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We report here a micro fluidic device with a controlled opening, which is used for accessing the fluid inside the micro channel from outside. The control of the reduced diameter of the opening pore is achieved by depositing a controlled Parylene layer on a starting lager opening hole. By changing the Parylene type and thickness, we can control the pore size and surface hydrophobicity. Due to the Laplace-Young's pressure induced by the surface tension of the liquid in the vicinity of the pore, the internal fluid can be pressurized without leaking through the pore.
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Here we describe the application of a recently developed high-resolution microcantilever biosensor resonating at the air–liquid interface for the continuous detection of antigen–antibody and enzyme–substrate interactions. The cantilever at the air–liquid interface demonstrated 50% higher quality factor and a 5.7-fold increase in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) compared with one immersed in the purified water. First, a label-free detection of a low molecular weight protein (insulin, 5.8 kDa) in physiological concentration was demonstrated. The liquid facing side of the cantilever was functionalized by coating its surface with insulin antibodies, while the opposite side was exposed to air. The meniscus membrane at the micro-slit around the cantilever sustained the liquid in the microchannel. After optimizing the process of surface functionalization, the resonance frequency shift was successfully measured for insulin solutions of 0.4, 2.0, and 6.3 ng ml^(−1). To demonstrate additional application of the device for monitoring enzymatic protein degradation, the liquid facing microcantilever surface was coated with human recombinant SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) and exposed to various concentrations of proteinase K solution, and the kinetics of the SOD1 digestion was continuously monitored. The results showed that it is a suitable tool for sensitive protein detection and analysis.
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Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights.
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eng_Latn
| 9,000 |
It is well known that coupling a single emitter to metallic structures modifies drastically its fluorescence properties compared to single emitter in vacuum. Depending on various parameters such as the nature of the metal or the geometry of the metallic structure, quenching or intensity enhancement as well as radiative processes acceleration are obtained through the creation of new desexcitation channels. The use of metallic random structures gives the opportunity to magnify the effect of the coupling by strongly confined electromagnetic fields. A gold film at the percolation threshold is an interesting illustration of that effect. Here, we study the influence of the method used to realize these films through two different examples. First, we show that the mean size of the gold clusters constituting the film depends on the deposition method. Even if similar optical properties (in particular far-field absorption) are exhibited by the structures, crucial differences appear in the fluorescence of single emitters when coupled to the two kinds of random gold film. Especially, we focus our attention on the creation of desexcitation channels and show that they are cluster size dependent.
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Fluorescence methods are being used increasingly in biochemical, medical, and chemical research. This is because of the inherent sensitivity of this technique. and the favorable time scale of the phenomenon of fluorescence. 8 Fluorescence emission occurs about 10- sec (10 nsec) after light absorp tion. During this period of time a wide range of molecular processes can occur, and these can effect the spectral characteristics of the fluorescent compound. This combination of sensitivity and a favorable time scale allows fluorescence methods to be generally useful for studies of proteins and membranes and their interactions with other macromolecules. This book describes the fundamental aspects of fluorescence. and the biochemical applications of this methodology. Each chapter starts with the -theoreticalbasis of each phenomenon of fluorescence, followed by examples which illustrate the use of the phenomenon in the study of biochemical problems. The book contains numerous figures. It is felt that such graphical presentations contribute to pleasurable reading and increased understand ing. Separate chapters are devoted to fluorescence polarization, lifetimes, quenching, energy transfer, solvent effects, and excited state reactions. To enhance the usefulness of this work as a textbook, problems are included which illustrate the concepts described in each chapter. Furthermore, a separate chapter is devoted to the instrumentation used in fluorescence spectroscopy. This chapter will be especially valuable for those perform ing or contemplating fluorescence measurements. Such measurements are easily compromised by failure to consider a number of simple principles."
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Management of game ungulates alters population structure and habitat features, with potential effects on genetic structure. Here, we study 26 red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in Spain. We used census data and habitat features as well as genetic information at 11 microsatellite markers from 717 individuals. We found that metapopulations presented a distribution associated with forest interruptions. Within metapopulations, fences did not have a significant effect on red deer genetic structure. The metapopulations we studied presented similar population structure, but they differed in habitat features and genetic structure. The metapopulation with higher resource availability showed a genetic structure pattern in which genetic relatedness between geographically close individuals was high while relatedness between geographically distant individuals was low. Contrarily, the metapopulation with lower resource availability presented a genetic structure pattern in which the genetic relatedness between individuals of different populations was independent of the geographic distance. We discuss the possible connection between resource availability and genetic structure. Finally, we did not find any population or environmental variable related to genetic differentiation within metapopulations.
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eng_Latn
| 9,001 |
Photonic crystal fibre constitutes an optofluidic system in which light can be efficiently coupled into a solution-phase sample, contained within the hollow core of the fibre, over long path-lengths. This provides an ideal arrangement for the highly sensitive monitoring of photochemical reactions by absorption spectroscopy. We report here the use of UV/vis spectroscopy to measure the kinetics of the photochemical and thermal cis–trans isomerisation of sub-picomole samples of two azo dyes within the 19-μm diameter core of a photonic crystal fibre, over a path length of 30 cm. Photoisomerisation quantum yields are the first reported for “push–pull” azobenzenes in solution at room temperature; such measurements are challenging because of the fast thermal isomerisation process. Rate constants obtained for thermal isomerisation are in excellent agreement with those established previously in conventional cuvette-based measurements. The high sensitivity afforded by this intra-fibre method enables measurements in solvents in which the dyes are too insoluble to permit conventional cuvette-based measurements. The results presented demonstrate the potential of photonic crystal fibres as optofluidic elements in lab-on-a-chip devices for photochemical applications.
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The immobilization and probing of liposomes within photonic crystal fibers was demonstrated for the first time. A bioactive surface was used to tether the liposomes. This bioactive surface consisted of streptavidin bound to a photochemically functionalized biotin layer. Bound streptavidin, hence, enabled the further binding of biotinylated dye-loaded liposomes. In-fiber fluorescence spectroscopy was used to quantify the streptavidin coverage density. The same method was also used to characterize the surface-tethered liposomes. The further observation of a unique phenomenon—photobleaching dequenching—was used for the first time as an indication of liposomal content retention. This indicated no rupturing of liposomes, highlighting them as bioderived analogues to dye-doped nanoparticles. The demonstrated integration of liposomes with optical waveguides shows potential as a biointegrated photonic device.
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We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.
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eng_Latn
| 9,002 |
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) is an emerging label-free optical microscopic imaging technology. It utilizes the planar surface plasmon resonance effect to visualize the optical mass of individual nano-objects. On the basis of appropriate optical-to-electrochemical conversion models, electrochemical current associated with individual nanoparticles can be quantitatively resolved from SPRM images recorded during electrochemical reactions, allowing for cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analysis at single nanoparticle level. More importantly, the spatial resolution of SPRM further enables us to investigate the structure–activity relationship in a bottom-up manner by correlating the structure (from electron microscopes) and the electrochemical activity (from SPRM) of the very same individuals. In this mini-review, we summarize our recent work on using SPRM to study the electrochemical activities of single nanoparticles, and provide our opinions on the challenges and future research directions in this field.
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Optical modeling coupled to experiments show that a microscope operating in reflection mode allows imaging, through solutions or even a microfluidic cover, various kinds of nanoparticles, NPs, over a (reflecting) sensing surface, here a gold (Au) surface. Optical modeling suggests that this configuration enables the interferometric imaging of single NPs which can be characterized individually from local change in the surface reflectivity. The interferometric detection improves the optical limit of detection compared to classical configurations exploiting only the light scattered by the NPs. The method is then tested experimentally, to monitor in situ and in real time, the collision of single Brownian NPs, or optical nanoimpacts, with an Au-sensing surface. First, mimicking a microfluidic biosensor platform, the capture of 300 nm FeOx maghemite NPs from a convective flow by a surface-functionalized Au surface is dynamically monitored. Then, the adsorption or bouncing of individual dielectric (100 nm polystyrene) or metallic (40 and 60 nm silver) NPs is observed directly through the solution. The influence of the electrolyte on the ability of NPs to repetitively bounce or irreversibly adsorb onto the Au surface is evidenced. Exploiting such visualization mode of single-NP optical nanoimpacts is insightful for comprehending single-NP electrochemical studies relying on NP collision on an electrode (electrochemical nanoimpacts).
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Both acquired and intrinsic mechanisms play a crucial role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance. Many clinically relevant resistance mechanisms result from changes in gene expression, namely multidrug efflux pump overproduction, AmpC β-lactamase induction or derepression, and inactivation or repression of the carbapenem-specific porin OprD. Changes in gene expression are usually assessed using reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. Here, we evaluated label-free Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM)-based mass spectrometry to directly quantify proteins involved in antibiotic resistance. We evaluated the label-free SRM using a defined set of P. aeruginosa isolates with known resistance mechanisms and compared it with RT-qPCR. Referring to efflux systems, we found a more robust relative quantification of antibiotic resistance mechanisms by SRM than RT-qPCR. The SRM-based approach was applied to a set of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates to detect antibiotic resistance proteins. This multiplexed SRM-based approach is a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of resistance mechanisms and we demonstrate its relevance for antibiotic resistance prediction.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,003 |
Pyrylium ions are useful reagents to selectively modify the amino group of protein lysine residues. This property was exploited here to label proteins with chromium tricarbonyl complexes in the form of 4-benchrotrenyl pyridinium ions. Kinetic studies of the reaction of a series of benchrotrenyl pyrylium salts with water and n-butylamine were performed and revealed that the overall reactivity of these compounds was highly dependent on their substitution pattern. These compounds could find application in protein X-ray crystallography.
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Electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) are promising materials for rapid diagnostic tests like lateral flow assays and dipsticks because they offer an immense surface area while excluding minimal volume, a variety of functional surface groups, and can entrap functional additives within their interior. Here, we show that ENFs on sample pads are superior in comparison to standard polymer membranes for the optical detection of biogenic amines (BAs) in food using a dipstick format. Specifically, cellulose acetate (CA) fibers doped with 2 mg/mL of the chromogenic and fluorogenic amine-reactive chameleon dye Py-1 were electrospun into uniform anionic mats. Those extract cationic BAs from real samples and Py-1 transduces BA concentrations into a change of color, reflectance, and fluorescence. Dropping a BA sample onto the nanofiber mat converts the weakly fluorescent pyrylium dye Py-1 into a strongly red emitting pyridinium dye. For the first time, a simple UV lamp excites fluorescence and a digital camera acts as detector. The intensity ratio of the red to the blue channel of the digital image is dependent on the concentration of most relevant BAs indicating food spoilage from 10 to 250 μM. This matches the permitted limits for BAs in foods and no false positive signals arise from secondary and tertiary amines. BA detection in seafood samples was also demonstrated successfully. The nanofiber mat dipsticks were up to sixfold more sensitive than those using a polymer membrane with the same dye embedded. Hence, nanofiber-based tests are not only superior to polymer-based dipstick assays, but will also improve the performance of established tests related to food safety, medical diagnostics, and environmental testing.
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Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights.
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eng_Latn
| 9,004 |
Little information is available on the reaction products of formaldehyde (FA) with milk components. An isoelectric focusing (IEF) method was developed which detected a unique protein band with pi = 6.7 in defatted Grana Padano cheese samples prepared with FA. The quantity of FA (ppm) added to milk may be extrapolated by calculating the amount of protein associated with this band. The IEF method was rapid, simple, highly specifiC., sensitive, reproducible, inexpensive and easy to utilized in routine controls.
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A simple GC-MS method has been developed and validated for the direct determination of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). The separation of HMT was performed using a MXT-1 column. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.1-25 μg/mL, with a good correlation coefficient (r =0.9996). The recoveries of HMT from foods spiked at 1, 5, and 10 μg/g ranged from 91.7% to 115.2%. Intra-day (n=5) and inter-day (n=5) precision were less than 7%. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification of the method were 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. The uncertainties associated with food matrix and calibration contributed most to the overall expanded uncertainty. The method validation data indicated that quantitative method could be applied to the direct determination of non-hydrolyzed HMT in foods.
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We present a particle-in-cell (PIC) method using a nonhomogeneous immersed-finite-element (IFE) field solver for modeling dielectric surface charging of complex-shaped objects in plasmas. The IFE solver allows PIC codes using a Cartesian mesh applied to simulations involving arbitrarily shaped objects with a similar accuracy as that using a body-fitting mesh. The object surface is treated as an interface. Surface charging is calculated directly from charge deposition at the interface, and the electrostatic fields on both sides of the interface are resolved self-consistently. The capability of the nonhomogeneous IFE-PIC method is demonstrated by a simulation study of the charging of an irregular-shaped asteroid in the solar wind.
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eng_Latn
| 9,005 |
: The objective of the proposed work was to develop a range of new separation and purification media based on ligand imprinting techniques to generate ligand binding sites on silica-immobilized proteins for specifically targeted compounds. Ligand imprinting take advantage of our ability to manipulate the dynamical properties of proteins using water as a plasticizer.
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Research activities in smart materials at the Army Research Office (ARO), over the past decade is briefly reviewed. Status of the current program is discussed. The current symposia is previewed and a look to the future needs and opportunities for smart materials research is presented.
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Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child.
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eng_Latn
| 9,006 |
A thin layer of TiO 2 film was deposited on ITO surface via the liquid phase deposition (LPD) process. The photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicated that the as-prepared LPD TiO 2 /ITO film had an excellent photoelectrochemical performance, which showed a sensitive and rapid response to the UV irradiation. The photogenerated electron-hole pairs could be effectively separated by applying an external bias to the TiO 2 film electrode. The LPD TiO 2 /ITO film was employed to study the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 4-aminoantipyrine. Compared with other techniques, the PEC technique based on such a LPD film electrode had a synergetic effect for 4-aminoantipyrine degradation. When the applied bias potential was +0.8 V and the supporting electrolyte concentration of Na 2 SO 4 was 0.1 mol/L, the highest degradation efficiency within 120 min could reach 95% for 0.1 mmol/L 4-aminoantipyrine solution at pH 2.0.
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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), on the basis of photoelectrochemical reactions, constitute a good alternative for treating wastewaters contaminated with refractory organic compounds such as dyes. For this purpose, different approaches have been explored to develop novel photoanodes that can be efficiently used in these systems. In this context, this study deals with a comparison of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition on flat glass and on silica optical fiber (SiO2 core, 600 µm diameter) substrates. Characterization data reveal that nanostructured ITO thin films with resistivity values from 4.4×10-2 to 5.6×10-4 Ω·cm were obtained. To build the photoanode, the ITO thin films were coated with a TiO2 layer deposited by using the electrophoretic method. The prepared TiO2/ITO bilayers on optical fibers showed a better photocatalytic performance than those deposited on flat glass substrates according to TOC and color removal measurements from dye conta...
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In this paper, it is shown that pure chitosan nanofibers and films were prepared with success in 0.5 M acetic acid as solvent using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) at different yields, allowing electrospinning of the blends. After processing, a neutralization step of chitosan followed by water washing is performed, preserving the initial morphology of chitosan materials. The influence of the yield in PEO in the blend on the degree of swelling and hydrophilicity of films and nanofibers is demonstrated. Then, the mechanical behavior of blended nanofibers and films used as reference are determined for small stress applied in the linear domain by DMA and by uniaxial traction up to rupture. The dried and wet states are covered for the first time. It is shown that the mechanical properties are increased when electrospinning is performed in the presence of PEO up to a 70/30 chitosan/PEO weight ratio even after PEO extraction. This result can be explained by a better dispersion of the chitosan in the presence of PEO.
