optimal threshold for image segmentation. | Pleasure-seeking plays a role in prevention (means choices and use), and in the sexual quality of life of men who have sex with men (MSM). Since HIV is a major threat to MSM health, new means of prevention, like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), must meet the needs of MSM to be fully efficient. Using a psychosocial approach, we examined how pleasure-seeking plays a role in participation of MSM in “ANRS-IPERGAY,” a community-based trial on sexual health which included sexual on-demand PrEP. Thirteen semistructured collective interviews were conducted with 45 participants. First, we analyzed participants’ search for new prevention means due to previous failures in condom use. We found that participants perceived condoms as a barrier—both materially and symbolically—to pleasure and desire, causing anxiety and stress considering sexual intercourse. Second, we explored representations and attitudes concerning pleasure within the context of PrEP. We found that PrEP allowed participants to freely choose their desired sexual positions and to better enjoy intimacy. Third, we studied the sexual quality of life for PrEP users in ANRS-IPERGAY and found an improvement. Thanks to the community-based design of the trial, this new prevention tool became a means to develop agency and empowerment for participants, not only in negotiating individual prevention but also in opposing the normative and stigmatizing discourse on sexuality and HIV. In conclusion, pleasure-seeking appears to be an essential element of sexual fulfillment that needs to be integrated as a positive notion in the study of HIV prevention. | eng_Latn | 2,154 |
What are the main inefficiencies in trial conduct? A survey of staff at registered clinical trials units | Results There were 43 respondents from 25 registered CTUs; one third were trial managers. From grant award to first participant R&D approvals were reported as a top inefficiency by 23 respondents, contracts by 22 and other approvals by 13. Site selection, feasibility, piloting at site, and site training were also issues. From recruitment of first patient to publication the top inefficiency was recruitment targets not met, with data collection (including CRF design) the next most common, followed by writing up. Delays in approvals for new sites and poor planning were also issues. | Nowadays by formation of virtual communities, people support public services by sharing their own information and experiences. This article used the information of a Persian website in which the question and answer cycle takes place. In this research was used content validity. This research was utilized participant observation methods and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results suggest that people offer solutions for problems of each other regarding police services, order and security. They also transfer their knowledge without any benefit and only intrinsic motivation explains such behavior. | eng_Latn | 2,155 |
Cost Documentation of School Nursing Follow-up Services | : The cost of nursing services was documented as part of a grant to study the effect of school nursing follow-up on the outcome of dental screening. Eleven nurses participated in the study with experimental (n = 287) groups of fifth and sixth grade students from a large West Coast school district who were screened for caries. Stratifiers for the randomized group assignment were school, cavity severity, gender, ethnicity, and insurance coverage. A positive difference occurred for the 11 nurses (p = 0.0046). The cost of telephone follow-up averaged $8.92 for 26.69 minutes and compared favorably with a California state allowance of $11 for a half-hour of similar service. The study offers a beginning analytical formulation for examining field services in school and community health nursing using a naturalistic experimental design. | Proceeding from the necessity of strengthening the informatinization building of the Party school's learner status archives, this paper analyzes the major problems that exist in the management of the current Party school's learner status archives and puts forwards some ways to push ahead the informationization building. | eng_Latn | 2,156 |
Behavioral and cognitive effect of theophylline: a dose-response study. | The behavioral and cognitive effects of theophylline were studied in 14 asymptomatic asthmatic children. A double-blind crossover design was used with two dosage levels. Conners parent ratings suggest behavioral improvement by the second week of treatment, regardless of dosage or order of administration. No effects were found on cognitive measures. We conclude that the majority of behavior problems associated with theophylline occur during the induction phase, and that for most children behavior and attention problems rapidly return to baseline or improve. | Plastics have much to offer as a modern convenience, but lack of responsible plastic waste management habits can lead to potentially harmful environmental effects. Past environmental initiatives revealed a lack of understanding about youth attitudes towards pro‐environmental issues. [minus]plastic, an online public environmental promotional campaign, encouraged Singaporean youth to recognize the importance of, adopt positive attitudes towards and subsequently adopt the practice of responsible plastic management. We propose the Temporal Incentives Model of Social Influence, based on Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model, to guide social campaign design. A pre‐post quantitative research design showed that the pre‐contemplation, contemplation and preparation stages progressed significantly after the campaign. The findings suggest that stimuli incorporating specialized information and small action steps allow migration to successive stages. With the strong presence of internet culture among Singap... | eng_Latn | 2,157 |
How efficacious, caring samaritans cope when their help is rejected unexpectedly | This experiment, with 167 introductory psychology subjects, successfully replicated and extended to a wider array of affective, evaluative, and cognitive reactions, previous research on how would-be helpers cope when their help is rejected. It again supported the thesis that violation of perceived expectancy of acceptance mediates the effects of rejection. Using an individual difference measure of generalized self-perceptions of being a person who is sufficientlyefficacious and caring (acronym, EFCA) to help others, we found support for the predictions that high EFCAs would react more strongly than low EFCAs on “proximal” forms of coping, but relatively less strongly on “confrontational” (future-oriented) forms. Our rationale was that high EFCAs expect more acceptance, are more optimistic, and have greater self-investment in the outcome. Mixed support was obtained for the prediction that situational differences in prior expectancy of acceptance moderate the effects of rejection. | Nowadays by formation of virtual communities, people support public services by sharing their own information and experiences. This article used the information of a Persian website in which the question and answer cycle takes place. In this research was used content validity. This research was utilized participant observation methods and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results suggest that people offer solutions for problems of each other regarding police services, order and security. They also transfer their knowledge without any benefit and only intrinsic motivation explains such behavior. | eng_Latn | 2,158 |
