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0.44432 | 9415dcb4e8c74a19ba8dd77dc2482212 | (A) Time to first pneumonia event in patients on ICS/LABA vs. LAMA. (B) Time to first pneumonia-related hospitalization event in patients on ICS/LABA vs. LAMA. (C) Time to first outpatient pneumonia event in patients on ICS/LABA vs. LAMA. (D) Time to pneumonia-related death in patients on ICS/LABA vs. LAMA. ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LABA long acting β2-agonists, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists. | PMC10199945 | 41598_2023_35223_Fig3a_HTML.jpg |
0.436211 | 3afa748d72414c529f86d7ecea6cd38d | The flowchart of the study. | PMC10200142 | thc-31-thc236028-g001.jpg |
0.479937 | 883159791814480a861a414ecb668c44 | Effects of CBI on elderly patients undergoing sinus floor elevation and immediate dental implantation. (A) The SAS scores at different time points were compared between the two groups. SAS: The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. (B) The PSQI scores at different time points were compared between the two groups. PSQI: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. (C) The VAS scores at different time points were compared between the two groups. VAS: The Visual Analogue Scale. P#< 0.05. | PMC10200142 | thc-31-thc236028-g002.jpg |
0.499671 | 716147c64d9a40609d9de90babb5a882 | JAK inhibitors and the blocking mechanisms of JAK2 and TYK2, in psoriasis | PMC10201519 | 11_2023_1744_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.436542 | ad5ffbc88255465497624b12775febb3 | Influence of several cytokines and hormones on cell membrane receptors of the JAK/STAT pathway and its metabolic and clinical consequences | PMC10201519 | 11_2023_1744_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.469364 | 3fa45bfb88364cf5b65a2a6e38cca39f | The interaction among distinct intracellular signaling pathways and their inhibitors, represented by small molecules drugs commercially available or under pre-clinical or clinical investigation | PMC10201519 | 11_2023_1744_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.415127 | 18ee7546e73c4de783cdeee1abcb90f2 | Step-by-step activation of JAKS and STATS by inflammatory cytokines | PMC10201519 | 11_2023_1744_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.504688 | 370fa38387ce4417942d0d7dc46f7de7 | Cytokines that may influence the blockade of different JAK/STAT pathways in atopic dermatitis | PMC10201519 | 11_2023_1744_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.470425 | 2868c67ca7684d0fb9f98e367c720431 | PMFs for various dipole moments calculated from (a) DSCFT and (b)
molecular dynamics simulation with σ = 3 Å, T = 300 K, q1 = −q2 = e, v = 30 Å3. The insets of both panels show PMFs for larger dipole moments.
For reference, μ̅ = 1.85D corresponds to the gas-phase
dipole moment of water. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0001.jpg |
0.461243 | 240b96e47249408b9c2ed8441c238f3c | PMFs decomposed
into their energetic and entropic contributions
with solvent dipoles of (a, b) μ̅ = 0 D and (c, d) μ̅
= 1 D. The PMFs are calculated from DSCFT in (a) and (c) and MD simulation
in (b) and (d). Other parameters are the same as in Figure 1. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0002.jpg |
0.492394 | 1661bdaef64749d7a289d92803eb3206 | Ratio of PMF due to entropy for σ
= 3 Å, q1 = −q2 = e and various calculated via (a) DSCFT and (b) molecular
dynamics. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0003.jpg |
0.525442 | 54258d63712041adbe38704b7b00059b | Free energy, internal
energy, and entropy change from infinite
separation to r = 5σ vs for σ = 3 Å and q1 = −q2 = e. Calculations were done using DSCFT. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0004.jpg |
0.397146 | 6f46081047814b4884cfab596a68c516 | Solvent polarization
at the midplane of the ions for both theory
(top row) and simulation (bottom row). Spatial positions are in units
of σ. The ions are at separations of r = 5σ,
3σ, and 1σ going from left to right. Both ions have size
σ = 3 Å and charges q1 = −q2 = e. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0005.jpg |
0.389567 | f2c9da50c08745918fbc9d3817982793 | Normalized excess polarization
versus the ion separation for various
dipole moments μ̅, near the energy/entropy crossover,
with σ = 3 Å and q1 = −q2 = e. Here, the excess polarization
is normalized by the infinite separation excess polarization for μ̅
= 1.0 D. Calculations were done using (a) DSCFT and (b) simulation. | PMC10201535 | jp3c00588_0006.jpg |
0.446251 | c52ecfc72f2448c3be060503a5afa5a3 | (a) SEM image and (b) XRD pattern of the SiC powder precursor. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f1.jpg |
0.458928 | 4d2b0c7eb80146ca9fe0cf92a53b2ca0 | Schematic of the anode fabrication process. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f2.jpg |
0.500889 | 5f8aa38d254a4eb399e61d88b9c748ec | Photos of the fabricated cathode. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f3.jpg |
0.418532 | c1287f3843dc483e9edd9d18fa38d0b5 | Schematic of the (a) electrolytic cell and (b) synthesis process of nanoporous carbon from the SiC precursor. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f4.jpg |
0.449692 | e04ec15914b146b1bd4204955cf433f5 | (a) Current–time curve of the electro-etching process for the SiC powder precursor. (b) XRD patterns of the obtained SiC-CDC products. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f5.jpg |
0.488267 | bceb021997d046028b4fe1760136da92 | (a) Raman spectrum of the SiC-CDC products. (b) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the obtained SiC-CDC products. (c) Pore size distribution of the obtained SiC-CDC products. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f6.jpg |