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eng_Latn
| 9,007 |
We report on a sapphire fiber Raman imaging probe’s use for challenging applications where access is severely restricted. Small-dimension Raman probes have been developed previously for various clinical applications because they show great capability for diagnosing disease states in bodily fluids, cells, and tissues. However, applications of these sub-millimeter diameter Raman probes were constrained by two factors: first, it is difficult to incorporate filters and focusing optics at such small scale; second, the weak Raman signal is often obscured by strong background noise from the fiber probe material, especially the most commonly used silica, which has a strong broad background noise in low wavenumbers (<500-1700 cm−1). Here, we demonstrate the thinnest-known imaging Raman probe with a 60 μm diameter Sapphire multimode fiber in which both excitation and signal collection pass through. This probe takes advantage of the low fluorescence and narrow Raman peaks of Sapphire, its inherent high temperature and corrosion resistance, and large numerical aperture (NA). Raman images of Polystyrene beads, carbon nanotubes, and CaSO4 agglomerations are obtained with a spatial resolution of 1 μm and a field of view of 30 μm. Our imaging results show that single polystyrene bead (~15 µm diameter) can be differentiated from a mixture with CaSO4 agglomerations, which has a close Raman shift.
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Considerable interest has been shown in fiber Raman probes as powerful tools for in situ biomedical diagnosis and monitoring processes in the materials industry. Miniaturization and high spatial resolution are required for less invasive measurements with accurate locations. In analysis of organs, widespread visible excitation light produces problematic fluorescence backgrounds. Here, we report an ultrafine fiber Raman probe that is thinner than the needle of a mosquito (labrum: 50–80 μm in diameter) with high spatial resolution (23 μm) and with a function of fluorescence background reduction. Due to the fineness and resolution, the distribution of ions in an electrolyte solution in narrow spaces could be measured. Backgrounds in spectra of liquid containing fluorescent impurity were reduced by using the probe. The probe has wide applicability for noninvasive in situ molecular diagnosis of organs and small devices.
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By using a superluminescent diode as the light source and a depolariser inside the fibre coil, a constant scale factor is achieved without using polarisation control elements. For long-term behaviour an RMS-bias drift of 10 degrees/h is obtained.
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eng_Latn
| 9,008 |
The applications of nanoparticles in optical techniques of diagnosis and treatment of biological tissues are increasing. Image contrast can be improved in diagnostic approaches such as fluorescence, spectroscopy or optical coherence tomography. The therapeutic effect can be increased if nanoparticles are previously incorporated in the biological tissue. This is the case in thermotherapy, or in Photodynamic Therapy. All these applications take advantage of specific properties of the nanoparticles involved, either optical up- or down-conversion, thermal confinement or the ability to act as a drug-carrier. Although many biomedical applications that involve nanoparticles are being proposed and tested, there is a need to take into account the influence of those nanoparticles on optical radiation propagation. The previously mentioned optical treatment and diagnosis techniques assume a particular optical propagation pattern, which is altered by the addition of nanoparticles. This change depends on the nanoparticle material, shape, size and concentration, among other parameters. In order to try to quantify these changes, in this work several phantoms that include different nanoparticles are analyzed, in order to estimate the influence of nanoparticles in optical propagation. A theoretical model of optical propagation, which takes into account the absorption and scattering changes in the medium, is also considered. Nanoparticles of different sizes from 40 nm to 1 μm are analyzed. Nanoparticle materials of interest in biomedical applications are employed. The results are relevant in diagnosis interpretation of images and treatment outcome evaluation when nanoparticles are present.
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A Monte Carlo model of steady-state light transport in multi-layered tissues (MCML) has been coded in ANSI Standard C; therefore, the program can be used on various computers. Dynamic data allocation is used for MCML, hence the number of tissue layers and grid elements of the grid system can be varied by users at run time. The coordinates of the simulated data for each grid element in the radial and angular directions are optimized. Some of the MCML computational results have been verified with those of other theories or other investigators. The program, including the source code, has been in the public domain since 1992.
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We report enhancement of the mechanical stability of graphene through a one-step method to disperse gold nanoparticles on the pristine graphene without any added agent.
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eng_Latn
| 9,009 |
Quantum dots (QDs) interaction with living organisms is of central interest due to their various biological and medical applications. One of the most important mechanisms proposed for various silicon nanoparticle-mediated toxicity is oxidative stress. We investigated the basic processes of cellular damage by oxidative stress and tissue injury following QD accumulation in the gibel carp liver after intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight Si/SiO2 QDs after 1, 3, and 7 days from their administration.
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The successful development of highly sensitive, water-compatible, nontoxic nanoprobes has allowed nanomaterials to be widely employed in various applications. The applicability of highly bright quantum dot (QD)-based probes consisting of QDs on 120 nm silica nanoparticles (NPs) with silica shells is investigated. Their substantial merits, such as their brightness and biocompatibility, for effective bioimaging are demonstrated. Silica-coated, QD-embedded silica NPs (Si@QDs@Si NPs) containing QDs composed of CdSe@ZnS (core-shell) are prepared to compare their structure-based advantages over single QDs that have a similar quantum yield (QY). These Si@QDs@Si NPs exhibit approximately 200-times stronger photoluminescence (PL) than single QDs. Cytotoxicity studies reveal that the Si@QDs@Si NPs are less toxic than equivalent numbers of silica-free single quantum dots. The excellence of the Si@QDs@Si NPs with regard to in vivo applications is illustrated by significantly enhanced fluorescence signals from Si@QDs@Si-NP-tagged cells implanted in mice. Notably, a more advanced version of QD-based silica NPs (Si@mQDs@Si NPs), containing multishell quantum dots (mQDs) composed of CdSe@CdS@ZnS, are prepared without significant loss of QY during surface modification. In addition, the Si@mQDs@Si NPs display a fivefold higher fluorescence activity than the Si@QDs@Si NPs. As few as 400 units of Si@mQDs@Si- NP-internalized cells can be detected in the cell-implanted mouse model.
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We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.
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eng_Latn
| 9,010 |
In recent years, foodborne pathogens have become a significant concern due to increasing numbers of outbreaks and the resulting fatalities and economic losses. In addition to improving hygienic practices in food production and preparation, improvement in pathogen testing is urgently needed. Conventional culture-based methods are lengthy, involve multiple steps, and lack sensitivity. Even the so-called antibody- or nucleic acid-based “rapid methods” require a minimum of 24–48 h to complete. Faster and more sensitive detection methods are needed, and biosensor-based methods have the capacity to meet that need. In this review, we describe developments in the area of select sensors that show promise for foodborne pathogen detection, including Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR), light scattering, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber optic, microfluidic protein biochip, and mammalian cell-based sensors. FTIR and light-scattering sensors are considered label-free methods since they do not require any probes or labeling reagents. SPR is a semi-label-free method since it requires recognition molecules such as antibodies, nucleic acids, aptamers, or bacteriophages for detection. The remaining methods require labeling reagents and probes. Application and utilization of these biosensors in pathogen detection are also highlighted. ::: ::: ::: Keywords: ::: ::: foodborne pathogen; ::: biosensor; ::: FTIR; ::: fiber optic sensor; ::: light-scattering sensor; ::: biochip; ::: cell-based biosensor
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We investigated the presence and related signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rod-shaped bacteria on a produce surface using elastic scattering. The theoretical noise was defined as a scattering signal from a rough produce surface while the signal was defined as a scattering signal from the increasing numbers of rod-shaped bacteria on the produce surface. In this research, we measured the surface topography of a tomato using BioAFM to provide the quantitative nature of the surface roughness which was, in turn, modeled with the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) for an accurate estimation of the background scattering signature. Then we included the DDA model of rod-shaped bacteria and calculated the combined elastic scattering signature in the upper hemispherical space with different polarizations, wavelengths, and incident angles. The total scattering cross-section (TSC) and partial scattering cross-section (PSC) were both computed on six predefined aperture locations. The results indicate that, upon proper selection of the wavelength and incident angle, it was possible to provide the minimum number of bacteria (~32) to provide a differentiable elastic scattering signal from the produce surface.
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Soliton-based MIR supercontinuum generation between 1.2 μm and 2.4 μm is presented using a highly nonlinear CS2-core optical fiber and a 430 fs Tm-based pump source.
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eng_Latn
| 9,011 |
Photoelectron spectroscopy of microjets expanded into vacuum allows access to orbital energies for solute or solvent molecules in the liquid phase. Microjets of water, acetonitrile and alcohols have previously been studied; however, it has been unclear whether jets of low temperature molecular solvents could be realized. Here we demonstrate a stable 20 μm jet of liquid ammonia (−60 °C) in a vacuum, which we use to record both valence and core-level band photoelectron spectra using soft X-ray synchrotron radiation. Significant shifts from isolated ammonia in the gas-phase are observed, as is the liquid-phase photoelectron angular anisotropy. Comparisons with spectra of ammonia in clusters and the solid phase, as well as spectra for water in various phases potentially reveal how hydrogen bonding is reflected in the condensed phase electronic structure.
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A state-of-the-art experimental setup for soft X-ray photo- and Auger-electron spectroscopy from liquid phase has been built for operation at the synchrotron-light facility BESSY II, Berlin. The experimental station is named SOL3, which is derived from solid, solution, and solar, and refers to the aim of studying solid-liquid interfaces, optionally irradiated by photons in the solar spectrum. SOL3 is equipped with a high-transmission hemispherical electron analyzer for detecting electrons emitted from small molecular aggregates, nanoparticles, or biochemical molecules and their components in (aqueous) solutions, either in vacuum or in an ambient pressure environment. In addition to conventional energy-resolved electron detection, SOL3 enables detection of electron angular distributions by the combination of a ±11° acceptance angle of the electron analyzer and a rotation of the analyzer in the polarization plane of the incoming synchrotron-light beam. The present manuscript describes the technical features of SOL3, and we also report the very first measurements of soft-X-ray photoemission spectra from a liquid microjet of neat liquid water and of TiO2-nanoparticle aqueous solution obtained with this new setup, highlighting the necessity for state-of-the-art electron detection.
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Addresses the problem of generating a neural-network based virtual sensor particularly in circumstances where the available information is insufficient to train a neural network. An approach is proposed that involves the modeling of an alternative relationship and an a priori knowledge from which the unmeasured variable may be determined. To effect this, a recurrent neural network is trained that predicts a measurable variable. Furthermore, a mathematical relationship that determines the unmeasured variable based on the prediction and a knowledge from the physical insight is established. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is adopted to estimate the unmeasured variable online. A simulation model of a process analyzer, whose purpose is to estimate ammonium concentration in wastewater, is considered to demonstrate the approach. The estimation of the ammonium concentration is based on the prediction error between the output of an off-line trained recurrent network and a measured ammonia concentration. Furthermore, a knowledge about the relationship between the unmeasured and measured input variables with regard to their effect on the output variable is incorporated in the estimation algorithm. A calibration procedure is carried out to gain training data for the neural network.
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eng_Latn
| 9,012 |
Using DNA aptamer and guanine chemiluminescene detection, we developed a highly sensitive biosensor for the rapid quantification and monitoring of Hg2+ in drinking water. The random coil structure of DNA aptamer was transformed to a hairpin-link thymine (T)–Hg2+–T complex, closed by the hybridization of guanine and cytosine of DNA aptamer, in the presence of Hg2+ in drinking water. The brightness of light, emitted from the reaction between guanine of the DNA aptamer and 3,4,5-trimethoxyl phenylglyoxal hydrate (TMPG) in the presence of tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide (TPA) and O2, exponentially decreased with the increase of Hg2+ due to the transformation of DNA aptamer. The sensitivity of the biosensor was dependent on the incubation time for forming the hairpin-link T–Hg2+–T complex closed by the hybridization of guanine and cytosine of the DNA aptamer. The sensitivity of the biosensor was the highest when DNA aptamer was incubated with Hg2+ for 20 min at room temperature (21 ± 2 °C). The sensitivity of the biosensor generated with incubation longer than 20 min was not as good as that operated with a 20 min incubation because the dehybridization of guanine and cytosine of DNA aptamer is predominant after 20 min. The limit of detection (LOD = CL0 − 3σ) of the biosensor operated with a 20 minute incubation was as low as 2.11 nM. Also, the accuracy, precision, and recovery of the time-dependent biosensor were good within a statistically acceptable error range.
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A cost-effective and simple biosensor was developed for the accurate and rapid monitoring of norovirus GII in a sample. The modified DNA aptamer, 5 guanines linked to conventional DNA aptamer, designed for the research, was able to rapidly capture norovirus GII in tap water as well artificial urine. In addition, the extra guanines of the modified DNA aptamer enhanced the sensitivity of biosensor with guanine chemiluminescence detection based on the principle of intra chemiluminescent resonance transfer (Intra-CRET). This is because additional high-energy intermediates formed from the reaction of extra guanines and 3, 4, 5-trimethoxylphenylglyoxal (TMPG) were able to directly transfer energy to 6-carboxylfluorescein (6-FAM) to emit bright chemiluminescence. The biosensor operated without time-consuming and tedious procedures (e.g., sample pretreatment, long and multiple incubations, washings) was able to accurately quantify trace levels of norovirus GII capsid with excellent specificity and reproducibility. The limit of detection (LOD = 3σ) of the biosensor for norovirus GII capsids in tap water was as low as 80 ng/ml. It is expected that the new technology confirmed while developing the biosensor can be applied to devise alternative biosensors capable of rapidly quantifying various food-borne pathogens in a sample.
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We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.
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eng_Latn
| 9,013 |
A custom-designed silicon-based 50-GHz interconnect is integrated for packaging demonstrations of broadband optoelectronic (OE) applications in silicon optical microbench technology. The half-shielded (or partially shielded) 0.5-cm interconnect has 25-dB isolation and 0.9-dB transmission loss over 50 GHz. When implemented in this packaged architecture, the nature of the interconnect minimizes coupling and eliminates the need for an external test fixture that is prevalent in a more conventional approach. The interconnect is further demonstrated in a multiport electrical package to illustrate the potential of this architecture up to 40-Gb data rates, and the resulting package has insertion loss less than 5 dB at 50 GHz.
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Demand for a compact cost reduced optical transceiver has arisen. Small form factor (SFF) optical transceivers are expected to meet this demand. A new concept optical module based on V-grooved silicon optical bench (SiOB) technology, that enables a passive alignment of optical fibers and optical devices is expected to reduce the cost. MT-RJ SFF optical transceivers require this new packaging technique because the distance between input and output optical axes is shorter than conventional transceivers. However, crosstalk between a transmitter and a receiver is a big issue to be solved because the distance between optical axes of the laser diode (LD) and the photo diode (PD) is only 0.75 mm. It is difficult to reduce the crosstalk in a SiOB because large electromagnetic coupling exists due to the conductivity of a silicon substrate. A newly developed, low crosstalk optical subassembly (OSA) with a single mode fiber MT-RJ receptacle and the SFF transceiver module are reported. We have analyzed a mechanism of electrical crosstalk in a SiOB and developed a shield structure to reduce it. The crosstalk in the OSA with shielded SiOB was reduced over 20 dB compared to the unshielded SiOB.