Academic-related stress among private secondary school students in India | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of academic stress and exam anxiety among private secondary school students in India as well as the associations with socio-economic and study-related factors. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were 400 adolescent students (52 percent male) from five private secondary schools in Kolkata who were studying in grades 10 and 12. Participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique and were assessed using a study-specific questionnaire. Findings – Findings revealed that 35 and 37 percent reported high or very high levels of academic stress and exam anxiety respectively. All students reported high levels of academic stress, but those who had lower grades reported higher levels of stress than those with higher grades. Students who engaged in extra-curricula activities were more likely to report exam anxiety than those who did not engage in extra-curricula activities. Practical implications – Private high school students in Ind... | The primary purpose of the study is to find out the socio-economic demographic and health variables influencing the family planning acceptance in the thirty newly formed districts of Orissa. The study seeks to answer the following questions. What is the dominant set of variables influencing the family planning performance during a given period of time in the districts of Orissa? What are the direct and indirect effects of these variables on the Couple Protection Rate (CPR) in the districts of Orissa? What are the joint effects of these variables on the CPR in the districts of Orissa? (excerpt) | eng_Latn | 2,159 |
Shoppers Drug Mart study to test transitional care model | Canada's Shoppers Drug Mart is conducting a pilot project to help patients avoid medication errors and reduce hospital readmissions. | This paper discusses eight projects that were conducted by students over a one-month period at a large amusement park. Many of the findings of the students resulted from their insights having worked in a specific area for a short time and having collected data intensively over a one-week period. The base case simulation models were validated by comparison to actual data, and one or more alternatives were considered. | eng_Latn | 2,160 |
Analysis of Students Health Condition in Our University | Abstract According to the national standard of students’ health, the health condition of university student should be tested once every academic year. The health condition is expressed by the data of a series of items, including height, weight, vital capacity, standing long jump, grip strength and sit-and-reach. This paper analyzes the health data of freshman students enrolled in 2007, 2008 and 2009 in our university, finds the existed problems and proposes suggestions on how to improve our students’ health condition. | During Pierre's assignment to the medical unit, he gives a patient a risk assessment for falls and advises him how to prevent accidents of this kind. | eng_Latn | 2,161 |
Tobacco diseases and their control. | Describes different types of diseases that threaten tobacco crops, and methods for their control. | This article introduces and summarizes the problems existing in the work of community health education in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.Then it puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and advices to provide reference for enhancing community health education of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. | eng_Latn | 2,162 |
Synergistic effects of exposure to concentrated ambient fine pollution particles and nitrogen dioxide in humans | Context: Exposure to single pollutants e.g. particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects, but it does not represent a real world scenario that usually involves multiple pollutants.Objectives: Determine if simultaneous exposure to PM and NO2 results in synergistic interactions.Materials and methods: Healthy young volunteers were exposed to clean air, nitrogen dioxide (NO2, 0.5 ppm), concentrated fine particles from Chapel Hill air (PM2.5CAPs, 89.5 ± 10.7 µg/m3), or NO2+PM2.5CAPs for 2 h. Each subject performed intermittent exercise during the exposure. Parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), changes in repolarization, peripheral blood endpoints and lung function were measured before and 1 and 18 h after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 18 h after exposure.Results: NO2 exposure alone increased cholesterol and HDL 18 h after exposure, decreased high frequency component of HRV one and 18 h after exposure, decreased QT variability index 1 h after exposure, and incre... | The current research situations were analyzed briefly,and its definition and the analysis frame were commented.The vulnerability of the Baishuijiang national nature reserve was analyzed especially.It was pointed out that the policy factor,position factor,market factor were the main reasons to cause the peripheral community to be vulnerable.On the basis of the above analysis,the policy recommendations for reducing vulnerability was put forward.The reformation from such respects as system arranging,position advantage,developing the rural cooperative association and so on should be try to carry on. | eng_Latn | 2,163 |
Proportional hazards model for interval-censored failure times and time-dependent covariates: application to hazard of HIV infection of injecting drug users in prison | Interval-censored survival data are data in which the failure times are not known precisely, but are known to lie within an interval. Such data can be analysed using a proportional hazards model with piecewise-exponential baseline hazard, a model which can be fitted by an EM algorithm easily programmed in standard statistical software. In this paper we extend the model to allow for time-dependent covariates and left-truncation, and demonstrate its use by assessing the effect of imprisonment on hazard of HIV infection in a cohort of injecting drug users from Edinburgh. No conclusive effect of incarceration on hazard of HIV infection was found, but there was a suggestion that imprisonment might have been a significant relative risk factor for infection in the later period, when risk behaviour among drug users in the community was reduced. | It explores patients' bad hospitalization behaviors in view of moral responsibility,and uses factor analysis to analyze those data.The result shows that six dimensions of patients' bad hospitalization behaviors were retained,that is,harmful behavior to hospital,benefiting behavior,harmful to other people,breaking-rule behavior without harmful to other,misconceiving behavior,and flattering to hospital personnel.Meanwhile,we use Analysis Of Variance(ANOVA) to discuss the patients' differences and identities about those six dimensions under the circumstances of their different demographic background. | eng_Latn | 2,164 |
Modest risk-sharing significantly reduces health plans’ incentives for service distortion | Public payers often use payment mechanisms as a way to improve the efficiency of the healthcare system. One source of inefficiency is service distortion (SD) in which health plans over/underprovide services in order to affect the mix of their enrollees. Using Israeli data, we apply a new measure of SD to show that a mixed payment scheme, with a modest level of cost-sharing, yields a significant improvement over a pure risk-adjustment scheme. This observation implies that even though mixed systems induce overprovision of some services, their benefits far outweigh their costs. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,165 |
Problems and countermeasures of environmentally conscious supply chain management of China's textile and clothing industry | This paper discusses the green supply chain management of China′s textile and clothing industry in terms of its characteristics,current status and existing problems,precautions concerning logistics,information system and cash flow,and the impact from the government,industry and enterprises.It argues that the management of green supply chain depends on the core enterprises of textile and clothing,the government should supervise the market and lay down proper industry standards,and relying on the core brand enterprises,guide both upstream and downstream enterprise to join in the management,and only so doing,can the transformation of the small and medium-sized textile and clothing enterprises be safely realized and can a prosperous market of green textile products be seen.All these suggestions are put forth based on the industry economics and supply chain management theory in combination with industrial policy and practical experience.Specific measures are given also. | The majority of opiate-dependent patients in substitution treatment show additional substance-related disorders. Concomitant use of heroin, alcohol, benzodiazepines or cocaine compromises treatment success. Concomitant drug use may be treated by using contingency management (CM) which is based on learning theory. In CM, abstinence from drugs, as verified by drug screenings, is reinforced directly and contingently. Reinforcers used in CM studies with substituted patients were, amongst others, vouchers and take-home privileges. Studies in the USA show a medium average effect of CM on drug consumption rates and abstinence. The effects decrease markedly after the end of the intervention. We discuss whether CM is applicable within the German substitution treatment system and how it can be combined with other interventions such as selective detoxification treatments or cognitive-behavioural programmes. | eng_Latn | 2,166 |