0.471829 | f11813715e104402994fa2ebeb6fe007 | (a) Images of the SiC precursor pellet and SiC-CDC product pellet. (b and c) SEM images and (d) EDS spectrum corresponding to (c) of the obtained products. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f7.jpg |
0.414702 | 9e45d3e7a39f4cd58f2a3b9dcddb8136 | (a) Typical TEM image and (b) HR-TEM image of the SiC precursor. (c) TEM and (d) HR-TEM images of the as-synthesized SiC-CDC products. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f8.jpg |
0.437111 | da527d284b604d3c96b70b599e1bd1e4 | (a) Cyclic voltammogram of the SiC-CDC microsphere products with different sweep rates. (b) Charge–discharge curves measured at different current densities. (c) Rate capabilities at various current densities between 1000 and 3000 mA g−1, where the specific capacitances of the samples were calculated from the associated galvanostatic discharge results. (d) Cycling performance of the supercapacitor device at a current density of 1000 mA g−1. | PMC10201547 | d2ra07870h-f9.jpg |
0.419792 | 4f3590b6f68d4b638ccd580518d7ef74 | The moderated mediation model. | PMC10201844 | gr1.jpg |
0.407682 | 7a5fc9ecf65e44c08d57fa6dd4a31322 | Interaction effect between subjective socioeconomic status and mental health literacy for psychological resilience. | PMC10201844 | gr2.jpg |
0.509263 | 629f5fe33686408884bfda2abfb7dd0f | a Representation of the three main sialic acids: Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc and KDN; b 1,7-lactone of Neu5Ac rearrangement under hydrolytic conditions forming Neu5Ac, through its γ-lactone intermediate [20] | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.436876 | e983f815f58b490081fe53154620dc69 | Full Scan analyses of a 50 mg/L Neu5Ac 1,7 lactone solution in ultrapure CH3CN (a) or ultrapure water (b). The mass range of 290.0000–290.2000 and 308.0000–308.2000 have been extracted. Peak 1 (Neu5Ac 1,7-lactone); peak 2 (Neu5Ac γ-lactone); peak 3 (Neu5Ac) and peak 4 (unknown intermediate) | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.394513 | 7321d369721d45b38f0426fbb0b82167 | Fragmentation pattern obtained in the PRM analyses of the different precursor ions: Neu5Ac (a), [13C3]Neu5Ac (b), 1,7 lactone (c) and γ-lactone (d) | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.417642 | a6bf6f6c049549d3b7c7da5a78d13f56 | Stability of 1,7 lactone in different solvents: pure CH3CN, pure water, and CH3CN/water, 1:1 v/v mixture, during time, at RT (a) and at 4 °C (b). Stability of 1,7 lactone dissolved in CH3CN/water, 1:1 v/v mixture after SpeedVac treatment, 40 °C × 40 min (c). 1,7 lactone quantification has been expressed as percentage of 1,7-lactone peak areas normalized for the [13C3]Neu5Ac and assigning the 100% to the 1,7-lactone levels at t = 0. Each value represents the mean of two independent experiments carried out in duplicate | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.494686 | 76982eeab8ca44f8a39a1975832b2b43 | Schematic representation of the two simplified purification methods adopted to preserve 1,7 lactone stability (path A, SpeedVac drying session; path B, direct injection of supernatant) | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.449678 | 8c6bde1332aa41bcad18307b16cb9656 | Variations of the 1,7-lactone of Neu5Ac, γ-lactone of Neu5Ac and Neu5Ac levels before and after SpeedVac treatment considering the sample processing in different media/matrices: a water, b 5% BSA, c plasma. The levels of analyte have been expressed as the ratio between the analyte and the [.13C3]Neu5Ac peak areas from the PRM analysis. For plasma also the endogenous levels of Neu5Ac have been reported. Each value represents the mean of three independent experiments carried out in duplicate (see Table S4). A p-value < 0.05 has been considered statistically significant; *p-value < 0.05; ***p-value < 0.0005 | PMC10202997 | 10719_2023_10114_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.422425 | b94a6f423df74b5dbeedab612277c933 | Lateral distraction test and grading of lower lid laxity | PMC10202998 | 10792_2022_2590_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.429999 | 0c1b8d4717814a8f861312791fc122d7 | Post-argon laser; the curved arrow represent punctum and the astric represent laser mark on conjunctival surface | PMC10202998 | 10792_2022_2590_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.410988 | 1ed7eabb7bda406eb43ec245982ae422 | a Pre-argon laser treatment tear film thickness equal to 176 pixels. b 6-month post-argon laser treatment tear film thickness equal to 80 pixels | PMC10202998 | 10792_2022_2590_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.393787 | a4715be65cfc4e59b38a9d9e044bc7f5 | Bar chart showing the mean tear film height measurements pre- and 6 months post-argon laser therapy | PMC10202998 | 10792_2022_2590_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.441235 | bd592818040f4f2687a3199d24ec6bf0 | Case 1 a clearly seen punctum before argon laser application. b Punctum is not seen at the end of follow-up. Case 2 c clearly seen punctum before argon laser application. d partially seen punctum after at the end of follow-up. Case 3 e Clearly seen punctum before argon laser application. f Still seen punctum at the end of follow-up | PMC10202998 | 10792_2022_2590_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.521731 | 15cd509560b545928d53ef85d836371e | Predicted probabilities of working only from home, Digital Economy and
Society Index in interaction with years of education, 95 percent
confidence intervals included. | PMC10203858 | 10.1177_07311214231167171-fig1.jpg |
