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https://control.com/textbook/process-dynamics-and-pid-controller-tuning/tuning-techniques-compared/
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# A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques
## Chapter 33 - Process Dynamics and PID Controller Tuning
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness of Ziegler-Nichols open-loop (“Reaction Rate”) and closed-loop (“Ultimate”) PID tuning methods, and then contrast them against the results of my own heuristic tuning. As you will see in some of these cases, the results obtained by either Ziegler-Nichols method tends toward instability (excessive oscillation of the process variable following a setpoint change). This is not necessarily an indictment of Ziegler’s and Nichols’ recommendations as much as it is a demonstration of the power of understanding. Ziegler and Nichols presented a simple step-by-step procedure for obtaining approximate PID tuning constant values based on closed-loop and open-loop process responses, which could be applied by anyone regardless of their level of understanding PID control theory. If I were tasked with drafting a procedure to instruct anyone to quantitatively determine PID constant values without an understanding of process dynamics or process control theory, I doubt my effort would be an improvement. Ultimately, robust PID control is attainable only at the hands of someone who understands how PID works, what each mode does (and why), and is able to distinguish between intrinsic process characteristics and instrument limitations. The purpose of this section is to clearly demonstrate the limitations of ignorantly-followed procedures, and contrast this “mindless” approach against the results of simple experimentation directed by qualitative understanding.
Each of the examples illustrated in this section were simulations run on a computer program called PC-ControLab developed by Wade Associates, Inc. Although these are simulated processes, in general I have found similar results using both Ziegler-Nichols and heuristic tuning methods on real processes. The control criteria I used for heuristic tuning were fast response to setpoint changes, with minimal overshoot or oscillation.
### Tuning a “generic” process
#### Ziegler-Nichols open-loop tuning procedure
The first process tuned in simulation was a “generic” process, unspecific in its nature or application. Performing an open-loop test (two 10% output step-changes made in manual mode, both increasing) on this process resulted in the following behavior:
From the trend, we can see that this process is self-regulating, with multiple lags and some dead time. The reaction rate ($$R$$) is 20% over 15 minutes, or 1.333 percent per minute. Dead time ($$L$$) appears to be approximately 2 minutes. Following the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations for PID tuning based on these process characteristics (also including the 10% step-change magnitude $$\Delta m$$):
$K_p = 1.2 {\Delta m \over {R L}} = 1.2 {10\% \over {20\% \over 15 \hbox{ min}} 2 \hbox{ min}} = 4.5$
$\tau_i = 2 L = (2)(2 \hbox{ min}) = 4 \hbox{ min}$
$\tau_d = 0.5 L = (0.5)(2 \hbox{ min}) = 1 \hbox{ min}$
Applying the PID values of 4.5 (gain), 4 minutes per repeat (integral), and 1 minute (derivative) gave the following result in automatic mode (with a 10% setpoint change):
The result is reasonably good behavior with the PID values predicted by the Ziegler-Nichols open-loop equations, and would be acceptable for applications where some setpoint overshoot were tolerable.
We may tell from analyzing the phase shift between the PV and OUT waveforms that the dominant control action here is proportional: each negative peak of the PV lines up fairly close with each positive peak of the OUT, for this reverse-acting controller. If we were interested in minimizing overshoot and oscillation, the logical choice would be to reduce the gain value somewhat.
#### Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop tuning procedure
Next, the closed-loop, or “Ultimate” tuning method of Ziegler and Nichols was applied to this process. Eliminating both integral and derivative control actions from the controller, and experimenting with different gain (proportional) values until self-sustaining oscillations of consistent amplitude988 were obtained, gave a gain value of 11:
From the trend, we can see that the ultimate period ($$P_u$$) is approximately 7 minutes in length. Following the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations for PID tuning based on these process characteristics:
$K_p = 0.6 K_u = (0.6)(11) = 6.6$
$\tau_i = {P_u \over 2} = {7 \hbox{ min} \over 2} = 3.5 \hbox { min}$
$\tau_d = {P_u \over 8} = {7 \hbox{ min} \over 8} = 0.875 \hbox { min}$
It should be immediately apparent that these tuning parameters will yield poor control. While the integral and derivative values are close to those predicted by the open-loop (Reaction Rate) method, the gain value calculated here is even larger than what was calculated before. Since we know proportional action was excessive in the last tuning attempt, and this one recommends an even higher gain value, we can expect our next trial to oscillate even worse.
Applying the PID values of 6.6 (gain), 3.5 minutes per repeat (integral), and 0.875 minute (derivative) gave the following result in automatic mode:
This time the loop stability is a bit worse than with the PID values given by the Ziegler-Nichols open-loop tuning equations, owing mostly to the increased controller gain value of 6.6 (versus 4.5). Proportional action is still the dominant mode of control here, as revealed by the minimal phase shift between PV and OUT waveforms (ignoring the 180 degrees of shift inherent to the controller’s reverse action).
In all fairness to the Ziegler-Nichols technique, the excessive controller gain value probably resulted more from the saturated output waveform than anything else. This led to more controller gain being necessary to sustain oscillations, leading to an inflated $$K_p$$ value.
#### Heuristic tuning procedure
From the initial open-loop (manual output step-change) test, we could see this process contains multiple lags in addition to about 2 minutes of dead time. Both of these factors tend to limit the amount of gain we can use in the controller before the process oscillates. Both Ziegler-Nichols tuning attempts confirmed this fact, which led me to try much lower gain values in my initial heuristic tests. Given the self-regulating nature of the process, I knew the controller needed integral action, but once again the aggressiveness of this action would be necessarily limited by the lag and dead times. Derivative action, however, would prove to be useful in its ability to help “cancel” lags, so I suspected my tuning would consist of relatively tame proportional and integral values, with a relatively aggressive derivative value.
After some experimenting, the values I arrived at were 1.5 (gain), 10 minutes (integral), and 5 minutes (derivative). These tuning values represent a proportional action only one-third as aggressive as the least-aggressive Ziegler-Nichols recommendation, an integral action less than half as aggressive as the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations, and a derivative action five times more aggressive than the most aggressive Ziegler-Nichols recommendation. The results of these tuning values in automatic mode are shown here:
With this PID tuning, the process responded with much less overshoot of setpoint than with the results of either Ziegler-Nichols technique.
### Tuning a liquid level process
#### Ziegler-Nichols open-loop tuning procedure
The next simulated process I attempted to tune was a liquid level-control process. Performing an open-loop test (one 10% increasing output step-change, followed by a 10% decreasing output step-change, both made in manual mode) on this process resulted in the following behavior:
From the trend, the process appears to be purely integrating, as though the control valve were throttling the flow of liquid into a vessel with a constant out-flow. The reaction rate ($$R$$) on the first step-change is 50% over 10 minutes, or 5 percent per minute. Dead time ($$L$$) appears virtually nonexistent, estimated to be 0.1 minutes simply for the sake of having a dead-time value to use in the Ziegler-Nichols equations. Following the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations for PID tuning based on these process characteristics (also including the 10% step-change magnitude $$\Delta m$$):
$K_p = 1.2 {\Delta m \over {R L}} = 1.2 {10\% \over {50\% \over 10 \hbox{ min}} 0.1 \hbox{ min}} = 24$
$\tau_i = 2 L = (2)(0.1 \hbox{ min}) = 0.2 \hbox{ min}$
$\tau_d = 0.5 L = (0.5)(0.1 \hbox{ min}) = 0.05 \hbox{ min}$
Applying the PID values of 24 (gain), 0.2 minutes per repeat (integral), and 0.05 minutes (derivative) gave the following result in automatic mode:
The process variable certainly responds rapidly to the five increasing setpoint changes and also to the one large decreasing setpoint change, but the valve action is hopelessly chaotic. Not only would this “jittery” valve motion prematurely wear out the stem packing, but it would also result in vast over-consumption of compressed air to continually stroke the valve from one extreme to the other. Furthermore, we see evidence of “overshoot” at every setpoint change, most likely from excessive integral action.
We can see from the valve’s wild behavior even during periods when the process variable is holding at setpoint that the problem is not a loop oscillation, but rather the effects of process noise on the controller. The extremely high gain value of 24 is amplifying PV noise by that factor, and reproducing it on the output signal.
#### Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop tuning procedure
Next, I attempted to perform a closed-loop “Ultimate” gain test on this process, but I was not successful. Even the controller’s maximum possible gain value would not generate oscillations, due to the extremely crisp response of the process (minimal lag and dead times) and its integrating nature (constant phase shift of $$-90^{o}$$).
#### Heuristic tuning procedure
From the initial open-loop (manual output step-change) test, we could see this process was purely integrating. This told me it could be controlled primarily by proportional action, with very little integral action required, and no derivative action whatsoever. The presence of some process noise is the only factor limiting the aggressiveness of proportional action. With this in mind, I experimented with increasingly aggressive gain values until I reached a point where I felt the output signal noise was at a maximum acceptable limit for the control valve. Then, I experimented with integral action to ensure reasonable elimination of offset.
After some experimenting, the values I arrived at were 3 (gain), 10 minutes (integral), and 0 minutes (derivative). These tuning values represent a proportional action only one-eighth as aggressive as the Ziegler-Nichols recommendation, and an integral action fifty times less aggressive than the Ziegler-Nichols recommendation. The results of these tuning values in automatic mode are shown here:
You can see on this trend five 10% increasing setpoint value changes, with crisp response every time, followed by a single 50% decreasing setpoint step-change. In all cases, the process response clearly meets the criteria of rapid attainment of new setpoint values and no overshoot or oscillation.
If it was decided that the noise in the output signal was too detrimental for the valve, we would have the option of further reducing the gain value and (possibly) compensating for slow offset recovery with more aggressive integral action. We could also attempt the insertion of a damping constant into either the level transmitter or the controller itself, so long as this added lag did not cause oscillation problems in the loop989. The best solution would be to find a way to isolate the level transmitter from noise, so that the process variable signal was much “quieter.” Whether or not this is possible depends on the process and on the particular transmitter used.
### Tuning a temperature process
#### Ziegler-Nichols open-loop tuning procedure
This next simulated process is a temperature control process. Performing an open-loop test (two 10% increasing output step-changes, both made in manual mode) on this process resulted in the following behavior:
From the trend, the process appears to be self-regulating with a slow time constant (lag) and a substantial dead time. The reaction rate ($$R$$) on the first step-change is 30% over 30 minutes, or 1 percent per minute. Dead time ($$L$$) looks to be approximately 1.25 minutes. Following the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations for PID tuning based on these process characteristics (also including the 10% step-change magnitude $$\Delta m$$):
$K_p = 1.2 {\Delta m \over {R L}} = 1.2 {10\% \over {30\% \over 30 \hbox{ min}} 1.25 \hbox{ min}} = 9.6$
$\tau_i = 2 L = (2)(1.25 \hbox{ min}) = 2.5 \hbox{ min}$
$\tau_d = 0.5 L = (0.5)(1.25 \hbox{ min}) = 0.625 \hbox{ min}$
Applying the PID values of 9.6 (gain), 2.5 minutes per repeat (integral), and 0.625 minutes (derivative) gave the following result in automatic mode:
As you can see, the results are quite poor. The PV is still oscillating with a peak-to-peak amplitude of almost 20% from the last process upset at the time of the 10% downward SP change. Additionally, the output trend is rather noisy, indicating excessive amplification of process noise by the controller.
#### Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop tuning procedure
Next, the closed-loop, or “Ultimate” tuning method of Ziegler and Nichols was applied to this process. Eliminating both integral and derivative control actions from the controller, and experimenting with different gain (proportional) values until self-sustaining oscillations of consistent amplitude were obtained, gave a gain value of 15:
From the trend, we can see that the ultimate period ($$P_u$$) is approximately 5.2 minutes in length. Following the Ziegler-Nichols recommendations for PID tuning based on these process characteristics:
$K_p = 0.6 K_u = (0.6)(15) = 9$
$\tau_i = {P_u \over 2} = {5.2 \hbox{ min} \over 2} = 2.6 \hbox { min}$
$\tau_d = {P_u \over 8} = {5.2 \hbox{ min} \over 8} = 0.65 \hbox { min}$
These PID tuning values are quite similar to those predicted by the open loop (“Reaction Rate”) method, and so we would expect to see very similar results:
As expected, we still see excessive oscillation following a 10% setpoint change, as well as excessive “noise” in the output trend.
#### Heuristic tuning procedure
From the initial open-loop (manual output step-change) test, we could see this process was self-regulating with a slow lag and substantial dead time. The self-regulating nature of the process demands at least some integral control action to eliminate offset, but too much will cause oscillation given the long lag and dead times. The existence of over 1 minute of process dead time also prohibits the use of aggressive proportional action. Derivative action, which is generally useful in overcoming lag times, will cause problems here by amplifying process noise. In summary, then, we would expect to use mild proportional, integral, and derivative tuning values in order to achieve good control with this process. Anything too aggressive will cause problems for this process.
After some experimenting, the values I arrived at were 3 (gain), 5 minutes (integral), and 0.5 minutes (derivative). These tuning values represent a proportional action only one-third as aggressive as the Ziegler-Nichols recommendation, and an integral action about half as aggressive as the Ziegler-Nichols recommendation. The results of these tuning values in automatic mode are shown here:
As you can see, the system’s response has almost no overshoot (with either a 10% setpoint change or a 15% setpoint change) and very little “noise” on the output trend. Response to setpoint changes is relatively crisp considering the naturally slow nature of the process: each new setpoint is achieved within about 7.5 minutes of the step-change.
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| 2021-04-10T18:26:50 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s_constant
|
# Apéry's constant
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In mathematics, at the intersection of number theory and special functions, Apéry's constant is defined as the number
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left({\frac {1}{1^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{3}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}\right)}$
where ζ is the Riemann zeta function. It has an approximate value of[1]
ζ(3) = 1.202056903159594285399738161511449990764986292 (sequence A002117 in the OEIS).
γ ζ(3) √2 √3 √5 φ ρ δS e π δ Binary 1.0011001110111010… Decimal 1.2020569031595942854… Hexadecimal 1.33BA004F00621383… Continued fraction ${\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{4+{\cfrac {1}{1+{\cfrac {1}{18+{\cfrac {1}{\ddots \qquad {}}}}}}}}}}$ Note that this continued fraction is infinite, but it is not known whether this continued fraction is periodic or not.
This constant arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second- and third-order terms of the electron's gyromagnetic ratio using quantum electrodynamics. It also arises in the analysis of random minimum spanning trees[2] and in conjunction with the gamma function when solving certain integrals involving exponential functions in a quotient which appear occasionally in physics, for instance when evaluating the two-dimensional case of the Debye model and the Stefan–Boltzmann law.
## Irrational number
ζ(3) was named Apéry's constant for the French mathematician Roger Apéry, who proved in 1978 that it is irrational.[3] This result is known as Apéry's theorem. The original proof is complex and hard to grasp,[4] and simpler proofs were found later.[5][6]
It is still not known whether Apéry's constant is transcendental.
## Series representations
### Classical
In 1772, Leonhard Euler gave the series representation:[7]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{7}}\left[1-4\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (2k)}{2^{2k}(2k+1)(2k+2)}}\right]}$
which was subsequently rediscovered several times.[8]
Other classical series representations include:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {8}{7}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2k+1)^{3}}}}$
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {4}{3}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(k+1)^{3}}}}$
### Fast convergence
Since the 19th century, a number of mathematicians have found convergence acceleration series for calculating decimal places of ζ(3). Since the 1990s, this search has focused on computationally efficient series with fast convergence rates (see section "Known digits").
The following series representation was found by Hjortnaes in 1953,[9] then rediscovered and widely advertised by Apéry in 1979:[3]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {5}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k-1}{\frac {k!^{2}}{(2k)!k^{3}}}={\frac {5}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}}{{\tbinom {2k}{k}}k^{3}}}}$
The following series representation, found by Amdeberhan in 1996,[10] gives (asymptotically) 1.43 new correct decimal places per term:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k-1}{\frac {56k^{2}-32k+5}{(2k-1)^{2}}}{\frac {(k-1)!^{3}}{(3k)!}}}$
The following series representation, found by Amdeberhan and Zeilberger in 1997,[11] gives (asymptotically) 3.01 new correct decimal places per term:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {205k^{2}+250k+77}{64}}{\frac {k!^{10}}{(2k+1)!^{5}}}}$
The following series representation, found by Sebastian Wedeniwski in 1998,[12] gives (asymptotically) 5.04 new correct decimal places per term:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {((2k+1)!(2k)!k!)^{3}}{24(3k+2)!(4k+3)!^{3}}}\,P(k)}$
where
${\displaystyle P(k)=126\,392k^{5}+412\,708k^{4}+531\,578k^{3}+336\,367k^{2}+104\,000k+12\,463.\,}$
It was used by Wedeniwski to calculate Apéry's constant with several million correct decimal places.[13]
The following series representation, found by Mohamud Mohammed in 2005,[14] gives (asymptotically) 3.92 new correct decimal places per term:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {1}{2}}\,\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}(2k)!^{3}(k+1)!^{6}}{(k+1)!^{2}(3k+3)!^{4}}}\,P(k)}$
where
${\displaystyle P(k)=40\,885k^{5}+124\,346k^{4}+150\,160k^{3}+89\,888k^{2}+26\,629k+3116.\,}$
The following series representation has an undetermined source:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {8}{7}}-{\frac {8}{7}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {{\left(-1\right)}^{k}\,2^{12k-5}\,k\,\left(7168k^{5}-2688k^{4}-432k^{3}+148k^{2}+9k-3\right)\,{k!}^{3}\,{\left(2k-1\right)!}^{6}}{{\left(2k-1\right)}^{3}\,\left(3k\right)!\,{\left(4k+1\right)!}^{3}}}.}$
### Digit by digit
In 1998, Broadhurst[15] gave a series representation that allows arbitrary binary digits to be computed, and thus, for the constant to be obtained in nearly linear time, and logarithmic space.
### Others
The following series representation was found by Ramanujan:[16]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {7}{180}}\pi ^{3}-2\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{3}(e^{2\pi k}-1)}}}$
The following series representation was found by Simon Plouffe in 1998:[17]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=14\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{3}\sinh(\pi k)}}-{\frac {11}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{3}(e^{2\pi k}-1)}}-{\frac {7}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{3}(e^{2\pi k}+1)}}.}$
Srivastava[18] collected many series that converge to Apéry's constant.
## Integral representations
There are numerous integral representations for Apéry's constant. Some of them are simple, others are more complicated.
### Simple formulas
For example, this one follows from the summation representation for Apéry's constant:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\int \limits _{0}^{1}\int \limits _{0}^{1}\int \limits _{0}^{1}\!{\frac {1}{1-xyz}}\,dx\,dy\,dz}$.
The next two follow directly from the well-known integral formulas for the Riemann zeta function:
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {1}{2}}\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }\!{\frac {x^{2}}{e^{x}-1}}\,dx}$
and
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)={\frac {2}{3}}\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }\!{\frac {x^{2}}{e^{x}+1}}\,dx}$.
### More complicated formulas
For example, one formula was found by Johan Jensen:[19]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\pi \!\!\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }\!{\frac {\cos(2\arctan \,x)}{\left(x^{2}+1\right)\left(\cosh {\frac {1}{2}}\pi x\right)^{2}}}\,dx}$,
another by F. Beukers:[5]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int \limits _{0}^{1}\!\!\int \limits _{0}^{1}{\frac {\ln(xy)}{\,1-xy\,}}\,dx\,dy}$,
and yet another by Iaroslav Blagouchine:[20]
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=\,{\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{7}}\!\!\int \limits _{0}^{1}\!{\frac {x\left(x^{4}-4x^{2}+1\right)\ln \ln {\frac {1}{x}}}{\,(1+x^{2})^{4}\,}}\,dx\,=\,{\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{7}}\!\!\int \limits _{1}^{\infty }\!{\frac {x\left(x^{4}-4x^{2}+1\right)\ln \ln {x}}{\,(1+x^{2})^{4}\,}}\,dx}$.
Evgrafov et al.'s connection to the derivatives of the gamma function
${\displaystyle \zeta (3)=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\Gamma '''(1)+{\tfrac {3}{2}}\Gamma '(1)\Gamma ''(1)-\left(\Gamma '(1)\right)^{3}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\,\psi ^{(2)}(1)}$
is also very useful for the derivation of various integral representations via the known integral formulas for the gamma and polygamma-functions.[21]
## Known digits
The number of known digits of Apéry's constant ζ(3) has increased dramatically during the last decades. This is due both to the increasing performance of computers and to algorithmic improvements.