Cumulative Risk and Impact Modeling on Environmental Chemical and Social Stressors | Background: A growing literature has emerged in recent years that evaluates combined health effects of environmental exposures and social stressors. To identify and incorporate the potential impact... | ABSTRACTResponsibility center management (RCM) budgeting systems devolve budget responsibility while creating funding formulas that provide incentives for academic units to generate revenues and decrease costs. A growing number of public universities have adopted RCM. The desire to grow tuition revenue has often been cited as a rationale for adoption. Previous research has not assessed the effect of RCM on institution-level tuition revenue. Traditional regression methods that calculate “average treatment effects” are inappropriate because RCM policies differ across universities. This study employed a synthetic control method (SCM) approach. The SCM approximates the counterfactual for an RCM adopter by creating a synthetic control institution composed of a weighted average of nonadopters. The SCM estimates the effect of RCM separately for each adopter rather than estimating the average effect across multiple adopters. We used SCM to analyze the effect of RCM adoption on tuition revenue at 4 public research... | eng_Latn | 2,167 |
Simply Discuss Teaching and Learning in Statistic Courses | The main problem existing in statistic teaching is that statistic teaching breaks away from practical use, in which the students majoring can not meet the demand of the society. Students learn it with difficulties, and teachers teach it with difficulties, too. Therefore, in the present statistic teaching, the teaching concept should be innovated and teaching mode should be reformed in order to stir the students' learning interests, which results in good interactions between teaching and learning in statistic courses. | Purpose – Within the context of policies on developing the workforce of the government health sector in England, this paper aims to investigate participation in work‐related continuing education and training (WRCET), its pedagogy and effectiveness. Individual and organizational characteristics associated with effective WRCET are examined.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a cross‐sectional study, using data from annual large‐scale National Staff Surveys of 2006 and 2009. Based on detailed occupational groups, the authors classify respondents to high‐ and low‐skilled staff and develop four dependent variables that combine specific types of training with respondent assessments of the effectiveness of their training for their professional development. Probit regressions models are estimated for both groups of workers, controlling for individual and organizational characteristics.Findings – Participation in WRCET increased between 2006 and 2009 for both groups with differential patterns of partic... | eng_Latn | 2,168 |
An examination of professional services quality as a mediator between interpersonal communication and repurchase intention | This study examines the role of service quality (SQ) as a mediator between interpersonal communications and repurchase intention in the context of the relationship an individual client has with their personal financial adviser. A new multidimensional scale for interpersonal communications is developed and tested. Three dimensions were identified as: Communications clarity (five items), Social communications (four items), and Information provision (seven items). The results show the communications dimensions play a central role in sharing perceptions of service quality (SQ) and thus repurchase intentions. | THE PURPOSE of this article is to express a personal viewpoint that might be useful in designing policies to improve the health of the American population. Emphasis will be placed on the uninsured. The viewpoint is based on my experience and research findings from a series of studies that had the following objectives: (1) to improve measures of quality and health status 1-4 ; (2) to determine how a person's health status or quality was altered by economic incentives or disincentives such as the lack of any health insurance, the level of out-of-pocket payment in the fee-for-service system, or membership in a capitated health maintenance organization plan as opposed to the fee-for-service system 5-19 ; (3) to develop explicit measures of medical appropriateness and to use those measures to determine how much care may not be necessary 20-27 ; (4) to study how physicians' behavior was affected by both economic incentives and the | eng_Latn | 2,169 |
Utilizing Parent Report to Investigate Young Children's Fears: A Modification of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II: A Research Note | The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II (FSSC-II) (Gullone & King, 1992) was modified for parent report and a younger age group. The modified instrument (FSSC-IIP) was completed by 753 parents of children within the age range 3.0 to 8.9 years. Results revealed a stable eight-factor solution that was sensitive to age and gender differences. Parents reported a higher overall level of fear for school children compared to preschool children, and a higher overall level of fearfulness for girls compared to boys. The most common fears reported were getting lost in a crowd and in a strange place. | R&D budget has been recently increased rapidly by our government's direction under the recognition that strong R&D policy lead to the wealth of the nation. The methodologies for effective evaluation have received great attention was increased. We had established the laws to evaluate and man age the performance of national R&D programs in 2005. The previous and current R&D evaluation programs were conducted in the middle of progress. Recently, the importance of evaluation of follow up control conducted after finishing the program in national level is increasing. The purposes of this study are to evaluate national R&D programs in terms of economic impacts and to develop the efficient methodologies by considering follow-up evaluation. This study will be effective to demonstrate the efficiency of the methodologies based on follow-up evaluation and the necessity of the evaluation of R&D programs after wrapping the programs up. | eng_Latn | 2,170 |
Risk Aversion Tendency and Merger Incentive in IT Industry | By concentrating on the tech gain oriented merger between a big firm and a small firm in IT industry, this paper, using the game theory and the risk preferences hypothesis, discussed the merger incentive effect from the difference of the two firms' risk aversion tendency. The result shows that the difference of the risk aversion tendencies makes the big firm's expected utility of the RD return higher than the small firm's, which causes the merger incentive. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,171 |