0.425132 | 03b7bf25a4694a04a87e4ad4c0cf1a46 | Predicted probabilities of working only from home, excess mortality
p-scores in interaction with years of education, 95
percent confidence intervals included. | PMC10203858 | 10.1177_07311214231167171-fig2.jpg |
0.562106 | 1d7852b24650428d97265ae2e4127763 | Predicted probabilities of working only from home, excess mortality
p-scores in interaction with self-perceived health,
95 percent confidence intervals included. | PMC10203858 | 10.1177_07311214231167171-fig3.jpg |
0.426272 | 6d93bf3b182b4513bbcdc418f3872e24 | GO functional annotation of the A. gallica Jzi34 genome. GO annotation is divided into three major categories and 47 subclasses. A different colour represents each subclass. The x-axis represents the class of genes and the y-axis represents the percent of genes (%). The z-axis represents the number of genes | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.419107 | 338be9f94f594772bfbe44d283d6cca6 | KEGG pathway annotation of the A. gallica Jzi34 genome. KEGG pathway annotation is divided into six major classes and 45 subclasses. The x-axis indicates the gene number of the concerned subclass. Each subclass is represented by a different colour | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.404914 | 295f465dfa7e4a7a99c120bcf9dd42ab | KOG functional annotation of proteins in the A. gallica Jzi34 genome. KOG function classification is summarized in 26 classes. The x-axis indicates each class and the y-axis shows the number of matched genes. The names of groups and number of genes are mentioned | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.423113 | b47f64ba01714f2bb8641858aabd695a | Carbohydrate enzyme functional classification. The CAZy classification is divided into 6 classes, including AA, CBM, CE, GH, GT and PL. The x-axis shows the CAZy class and the y-axis indicates the number of genes | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.456541 | ff529013e6834066b13319df3a5e1d58 | Functional classification of cytochrome P450 in the A. gallica Jzi34 genome. cytochrome P450 annotation is divided into 12 classes. The x-axis represents the P450 class. The y-axis represents the number of matched genes | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.442495 | db9ac80da29a4592951bb6838a177c2e | PHI classification in the A. gallica Jzi34 genome. PHI annotation is classified into 8 classes. The x -axis shows each class, and the y-axis represents the number of matched genes | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.433239 | 0cfd07fff19342dc990f005070b8a65f | Syntenic analysis of P450 genes between A.gallica Jzi34 and four other Armillaria. The gray lines at the bottom indicate the collinear blocks within A.gallicaJzi34 and other Armillaria genomes. The red lines indicate the pairs of P450 genes. The results of the syntenic analysis between A.gallica Jzi34 and other Armillaria, including A. cepistipes B5, A. gallicaAr21-2, A. ostoyae C18/9, and A. solidipes 28-4 (A–D) | PMC10204328 | 12864_2023_9384_Fig7_HTML.jpg |
0.402848 | da6dd77bd3a24699ad8256ab6c2bced4 | Universal gripper grasping comparison: (a) Conventional jamming universal gripper fails for soft object grasping. (b) Soft object grasping by the proposed universal gripper based on dense granular suspension fluid. (c) Sample soft/delicate object grasping using the proposed gripper for a pot of plant, a plastic sheet package of juice, a slim metal wire, and a foam earplug. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g001.jpg |
0.453019 | 13757b8d07e541ad9ad3a877f23f2a6a | Fluid stiffening: (a) Fluid state of dense corn starch suspension fluid before jamming (10 g weight sinks into the suspension). (b) Jamming fronts propagate from side wall when external pressure is applied. (c) Fully jammed state of the dense corn starch suspension fluid (the weight stays on the surface of thickened fluid). | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g002.jpg |
0.512113 | c899f683db764cbf8ed78a2ead1fc877 | Gripper schematic: (a) Gripper dimensions. (b) Contact illustration of a sample cylindrical object. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g003.jpg |
0.476483 | 8a34a70a907f4639bf75b22efa1ab4d0 | Jamming transition illustration: (a) Lubricated state of the dense granular suspension. (b) Short-range repulsive force prevents interparticle frictional contact. (c) Frictional contact network reaches the whole dense granular suspension by airbag pressure. (d) Fluid film is ruptured to form interparticle frictional contact. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g004.jpg |
0.447058 | 1250edcdfa5643c9b29c9cf4eefdbcde | Grasping performance tests: (a) Experimental Set up. (b) The pull-off force versus input air pressure. (c) The applied force versus object displacement. (d) The pull-off force versus size of object. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g005.jpg |
0.432497 | 60a8ee18e7624b0d861955bcc761f555 | Gripper solidification due to jamming: (a) Successful grasping of the target object. (b) Maintaining the deformed profile after pulling off the cylindrical object. (c) Maintaining a spherical profile after pulling off the spherical object. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g006.jpg |
0.460344 | f1c304e6cdbc44e0af26e193585b910a | A prototype universal gripper: (a) Assembled design. (b) Prototype. (c) Exploded view of the design. | PMC10204416 | biomimetics-08-00209-g007.jpg |