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While it is well known that the engagement of IgG Fc receptors on the macrophage surface triggers a number of cellular responses, including particle ingestion, secretion, and respiratory burst activity, the mechanism of signal transmission following ligand binding remains poorly understood. To acquire more data in this area, we studied the electrical properties of the macrophage membrane and its response to oligomeric immunoglobulin G (IgG) using the patch-clamp technique on human alveolar macrophages that were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and maintained in short-term tissue culture. The results showed that cell resting potentials, as determined from whole-cell tight seal recordings, increased from -15 mV on the day of plating to -56 mV after the first day in culture and remained stable at this hyperpolarized level. Macrophages revealed an input resistance of 3.3 G omega, independent of age in culture. Extracellular application of heat-aggregated human IgG to cells voltage-clamped at -70 mV resulted in peak inward currents of approximately 470 pA. We identified an IgG-dependent, nonselective channel in both cell-attached and isolated membrane patches, with a unitary conductance of approximately 350 pS and a predominant subconductance level of 235 pS in symmetrical NaCl solutions. Single channel open times were observed to be in the range of seconds and, in addition, were dependent upon membrane voltage. Channel opening involved transitions between a number of kinetic states and subconductance levels. Channel events recorded in cell-attached patches showed characteristic exponential relaxations, which implied a variation in membrane potential as a result of a single ion channel opening. These data suggest that the IgG-dependent nonselective cation channel that we have characterized may provide the link between Fc receptor engagement and subsequent cellular activation.
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eng_Latn
| 9,014 |
Time-resolved and spatially offset Raman spectroscopies have previously been demonstrated for depth analysis through strongly scattering, non-transparent materials. In this study, several series of tissue phantoms were created with varied compositions and thicknesses to compare the potential of these different Raman techniques for biomedical applications. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phantoms were made with TiO2 particles suspended as a scattering agent, mimicking the scattering properties of biological tissues. The phantom layers contained embedded biomineral simulating inclusions (sphere or layer-shaped) with varied carbonate to phosphate ratios. The tissue phantoms were studied using Time Resolved Raman Spectroscopy (TRRS), Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS), and their combination, using a single instrumental setup with picosecond pulsed excitation at 720 nm and two different detectors. A comparison is made of the efficiency of these techniques to resolve chemical information from these heterogeneous scattering phantom samples. Measurements with continuous wave detection were found to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio than with TRRS, and in SORS measurements ratios of target to matrix signal were found to vary depending on the structural geometry and optical properties of the phantoms. Anomalous SORS behaviour, in which the relative contribution from the target decreases with offset, was observed in cases where the target was highly scattering and the top layer was relatively transparent. Time gating with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector can yield more direct information on the depth of the hidden material.
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The ability to probe fresh tissue is a key feature to biomedical Raman spectroscopy. However, it is unclear how Raman spectra of calcified tissues are affected by freezing. In this study, six transverse sections of femoral cortical bone were subjected to multiple freeze∕thaw cycles and probed using a custom Raman microscope. Significant decreases were observed in the amide I and amide III bands starting after two freeze thaw cycles. Raman band intensities arising from proline residues of frozen tissue appeared consistent with fresh tissue after four cycles. Crystallinity values of bone mineral diminished slightly with freezing and were noticeable after only one freezing. Mineral carbonate levels did not deviate significantly with freezing and thawing. The authors recommend freezing and thawing bone tissue only once to maintain accurate results.
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We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.
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eng_Latn
| 9,015 |
We demonstrate the use of a laser trap (‘optical tweezers’) and back-focal-plane position detector to measure rapid rotation in aqueous solution of single particles with sizes in the vicinity of 1 μm. Two types of rotation were measured: electrorotation of polystyrene microspheres and rotation of the flagellar motor of the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus. In both cases, speeds in excess of 1000 Hz (rev s−1) were measured. Polystyrene beads of diameter about 1 μm labelled with smaller beads were held at the centre of a microelectrode array by the optical tweezers. Electrorotation of the labelled beads was induced by applying a rotating electric field to the solution using microelectrodes. Electrorotation spectra were obtained by varying the frequency of the applied field and analysed to obtain the surface conductance of the beads. Single cells of V. alginolyticus were trapped and rotation of the polar sodium-driven flagellar motor was measured. Cells rotated more rapidly in media containing higher ...
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Green biflagellated microalgae have proven to be of interest in biotechnology and biomedicine due to the production of lipids, carotenoids, and other components that have an environment dependent yield. In this work, we use back focal plane interferometry to obtain information about the behavior of microalgae held by an optical trap under different conditions. It has been observed that the elongated body of a microalga entering an optical trap will align along the beam axis and rotate counter-clockwise. The rotation is produced by the beating flagella, as we conclude from our observation of non-rotation of deflagellated or photodamaged cells. The dependence of rotation frequency on growth phase of the microalgae and on optical trapping power is investigated. To study these effects, each cell is held in the optical trap, and the laser light transmitted by the sample is collected with a microscope objective. Then, the back focal plane of the collection objective is imaged onto a quadrant photodiode. The voltage outputs of the photodiode are then recorded with a computer through the use of a custom Arduino circuit, and written to a text file for post-processing.
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Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights.
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eng_Latn
| 9,016 |
A simultaneous measurement technique for the velocity and pH distribution was developed by using a confocal microscope and a 3CCD color camera for investigations of a chemical reacting flow field in a microchannel. Micron-resolution particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence were utilized for the velocity and pH measurement, respectively. The present study employed fluorescent particles with 1 μm diameter and Fluorescein sodium salt whose fluorescent intensity increases with an increase in pH value over the range of pH 5.0–9.0. The advantages of the present system are to separate the fluorescence of particles from that of dye by using the 3CCD color camera and to provide the depth resolution of 5.0 μm by the confocal microscope. The measurement uncertainties of the velocity and pH measurements were estimated to be 5.5 μm/s and pH 0.23, respectively. Two aqueous solutions at different pH values were introduced into a T-shaped microchannel. The mixing process in the junction area was investigated by the present technique, and the effect of the chemical reaction on the pH gradient was discussed by a comparison between the proton concentration profiles obtained from the experimental pH distribution and those calculated from the measured velocity data. For the chemical reacting flow with the buffering action, the profiles from the numerical simulation showed smaller gradients compared with those from the experiments, because the production or extinction of protons was yielded by the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the convection of protons was evaluated from the velocity and pH distribution and compared with the diffusion. It is found that the ratio between the diffusion and convection is an important factor to investigate the mixing process in the microfluidic device with chemical reactions.
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The present paper summarizes our recent research in combined laser-based measurement techniques for investigating micro- and nanoscale transport phenomena. Micrometer-resolution particle image velocimetry has been combined with the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique in order to simultaneously analyze velocity and scalar fields. The measurement system is based on confocal microscopy to realize a depth resolution of approximately 2 m, and we have applied this technique to liquid–liquid mixing flows, gas–liquid two-phase flows, gas permeation phenomena through membranes, and surface-modified microchannel flow. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the electrostatic potential at a solid–liquid interface (i.e., zeta potential), the LIF technique was extended by evanescent wave illumination, and only the fluorescent dye within approximately 100 nm of the microchannel wall was irradiated. The extended LIF technique was applied to microdevices with a surface modification pattern, and the zeta-potential distri...
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We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero.
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eng_Latn
| 9,017 |
Two-dimensional electronic systems play a crucial role in modern electronics and offer a multitude of opportunities to study the fundamental phenomena at low dimensional physics. A quantum well heterostructure based on polyaniline (P) and iodine doped polyaniline (I) thin films were fabricated using radio frequency plasma polymerization on indium tin oxide coated glass plate. Scanning probe microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies were employed to study the morphology and roughness of the polymer thin films. Local electronic density of states (LDOS) of the P‐I‐P heterostructures is probed using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS). A step like LDOS is observed in the P‐I‐P heterostructure and is attributed to the quantum well confinement of electrons in the polymer heterostructure. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
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Theory photochromics and electrochromics piezoelectric and pyroelectronic materials liquid crystals and devices organics for nonlinear optics conducting polymers charge transfer complexes LB films magnetism ion transport/biological systems biosensors biomolecular optoelectronics STM/APM molecular electronic logic and architectures molecular MBE.
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Polyamines (PAs) are natural compounds involved in many growth and developmental processes in plants, and, specifically in fruits, play a vital role regulating its development, ripening and senescence processes. Putrescine (PUT), spermine (SPE), and spermidine (SPD) are prominent PAs applied exogenously to extend shelf life of fruits. They also originate endogenously during developmental phases of horticultural crops and simultaneously affect the quality attributes and shelf life. Their anti-ethylene nature is being exploited to enhance the shelf life when exogenously applied on fruits. In growth and development of fruits, PA levels generally fall, which marks the beginning of senescence at postharvest phase. PUT, SPE and SPD treatments are being applied during postharvest phase to prolong the shelf life. They enhance the shelf life of fruits by reducing respiration rate, ethylene release and enhance firmness and quality attributes in fruits. PAs have a mitigating impact on biotic and abiotic stresses including chilling injury (CI) in tropical and sub-tropical fruits. PAs are environment friendly in nature and are biodegradable without showing any negative effect on environment. Biotechnological interventions by using chimeric gene constructs of PA encoding genes has boosted the research to develop transgenic fruits and vegetables which would possess inherent or in situ mechanism of enhanced biosynthesis of PAs at different stages of development and thereby will enhance the shelf life and quality in fruits. Internal and external quality attributes of fruits are improved by modulation of antioxidant system and by strengthening biophysical morphology of fruits by electrostatic interaction between PAs and phospholipids in the cell wall.
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eng_Latn
| 9,018 |
Highly sensitive electrochemical luminescence determination of thiamine
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Abstract A highly sensitive electrochemical luminescence (ECL) method has been developed for the determination of thiamine based on electrochemically oxidizing thiamine with rhodamine B as a sensitizer. A weak ECL signal of thiamine was electrochemically generated on a platinum electrode in an alkaline solution and strongly enhanced in the presence of rhodamine B. Under the condition of 0.10 mM rhodamine B, 6 mM CTMAB and 0.36 M sodium hydroxide, the response to the concentration of thiamine is linear range from 0.1 μg ml −1 to 2 μg ml −1 and a detection limit of 0.08 μg ml −1 can be achieved. This method has been successfully applied to the determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. The energy transfer ECL scheme is also postulated.
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This paper describes the use of a thermochromic material (2,4,5-triphenylimidazole or also called Lophine) for the fabrication of temperature optical fiber sensors. First, an experimental study of this material at different temperatures is presented and subsequently its behavior in two different schemes (variations of the reflected optical power and of the transmitted optical power) is analyzed. The characterization of both low cost sensors is discussed comparing the experimental results and analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, all the measurements taken were immune to humidity obtaining ideal sensors for monitoring the temperature of the water in several applications.
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eng_Latn
| 9,019 |
Use of β-cyclodextrin bonded phase with s-triazine moiety in the spacer for separation of aromatic carboxylic acid isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography
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Abstract The separation and retention behavior of five aromatic carboxylic acid isomers was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a β-cyclodextrin bonded phase with s -triazine ring in the spacer. The influence of mobile phase pH on the retention was examined. The presence of s -triazine moiety in the spacer enhances greatly the selectivity of the isomers of aromatic carboxylic acids. Baseline separations of the five aromatic carboxylic acid isomers were achieved. In particular, the isomers of toluic, aminobenzoic, nitrobenzoic and hydroxybenzoic acid were successfully and effectively separated. The chromatographic results indicate that, in addition to inclusion complexation, π–π interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction between the bonded phase and analytes play significant roles in the retention of these acid isomers. Different elution orders were observed for these acidic solutes with different substituents. Possible retention mechanisms are discussed.
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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eng_Latn
| 9,020 |
Chemiresistive metal-stabilized thiyl radical films as highly selective ethylene sensors
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A highly selective chemiresistive ethylene sensor based on reversible and selective ligand-centered substrate binding to a metal-stabilized thiyl radical has been developed. The solid-state device efficiently differentiates between ethylene and other alkene analytes. The sensor is prepared by simple dropcast deposition of the complex as a film across a microgap gold electrode.
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Interfaces are ubiquitous in important natural and manmade materials. Research evidence has shown that interface chemistry, structure, and thickness together strongly influence material microstructure and mechanical properties. The focus of the present work is on presenting an experiment based theoretic advancement to predict thickness dependent elastic properties of materials interfaces by treating the interfaces and the area around them in a material as an elastic continuum. The experiments are based on the nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy (NMRS) developed by authors earlier with a capability to simultaneously measure stress components in orthogonal directions during an in-situ nanomechanical loading. An analytical model is developed based on boundary conditions of interface to predict thickness dependent interface elastic constants. The interface elastic constants are compared with the relations provided in literature.
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eng_Latn
| 9,021 |
Nano Molecular Motor of Azo Antibiotics on Edge-Carboxylated Graphene: A UV and Visible-Switchable Sensors
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In this work, halogenated azobenzene and alpha cyclodexterin (αCD) are simulated as an axle and a wheel respectively, while the edge carboxylated graphene sheet (ECG) is a stopper. Azobenzene onto αCD and combination with ECG can be used such a non-covalent system for photo-isomer-controlled machine. It has been exhibited a new system of molecular motor which works like a hinge motion, and has introduced as light-driven molecular hinges. The αCD ring in the system can be reversibly switched through irradiation of wide range of UV and visible lights. Various sensors can be simulated to predict a model for applying the drug delivery of those antibiotics which cannot be used through straight injection.
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We have investigated the impact of organic contaminants from the environment on the electrical characteristics of gate oxides by evaluation of electrical characteristics of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following thermodesorption (TD-GC/MS) analysis of organic species adsorbed on silicon surfaces. It was found that organic contaminants from the environment adsorbed on silicon surfaces deteriorate gate oxide reliability; the increase in both breakdown and infant failure of gate oxides is enhanced by organic contaminants from the environment and depends on gate oxide thickness and the kind of silicon substrate. These results are useful for clarifying the deterioration mechanism of gate oxides caused by organic contaminants on silicon surfaces.
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eng_Latn
| 9,022 |
Electrical and dielectric analysis of lithium chloride mixed sodium and lithium phosphate glasses
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Glasses with molar composition 2xLiCl–(40−x)Na2O–(40−x)P2O5–20Li2O, where 0 ≤ 2x≤7 (mol%), were prepared by the melt-quenching method. The synthesized glasses were characterized by X-ray diffraction, which confirmed their amorphous nature. The glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of the samples were determined by differential thermal analysis. The density of the samples was measure using Archimedes principle, and the structural analysis was further investigated using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The dc conductivity of the samples was investigated, along with their dielectric properties using impedance spectroscopy, in the frequency range 100 Hz to 1 MHz, which showed a maximum of conductivity for the sample with 7 mol% of LiCl. The results were correlated to the increased number of lithium ions and to the chloride ions which can either form P–Cl bonds or occupy the interstitial sites of the glass network.
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The present invention is directed to phosphatidylinositol or lysophosphatidylinositol concentration indicators relates to efficacy evaluation method of a medicament having a therapeutic or prophylactic effect for a disease EL activity is associated. Further, the present invention relates to a kit for use in screening methods and method of the EL active inhibitors using phosphatidylinositol.
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eng_Latn
| 9,023 |
Assessment of English Language Learners with Learning Disabilities
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Abstract Identifying English language learners (ELLs) with learning disabilities has become very important in education settings so that appropriate educational services can be provided to this group of students. Linguistic diversity may increase the measurement error and reduce the reliability of assessments. This article discusses the issues with assessments used to identify ELLs and students with learning disabilities and the challenges in assessing ELLs suspected of having learning disabilities. These issues are presented to contribute to the discussion on how to improve the accuracy of the identification procedures and, further, to help distinguish between students who should be classified for special education services and those who struggle with achievement problems because they are in the process of acquiring English proficiency.
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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eng_Latn
| 9,024 |
Learning 3D structure from 2D images using LBP features
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An automatic machine learning strategy for computing the 3D structure of monocular images from a single image query using Local Binary Patterns is presented. The 3D structure is inferred through a training set composed by a repository of color and depth images, assuming that images with similar structure present similar depth maps. Local Binary Patterns are used to characterize the structure of the color images. The depth maps of those color images with a similar structure to the query image are adaptively combined and filtered to estimate the final depth map. Using public databases, promising results have been obtained outperforming other state-of-the-art algorithms and with a computational cost similar to the most efficient 2D-to-3D algorithms.