Immune Response of Rats to Peste Des Petits Ruminant (PPR) Vaccination | Abstract Ezeibe, M.C.O., Eze, J.I., Ukomadu, N.M., Chukwu, O.S., Eze, I.C., Okoroafor, O.N., Ugonabo, J.A.C., Ngene, A.A., Sanda, M.E. and Ijabo, O. 2010. Immune response of rats to Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) vaccination. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 239–240. Rats were used as animal models to study immune response to vaccination with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) monospecific vaccine. One group (10 rats) was vaccinated with PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1). The second group (10 rats) served as unvaccinated control. Two weeks post vaccination, haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was done. The vaccinated group had higher HI titre of 6617±653 suggesting that the rats could be used for assessment of immune response to PPR vaccine. | we examine motivations for, and costs/benefits of, participation in three interviews across a one-year period among women recently exposed to intimate partner abuse (IPA). Recruited from publicly accessible police reports, women were not informed that the study focused on IPA in recruiting materials or when they scheduled the first interview. Women ' s ratings on the Response to Research Participation Questionnaire (RRPQ) indicated a positive benefit-to-cost ratio across all three interviews. Negative responses to participation as well as severity of IPA and PTSD symptoms did not predict retention at the next interview. These data dem - onstrate that studies asking about IPA experiences, even when survivors do not know in advance that IPA will be the focus of study, can be implemented within a stable benefit-to-cost ratio over time. | eng_Latn | 2,172 |
Perception and translation of numbers: the case of a health campaign in Denmark | AbstractThis article explores the translation of numeric health communications from the authorities to ordinary citizens. Based on qualitative interviews and document analysis, it follows the life of a Danish health campaign called ‘6 a day’ from its initiation to its dissemination, and finally to its place in the perceptions and health practices of citizens. While the definition of the target of ‘6 a day’ was clearly anchored in social and scientific contexts, it incorporated considerable ambiguity and scientific uncertainty, flaws which were deliberately kept from citizens. The number ‘6’ was meant to appear unquestionable. We suggest that this way of making and disseminating numeric health campaigns may best be understood as a process of creating a mould and offering it to citizens to fill with their own health practices. Such a process is rife with translations and the article analyses both these and their impact on citizens’ health practices and perceptions. We conclude that the success of the campai... | In this article the hedonic regression technique is used to estimate the value of traffic safety, using information from the Swedish market for automobiles. The results from the study show that the market price of an automobile is negatively correlated with its inherent risk level, i.e. Swedish car consumers pay a safety premium for safer cars. In comparison to previous Swedish stated-preference studies, this study reveals a lower willingness to pay for additional car safety, which might be a result of the interaction between government interventions and individual self-insurance and self-protection. | eng_Latn | 2,173 |
Longitudinal Tracking and Retention in a School-Based Study on Adolescent Smoking: Costs, Variables, and Smoking Status | Methods used to track a cohort of Grade 6 students through Grades 8 and 11, and costs involved for survey completion in school and by mail for ever and never smokers from the original group are detailed. At baseline, 1,598 students in Scarborough, Canada, completed a questionnaire on smoking, drinking, and health, and again in Grade 8 (N = 1,543/1,598) and Grade 11 (N = 1,454/1,598). In Grades 8 and 11, tracking and administering the questionnaire was more costly per participant when the survey was administered by mail than in school. Average completion costs were highest for Grade 11 students who used tobacco at baseline ($52.44). Students categorized as ever smokers in Grade 6 were harder to locate at each phase of testing, which suggests that this group should be identified at baseline so that closer tracking procedures may be employed between data collection points. | We examine the antecedents of customer satisfaction in the restaurant sector, paying particular attention to perceived value and price level. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, we extract latent topics from the text of Yelp! reviews, then analyze the relationship between these topics and satisfaction, measured as the difference between review rating and user average review rating. | eng_Latn | 2,174 |
The Effect of Reciprocal-Teaching Strategy on Learning Outcomes and Attitudes of Qassim-University Students in "Islamic Culture". | The main intent of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of the reciprocal-teaching strategy in learning outcomes and attitudes of Qassim-University students in Islamic culture. The study was conducted in Oqlat Al-Soqour Faculty of Sciences and Arts for paucity of research conducted in such a faculty, as well as for being the researcher’s workplace which can offer him needed facilities. Statistical analyses of the data revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post administration of the learning-outcomes test as well as in the attitude scale in favour of the experimental. The magnitude effect was big which proved the effectiveness of the reciprocal-teaching strategy. Keywords : Reciprocal-Teaching Strategy, Learning Outcomes, Attitudes, Islamic Culture | Abstract Researchers studying relapse for an addictive behavior have employed two different conceptual models. Researchers concerned with typologies of relapse situations have developed a variety of discrete classes of high risk situations. Researchers who have employed a Self-efficacy approach have typically assessed different situations but scored the measure as a single general construct. Using structural modeling, this paper evaluates five alternative measurement models, representing alternative conceptualizations. A hierarchical model which integrates the previously competing models provided the best fit to the data and serves to explain a large body of previous findings. The model includes three first order constructs (Positive/Social; Negative/Affective; and Habit/Addictive) and one general second-order factor. The results were replicated across two different response formats and two different subject samples. | eng_Latn | 2,175 |
Physical and verbal abuse, work demands, training and job satisfaction amongst aged-care employees in the home and community sector | ABSTRACTWhile the aged-care workforce undertakes a core societal role, it is a job with some challenges including working with difficult clients. This study focuses on physical and verbal abuse of aged-care employees in the home and community sector, and its relationship with work demands, training and employee outcomes. It extends the job demands–resources model into the seldom studied areas of aged-care work in the home and community sector and the issue of abuse from clients. This study uses structural equation modelling to test a mediated model with a sample of 574 aged-care employees and finds that training is highly beneficial, enhancing job satisfaction and decreasing incidences of abuse. Further, it finds that job demands have a negative impact on physical and verbal abuse, and that physical and verbal abuse has a detrimental impact on job satisfaction and turnover intentions. These findings are an important start in understanding the impact of work conditions (training, work demands, abuse) on em... | For the consumers of worksite meal program, its program is a chance to aware, know and deepen their knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition and health. In addition, it is a chance to communicate with their colleagues and to take a rest. On the other hand, for managers, it is necessary to promote worksite meal management actively from the viewpoint of health promotion as health promotion practitioners. To take in sight consumer's QOL and activities of related organizations or groups is a basic concept of health promotion law. The process of the development of the evaluation sheet for nutrition activities in occupational health and outline of the evaluation sheet will be reported. | eng_Latn | 2,176 |