Number of known decimal digits of Apéry's constant ζ(3)
Date Decimal digits Computation performed by
1735 16 Leonhard Euler
unknown 16 Adrien-Marie Legendre
1887 32 Thomas Joannes Stieltjes
1996 520,000 Greg J. Fee & Simon Plouffe
1997 1,000,000 Bruno Haible & Thomas Papanikolaou
May 1997 10,536,006 Patrick Demichel
February 1998 14,000,074 Sebastian Wedeniwski
March 1998 32,000,213 Sebastian Wedeniwski
July 1998 64,000,091 Sebastian Wedeniwski
December 1998 128,000,026 Sebastian Wedeniwski[1]
September 2001 200,001,000 Shigeru Kondo & Xavier Gourdon
February 2002 600,001,000 Shigeru Kondo & Xavier Gourdon
February 2003 1,000,000,000 Patrick Demichel & Xavier Gourdon[22]
April 2006 10,000,000,000 Shigeru Kondo & Steve Pagliarulo
January 2009 15,510,000,000 Alexander J. Yee & Raymond Chan[23]
March 2009 31,026,000,000 Alexander J. Yee & Raymond Chan[23]
September 2010 100,000,001,000 Alexander J. Yee[24]
September 2013 200,000,001,000 Robert J. Setti[24]
August 2015 250,000,000,000 Ron Watkins[24]
November 2015 400,000,000,000 Dipanjan Nag[25]
## Reciprocal
The reciprocal of ζ(3) is the probability that any three positive integers, chosen at random, will be relatively prime (in the sense that as N goes to infinity, the probability that three positive integers less than N chosen uniformly at random will be relatively prime approaches this value).
## Extension to ζ(2n + 1)
Many people have tried to extend Apéry's proof that ζ(3) is irrational to other odd zeta values. In 2000, Tanguy Rivoal showed that infinitely many of the numbers ζ(2n + 1) must be irrational.[26] In 2001, Wadim Zudilin proved that at least one of the numbers ζ(5), ζ(7), ζ(9), and ζ(11) must be irrational.[27]
## Notes
1. ^ a b See Wedeniwski 2001.
2. ^ See Frieze 1985.
3. ^ a b See Apéry 1979.
4. ^
5. ^ a b See Beukers 1979.
6. ^ See Zudilin 2002.
7. ^ See Euler 1773.
8. ^ See Srivastava 2000, p. 571 (1.11).
9. ^ See Hjortnaes 1953.
10. ^ See Amdeberhan 1996.
11. ^
12. ^ See Wedeniwski 1998 and Wedeniwski 2001. In his message to Simon Plouffe, Sebastian Wedeniwski states that he derived this formula from Amdeberhan & Zeilberger 1997. The discovery year (1998) is mentioned in Simon Plouffe's Table of Records (8 April 2001).
13. ^
14. ^ See Mohammed 2005.
15. ^ See Broadhurst 1998.
16. ^ See Berndt 1989, chapter 14, formulas 25.1 and 25.3.
17. ^ See Plouffe 1998.
18. ^ See Srivastava 2000.
19. ^ See Jensen 1895.
20. ^ See Blagouchine 2014.
21. ^ See Evgrafov et al. 1969, exercise 30.10.1.
22. ^
23. ^ a b See Yee 2009.
24. ^ a b c See Yee 2015.
25. ^ See Nag 2015.
26. ^ See Rivoal 2000.
27. ^ See Zudilin 2001.
## Credits
This article incorporates material from Apéry's constant on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
| 2016-08-26T07:21:02 |
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https://rpm.physics.lbl.gov/event/rpm-talk/
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• This event has passed.
# Seljak, Modi, Boehm (RPM)
## Uros Seljak, Chirag Modi, Vanessa Boehm (LBL/Berkeley)
### How deadly is COVID-19? A time series analysis of Italy mortality data
Abstract:
A counterfactual analysis of 2020 mortality data reported from towns in Italy, with data from the previous five years as control, reveals a large excess of deaths in March 2020. The analysis shows a good agreement with reported COVID-19 mortality for age<70 years, but an excess in total mortality increasing with age above 70 years, suggesting there is a large population of predominantly old people missing from the official fatality statistics. We estimate that the number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy is 52,000 $\pm$ 2000 as of April 18 2020, more than a factor of 2 higher than the official number. We determine infection fatality rate (IFR) lower bound of 0.84% for Lombardia and infection rate of 23% for Lombardia, a factor of 35 above the number of positive tests. The infection rate for Bergamo province is 63%, suggesting herd immunity has been reached there. The analysis can help predict corresponding numbers in USA: we predict 0.5% lower bound on IFR for NYC and Santa Clara county. We observe that the COVID-19 mortality tracks closely the overall mortality of the underlying population, explaining why we see so many more deaths below age of 65 as a fraction of total in NYC relative to Italy.
Slides
## Details
Date:
April 23, 2020
Time:
4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
| 2022-08-19T02:19:09 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/53004/contributions/244271/
|
# NuFact 2022: The 23rd International Workshop on Neutrinos from Accelerators
July 30, 2022 to August 6, 2022
Cliff Lodge
US/Mountain timezone
## Machine learning applications to maintain the NuMI neutrino beam quality at Fermilab
Aug 4, 2022, 12:20 PM
30m
Wasatch A
### Wasatch A
Talk WG3: Accelerator Physics
### Speaker
Don Athula Wickremasinghe (Fermilab)
### Description
The NuMI target facility at Fermilab produces an intense muon neutrino beam for NOvA (NuMI Off-axis $\nu_e$ Appearance) long baseline neutrino experiment. Three arrays of muon monitors located in the downstream of the hadron absorber in the NuMI beamline provide the measurements of the primary beam and horn current quality. We have studied the response of muon monitors with the proton beam profile changes and focusing horn current variations. The responses of muon monitors are used to develop Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. We present the progress of the ML applications and the future plans. This effort is important for many future applications such as beam quality assurance, anomaly detections, neutrino beam systematics studies and neutrino beam quality assurance. Our results demonstrate the advantages of developing useful ML applications that can be leveraged for future beamlines such as LBNF.
Attendance type Virtual presentation
| 2023-01-28T19:12:49 |
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|
https://how-to.fandom.com/wiki/How_to_build_a_transformer_or_inductor
|
## FANDOM
1,810 Pages
The technique for building a transformer and inductor are the same, however designing them are different.
** If you are interested in a quick design of an inductor or transformer, with out the details or precision follow the red double asterisk, '**'
# Variables, Units, and AcronymsEdit
You have to keep track of units during design. Its easy to get mixed up. Wire gauges are generally in non-metric, as well as some other variables. For the most part keep units in metric and distances in centimeters
The following quantities are specified, using the units noted:
• Universal constants
• Permittivity of free space $\mu_o$ (Wb A-1 m-1)
• $\mu_o = 4\pi 10^{-7}$ (Wb A-1 m-1)
• Wire variables:
• $\rho$, Wire resistivity (Ω-cm)
• $I_{tot}$, Total RMS winding currents (A)
• $I_{m,max}$, Peak magnetizing current (A)
• $I_{RMS}$, Max RMS current, worst case (A)
• $P_{cm}$, Allowed copper loss (W)
• $A_c$, Cross sectional area of wire (cm2)
• Transformer/inductor design parameters
• $n_1, n_2$, turns (turns)
• $L_m$, Magnetizing inductance (for an xformer) (H)
• $L$, Inductance (H)
• $K_u$, Winding fill factor (unitless)
• $B_{max}$, Core maximum flux density (T)
• Core parameters
• EC35, PQ 20/16, 704, etc, Core type (mm)
• $K_g$, Geometrical constant (cm5)
• $K_{gfe}$, Geometrical constant (cmx)
• $A_c$, Cross-sectional area (cm2)
• $W_A$, Window area (cm2)
• $MLT$, Mean length per turn (cm)
• $l_m$, Magnetic path length (cm)
• $l$, or $l_g$, Air gap length (cm)
• $\mu$, Permittivity (Wb A-1 m-1)
• $\mu_r$, Relative Permittivity (unitless)
• $\mu = \mu_o \mu_r$
Acronyms
• RMS: root-mean-squared - $x_\text{rms} = \sqrt{ \langle x^2 \rangle} \,\!$ (where $\langle \ldots \rangle$ denotes the arithmetic mean)
• MLT: mean length turn
• AWG: American wire gauge
# DesignEdit
## Selecting the size and type of coreEdit
This is a very very basic way to choose a core. The type of core has a lot to do with the frequency, current, and power. The size and type of the core has to do with core loss, power loss in the core.
The size of the core depends on the power of the transformer, and expected power loss in the core (core loss).
### Core sizeEdit
$K_g \geq \frac{\rho L^{2}_{M} I^{2}_{tot} I^{2}_{M,max}}{B^{2}_{max} P_{cu} K_{u}} 10^8 (cm^5)$
Be careful about units
• Copper (wire) resistivity $\rho$
• $\rho = 1.724 \times 10^6 \Omega$ cm @ 20 C
• $\rho = 2.3 \times 10^6 \Omega$ cm @ 100 C
• Transformers, inductors can get warm, and hot so it may not be room temp
• $B_{max}$, Max core magnatizing flux density (T)
• $I_{RMS}$, Max RMS current, worst case (A)
• $K_{u}$, Winding fill factor (unitless)
• $L$, Inductance (H)
The core
• When selecting a core you have the following parameters
• $MLT$, Mean length per turn (cm)
• $A_c$, Core cross sectional area (cm2)
• $W_A$, Core window area (cm2)
• $K_g$, Core geometrical constant (cm5)
• Types of Cores wikipedia:Magnetic core
$K_g = \frac{A^{2}_{c} W_A}{(MLT)}$
## Selecting the wire gaugeEdit
The selection on the wire gauge has to do with the amount of resistance that is acceptable, the current flowing through the inductor, and if all the turns can fit in the area of the transformer. The size of the transformer can always be increased if more area is needed
### Resistive Loss Edit
Variables in calculating resistance
• $MLT$, Mean Length per Turn, the average length of wire to complete a full turn (cm)
• $A_w$, Cross sectional area of wire (cm2)
• $n$, number of turns
• $\rho$, resistivity of copper, 1.724 10^–6 (Ω-cm)
Measure Mean Length per Turn (MLT). The easy way to measure MLT is to take a wire and wrap it around the core or bobbin, loosely. If you plan on have multiple turns try to make an average loop, but looser to be safe. Measure the wire and that's your MLT. Some cores will give you the MLT in the specification. Keep in mind that the specification is for a fully filled core, but use it to be safe. Always be conservative, and make the length longer.
Number of turns (n) is gotten when you calculate the inductance for an inductor or turns ratio for a transformer.
Cross sectional area of wire (Aw) is based on the size wire you choose, obviously. The size of wire goes on the American wire gauge (AWG)). Wikipedia has a chart of wire gauges with there Area. See wikipedia:American wire gauge.
The equation for resistance is:
$R=\rho \frac{n MLT}{A_w}$
Remember to keep you units correct.
### Fill-factorEdit
**Another factor you need to be aware of is will all the turns of wire fit in your core. This is called the fill-factor. If the amount of turns you need with the wire size you need does not fit you can always use a bigger core.
The variables are
• $W_A$, Window area (cm2)
• $A_W$, Wire area (cm2)
• $n$, Number of turns
• $K_u$, Window utilization factor, the fill-factor
• $K_u$, must be less than 1
• Realistic fill-factors
• 0.5 for simple low-voltage inductor
• 0.25 to 0.3 for off-line transformer
• 0.05 to 0.2 for high-voltage transformer (multiple kV)
• 0.65 for low-voltage foil-winding inductor
So you must follow this equation
$K_u W_A \geq n A_W$
For multiple wire types the equation would be
$K_u W_A \geq n_1 A_W1 + n_2 A_W2 + ...$
## InductorEdit
In general inductors use a ferrite core.
Inductance for a coiled bobbin, with a magnetic core
$L=\frac{\mu A_c n^2}{l}$
In general you control the inductance by making l an air-gap, which will be very small and μ the permittivity of free space $l=l_g$, $\mu = \mu_o = 4 \pi x 10^-7 M/m$
where
• $n$, number of turns
• $A_c$, cross section area of the core
• $\mu$, permittivity of the free space or if no air gap the permittivity of the ferrous material
• $l$, length of the air gap or if no air gap the length of the ferrous materials loop
Inductance for a toroid
$L=\frac{\mu A_c n^2}{2 \pi r}$
where
• $n$, number of turns
• $A_c$, cross section area of the core
• $\mu$, permittivity of the free space or if no air gap the permittivity of the ferrous material
• $r$, radius of the toroid (to the center/middle of the ferrous material)
Inductance for a short air core coil
$L=\frac{r^2 n^2}{9 r + 10 l}$
where
• $n$, number of turns
• $r$, radius of the coil
• $l$, length of the coil
### Advanced Inductor designEdit
Nearly full description of Inductor design. Very good, but very technical. Recommended for building inductors in optimizing power, size, losses, and precise inductance.
Chapters from a power electronics course
## TransformerEdit
The base equations for a transformer.
$\frac{V_1}{V_2}=\frac{n_1}{n_2}$
$\frac{I_1}{I_2}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}$
Transformers have inductance.
In most cases you don't want inductances in a transformer, unless you are using it in a switching converter, or filter. Inductance only has to be a modeled on one side, as . $L_m$ If your transformer has no air gap the inductance will be low, and can be ignored.....
$L_m=\frac{\mu A_c n^2_1}{l}$
# ConstructionEdit
## WindingEdit
There are easy ways to wind a core and there are hard ways. Well semi-easy.
### Ferrite core, bobbinEdit
Winding a ferrite core is very easy. You just need to wrap the wire around the bobbin.
### ToroidEdit
If you only need a few windings the solution is simple. Just wind it.
When there are many windings, the easiest way to wind a Toroid is to make a needle like show in the laminated core image. The needle needs to be thinner, and the length of the needle dictates the length of the wire you can wrap without splicing two wires.
Making the needle: **
• Get a soft semi-flexible piece of plastic, or what ever u can find
• Cut it in the shape shown in the image
• poke a hole in the needle to have the wire start at
• Wind your needle
• Don't make it thicker that the Toroid (obviously)
To wind it: **
• hold one end of the wire
• thread the needle trough the Toroid.
• Wrap it around the torrid
• Make sure the loops are tight, and close together. Well wrapped loops increase the number of windings you can make.
• Repeat
• to be: **
### Air coreEdit
• Get a plastic screw
• Width of the screw being twice the radius of the coil.
• Thread size to match the number of turns with the length of the coil. It wont be perfect, but you can compress or stretch the coil to the correct length
Bring the wire and a ruler to the hardware store
# ReferencesEdit
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-07-05T08:03:22 |
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|
https://math.wikia.org/wiki/Constant
|
## FANDOM
1,168 Pages
Constants can tautologically be defined as those entities which are not variable. More specifically, a constant is an unchanging value.
All numbers are constants. 5 will always be 5, just as 339 will always be 339.
There does exist constants which are not written numerically, but whose numerical value is represented with letters (otherwise confused with variables if it werent for the fact that they arent variable).
When non-numbers are used in place for numbers, these are falsely called "variables" only in that they are substitutions and representations for constant values, but aren't actually representative of (potentially) changing parameters as the typical variable would be.
Some of the more common non-numerical constants are Euler's number (e), Pi (π), and the imaginary unit i, all of which represent numbers or abstract mathematical concepts.
Other constants are defined and utilized in the physical sciences, like 'c' for the speed of light, 'G' for the gravitational constant, etcetera.
Constants have specific values that never change, as long as that meaning is implicitly or explicitly understood within the context of a mathematical problem.
Of course 'e' need not always be representative of Euler's constant, 'c' need not always be representative of the speed of light. But these contextual facts must necessarily be plainly obvious or implicitly or explicitly stated.
The alternative, aside from the use of simple numbers, is that letters and other such symbols are variables. Variables are changing, or otherwise changeable, such that their value is not known.
## Special properties of constants
In calculus, the derivative of any constant is 0. In Leibniz notation,
$\frac{d}{dx}C=0$
Which agrees with the requirement that a constant does not change. The derivative of a constant multiple is the constant itself:
$\frac{d}{dx}Cx=C$
Special properties of limits also exist for constants:
$\lim_{n \to a}C=C$
and
$\lim_{n \to a}C\pm f(x)=C\pm\lim_{n \to a}f(x)$
$\lim_{n \to a}C\,f(x)=C\lim_{n \to a}f(x)$
$\lim_{n \to a}\frac{f(x)}{C}=\frac{\lim_{n \to a}f(x)}{C}$,
Which follow from the more general properties of limits.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2019-12-12T18:55:37 |
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|
https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.2-extensions/man/html/VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT.html
|
## C Specification
The VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT structure is defined as:
// Provided by VK_EXT_color_write_enable
typedef struct VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT {
VkStructureType sType;
const void* pNext;
uint32_t attachmentCount;
const VkBool32* pColorWriteEnables;
} VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT;
## Members
• sType is the type of this structure.
• pNext is NULL or a pointer to a structure extending this structure.
• attachmentCount is the number of VkBool32 elements in pColorWriteEnables.
• pColorWriteEnables is a pointer to an array of per target attachment boolean values specifying whether color writes are enabled for the given attachment.
## Description
When this structure is included in the pNext chain of VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo, it defines per-attachment color write state. If this structure is not included in the pNext chain, it is equivalent to specifying this structure with attachmentCount equal to the attachmentCount member of VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo, and pColorWriteEnables pointing to an array of as many VK_TRUE values.
If the colorWriteEnable feature is not enabled on the device, all VkBool32 elements in the pColorWriteEnables array must be VK_TRUE.
Color Write Enable interacts with the Color Write Mask as follows:
• If colorWriteEnable is VK_TRUE, writes to the attachment are determined by the colorWriteMask.
• If colorWriteEnable is VK_FALSE, the colorWriteMask is ignored and writes to all components of the attachment are disabled. This is equivalent to specifying a colorWriteMask of 0.
Valid Usage
• VUID-VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT-pAttachments-04801
If the colorWriteEnable feature is not enabled, all elements of pColorWriteEnables must be VK_TRUE
• VUID-VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT-attachmentCount-04802
attachmentCount must be equal to the attachmentCount member of the VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo structure specified during pipeline creation
Valid Usage (Implicit)
• VUID-VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT-sType-sType
sType must be VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_WRITE_CREATE_INFO_EXT
• VUID-VkPipelineColorWriteCreateInfoEXT-pColorWriteEnables-parameter
If attachmentCount is not 0, pColorWriteEnables must be a valid pointer to an array of attachmentCount VkBool32 values
## See Also
VK_EXT_color_write_enable, VkBool32, VkStructureType
## Document Notes
For more information, see the Vulkan Specification
This page is extracted from the Vulkan Specification. Fixes and changes should be made to the Specification, not directly.
Copyright 2014-2021 The Khronos Group Inc.
SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-4.0
| 2022-01-19T11:48:51 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_nvt_asphere.html
|
fix nvt/asphere/omp command
Syntax
fix ID group-ID nvt/asphere keyword value ...
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• nvt/asphere = style name of this fix command
• additional thermostat related keyword/value pairs from the fix nvt command can be appended
Examples
fix 1 all nvt/asphere temp 300.0 300.0 100.0
fix 1 all nvt/asphere temp 300.0 300.0 100.0 drag 0.2
Description
Perform constant NVT integration to update position, velocity, orientation, and angular velocity each timestep for aspherical or ellipsoidal particles in the group using a Nose/Hoover temperature thermostat. V is volume; T is temperature. This creates a system trajectory consistent with the canonical ensemble.
This fix differs from the fix nvt command, which assumes point particles and only updates their position and velocity.
The thermostat is applied to both the translational and rotational degrees of freedom for the aspherical particles, assuming a compute is used which calculates a temperature that includes the rotational degrees of freedom (see below). The translational degrees of freedom can also have a bias velocity removed from them before thermostatting takes place; see the description below.
Additional parameters affecting the thermostat are specified by keywords and values documented with the fix nvt command. See, for example, discussion of the temp and drag keywords.
This fix computes a temperature each timestep. To do this, the fix creates its own compute of style “temp/asphere”, as if this command had been issued:
compute fix-ID_temp group-ID temp/asphere
See the compute temp/asphere command for details. Note that the ID of the new compute is the fix-ID + underscore + “temp”, and the group for the new compute is the same as the fix group.
Note that this is NOT the compute used by thermodynamic output (see the thermo_style command) with ID = thermo_temp. This means you can change the attributes of this fix’s temperature (e.g. its degrees-of-freedom) via the compute_modify command or print this temperature during thermodynamic output via the thermo_style custom command using the appropriate compute-ID. It also means that changing attributes of thermo_temp will have no effect on this fix.
Like other fixes that perform thermostatting, this fix can be used with compute commands that calculate a temperature after removing a “bias” from the atom velocities. E.g. removing the center-of-mass velocity from a group of atoms or only calculating temperature on the x-component of velocity or only calculating temperature for atoms in a geometric region. This is not done by default, but only if the fix_modify command is used to assign a temperature compute to this fix that includes such a bias term. See the doc pages for individual compute commands to determine which ones include a bias. In this case, the thermostat works in the following manner: the current temperature is calculated taking the bias into account, bias is removed from each atom, thermostatting is performed on the remaining thermal degrees of freedom, and the bias is added back in.
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Speed packages doc page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See the Speed packages doc page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
This fix writes the state of the Nose/Hoover thermostat to binary restart files. See the read_restart command for info on how to re-specify a fix in an input script that reads a restart file, so that the operation of the fix continues in an uninterrupted fashion.