0.46527 | 23580f67b7704212b7cf37c502b5154a | Integration and non-integration models for performing sensory discrimination tasks.(A) Schematic of a typical fixed-duration perceptual task with discrete-sample stimuli (DSS). A stimulus is composed of a discrete sequence of n samples (here, n = 8). The subjects must report at the end of the sequence whether one specific quality of the stimulus was ‘overall’ leaning more toward one of two possible categories A or B. Evidence in favor of category A or B varies across samples (blue and orange bars). (B) Temporal integration model. The relative evidence in favor of each category is accumulated sequentially as each new sample is presented (black line), resulting in temporal integration of the sequence evidence. The choice is determined by the end point of the accumulation process: here, the overall evidence in favor of category A is positive, so response A is selected. (C) Extrema-detection model. A decision is made whenever the instantaneous evidence for a given sample (blue and orange arrows) reaches a certain fixed threshold (dotted lines). The selected choice corresponds to the sign of the evidence of the sample that reaches the threshold (here, response B). Subsequent samples are ignored (gray bars). (D) Snapshot model. Here, only one sample is attended. Which sample is attended is determined in each trial by a stochastic policy. The response of the model simply depends on the evidence of the attended sample. Other samples are ignored (gray bars). Variants of the model include attending K > 1 sequential samples. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig1.jpg |
0.415645 | 87cb8cfe42b542f6b6a20bfce9c3bb90 | Parameter fits for integration and non-integration models.(A) Modulation gain γ per session for the integration model, for each animal (green: monkey P; purple: monkey N). (B) Mixture coefficients πi of the snapshot model estimated for each monkey, representing the prior probability that each sample is attended on each trial. (C) Parameters T and σ of the extrema-detection model, estimated for each monkey. Error bars correspond to the confidence interval obtained using the Laplace approximation. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig2-figsupp1.jpg |
0.443266 | 6a08cd6b875e45debec45d484d817800 | Model fits for variants of the snapshot model.(A) Predicted accuracy for the snapshot model fitted to monkey data, as a function of memory span K, for fixed lapses (dashed lines, πL=πR=0.01) and lapses estimated from the data (full lines). Black curves represent the model with sensory noise (‘probabilistic’), blue curves represent the model without sensory noise (‘non-probabilistic’ or ‘deterministic’). Memory span K corresponds to the number of successive samples used to define the decision on each trial (see Methods). The horizontal bar corresponds to the average accuracy of the animal. (B) Akaike information criterion (AIC) difference between each of the four variants of the snapshot and the integration model. Legend as in A (full/dashed lines for fixed/free lapse parameters; black/blue curves for probabilistic/deterministic variants). Note that the probabilistic variant with either fixed or free lapses provide virtually indistinguishable values. Positive values indicate that the snapshot model provides a worse fit compared with the integration model. (C) Psychometric curve for the snapshot model with span K = 3 samples, sensory noise and free lapse parameters (best snapshot model variant according to AIC). (D) Psychophysical kernel for the same variant of the model. (E) Correlation between data and model integration maps for variants of the snapshot model. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig2-figsupp2.jpg |
0.467915 | 1b0cc72366964995ab8f4ab3587765b3 | Model fits for variants of the extrema-detection model.(A) Predicted accuracy for the extrema-detection model fitted to the monkey data, for random (black curves) and last sample (red curve) default rule, for fixed lapses (πL=πR=0.01) or lapse parameters estimated from the data, and for fixed- or varying-threshold parameter. The horizontal bar indicates animal accuracy. (B) Akaike information criterion (AIC) difference between variants of the extrema-detection model and the integration model. Legend as in A. Positive values indicate that the extrema-detection model provides a worse fit. Psychometric curve (C) and psychophysical kernel (D) for the model variant that provided the best match to behavior in terms of predicted accuracy and AIC: free lapse parameters and last sample rule. (E) Correlation between integration maps from animal and simulated data (see Figure 4) for variants of the extrema-detection model. The horizontal bar marks the correlation between experimental data and the integration model. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig2-figsupp3.jpg |
0.410448 | 7912a991a4db4b33a94fa41372e880f2 | The integration model better described monkey behavior than non-integration models.(A) Difference between Akaike information criterion (AIC) of models (temporal integration: red bar; snapshot model: blue; extrema-detection model: green) and temporal integration model for each monkey. Positive values indicate poorer fit to data. (B) Psychophysical kernels for behavioral data (black dots) vs. simulated data from temporal integration model (left panel, red curve), snapshot model (middle panel, blue curve), and extrema-detection model (right panel, green curve) for the two animals (monkey N: top panels; monkey P: bottom panels). Each data point represents the weight of the motion pulse at the corresponding position on the animal/model response. Error bars and shadowed areas represent the standard error of the weights for animal and simulated data, respectively. (C) Accuracy of animal responses (black bars) vs. simulated data from fitted models (color bars), for each monkey. Blue and green marks indicate the maximum performance for the snapshot and extrema-detection models, respectively. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. (D) Psychometric curves for animal (black dots) and simulated data (color lines) for monkey N, representing the proportion of rightward choices per quantile of weighted stimulus evidence. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig2.jpg |