Explore and analyze the structure physical commitment model | Base on the sociology,psychology,sport and so on,this article elaborated and analyzed the theoretic structure of Chinese Physical Commitment through literature review,opening interview and so on,then put forward the theoretic structural model of Chinese Physical Commitment for further research. | SUMMARY Religious support systems offer much promise for collaborative interventions with alcohol and other drug abuse organizations. This article presents a case study of an asset assessment of eleven Puerto Rican Pentecostal churches in a New England community and the alcohol and other drug abuse and other types of services provided to the community. A set of recommendations will be presented for the development of agency collaborative projects/activity with this important Puerto Rican natural support system. | eng_Latn | 2,177 |
Exploring the Relationship between Health Aging and Health Services Utilization | To explore the relationship between health aging and health services utilization,so as to provide effective health services and develop reasonable health strategy.Demography theory and epidemiological technique were used to analyze health status,requirement and utilization of health services of people who were 60 years old and older in Daqing,Heilongjiang province.Besides bad health,some people suffered with psychological impairment and/or social function missing.Increasing input to health services,improving the quality of medical service in community health,doing exercise,building good relationship with child and effectively improving sleep quality should be advocated to promote the elderly health and to boost the realization of health aging in China. | Purpose: This study examined the impact of medical education on students’ views of substance abuse treatment, public policy options and training.Method: A longitudinal survey was conducted on a single-class cohort of 101 students in a major American, urban medical school. The survey was administered in the Spring semesters of the first to third years of the curriculum. The survey evaluated attitudes in three areas: (1) Treatment: efficacy of treatment and ideal level of physician involvement in substance abuse issues, (2) Public policy: degrees of support for competing public policy strategies and (3) Training: the amount of substance abuse education offered in medical school.Results: Response rates were 92% in the first year, 90% in the second and 75% in the third. About 54% of respondents were female, 55% were white (non-Hispanic) and 71% were 20–24 years old. Treatment: students held consistent views towards treating substance abuse patients, but there was a significant decline in the percentage who fe... | eng_Latn | 2,178 |
National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment at Workplace | The National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment at Work Place was declared by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India in February 2009 after consultations with partners. The Action Programme to implement the Policy is part of the document. ::: ::: The National Policy, referring to the Constitution of India, sets out a set of goals with the view to building and maintaining a national preventative safety and health culture and improving the safety, health and environment at workplace. The Policy also expresses a set of the national objectives. ::: The outline for Action Programme identifies eight specific working areas, including enforcement, national standards, compliance, awareness, research and development, occupational safety and health skills development and data collection. ::: ::: After an initial review to ascertain the status on safety, health and environment at workplace, the Policy is envisaged to be reviewed at least every five years. | Historical background and political development structure, politics and ideology trade unions and political parties the decline of working class politics? union-government relations the politics of collective bargaining unions, politics and the new working class conclusions - unions, politics and the future. | eng_Latn | 2,179 |
Numerical Modelling of Beach Recovery Following a Storm Event: A Hybrid Behavioural / Process-Based Approach | The present thesis describes the development of a hybrid behavioural / process-based and wave-averaged model (XBeach Surfbeat) that successfully predicts the recovery of the subaerial beach at Narrabeen Beach, Australia, following a severe storm erosion in April 2015. Two model innovations were developed. Firstly, a behavioural model was developed to predict berm growth during calm conditions, as well as erosion during episodic storm conditions. A second innovation calculates a re-distribution of the sediment transport in the upper swash zone, to account for incident band swash-induced sediment transport, which is not resolved in XBeach Surfbeat, but is of major importance, especially on reflective beaches. The model successfully predicts the behaviour of the beach throughout the recovery period, and shows good potential for long-term simulations. | CSF Buxmont Academy operates eight school/day treatment programs that use restorative practices, which includes a culture in which restorative characterizes staff interaction with students, and staff-to-staff and student-to-student relationships as well. This chapter presents analyses of the outcome experiences from two waves of discharge cohorts: 919 students during school years 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 and 858 during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003. Outcome measures include program completion rates, changes in self-esteem and anti-social attitudes, and the relationship between the length of program participation and post-release recidivism rates after controlling for individual risk factors. Recidivism rates were significantly related to length of program participation. | eng_Latn | 2,180 |
Waterpipe smoking among health sciences university students: Knowledge, attitude and patterns of use | Introduction ::: Although waterpipe smoking is common in Gulf counties, its prevalence in Saudi Arabia is uncertain. The purposes of this study were (a) to assess the prevalence of waterpipe smoking among healthcare university students in Saudi Arabia and (b) to determine their attitudes and practices of waterpipe smoking. | This research examines the overall and relative effects of the elements of Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory on four separate measures of deviance using data drawn from a sample of 3065 adolescents. ... | eng_Latn | 2,181 |
Potential Savings through Prevention of Avoidable Chronic Illness among CalPERS State Active Members | The high and rising prevalence of chronic disease represents a substantial burden on the medical care system and a major cost for society, leaving aside its toll on individuals. Evidence comes from varied sources and is based on a range of methods. The burden is presented as rising rates of obesity, increased prevalence of diabetes, greater incidence of disability, and the rising cost of medical care and other diseaserelated costs. And, while the age-adjusted mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke has fallen, the aging of the population and rising obesity portend increases in both incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the near future. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,182 |