The fix_modify temp option is supported by this fix. You can use it to assign a compute you have defined to this fix which will be used in its thermostatting procedure.
The fix_modify energy option is supported by this fix to add the energy change induced by Nose/Hoover thermostatting to the system’s potential energy as part of thermodynamic output.
This fix computes the same global scalar and global vector of quantities as does the fix nvt command.
This fix can ramp its target temperature over multiple runs, using the start and stop keywords of the run command. See the run command for details of how to do this.
This fix is not invoked during energy minimization.
Restrictions
This fix is part of the ASPHERE package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
This fix requires that atoms store torque and angular momentum and a quaternion as defined by the atom_style ellipsoid command.
All particles in the group must be finite-size. They cannot be point particles, but they can be aspherical or spherical as defined by their shape attribute.
| 2019-11-19T08:33:07 |
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|
http://warsztatywww.wikidot.com/www8:algorithms-for-hard-problems
|
Algorithms for Hard Problems
# Description
Note: the workshop will be in English with the possibility to ask questions in Polish.
In computer science, there is a division of problems into "hard" and "easy". For the "easy" problems, we know algorithms to solve them perfectly, in reasonable time, for all inputs — technically speaking, these problems have algorithms which solve the problem in an amount of time that grows polynomially with the size of the input, and these problems make up the complexity class P. For example, the problem of finding a short path through a road network belongs here, as solved by GPS navigation systems.
Still, many problems, important problems that we need to solve, belong to the class of hard problems — technically, they are NP-complete. This implies that an algorithm which solves them completely, for all possible inputs, will for some inputs need an amount of time which is exponential in the input size. At least, this is true for all algorithms we know today — to really prove that this is necessary is a huge open problem; see the Clay institute's P?=NP entry or the Wikipedia "P vs NP" page for more information.
In this workshop, we review three ways to deal with such hard problems, while retaining a solid theoretical footing, and providing proven guarantees on the algorithms' behaviour. First, we focus on faster exact algorithms: algorithms that have to solve all instances perfectly, and therefore need exponential time, but which are still much faster than a naive or "first attempt" at an implementation would be.
Second, we look at so-called parameterized algorithms. For many problems, only some input types really need exponential time, while other inputs are relatively simple to solve. Often, we can extract this difference formally into a parameter, and prove that problems with a small parameter value (for example, problems with a simple structure or a small solution) can be
solved efficiently.
Finally, we give a quick look into the world of approximation, where the goal is to find a solution in polynomial time, which is not too much worse than the best possible solution (for example, if looking for the cheapest solution for a problem, one may be able to find a solution that is guaranteed to be at most twice as costly as it needs to be).
We will show useful techniques for creating all three kinds of solutions and give you some nice exercises to practice them.
# Programme
• Exact (exponential) algorithms
• Approximation algorithms
• Parameterized algorithms
• kernelization
• bounded search trees
• color coding
• iterative compression
• treewidth
# Prerequisites
You should have some basic algorithmic know-how and understand the notion of time complexity of an algorithm (big-Oh notation etc.). It would be good if you were aware of the existence of computationally hard problems: it will be enough if you read the chapters "What is the P versus NP Problem?" and "Dealing with Hardness" from this article.
# Course Materials
Here are the sketchy lecture notes + exercises we were handing out in class:
• Day 1 — Approximation Algorithms
• Day 2, part 1 — Exact Exponential Algorithms
• Day 2, part 2 — Introduction to Fixed Parameter Tractability: Branching (Bounded Search Trees), Kernelization
• Day 3 — More FPT: Sunflower Lemma, Color Coding, Iterative Compression
# Qualifying exercises
Please send your solutions to our emails before July 15. The solution to at least one of the four tasks should be written in English. The quality of your English won't influence the scoring as long as you're able to get your point across. Feel free to send in partial solutions and if you have any questions just ask via email. Good luck!
1. Assume that you are given $n$ points in the plane, and are asked to draw at most $k$ straight lines, such that every point has at least one line going through it. Expect that $n$ is much bigger than $k$ (say, $n=k^3$ or bigger).
1. Find simplification rules, for example, points you do not have to care about, or lines that have to be used in the solution, or even conditions that prove that the task is impossible. Make sure that the simplifications are correct. Can you find rules which can always be applied for instances with $n>p(k)$, for some polynomial $p(k)$?
2. Sketch how such a set of simplification rules gives an algorithm with running time better than brute force.
2. Given a tree with nodes labeled by non-negative integers, find the largest possible sum of label values for a set of nodes which does not include any adjacent pair of nodes. The algorithm should run in polynomial time. (Clarification: we mean "tree" - type of graph and not "tree" - data structure.)
3. A group of $n$ people want access to $m$ locked boxes. Each box has two identical keys, owned by different people. Nobody will give their keys away to anyone else. We want to find a set of as few people as possible such that all boxes can be unlocked.
1. Find in polynomial time a solution which uses at most twice as many people as necessary.
2. Give an algorithm that decides in time $O(f(k) \cdot p(n+m))$ whether there is a solution that only uses $k$ people, where $p(\cdot)$ is some polynomial and $f(k)$ is a function that only depends on $k$. Any such function $f(k)$ is accepted, although $f(k)=2^k$ or better is a good reference level to aim for.
4. One of the most studied problems in theoretical computer science is Satisfiability: determine whether a given Boolean formula over $n$ variables is satisfiable. This is a canonical NP-complete problem. In this exercise we will be looking at several variants of this problem:
1. In the problem 2-SAT we restrict our attention to conjunctions of binary clauses, that is formulas of the following form called 2-CNF (Conjunction Normal Form): $C_1 \wedge C_2 \wedge \dots \wedge C_m$, where $C_i = l_1^i \vee l_2^i$, $l_j^i \in \{x_k, \neg x_k | k \in 1 \dots n\}$. For example this is a 2-CNF formula: $(x_1 \vee \neg x_3) \wedge (\neg x_1 \vee x_2) \wedge (x_1 \vee x_3) \wedge (\neg x_2 \vee \neg x_1)$ and it is not satisfiable, that is no assignment of truth values to the variables $x_1, x_2, x_3$ satisfies all the four clauses. Give a polynomial time algorithm testing if a given 2-CNF formula is satisfiable.
2. If in the definition of our previous problem we allow the clauses to be ternary (ie. now $C_i = l_1^i \vee l_2^i \vee l_3^i$, where $l_j^i \in \{x_k, \neg x_k | k \in 1 \dots n\}$ for $j = 1, 2, 3$) the problem becomes NP-hard, so we can't really expect a polynomial algorithm. We can obviously test all possible assignments, which will give us an $O(2^n \cdot \rm{poly}(n))$ algorithm. Find an $O(c^n)$ algorithm for some constant $c < 2$.
3. Another thing we can do with the hard 3-SAT problem is to try to find an assignment satisfying as many clauses as possible. In the optimization problem MAX-3-CNF we ask about the maximum number $OPT$ of clauses that we can satisfy at the same time with any assignment. Describe a polynomial 2-approximation algorithm for this problem, that is an algorithm always returning an assignment satisfying at least $OPT/2$ clauses.
wersja strony: 11, ostatnia edycja: 22 Aug 2012 10:03
O ile nie zaznaczono inaczej, treść tej strony objęta jest licencją Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2022-12-04T19:08:16 |
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|
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/S-38?code=sc-nb:2&pointInTime=20200929
|
### S-38 - Cooperative Syndicates Act
1
(Section 12)
Memorandum of Association
COOPERATIVE SYNDICATES ACT
The undersigned declare that they become members of a
cooperative association with limited liability, under the name
of The ............................... Syndicate, with its head
office at .................................... in the county of
....................................., and that they subscribe
the number of shares put opposite their respective names.
We name Mr. .................................... to convene
the organization meeting and such notice shall be given by
(indicate manner).
Dated at ......................................................
this ............................, 19.....
===============================================================
. . . . .Number
Witnesses. Surname . Christian . Calling . Residence .of shares
. . Names . . .of \$ ....
---------.---------.-----------.---------.-----------.---------
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
---------------------------------------------------------------
R. S. 1964, c. 294, form 1.
| 2020-10-28T12:54:25 |
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|
https://www.lesswrong.com/s/CDF4uBtZnef6TMpQ6
|
# Independent AI Research
I'm trying my hand at independent AI research. Here are my collected posts about it.
(Banner image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/fdecomite/3237967443/ licensed under creative commons)
| 2022-12-07T07:48:47 |
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|
http://scstatehouse.gov/sess120_2013-2014/sj13/20130604.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
120th Session, 2013-2014
Journal of the Senate
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 10:30 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
In the Book of Acts we read:
"Immediately mist and darkness came over him, and he groped about, seeking someone to lead him by the hand." (Acts 13:11b)
Bow in prayer with me, if you will:
O Lord, the story of what befell Elymas has the power to touch us all. How easy it is to find that we ourselves have been blinded by many of the values of the world around us, that we have lost our way, that we have failed to hold to Your teachings. Loving God, help every one of us to follow Your truth, to honor Your lessons, and to be diligent in seeing as You call upon us to see. May these Senators and their staff members -- may all of us -- never lose sight of how You desire that we spend our days. Allow each of us to serve You unfailingly, bringing glory to You through those things we say and by means of everything that we do. In Your wondrous name we pray, Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Nikki Randhawa Haley:
Local Appointments
Initial Appointment, Charleston County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2014
Ellen Steinberg, 34 Smith Street, Charleston, SC 29401 VICE Bonnie L. Koontz
Initial Appointment, Florence County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Peter E. Becker, 1011 Mockingbird Circle, Florence, SC 29501 VICE Hon. James R. Harwell
Reappointment, Georgetown County Master-in-Equity, with the term to commence December 31, 2013, and to expire December 31, 2019
Joe M. Crosby, 405 Dozier Street, Georgetown, SC 29440
Initial Appointment, Spartanburg County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Freddie Brown, Jr., 232 Burdette Street, Spartanburg, SC 29307 VICE James E. Talley
COMMUNICATION
The Senate of South Carolina
Office of Senator Robert Ford
P. O. Box 142
Columbia, S.C. 29202
May 31, 2013
The Honorable Glenn McConnell
President of the Senate
State House
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate,
Please accept this letter as my resignation from the South Carolina Senate, District 42, effective immediately.
My dear friends, from humblest beginnings in New Orleans, Louisiana, the work of my life has been dedicated to improving the lives of our brothers and sisters in every corner of this nation. As a brash young man from Grambling University, I stepped out into a world of conflict and chaos during a most tumultuous time in American history. I joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1964, and have fought every day since for the betterment of all people, particularly African-Americans, across all walks of life. Through many highs and lows, this work has shown me the wonders of the world and the many faces of mankind. I have kneeled with the lowliest man and walked with the giants of history.
And in 1993, I walked through the doors of the State House for the first time as a South Carolina Senator. I saw the work to be done here as a continuation of the conflict for greater civil rights -- constantly fighting for those whose voices could not be heard in these halls.
I sought to teach others about the struggles of my people. But, I learned a great deal as well. One of my proudest moments was watching as the Confederate Flag was lowered from the State House dome alongside my good friend, then Senator Glenn McConnell. This action was achieved only by both black and white working together to honor our shared history. That great compromise was years in the making, with long and acrimonious battles that threatened to permanently divide us. Fortunately, through faith and friendship we were able to find common ground; securing respect for those that fought for civil rights, including a permanent holiday for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., while honoring the soldiers of the Confederacy and protecting their heritage.
Today, I am proud that the ranks of African-Americans in public service continue to grow -- proud of the number of African-Americans presiding over our courts. We are closer today than ever to a legacy of hope and equality for those to come. And for that, I will be forever proud and humbled.
One of life's most pervasive questions is, "What have you done for others?" My answer always has been to serve the least of those among us. I have not spent the time to financially reward myself or to adequately care for my health.
It is because of my health and with a heavy heart and great sadness that I announce my resignation. I will continue to be a soldier for peace, a drum major for justice and a working advocate for those that are less fortunate and those that need a helping hand in meeting the challenges of life.
As I depart, I leave the Senate in good stead. I am convinced my service in this Senate has made a difference, improved lives and left my beloved State of South Carolina better than I found her.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Robert Ford
cc: The Honorable John Courson, President Pro Tempore
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator MALLOY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator MALLOY
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT.
Lady and gentlemen of the Senate, I rise before you now with a heavy heart. I come on the backdrop of the letter that was just addressed to the Honorable GLENN McCONNELL, Mr. PRESIDENT and members of the Senate.
I will just say to you, very briefly, without condoning the acts that have taken place, we find ourselves at this difficult moment. I was sitting in my seat trying to find what words would be appropriate. I went down two roads -- one to say what happens when someone scores? Sometimes it is a touchdown. Just the same, someone could slam dunk a basketball or we may hit a home run and it would be a baseball score. Sports metaphors have been used in some great speeches over time. Martin Luther King, Jr. used the word five score ago. Signing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln used "four score and seven years ago" in the Gettysburg Address. The Good Book gives us "three score and ten" as it relates to our lives. And plus ten gives you four score, if you have strength.
Then I went down another road, and looked at a bedtime story that we read to our children and it takes me back to Rip Van Winkle. He was asleep for 20 years. Someone said he was there to avoid a revolutionary war. Senator ROBERT FORD served in this body and came through these doors in 1993. A score ago, 20 years. So, I would just ask that each person, search through his or her heart in light of the circumstances that we find ourselves, and see what happened during that score. I think that what we are supposed to do is to find some good. I say that, again, understanding and knowing the circumstances and situation, where we find ourselves now. We are in a unique situation, where we have to police our members and I totally understand that. If we go back, we will look at those times that you have. Without going over each and every one, I just ask each person to look in their minds and take it within their hearts to see what happened during his score.
Briefly during my score, I met him right about the time he came to the Senate, when I got ready to run my campaign in 2002. I was prepared to not be a friend, to not be a person that would like the way that he did things, because he campaigned against me for a reason that he believed was right. Then,when I came here, he and I worked on certain issues on this floor together. So today, as we search our hearts to see where we are and as we see one of our fallen soldiers, I would ask you, "Who is his family? Who do you know in his family?" Well, I will submit to you that you are his family -- namely the only living relatives he has. I will submit to you, if you are his family, and as the Good Book says, "One, that we all have sinned and come short." I would remind you of the story of Mary Magdalene that, "He who is without sin, cast the first stone." That does not mean that you do not review what is before you. But, now that the situation has occurred, I just ask you to look around again. Think of him with a humble heart and just remember the score that he left with us from 1993-2013. This is no Rip Van Winkle story as Senator FORD did not sleep on his work in the last 20 years.
On motion of Senator SETZLER, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator MALLOY were ordered printed in the Journal.
Doctor of the Day
Senator VERDIN introduced Dr. Wendell James of Greenville, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator BRYANT, at 10:33 A.M., Senator SHANE MARTIN was granted a leave of absence until 11:30 A.M.
Leave of Absence
At 10:35 A.M., Senator FAIR requested a leave of absence beginning at 6:00 P.M. and lasting until 10:00 A.M. in the morning.
Leave of Absence
At 4:05 P.M., Senator THURMOND requested a leave of absence beginning at 5:15 P.M. and lasting until 10:00 A.M. in the morning.
Privilege of the Chamber
On motion of Senator PEELER, in accordance with the provisions of Rule 35, the Privilege of the Chamber, to that area behind the rail, was extended to Mr. Ralph Greer and his family for the purpose of presenting a Resolution.
S. 516 (Word version) Sen. Young
S. 313 (Word version) Sen. Young
S. 330 (Word version) Sen. Young
S. 749 (Word version) Sens. Allen, Bennett, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Corbin, Cromer, Davis, Fair, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hembree, Hutto, Jackson, Johnson, Leatherman, Lourie, Malloy, Larry Martin, Shane Martin, Massey, Matthews, McElveen, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Scott, Setzler, Shealy, Sheheen, Thurmond, Turner, Verdin, Williams and Young
Presentation of Service Pins
In commemoration of continuous service with the State of South Carolina, Senator COURSON, PRESIDENT Pro Tempore of the Senate, presented certificates and awarded service pins to the following Senate staff for their respective years of state service:
10 Year Pins
Carol R. DuBose
David J. Owens
20 Year Pins
Michele M. Neal
Jean L. Tisdale
E. Katherine Wells
30 Year Pins
Martha C. Casto
Barbara A. Lengel
40 Year Pins
Susan F. Craft
Senator COURSON presented a certificate and service pin to the following Senators for their years of service:
10 Year Pins
Ronnie W. Cromer
20 Year Pins
Creighton B. Coleman
Kent M. Williams
All were highly commended for their years of devoted and loyal service.
RECALLED
H. 4200 (Word version) -- Rep. Howard: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE DEVASTATING EFFECTS CAUSED BY MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE AND RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF ITS SERIOUS IMPACT ON CITIZENS AND COMMUNITIES IN THE PALMETTO STATE.
Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 4201 (Word version) -- Rep. G.R. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AUGUST 20, 2013, AS DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY DAY AT THE STATE CAPITOL TO RAISE AWARENESS OF THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF NERVE DAMAGE DUE TO DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY.
Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 4149 (Word version) -- Rep. Erickson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND BEAUFORT COUNTY ERECT APPROPRIATE SIGNS OR MARKERS ALONG UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 21 IN BEAUFORT COUNTY AS IT ENTERS ST. HELENA ISLAND FROM BOTH LADY'S ISLAND AND HUNTING ISLAND THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "ST. HELENA ISLAND-HOME OF THE 2013 AMERICAN IDOL WINNER CANDICE GLOVER".
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator CLEARY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 758 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR OLIVER KERMIT MCCARTER, JR., FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR STATE AND TO THE LIVES OF GENERATIONS OF STUDENTS AND CONGRATULATE HIM ON BEING NAMED THE 2013 SOUTH CAROLINA SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION'S AMBASSADOR.
l:\council\bills\gm\29814htc13.docx
S. 759 (Word version) -- Senator Massey: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE NOVEMBER 2013 THE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AWARENESS MONTH IN SOUTH CAROLINA TO PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GROWING RISK OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN THE UNITED STATES.
l:\council\bills\swb\5201cm13.docx
The Senate Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 760 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews and Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR DWAYNE BUCKNER, MEMBER OF THE WALTERBORO CITY COUNCIL, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT AFTER FOUR YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
l:\council\bills\gm\29818sd13.docx
S. 761 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND ISAIAH OWENS FOR HIS OUTSTANDING SERVICE IN THE MORTUARY PROFESSION FOR FORTY-FOUR YEARS AND FOR THE COMPASSION AND KINDNESS HE HAS RENDERED TO HIS COMMUNITY.
l:\council\bills\gm\29813ab13.docx
S. 762 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA STUDENT LEGISLATURE TO USE THE CHAMBER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN 2013 AT A DATE AND TIME DETERMINED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF SUBSEQUENT TO A DETERMINATION EITHER BODY IS IN SESSION, THE CHAMBERS MAY NOT BE USED AND ALTERNATE DATES AND TIMES MAY BE SELECTED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
l:\council\bills\nl\13343dg13.docx
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Invitations.
Senator BRYANT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Invitations.
There was no objection.
Senator BRYANT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take the Concurrent Resolution up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
On motion of Senator BRYANT, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 763 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA PAY FOR SUCCESS PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY ACT" BY ADDING CHAPTER 55 TO TITLE 11 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE TRUST FUND FOR PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY TO FUND PAY FOR SUCCESS CONTRACTS, WHEREBY THE STATE CONTRACTS WITH A PRIVATE-SECTOR ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVE SPECIFICALLY DEFINED MEASUREABLE OUTCOMES IN WHICH THE STATE PAYS ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT THE DESIRED OUTCOMES ARE ACHIEVED.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
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Read the first time and referred to the General Committee.
S. 765 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-2-107, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT STATE LAWS, ORDINANCES OF POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS, AND REGULATIONS PROMULGATED PURSUANT TO SUCH LAWS AND ORDINANCES LIMITING WHERE AND WHEN AN ALL TERRAIN VEHICLE (ATV) MAY OPERATE DO NOT APPLY TO AN ATV USED BY A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY IN CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE AGENCY'S DUTIES AND PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR "ATV".
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 766 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE BLYTHEWOOD GARDEN CLUB ON THE OCCASION OF ITS SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY AND TO COMMEND THE CLUB ON SIX DECADES OF CONTRIBUTING TO THE BEAUTIFICATION OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 767 (Word version) -- Senator Nicholson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR COACH GARY ROPER FOR HIS OUTSTANDING CAREER AND TO THANK HIM FOR HIS MANY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE YOUTH OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
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S. 768 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR SERGEANT WILLIAM "DON" RHODES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE TRANSPORT POLICE, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO EXTEND SINCERE APPRECIATION FOR HIS DEDICATION TO THE CAUSE OF TRUCK SAFETY, EDUCATION, INDUSTRY PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, REASONABLE ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES, AND GENUINE DEVOTION TO HIS DUTIES, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 769 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION URGING THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO ENCOURAGE ALL SCHOOLS TO PARTICIPATE IN A SCHOOL-BASED INFLUENZA VACCINATION PROGRAM.