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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eng_Latn
| 9,025 |
The extraction and photometric determination of zinc in the presence of large amounts of cadmium using 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and employing iodide masking
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Abstract The zinc in high purity cadmium is determined photometrically as the PAN complex after extraction into chloroform. Massive amounts of potassium iodide are added to the sample solution to mask cadmium. Copper, mercury, lead, and silver are also masked by the iodide. Some cyanide is added which effects masking of nickel and cobalt. Tolerance limits for these and several other interferences are given. The results are reliable to several tenths of a microgram of zinc. Samples containing up to about 1 g of cadmium can be handled. Zinc can be determined even at a cadmium:zinc molar ratio of 500,000:1; although additional operations are required at ratios above 100,000:1.
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For decades, plasmonic nanostructures have been used as important optical sensing platforms, however, the necessity of sensitive optical instruments for detection greatly limits their practical application. Herein, a multi-responsive naked eye plasmonic indicator has been prepared through introduction of a responsive polymer brush (PNIPAm) into the cavity of a Ag nanovolcano array (Ag NVA). According to the phase change of the PNIPAm brush under different external conditions, the as-prepared Ag NVA shows responsive monochromatic colors, which allow the Ag NVA to serve as a plasmonic indicator detected by the naked eye. Importantly, the as-prepared Ag NVA also possesses a rapid response rate as well as excellent repeatability, and is compatible with conventional micro-fabrication methods. All of these excellent features make the as-prepared Ag NVA an attractive candidate for future optical indicating and intelligent color display applications.
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eng_Latn
| 9,026 |
Initial optimization of integrated capillary electrophoresis chip separation of urine proteins
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Objective:To investigate the initial optimization of integrated capillary electrophoresis chip for rapid separation of urine proteins. Methods:Separating voltage(1 200～2 000V), injection time(10～30s) and ethylamine concentration(0.5～2% (v/v))were integratively evaluated to select the optimal condition of separating urine proteins. Results:The electrophoresis was finished in 4 minutes. Results were obained through comprehensive analysis: more resolved protein peaks could be achieved by using 15s injection time with 500V, 1500V separation voltage and 75mmol/L pH10.3 borate buffer containing 9.73μmol/L calcium lactate and 1%(v/v) ethylamine as electrophoresis buffer. Conclusion:Elevated efficiency of separating urine proteins using integrated capillary electrophoresis chip can be gained by optimization of electrophoresis conditions.
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A new modeling method based on sample data is described in this paper,through physics and sample date analysis on displacement vs.voltage characteristics of x-y plane of cylindrical piezoelectric scanner used in scanning probe microscope(SPM).Through sample data statistical analysis,and considering the error factors such as scan speed,scan angle,nonlinearity and coupling,a model represented by a binomial plus some error expressions is constructed.A nonlinearity correction expression based on the model is deduced.With the software Matlab this nonlinearity correction is simulated.The result of simulation indicates that it can eliminate the errors effectively.The ascendency of the method is that there are no polarization mechanism analysis and fewer number of model parameters.The method is practical applied to engineering.
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eng_Latn
| 9,027 |
Cinemicrographic observations on the trophoblast and zona pellucida of the mouse blastocyst
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The mammalian ovum is surrounded by a secondary membrane, the zona pellucida, which is produced by the follicle cells round the ovarian oocyte. The major constituents of this membrane are neutral or weakly acidic mucoproteins, and it is sensitive to dissolution by a variety of proteases, depending on species (Gwatkin, 1964), especially the bacterial protease “Pronase” (Mintz, 1962). In the rabbit and rat the zona is impermeable to compounds with a molecular weight above 1200 (Austin & Lovelock, 1958). Since in all mammals, an intact zona surrounds the cleavage stages and early blastocyst, this membrane must be removed, or penetrated by the trophoblast cells before implantation can take place. This could result from the interaction of chemical or mechanical factors produced either by the conceptus or by the uterus, or from a combination of some or all of these.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,028 |
The synthesis and fluorescence of a new biphenyl ethylene derivative sensitive to DNA induced by single- and two-photon excitation
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Abstract A new biphenyl ethylene derivative, 4,4′-bis-(2-(4- N -ethyl- N -ethoxyl-amino) styryl] biphenyl (BEEASP) was successfully synthesized and studied as a potential fluorescent probe of DNA detection. The linear absorption and fluorescent spectra of the dye in different solvents were investigated. The absorption, one- and two-photon fluorescent spectra of the free dye and dye–DNA complex were also examined to evaluate their photophysical properties. The binding constant of dye–DNA was calculated with a moderate value. Two-photon active cross-sections ( Фδ ) were finished by the reference method, and the value at a stable complex of dye–DNA was about 37 GM. The experimental results showed that BEEASP can be used as an efficient fluorescent probe to detect DNA by single-photon excitation and two-photon excitation. The fluorescent method date indicated that the mechanism of dye–DNA complex interaction may be the groove binding.
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The present invention provides a photosensitive resin composition and a method for forming an organic film on the substrate used. Since the photosensitive resin composition used for embossing comprises erythritol alcohol monomer or oligomer, and thus the organic film made of the photosensitive resin composition is formed having improved restoring force. Thus, the photosensitive resin composition is suitable for the imprint process.
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eng_Latn
| 9,029 |
Solvent-temperature perturbations of ionizable groups as a tool for the investigation of the active site of enzymes.
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Co-solvent and temperature effects on the pK of histidine (imidazolium) residue 46 of trypsin, as well as of weak electrolytes (buffers), which have been reported in two preceding papers, can be satisfactorily explained in terms of enthalpy-entropy compensation patterns. Such patterns have been generated for various mixed solvents between 20 degrees and minus 20 degrees and minus 50 degrees. Under these conditions compensation temperature, T-c, is strongly dependent on the nature of the ionizable group studied: 240 plus or minus 10 K for neutral acids and 310 plus or minus 5 K for cationic acids. This work focuses on the possibilities offered and on the problems raised by the use of this methodology as a tool in the investigation of the active site of enzymes. Furthermore, it is shown in the case of histidine residue 46 of trypsin that the co-solvent effect vanishes at the compensation temperature, a result of great practical significance if applicable to any ionizable group at the active site of enzymes.
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A novel photodetector based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate is demonstrated experimentally in this work. The device uses the interface coupling effect in an SOI transistor structure to amplify the photocurrent, and thus achieves extremely high responsivity up to 6×104 A/W. The responsivity of the device under ultraviolet (UV) light is much higher than that under visible and near-infrared light, which implies potential application in visible-blind UV detection. Furthermore, a MoS 2 gate is combined with the SOI-based photodetector to tune the response spectrum and shift it to the near-infrared band. With high reponsivity and tunable response spectrum, the ICPD device can find many interesting applications.
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eng_Latn
| 9,030 |
Submicron Contact X?ray ExpoSure Alignment system
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The design principle of a contact X?ray exposure alignment system is introduced.The Key parts of the system,such as precise adjustable stage,micro displacement control and optical alignment subsystem,are described in detail and the precision of the system is analyzed.
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Soluble starch as raw materials and Span60 and Tween 60 as complex emulsifier, N,N'-methylene-acrylamide (MBAA) crosslinker, in the inverse suspension system to trigger K2S2O8 -NaHSO3 Synthesis ofneutral starch microspheres, and then ether agent GTA starch microspheres and neutral response system in the cationic starch microspheres. And use of infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analyzer on the cationic starch microspheres were characterized analysis. The results showed that: starch- cation of the ball the whole round shape, surface roughness, the average size of 20.2 μm. Infrared tests showed that: starch and MBAA in cross -linking reaction, and grafted a quaternary ammonium salt cation group. To methylene blue for small organic molecules model to study the microspheres on methylene blue adsorption characteristics, cation starch microspheres methylene blue on the adsorption of the equation and Langmiur Freundlich equation.
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kor_Hang
| 9,031 |
Development of low-resistance TiO_2-based gas sensor to trimethylamine
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Titanium is a good sensitive material to trimethylame (TMA),while the sensor made from which has an apparent shortcoming:too high electrical resistance.Annealing in different ambience and doping are applied to improve the conductivity of TiO 2 -based materials.A new type low-resistance sensitive element with excellent selectivity and high sensitive to TMA is fabricated.
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Organic contamination adsorbed on 200 mm silicon wafers was characterized using various analytical techniques. Surface hydrophobicity, apparent optical thickness and electrical surface charge are used to characterize the silicon surface state. They only give information on total organic contamination. MIR-FTIR is very sensitive for detecting CH2 and CH3 contained in organics on silicon wafers. TOF-SIMS is quite sensitive and enables some of the organics to be recognized by identifying the molecule fragments. TDGC-MS is the most relevant technique to identify organic contamination on silicon wafers as extensive identification libraries exist.
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eng_Latn
| 9,032 |
Implementation of an Alternative Method for The Detection and Temporal Correlation of Spontaneous Parametric Down Converted Photons with Single Photon Counters
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We propose an alternative method for the detection of SPDC photons and their temporal correlations. all this doing mainly by photon counters,a BBO crystal type II, a PBS and taking counts on fundamental points (Control points).
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Cytochrome c protein thin film shows high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). In this paper, we studied the characteristics of cytochrome c protein, whose absorption rate is 65% at wavelengths of 10 μm. We designed a chip for an infrared microbolometer with suspended aluminum electrodes. The protein solution was deposited on a sensing pixel using an inkjet printer. The TCR, thermal conductance, time constant, responsivity and detectivity were 25.98(%/K), 7.96 × 10−5 (W/K), 1.094 (ms), 2.57 × 104 (V/W) and 5.89 × 108 (cm · Hz1/2/W), respectively. We experimentally demonstrated integrating cytochrome c protein with a CMOS circuit as a sensing pixel for a long-wavelength infrared microbolometer at room temperature. Based on our experimental results, such a microbolometer array holds promise for the future.
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eng_Latn
| 9,033 |
Development of Blood Capillary Glass Electrodes for Use in Medical Electronics
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Blood capillary glass electrode, a recent development in medical electronics is used in conjunction with anaesthesia monitoring equipment to observe and record the hydrogen ion concentration of blood, particularly when the patient undergoes a surgical operation. With a view to develop the electrode, a systematic investigation was undertaken using the glasses from the following systems (i) Na2O—CaO—SiO2, (ii)Li2O—CaO—SiO2, (iii) Li2O—La2O3—Cs2O—SiO, (iv) Li2O—La2O3—BaO—CeO2—SiO2. The glasses were melted and capillary tubes were drawn. Keeping in view the monitoring system in medical electronics, an arrangement was set up for ascertaining the suitability of the capillary fibres made out of the glass for pH measurement.It was found that only glass no. (iii) responded to the activity of hydrogen ions and produced slope values very close to the ideal Nurnst value at room temperature when the measured emf data were plotted against the corresponding pH showing thereby that the remaining three glasses were not su...
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Abstract Literature sources on metal-organic materials encapsulating versatile porphyrinoids and heme enzymes have been discussed in this review. General fundamentals and structural and chemical requisites of these architectures are discussed in introduction followed by historical perspectives of the initial composites. We have categorized the structural aspects of this class of compounds according to the host and guest skeletons as well as encapsulating strategies in a sequential manner. Heme mimetic, as well as some novel applications of the materials including oxidation, electron transfer, carbene transfer and bio-molecule sensing, are then discussed and compared with each other and their homogeneous analogues based on mechanistic similarities, wherever possible.
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eng_Latn
| 9,034 |
An IMPLICATION logic gate based on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles with thiocyanate and iodide as inputs.
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Herein we developed an IMPLICATION logic gate based on citrate-capped AuNPs by employing thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and iodide (I(-)) as inputs, and devised a colorimetric sensor for the determination of I(-) with good selectivity and sensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example in which two species of anions serve as inputs to obtain visually observed Boolean outputs. Under the optimum conditions, 0.8 μM I(-) could induce a significant color change and be recognized by the naked eye. The detection limit is 50 nM by using UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Objective: To detect serum cTnI of rats. Methods: Myocardial injury of the rat was induced by isoprenaline. The serum cTnI of the rats was determined by sandwich enzyme immunoassay in which two cTnI-specific murine monoclonal antibodies were used. Results: The histological examinations of the myocardium showed alterations of limited local degeneration of muscle fibres, interstitial oedema and mild neutrophilic infiltration. The serum cTnI of isoprenaline-treated rats was significantly higher than that of the control rats. Conclusion: The present method could detect changes of serum cTnI of the rat.
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eng_Latn
| 9,035 |
Anodic Photocurrent Generation by Porphyrin-Terminated Helical Peptide Monolayers on Gold
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Photocurrent generation of porphyrin-terminated helical peptide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was studied in an aqueous solution. The anodic photocurrent was prevailing, but the cathodic photocurrent was observed with applying negative bias voltage on the working electrode. The bias dependence of the photocurrent was explained successfully by theoretical calculation with taking into account the redox potential shift by J-aggregate of porpyrins, the helix dipole, and photoenergy migration in the SAM. The dark current was insignificant even at the forward bias voltage.
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Abstract In this report, micromagnetic simulations of magnetization dynamics driven by spin-polarized currents (SPCs) on magnetic nanopillars of permalloy/Cu/permalloy with different rectangular cross-sections are presented. Complete dynamical stability diagrams from initial parallel and antiparallel states have been computed for 100 ns. The effects of a space-dependent polarization function together with the presence of magnetostatic coupling from the fixed layer and classical Ampere field have been taken into account.
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eng_Latn
| 9,036 |
Laser direct-writing electrode for rapid customization of a photodetector
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The interdigital Ag electrode is fabricated via a simple and fast approach called laser direct writing (LDW). The morphology and conductivity of electrode fingers are investigated systematically under different experimental parameters, including the laser spot size, laser power, and scanning speed. “Dose” describes the combined influence of these experimental parameters. It is found that overdose results in net-shape and dot-shape hollows in the middle of an Ag line due to the sintering degree and complex flow dynamics, which reduced the conductivity of the Ag lines. Based on the printed Ag electrodes with the best conductivity, a photodetector is customized further, which can detect the offset of the line-shape laser easily. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the printed Ag electrodes are applied to photodetectors, which can be highly valuable for developing all-printed electronic devices by LDW in the future.
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Introduction A successful fi rst structure refi nement of lysozyme [1] already proved the value of standard XRPD laboratory instruments for protein structure research. In this contribution we will present new measurements and crystallographic analysis results of insulin and insulin derivatives performed on data from a PANalytical X’Pert PRO diffractometer used in different confi gurations. We additionally demonstrate that even fast measurements on a 96 well plate as used for polymorph screening purposes, result in high quality data, which is suitable for automatic crystallographic analysis like indexing [2] and LeBail [3] fi tting.
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eng_Latn
| 9,037 |
Mechanisms of holographic recording in photopolymers
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Overview of physical mechanisms of photopolymers formations for laser and holographic applications.
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Custom synthesis of molecular imprinted polymers for biotechnological application. Preparation of a polymer selective for tylosin Sergey Piletsky*, Elena Piletska, Kal Karim, Graham Foster, Colton Legge, Anthony Turner a Institute of BioScience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, MK45 4DT, UK b GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
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eng_Latn
| 9,038 |
Simple Colorimetric Sensor for Trinitrotoluene Testing
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A simple operating colorimetric sensor for trinitrotoluene (TNT) determination using a commercial scanner as a captured image was designed. The sensor is based on the chemical reaction between TNT and sodium hydroxide reagent to produce the color change within 96 well plates, which observed finally, recorded using a commercial scanner. The intensity of the color change increased with increase in TNT concentration and could easily quantify the concentration of TNT by digital image analysis using the Image J free software. Under optimum conditions, the sensor provided a linear dynamic range between 0.20 and 1.00 mg mL-1(r = 0.9921) with a limit of detection of 0.10± 0.01 mg mL-1. The relative standard deviation for eight experiments for the sensitivity was 3.8%. When applied for the analysis of TNT in two soil extract samples, the concentrations were found to be non-detectable to 0.26±0.04 mg mL-1. The obtained recovery values (93-95%) were acceptable for soil samples tested.