0.47001 | a47d6d9029a640c8b09b4daa0d502b91 | Subjective weights for animal data and simulated models.Impact on decision of individual samples as a function of absolute sample evidence. Shaded area: standard error of the weight. Top row: monkey P; bottom row: monkey N. (A) Integration model. (B) Extrema-detection model. The vertical dotted line marks the value of the threshold T estimated from animal data. (C) Impact on decision of individual pulses, estimated from each monkey. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig3-figsupp1.jpg |
0.498493 | 720b5fb0884c48429fe356dc3eacb147 | The pattern of animal choices is incompatible with extrema-value-based decisions.(A) Example of an ‘agree trial’ where the total stimulus evidence (accumulated over samples) and the evidence from the largest evidence sample point toward the same response (here, response A). In this case, we expect that temporal integration and extrema-detection will produce similar responses (here, A). (B) Example of a ‘disagree trial’, where the total stimulus evidence and evidence from the largest evidence sample point toward opposite responses (here A for the former; B for the latter). In this case, we expect that integration and extrema-detection models will produce opposite responses. (C) Proportion of choices out of all disagree trials aligned with total evidence, for animal (gray bars), integration (red), and extrema-detection model (green). Error bars denote 95% confidence intervals based on parametric bootstrap (see Methods). | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig3.jpg |
0.457625 | f97fbe06f4be481caf71e50dc746413e | Integration of early and late evidence for monkey P.(A) Integration map. Legend as in Figure 4A. (B) Conditional psychometric curves. Legend as in Figure 4B. (C) Bias and lapse parameters from conditional psychometric curves, as a function of late evidence. Legend as in Figure 4D, E. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig4-figsupp1.jpg |
0.388683 | 8ce703cded8949d1b85e537de3678c7c | Integration between early and late evidence for simulated data from integration and non-integration models.Data were simulated for each model from parameters estimated from monkey N. Left panels: integration model. Middle panels: snapshot models. Right panels: extrema-detection models. (A) Integration maps. (B) Conditional psychometric curves. (C) Lateral bias and (D) lapse parameters estimated from conditional psychometric curves, as a function late evidence. Legend as in Figure 4. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig4-figsupp2.jpg |
0.511206 | 52a9ed6c7fce4fcda0b4eebdf7835dc2 | Individual Lateral Intra Parietal (LIP) neurons integrate sensory information over stimulus sequence.(A) Neural models for temporal integration, extrema-detection, and snapshot model. (B) Integration map for LIP neurons, and simulated neurons following either integration, extrema-detection, or snapshot model. Color represents the average normalized spike count per bins of neuron-weighted early and late evidence (see Methods). Isolines represent values of 0.4, 0.6, 1, 1.4, and 1.8. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig4-figsupp3.jpg |
0.408852 | 336aacd903a349e3993e44549018735b | Integration of early and late evidence into animal responses is incompatible with the snapshot model.(A) Integration map representing the probability of rightward responses (orange: high probability; blue: low probability) as a function of early stimulus evidence Et and late stimulus evidence Lt , illustrated for a toy integration model (where p(right)=σ(Et+Lt); left panel) and a toy non-integration model (p(right)=0.5σ(Et)+0.5σ(Lt); middle panel), and computed for monkey N responses (right panel). Black lines represent the isolines for p(rightwards) = 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.85. (B) Conditional psychometric curves representing the probability for rightward response as a function of early evidence Et , for different values of late evidence Lt (see inset for Lt values), for toy models and monkey N. The curves correspond to horizontal cuts in the integration maps at Lt values marked by color triangles in panel A. (C) Illustration of the fits to conditional psychometric curves. The value of the bias β, left lapse πL and right lapse πR are estimated from the conditional psychometric curves for each value of late evidence. (D) Lateral bias as a function of late evidence for toy models and monkey N. Shaded areas represent standard error of weights for animal data. (E) Lapse parameters (blue: left lapse; orange: right lapse) as a function of late evidence for toy models and monkey N. (F) Pearson correlation between integration maps for animal data and integration maps for simulated data, for each animal. Red: integration model; blue: snapshot model; green: extrema-detection model. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig4.jpg |
0.448794 | 48002599a33443858aa81731295827ab | Maximum accuracy of the non-integration models vs. human subject accuracy in the orientation discrimination task.Left panel: snapshot model (with span K = 1). Right panel: extrema-detection. Each symbol represents a subject. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig5-figsupp1.jpg |