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 770 (Word version) -- Senator Rankin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE CAROL FOXWORTH CHESTNUT OF CONWAY UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, TO COMMEND HER FOR HER FORTY-TWO YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, AND TO WISH HER MUCH HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 771 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 11, TITLE 63 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CHILDREN'S SERVICES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 21, TO CREATE THE "MILITARY CONNECTED CHILDREN'S WELFARE TASK FORCE" AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMPOSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TASK FORCE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 772 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-13-80 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO INSPECTIONS OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES, TO PROVIDE FOR ANNUAL INSPECTIONS OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 3125 (Word version) -- Reps. Hodges, M. S. McLeod, Mitchell, Whipper, R. L. Brown, Hiott, Toole, Hardee, Cobb-Hunter, Dillard and Robinson-Simpson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ACT" BY ADDING CHAPTER 55 TO TITLE 11 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SHALL ESTABLISH THE MICROENTERPRISE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM TO PROMOTE AND FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROENTERPRISES IN THIS STATE AND TO DEFINE "MICROENTERPRISE" AS A BUSINESS, WHETHER NEW OR EXISTING, INCLUDING STARTUP, HOME-BASED, AND SELF EMPLOYMENT, WITH FIVE OR FEWER EMPLOYEES; TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL AWARD GRANTS TO COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS TO MAKE LOANS AND DEVELOP LOAN SOURCES; TO ESTABLISH CRITERIA TO BE CONSIDERED IN AWARDING GRANTS; TO PROVIDE THAT APPROPRIATED FUNDS MAY BE AWARDED AS A GRANT TO MICROLOAN DELIVERY ORGANIZATIONS AND THAT SUCH GRANTS MUST BE MATCHED BY NONSTATE FUNDS; TO PROVIDE THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH GRANT FUNDS MAY BE EXPENDED; TO PROVIDE CERTAIN PROVISIONS THAT MUST BE IN A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE DEPARTMENT AND A STATEWIDE MICROLENDING SUPPORT ORGANIZATION; AND TO REQUIRE THE STATE TO SUBMIT AN ANNUAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
H. 3717 (Word version) -- Reps. Quinn, Bannister, Allison, Sandifer, Sellers, Clemmons, Ballentine, Atwater, Toole, Kennedy, Vick, Erickson, Long, Bernstein, Munnerlyn, Horne, Funderburk, Brannon, Henderson, Wood, Dillard, M. S. McLeod, Whipper and R. L. Brown: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-1700, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE OFFENSES OF HARASSMENT AND STALKING, SO AS TO INCLUDE IN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSES PERSONS WHO COMMIT THE OFFENSES WHILE SUBJECT TO THE TERMS OF A RESTRAINING ORDER ISSUED BY THE FAMILY COURT; AND TO AMEND SECTIONS 16-3-1710, 16-3-1720, AND 16-3-1730, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR HARASSMENT IN THE SECOND DEGREE, HARASSMENT IN THE FIRST DEGREE, AND STALKING, RESPECTIVELY, ALL SO AS TO INCLUDE PERSONS SUBJECT TO A RESTRAINING ORDER ISSUED BY THE FAMILY COURT.
Read the first time and, on motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, with unanimous consent, H. 3717 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 3987 (Word version) -- Reps. Goldfinch, Herbkersman, Clemmons, Kennedy, Huggins, Hardee, McCoy, Stavrinakis, Sottile, Limehouse, Hardwick, H. A. Crawford, Riley, Murphy, Spires, Burns, Funderburk, Atwater, Barfield, Bingham, Cole, Finlay, Gagnon, George, Harrell, Owens, Pitts, Ryhal, Taylor, Vick, Wells, White, Knight, Erickson and Newton: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 39-25-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF TERMS CONTAINED IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA FOOD AND COSMETIC ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM "FOOD", AND TO DEFINE THE TERMS "SEAFOOD" AND "LOCAL SEAFOOD"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 39-25-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ACTS PROHIBITED UNDER THE SOUTH CAROLINA FOOD AND COSMETIC ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A RETAIL OR WHOLESALE ESTABLISHMENT IS PROHIBITED FROM SELLING SEAFOOD WHILE KNOWINGLY AND WILFULLY MISREPRESENTING THE IDENTITY OF THE SEAFOOD TO ITS PATRONS.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
H. 4009 (Word version) -- Reps. Jefferson, Southard, Vick, Williams and Gagnon: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE "FREE HEALTH CARE STUDY COMMITTEE" TO STUDY THE EXTENT TO WHICH MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS VOLUNTEER AT FREE MEDICAL CLINICS AND THE VARIETY AND EXTENT OF MEDICAL SERVICES PROVIDED BY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS, TO PROVIDE FOR MEMBERSHIP OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE AND THE METHOD OF APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS, TO SET FORTH THE DUTIES OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE, TO REQUIRE THE STUDY COMMITTEE TO PREPARE A REPORT WITH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE GOVERNOR, GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND TO INCLUDE A SUNSET PROVISION FOR THE STUDY COMMITTEE.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
H. 4216 (Word version) -- Reps. Bales, Ballentine and Neal: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-465, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PRECINCTS IN RICHLAND COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE AND ADD CERTAIN PRECINCTS, TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO CORRECT REFERENCES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR ALTERNATE PRECINCT POLLING PLACES UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS.
Read the first time and, on motion of Senator SCOTT, with unanimous consent, H. 4216 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 4268 (Word version) -- Reps. D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Pope and King: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 55 IN YORK COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH THE YORK/CHEROKEE COUNTY LINE TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 161 "STATE REPRESENTATIVE HUGH J. LOVE HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "STATE REPRESENTATIVE HUGH J. LOVE HIGHWAY".
On motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE
Senator ALEXANDER from the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry polled out H. 4133 favorable:
H. 4133 (Word version) -- Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS OF LICENSURE IN THE FIELD OF COSMETOLOGY (EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS), DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4336, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Poll of the Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee
Polled 15; Ayes 14; Nays 1; Not Voting 1
AYES
Alexander Setzler O'Dell
Leatherman Bryant Massey
Williams Nicholson Davis
Scott Johnson Bennett
Corbin Turner
Total--14
NAYS
Bright
Total--1
NOT VOTING
Reese
Total--1
H. 4133 (Word version) -- Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS OF LICENSURE IN THE FIELD OF COSMETOLOGY (EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS), DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4336, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Senator ALEXANDER asked unanimous consent to take the Joint Resolution up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 5
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--36
NAYS
Bright Bryant Corbin
Martin, Shane Thurmond
Total--5
The Joint Resolution was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 4, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments:
S. 590 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-1705 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CATCH LIMITS, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON TO TAKE OR POSSESS MORE THAN ONE TARPON IN ANY ONE DAY OR A TARPON OF LESS THAN SEVENTY-SEVEN INCHES IN FORK LENGTH.
Respectfully submitted,
Speaker of the House
The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 4, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments:
S. 348 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-10-35 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR FIREPLACES IN LIEU OF REQUIREMENTS OF THE 2009 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE.
Respectfully submitted,
Speaker of the House
The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 30, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it insists upon the amendments proposed by the House to:
S. 22 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen, Massey, L. Martin, Hayes, Campsen, Nicholson, Young and Alexander: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RESTRUCTURING ACT OF 2013" BY ESTABLISHING THE DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; TO PROVIDE FOR ITS COMPOSITION, POWERS, AND DUTIES; AND TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.
(Abbreviated Title)
asks for a Committee of Conference, and has appointed Reps. Lucas, Delleney and Ott to the committee on the part of the House.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
S. 22--CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTED
S. 22 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen, Massey, L. Martin, Hayes, Campsen, Nicholson, Young and Alexander: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RESTRUCTURING ACT OF 2013" BY ESTABLISHING THE DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; TO PROVIDE FOR ITS COMPOSITION, POWERS, AND DUTIES; AND TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.
(Abbreviated Title)
Whereupon, Senators ALEXANDER, SHEHEEN and MASSEY were appointed to the Committee of Conference on the part of the Senate and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
HOUSE CONCURRENCE
The following Resolutions were returned from the House with concurrence and received as information:
S. 750 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Rankin and Hutto: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE HONORABLE DAVID A. WRIGHT OF LEXINGTON COUNTY, COMMISSIONER FOR THE SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT ON THE SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, AND TO COMMEND HIM FOR HIS SERVICE TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
S. 751 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Rankin and Hutto: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE RANDY MITCHELL FOR HIS SERVICE AS A COMMISSIONER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AND HIS LIFELONG SERVICE TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
S. 752 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Rankin and Hutto: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE HONORABLE MIGNON L. CLYBURN, COMMISSIONER FOR THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, AND TO CONGRATULATE HER UPON HER SELECTION AS FIRST ACTING CHAIRWOMAN OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION.
S. 762 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA STUDENT LEGISLATURE TO USE THE CHAMBER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN 2013 AT A DATE AND TIME DETERMINED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF SUBSEQUENT TO A DETERMINATION EITHER BODY IS IN SESSION, THE CHAMBERS MAY NOT BE USED AND ALTERNATE DATES AND TIMES MAY BE SELECTED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
S. 766 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE BLYTHEWOOD GARDEN CLUB ON THE OCCASION OF ITS SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY AND TO COMMEND THE CLUB ON SIX DECADES OF CONTRIBUTING TO THE BEAUTIFICATION OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
S. 768 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR SERGEANT WILLIAM "DON" RHODES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE TRANSPORT POLICE, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO EXTEND SINCERE APPRECIATION FOR HIS DEDICATION TO THE CAUSE OF TRUCK SAFETY, EDUCATION, INDUSTRY PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, REASONABLE ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES, AND GENUINE DEVOTION TO HIS DUTIES, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 4, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3971 (Word version) -- Reps. Stringer and Willis: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES, AS DESIGNATED IN ACT 1285 OF 1966, IS CHANGED TO THE GREENVILLE HEALTH SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 4, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3451 (Word version) -- Reps. Tallon, Cole, Forrester, Kennedy, Murphy, Pope, Rutherford and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-7-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFENSES THAT A PERSON MAY BE CHARGED ON A UNIFORM TRAFFIC TICKET, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OFFENSES OF SHOPLIFTING AND CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MUST BE CHARGED ON A UNIFORM TRAFFIC TICKET.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 4, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3409 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-59-25 SO AS TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN ACTS BY RESIDENTIAL BUILDERS OR CONTRACTORS RELATING TO ROOFING SYSTEMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-59-110, RELATING TO REVOCATION, SUSPENSION, OR RESTRICTION OF THE LICENSE BY THE RESIDENTIAL HOME BUILDERS COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE A CONFORMING CHANGE.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
RATIFICATION OF ACTS
Pursuant to an invitation the Honorable Speaker and House of Representatives appeared in the Senate Chamber on June 4, 2013, at 3:45 P.M. and the following Acts and Joint Resolutions were ratified:
(R44, S. 96 (Word version)) -- Senator Cleary: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 54-15-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSIONERS OF PILOTAGE FOR THE UPPER COASTAL AREA, SO AS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS ON THE COMMISSION FROM SIX TO EIGHT, AND TO REVISE APPOINTMENT AND RELATED PROVISIONS.
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(R45, S. 117 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes, Courson, O'Dell, Verdin and Ford: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-66-75 SO AS TO REQUIRE A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER TO GIVE A PATIENT AN OPPORTUNITY TO ALLOW DISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN INFORMATION TO DESIGNATED FAMILY MEMBERS AND OTHER INDIVIDUALS AND TO AUTHORIZE THE INVOLVEMENT OF THESE FAMILY MEMBERS AND OTHER INDIVIDUALS IN THE TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT; TO SPECIFY THE CONTENTS OF THE AUTHORIZATION; TO PROVIDE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL IMMUNITY FOR GOOD FAITH DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 44-66-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE ADULT HEALTH CARE CONSENT ACT, SO AS TO DEFINE "PATIENT" AND "TREATMENT" AND TO AMEND OTHER DEFINITIONS.
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(R46, S. 143 (Word version)) -- Senators Malloy, Ford, Massey, S. Martin and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND ARTICLES 1, 2, 3, AND 4 OF TITLE 62, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA PROBATE CODE, SO AS TO, AMONG OTHER THINGS, DEFINE THE JURISDICTION OF THE PROBATE CODE, TO DETERMINE INTESTATE SUCCESSION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS OF EXECUTING A WILL, TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS TO PROBATE AND ADMINISTER A WILL, AND TO PROVIDE FOR LOCAL AND FOREIGN PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES; AND TO AMEND ARTICLES 6 AND 7 OF TITLE 62, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA PROBATE CODE, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE GOVERNANCE OF NONPROBATE TRANSFERS, AND TO AMEND THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRUST CODE.
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(R47, S. 191 (Word version)) -- Senators Verdin, Sheheen, Lourie, Cromer, O'Dell, Hutto, Jackson, Alexander and McElveen: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 46-3-25 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN A PROGRAM TO FOSTER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOUTH CAROLINA FARMS, SCHOOL DISTRICTS, AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS AND TO PROVIDE THEM WITH FRESH AND MINIMALLY PROCESSED FOODS FOR CONSUMPTION BY STUDENTS.
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(R48, S. 214 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair and Ford: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING THE MASSAGE/BODYWORK PRACTICE ACT, SO AS TO ADD, REVISE, AND DELETE DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-40, RELATING TO THE ADVISORY PANEL FOR MASSAGE/BODYWORK THERAPY UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE THE ADVISORY PANEL TO BE KNOWN AS THE "PANEL", TO REVISE QUALIFICATIONS AND MANNER OF APPOINTMENT OF PANEL MEMBERS, AND TO PROVIDE COMPENSATION FOR MEMBERS AND REIMBURSEMENT OF CERTAIN EXPENSES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-50, RELATING TO DUTIES OF THE PANEL, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL DUTIES AND POWERS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-60, RELATING TO USE OF EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT AND PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS BY THE BOARD, SO AS TO REMOVE OBSOLETE REFERENCES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-90, RELATING TO REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO REMOVE AN OBSOLETE REFERENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-110, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS FOR LICENSURE, SO AS TO REQUIRE CLASSROOM STUDY INSTEAD OF SUPERVISED STUDY, AND TO SPECIFY PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE FOR LICENSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-200, RELATING TO COMPLAINTS CONCERNING THE FITNESS OF A LICENSEE TO PRACTICE, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-220, RELATING TO EQUITABLE REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO THE PANEL, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-230, RELATING TO GROUNDS OF MISCONDUCT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND REVISE THE GROUNDS RELATED TO CONVICTIONS FOR CERTAIN CRIMINAL CONDUCT; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-240, RELATING TO INVESTIGATIONS OF MISCONDUCT RELATED TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND REVISE LANGUAGE CONCERNING RECORDS THE PANEL OBTAINS IN AN INVESTIGATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-250, RELATING TO ACTIONS THE BOARD MAY TAKE IN RESPONSE TO A DISCIPLINARY VIOLATION, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND ADD PROVISIONS CONCERNING A PRIVATE REPRIMAND; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-260, RELATING TO VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OF A LICENSE, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-270, RELATING TO APPEALS FROM DISCIPLINARY PANEL DECISIONS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-300, RELATING TO SERVICE OF PROCESS ON NONRESIDENTS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 40-30-310, RELATING TO CIVIL PENALTIES, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-30-65 RELATING TO THE CREATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE DISCIPLINARY PANEL, SECTION 40-30-70 RELATING TO DUTIES OF THE DISCIPLINARY PANEL, AND SECTION 40-30-210 RELATING TO PROCEDURES BEFORE THE DISCIPLINARY PANEL.
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(R49, S. 221 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 36-4A-108, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE-FUNDS TRANSFERS, SO AS TO MAKE THE CHAPTER APPLICABLE TO REMITTANCE TRANSFERS, UNLESS THE REMITTANCE TRANSFER IS AN ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER, AND TO PROVIDE THAT, IN THE EVENT THERE IS AN INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE APPLICABLE PROVISION OF THE CHAPTER AND THE APPLICABLE PROVISION OF THE ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER ACT, THE PROVISION OF THE ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER ACT GOVERNS.
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(R50, S. 250 (Word version)) -- Senators Cromer and Ford: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 33-56-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ORGANIZATIONS EXEMPT FROM FILING REGISTRATION STATEMENTS TO SOLICIT CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS, SO AS TO ADD PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS AS ORGANIZATIONS EXEMPT FROM THE FILING REQUIREMENT.
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(R51, S. 323 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND THE OFFICIAL COMMENT TO SECTION 36-9-101, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CHAPTER TITLED "UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE - SECURED TRANSACTIONS", SO AS TO, INTER ALIA, IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC VERSION OF THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY CODE REFERENCED THROUGHOUT THE COMMENTS TO CHAPTER 9, TITLE 36; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-102, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO CHAPTER 9, TITLE 36, SO AS TO REVISE EXISTING OR PROVIDE NEW DEFINITIONS FOR CERTAIN TERMS, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-105, RELATING TO THE CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC CHATTEL PAPER, SO AS TO CLARIFY THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH A SECURED PARTY IS DEEMED TO HAVE CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC CHATTEL PAPER; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-307, RELATING TO THE DEBTOR'S LOCATION, SO AS TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS FOR DESIGNATING A MAIN OFFICE, HOME OFFICE, OR OTHER COMPATIBLE OFFICE; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-311, RELATING TO THE PERFECTION OF SECURITY INTERESTS IN PROPERTY SUBJECT TO CERTAIN STATUTES, REGULATIONS, AND TREATIES, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CORRECTION; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-316, RELATING TO THE CONTINUED PERFECTION OF A SECURITY INTEREST FOLLOWING A CHANGE IN THE GOVERNING LAW, SO AS TO PROVIDE RULES THAT APPLY TO COLLATERAL TO WHICH A SECURITY INTEREST ATTACHES WITHIN FOUR MONTHS AFTER A DEBTOR CHANGES LOCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-317, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF INTERESTS, SO AS REVISE THE TERMINOLOGY OF CERTAIN TYPES OF INTERESTS AND PRIORITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-326, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF SECURITY INTERESTS CREATED BY A NEW DEBTOR, SO AS TO CLARIFY PROVISIONS REGARDING THE PERFECTION OF A SECURITY INTEREST; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-406, RELATING TO THE DISCHARGE OF AN ACCOUNT DEBTOR, SO AS TO CLARIFY PROVISIONS REGARDING A SALE UNDER A DISPOSITION PURSUANT TO SECTION 36-9-610, OR AN ACCEPTANCE OF COLLATERAL PURSUANT TO SECTION 36-9-620; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-408, RELATING TO RESTRICTIONS ON ASSIGNMENT OF PROMISSORY NOTES, SO AS TO CLARIFY PROVISIONS REGARDING A SALE UNDER A DISPOSITION PURSUANT TO SECTION 36-9-610, OR AN ACCEPTANCE OF COLLATERAL PURSUANT TO SECTION 36-9-620; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-502, RELATING TO THE CONTENTS OF A FINANCING STATEMENT AND A RECORD OF MORTGAGE AS A FINANCING STATEMENT, SO AS TO CLARIFY PROVISIONS REGARDING THE NAME OF A DEBTOR ON A RECORD OF MORTGAGE AS A FINANCING STATEMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-503, RELATING TO THE NAME OF A DEBTOR AND SECURED PARTY, SO AS TO REVISE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE PROPER NAME OF A DEBTOR ON A FINANCING STATEMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-507, RELATING TO THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN EVENTS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A FINANCING STATEMENT, SO AS TO REVISE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE DEBTOR'S NAME; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-515, RELATING TO THE DURATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A FINANCING STATEMENT, SO AS TO CLARIFY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN INITIALLY FILED FINANCING STATEMENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-516, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO WHAT CONSTITUTES FILING AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FILING, SO AS TO CLARIFY WHEN A DEBTOR IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR AN ORGANIZATION; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-518, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A CLAIM CONCERNING AN INACCURATE OR WRONGFULLY FILED RECORD, SO AS TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE FILING OF AN INFORMATION STATEMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-521, REGARDING THE UNIFORM FORM OF A WRITTEN FINANCING STATEMENT AND AMENDMENT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 36-9-607, RELATING TO COLLECTION AND ENFORCEMENT BY A SECURED PARTY, SO AS TO REVISE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE SECURED PARTY'S SWORN AFFIDAVIT; BY ADDING PART 8 TO CHAPTER 9, TITLE 36, SO AS TO ENTITLE PART 8 AS "TRANSITION"; AND TO MAKE CORRESPONDING CHANGES TO APPROPRIATE OFFICIAL COMMENTS AS NECESSARY TO REFLECT THE CHANGES TO CHAPTER 9, TITLE 36.