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For an emerging market a mass and cost-effective production of non-silicon micro devices requires an in-process and accurate 3D monitoring to assure the quality. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) ...
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eng_Latn
| 9,039 |
Decontamination of insecticides in natural drugs with supercritical carbon dioxide.
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The lipophilic insecticides DDT and HCH in sennae leaves and pods are removable by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide in the pressure region at 100 bar. The effective ingredients, the sennosides, are not extracted and remain in the drug of which they can be easily extracted with water.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,040 |
Digitally Controlled Micro-LED Array for Linear Visible Light Communication Systems
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In a visible light communications (VLC) system, the frequency response of the light-emitting diode (LED) limits the signal bandwidth and, thus, becomes the bottleneck of the transmission data rate. The recent technology breakthrough of the micro-LED array has the potential to improve the modulation bandwidth of the LED by ten times. On the other hand, the nonlinearity of the micro-LED array is significant. Nonlinear distortion degrades system performance in both the achievable data rate and the transmission range. In this paper, we propose a digitally controlled micro-LED array architecture for the VLC system, which enjoys the benefit of wide modulation bandwidth of the micro-LED array and avoids the disadvantage of the nonlinear distortion. Compared with existing multiple LED structures, the proposed micro-LED array architecture shows robustness against nonlinear distortion.
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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eng_Latn
| 9,041 |
Effects of theophylline on capillary tube leucocyte migration.
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Theophylline stimulates the capillary tube migration of human peripheral blood mixed leucocytes. Minor stimulation of polymorph migration is produced directly by theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP,
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Properties of liquid crystal materials in THz frequency range can be interesting from application point of view. In this paper the influence of short and long molecules added to liquid crystal 6CHBT were investigated. Change of refractive indices and absorption coefficients for 6CHBT mixtures were compared in the 0.3 - 3 THz frequency range. Influence of temperature on the mentioned parameters of liquid crystal were investigated. Our study show that even a slight change in shape and the composition of the molecules dopants affects the macroscopic properties of liquid crystal. These properties depend on the length of chains, the number of benzene or cyclohexane rings or the spatial distribution of molecules and the interactions between them in the liquid crystal mixture. Spectra measurements on the terahertz time-domain spectrometer were performed.
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eng_Latn
| 9,042 |
Comprar Lewis' Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook 4/e | Melvin Lewis | 9780781762144 | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Tienda online donde Comprar Lewis' Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook 4/e al precio 220,50 € de Melvin Lewis, tienda de Libros de Medicina, Libros de Psiquiatria - Psiquiatria infantil y Juvenil
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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kor_Hang
| 9,043 |
5 – Tissue engineering for small-diameter vascular grafts
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This chapter discusses the current status of research in the field of vascular tissue engineering. The chapter first reviews the clinical need for tissue engineered blood vessels and the required characteristics of engineered vascular constructs. Subsequently, a variety of approaches for vascular tissue engineering are discussed that have been utilized in an effort to design the optimal arterial substitute. Finally, the major hurdles on the way to widespread clinical use are reviewed.
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Flexible, millimetre-scale systems and devices require embedded, reliable micrometre-scale components, which can be challenging to achieve for optical sensors. Here, the authors design a photonic crystal nanolaser and demonstrate its use in measuring strain.
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eng_Latn
| 9,044 |
Photo-induced inactivation of viruses: adsorption of methylene blue, thionine, and thiopyronine on Qbeta bacteriophage.
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The adsorption of cationic organic dyes (methylene blue, thionine, and thiopyronine) on Qbeta bacteriophage was studied by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The dyes have shown a strong affinity to the virus and some have been used as sensitizers for photo-induced inactivation of virus. In the methylene blue concentration range of 0.1-5 microM and at high ratios of dye to virus (greater than 1000 dye molecules per virion), the dyes bind as aggregates on the virus. Aggregation lowers the efficiency of photoinactivation because of self-quenching of the dye. At lower ratios of dye to virus (lower than 500 dye molecules per virion), the dye binds to the virus as a monomer. Fluorescence polarization and time-resolved studies of the fluorescence support the conclusions based on fluorescence quenching. Increasing the ionic strength (adding NaCl) dissociates bound dye aggregates on the virus and releases monomeric dye into the bulk solution.
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This paper reports a simple method for the multilayer immobilization of conjugated polymers, gold nanoparticles on solid supports. Poly(phenyenevinylene) functionalized with aldehyde and aminooxy groups was chemoselectively immobilized onto both glass and gold substrates via layer-by-layer deposition. The physical properties of the thin films were characterized by grazing angle IR, TM-AFM, fluorescence, and UV-visible spectroscopy. This methodology was also successfully applied to prepare polymer/gold nanocluster alternating multilayers. The results show that this methodology provides a general route for preparing robust and functionalizable multilayer films on solid substrates with molecular-level thickness control.
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eng_Latn
| 9,045 |
A New Reflecting Spectrograph Camera
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The camera which has been developed consists of a spherical mirror and a corrector lens with spherical surfaces. The equivalent focal length is about 900 mm and the relative aperture is f/4. The design is based on the theory by Argentieri and becomes a camera of the nonconcentric type. The useful range of the camera is from 2500 A to 12 000 A. Some details of the construction and results obtained are shown.
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We report the observation of inhibited spontaneous emission of organic dye rhodamine 6G infiltrated in a polymer replica of synthetic opal as a photonic crystal. The morphology-dependent resonances, superimposed on the broadband emission of rhodamine 6G due to spherical wavelength-sized microcavity enhancement of dye emission, have also been observed.
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eng_Latn
| 9,046 |
Automated Video Imaging System for Counting Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Organisms Events
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Bioluminescence refers to the production of ecologically functional light by living organisms. It is widespread in the marine environment, where it occurs in a broad range of phyla. The deep pelagic ocean is the largest biome on earth and is chronically under-sampled. Underwater camera systems offer a rapid sampling method for this zone. In the current study, the ICDeep (Image Intensied Charge Coupled Device for Deep-sea research) profiler was used to record digital video of bioluminescent organisms through the deep water column. This work proposes a new automatic detection and counting methods for bioluminescent organisms represented as ashes within video data acquired through the camera based on computer vision algorithms. The proposed method has been validated by a ground truthed sequence of bioluminescent events resulting in a high correct detection rate and real time processing execution.
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Organic materials for optical data storage applications is a fascinating and growing field of research [1]. Of special interest are liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs), especially side chain polymers [2]. They have been proposed as optical recording media by many authors [3–6].
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kor_Hang
| 9,047 |
A Study on Water Treatment Induced by Plasma with Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis
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Oxidative degradation of eight kinds of dyes induced by plasma in aqueous solution was investigated with contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). It has been demonstrated that these eight dyes underwent degradation in CGDE, where Fe2+ could be utilised to raise the efficiency of degradation of dyes.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,048 |
Chemical image generation with a grid-gate device
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Scanning light pulse technique generating distinctive chemical images of diverse gases is demonstrated using a sensing arrangement that allows unrestricted choice of sensing materials, disregarding its conductivity or morphology. The present device, a metal oxide semiconductor structure, disentangles biasing from chemical functions by providing an inert grid as a gate that supplies the proper biasing, while functional materials even in the form of disconnected clusters can be used for sensing. The reading of conductimetric chemical responses of clustered materials, in nominal operating conditions, is demonstrated by the generation of chemical images acquired for inversion biasing conditions.
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Pyro Q-CpG from Biotage gives a new dimension to DNA methylation studies by quantitatively measuring the individual degree of methylation of consecutive CpG sites consistently over time. This reveals previously unseen patterns of methylation.
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eng_Latn
| 9,049 |
Analyte capture in microfluidic heterogeneous immunoassays
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Despite the prevalence of microfluidic-based heterogeneous immunoassays, there is incomplete understanding of analyte capture parameters. This study presents computational results and corresponding experimental binding assays of analyte capture. Our results identify: 1) a “reagent-limited” regime, under constraints of finite sample volume and assay time; 2) a critical flow rate; 3) an increase in signal by using a short concentrated plug rather than a long dilute plug; 4) a requirement to eventually reach a reaction-limited operating regime to maximize the capture of analytes [1].
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An inexpensive circuit designed for polarographic measurement of dissolved H2 over a wide concentration range is described. Examples of its application to measurements of hydrogenase and nitrogenase activities are presented.
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eng_Latn
| 9,050 |
Influence of Mitotane on the Hypoprothrombinemic Effect of Warfarin
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Mitotane (o,p'-DDD) is closely related to the organochlorine insecticides and shares their effects on drug metabolism. We have reported the first documented interaction of mitotane and warfarin in a human being. Because the potential for significant toxicity is great when mitotane and warfarin are used concomitantly, caution is recommended when titrating warfarin therapy in patients receiving mitotane. Other drugs susceptible to the influence of enzyme inducers should also be given with caution to patients receiving mitotane.
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A library of 256 differently doped thin films of (BaxSr1−x)TiO3 (where 0.5<x<1.0) was generated on a 1 in.×1 in. LaAlO3 substrate using multistep thin-film deposition techniques together with a quaternary masking strategy. Appropriate postannealing processing afforded high-quality epitaxial thin films. The microwave properties, i.e., dielectric constant and loss tangent, of samples in the library were characterized with a scanning-tip microwave near-field microscope at 1 GHz, and the results were found to be consistent with measurements made with interdigital electrodes. Specific dopants were found to significantly affect the dielectric constant and tangent loss. Tungsten, in particular, reduces the tangent loss.
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eng_Latn
| 9,051 |
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment for stress fracture of young football athletes
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The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on young football athletes with stress fracture is explored. Before and after treatments,the visual analog scores (VAS) and the evaluation of function are obtained. The results showed that with this treament for 4 weeks while all athletes keep training,the symptoms were disappeared obviously. The X-ray imaging showed that fracture were healed according to clinical standard and the functional tests showed that VAS scores were significantly induced after LIPUS treatment(P0.01). Moreover,the number of steps/min upward and forward and average sports time/day were also significantly enhanced(P0.05). Those suggested that the LIPUS treatment could obviously accelerate healing of stress fracture and maintain activity of athletes.
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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eng_Latn
| 9,052 |
Method and apparatus for indicating SPS deactivation
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Method and apparatus for indicating SPS deactivation. It discloses a method and apparatus for performing semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) deactivation in a wireless mobile communication system. Station (BS) transmits a downlink control channel to the user equipment (the UE), and when a binary field indicating resource allocation information contained in the downlink control channel is entirely filled with "1" when the SPS deactivation.
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The temperature at which solution is just complete for a known concentration of C.I. Disperse Yellow I dispersion in the presence of a surface active agent was measured using a hot-stage microscope. cell. A range of solubilities and temperatures were then obtained by varying the dye and surface active agent concentrations of the dispersions. It was found that derived values of solution enthalpies decreased with increasing concentration of dispersing agent.
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eng_Latn
| 9,053 |
Deuterium MAS NMR Studies of Dynamics on Multiple Timescales: Histidine and Oxalic Acid
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Deuterium ((2) H) magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance is applied to monitor the dynamics of the exchanging labile deuterons of polycrystalline L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate-d7 and α-oxalic acid dihydrate-d6 . Direct experimental evidence of fast dynamics is obtained from T1Z and T1Q measurements. Further motional information is extracted from two-dimensional single-quantum (SQ) and double-quantum (DQ) MAS spectra. Differences between the SQ and DQ linewidths clearly indicate the presence of motions on intermediate timescales for the carboxylic moiety and the D2 O in α-oxalic acid dihydrate, and for the amine group and the D2 O in L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate. Comparison of the relaxation rate constants of Zeeman and quadrupolar order with the relaxation rate constants of the DQ coherences suggests the co-existence of fast and slow motional processes.
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Organic contamination adsorbed on 200 mm silicon wafers was characterized using various analytical techniques. Surface hydrophobicity, apparent optical thickness and electrical surface charge are used to characterize the silicon surface state. They only give information on total organic contamination. MIR-FTIR is very sensitive for detecting CH2 and CH3 contained in organics on silicon wafers. TOF-SIMS is quite sensitive and enables some of the organics to be recognized by identifying the molecule fragments. TDGC-MS is the most relevant technique to identify organic contamination on silicon wafers as extensive identification libraries exist.
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kor_Hang
| 9,054 |
Soluble polymer-supported catalysts
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Soluble polymer-supported catalyst has received significant attention in "green" chemistry at the present days.The research progress in soluble polymer-supported catalysts,including soluble polyglycol,polyacrylamide,and non-crosslinking polystyrene supported catalysts,and their application in organic synthesis were summarized.
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A new Monte Carlo simulation tool, called PetDetSim and its experimental validation is presented. The simulation environment aims to model PET detectors and applies the Detect2000 code. Light output of LYSO and GSO crystal pins of different size and surface finish, covered with diffuse or specular reflectors was experimentally determined and compared with the results of the simulations. By improving the model concerning the pin and reflector geometry and the wavelength dependent reflection of the photocathode, the figure of merit could be considerably improved. The initially 34% deviation between simulation and measurements decreased below 11% for all LYSO crystal configurations.
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eng_Latn
| 9,055 |
Liberation device controlled by the matrix.
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A controlled release posology composition comprising: (a) a solid, substantially homogeneous dispersion comprising a low solubility drug dispersed in cellulosic polymer of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, a main portion of said drug being amorphous; and (b) a water soluble cellulosic polymer matrix having said dispersion incorporated therein; wherein the dispersion is formed by spray drying; wherein a substantially homogeneous dispersion is such that the dispersion itself has a unique glass transition temperature (T g); wherein the low solubility drug is such that it has a minimum water solubility at physiologically relevant pH of 1-8 of 40 mg / ml or less; and in which the expression that a major portion of said drug is amorphous means that at least 60% of the drug in the dispersion is in the amorphous form.
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In this paper we present results of theoretical and experimental research of dynamic holographic system based on optically-addressed liquid crystal light modulator inside optical feedback loop, which provides asymmetrization of grating's profile. We use computer-based signal loop instead of pure optical link. This approach gives us solution for hysteresis problems and significantly reduces optical scheme complexity.
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eng_Latn
| 9,056 |
Biofilm prevention, destruction and treatment by bacteriophage lysin
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FIELD: biotechnology. SUBSTANCE: methods include contacting of a biofilm comprising one or more of Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, with a composition comprising an effective amount of a lysin polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or versions thereof having at least 80% identity to the SEQ ID NO: 1 polypeptide and being effective for staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria lysis in a biofilm. The biofilm is effectively dispersed or treated. The inventions allow to eliminate not only mature biofilms, but also to prevent formation of de novo biofilms. EFFECT: lysin polypeptide used demonstrates high activity at lower concentrations compared to the lack of activity of antibiotics used at high concentrations. 21 cl, 21 dwg, 7 tbl, 14 ex
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We study the dynamical dielectric function of a two-dimensional hole gas, exemplified on [001]-GaAs and InAs quantum wells, within the Luttinger model extended to the two lowest subbands including bulk and structure inversion asymmetric terms. The plasmon dispersion shows a pronounced anisotropy for GaAs- and InAs-based systems. In GaAs this leads to a suppression of plasmons due to Landau damping in some orientations. Due to the large Rashba contribution in InAs, the lifetime of plasmons can be controlled by changing the electric field. This effect is potentially useful in plasmon field effect transistors as previously proposed for electron gases.