0.390833 | ccd11169cbb7499da6575ef9c055b729 | Behavioral data from orientation discrimination task in humans provide further evidence for temporal integration.(A) Psychometric curves for human and simulated data, averaged across participants (n = 9). Legend as in Figure 2C. (B) Simulated model accuracy (y-axis) vs. participant accuracy (x-axis) for integration model (red), snapshot model (blue) and extrema-detection model (green). Each symbol corresponds to a participant. (C) Psychophysical kernel for human and simulated data, averaged across participants. Legend as in A. (D) Difference in Akaike information criterion (AIC) between each model and the integration model. Legend as in B. (E) Proportion of choices aligned with total stimulus evidence in disagree trials, for participant data (gray bars) and simulated models, averaged over participants. (F) Integration map for early and late stimulus evidence, computed as in Figure 4A, averaged across participants. (G) Correlation between integration map of participants and simulated data for integration, snapshot, and extrema-detection models, averaged across participants. Color code as in B. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean across participants in all panels. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig5.jpg |
0.443467 | e4ec2badef874589957eb410a309ca4e | Psychophysical kernels for animals and models in rats (n = 3) performing the discrete-sample stimulus (DSS) task with 20-sample stimuli. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig6-figsupp1.jpg |
0.425449 | 956d122dd2444cd8b8b69e2fb1e86245 | Behavioral data from auditory discrimination task in five rats provide further evidence for temporal integration.(A-G) Legend as in Figure 5. Rats were rewarded for correctly identifying the auditory sequence of larger intensity (number of samples: 10 or 20; stimulus duration: 500 or 1000 ms). Legend as in Figure 5. Psychophysical kernels are computed only for 10-sample stimuli (in 4 animals). See Figure 6—figure supplement 1 for psychophysical kernels with 20-sample stimuli. | PMC10205084 | elife-84045-fig6.jpg |
0.464083 | 67f3c912f2574a1b89e3580eed4e0fe4 | Experimental design for this study. Embryos and larvae were acclimated (in duplicate) to one of three temperatures: 14, 18 or 21°C for the duration of the experiment. Embryo metabolic rate was measured at 105 ATU. Larval critical thermal tolerance (CTmax) was measured at 270 ATU before exogenous feeding. Samples for mRNA measurement were taken from control fish and fish after CTmax for quantification of mRNA gene abundance. Illustration by Madison Earhart. | PMC10205467 | coad032f1.jpg |
0.480473 | d1ae02be925d427a9d1ce9bb82ad6235 | Cumulative mortality (%) of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) embryos and yolk-sac larvae throughout early development. Acclimation temperatures are represented by different colors, 14°C in blue, 18°C in yellow and 21°C in pink. Time of hatch is indicated by the dashed vertical lines on the figure. Letters represent significant differences between acclimation temperatures (P < 0.05, Cox proportional hazards model). Data are expressed as percentage cumulative mortality from time of fertilization to yolk-plug ejection (0–280 ATU; n = 400–450; 2 petri dishes per temperature each containing all families). | PMC10205467 | coad032f2.jpg |
0.442068 | ed29b80db4d14b4ca7d89d39c5bd2978 | White sturgeon (A. transmontanus) embryo oxygen consumption rate, acclimated to three different temperatures (14°C – blue, 18°C – yellow and 21°C—pink). Measurements were conducted the day before hatch in each treatment (105 ATU). Letters that differ represent significant differences between acclimation temperatures. Data are expressed as median with quartiles and individual data points are shown (n = 8). | PMC10205467 | coad032f3.jpg |
0.39981 | 8f31cc31d6954d53ab55d808ce8583dc | Morphometrics of larval white sturgeon (A. transmontanus) acclimated to three different temperatures (14°C – blue, 18°C – yellow and 21°C—pink) across ATUs. Panel A is length, panel B is wet mass and panel C is yolk-sac volume. Asterisks represent differences between temperatures within ATUs. Letters that differ represent significant differences across time within an acclimation temperature. Data are expressed as a median with quartiles and individual data points are shown (n = 7–33). | PMC10205467 | coad032f4.jpg |
0.482539 | b641fbb90e4e4b80af6225f9258a63af | White sturgeon (A. transmontanus) larval CTmax at three different acclimation temperatures (14°C – blue, 18°C – yellow and 21°C—pink). Measurements were conducted at the start of yolk-plug ejection in each treatment (270–273 ATU). Letters that differ represent significant differences between acclimation temperatures. Data are expressed as median with quartiles and individual data points are shown (n = 23–27). | PMC10205467 | coad032f5.jpg |
0.456689 | 0372687611fd42e9a5c25234589a4008 | PCA of mRNA abundance of larval white sturgeon (A. transmontanus) acclimated to three different temperatures (14°C – blue, 18°C – yellow and 21°C—pink). Panel A is a PCA of mRNA levels and the genes that contribute to the PCs in acclimated and control fish. Panel B is a PCA of mRNA levels and genes that contribute to the PCs in acclimated fish after CTmax trials. Gene contribution figures are colored by different gene function: energy allocation (pink), temperature stress (dark purple), hypoxia and blood oxygenation (blue) and growth (orange). The red dashed line on both gene contribution figures indicates the default average contribution expected for each gene to the overall observed variation. | PMC10205467 | coad032f6.jpg |