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(R52, S. 382 (Word version)) -- Senators Grooms, Alexander, L. Martin, Campbell, Davis, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Reese, Shealy, Johnson, Verdin, Williams, Cleary, Allen, Rankin, Setzler, Lourie, Scott, Ford, Turner, Bennett, Corbin, Bright, Hutto, Jackson, Sheheen, Pinckney, Cromer, Hembree, Matthews, McElveen, Young, Hayes and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 56-15-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR REGULATING MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND DEALERS, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "DUE CAUSE" AND "MATERIAL BREACH"; TO AMEND SECTION 56-15-40, RELATING TO SPECIFIC ACTS DEEMED UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION AND UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MANUFACTURER, DISTRIBUTOR, WHOLESALER, DISTRIBUTOR BRANCH OR DIVISION, FACTORY BRANCH OR DIVISION, WHOLESALE BRANCH OR DIVISION, OFFICER, AGENT, OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVE THEREOF, MAY NOT REQUIRE OR COERCE A MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER TO OFFER TO SELL OR SELL ANY EXTENDED SERVICE CONTRACT, EXTENDED MAINTENANCE PLAN, FINANCIAL PRODUCT, OR INSURANCE PRODUCT OFFERED, SOLD, OR SPONSORED BY THE MANUFACTURER OR TO SELL, ASSIGN, OR TRANSFER ANY RETAIL INSTALLMENT SALES CONTRACT OR LEASE OBTAINED BY THE MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER IN CONNECTION WITH THE SALE OR LEASE OF A NEW MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURED BY THE MANUFACTURER TO A SPECIFIED FINANCE COMPANY, CLASS OF FINANCE COMPANIES, LEASING COMPANY, CLASS OF LEASING COMPANIES, OR TO ANY OTHER SPECIFIED PERSON; TO DEFINE THE TERM "FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPANY"; AND TO PROVIDE THAT A MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR MAY NOT USE A CERTAIN FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPANIES OR LEASING COMPANIES TO ACCOMPLISH ILLEGAL CONDUCT; BY ADDING SECTION 56-15-47 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MANUFACTURER MAY NOT PREVENT A MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER FROM DESIGNATING A SUCCESSOR TO THE DEALERSHIP IN THE EVENT OF DEATH OR INCAPACITY OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER, AND TO PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS UPON WHICH A PERSON MAY SUCCEED TO A FRANCHISE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-15-60, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER'S CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL WARRANTY CLAIMS, SERVICE CLAIMS, OR INCENTIVE CLAIMS NOT SPECIFICALLY DISAPPROVED IN WRITING WITHIN THIRTY DAYS OF RECEIPT SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS APPROVED AND PAYMENT MUST FOLLOW WITHIN THIRTY DAYS, AND A MANUFACTURER SHALL NOT UNREASONABLY DISAPPROVE A CLAIM THAT RESULTS IN A CLERICAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE ERROR AND THAT CLAIM DISAPPROVAL MUST BE BASED ON A MATERIAL DEFECT; BY ADDING SECTION 56-15-95 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MANUFACTURER MAY NOT TERMINATE OR CANCEL A FRANCHISE OR SELLING AGREEMENT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER WITHOUT DUE CAUSE, AND TO PROVIDE THE FACTORS THE COURT MUST USE WHEN IT DETERMINES WHETHER DUE CAUSE EXISTS; BY ADDING SECTION 56-15-96 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERFORMANCE STANDARD, SALES EFFECTIVENESS STANDARD, SALES OBJECTIVE, OR PROGRAM FOR MEASURING DEALERSHIP PERFORMANCE THAT MAY HAVE A MATERIAL EFFECT ON A MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER SHALL BE FAIR, REASONABLE, EQUITABLE, BASED ON ACCURATE INFORMATION, AND UNIFORMLY APPLIED TO OTHER SIMILARLY SITUATED MOTOR VEHICLE DEALERS; AND BY ADDING SECTION 56-15-98 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR, OFFICER, AGENT, OR ANY REPRESENTATIVE OF A MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR MAY NOT UNREASONABLY ALTER A NEW MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER'S AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY, AND TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE TO ALTER A NEW MOTOR VEHICLE DEALER'S AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY.
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(R53, S. 417 (Word version)) -- Senators Alexander and Davis: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "MILITARY SERVICE OCCUPATION, EDUCATION, AND CREDENTIALING ACT"; BY ADDING SECTION 59-101-400 SO AS TO PROVIDE A PUBLIC, POST-SECONDARY INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THIS STATE MAY AWARD EDUCATIONAL CREDIT TO AN HONORABLY DISCHARGED MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES FOR A COURSE THAT IS PART OF HIS MILITARY TRAINING OR SERVICE, SUBJECT TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO REQUIRE THE INSTITUTION TO IMPLEMENT RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATIONS WITHIN A SPECIFIED TIME FRAME; BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO CHAPTER 1, TITLE 40 SO AS TO PROVIDE MISCELLANEOUS LICENSURE PROVISIONS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL, TO PROVIDE A PERSON LICENSED BY BOARD OR COMMISSION UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION IS EXEMPT FROM CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEE ASSESSMENTS DURING ACTIVE DUTY IN THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES, TO PROVIDE A BOARD OR COMMISSION MAY ISSUE A TEMPORARY PROFESSIONAL LICENSE TO THE SPOUSE OF AN ACTIVE DUTY MEMBER OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, AND TO PROVIDE A BOARD OR COMMISSION MAY ACCEPT CERTAIN COURSEWORK OR EXPERIENCE OBTAINED DURING THE COURSE OF MILITARY SERVICE TO SATISFY RELATED PROFESSIONAL OR OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION OR TRAINING LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 40-1-75 RELATING TO EXEMPTING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY PERSONNEL FROM CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS, AND 40-1-77 RELATING TO TEMPORARY PROFESSIONAL OR OCCUPATIONAL LICENSES FOR MILITARY SPOUSES, THE SUBSTANCE OF WHICH IS INCORPORATED INTO THE NEW ARTICLE ADDED BY THIS ACT.
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(R54, S. 438 (Word version)) -- Senators L. Martin and Campbell: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 8-15-70 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE FAIR AND OPEN COMPETITION IN GOVERNMENTAL CONTRACTS BY STIPULATING THAT STATE OR LOCAL ENTITIES, OFFICIALS, AND EMPLOYEES, IN REGARD TO A PUBLIC BUILDING, MAY NOT REQUIRE OR PROHIBIT A BIDDER, OFFEROR, CONTRACTOR, OR SUBCONTRACTOR FROM ENTERING INTO OR ADHERING TO AN AGREEMENT WITH ONE OR MORE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS IN REGARD TO THE PROJECT AND MAY NOT OTHERWISE DISCRIMINATE AGAINST A BIDDER, OFFEROR, CONTRACTOR, OR SUBCONTRACTOR FOR BECOMING OR REFUSING TO BECOME A SIGNATORY TO AN AGREEMENT WITH ONE OR MORE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS IN REGARD TO THE PROJECT, TO PROVIDE THAT STATE AND LOCAL ENTITIES, OFFICIALS, AND EMPLOYEES SHALL NOT AWARD A GRANT, TAX ABATEMENT, OR TAX CREDIT CONDITIONED UPON THE INCLUSION OF SUCH AGREEMENTS IN THE AWARD, AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS TO AND EXEMPTIONS FROM THESE PROVISIONS.
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(R55, S. 464 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 38-77-150, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MANDATORY MINIMUM UNINSURED MOTORIST INSURANCE COVERAGE, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MINIMUM COVERAGE TO TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-9-20, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE RESPONSIBILITY ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "PROOF OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY" TO CONFORM AND TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF COVERAGE REQUIRED FOR MULTIPLE BODILY INJURIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-9-353, RELATING TO POLICIES AND BONDS, AND SECTION 56-9-480, RELATING TO SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENTS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES.
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(R56, S. 465 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-1330, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH INSURANCE AVAILABILITY ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF AN "ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEE".
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(R57, S. 530 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes, Campbell and L. Martin: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-1730, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CLOSED PANEL HEALTH PLANS, SO AS TO REMOVE THE REQUIREMENT THAT CERTAIN EMPLOYERS WHO OFFER ONLY CLOSED PANEL HEALTH PLANS TO ITS EMPLOYEES ALSO OFFER A POINT-OF-SERVICE OPTION TO ITS EMPLOYEES, TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES, TO PROVIDE THAT A POINT-OF-SERVICE OPTION MAY NOT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST CERTAIN HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS BY EXCLUDING THEM FROM NETWORK PARTICIPATION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR PROFESSION, AND TO INCREASE THE ALLOWABLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COINSURANCE PERCENTAGES FOR IN-NETWORK AND OUT-OF-NETWORK COVERED SERVICES AND SUPPLIES UNDER A POINT-OF-SERVICE OPTION.
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(R58, S. 559 (Word version)) -- Senators Campsen and McGill: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-1705, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FLOUNDER CATCH LIMITS, SO AS TO DECREASE THE MAXIMUM CATCH LIMITS FOR FLOUNDER AND TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON TO TAKE OR POSSESS MORE THAN FIFTEEN FLOUNDER TAKEN BY MEANS OF GIG, SPEAR, HOOK AND LINE, OR SIMILAR DEVICE IN ANY ONE DAY, NOT TO EXCEED THIRTY FLOUNDER IN ANY ONE DAY ON ANY BOAT.
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(R60, S. 635 (Word version)) -- Senators Shealy, Campbell, Corbin, Turner, Bryant and Campsen: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 48-23-300 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MAJOR FACILITY PROJECT REQUESTING THIRD-PARTY CERTIFICATION SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED TO SEEK A RATING POINT THAT WOULD DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WOOD PRODUCTS OF THIS STATE DERIVED FROM FOREST LANDS CERTIFIED BY THE SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY INITIATIVE OR THE AMERICAN TREE FARM SYSTEM.
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(R61, S. 636 (Word version)) -- Senator Alexander: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-430, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN OCONEE COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD THE "NEW HOPE" PRECINCT, TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC LANGUAGE.
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(R62, S. 641 (Word version)) -- Senator Campsen: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO DEFINE "FALCONRY" AND MAKE IT LAWFUL TO ENGAGE IN FALCONRY IN SOUTH CAROLINA JANUARY 1, 2014, THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 2014, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REGULATION OF FALCONRY, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR VIOLATIONS.
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(R63, S. 643 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes and Leatherman: AN ACT TO AMEND ACT 288 OF 2012, RELATING TO THE 2012-2013 GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT, SO AS TO REVISE PARAGRAPH 1A.48, SECTION 1A, PART IB, THAT DIRECTS THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION TO TRANSFER CERTAIN FUNDS TO MEET MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT BY DELETING THE SET MAXIMUM AMOUNT THAT MAY BE TRANSFERRED.
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(R64, S. 674 (Word version)) -- Fish, Game and Forestry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, RELATING TO TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE PUBLIC'S USE OF LAKES AND PONDS OWNED AND LEASED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4341, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
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(R65, H. 3061 (Word version)) -- Reps. McCoy, M.S. McLeod, Stavrinakis and Sellers: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-75 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, IN CONSULTATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, TO POST ON ITS WEBSITE NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSIONS SUSTAINED BY STUDENT ATHLETES, TO REQUIRE EACH LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT TO DEVELOP ITS OWN GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES BASED ON THE MODEL GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES, TO REQUIRE AN INFORMATION SHEET ON CONCUSSIONS AND BRAIN INJURY BE PROVIDED TO CERTAIN PERSONS EACH YEAR WHO PARTICIPATE IN ATHLETICS, TO REQUIRE THE REMOVAL FROM PLAY AND EVALUATION OF A STUDENT ATHLETE BELIEVED TO HAVE SUSTAINED A CONCUSSION DURING PLAY, TO ALLOW FOR THE EVALUATION TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY CERTAIN TRAINED PERSONS, TO PROVIDE LIMITED LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN TRAINED PERSONS WHO EVALUATE STUDENT ATHLETES, TO PROVIDE A STUDENT ATHLETE REMOVED FROM PLAY AND EVALUATED MAY NOT RETURN TO PLAY UNTIL HE HAS RECEIVED WRITTEN MEDICAL CLEARANCE BY A PHYSICIAN, AND TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS.
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(R66, H. 3193 (Word version)) -- Reps. Rutherford and King: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 24-13-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE COMPUTATION OF TIME SERVED BY A PRISONER, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ANY TIME SERVED UNDER HOUSE ARREST BY A PRISONER MAY BE USED IN COMPUTING TIME SERVED BY A PRISONER.
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(R67, H. 3538 (Word version)) -- Reps. Bannister, Tallon, Sandifer, Hamilton, Erickson, Gambrell, Brannon, Allison, Felder and Weeks: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-500, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SALE OR PURCHASE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR MINORS, SO AS TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCTS IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-501, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF RELEVANT TOBACCO PRODUCT FOR MINORS OFFENSES, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCT" AND "ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE"; AND TO AMEND SECTIONS 16-17-502, 16-17-503, AND 16-17-504, RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION OF TOBACCO PRODUCT SAMPLES, ENFORCEMENT AND REPORTING, AND IMPLEMENTATION, RESPECTIVELY, ALL SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCTS.
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(R68, H. 3554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cole, Forrester, G.M. Smith, Stavrinakis, Herbkersman and Merrill: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-1515, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SAMPLES AND SALES OF BEER AT BREWERIES, SO AS TO SPECIFY THAT TWELVE PERCENT ALCOHOL BY WEIGHT IS THE MAXIMUM THAT MAY BE OFFERED FOR ON-PREMISES CONSUMPTION, TO ALLOW FOR THE SALE OF FORTY-EIGHT OUNCES OF BEER TO A CONSUMER EVERY TWENTY-FOUR HOURS, OF WHICH ONLY SIXTEEN OUNCES MAY BE MORE THAN EIGHT PERCENT ALCOHOL BY WEIGHT, TO REQUIRE THE BREWERY TO ESTABLISH A SYSTEM TO MONITOR SUCH SALES AND SAMPLES, TO PROVIDE THE BEER MUST BE SOLD AT THE APPROXIMATE RETAIL PRICE, TO PROVIDE THAT APPROPRIATE TAXES MUST BE REMITTED, TO REQUIRE THE BREWERY TO POST CERTAIN INFORMATION, TO REQUIRE THE BREWERY TO PROVIDE CERTAIN ALCOHOL ENFORCEMENT TRAINING, TO REQUIRE THE BREWERY TO MAINTAIN CERTAIN LIABILITY INSURANCE, TO CLARIFY THAT A CERTAIN PROVISION APPLIES TO OFF-PREMISES CONSUMPTION, TO INCREASE THE FINE AND PENALTIES FOR A BREWERY VIOLATING CERTAIN OFF-PREMISES CONSUMPTION PROVISIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-960, RELATING TO RETAILERS OF BEER FOR OFF-PREMISES CONSUMPTION AND BEER TASTINGS, SO AS TO ALLOW A BEER TASTING TO BE HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH A WINE TASTING, AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION TO SUBMIT A REPORT DETAILING CERTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING THE EFFECT OF THE AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 61-4-1515.
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(R69, H. 3725 (Word version)) -- Reps. Putnam, Ballentine, Patrick, Huggins, H.A. Crawford, Mitchell, Allison, Barfield, Chumley, Felder, Gagnon, Henderson, Hixon, Owens, Rivers, Ryhal, Simrill, Spires, Stringer, Taylor, Willis, Wood, Sellers, Long and Erickson: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SAFE ACCESS TO VITAL EPINEPHRINE (SAVE) ACT"; BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-95 SO AS TO ALLOW SCHOOL DISTRICT AND PRIVATE SCHOOL GOVERNING AUTHORITIES TO OBTAIN AND STORE SUPPLIES OF EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS FOR SCHOOLS TO USE IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AUTHORIZE CERTAIN PEOPLE TO PRESCRIBE AND DISPENSE PRESCRIPTIONS FOR EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS FOR ADMINISTRATION OR SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY STUDENTS AND OTHER PEOPLE; TO AUTHORIZE CERTAIN SCHOOL PERSONNEL TO PROVIDE EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS TO STUDENTS FOR SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF THE INJECTOR; TO AUTHORIZE CERTAIN PERSONNEL TO ADMINISTER EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS TO STUDENTS AND OTHER PEOPLE; TO REQUIRE CERTAIN GOVERNING AUTHORITIES OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, IN CONSULTATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF STUDENTS WITH LIFE-THREATENING ALLERGIES, INCLUDING FOR ADMINISTRATION AND PROVISION OF EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS TO STUDENTS AND OTHER PEOPLE; TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOLS ARE NOT SUBJECT TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHARMACY ACT AND RELEVANT REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY FOR PURPOSES OF CERTAIN ACTIONS TAKEN PURSUANT TO THE SECTION; AND TO PROVIDE FOR IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY WITH REGARD TO USE OF EPINEPHRINE AUTO-INJECTORS BY SCHOOLS.
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(R70, H. 3751 (Word version)) -- Rep. Sandifer: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO CONFORM WITH FEDERAL MANDATES ENACTED BY THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS IN THE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE EXTENSION ACT OF 2011; BY ADDING SECTION 41-41-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND WORKFORCE SHALL IMPOSE A PENALTY ON FRAUDULENT OVERPAYMENTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS IN A CERTAIN MANNER; BY ADDING SECTION 41-35-135 SO AS TO PROVIDE CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN THE DEPARTMENT SHALL CHARGE THE ACCOUNT OF AN EMPLOYER FOR OVERPAYMENT OF BENEFITS; BY ADDING SECTION 41-33-910 SO AS TO CREATE THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND WORKFORCE INTEGRITY FUND AND PROVIDE FOR ITS SOURCE AND USE, EFFECTIVE OCTOBER 1, 2013; TO AMEND SECTION 43-5-598, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYABLES PROGRAM ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "NEW HIRE"; AND TO MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE, PREFILING PROGRAM BY THE DEPARTMENT FOR USE OF EMPLOYERS TO ADDRESS POTENTIAL BENEFIT CLAIMS.
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(R71, H. 3762 (Word version)) -- Reps. Ott, Skelton, Hardwick, Hodges, Knight, Bales, Jefferson, Parks, Sellers, Finlay, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gambrell, George, Hayes, Hiott, Hixon, Horne, Lowe, D.C. Moss, Norman, Pitts, Putnam, Riley, White, Williams and Vick: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 50-11-740, AS AMENDED, AND 50-11-745, RELATING TO THE CONFISCATION, FORFEITURE, SALE, AND RELEASE OF PROPERTY USED FOR THE UNLAWFUL HUNTING OF WILDLIFE, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL TYPES OF PROPERTY THAT ARE COVERED BY BOTH PROVISIONS, TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "HUNTING" BY EXCLUDING REFERENCES TO THE CARCASS OF A COYOTE, ARMADILLO, OR FERAL HOG, TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT RELATES TO THE HUNTING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS UNDER SECTION 50-11-710, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO PAY THE NET PROCEEDS FROM THE SALE OF A CONFISCATED DEVICE TO THE STATE TREASURER FOR DEPOSIT INTO THE FISH AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION FUND, AND REQUIRE THAT THE NET PROCEEDS FROM A SALE MUST BE DEPOSITED IN A COUNTY'S GAME AND FISH FUND, AND TO REVISE THE PENALTIES THAT MAY BE IMPOSED FOR THE UNLAWFUL HUNTING OF WILDLIFE.
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(R72, H. 3907 (Word version)) -- Reps. Willis, Owens, Stringer, Daning, Brannon, Rivers, Kennedy, King, Mitchell, Putnam, Wells and Wood: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 6 TO CHAPTER 1, TITLE 56 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TO ACCEPT UNCERTIFIED CHECKS FOR PAYMENT FOR PRODUCTS OR SERVICES ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REFUSE TO PROVIDE A PERSON ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE, EXCEPT AN IDENTIFICATION CARD, UNTIL THE PERSON HAS PAID ALL FEES OWED THE DEPARTMENT AS A RESULT OF A RETURNED CHECK, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE A FEE SPECIFIED IN SECTION 34-11-70 TO COVER THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COLLECTION OF FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT THESE PROVISIONS SHALL NOT INTERFERE WITH A BONA FIDE SALE OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BY A DEALER, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE A PROCESSING FEE FOR THE USE OF CREDIT CARDS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ALL PROCESSING FEES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS ARTICLE MUST BE PLACED IN A SPECIAL RESTRICTED ACCOUNT TO BE USED BY THE DEPARTMENT TO DEFRAY ITS COSTS.
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(R73, H. 4038 (Word version)) -- Reps. Sandifer and Harrell: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-22-280, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE CHAPTER CONCERNING ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS, SO AS TO ADD AN EXEMPTION FOR THE WORK OR PRACTICE OF RENDERING CERTAIN ENGINEERING SERVICES TO A CORPORATION OPERATING UNDER A PRODUCTION CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY THE FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY, AND TO DEFINE A RELATED TERM.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\4038AB13.DOCX
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
SENT TO THE HOUSE
S. 234 (Word version) -- Senators Coleman, Johnson and McElveen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 67 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA ABANDONED BUILDINGS REVITALIZATION ACT" WHICH PROVIDES THAT A TAXPAYER MAKING INVESTMENTS OF A CERTAIN SIZE IN REHABILITATING AN ABANDONED BUILDING MAY AT HIS OPTION RECEIVE SPECIFIED INCOME TAX CREDITS OR CREDITS AGAINST THE PROPERTY TAX LIABILITY.