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eng_Latn
| 9,057 |
Surface functionalization of micro silver flakes and their application in electrically conductive adhesives for electronic package
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Abstract In this study, we used 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, hexanedioic acid, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, and thioglycolic acid to functionalize the surface of micro silver flakes through in-situ replacements. Hexanedioic acid had the best effect on the functionalization. When the content of hexanedioic acid was 0.5–1 wt% of micro silver flakes, it could fully replace the long chain fatty acid and form a very thin molecular film on the surface of micro silver flakes. The micro silver flakes functionalized by hexanedioic acid played a significant role in the regards of improving the properties of electrically conductive adhesives, and letting the adhesives have low viscosity, e.g., 28,000 cPs, low bulk resistivity, e.g., 2.4×10 −4 Ω cm, and high shear strength, e.g, 10.4 MPa.
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'Touch' or trace cell mixtures submitted as evidence are a significant problem for forensic laboratories as they can render resulting genetic profiles difficult or even impossible to interpret. Optical signatures that distinguish epidermal cell populations from different contributors could facilitate the physical separation of mixture components prior to genetic analysis, and potentially the downstream production of single source profiles and/or simplified mixtures. For this dataset, optical properties including forwards scatter (FSC), side scatter (SSC), and fluorescence emissions in the Allophycocyanin (APC) channel were measured in epithelial cell populations from touch samples collected from several different contributors on multiple days to assess inter- and intra-contributor variability.
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eng_Latn
| 9,058 |
tdkp/AQUA: Unified modelling of electroluminescence in nanostructures
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This article summarizes the capabilities of the optoelectronic simulation framework tdkp/AQUA aimed at the description of electroluminescence in semiconductor nanostructures such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). tdkp is a standalone finite-element software able to accurately calculate strain, built-in fields due to spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization, quantum states, gain and luminescence spectra in zero- to three-dimensional structures. AQUA calculates transport through nanostructures using an original model which accounts for the distinct behaviour of carriers confined to active regions and unconfined carriers. Furthermore, it computes electroluminescence spectra via a self-consistent coupling of the confined carriers to quantum-mechanical calculations using tdkp. Two examples are presented which highlight the versatility and generality of the developed simulator.
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Refrigeration of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa L. seeds eventuates in a crystalline substance. The chemical structure of the compound was drawn from its chemical behaviour, as well as from its UV, IR, PMR and mass spectral data. The compound was found to be thymohydroquinone: confirmation of the structure was established via the preparation of its corresponding diacetate ester. The compound was found to have high antimicrobial effect against gram positive microorganisms
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eng_Latn
| 9,059 |
Comparison of efficacy and immunogenicity of original versus current botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia
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The authors compared 130 patients treated for cervical dystonia with original botulinum toxin (BTX) type A (Botox; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA), 42 of whom were exposed only to the original BTX type A used before 1998 (25 ng protein/100 units), and 119 treated only with the current BTX type A (5 ng of protein/100 units). Blocking antibodies were detected in 4 of 42 (9.5%) patients treated only with original BTX type A but in none of the 119 patients treated exclusively with current BTX type A (p < 0.004). The current preparation decreased the risk of antibody formation by a factor of six. The authors conclude that the low risk of antibody formation after current BTX type A treatment is related to lower protein load.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,060 |
THE FIRST APPLICATION OF DOPPLER-FREE LASER POLARIZATION AND OPTICAL-OPTICAL DOUBLE RESONANCE POLARIZATION LABELING SPECTROSCOPIES TO A LARGE MOLECULE
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Author Institution: Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University; Fachbereich Physik, Universit\""{a}t Kaiserslautern; Faculty of Integrated Human Studies, Kyoto University
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The photosensitized oxidation of single bilayer vesicles of egg-yolk lecithin by singlet oxygen is investigated. The isotopic enhanced lifetime of singlet oxygen in heavy water, and the inhibitory effect of azide ions, are both used to examine the O2(1Δg) diffusion characteristics. The rate of photo-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid is shown to be strongly dependent on the precise location of the sensitizer in the bilayer. Rate constants for the interaction of singlet oxygen with the lipid, with the acceptor 9,10-dimethylanthracene and with azide are determined to be 7.5 × 105, 3.2 × 108 and 1.0 × 108 dm3 mol–1 s–1, respectively.
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yue_Hant
| 9,061 |
Microfluidics and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Perfect Match for New Analytical Tools
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In this perspective article, we emphasize the combination of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Microfluidic devices. SERS approaches have been widely studied and used for multiple applications including trace molecules detection, in situ analysis of biological samples and monitoring or, all of them with good results, however still with limitations of the technique, for example regarding with improved precision and reproducibility. These implications can be overcome by microfluidic approaches. The resulting coupling Microfluidics – SERS (MF-SERS) has recently gained increasing attention by creating thundering opportunities for the analytical field. For this purpose, we introduce some of the strategies developed to implement SERS within microfluidic reactor along with a brief overview of the most recent MF-SERS applications for biology, health and environmental concerns. Eventually, we will discuss future research opportunities of such systems.
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Abstract A semi-stochastic model for field problems is presented. The model uses a correlative scheme for the estimation of physical parameters and an uncertainty finite element analysis to estimate the statistical properties of the solution process. A comparison is made with a regression-finite element model which indicates the superiority of the introduced correlative-finite element uncertainty analysis.
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eng_Latn
| 9,062 |
Slow-release granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting: analysis by American Society of Clinical Oncology emetogenicity criteria
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Background: APF530 is a novel sustained-release formulation of granisetron. In a Phase III trial, APF530 500 mg was noninferior to palonosetron 0.25 mg in preventing acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) after moderately (MEC) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) and delayed CINV after MEC, but not superior in preventing delayed CINV after HEC. Emetogenicity was classified by Hesketh criteria; this reanalysis uses newer American Society of Clinical Oncology criteria. Methods: Complete responses (no emesis or rescue medication) after cycle one were reanalyzed after reclassification of MEC and HEC by American Society of Clinical Oncology criteria. Results: APF530 maintained noninferiority to palonosetron. Conclusion: Single-dose APF530 is a promising alternative to palonosetron for preventing acute and delayed CINV after MEC or HEC. The Clinicaltrials.gov identifier for this study is NCT00343460.
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For decades, plasmonic nanostructures have been used as important optical sensing platforms, however, the necessity of sensitive optical instruments for detection greatly limits their practical application. Herein, a multi-responsive naked eye plasmonic indicator has been prepared through introduction of a responsive polymer brush (PNIPAm) into the cavity of a Ag nanovolcano array (Ag NVA). According to the phase change of the PNIPAm brush under different external conditions, the as-prepared Ag NVA shows responsive monochromatic colors, which allow the Ag NVA to serve as a plasmonic indicator detected by the naked eye. Importantly, the as-prepared Ag NVA also possesses a rapid response rate as well as excellent repeatability, and is compatible with conventional micro-fabrication methods. All of these excellent features make the as-prepared Ag NVA an attractive candidate for future optical indicating and intelligent color display applications.
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eng_Latn
| 9,063 |
Use of the phage display technique for detection of epitopes recognized by polyclonal rabbit gliadin antibodies
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Abstract A random phage heptapeptide library was screened with rabbit antibodies against wheat flour proteins comprising gliadins and a small amount of low molecular weight glutenins (gli/glu). Gli/glu antibodies isolated from the sera selected different consensus sequences (CS). All CS contained tri- to pentapeptide stretches homologous to gli/glu sequences (proposed epitopes). In α- and γ-type gliadins, these sequences are clustered in the N-terminal region recently suspected to be toxic for humans with celiac disease. Peptides with CS were synthesized and checked for reactivity. Only immune and no control rabbit sera reacted with synthetic peptides. One of eight human sera containing gliadin antibodies was reactive as well (4/8 peptides) but control sera were negative. Thus the phage display technique is useful for epitope screening of polyclonal antibodies even in the case of a group of homologous but diverse antigens.
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We have numerically demonstrated that electrically tuneable directional coupling and switching can be realized based on the multimode interference effect in dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguides (DLGPWs) of our own design. The total field profile resulting from a superposition of all guided modes in the multimode dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguide is electrically controllable because the propagation properties of the first three guided modes supported by the DLGPW can be effectively manipulated by electrostatic doping of graphene. The functional size of the device is only several micrometres, which is much smaller than the working wavelength. Such electrically controlled multifunctional devices may find potential applications in high-density integrated active plasmonic circuits.
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eng_Latn
| 9,064 |
Monocrystalline gallium-containing nitride obtained by the process and method of monocrystalline gallium-containing nitride
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To obtain the alkali metal (IUPAC, 1989) monocrystalline gallium-containing nitride gallium-containing feedstock in the environment of supercritical ammonia-containing solvent obtained by adding a mineralizer containing a method of interest in the autoclave to generate two temperature zones, one a dissolution zone of low temperatures including feedstock, other is a crystallization zone of high temperature of the lower, crystallization zone comprises at least one seed in conducting the crystallization step onto at least one seed of dissolution step and the gallium-containing nitride feedstock molar ratio of at least introducing the two components in the process environment, i.e. a) ammonia is 0.00001 to 0.2 range Patent that the molar ratio of to oxygen getters and b) ammonia is an acceptor dopant not higher than 0.001 It is a method to. Further, the present invention comprises a monocrystalline gallium-containing nitride obtained by this process. .BACKGROUND
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Scanning light pulse technique generating distinctive chemical images of diverse gases is demonstrated using a sensing arrangement that allows unrestricted choice of sensing materials, disregarding its conductivity or morphology. The present device, a metal oxide semiconductor structure, disentangles biasing from chemical functions by providing an inert grid as a gate that supplies the proper biasing, while functional materials even in the form of disconnected clusters can be used for sensing. The reading of conductimetric chemical responses of clustered materials, in nominal operating conditions, is demonstrated by the generation of chemical images acquired for inversion biasing conditions.
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eng_Latn
| 9,065 |
InAs quantum wires in InP-based microdisks: Mode identification and continuous wave room temperature laser operation
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We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of an optical microsource, which comprises InAs/InP quantum wires embedded in a suspended microdisk. Comparison between photoluminescence measurements and theoretical analysis allows for a clear identification of the whispering gallery modes. cw room temperature lasing operation is demonstrated.
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The discrimination of noncolored transparent polyethylene bags was studied by several nondestructive and semidestructive analytical methods. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy (differential interference contrast microscopy and phase contrast microscopy) were applied to polyethylene films. X-ray diffraction was used to distinguish variations in the crystalline phase, infrared spectroscopy was used to distinguish variations in the molecular components, and optical microscopy was used to distinguish the different surface morphologies. The results show that X-ray diffraction classifies the crystalline phase of the film depending on whether it is made from low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, or high-density polyethylene; that infrared spectroscopy is useful to distinguish the molecular components and it is the most discriminating technique; and that optical microscopy discriminate films easily by their morphological differences.
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eng_Latn
| 9,066 |
Dielectric properties of α-d-glucose aqueous solutions at 2450 MHz
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Abstract Using a cavity perturbation technique, dielectric properties of α- d -glucose aqueous solution at 2450 MHz were measured at concentrations ranging from 10 to 60% in the temperature range of 0–70 °C. Dielectric constant increases with temperature in a quadratic manner while linearly decreasing with glucose concentration. Dielectric loss factor decreases with temperature in a quadratic way. The loss factor–concentration relationship depends on the temperature. At lower temperature, loss factor increases linearly with concentration up to a certain concentration then decreases. At temperatures higher than 40 °C, loss factor linearly increases with concentration at all concentration ranges studied. The results are useful for studying volumetric heating of these solutions by microwave energy, and chemical changes such as Maillard reaction and mutarotation involving glucose aqueous solutions in microwave field.
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Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in discontinuous buffer systems often gives very narrow zones. This technique involves some disadvantages, however, which are discussed. Although our experience so far is rather limited, it would indicate that the resolving power is independent of whether a continuous or discontinuous buffer system is used, provided that the starting zone is sharpened to the same width in the two systems. A zone sharpening can easily be achieved by giving the sample a lower conductivity than the buffer.
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eng_Latn
| 9,067 |
Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) as a psoriasis referral triage tool
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Most primary care psoriasis referrals in the UK are triaged as ‘routine’, in part because of the prioritisation of skin cancer. As a result, patients with severe psoriasis may wait several months to be seen, enduring quality of life (QoL) impairment that could have been reduced. Furthermore some patients may spontaneously improve by the time they are seen by a specialist, making the appointment unnecessary at that time. Therefore, following approval from the local ethics committee, we conducted a prospective study to evaluate the usefulness of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores in triaging patients with psoriasis referred to our dermatology secondary health care services.
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ABSTRACTThe transistor size needs to be reduced as the pixel density of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display increases for mobile application. Drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), however, hinders the further channel length reduction of low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin-film transistors (TFTs), which leads to severe mura of the OLED display for the low-gray level. The two-dimensional device simulation analysis showed that the potential energy barrier for the holes in the p-channel TFT decreases as the drain voltage intensifies from −1 to −10 V. The barrier lowering becomes severe as the channel length is reduced from 5 to 2 µm, but it does not have any noticeable dependency on the grain size variation from 0.3 to 0.5 µm. It was also found that the degree of DIBL varies considerably depending on the position of the grain boundary even for the same grain size, as the channel length is reduced. It was determined from the analysis that was conducted in this study that the deviat...
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eng_Latn
| 9,068 |
Enhanced resonance light scattering based on biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles for biosensors design
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Abstract The biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) has been employed in the design of new optical biosensors based on the enhanced resonance light scattering (RLS) signals. Both absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed Au-NP seeds could be effectively enlarged upon the reaction with H 2 O 2 , an important metabolite that could be generated by many biocatalytic reactions. Upon the stepwise enlargement of Au-NPs, the light scattering intensity could be greatly enhanced, which then allowed the quantitative detection of the analyte, H 2 O 2 . Further combination of the biocatalytic reaction that can yield H 2 O 2 by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase, with the enlargement of Au-NPs enabled the design of a sensitive glucose biosensor using the RLS technique. In the present study, we could achieve the detection of glucose in a linear range of 1.0 × 10 −6 M to 1.1 × 10 −4 M, with detection limit of 6.8 × 10 −7 M.
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Abstract : The ARO Center of Excellence in Biotechnology was established within the Cornell University Biotechnology Program in 1986. The research focus of the Center was protein structure and function, with special emphasis on enzymes and receptors. Research projects funded through the Center represented a multidisciplinary attack on the molecular basis of how proteins and enzymes work, how energy and enzymic processes are coupled through cell membranes, how membrane receptors are used to transmit signals to the cell, and how signals are transmitted in the nervous system. The final report summarizes the results of the research.... Nervous system, Center of excellence, Biotechnology, Enzymes, Receptors, Proteins, Cell membranes, Membrane receptors.
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eng_Latn
| 9,069 |
A novel etching-oxidation fabrication method for 3D nano structures on silicon and its application to SOI symmetric waveguide and 3D taper spot size converter
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A novel etching and oxidation method utilizing space effect of dry etching for three dimensional silicon structure is presented. Testing devices of SOI symmetric waveguide with ultra thick SiO2 cladding and silicon waveguide structure integrated with 3D taper spot size converter are fabricated using this method.