HIV vaccine acceptance among heterosexual clients of a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. | We evaluated the willingness of clients at a large urban sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in the southeastern United States to participate in future trials of preventive vaccines for HIV type 1 (HIV-1). A single trained interviewer administered an oral survey instrument to STD clinic clients over a 4-week enrollment period. The participants were 167 randomly selected clients (90 men and 77 women), most of whom were young, African-American heterosexuals. Risk behaviors for HIV-1 infection were highly prevalent. Overall, 67% of clients expressed willingness to consider participation in an HIV-1 vaccine trial. By univariate analysis, prior HIV-1 testing was significantly associated with willingness to participate (P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender (P = 0.05) and prior HIV-1 testing (P = 0.03) were significant predictors of willingness to participate. | In this article the hedonic regression technique is used to estimate the value of traffic safety, using information from the Swedish market for automobiles. The results from the study show that the market price of an automobile is negatively correlated with its inherent risk level, i.e. Swedish car consumers pay a safety premium for safer cars. In comparison to previous Swedish stated-preference studies, this study reveals a lower willingness to pay for additional car safety, which might be a result of the interaction between government interventions and individual self-insurance and self-protection. | eng_Latn | 2,183 |
A comparison of key benefit estimation issues for natural hazards and terrorism: ex ante/ex post valuation and endogenous risk | Benefit–Cost Analyses for Security Policies describes how to undertake the evaluation of security policies within the framework of benefit–cost analysis and offers a unique contribution to analysis of homeland security regulations in the United States. The authors outline how established procedures for benefit–cost analysis must adapt to meet challenges posed by current security policy, through examining specific security related regulations. The logic of risk assessment, selection of a discount rate, valuation of travellers’ time when delayed due to screening, valuation of changes in risks of injury or death, and impacts of terrorist events on the economy as a whole are among the issues discussed. An outline of the research and policy evaluation steps needed to build robust benefit-cost methods to evaluate security related regulations in the future is presented in the book. | we examine motivations for, and costs/benefits of, participation in three interviews across a one-year period among women recently exposed to intimate partner abuse (IPA). Recruited from publicly accessible police reports, women were not informed that the study focused on IPA in recruiting materials or when they scheduled the first interview. Women ' s ratings on the Response to Research Participation Questionnaire (RRPQ) indicated a positive benefit-to-cost ratio across all three interviews. Negative responses to participation as well as severity of IPA and PTSD symptoms did not predict retention at the next interview. These data dem - onstrate that studies asking about IPA experiences, even when survivors do not know in advance that IPA will be the focus of study, can be implemented within a stable benefit-to-cost ratio over time. | eng_Latn | 2,184 |
Modeling and Fitting Quantile Distributions and Regressions | SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper surveys the development of distributions defined by their quantile functions in both distributional and regression situations. It considers issues of both model construction and fitting. In particular it advocates the use of the ordered data in distributional estimation and seeks to emphasise that regression based on the use of quantiles is far broader in application than that usually encompassed by the phrase ‘quantile regression’. This survey covers parametric rather than non-parametric approaches. | Following the implementation of key actions resulting from Valuing People (DoH, 2001), people with learning disabilities resident in hospital will be relocated into the community. This paper examines psychological, social and quality of life indicators applied to a group of 50 service users, 36 of whom are soon to be relocated into community housing. The methodology employs a range of psychometric measures in order to describe intellectual and social functioning, mental health, levels of challenging behaviour and quality of life and choice opportunities. The aim was to compile a profile of the individuals as a group in order to inform service planning and provision. Results illustrate that the group contains a range of individuals with complex and enduring needs. A discussion of the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead for these individuals and the services that support them is presented. The study presents an opportunity to re‐apply this methodology in future years in order to evaluate whether com... | eng_Latn | 2,185 |
Promotion, Prevention, and Treatment: What Are the Differences?. | The authors conducted a content analysis of prevention definitions in the general prevention literature. The pros and cons of the traditional trilogy (primary, secondary, and tertiary) of prevention definitions are examined, along with a description of key concepts, such as end-states, timing, targets, and eligibility criteria. The authors propose a conceptual alternative to this prevention trilogy, in favor of one that distinguished among prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. | A guide with information on predatory publishing, tips, and advice for faculty and students getting ready to publish their academic articles. | eng_Latn | 2,186 |
Multimodal treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-month follow-up | AbstractBackground: Different treatment approaches aimed at reducing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) core symptoms are available. However, factors such as intolerance, side-effects, lack of efficacy, high new technology costs, and placebo effect have spurred on an increasing interest in alternative or complementary treatment.Aim: The aim of this study is to explore efficacy of multimodal treatment consisting of standard stimulant medication (methylphenidate) and neurofeedback (NF) in combination, and to compare it with the single treatment in 6-month follow-up in ADHD children and adolescents.Methods: This randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up comprised three treatment arms: multimodal treatment (NF + MED), MED alone, and NF alone. A total of 130 ADHD children/adolescents participated, and 62% completed the study. ADHD core symptoms were recorded pre-/post-treatment, using parents’ and teachers’ forms taken from Barkley’s Defiant Children: A Clinician’s Manual for Assessment a... | Plastics have much to offer as a modern convenience, but lack of responsible plastic waste management habits can lead to potentially harmful environmental effects. Past environmental initiatives revealed a lack of understanding about youth attitudes towards pro‐environmental issues. [minus]plastic, an online public environmental promotional campaign, encouraged Singaporean youth to recognize the importance of, adopt positive attitudes towards and subsequently adopt the practice of responsible plastic management. We propose the Temporal Incentives Model of Social Influence, based on Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model, to guide social campaign design. A pre‐post quantitative research design showed that the pre‐contemplation, contemplation and preparation stages progressed significantly after the campaign. The findings suggest that stimuli incorporating specialized information and small action steps allow migration to successive stages. With the strong presence of internet culture among Singap... | eng_Latn | 2,187 |
Integrating Cultural Variables into Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment with Racial/Ethnic Minorities: | A set of variables, identified as “cultural variables,” is introduced as important descriptors of the life experiences of people from the major ethnic/racial minority groups in the United States. It is stated that most contemporary models for prevention and treatment of substance abuse are “culturally blind” to the effects of these cultural variables on the risk of substance abuse among racial/ethnic minority people. Accordingly, a viable strategy for culturally relevant research and program design is to integrate these cultural variables into extant models to create culturally rich models for research as well as for the development of prevention and treatment programs. The use of “model programs” is discussed in regard to the competing aims of maintaining program fidelity while also making cultural adaptations to these model programs to make them more culturally relevant. Strategies and recommendations are presented for integrating cultural variables into prevention and treatment programs that purport to... | Nowadays by formation of virtual communities, people support public services by sharing their own information and experiences. This article used the information of a Persian website in which the question and answer cycle takes place. In this research was used content validity. This research was utilized participant observation methods and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results suggest that people offer solutions for problems of each other regarding police services, order and security. They also transfer their knowledge without any benefit and only intrinsic motivation explains such behavior. | eng_Latn | 2,188 |