Senator COLEMAN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
Motion Under Rule 26B
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection.
Senator COLEMAN proposed the following amendment (234R008.CC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2 by striking line 37 and inserting:
/ immediate preceding use as a single-family residence. For purposes of this item, use of any portion of a building or structure listed on the National Register for Historic Places when used solely for storage or warehouse purposes is considered nonoperational for income producing purposes; provided, however, that the credit provided under Section 12-67-140(B) is further limited by disqualifying for credit purposes the portion of the building or structure that was operational and used as a storage or warehouse for income producing purposes. This limitation is calculated based on the actual percentage of the space which has been closed continuously to business or otherwise nonoperational for income producing purposes for a period of at least five years immediately preceding the date on which the taxpayer files a 'Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate' divided by one hundred percent./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator COLEMAN explained the amendment.
The question then was third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments.
Senator COURSON moved that when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet at 10:30 A.M. tomorrow.
RECESS
At 12:12 P.M., on motion of Senator COURSON, the Senate receded from business until 1:30 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 1:40 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Point of Quorum
At 1:44 P.M., Senator MALLOY made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was present.
The Senate resumed.
At 2:08 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to invite the House of Representatives to attend the Senate Chamber for the purpose of ratifying Acts at a mutually convenient time.
There was no objection and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
S. 437 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Reese, Rankin, Campsen, Hembree, Davis, McGill, Thurmond, Campbell, Cromer and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO VALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OWNER-OCCUPANT OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY QUALIFIES FOR THE FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO ALLOWED OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY, IF THE OWNER IS OTHERWISE QUALIFIED AND THE RESIDENCE IS NOT RENTED FOR MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED DAYS A YEAR, AND TO DELETE OTHER REFERENCES TO RENTAL OF THESE RESIDENCES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-54-240, RELATING TO DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS, REPORTS, AND RETURNS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, SO AS TO PROVIDE VERIFICATION THAT THE FEDERAL SCHEDULE E CONFORMS WITH THE SAME DOCUMENT REQUIRED BY A COUNTY ASSESSOR IS NOT PROHIBITED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
Senator CLEARY proposed the following amendment (NL\437C006.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, SECTION 1A, page [437-1], by striking line 32 and inserting:
/ more than seventy-two days in a calendar year. For purposes of /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the perfecting amendment.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\437C003.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. A. Section 12-43-220(c)(2)(iv) of the 1976 Code is amended by adding a new paragraph before the last undesignated paragraph to read:
"If the owner or the owner's agent has made a proper certificate as required pursuant to this subitem and the owner is otherwise eligible, the owner is deemed to have met the burden of proof and is allowed the four percent assessment ratio allowed by this item, if the residence that is the subject of the application is not rented for more than one hundred days in a calendar year. For purposes of determining eligibility, rental income, and residency, the assessor annually may require a copy of applicable portions of the owner's federal and state tax returns, as well as the Schedule E from the applicant's federal return for the applicable tax year."
B. Section 12-43-220(c) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 145 of 2005, is amended by deleting subitem (7) which reads:
"(7) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the owner-occupant of a legal residence is not disqualified from receiving the four percent assessment ratio allowed by this item, if the taxpayer's residence meets the requirements of Internal Revenue Code Section 280A(g) as defined in Section 12-6-40(A) and the taxpayer otherwise is eligible to receive the four percent assessment ratio."
C. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to property tax years beginning after property tax year 2013.
SECTION 2. Section 12-54-240(B) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 110 of 2007, is further amended by adding an appropriately numbered item at the end to read:
"( ) verification that the federal Schedule E filed with the department is the same as the Schedule E required by the assessor pursuant to Section 12-43-220(c)."
SECTION 3. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Malloy Martin, Larry Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson Peeler Pinckney
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3360 (Word version) -- Reps. Owens, Daning, Hiott, Skelton, Simrill, Anthony, Bedingfield, Clemmons, Delleney, Hardwick, Henderson, Hixon, Limehouse, Nanney, Ott, Pope, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, Sottile, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 57-5-10, 57-5-70, AND 57-5-80, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, ADDITIONS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, AND THE DELETION AND REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL HIGHWAYS WITHIN THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM SHALL BE CONSTRUCTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION STANDARDS, TO PROVIDE THE FUNDING SOURCES THAT THE DEPARTMENT USES TO CONSTRUCT AND MAINTAIN THESE HIGHWAYS, TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE AND WHEREBY ENTITIES TO WHICH THE DEPARTMENT MAY TRANSFER ROADS WITHIN THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM; AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE WHEREBY THE DEPARTMENT MAY ADD A ROAD FROM THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL ROAD TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 57-5-90 RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BELT LINES AND SPURS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senators LEATHERMAN, PEELER and SETZLER proposed the following amendment (3360R002.HKL), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 3, line 43, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read:
/ SECTION ___. A. Article 1, Chapter 43, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-43-165. Each fiscal year, the South Carolina Department of Transportation (DOT) shall transfer fifty million dollars from non-tax sources to the South Carolina Transportation Infrastructure Bank (SIB). The DOT may transfer the total amount in one lump sum or it may transfer the amount quarterly in four equal installments. The general fund revenue appropriated to DOT for 'Highway Engineering Permanent Improvements' in the annual general appropriations act is exempt from any across-the-board reductions. The transferred funds must be used by SIB solely to finance bridge replacement, rehabilitation projects, and expansion and improvements to existing mainline interstates. The DOT shall submit a list of bridge and road projects to the SIB for its consideration. Transferred funds may not be used for projects approved by the SIB before July 1, 2013."
B. This SECTION takes effect July 1, 2013. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LEATHERMAN explained the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 4
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Malloy Martin, Larry Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson Peeler Pinckney
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--36
NAYS
Bright Bryant Corbin
Martin, Shane
Total--4
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3459 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Bales, J.E. Smith and Erickson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA BOARD OF ACCOUNTANCY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION SHALL DESIGNATE CERTAIN PERSONNEL FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE BOARD, TO PROHIBIT THE DEPARTMENT FROM ASSIGNING OTHER WORK TO THESE PERSONNEL WITHOUT APPROVAL OF THE BOARD, AND TO PROVIDE THESE PERSONNEL MAY BE TERMINATED BY THE DIRECTOR OF A MAJORITY OF THE BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-30, RELATING TO THE PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTANCY, SO AS TO PROVIDE A CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT LICENSED BY THE BOARD IS EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS OF PRIVATE SECURITY AND INVESTIGATION AGENCIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-70, RELATING TO POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE BOARD, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE BOARD MAY CONDUCT PERIODIC INSPECTIONS OF LICENSEES OR FIRMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-80, RELATING TO INVESTIGATIONS OF ALLEGED VIOLATIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT SHALL DIRECT THE INVESTIGATOR ASSIGNED TO THE BOARD TO INVESTIGATE AN ALLEGED VIOLATION TO DETERMINE THE EXISTENCE OF PROBABLE CAUSE MERITING FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being second reading of the Bill.
Senator MASSEY proposed the following amendment (3459R003.ASM), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 40-2-10 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately lettered subsection at the end to read:
"( )(1) The director, with the advice and consent of the board, shall designate for the use of the board one full-time administrator who is a certified public accountant licensed in this State. The administrator's primary responsibility is to administer the board; provided, however, that director may assign to the administrator additional duties and responsibilities within the department so long as the additional duties and responsibilities do not unreasonably occupy the administrator's time so that he does not thoroughly fulfill his duties and responsibilities to the board.
(2) A person employed by the board under this section may be terminated by the director. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 4 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 4. Section 40-2-80(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B)(1) An investigation of a licensee pursuant this chapter must be performed by an inspector-investigator who has been licensed as a certified public accountant in this State for at least five years. The inspector-investigator must report the results of his investigation to the board no later than one hundred fifty days after the date upon which he initiated his investigation. If the inspector-investigator has not completed his investigation by that date, then the board may extend the investigation for a period defined by the board. The board may grant subsequent extensions to complete the investigation as needed. The board inspector-investigator may designate additional persons of appropriate competency to assist in an investigation.
(2) The department shall annually post a report related to the number of complaints received, the number of investigations initiated, the average length of investigations, and the number of investigations that exceeded one hundred fifty days." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 4, by striking SECTION 6 and inserting:
/ SECTION 6. The Director of the Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation must submit an annual report to the Chairmen of the Senate and House Committees on Labor, Licensing and Regulation concerning the workload of the Accountancy Board's Administrator, specifically addressing the amount of time that the administrator must devote to the work of the Accountancy Board compared to the amount of time that he must devote to other duties and responsibilities. The time other duties and responsibilities, and the time devoted to them, must be itemized in the report.
SECTION 7. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 34; Nays 4
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Fair Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Malloy
Martin, Larry Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill O'Dell
Peeler Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--34
NAYS
Bright Corbin Davis
Martin, Shane
Total--4
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
MINORITY REPORT REMOVED
S. 160 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, Cleary, Jackson, Shealy, Verdin, Fair, Alexander, L. Martin, Lourie, Nicholson, Johnson, Reese, Cromer, Thurmond, Massey, Rankin, Turner, Corbin, Setzler, Hayes and Hembree: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 32, TITLE 59 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM, BY ADDING SECTION 59-32-35 TO REQUIRE INSTRUCTION IN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND THE USE OF AN AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR TO ALL STUDENTS ENROLLED IN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT AS A REQUIREMENT FOR GRADUATION FROM HIGH SCHOOL.
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to remove his name from the minority report of the Bill.
There was no objection and proper notation was made on the Bill.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (160R002.GM), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, pages 1-2, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 59-32-30(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-32-30. (A) Pursuant to guidelines developed by the board, each local school board shall implement the following program of instruction:
(1) Beginning with the 1988-89 school year, for grades kindergarten through five, instruction in comprehensive health education must include the following subjects: community health, consumer health, environmental health, growth and development, nutritional health, personal health, prevention and control of diseases and disorders, safety and accident prevention, substance use and abuse, dental health, and mental and emotional health. Sexually transmitted diseases as defined in the annual Department of Health and Environmental Control List of Reportable Diseases are to be excluded from instruction on the prevention and control of diseases and disorders. At the discretion of the local board, age-appropriate instruction in reproductive health may be included.
(2) Beginning with the 1988-89 school year, for grades six through eight, instruction in comprehensive health must include the following subjects: community health, consumer health, environmental health, growth and development, nutritional health, personal health, prevention and control of diseases and disorders, safety and accident prevention, substance use and abuse, dental health, mental and emotional health, and reproductive health education. Sexually transmitted diseases are to be included as a part of instruction. At the discretion of the local board, instruction in family life education or pregnancy prevention education or both may be included, but instruction in these subjects may not include an explanation of the methods of contraception before the sixth grade.
(3) Beginning with the 1989-90 school year, at least one time during the four years of grades nine through twelve, each student shall receive instruction in comprehensive health education, including at least seven hundred fifty minutes of reproductive health education and pregnancy prevention education.
(4) The South Carolina Educational Television Commission shall work with the department in developing instructional programs and materials that may be available to the school districts. Films and other materials may be designed for the purpose of explaining bodily functions or the human reproductive process. These materials may not contain actual or simulated portrayals of sexual activities or sexual intercourse.
(5) The program of instruction provided for in this section may not include a discussion of alternate sexual lifestyles from heterosexual relationships including, but not limited to, homosexual relationships except in the context of instruction concerning sexually transmitted diseases.
(6) In grades nine through twelve, students must also be given appropriate instruction that adoption is a positive alternative.
(7) Beginning with the 2015-16 school year, at least one time during the four years of grades nine through twelve, each student shall receive instruction in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which must include, but is not limited to, hands-only CPR and the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Each school district shall use a program that incorporates the instruction of the psychomotor skills necessary to perform CPR developed by the American Heart Association, American Red Cross, or an instructional program which is nationally recognized and based on the most current national evidence-based Emergency Cardiovascular Care guidelines for CPR and the use of an AED. A school district must adopt a policy providing a waiver for this requirement for a student absent on the day the instruction occurred, a student with a disability whose individualized education program indicates such student is unable to complete all or a portion of the hands-only CPR requirement, or a student whose parent or guardian completes, in writing, a form approved by the school district opting-out of hands-only CPR and AED instruction. The State Board of Education shall incorporate CPR and AED instruction into the South Carolina Health and Safety Education Curriculum Standards and promulgate regulations to implement this section."/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--36
NAYS
Bright
Total--1
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 35 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 131, TITLE 44 OF THE 1976 CODE, TO ENACT THE "HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRIES FREEDOM TO SHARE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 44-131-10 TO PROVIDE THAT A HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRY IS A FAITH-BASED, NONPROFIT, TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATION THAT ESTABLISHES CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES TO FACILITATE MATCHING PARTICIPANTS HAVING FINANCIAL OR MEDICAL NEEDS WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS WHO ARE ABLE TO ASSIST IN MEETING THOSE NEEDS OR THAT HELPS PROVIDE FOR THE FINANCIAL OR MEDICAL NEEDS OF A PARTICIPANT THROUGH CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANOTHER PARTICIPANT AND TO FURTHER PROVIDE THAT SUCH A HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRY IS NOT ENGAGING IN THE BUSINESS OF INSURANCE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs.
The Committee on Medical Affairs proposed the following amendment (S-35):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking the bill in its entirety and inserting:
/A BILL
TO AMEND CHAPTER 5, TITLE 38 OF THE 1976 CODE, TO ENACT THE "HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRIES FREEDOM TO SHARE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 38-5-25 TO PROVIDE THAT A HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRY IS A FAITH-BASED, NONPROFIT, TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATION THAT ESTABLISHES CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES TO FACILITATE MATCHING PARTICIPANTS HAVING FINANCIAL OR MEDICAL NEEDS WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS WHO ARE ABLE TO ASSIST IN MEETING THOSE NEEDS OR THAT HELPS PROVIDE FOR THE FINANCIAL OR MEDICAL NEEDS OF A PARTICIPANT THROUGH CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANOTHER PARTICIPANT AND TO FURTHER PROVIDE THAT SUCH A HEALTHCARE SHARING MINISTRY IS NOT ENGAGING IN THE BUSINESS OF INSURANCE.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
SECTION 1. This act may be cited as the "Healthcare Sharing Ministries Freedom to Share Act".
SECTION 2. Chapter 5, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 38-5-25. (A) A healthcare sharing ministry is not considered to be engaging in the business of insurance and is not subject to the insurance laws of this State.
(B) 'Healthcare sharing ministry' means a faith-based, nonprofit organization that is tax-exempt under the Internal Revenue Code that:
(1) limits its participants to those who are of a similar faith;
(2) acts as a facilitator among participants who have financial or medical needs, or both, and matches those participants with other participants with the present ability to assist those with financial or medical needs, or both, in accordance with criteria established by the healthcare sharing ministry;
(3) provides for the financial or medical needs, or both, of a participant through contributions from one participant or multiple participants to another;
(4) provides amounts that participants may contribute with no assumption of risk or promise to pay among the participants and no assumption of risk or promise to pay by the healthcare sharing ministry to the participants;
(5) provides a written monthly statement to all participants that lists the total dollar amount of qualified needs submitted to the healthcare sharing ministry, as well as the amount actually published or assigned to participants for their contributions;
(6) satisfies Title 26, Chapter 48, Section 5000A(d)(2)(B)(ii)(IV) of the United States Code;
(7) provides a written disclaimer on or accompanying all applications and guideline materials distributed by or on behalf of the organization that reads:
'Important Notice: The healthcare sharing ministry facilitating the sharing of medical expenses is not a health insurance company, and neither its guidelines nor plan of operation is an insurance policy. Whether anyone chooses to assist you with your medical bills will be totally voluntary because no other participant or group of participants will be compelled by law to contribute toward your medical bills. As such, participation in the organization or a subscription to any of its documents should never be considered to be insurance. Regardless of whether you receive any payment for medical expenses or whether this organization continues to operate, you are always personally responsible for the payment of your own medical bills'; and
(8) provides a written disclaimer on all participation cards issued by or on behalf of the organization that states the healthcare sharing ministry is not insurance."
SECTION 3. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 4. The repeal or amendment by this act of any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws.
SECTION 5. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the committee amendment.
Motion Under Rule 26B Waived
Senator SETZLER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to waive the provisions of Rule 26B in order to allow amendments to be considered on third reading.
There was no objection.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3960 (Word version) -- Rep. Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-41-35 SO AS TO REQUIRE EMPLOYERS PARTICIPATING IN A MULTIPLE EMPLOYER SELF-INSURED HEALTH PLAN TO EXECUTE HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENTS IN WHICH THE EMPLOYER AGREES TO PAY ALL UNPAID PORTIONS OF INSURED CLAIMS, AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO PROVIDE FORMS THAT MUST BE USED FOR THESE AGREEMENTS, AMONG OTHER THINGS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3847 (Word version) -- Reps. Hiott and Hardwick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR TERMS USED IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBILITY AND CONSUMER CONVENIENCE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT COLLECTION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 2010, SO AS TO ADD, AMONG OTHER DEFINITIONS, TERMS RELATED TO COMPUTER MONITORS; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-30, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS OF CERTAIN MANUFACTURERS TO PROVIDE LABELS ON DEVICES INDICATING THE BRAND, SO AS TO REQUIRE COMPUTER MONITOR MANUFACTURERS TO DO SO; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-50, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR TELEVISION MANUFACTURERS TO PROVIDE A RECOVERY PROGRAM FOR RECYCLING TELEVISIONS, SO AS TO REQUIRE COMPUTER MONITOR MANUFACTURERS TO DO SO; BY ADDING SECTION 48-60-55 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE CREATION AND OPERATION OF STATEWIDE CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DEVICE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RELATED RECOVERY PLANS, INCLUDING REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVAL OF PLANS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, AND TO ESTABLISH OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT AND REQUIREMENTS OF REGULATED MANUFACTURERS; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-60, RELATING TO PROTECTION FROM LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN DAMAGES, SO AS TO APPLY TO COMPUTER MONITOR MANUFACTURERS; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-70, RELATING TO RETAILER SALE REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO PROHIBIT RETAILERS FROM SELLING DEVICES MADE BY MANUFACTURERS WHO DO NOT COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 48-60-55; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-90, RELATING TO DISCARDING OR PLACING COVERED DEVICES IN A WASTE STREAM, TO PROHIBIT COMPONENTS OF COVERED DEVICES; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-100, RELATING TO RECOVERY PROCESS FEES, SO AS TO LIMIT THE ABILITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO CHARGE CERTAIN FEES; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-140, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS THAT RECOVERY PROCESSES COMPLY WITH STATE AND FEDERAL LAW, SO AS TO REQUIRE RECYCLING OR REUSE FACILITIES TO MAINTAIN CERTIFICATION, TO IDENTIFY APPROVED CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS, AND TO REQUIRE MANUFACTURERS AND GOVERNMENTS ONLY TO USE FACILITIES THAT HAVE APPROPRIATE CERTIFICATION; TO AMEND SECTION 48-60-150, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT'S PROMULGATION OF REGULATIONS, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE RIGHT TO CHARGE CERTAIN FEES TO MANUFACTURERS; BY ADDING SECTION 48-60-160 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN FEES AND PENALTIES; BY ADDING SECTION 48-60-170 SO AS TO SET FORTH THE PURPOSES OF THE CHAPTER AND CERTAIN LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY; TO PROVIDE EXPIRATION DATES FOR REGULATIONS PROMULGATED PURSUANT TO THIS CHAPTER, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 48-60-50 JUNE 30, 2014, AND CERTAIN OTHER PROVISIONS JUNE 30, 2020.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator VERDIN proposed the following amendment (3847R001.DBV), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 9, by striking lines 41 - 42 and inserting:
/ (D) Representative organization's annual plans must include, but not be limited to, the following: /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 11, by striking lines 12 - 17 and inserting:
/ (3) If the plan is disapproved on appeal, the representative organization may resubmit a plan pursuant to item (1) which conforms with the guidance of the appellate opinion or member companies may comply with subsection (K).
(F) After the representative organization's plan is approved, the representative organization is responsible for maintaining continuous service to local governments specified in the plan provided by the participating consumer electronic device stewardship programs. The representative organization shall establish fair and reasonable policies for administration and operation. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 17, after line 20, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read:
/ SECTION ___. The department shall compile and submit annual reports concerning the implementation of the provisions contained in this act to the Chairman of the Senate Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee and the Chairman of the House Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee. The annual reports must also be posted on the department's website. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator VERDIN explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 6
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Courson Cromer
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Bright Bryant Corbin
Davis Martin, Shane Thurmond
Total--6
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3033 (Word version) -- Rep. G.M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 132 TO CHAPTER 3 OF TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MAY ISSUE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES TO RECIPIENTS OF THE DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Transportation.