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Rat liver S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, high- and low-Mr forms, are regulated in vitro by the GSH/GSSG ratio at pH 8. The inhibition and oxidation constants for both forms have been calculated in the presence of thioltransferases. The mechanism of the reaction appeared to involve the formation of intramolecular disulfides. Increases of 3- to 4-fold in the oxidation constants for both S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoenzymes in the presence of protein disulfide isomerase suggested the possibility of a thiol-disulfide exchange regulatory mechanism for this enzyme in vivo. The significance of these results is discussed on the light of the data available relating glutathione changes and modulation of enzyme activities, either in vivo and in vitro.
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eng_Latn
| 9,070 |
lacThiogalactoside Transacetylase ofEscherichia coli K-12 andML
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byusing several criteria. Thesubunit molecular weight oftheenzyme is24,800, whichissignificantly lessthanthepreviously reported value of30,000. Although thefunction ofthethiogalactoside transacetylase isunknown, itissuggested thatthis enzyme plays an important rolein lactose utilization since its structure andenzymatic activity havebeenconserved. Thewild-type lacoperon ofEscherichia coli encodes three proteins. Twoofthese, /3-galactosidase (EC3.2.1.23) andtheM-protein (lacY permease), havedefined roles inlactose utilization. Thethird protein, thelacAgeneproduct, isthethiogalactoside transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.18). Thefunction ofthis enzyme isobscure. Bothinvivoandinvitro, thethiogalactoside transacetylase cancatalyze thetransfer ofthe acetyl group fromacetyl-coenzyme A(CoASAc) tothe6-0-methyl position ofthiogalactosides suchasisopropyl 83-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
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ast_Latn
| 9,071 |
Localization of acetylcholine receptors and synaptic ultrastructure at NerveMuscle contacts in cult
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Color video images are remotely painted on the screen of a conventional color television receiver or a video monitor utilizing electronic color image storage means in a control device. The control device comprises a manual input unit, an image or picture element memory, a palette or color memory controllable independently of the image memory, and color television signal generating circuitry. The system includes further features enabling an artist to record and to recreate the painted images. In one embodiment, relatively high resolution is achieved with minimal staining of adjacent image portions.
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This work benchmarks density functional theory, with several different exchange-correlation functionals, for prediction of isotropic one-bond phosphorus-hydrogen NMR spin-spin coupling constants (SSCCs). Our test set consists of experimental SSCCs from 30 diverse molecules representing multiple phosphorus bonding environments. The results suggest the importance of a balance between the choice of correlation functional and the admixture of nonlocal exchange. Overall, standard DFT methods appear to suffice for usefully accurate predictions of (31)P-(1)H SSCCs.
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eng_Latn
| 9,072 |
Simultaneous electrochemical and 3D optical imaging of silver nanoparticle oxidation
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The oxidation of AgNPs at a thin-film gold electrode is simultaneously investigated via digital holography and electrochemistry. The use of holography allows, for the first time, the 3D visualization of the electrochemical interfacial region at a relatively high acquisition rate. It is demonstrated how the coupling of these two techniques provides complementary chemical information. The ensemble response of the oxidation of surface-adsorbed silver nanoparticles to AgCl is monitored electrochemically, whereas this process is difficult to observe optically. Conversely, the subsequent chemical dissolution of individual AgCl nanocrystals can be tracked optically due to the associated decrease in the scattered light intensity.
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Unibond SOI wafers, made by the Smart Cut process, were significantly distorted during processing with an established bulk silicon wafer CMOS process. The cause of distortion upon examination of routine photolithography overlay error measurement data was attributed to the use of a RTA process which was not optimized for these SOI wafers. An examination of the residual overlay errors after correction for wafer distortion indicated that the asymmetry of the pattern on the wafer prior to RTA processing may contribute to or promote these distortions in conjunction with an unoptimized RTA process.
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eng_Latn
| 9,073 |
An improved crescent electrode in electrowetting-based microfludic
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Electrode is a vital component in the digital microfludic based on electrowetting on dielectric(EWOD), in order to improve the driving performance, this paper proposed a novel improved crescent electrode shape, establish the EWOD device model through the finite element method(FEM) to compute the driving force of the droplet. The result shows that droplet's electrostatic force on the proposed electrode shape is more stable, the standard deviation is decreased by 41.18% compared with the crescent electrode, and during droplet crossing two adjacent electrodes, the minimum actuation force of droplet on the proposed electrode is 5.9μN which is improved by 23.43% compared with the crescent electrode. And in addition, the proposed electrode is composed of two symmetrical sub electrodes, hence the droplet bidirectional movement has the same driving performance, it is more consistent with the manipulation of droplet in practical application.
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Chlortetracycline fluorescence patterns were assessed in epididymal mouse sperm suspensions capacitated in exogenous substrate-containing and substrate-free media.
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eng_Latn
| 9,074 |
Recent update on anti-dengue drug discovery
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Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of humans, with more than half of the global population living in at-risk areas. Despite the negative impact on public health, there are no antiviral therapies available, and the only licensed vaccine, Dengvaxia®, has been contraindicated in children below nine years of age. In an effort to combat dengue, several small molecules have entered into human clinical trials. Here, we review anti-DENV molecules and their drug targets that have been published within the past five years (2014 – 2018). Further, we discuss their probable mechanisms of action and describe a role for classes of clinically approved drugs and also an unclassified class of anti-DENV agents. This review aims to enhance our understanding of novel agents and their cognate targets in furthering innovations in the use of small molecules for dengue drug therapies.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,075 |
Impact of selective ablation of self-assembly monolayer by localized Joule heating on silicon nanoelectronic sensors
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Silicon nanodevice biosensors have been attracted a lot of attention due to its advantages of label-free, real-time and very high sensitive detection. This study employs self-assembly monolayer (SAM) of methoxy-poly(ethyleneglycol) silane (MPEG-sil) as passivation on Si nanodevices. Ablation of SAM by Joule heating (JH) was performed at n− region of a nanobelt device, where the linker molecules, biotin were modified subsequently. Detection of Alexa dye-labeled Streptavidin (SA) showed that the fluorescence intensity at n− region increased with each 50-μl SA injection and saturated after the 4th injection. A difference of fluorescence intensity between SAM-ablated device and without passivation is 4.9 fold. Threshold voltage (V th ) shifted ca. 35 mV after the 4th injection for SAM-ablated device and as-fabricated device exhibited only a 10-mV V th shift. The results indicated that SAM-ablated device possess potential in reduction of sensing time and in increase of sensitivity for low concentration detection.
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For the early diagnosis of several diseases, various biomarkers have been discovered and utilized through the measurement of concentrations in body fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva. The most representative analytical method for biomarker detection is an immunosensor, which exploits the specific antigen-antibody immunoreaction. Among diverse analytical methods, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based immunosensors are emerging as a potential detection platform due to high sensitivity, selectivity, and intuitive features. Particularly, SPR-based immunosensors could detect biomarkers without labeling of a specific detection probe, as typical immunosensors such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) use enzymes like horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this review, SPR-based immunosensors utilizing noble metals such as Au and Ag as SPR-inducing factors for the measurement of different types of protein biomarkers, including viruses, microbes, and extracellular vesicles (EV), are briefly introduced.
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eng_Latn
| 9,076 |
Multiple Differential Aperture Microscopy
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Differential-aperture X-ray microscopy (DAXM) is a powerful approach to 3D tomography with particular relevance to X-ray microdiffraction. With DAXM, scattering from submicron volumes can be resolved. However, the method is intrinsically a scanning technique where every resolved volume element (voxel) requires at least one area-detector readout. Previous applications of DAXM have used a single wire for knife-edge step profiling. Here, we demonstrate a way to accelerate DAXM measurements using multiple wires. A proof-of-principle experiment with a three-wire prototype showed that the speed of measurements can be tripled, but careful calibrations of wires will be required to maintain the spatial accuracy. In addition, related possibilities for accelerating measurements are briefly discussed.
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Abstract In microporous materials quantum effects in molecular adsorption and transport become of importance if the difference between pore diameter and the molecular hard core is no longer large compared to the de Broglie wavelength of radial motion. Two aspects are discussed: the freezing of the radial degrees of freedom resulting in a one dimensional gas and the situation where the zero-point energy overcompensates the attraction of the walls, creating an energy barrier at the entrance of the pores. In both cases the material can act as a quantum molecular sieve.
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eng_Latn
| 9,077 |
[Laboratory diagnosis of a rare congenital neurodegenerative disease: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis].
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Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol in the brain and the tendons caused by mutations of the gene encoding sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), which is involved in bile acid synthesis. The diagnosis is often missed and delayed because of the variable clinical presentation of the disease. Blood testing for cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is routinely performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of elevated cholestanol level, and the diagnosis is confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. Early recognition and initiation of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy with hydoxymethyl‑glutaryl‑Coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors is critical to prevent irreversible neurological damage and permanent disability. The authors summarize the current knowledge about the pathomechanism, laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic options of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,078 |
Quantitative Label-Free Characterization of Avidin-Biotin Assemblies on Silanized Glass
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In this study, a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer TOF-SIMS, operating in the event-by-event bombardment/detection mode was used to characterize avidin–biotin assemblies on silane-modified glass substrates. SIMS was used to analyze several variants of the biointerface, including avidin physically adsorbed on a monofunctional acryl silane surface and covalently attached on monofunctional (amine terminated) and bifunctional (amine and acryl terminated) silanes. The goal of these studies was to determine density of avidin and biotin layers chemically or physically adsorbed on silanized glass substrate. An individual impact of a C60 projectile used in this study creates a hemispherical crater (∼10 nm in diameter) and emits large numbers of secondary ions from the same nanovolume. Thus, a single impact enables one to unfold distinct secondary ions that span the thickness of the assembled film. This method was used to monitor the presence of glass, silane, and protein ions and to estimate the thick...
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The standards for testing quinoline insoluble(QI) content were developed by ISO,ASTM,our national and export standard departments.The differences and the gaps of the above standards were studied and analyzed in this article,and the research situation of the method of quinoline insoluble was discussed as well.Finaly,the opinions and suggestions of our national standard to integrate with the international standards were put forward.
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eng_Latn
| 9,079 |
Plasma and amniotic fluid concentrations of fibronectin during normal and post term pregnancy.
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Fibronectin is a plasma glycoprotein which is involved in coagulation, platelet function, tissue repair and the vascular endothelial basement membrane. Increase of plasma fibronectin levels in pre-eclamptic patients have been previously reported. There have been no reports however regarding plasma fibronectin levels during post term pregnancy. A significant decrease of maternal plasma concentration of fibronectin was noticed during third trimester, at the time of delivery, and the third post partum day in post term pregnancies as compared to the concentrations found in normal pregnancies.
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A 0.6V pulse frequency modulation (PFM) CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) array with in-pixel biphasic current pulse driver is presented in this paper. It achieves a photon-to-biphasic current conversion for biomedical applications like artificial 2-D vision recovery. The photon-to-biphasic-current conversion gain, the biphasic pulse width, polarity, and output rate are all tunable depends on applications and environments. A 32×32 pixel array with 30×30 um2 pixel size has been designed and fabricated in 0.18um CMOS technology providing the fill factor of 24.5%. Measurement results show a 0.63Hz/lux conversion gain of PFM sensor within 25hz∼5kHz output with power consumption as 2uW∼55uW depends on illumination. The maximum driving capability of biphasic neural stimulation current pulse is ±20µA with a 10kΩ electrode model.
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eng_Latn
| 9,080 |
Applications of Morpho-Butterfly's Strange Blue based on Nano-Randomness
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Structural color of some blue Morpho butterflies has a physically mysterious feature from viewpoint of optics. We have recently proven the principle of the mystery by fabricating the specific structures by extracting the physical essence. The key was exquisite combination of both regular and irregular structures at nanometer scale on the surface of the butterfly’s scale. Although our researches were started from purely scientific interests, after we achieved the proof of the principle, such artificial structural color was found to concern wide applications. We have then extended our investigations to the next step for wide application studies, also still pursuing the scientific essence based on the nano-randomness.
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As a result of the first study on secondary metabolites from the cosmopolitan bioluminescent marine tube polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus, a new bicyclic guanidine alkaloid, 6-epi-monanchorin (1), along with the previously known monanchorin (2) were isolated. The structure of 1 was elucidated by...
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eng_Latn
| 9,081 |
Calcium ions effectively enhance the effect of antisense peptide nucleic acids conjugated to cationic tat and oligoarginine peptides.
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Cell-penetrating peptides have been widely used to improve cellular delivery of a variety of proteins and antisense agents. However, recent studies indicate that such cationic peptides are predominantly entering cells via an endosomal pathway. We now show that the nuclear antisense effect in HeLa cells of a variety of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) peptide conjugates is significantly enhanced by addition of 6 mM Ca(2+) (as well as by the lysosomotrophic agent chloroquine). In particular, the antisense activities of Tat(48-60) and heptaarginine-conjugated PNAs were increased 44-fold and 8.5-fold, respectively. Evidence is presented that the mechanism involves endosomal release. The present results show that Ca(2+) can be used as an effective enhancer for in vitro cellular delivery of cationic peptide-conjugated PNA oligomers, and also emphasize the significance of the endosomal escape route for such peptides.
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Dataset for Skin-deep Patterning of Calcite. From the data in this file, we show that calcite surface patterning changes with experimental conditions, additive concentrations, time, additive mixtures and additive chemistry. As a model additive, we used a cement protein cp20k, to develop a range of surface patterns such as nanoshoots and arrowheads. From a range of other additives, we were then able to show how many other surface patterning motifs were then accessible. The data includes SEM, Optical, confocal fluorescence, FIB/SEM, and TEM data.
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eng_Latn
| 9,082 |
Extraction of lignin from black liquor by desulfonation
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Extraction of lignin from sulfite pulping waste liquor was investigated.The extraction rate of lignin from black liquor by desulfonation increased in comparison with that without desulfonation.Then the influence of 15% H2SO4,precipitation time,precipitation temperature on the separation of lignin from black liquor by desulfonation was studied through 53 orthogonal experiments.The result indicated that the optimal condition of purifying lignin was as follows:the proportion of black liquor and 15% H2SO4 was 1∶2 and cooking at 90℃ for 1.5h.Lignin obtained from desulfonation of black liquor,had high purity,high molecular weight,good-heat stability and plasticity through the analyses of IR spectrum,GPC,TG-DSC and Torque curve.
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Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
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eng_Latn
| 9,083 |
Fast and precise subthreshold slope method for extracting gate capacitive coupling coefficient in flash memory cells
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A fast and precise subthreshold slope method for extraction of gate capacitive coupling coefficient is substantially confirmed by experimental data from three types of flash memory cells: stacked gate, sidewall source-side injection (SSI), and split-gate cells. This new method furnishes promising potentials: (i) it can eliminate the effect of process variations; (ii) the traditional source or drain capacitive coupling measurement becomes unnecessary; (iii) only a few DC measurements are needed; and (iv) even dummy transistors can be removed. Therefore, the method is highly suitable as an in-line process monitor.
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Abstract Peptide and protein samples are often complex mixtures that contain a number of individual compounds. The initial HPLC separation of such samples typically results in the poor resolution of one or more band pairs. Various means have been suggested tor varying separation selectivity so as to minimize this problem. In this study of a tryptic digest of recombinant human growth hormone, the simultaneous variation of temperature and gradient steepness was found to be a convenient and effective means of varying selectivity and optimizing the separation. The use of computer simulation greatly facilitated this investigation.
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eng_Latn
| 9,084 |
A CCD spectrophotometer to quantitate the concentration of chromophores in living tissue utilising the absorption peak of water at 975 nm.
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Optical spectroscopy has long been used to study the oxygenation of living tissue in-vivo. It is possible to detect concentration changes of naturally occurring chromophores whose absorption spectra are affected by the presence of oxygen, such as haemoglobin and the cytochrome enzymes.