0.504787 | c4040a050af44e8495d050a4d1f9cda1 | White sturgeon (A. transmontanus) larval mRNA levels for all genes measured after acclimation to three different temperatures (14°C – blue, 18°C – yellow and 21°C—pink) at control and after CTmax. Significant differences between acclimation temperatures at control or after CTmax are denoted by an asterisk. Significant differences between control and CTmax measurements within an acclimation temperature are denoted by letters. Significant two-way ANOVA effects are listed on the top of each individual gene panel. | PMC10205467 | coad032f7.jpg |
0.522477 | c9cd3e3949344808b95c3a30a659c510 | Skin mapping for determination of area affection as follows; a Neck affection, b Infra-clavicular line, c Chest affection, d Infra-mammary line, e Abdomen affection and f Upper limb affection | PMC10205842 | 403_2022_2462_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.528851 | 66565325bb7d402292b3f778342f785a | Skin mapping for determination of area affection as follows; a Upper chest affection and b Infra-scapular line | PMC10205842 | 403_2022_2462_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.443477 | b003217bea8548468a91f6922de81b18 | KOH examination showing spaghetti and meatball appearance. Blue outline encircles spaghetti (hyphae), Red outline encircles meatballs (spores). Magnification X10 | PMC10205842 | 403_2022_2462_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.453681 | 3c6dd8c3c55b41fba5f7578809c234c9 | Flowchart showing patient recruitment and evaluation scheme | PMC10205842 | 403_2022_2462_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.452013 | 6de6846995254f4497e895345cdd3c51 | The flowers and capsules of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g001.jpg |
0.399182 | e479e1ab69584245acda45438fc295c4 | Comparative genomic analysis of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). (A) Orthologous genes found in different plant species. (B) Venn diagram representing the clusters of gene families in cardamom shared with Musa acuminata, Oryza sativa, Phoenix dactylifera and Ananas comosus. (C) Phylogenetic tree of cardamom with 13 other species based on the single-copy protein sequences. Amborella trichopoda was used as an outgroup species. The colored figures represent CAFÉ-based estimates of gene family expansions (+) and contractions (-). The scale at the bottom depicts the divergence time in million years ago (Mya) with individual figures given at the branches. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g002.jpg |
0.394718 | abf5bf5246c146abad919e718fa5d936 | The distribution of different types of SSRs in the cardamom genome. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g003.jpg |
0.431224 | 7901d1cc93604346a2acc5f4d9c56cef | The frequencies of SSRs with different repeat sequence motifs in cardamom genome (A) dinucleotides. (B) trinucleotides. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g004.jpg |
0.476012 | 9f854f2694724aa882c43928118c88e7 |
(A) A representative profile of amplification at locus EC86 in 24 accessions of cardamom captured on QIAxcel ScreenGel software. The lane marked ‘M’ is DNA molecular weight standard 50-800 bp v2.0 Qx DNA size marker. (B) A representative electropherogram showing different allele sizes in sample 3 and sample 24 for the marker EC86. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g005.jpg |
0.514832 | 04eb0b021ad34f9ea770b9a82d07df1c | Hierarchical clustering of 60 cardamom accessions at 60 SSR loci based on Bruvo distance. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g006.jpg |
0.418339 | 43fae04776374a259bc50dd7b421cb54 | Population structure analysis for the 60 cardamom accessions. (A) Delta K (ΔK) plot from Structure Harvester for estimation of different numbers of subpopulations. (B) Population structure of 60 cardamom accessions with K = 5. (C) Population structure for the 39 different accessions of cardamom belonging to different panicle types i.e., Malabar (prostrate), Mysore (erect) and Vazhukka (intermediate or semi-erect) types. | PMC10206324 | fpls-14-1161499-g007.jpg |
0.432131 | c49e1d7f05af422d8c19efc0410b808b | Schematic view of MALDI-TOF MS-based assay for E2s and E3s enzymes. MALDI-TOF MS can be used for determining the specificity of E2s toward specific nucleophiles. Ubiquitin (substrate), ATP/MgCl2, E1 and E2 are incubated in presence of excess amount of a specific nucleophile (lysine, threonine or any other nucleophile). Ubiquitin–lysine (ubiquitin-K) and/or ubiquitin-threonine (ubiquitin-T) products are subsequently detected via MALDI-TOF MS (E2 Discharge Assay). Quantification is achieved using heavy-labelled ubiquitin as internal standard (15N ubiquitin) (A). E2s paired with compatible E3s will promote the formation of ubiquitin chains, therefore reducing the initial pool of free ubiquitin (E3 Autoubiquitylation Assay). The reduction of free ubiquitin is detected via MALDI-TOF MS and allows for the identification of E2/E3 active pairs (B). HECT and RBR discharge activity is detected via the formation of Ubiquitin-K products or other non-canonical derivatives, for example, Ub-T(C) (E3 Discharge Assay). | PMC10206504 | fmolb-10-1184934-g001.jpg |