Senator GROOMS proposed the following amendment (3033R004.LKG), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [3033-4], by striking SECTION 7 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 7. Article 82, Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 56-3-8110. Motorcycle special license plates may be issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles for any special license plate under the same terms and conditions as prescribed by law for private passenger motor vehicles." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the perfecting amendment.
The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (3033R001.LKG), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking SECTION 2 and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. (A) Section 56-3-1810 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-3-1810. The number of plates that may be issued to members of the National Guard by the Department of Motor Vehicles shall equal the number of private passenger motor vehicles, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycles, as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in such person's name in this State; provided, however, that the total number of such plates issued to any one person shall not exceed three. The department shall issue such plates for a particular private passenger motor vehicle or motorcycle registered in that person's name and such plates may only be transferred to another vehicle upon compliance with the provisions of Section 56-3-1830."
(B) Section 56-3-1815 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-3-1815. The Department of Motor Vehicles may issue a special motor vehicle license plate to a retired member of the South Carolina National Guard and may issue a special motor vehicle license plate to a member of the South Carolina State Guard who is a resident of the State for a private passenger motor vehicle, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycles, as defined in Section 56-3-20, owned or leased by a member or a retiree only after the current stock of South Carolina Guard, National Guard, and South Carolina National Guard Retired license plates is exhausted. An application for a special motor vehicle license plate must include a copy of the applicant's military identification card or other evidence that shows the applicant is either a retired or active member of the South Carolina National Guard or the South Carolina State Guard."
(C) Section 56-3-1820 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-3-1820. The special license plates must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates upon which must be imprinted the figure of the Minute Man" with numbers, or letters, or both, as determined by the Department of Motor Vehicles. The license plate must provide a space on the top of the plate to affix a decal indicating National Guard", Retired National Guard", Air National Guard", or State Guard". This license plate must be issued only after the current stock of South Carolina State Guard, National Guard, and South Carolina National Guard Retired license plates is exhausted. The biennial fee for the special license plate is the regular motor vehicle registration fee prescribed by Article 5 of this chapter. The plates must be issued for biennial periods November first to October thirty-first."
SECTION 3. Section 56-3-10410(A) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 272 of 2012, is further amended to read:
"Section 56-3-10410. (A) The department may issue a 'Veteran' special motor vehicle license plate for use on a private passenger motor vehicle, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycle as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in a person's name in this State who served in the United States Armed Forces, active or reserve components, and who was honorably discharged from service. An application for this special motor vehicle license plate must include official military documentation showing the applicant was honorably discharged from service. Only two four plates may be issued to a person."
SECTION 4. Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Article 132
Motorcycle Awareness Alliance Special License Plates
Section 56-3-13210. (A) The Department of Motor Vehicles may issue 'Motorcycle Awareness Alliance' special motor vehicle license plates to owners of private passenger motor vehicle, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycles, as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in their names which may have imprinted on the plate the Motorcycle Awareness Alliance emblem. The Motorcycle Awareness Alliance shall submit to the department for its approval the proposed design it desires to be used for this special license plate. The fee for this special license plate is the regular motor vehicle registration fee contained in Article 5, Chapter 3 of this title and a special motor vehicle license fee of thirty dollars. This special license plate must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates. The special license plates must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period which expires twenty-four months from the month the special license plate is issued.
(B) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, from the fees collected pursuant to this section, the Comptroller General shall place sufficient funds into a special restricted account to be used by the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray the expenses of the Department of Motor Vehicles in producing and administering the special license plates. The remaining funds collected from the special motor vehicle license fee must be distributed to the Motorcycle Awareness Alliance for the promotion of motorcycle safety, education and awareness programs and deposited into an appropriate nonprofit account designated by the Motorcycle Awareness Alliance.
(C) The guidelines for the production of a special license plate under this section must meet the requirements of Section 56-3-8100.
(D) If the department receives less than three hundred biennial applications and renewals for a particular special license plate authorized under this section, it shall not produce additional special license plates in that series. The department shall continue to issue special license plates of that series until the existing inventory is exhausted."
SECTION 5. Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Article 133
Section 56-3-13310. (A) The Department of Motor Vehicles may issue S.C. Riverkeepers special license plates to owners of private passenger carrying motor vehicles, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycles, as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in their names which shall have a blue background and imprinted on them in white 'SC Riverkeepers', 'Keep Our Rivers Clean', a crescent, and a palmetto tree. The fee for this special license plate is thirty dollars every two years in addition to the regular motor vehicle registration fee set forth in Article 5, Chapter 3, Title 56. This special license plate must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates. This special license plate must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period which expires twenty-four months from the month it is issued.
(B) The additional fees collected pursuant to this section above the cost of production must be distributed equally to the Congaree Riverkeeper, Charleston Waterkeeper, Waccamaw Riverkeeper, Savannah Riverkeeper, Catawba Riverkeeper, and Santee Riverkeeper organizations.
(C) The guidelines for the production, collection, and distribution of fees for a special license plate under this section must meet the requirements of Section 56-3-8100."
SECTION 6. Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Article 134
Section 56-3-13410. This article may be cited as the 'Savannah Lee Monroe Autism Awareness Special License Plates Act'.
Section 56-3-13420. (A) The Department of Motor Vehicles may issue 'Autism Awareness' special motor vehicle license plates to owners of private passenger motor vehicles, as defined in Section 56-3-630, or motorcycles, as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in their names. This special license plate must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates. This special license plate must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period which expires twenty-four months from the month it is issued.
(B) The requirements for production, collection, and distribution of fees for this license plate are those set forth in Section 56-3-8100. The fees collected pursuant to this section above the cost of producing the license plates must be distributed to the South Carolina Autism Society."
SECTION 7. Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 56-3-8110. Unless otherwise provided for by law, motorcycle special license plates may be issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles for any special license plate under the requirements set forth in Section 56-3-8100."
SECTION 8. (A) Section 56-3-8000 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 272 of 2012, is further amended to read:
"Section 56-3-8000. (A) An organization which has obtained certification pursuant to either Section 501(C)(3), 501(C)(6), 501(C)(7), or 501(C)(8) of the federal Internal Revenue Code and maintained this certification for a period of five years may apply to the Department of Motor Vehicles for a special license plate. The Department of Motor Vehicles department may issue special motor vehicle license plates to owners of private passenger motor vehicles as defined in Section 56-3-630, and motorcycles as defined in Section 56-3-20, registered in their names which may have imprinted on the plate an emblem, a seal, or other symbol the department considers appropriate of an organization which has obtained certification pursuant to either Section 501(C)(3), 501(C)(6), 501(C)(7), or 501(C)(8) of the Federal Internal Revenue Code and maintained this certification for a period of five years.
(B) The department must develop a basic license plate design that will be used for all special organizational license plates. The plate must be the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates but may be imprinted on the plate in an area specified by the department with an emblem, seal, insignia, or other identifying symbol of the sponsoring organization that the department considers appropriate. No text or slogans may be added to the plate design unless they are part of the approved emblem, seal, insignia, or other identifying symbol. The name of the organization may be imprinted across the top of the license plate. The standard plate design must be issued for all organizational license plates newly requested after July 1, 2013. Organizational license plate designs in production as of that date must be changed when the license plate, or license plate class, is replaced.
(C) The special license plate must be the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates and must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period which expires twenty-four months from the month it is issued. The biennial fee for this special license plate is the regular registration fee set forth in Article 5, Chapter 3 of this title plus an additional fee to be requested by the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate. The initial fee amount requested may be changed only every five years from the first year the license plate is issued. Of the additional fee collected pursuant to this section, the Comptroller General shall place sufficient funds into a special restricted account to be used by the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray the expenses of producing and administering special license plates. Any of the remaining fee not placed in the restricted account must be distributed to an organization designated by the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate.
(B)(D) If the organization seeking issuance of the plate does not request an additional fee above the regular registration fee, the department may collect an additional fee of ten dollars.
(C)(E) Of the additional fee collected pursuant to subsections (A) and (B)(D), the Comptroller General shall place sufficient funds into a special restricted account to be used by the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray the expenses of producing and administering special license plates.
(D)(F) Any of the remaining additional fee collected pursuant to subsection (B)(D) not placed in the restricted account must be distributed to an organization designated by the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate, or to the general fund, if no additional fee is requested by the organization.
(E)(G) Before the department produces and distributes a plate pursuant to this section, it must receive:
(1) six thousand eight hundred dollars from the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate; and
(2) a plan to market the sale of the special license plate which must be approved by the department. If the individual or organization seeking issuance of the plate submits six thousand eight hundred dollars, the Comptroller General shall place that money into a restricted account to be used by the department to defray the initial cost of producing the special license plate.
(H) The Comptroller General shall place the six thousand eight hundred dollar application fee pursuant to subsection (G)(1) above into a restricted account to be used by the department to defray the initial cost of producing the special license plate.
(F)(I) If the department receives less than three hundred biennial applications and renewals for a particular plate authorized under this section, it shall not produce additional plates in that series. The department shall continue to issue license plates of that series until the existing inventory is exhausted.
(G)(J) License plates issued pursuant to this section shall not contain a reference to a private or public college or university in this State or use symbols, designs, or logos of these institutions without the institution's written authorization.
(H)(K) Before a design is approved, the organization must submit to the department written authorization of legal authority for the use of any copyrighted or registered logo, trademark, or design, and the organization's acceptance of legal responsibility for the use.
(I)(L) The department may alter, modify, or refuse to produce any special license plate that it deems offensive or fails to meet community standards. If the department alters, modifies, or refuses to produce a special license plate, the organization or individual applying for the license plate may appeal the department's decision to a special joint legislative committee. This committee shall be comprised of two members from the House Education and Public Works Committee and two members from the Senate Transportation Committee.
Appointments to the joint legislative committee shall be made by the chairmen Chairmen of the House Education and Public Works Committee and the Senate Transportation Committee. The department's decision may be reversed by a majority of the joint legislative committee. If the committee reverses the department's decision, the department must issue the license plate pursuant to the committee's decision. However, the provision contained in subsection (E)(G) also must be met. The joint legislative committee may also review all license plates issued by the department and instruct the department to cease issuing or renewing a plate it deems offensive or fails to meet community standards.
(J)(M) Each new classification of special vehicle license plates including, but not limited to, motorcycle license plates, created pursuant to this section must meet the requirements of Articles 81 and 82, Chapter 3, Title 56, as appropriate.
(K)(N) The fee required in subsection (E)(G)(1) must be reviewed by the General Assembly during the 2013 legislative session, and every two years thereafter. The department must provide a detailed, comprehensive justification to increase the fee. Any fee increase must be introduced in a separate bill separate and apart from any other matter."
(B) Section 56-3-8100 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 272 of 2012, is further amended to read:
"Section 56-3-8100. (A) Before the Department of Motor Vehicles produces and distributes a special license plate created by the General Assembly after January 1, 2006, it must receive:
(1) six thousand eight hundred dollars from the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate; and
(2) a plan to market the sale of the special license plate which must be approved by the department; and
(3) the emblem, a seal, or other symbol to be used for the plate and, if necessary, written authorization for the department to use a logo, trademark, or design that is copyrighted or registered. If the individual or organization seeking issuance of the plate submits six thousand eight hundred dollars, the Comptroller General shall place that money into a restricted account to be used by the department to defray the initial cost of producing the special license plate.
(B) The Comptroller General shall place the six thousand eight hundred dollar application fee pursuant to subsection (A)(1) into a restricted account to be used by the department to defray the initial cost of producing the special license plate.
(B)(D) The fee for all special license plates created by the General Assembly after January 1, 2006, is the regular biennial registration fee set forth in Article 5, Chapter 3 of this title plus an additional fee to be requested by the individual or organization seeking issuance of the plate, as authorized by law. The initial fee amount requested can only be changed every five years from the first year the plate is issued. Each special license plate must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates. Each special license plate must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period which expires twenty-four months from the month the special license plate is issued.
(C)(E) If the individual or organization seeking issuance of the plate does not request an additional fee above the regular registration fee, and no other additional fee is prescribed by law, the department may collect an additional fee of ten dollars.
(D)(F) Of the additional fee collected pursuant to subsections (B)(D) and (C)(E), the Comptroller General shall place sufficient funds into a special restricted account to be used by the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray the expenses of producing and administering special license plates.
(E)(G) Any of the remaining additional fee collected pursuant to subsections (B)(D) and (C)(E) not placed in the restricted account must be distributed to an organization designated by the individual or organization seeking issuance of the license plate, or to the general fund, if no additional fee is requested by the organization.
(F)(H) If the department receives less than three hundred biennial applications and renewals for a particular special license plate, it shall not produce additional special license plates in that series. The department shall continue to issue special license plates of that series until the existing inventory is exhausted.
(G)(I) If the department receives less than three hundred biennial applications and renewals for plates created pursuant to Article 12, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 14, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 31, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 39, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 40, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 43, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 45, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 49, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 50, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 60, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 70, Chapter 3, Title 56; Article 72, Chapter 3, Title 56; and Article 76, Chapter 3, Title 56, it shall not produce additional special license plates in that series. The department shall continue to issue special license plates of that series until the existing inventory is exhausted.
(H)(J) The provisions contained in subsection (A)(1) and (2) do not apply to the production and distribution of the Korean War Veterans Special License Plates contained in Article 68, Chapter 3, Title 56.
(I)(K) For each new classification of special vehicle license plate, including, but not limited to, motorcycle license plates, created pursuant to this section, must meet the requirements of Articles 81 and 82, Chapter 3, Title 56, as appropriate.
(J)(L) The fee required in subsection (A)(1) must be reviewed by the General Assembly during the 2013 legislative session, and every two years thereafter. The department must provide a detailed, comprehensive justification to increase the fee. Any fee increase must be introduced in a separate bill separate and apart from any other matter."
SECTION 9. SECTION 1 takes effect three months after its approval by the Governor. SECTION 5 takes effect six months after its approval by the Governor. All other SECTIONS take effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the committee amendment.
Senator HEMBREE proposed the following amendment (3033R002.GH), which was withdrawn:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2 by striking SECTION 2 and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. (A) Section 56-5-130 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-5-130. Every vehicle which is self-propelled, except mopeds, and every vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails, is a 'motor vehicle'."
(B) Section 56-5-140 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 56-5-140. Every motor vehicle having no more than two permanent functional wheels in contact with the ground or trailer and having a saddle for the use of the rider, but excluding a tractor or a moped, is a 'motorcycle'."
SECTION 3. SECTION 1 takes effect three months after its approval by the Governor. SECTION 2 takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, the amendment was withdrawn.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 45; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--45
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3099 (Word version) -- Reps. Nanney and Long: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-17-2310, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENTITIES REQUIRED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING, MODIFYING, AND ENFORCING CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS, SO AS TO ALSO REQUIRE THESE ENTITIES TO PROVIDE THIS INFORMATION TO CLERKS OF COURT FOR THE SAME PURPOSE IN CASES NOT BEING ADMINISTERED PURSUANT TO TITLE IV-D OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES; AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 45; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--45
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3184 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope, R.L. Brown, M.S. McLeod, Weeks, Bales, Gilliard, Whipper, W.J. McLeod and Mitchell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-910, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL RECORDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON MAY BE ELIGIBLE FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF A FIRST OFFENSE CRIME WHICH CARRIES A FINE OF ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS RATHER THAN FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD3184.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, pages 2 and 3, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. Section 17-1-40 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 17-1-40. (A)(1) A person who after being charged with a criminal offense and the charge is discharged, proceedings against the person are dismissed, or the person is found not guilty of the charge, the arrest and booking record, files, mug shots, and fingerprints of the person must be destroyed and no evidence of the record pertaining to the charge may be retained by any municipal, county, or state law enforcement agency. Provided, however, that local and state detention and correctional facilities may retain booking records, identifying documentation and materials, and other institutional reports and files under seal, on all persons who have been processed, detained, or incarcerated, for a period not to exceed three years from the date of the expungement order to manage their statistical and professional information needs and, where necessary, to defend such facilities during litigation proceedings except when an action, complaint, or inquiry has been initiated. Information retained by a local or state detention or correctional facility as permitted under this section after an expungement order has been issued is not a public document and is exempt from disclosure. Such information only may be disclosed by judicial order, pursuant to a subpoena filed in a civil action, or as needed during litigation proceedings. A person who otherwise intentionally retains the arrest and booking record, files, mug shots, fingerprints, or any evidence of the record pertaining to a charge discharged or dismissed pursuant to this section is guilty of contempt of court.
(2) If a person has been issued a courtesy summons pursuant to Section 22-3-330 or another provision of law and the charge for which the courtesy summons was issued is discharged, proceedings against the person are dismissed, or the person is found not guilty of the charge, the arrest and booking record, files, mug shots, and fingerprints of the person must be destroyed and no evidence of the record pertaining to the charge may be retained by any municipal, county, or state law enforcement agency in accordance with the provisions of item (1).
In addition, a person who violates the provisions of this item is subject to the same penalty as provided in item (1).
(B) A municipal, county, or state agency may not collect a fee for the destruction of records pursuant to the provisions of this section.
(C) This section does not apply to a person who is charged with a violation of Title 50, Title 56, an enactment pursuant to the authority of counties and municipalities provided in Titles 4 and 5, or any other state criminal offense if the person is not fingerprinted for the violation.
(D) If a charge enumerated in subsection (C) is discharged, proceedings against the person are dismissed, or the person is found not guilty of the charge, the charge must be removed from any Internet-based public record no later than thirty days from the disposition date.
(E) The State Law Enforcement Division is authorized to promulgate regulations that allow for the electronic transmission of information pursuant to this section." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3378 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Whitmire and Gambrell: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-1-90 SO AS TO ENACT THE "VOLUNTEER SERVICE PERSONNEL APPRECIATION ACT" AND TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO AUTHORIZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN REWARDS TO THREE ENUMERATED CATEGORIES OF VOLUNTEER SERVICE PERSONNEL SO LONG AS ALL PERSONNEL IN A RESPECTIVE CATEGORY ARE TREATED EQUALLY.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Johnson Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3464 (Word version) -- Reps. Allison, Brannon, Erickson, Bedingfield, Taylor, Kennedy, Clyburn, Anderson, G.A. Brown, Clemmons, H.A. Crawford, Douglas, Forrester, Goldfinch, Hamilton, Hardwick, Hixon, Horne, Hosey, Nanney, Pope, Powers Norrell, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, Stringer, Wood, Felder, Cobb-Hunter and Gilliard: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-730, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXPEDITED RELATIVE PLACEMENTS OF CHILDREN AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE PLACEMENT OF THE CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO SET FORTH CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO CONSIDER WHEN DECIDING WHETHER TO PLACE A CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING; AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE COURT PLACES A CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING, THE INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ADDED AS A PARTY TO THE ACTION FOR THE DURATION OF THE CASE OR UNTIL FURTHER ORDER OF THE COURT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3502 (Word version) -- Reps. Murphy, Vick, Goldfinch, K.R. Crawford, Harrell, Horne, M.S. McLeod and Owens: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-121-55, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF FUNDS OR PROPERTY BY THE CITADEL BOARD OF VISITORS TO A NONPROFIT ELEEMOSYNARY CORPORATION ESTABLISHED BY THE BOARD, SO AS TO REMOVE A LIMIT ON THE AMOUNT OF FUNDS OR PROPERTY THAT THE BOARD MAY TRANSFER TO THE CORPORATION.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3602 (Word version) -- Reps. Weeks, Cobb-Hunter, Clemmons, Pope, Kennedy, M.S. McLeod, Tallon, Murphy, Crosby, McCoy, Dillard, Long, Bowen, Munnerlyn, Sellers, Limehouse, Brannon, Gilliard, Bales, Barfield, Bowers, Branham, G.A. Brown, R.L. Brown, Daning, Delleney, Edge, Funderburk, Henderson, Horne, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Loftis, Lowe, W.J. McLeod, Merrill, D.C. Moss, Norman, Powers Norrell, Quinn, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, Spires, Taylor, Wells, Whipper, Wood, Newton, Riley, Anderson and Erickson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-131 SO AS TO CREATE AN OFFENSE RELATING TO STEALING GOODS OR MERCHANDISE FROM A MERCHANT BY AFFIXING A PRODUCT CODE AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY; BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-135 SO AS TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, CREATE AN OFFENSE RELATING TO RETAIL THEFT, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY; TO AMEND SECTION 16-13-440, RELATING TO THE USE OF A FALSE OR FICTITIOUS NAME OR ADDRESS TO OBTAIN A REFUND FROM A BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT FOR MERCHANDISE, SO AS TO INCLUDE USING A FALSE OR ALTERED IDENTIFICATION CARD TO COMMIT CERTAIN RETAIL THEFT OFFENSES; TO AMEND SECTION 16-13-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS, SO AS TO INCLUDE RECEIVING OR POSSESSING STOLEN GOODS WHEN THE PERSON IS ON NOTICE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT THAT THE GOODS ARE STOLEN; TO AMEND SECTION 17-25-323, RELATING TO DEFAULT ON COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS INCLUDING RESTITUTION BY PERSONS ON PROBATION OR PAROLE AND CIVIL JUDGMENTS AND LIENS, SO AS TO INCLUDE DEFENDANTS WHO DEFAULT ON THE VARIOUS MAGISTRATES COURT OR MUNICIPAL COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS INCLUDING RESTITUTION IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A FILING FEE OR OTHER FEE MAY NOT BE REQUIRED WHEN SEEKING A CIVIL JUDGMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 14-25-65, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES THE MAGISTRATES COURT MAY IMPOSE, RESTITUTION, AND CONTEMPT, SO AS TO ALLOW A MAGISTRATE TO CONVERT CERTAIN UNPAID COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS TO A CIVIL JUDGMENT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-550, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE MAGISTRATES COURT OVER MINOR OFFENSES, RESTITUTION, AND CONTEMPT, SO AS TO ALLOW A MAGISTRATE TO CONVERT CERTAIN UNPAID COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS TO A CIVIL JUDGMENT AND TO INCLUDE VIOLATIONS OF SECTIONS 16-13-180 AND 16-13-440 IN THOSE OFFENSES FOR WHICH A MAGISTRATE HAS THE POWER TO SENTENCE A PERSON TO CONSECUTIVE TERMS OF IMPRISONMENT TOTALING MORE THAN NINETY DAYS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD3602.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 1, Chapter 13, Title 16 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 16-13-131. (A) It is unlawful for a person to create or conspire with another person to create a product code for the purpose of fraudulently obtaining goods or merchandise from a merchant at less than its actual sale price.