Health beverage for clearing away heat and toxic substances, and preparation method thereof | The invention discloses a health beverage for clearing away heat and toxic substances, and a preparation method of the health beverage. The health beverage is prepared from Herba Taraxaci 55-65%, Flos Lonicerae 10-20%, Lalang Grass Rhizome 8-12%, Glycyrrhizae Radix 3-5%, Herba Menthae 4-6%, honey 0.8-1.2%, white granulated sugar 4-6% and citric acid 0.04-0.06% by washing Herba Taraxaci, Flos Lonicerae, Lalang Grass Rhizome, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Herba Menthae, shredding, soaking with water in kettle, decocting, and filtering to obtain mixed medicinal liquid; adding honey, white granulated sugar and citric acid, mixing, and filtering to obtain the beverage; and vacuum filling, sterilizing and packaging. The raw materials of the beverage are reasonable in collocation. The beverage has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic substances, cooling blood, inducing diuresis, and relieving summer-heat; is refreshing and palatable; and has no any adverse side effects. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,189 |
The urge for evidence based knowledge | Clearly, the context of health sciences is increasingly been influenced by a general commitment related to interventions intending to improve the health conditions of individuals and populations brought by the so called evidence based knowledge. You can easily notice a proliferation of evidence based issues and debates in scientific health (including community health) journals. ::: ::: Our view about the challenges to an evidence based knowledge does not refer to the impending difficulties of, sometimes, not having confirmed evidences … | ABSTRACTUsing a needs theory framework, this study investigated motivations of social enterprise workers and their intent to stay using a sequential mixed exploratory design. Factor analysis of sur... | eng_Latn | 2,190 |
Oral health status of Asian and Hispanic women. A pilot study. | Data on the oral health of Asian and Hispanic women are rare in the dental literature. The objective of this study was to investigate the oral health status and needs of women from these two groups. Forty newly registered women from each group were the subjects of the study. Standard forms were used to collect sociodemographic information, medical histories, oral health status, oral hygiene practices and smoking habits. The oral examination recorded the DMFT and periodontal condition. Data were analyzed using SPSS Univariate General Linear Model, odds ratios and relative risks. Chi-Square tests were within the 95% confidence interval, and with @ = .05. The results showed that there was no statistical difference in age, education, oral health care, smoking habits, annual dental visits or DMFT between the two groups. | This paper estimates a dynamic model of schooling attainment to investigate the sources of discrepancy by race and ethnicity in college attendance. When the returns to college education rose, college enrollment of whites responded much more quickly than that of minorities. Parental income is a strong predictor of this response. However, using NLSY data, we find that it is the long-run factors associated with parental background and income and not short-term credit constraints facing college students that account for the differential response by race and ethnicity to the new labor market for skilled labor. Policies aimed at improving these long-term factors are far more likely to be successful in eliminating college attendance differentials than are short-term tuition reduction policies. | eng_Latn | 2,191 |
The Psychology of Protective Behavior | What determines whether people will protect themselves against the severe losses that might arise from some low-probability hazard? What factors underlie the perception and acceptability of technological risks? The answers to questions such as these are vital for understanding how people cope with threats from accidents, diseases, and natural hazards, and for helping them manage their lives more effectively in the face of such risks. This paper illustrates the role that the psychological study of judgment and decision processes can play in providing answers to these questions. Recent experiments studying insurance decisions, risk perceptions, and the evaluation of technological risks are described along with the implications of this research for matters of public safety. | Twelve trainees (3 men and 9 women) who had recently completed predoctoral internships at a university counseling center were interviewed about what they had learned from clients. Data were analyzed using a consensual qualitative research method. Participants reported learning things about doing therapy, themselves, client dynamics, human nature, the therapy relationship, and the usefulness of supervision. In addition, participants highlighted the importance of consultation and self-reflection to help them recognize what they learned. Implications for practice and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). | eng_Latn | 2,192 |
Current state of health human resources allocation in Changzhou and strategies for development | Objective To find out about problems in health human resources allocation in Chang-zhou so as to propose development strategies. Methods The quantity of the health workforce, its specialty, age, education and professional title structures, and the dynamic changes in the last 10 years in health human resources and their utilization efficiency were analyzed. Results The total quantity of the health workforce was sufficient, without much distinction between the urban and rural areas; the distribution of specialties was uneven; the age structure was not highly reasonable, with increasingly more middle-aged and young members; and the quantity and utilization efficiency of the health workforce in the rural areas were relatively low. Conclusion It is essential to rationally plan health human resources so as to achieve the coordinated development of various specialties, step up training of high-caliber personnel, and readjust urban and rural resources. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,193 |
ITS Community Service Program as A Medium to Empower Community in Facing the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 | As agents of change, students are required not only to have knowledge and expertise in their fields, but they must also be ready to be in the community to implement the knowledge and skills they have, help solve real problems faced by the community or provide knowledge and skills to the community so they can lead better life. To meet these goals, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November (ITS) conducted community service program (KKN) for students to communities. In line with ITS students’ background, the themes of KKN were related with technology and its applications, so that the KKN activities in the community were also inseparable from the theme of technology and its application. Thus, KKN ITS is the right medium to help the community in facing the current era of the industrial revolution in which technology and its application serve as its core. | ABSTRACT:Objective:To describe social disparities in early intervention (EI) service use and provider-reported outcomes.Methods:Secondary data analysis of administrative data to ascertain EI service use of all EI and discipline-specific services and child and family characteristics. Adjusted logisti | eng_Latn | 2,194 |