0.44519 | aa570a6a65c04ecf84314cde5b59bf06 | Schematic view of MALDI-TOF MS-based assay for deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs). The MALDI-TOF MS DUBs assay (A) requires the use of ubiquitin dimers (or trimers, tetramers, etc.) as substrates. The formation of ubiquitin as product of the reaction indicates DUBs activity. Quantification and normalization of data points is achieved using 15N ubiquitin as internal standard. The activity of DUBs against phosphorylated and or acetylated ubiquitin substrates can also be tested via MALDI-TOF MS by adopting the use of specific internal standards (for example, phosphorylated 15N ubiquitin) (B). To determine the ability of DUBs to remove either canonical or non-canonical ubiquitylation, chemoenzymatically synthesized ubiquitinated lysine and threonine are used as model substrates (ubiquitin-K and ubiquitin-T) (aa profiling). The contemporaneous formation of free ubiquitin (product) and reduction of the substrate signal indicated DUBs activity (C). The DUBs mediated cleavage of ubiquitin chains with branching points can be investigated with the use of Ubiquitin Linkage Target Identification by Mass-Tagging (ULTIMAT DUBs Assay) technology. Each ubiquitin moiety of the ULTIMAT substrate is characterized by a slightly different molecular weight that can be detected via MALDI-TOF MS (D) thus enabling identification and quantification of the exact linkage cleaved relative to the internal standard (15N ubiquitin). | PMC10206504 | fmolb-10-1184934-g002.jpg |
0.434469 | 39f090feac3e4abfb9bc05e1679ec5ea | Lip print classification by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g001.jpg |
0.416807 | d869145f95c148b7beafa1129ec2e29b | Palm print classification by Wu et al | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g002.jpg |
0.412362 | 32acb2541bf64aeea348666d953dc543 | Adobe photoshop images of lip grooves and their patterns. *UL = upper left, UM = upper-middle, UR = upper right, LL = lower left, LM = lower middle, LR = lower right | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g003.jpg |
0.44491 | 2d90f24d8a4b494ab30c582aeba0a837 | Principal lines and palm ridge densities markings in four areas. P1 – 5 mm × 5 mm square was placed on the central prominent part of the thenar eminence, the orientation of the square being normal. P2 – 5 mm × 5 mm square was placed medially to the proximal axial triradius on the hypothenar region with the lower vertex of the square placed on the proximal axial triradii. P3 – 5 mm × 5 mm square was placed on the medial mount proximal to the triradius of the second digit, and the uppermost vertex of the square was placed on the triradii of the second digit. P4 – 5 mm × 5 mm square was placed on the lateral mount proximal to the triradius of the fifth digit, and the uppermost vertex of the square was placed on the triradii of the fifth digit | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g004.jpg |
0.39629 | 8b59b64bc7bc46a7a46da5e61bf22d89 | Lip pattern inheritance | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g005.jpg |
0.404275 | b9da4595d6e7460e8200ff0f943ea11e | Palm category inheritance | PMC10207223 | JOMFP-27-130-g006.jpg |
0.422135 | c6555fceb89f4062bca65e17f4bcc19c | Pseudopodadeformis Gong & Zhong, sp. nov., male holotype (HUST-SPA-22-001), left palp (A–C), left male palpal tibia (D), and cheliceral dentition (E, F). A prolateral view B ventral view C, D retrolateral view E male, ventral view F female, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; dRTA = dorsal branch of RTA; vRTA = ventral branch of RTA; E = embolus; Sp = spermophore; T = tegulum. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C); 0.1 mm (D); 0.5 mm (E, F). | PMC10207930 | zookeys-1159-189_article-97463__-g001.jpg |
0.414198 | 577636d044a54c339c72d27dcfdac6ba | Pseudopodadeformis Gong & Zhong, sp. nov., female paratype (A, DHUST-SPA-22-002; B, EHUST-SPA-22-003; C, FHUST-SPA-22-004), epigyne (A–C), vulva (D–F), and schematic course of internal duct system (G–I). A–C ventral view D–F dorsal view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilisation duct; FW = first winding; LL = lateral lobes. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–F). | PMC10207930 | zookeys-1159-189_article-97463__-g002.jpg |
0.40915 | 5f39e8002b424a99a7de9269a0d6de15 | Pseudopodadeformis Gong & Zhong, sp. nov., habitus (A–H), and live specimens (I, J) A, I (HUST-SPA-22-001), holotype male, dorsal view B (HUST-SPA-22-001), holotype male, ventral view C, J (HUST-SPA-22-002), paratype female, dorsal view D (HUST-SPA-22-002), paratype female, ventral view E (HUST-SPA-22-003), paratype female, dorsal view F (HUST-SPA-22-003), paratype female, ventral view G (HUST-SPA-22-004), paratype female, dorsal view, H (HUST-SPA-22-004), paratype female, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–H). | PMC10207930 | zookeys-1159-189_article-97463__-g003.jpg |
0.406999 | 3858556782e74cb49bc29d96338eee76 | Photograph of the habitat (A, B) and collection locality of Pseudopodadeformis Gong & Zhong, sp. nov. (C). | PMC10207930 | zookeys-1159-189_article-97463__-g004.jpg |
0.489358 | b44c7ddd2a164e97a69d4ed6a11f7f0d | Bayesian tree based on the COI + ITS2 dataset including 146 Pseudopoda individuals belonging to 45 species. Numbers on nodes are posterior probabilities. Red clade indicates Pseudopodadeformis Gong & Zhong, sp. nov., blue clade indicates the outgroups. | PMC10207930 | zookeys-1159-189_article-97463__-g005.jpg |
0.44487 | 16d76fb6edc64416aa702adf426df4c8 | Oncostatin M up-regulated Fgf23 expression in UMR106 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Arithmetic means ± SEM of Fgf23 mRNA abundance relative to Tbp in osteoblast-like UMR106 cells treated without (ctr) or with the indicated concentrations of oncostatin M for 24 h (n = 5; one-sample t test). *p < 0.05 indicates significant difference from vehicle control. a. u. arbitrary units; ctr control. | PMC10209182 | 41598_2023_34858_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
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