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A tunable wavelength filter was proposed and demonstrated by using the ultraviolet nanoimprint technique. It consists of a Bragg grating in polymer waveguides and a heating electrode. The creation of the grating was substantially simplified with the introduction of a smart imprint stamp containing a waveguide pattern integrated with the grating pattern. The center wavelength of the filter was successfully tuned by taking advantage of the thermooptic effect in polymers, which was induced by supplying electrical power to the electrode. For the fabricated device, a transmission dip of ∼15dB and a 3dB bandwidth of 0.8nm were obtained at the Bragg wavelength of ∼1560nm. The achieved thermooptic tuning rate was ∼0.28nm∕mW, while the center wavelength was shifted from 1560nm to 1558nm with the electrical power consumption of 7mW.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,085 |
DNA Markers for Identifying waxy Mutations and Improving Noodle Quality in Wheat
|
Approximately 70% of wheat endosperm consists of starch, and variations in the quality and quantity of starch affect the processing characteristics of wheat flour. Amylose content in particular has a major effect on Asian noodle quality, and selection of wheat lines with slightly lower amylose levels is an important goal in Japanese wheat breeding programs. Accurately measuring amylose content by direct methods such as colorimetric assays was found to be problematic, suggesting there was a need for a more efficient and accurate method of screening for reduced amylose content. Therefore, we characterized mutations in the wheat waxy genes, which control amylose synthesis, and developed DNA markers for the identification of null waxy alleles. In this review, we describe the development of these markers and outline their utility for wheat breeding programs.
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We report on using e-beam lithographically technology for enabling the mass replication of custom-designed ::: and prepared Nano-structures via establishing nanoimprint processes for pattern transfer into UV curable prepolymes. ::: By EBL, the new nano-fabrication technology based on the concept of disposal master technology (DMT) is suitable for mass volume manufacturing of large area arrays of sub-wavelength photonic elements. We will present some kinds of PhC and waveguides for fabrication of nanoimprint Electron beam lithography stamps.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,086 |
Experiments on photophoresis and thermophoresis
|
Abstract An experimental technique has been developed for the precise measurement of radiometric forces. The results suggest that the photophoretic force due to sunlight on aerosol particles of approximately 0.5μ diameter in the upper atmosphere may be comparable with or larger than the particle weight. The thermophoretic results are in conflict with existing theories in the continuum regime. The measured thermophoretic force is very much larger than that predicted by Epstein's and Derjaguin-Bakanov's formulae, particularly for a highly conductive particle.
|
By example of a web courseware for scanning tunneling microscopy that we developed, we compare and discuss traditional versus contemporary teaching methods in the odern Physics laboratory.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,087 |
Studies on the Photoinduced Desorption of Ethanol Vapor from the Solid Surface of Some Ferrocene Derivatives
|
The photoinduced changes in solid samples of some ferrocene derivatives namely, ferrocenecarbaldehyde, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, and acetylferrocene with physically adsorbed ethanol vapor were monitored by electrical current measurements in sandwich cells. The decrease in current with time during illumination of light from a mercury lamp (125 W) has indicated the possibility of photoinduced desorption of adsorbed vapors from the solid surface of these materials. Similarly, the increase of current with time in absence of the light source has indicated the possibility of readsorption of vapors from the chamber environment. Possible application of photoinduced desorption has been discussed.
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Pyroelectric infrared sensor arrays are imaging devices for infrared radiation that utilize the temperature dependence of the remanent in polarization in pyroelectric materials. We use the finite element method for the calculation of the coupled thermo-electro-mechanical fields for an instance of a linear sensor array, derive the modulation transfer function from the simulation data, and compare the result to an analytical solution.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,088 |
Uncooled long-wavelength infrared sensor using cytochrome c protein on CMOS read-out circuits
|
Cytochrome c protein thin film shows high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). In this paper, we studied the characteristics of cytochrome c protein, whose absorption rate is 65% at wavelengths of 10 μm. We designed a chip for an infrared microbolometer with suspended aluminum electrodes. The protein solution was deposited on a sensing pixel using an inkjet printer. The TCR, thermal conductance, time constant, responsivity and detectivity were 25.98(%/K), 7.96 × 10−5 (W/K), 1.094 (ms), 2.57 × 104 (V/W) and 5.89 × 108 (cm · Hz1/2/W), respectively. We experimentally demonstrated integrating cytochrome c protein with a CMOS circuit as a sensing pixel for a long-wavelength infrared microbolometer at room temperature. Based on our experimental results, such a microbolometer array holds promise for the future.
|
Red kojic rice is a traditional food additive in China and the chymosin produced by microorganisms was proved to have the function of coagulating milk.A high chymosin producing strain,named M5 was screened through the Petri dishes method and Arima technique.In addition,the optimal fermentation conditions of M5 were obtained through orthogonal test as follows: potato medium,fermentation temperature 31℃ rotating speed 160 r/min,fermentation time 60 h.Under these conditions,the chymosin activity reached 150.6 SU.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,089 |
Identification and Characterization of a New Class of (6–4) Photolyase from Vibrio cholerae
|
Light is crucial for many biological activities of most organisms, including vision, resetting of circadian rhythm, photosynthesis, and DNA repair. The cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) represents an ancient group of UV-A/blue light sensitive proteins that perform different functions such as DNA repair, circadian photoreception, and transcriptional regulation. The CPF is widely distributed throughout all organisms, including marine prokaryotes. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae was previously shown to have a CPD photolyase that repairs UV-induced thymine dimers and two CRY-DASHs that repair UV-induced single-stranded DNA damage. Here, we characterize a hypothetical gene Vca0809 encoding a new member of CPF in this organism. The spectroscopic analysis of the purified protein indicated that this enzyme possessed a catalytic cofactor, FAD, and photoantenna chromophore 6,7-dimethyl 8-ribityl-lumazin. With a slot blot-based DNA repair assay, we showed that it possessed (6–4) photolyase activity. Further phyloge...
|
Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,090 |
Photometric Calibration of the Optical Monitor
|
Current status of the photometric calibration of the OM will be reviewed, including (i)throughput curves, (ii)coincidence losses, (iii)zero points, (iii)colour ransformations in the optical filters, (iv)photometric accuracy.
|
Abstract : The objectives of this report are 1. Production of an antiserum against melanopsin, a putative circadian photoreceptor, permitting analysis of its expression pattern in mammalian retina. 2. Heterologous expression of melanopsin using recombinant baculovirus for a first characterization of its biochemical properties.
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eng_Latn
| 9,091 |
Octaethylporphin films. II absorption and emission of amorphous films
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Amorphous thin films of octaethylporphin have been prepared and are observed to crystallize over time if thicker than about 100 nm. Transmission spectra of amorphous films have a sharper Soret band than transmission spectra of crystalline films and lack the exciton band seen in crystalline films. The exciton band can be resolved in amorphous films by taking a difference spectrum between two amorphous films of different thickness. Fluorescence is observed from one impurity in amorphous films as compared to two impurities in crystalline films. This indicates a smaller exciton diffusion length in amorphous films as compared to crystalline films, consistent with the differences in the transmission spectra of the two kinds of film.
|
We will present the design of a greatly simplified acousto-optic (A/O) scanning system which allows a change of wavelength in less than a second (and in principal between 2 TV lines). A/O deflectors now available with a 9.3 mm circular entrance pupil (rather than the 2 mm X 12 mm pupils previously used) eliminate the need for costly anamorphic beam shaping optics. The resulting simplified optic system can be straightforwardly corrected for different excitation wavelengths.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,092 |
Photographic Image Enhancement Using Chemical Treatment Techniques
|
Methods of enhancing underdeveloped, underexposed, or low optical density regions of properly exposed silver halide images using chemical treat ment techniques are reviewed and discussed. These procedures consist of modifying the transmission or emission characteristics of the original negative. Transmission methods increase the effective optical density of the original image by deposition of chemicals at or on the original silver grains and are therefore destructive. Emission methods such as autoradiography and fluores-cence provide a nondestructive enhancement alternative to the transmission approach.
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Thank you for reading environmental biotechnology reducing risks from environmental chemicals through biotechnology. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this environmental biotechnology reducing risks from environmental chemicals through biotechnology, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious virus inside their laptop.
|
kor_Hang
| 9,093 |
THE PROTECTION OF THE EYE LENS IN TELECOBALT THERAPY
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The technique for indirect shielding of the eye situated within the irradiation field during telecobalt therapy is reported by using demonstrations of isodoses. The dose at the lens is approximately 10% of the maximum dose measured at electron equilibrium. Thls dose does not depend upon the arrangement of the shielding within the irradiation area. (auth)
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This paper reports on the development of optically based techniques to detect and identify chemical agents. Detection ::: sensitivity and molecule discrimination are studied. In parallel, efforts are made to develop rugged and compact ::: experimental designs that can be used for field measurements. Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a ::: surface analyzing optical technique investigated to measure sarin like molecules deposited on samples coming from the ::: Parisian subway. On the other hand, Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS) - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy ::: (CRDS) or Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) - is used to measure traces of the industrial toxic ::: hydrogen fluoride gas down to the ppb level. Measurements in laboratory are reported and primary results obtained in a ::: field experiment are described.
|
yue_Hant
| 9,094 |
Structure and electrical properties of polycrystalline SiGe films grown by molecular beam deposition
|
The structural and electrical properties of polycrystalline Si0.5Ge0.5 films 150 nm thick grown by molecular beam deposition at temperatures of 200–550°C on silicon substrates coated with amorphous layers of silicon oxynitride were studied. It is shown that the films consist of a mixture of amorphous and polycrystalline phases. The amorphous phase fraction decreases from ∼50% in films deposited at 200°C to zero in films grown at 550°C. Subsequent 1-h annealing at a temperature of 550°C results in complete solid-phase crystallization of all films. The electron transport of charge carriers in polycrystalline films occurs by the thermally activated mechanism associated with the energy barrier of ∼0.2 eV at grain boundaries. Barrier lowering upon additional annealing of SiGe films correlates with an increase in the average grain size.
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Obtain the photonic crystal in the present invention according to obtain the photonic crystal comprises a uniform spherical porosity and a plurality of pores are formed around a spherical body filled with the medium to form a diffraction grating of the sphere, the pores are fixed bio-sensitive material to the inner surface; In the photonic crystal obtain uniformly spherical agglomeration addition of medium and plurality of the medium is formed around a portion of the spherical body filled with a pore to form a diffraction grating of a sphere, sphere optical crystal which is fixed to the medium is living body-sensitive material surface portion; Methods for their preparation; And provides a biochip or biosensor containing the photonic crystal sphere. A bio-chip, a biosensor, label-free, light-diffracting, the photonic crystal, the photonic crystal sphere
|
eng_Latn
| 9,095 |
Quantum Well Devices for Photonic Networks
|
Abstract : The first part of this report discusses a X-modulator, a powerful device in terms of optical computation, routing, and interconnection. The device is a 3 input, 3 output conservative and reversible switch, an optoelectronic Fredkin gate. Using arrays of these modulators, various reconfigurable switching, routing, and interconnection networks are constructed. The second part of this report discusses the high speed properties of vertical cavity modulators for optical interconnection and switching. The epitaxial structure, mask design, device processing and characterization of high speed vertical cavity resonant enhanced MQW modulators is described.
|
We report on the role of molecular diffusivity in the formation of nonlinearly growing polyelectrolyte multilayers (nlPEMs). Electrostatically bound polyelectrolyte multilayers were assembled from poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) as a polyanion and quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (QPC) as a polycation. Film growth as measured by ellipsometry was strongly dependent on the time allowed for each polymer deposition step, suggesting that the diffusivities of the components are crucial in controlling the rate of film growth. Uptake of polyelectrolytes within nlPEMs was relatively slow and occurred on time scales ranging from minutes to hours, depending on the film thickness. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements with nlPEM films exposed to aqueous solutions exhibited high (severalfold) degrees of film swelling and different swelling values for films exposed to QPC or PMAA solutions. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the average ionization of film-assembled PMAA increased upon binding of QPC and...
|
kor_Hang
| 9,096 |
Hollow fiber liquid-supported membrane technology for enantioseparation of racemic salbutamol by combinatorial chiral selectors
|
Enantioseparation of salbutamol solute was carried out in liquid-supported membrane by using a polyvinylidene fluoride hollow-fiber module. The enantioselective transport of solute was facilitated by combinatorial chiral selectors, which were dissolved in toluene organic solvent. The effects of molar concentration ratios of salbutamol to combinatorial chiral selectors, and the pH value of buffer solution on enantioseparation were investigated. The results show that when the molar concentration ratio is 2:1:1, the maximum separation factor and enantiomer excess are 1.49 and 19.74%, respectively, and the R-enantiomer flux is more than S-enantiomer; the pH value of buffer solution influences the performances of enantioseparartion obviously, and the appropriate range of pH value is 7.0–7.2.
|
Abstract By using a five pass Fabry-Perot interferometer we have observed Brillouin scattering from longitudinal sound waves in films of amorphous silicon prepared by glow discharge decomposition of silane. Both the sound velocity and the scattering efficiency are found to depend on the hydrogen content of the film. For small hydrogen content the velocity is observed to be comparable with that of crystalline Si. The implications of our results for pure amorphous Si are different than for the results of Testardi and Hauser on sputtered samples.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,097 |
Analysis and Design of High Power Factor LED Drivers without Electrolytic Capacitor
|
Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-30 13:22:28.471
|
We show a platform that merges a microfluidic chip with lensless imaging for CD4+ T-lymphocyte counting at resource-limited settings. To capture CD4+ T lymphocytes, anti-CD4 antibody was immobilized on a microfluidic chip. The captured cells were detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor using lensless shadow imaging techniques. Gray scale shadow images of captured cells on the chip (24 mm × 4 mm × 50 μm) were enumerated in three seconds using an automatic cell counting software. The device achieved 70.2 ± 6.5% capture efficiency, 88.8 ± 5.4% capture specificity for CD4+ T-lymphocytes, 96 ± 1.6% CCD efficiency, and 83.5 ± 2.4% overall platform performance (n = 3D 9 devices). This integrated platform has potential for point-of-care testing (POCT) to rapidly capture, image and count specific cell types from unprocessed whole blood.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,098 |
Magnetic stability of massive star forming clumps in RCW 106
|
The RCW 106 molecular cloud complex is an active massive star-forming region where a ministarburst is taking place. We examined its magnetic structure by near-IR polarimetric observations with the imaging polarimeter SIRPOL on the IRSF 1.4 m telescope. The global magnetic field is nearly parallel to the direction of the Galactic plane and the cloud elongation. We derived the magnetic field strength of $\sim100$-$1600~\mu$G for 71 clumps with the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method. We also evaluated the magnetic stability of these clumps and found massive star-forming clumps tend to be magnetically unstable and gravitationally unstable. Therefore, we propose a new criterion to search for massive star-forming clumps. These details suggest that the process enhancing the clump density without an increase of the magnetic flux is essential for the formation of massive stars and the necessity for accreting mass along the magnetic field lines.
|
Aims: To design a simple method for the detection of microbe–immune complexes exploiting the optical and elastic properties of a biocompatible liquid crystalline material. ::: ::: ::: ::: Methods and Results: Aqueous solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC), was aligned in a glass cell so as to be optically dark in polarized light. Immune complexes of at least three to four organisms altered the DSCG alignment such that polarized light was subsequently transmitted to reveal the presence of pathogens as optically bright regions around the immune complexes. ::: ::: ::: ::: Conclusions: This work describes the first method to detect viable micro-organisms in real time using LCLC. ::: ::: ::: ::: Significance and Impact of the Study: This technique provides a powerful tool for the detection of microbes in minutes, exploiting the optical and elastic properties of LC.
|
eng_Latn
| 9,099 |
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