The Positive Research on Consumption Needs of the Rresidents in Heilongjiang Province | The paper metrologically analyses the relation between the residents' consumption needs and economic increase by the economic metrological model.and comes to the conclusion that the residents' consumption needs play an important role in the economic increase.In addition,it analyses the characteristics of the consumption needs of the residents in Hei Long Jiang Province.Last,makes a suggestion that we need to enlarge the residents' consumption needs. | Abstract This article is discussed basing on high-tech company staffs’ medical inspection result, individual factor, health that occurs different life styles and relevant aspects. In addition to know health that occurs different life style, the main purpose is to further understand the result comes from staffs’ health condition, personal characteristics, and so as to learn the demanding of health promotion. This research is able to supply high-tech companies to propose health promotion and also suggest companies to giving advice on correlation old disease, expressing the importance of being healthy to company staffs and so as to help employees to better understand self’s condition. Despite the above, to held relevant health consult courses, set up different clubs basing on eating habit, exercising and pressure releasing is as well able to promote self health. | eng_Latn | 2,195 |
Low-dosage use of methadone in extended detoxification: An experimental comparison. | Thirty heroin addicts were studied to examine the effects of methadone hydrochloride given in low dosages in extended narcotic detoxification. Treatment procedures were divided into two phases, extending over 90 days. Initial phase (seven to ten days) included both hospital and outpatient supervision, and was terminated when addicts were reduced to a 10-mg dose of methadone. The second phase of treatment was conducted exclusively on an outpatient basis and double-blind techniques were employed. Results of the study showed that few patients became drug-free and most soon returned to heroin use. No significant differences were found between treatment modalities, and the data do not suggest that hospital treatment affected the results of a 90-day treatment program. This particular study shows few measurable benefits from the low-dosage use of methadone in prolonged (90-day) narcotic detoxification treatment. | R&D budget has been recently increased rapidly by our government's direction under the recognition that strong R&D policy lead to the wealth of the nation. The methodologies for effective evaluation have received great attention was increased. We had established the laws to evaluate and man age the performance of national R&D programs in 2005. The previous and current R&D evaluation programs were conducted in the middle of progress. Recently, the importance of evaluation of follow up control conducted after finishing the program in national level is increasing. The purposes of this study are to evaluate national R&D programs in terms of economic impacts and to develop the efficient methodologies by considering follow-up evaluation. This study will be effective to demonstrate the efficiency of the methodologies based on follow-up evaluation and the necessity of the evaluation of R&D programs after wrapping the programs up. | eng_Latn | 2,196 |
The testing of brushes for life and performance under various altitude conditions | Harvey J. Finison (Equipment Laboratory, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio): One of the greatest problems in brush wear testing has been the selection of test conditions representative of service conditions. Selection of test conditions considerably more severe than actual operating conditions may result in elimination of brushes capable of giving excellent service performance, in fact, superior to those which may be selected on the basis of more severe tests. | This study investigated elementary school students’ environmental knowledge and attitudes, the effects of sociodemographic variables on environmental knowledge and attitudes, and how self‐reported environmentally friendly behaviour is related to environmental knowledge, behavioural intentions, environmental affects, and the students’ locus of control. Data were gathered by administration of the Children’s Environmental Attitudes and Knowledge Scale and Locus of Control scale to 1140 students from 18 randomly selected elementary schools located in urban areas of Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Descriptive results indicated low levels of knowledge, but favourable attitudes toward the environment. The three‐way ANOVA provided a significant main effect on students’ environmental knowledge of education level of fathers. The sex difference regarding students’ attitudes toward the environment was statistically significant in favour of girls. In addition, multiple regression analysis results showed that behavioura... | eng_Latn | 2,197 |
Developing theories and methods for practice | In this issue we carry a number of convergent papers on Theory and Methods that will contribute to the debate about “fit for purpose” academic support for practice. From the United States, Dr Roux provides a comprehensive glossary of terms for the increasingly important multilevel analysis, while Wardle and colleagues explore the use of a home affluence scale as an alternative means of assessing socioeconomic status in adolescence. ::: ::: See pages 588, 595 ::: ::: From Manchester come two complementary papers that propose the use of impact numbers in health policy decisions and in measuring the effects of interventions on population health, and McCarthy … | This “Methods to Policy†piece discusses opportunities and challenges in reconciling increased demands for evidence to be “patient-centered†with the realities of highly diverse patient circumstances, preferences, and clinical situations. | eng_Latn | 2,198 |
CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING CAN HELP ANTS SOLVING HIGHLY CONSTRAINTED COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS | A memory system includes a data storage matrix having columns and rows and a redundant storage matrix having at least one column. The columns of the storage matrix are addressed by column addresses each defining a logical column address for a data bit of a row and corresponding to a predetermined physical column of the storage matrix. The storage matrix is readable in parallel, the parallel read data being serially presented to an output port in a sequence determined by the physical order of the columns of the storage matrix. Column redundancy logic, response to a column address corresponding to a defective physical column of the storage matrix, stores a data bit in a column of the redundant storage matrix. Redundancy control logic response to the column redundancy logic operates on data parallel read from the storage matrix by column addressing, to insert the data bit stored in the redundant column between the data bits read from the data storage matrix according to its logical column address. | The majority of opiate-dependent patients in substitution treatment show additional substance-related disorders. Concomitant use of heroin, alcohol, benzodiazepines or cocaine compromises treatment success. Concomitant drug use may be treated by using contingency management (CM) which is based on learning theory. In CM, abstinence from drugs, as verified by drug screenings, is reinforced directly and contingently. Reinforcers used in CM studies with substituted patients were, amongst others, vouchers and take-home privileges. Studies in the USA show a medium average effect of CM on drug consumption rates and abstinence. The effects decrease markedly after the end of the intervention. We discuss whether CM is applicable within the German substitution treatment system and how it can be combined with other interventions such as selective detoxification treatments or cognitive-behavioural programmes. | yue_Hant | 2,199 |
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