(B) It is unlawful for a person to commit or conspire with another person to commit larceny against a merchant by affixing a product code created for the purpose of fraudulently obtaining goods or merchandise from a merchant at less than its actual sale price.
(C) A person who violates this section:
(1) for a first offense, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than three years, or both; and
(2) for a second or subsequent offense, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than ten years, or both." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, pages 2-3, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. Article 1, Chapter 13, Title 16 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 16-13-135. (A) As used in this section:
(1) 'Retail property' means a new article, product, commodity, item, or component intended to be sold in retail commerce.
(2) 'Retail property fence' means a person or business that buys retail property knowing or believing that the retail property is stolen.
(3) 'Theft' means to take possession of, carry away, transfer, or cause to be carried away the retail property of another with the intent to steal the retail property.
(4) 'Value' means the retail value of an item as offered for sale to the public by the affected retail establishment and includes all applicable taxes.
(B) It is unlawful for a person to:
(1) commit theft of retail property from a retail establishment, with a value exceeding two thousand dollars aggregated over a ninety-day period, with the intent to sell the retail property for monetary or other gain, and sell, barter, take, or cause the retail property to be placed in the control of a retail property fence or other person in exchange for consideration;
(2) conspire with another person to commit theft of retail property from a retail establishment, with a value exceeding two thousand dollars aggregated over a ninety-day period, with the intent to:
(a) sell, barter, or exchange the retail property for monetary or other gain; or
(b) place the retail property in the control of a retail property fence or other person in exchange for consideration; or
(3) receive, possess, or sell retail property that has been taken or stolen in violation of item (1) or (2) while knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe the property is stolen. A person is guilty of this offense whether or not anyone is convicted of the property theft.
(C) Acts committed in different counties that have been aggregated in one count may be indicted and prosecuted in any one of the counties in which the acts occurred. In a prosecution for a violation of this section, the State is not required to establish and it is not a defense that some of the acts constituting the crime did not occur within one city, county, or local jurisdiction.
(D) Property, funds, and interest a person has acquired or maintained in violation of this section is subject to forfeiture pursuant to the procedures for forfeiture as provided in Section 44-53-530.
(E) A person who violates this section:
(1) for a first offense, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than three years, or both; and
(2) for a second or subsequent offense, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than twenty years, or both." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 6, by striking lines 9-12, and inserting:
/ (F)(H) Upon full satisfaction of a judgment entered under pursuant to this section, the judgment creditor must record the satisfaction on the margin of the copy of the judgment on file in the civil judgment records of the court.
(I) Any funds resulting from the collection of a judgement for unpaid fines, costs, fees, surcharges, or assessments must be distributed in the same manner and proportion as fines, costs, fees, surcharges, or assessments are distributed as otherwise set forth by law." /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered section to read:
/ SECTION __. Section 16-13-180 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 16-13-180. (A) It is unlawful for a person to buy, receive, or possess stolen goods, chattels, or other property if the person knows or has reason to believe the goods, chattels, or property is stolen. A person is guilty of this offense whether or not anyone is convicted of the property theft of the property.
(B) It is unlawful for a person to knowingly receive or possess property from an agent of a law enforcement agency that was represented to the person by the same or other agent of the law enforcement agency as stolen. For purposes of this section, the person receiving or possessing the property need not know the person is receiving or has received the property from an agent of a law enforcement agency, and the property need not be actually stolen.
(C) A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a:
(1) misdemeanor triable in magistrates court or municipal court, notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 22-3-540, 22-3-545, 22-3-550, and 14-25-65, if the value of the property is two thousand dollars or less. Upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days;
(2) felony misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five three years, if the value of the property is more than two thousand dollars but less than ten thousand dollars; or
(3) felony, and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than two thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, if the value of the property is ten thousand dollars or more.
(C)(D) For the purposes of this section, the receipt of multiple items in a single transaction or event constitutes a single offense.
(E) For purposes of this section, multiple offenses occurring within a ninety-day period may be aggregated into a single count with the aggregated value used to determine whether the violation is a misdemeanor or felony as provided in subsection (C)." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the committee amendment.
Motion Under Rule 26B Waived
Senator MALLOY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to waive the provisions of Rule 26B in order to allow amendments to be considered on third reading.
There was no objection.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3632 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, White, Sandifer, J.R. Smith, Bannister and Lucas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 42-5-190, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE MAINTENANCE TAX IMPOSED BY THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION ON SELF INSURERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION SHALL RETAIN A PORTION OF THE ANNUAL MAINTENANCE TAX REVENUE TO PAY THE SALARIES AND EXPENSES OF THE COMMISSION AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION SHALL RETAIN ONE-HALF OF THE INTEREST CHARGED ON DELINQUENT MAINTENANCE TAX FOR THE SAME PURPOSE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senators MASSEY and McELVEEN proposed the following amendment (JUD3632.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety, and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. This act takes effect July 1, 2013, and must be terminated five years after the effective date of the act unless otherwise authorized by the General Assembly. Beginning on July 1, 2014, and on each July 1st thereafter, the South Carolina Workers' Compensation Commission must report to the Chairman of House Ways and Means Committee, the Chairman of Senate Finance Committee, and the Governor the amount of money the agency has received in the previous fiscal year pursuant to this act. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 31; Nays 0; Abstain 12
AYES
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campsen Cleary
Corbin Courson Cromer
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hembree Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Reese Shealy
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams
Total--31
NAYS
Total--0
ABSTAIN
Allen Coleman Davis
Hayes Hutto Malloy
Massey McElveen Rankin
Setzler Sheheen Young
Total--12
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3735 (Word version) -- Reps. Goldfinch, Hardwick, H.A. Crawford, Huggins, Hardee, Clemmons, Vick, Finlay, Chumley, Hamilton, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, V.S. Moss, Owens, Pitts, Sottile, Wells, Wood, Powers Norrell, Knight and McCoy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-2730, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE STATE'S ADOPTION OF CERTAIN FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS THAT REGULATE THE TAKING OF FISH IN STATE WATERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT LAWS AND REGULATIONS DO NOT APPLY TO BLACK SEA BASS (CENTROPRIATES STRIATA), TO PROVIDE A LAWFUL CATCH LIMIT AND SIZE FOR THIS SPECIES OF FISH, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THERE IS NO CLOSED SEASON ON THE CATCHING OF BLACK SEA BASS (CENTROPRIATES STRIATA).
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senators CAMPSEN and HEMBREE proposed the following amendment (3735R001.GEC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking SECTION 1 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 50-5-2730 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 50-5-2730. (A) Unless otherwise provided by law, any regulations promulgated by the federal government under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (PL 94-265) or the Atlantic Tuna Conservation Act (PL 94-70) which establishes seasons, fishing periods, gear restrictions, sales restrictions, or bag, catch, size, or possession limits on fish are declared to be the law of this State and apply statewide including in state waters.
(B) This provision does not apply to Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata), whose lawful catch limit is the federal catch limit and whose lawful minimum size is the federal minimum size. Also, there is no closed season for the catching of Black Sea Bass." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Bryant
Total--1
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3752 (Word version) -- Rep. Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "EXPANDED VIRTUAL LEARNING ACT"; TO AMEND SECTION 59-16-15, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA VIRTUAL SCHOOL PROGRAM, SO AS TO RESTYLE THE PROGRAM AS A VIRTUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM AND TO REMOVE LIMITS ON THE NUMBER OF ONLINE CREDITS A STUDENT MAY BE AWARDED UNDER THE PROGRAM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 59-40-65, RELATING TO ENROLLMENT OF CHARTER SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA VIRTUAL SCHOOL PROGRAM, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING CHANGE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 44; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--44
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3870 (Word version) -- Reps. Gambrell, Bowen, D.C. Moss, Gagnon, Putnam, Sandifer and White: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-49-65 SO AS TO PROVIDE IN THE "FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION ACT OF 2000" THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION (SLED) HAS SPECIFIC AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION ON BEHALF OF THE STATE IN MATTERS PERTAINING TO THE RESPONSE TO AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF ACTS OF TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY EVENT MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-20, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE, SO AS TO ADD THE CHIEF OF SLED TO THE COMMITTEE AND TO CORRECT OBSOLETE REFERENCES; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-50, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION PLAN, SO AS TO RENAME THE COMMITTEE AS THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE TASK FORCE PLAN, TO ADD THE TASK FORCE TO THOSE RESOURCES THAT THE PLAN IS INTENDED TO OFFER, AND TO PROVIDE THE PLAN IS OPERATIONAL WHEN THE CHIEF OF SLED DIRECTS A RESPONSE TO A TERRORIST OR EXPLOSIVE DEVICE EVENT; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-60, RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF THE COMMITTEE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE COMMITTEE SHALL DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR USING RESOURCES ALLOCATED TO THE TASK FORCE AT THE STATE AND REGIONAL LEVEL; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-70, RELATING TO STATE AND REGIONAL COORDINATORS APPOINTED BY THE COMMITTEE TO EXECUTE THE PLAN, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING CHANGE TO THE NAME OF THE PLAN, TO REQUIRE THE OFFICE OF STATE FIRE MARSHAL TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AS REQUIRED BY THE COMMITTEE TO PERFORM ITS PRESCRIBED FUNCTIONS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE COORDINATOR APPOINTED BY THE COMMITTEE SHALL REPORT TO THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL AND PROVIDE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT TO THE COMMITTEE; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-80, RELATING TO INFORMATION REQUIRED OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FIREMEN'S ASSOCIATION, SO AS TO CORRECT OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-110, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, SO AS TO DEFINE ADDITIONAL TERMS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 671 (Word version) -- Senator Massey: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN EDGEFIELD COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN PRECINCTS AND TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator MASSEY proposed the following amendment (JUD0671.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking lines 30 through 32, in Section 7-7-240(A), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ Edgefield No. 2
Kendall /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 44; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--44
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3225 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith and Jefferson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 132 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF "SC RIVERKEEPERS" SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 41; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--41
NAYS
Bright
Total--1
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3956 (Word version) -- Reps. Horne and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "FURNISHING LODGING" TO PROVIDE FOR AT LEAST EIGHTEEN INSTEAD OF TWENTY ROOMS THAT A BUSINESS MUST OFFER FOR ACCOMMODATIONS ON A REGULAR BASIS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 3
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Davis Gregory
Grooms Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Bright Corbin Fair
Total--3
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3962 (Word version) -- Reps. Pitts, Parks and Riley: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-290, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN GREENWOOD COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD CERTAIN PRECINCTS AND TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator NICHOLSON proposed the following amendment (JUD3962.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking lines 30 through 33, in Section 7-7-290(A), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ Mountain Laurel
Allie's Crossing
Gideon's Way
Parson's Mill /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator NICHOLSON explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 44; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--44
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4192 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Crosby, Daning, Jefferson, Rivers and Southard: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD FOUR PRECINCTS AND TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator GROOMS proposed the following amendment (MS\4192C001.MS.AB13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Section 7-7-120 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 163 of 2010, is further amended to read:
"Section 7-7-120. (A) In Berkeley County there are the following voting precincts:
Alvin
Bethera
Beverly Hills
Bonneau
Bonneau Beach
Boulder Bluff No. 1 Central
Cainhoy
Cordesville
Cross
Daniel Island No. 1
Daniel Island No. 2
Daniel Island No. 3
Daniel Island No. 4
Devon Forest No. 1
Devon Forest No. 2
Foster Creek
Goose Creek No. 1
Goose Creek No. 2
Hanahan No. 1
Hanahan No. 2
Hanahan No. 3
Hanahan No. 4
Howe Hall No. 1
Howe Hall No. 2
Huger
Jamestown
Lebanon
Liberty Hall
Macedonia
McBeth
Medway
Moncks Corner No. 1
Moncks Corner No. 2
Moncks Corner No. 3
Moncks Corner No. 4
Pimlico
Pinopolis
Russellville
Sangaree No. 1
Sangaree No. 2
Sangaree No. 3
Shulerville
St. Stephen No. 1
St. Stephen No. 2
Stratford No. 1
Stratford No. 2
Stratford No. 3
Stratford No. 4
The Village
Wassamassaw No. 1
Wassamassaw No. 2
Westview No. 1
Westview No. 2
Westview No. 3
Whitesville No. 1
Whitesville No. 2
Yellow House
Absentee
(B) The precinct lines defining the precincts provided in subsection (A) are as shown on the official map prepared by and on file with the Office of Research and Statistics of the State Budget and Control Board designated as document P-15-10 P-15-13 and as shown on copies provided to the Board of Elections and Voter Registration of Berkeley County.
(C) The polling places for the precincts provided in this section must be established by the Board of Elections and Voter Registration of Berkeley County subject to the approval of a majority of the Senators and a majority of the House members of the Berkeley County Delegation."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 41; Nays 0
AYES
Allen Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--41
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4204 (Word version) -- Rep. Delleney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-170, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PRECINCTS IN CHESTER COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE CERTAIN PRECINCTS, TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC LANGUAGE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Allen Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 387 (Word version) -- Senators O'Dell, Campbell, Cromer, Hembree, Setzler, McGill, Johnson and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-95, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CREDIT AGAINST WITHHOLDING FOR RETRAINING, SO AS TO INCREASE THE CREDIT, TO SPECIFY ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES AND PROGRAMS, TO PROVIDE THAT A BUSINESS MAY NOT CLAIM THE CREDIT IF THE EMPLOYEE IS REQUIRED TO REIMBURSE OR PAY FOR THE COSTS OF THE RETRAINING, TO INCREASE THE MATCH AMOUNT FOR THE BUSINESS, AND TO PROVIDE THE PROGRAMS ARE SUBJECT TO REVIEW BY THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND THE STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL AND COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ANNUAL FEE FOR A BUSINESS CLAIMING THE CREDIT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ANNUAL FEE IS NOT APPLICABLE TO THE RETRAINING CREDIT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-20-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CREDIT AGAINST THE LICENSE TAX FOR CERTAIN INFRASTRUCTURE EXPENSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN ELIGIBLE PROJECT MAY BE OWNED OR CONSTRUCTED BY A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY IF THE PROJECT IS EXPECTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY, TO FURTHER SPECIFY ELIGIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY MAY SELL THE PROJECT AFTER THE COMPANY PAYS FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE.
Senator O'DELL asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\387C001.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTIONS 1 and 2 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 12-10-95 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 353 of 2008, is further amended to read:
"Section 12-10-95. (A)(1) Subject to the conditions in this section, a business engaged in manufacturing or processing operations or technology intensive activities at a manufacturing, processing, or technology intensive facility as defined in Section 12-6-3360(M) and that meets the requirements of Section 12-10-50(B)(2) may negotiate with the council a technical college, with approval from the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education, to claim as a credit against withholding five hundred one thousand dollars a year for the retraining of a production or technology first line employee or immediate supervisor who has been continuously employed by the business for a minimum of two years and is a full-time employee, so long as if retraining is necessary for the qualifying business to remain competitive or to introduce new technologies. In addition to the yearly limits, the retraining credit claimed against withholding may not exceed two five thousand dollars over five consecutive years for each retrained production or technology first line employee or immediate supervisor.
(2) Retraining programs that are eligible for the credit include, but are not limited to:
(a) retraining of current employees on newly installed equipment; and
(b) retraining of current employees on newly implemented technology, such as computer platforms, software implementation and upgrades, Total Quality Management, ISO 9000, and self-directed work teams.
Executive training, management development training, career development, personal enrichment training, and cross-training of employees on equipment or technology that is not new to the company are not eligible for the credit.
(B) A qualifying business is eligible to claim as a retraining credit against withholding the lower amount of the following:
(1) the retraining credit for the applicable withholding period as determined by subsection (A); or
(2) withholding paid to the State for the applicable withholding period.
(C) All retraining must be approved by a technical college under the jurisdiction of the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education. A qualifying business must submit a retraining program for approval by the appropriate technical college. The approving technical college may provide the retraining itself, subject to the retraining program, or contract with other training entities to provide the required retraining, or supervise the employer's approved internal training program.
(D) Travel and lodging expenses and wages for retraining participants are not reimbursable. An employer may not receive the credit allowed by this section if the employer requires that the employee reimburse or pay the employer for the direct costs of retraining, or if the employee is required to reimburse or pay the employer indirectly through the forfeiture of leave time, vacation time, or other compensable time. Direct costs of retraining include instructor salaries, development of retraining programs, purchase or rental of materials and supplies, textbooks and manuals, instructional media, such as video tapes, presentations, equipment used for retraining only, not to include production equipment, and reasonable travel costs as limited by the State's travel expense reimbursement policy.
(E) The qualifying business must match on a dollar-for-dollar basis expend at least one dollar and fifty cents on retraining eligible employees for every dollar the amount claimed as a credit against withholding for retraining. When applicable, the total amount of retraining credits and matching funds must be paid to the technical college that provides the training. All training costs, including costs in excess of the retraining credits and matching funds, are the responsibility of the business.
(F) A qualifying business claiming retraining credits pursuant to this section is subject to the reporting and audit requirements in Section 12-10-80(A).
(G) A qualifying business may not claim retraining credit for training provided to the following production or technology first line employees or immediate supervisors:
(a) temporary or contract employees; and
(b) employees who are subject to a revitalization agreement, including a preliminary revitalization agreement.
(H)(G) Notwithstanding another provision of this section, the retraining credit allowed by this section is for:
(1) apprenticeship programs; and
(2) retraining for all relevant employees that enable a company to export or increase its ability to export its products, including training for logistics, regulatory, and administrative areas connected to its export process and other export process training that allows a qualified company to maintain or expand its business in this State.
(I)(H) The council may establish There is hereby established an annual renewal fee of five hundred two hundred and fifty dollars to be shared equally with the department for administrative, data collection, reporting, and other obligations of this chapter billed and collected by the department.
(I)(1) All approved programs and training must be reviewed annually by the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education.
(2) Every three years, the Department of Revenue must audit any business that claimed the job retraining credit pursuant to this section during that time period, solely for the purpose of verifying proper sources and uses of the credits.
(J) The State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education shall establish policies and procedures to provide the oversight and review provisions of this section. By November fifteenth of each year, the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education shall submit a statewide aggregated report detailing the utilization of the retraining credit pursuant to this section, as well as the board's activities in regard to oversight, to the Governor, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Coordinating Council for Economic Development, and the Department of Revenue. Also, the board shall make the report available in a conspicuous place on the website maintained by the board."
SECTION 2. Section 12-10-105 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 145 of 2005, is further amended to read:
"Section 12-10-105. In addition to the application fee provided in Section 12-10-100, an additional annual fee of one thousand dollars must be remitted by those qualifying businesses claiming in excess of ten thousand dollars of job development credits or in excess of ten forty thousand dollars in job retraining credits in one calendar year. The fee is due for each project that is subject to a revitalization or retraining agreement that exceeds ten thousand dollars or retraining agreement that exceeds forty thousand dollars in one calendar year and must be remitted to the Department of Revenue to be used to reimburse the department for costs incurred auditing reports required pursuant to Section 12-10-80(A). The fee becomes due at the time the single project's claims for job development credits or job retraining credits exceeds ten thousand dollars or job retraining credits exceed forty thousand dollars for that calendar year." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator O'DELL explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 41; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--41
NAYS
Bright Thurmond
Total--2
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 474 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-21-2420, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE ADMISSIONS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT ADMISSIONS CHARGED BY THE STATE MUSEUM.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Point of Order
Senator SHANE MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
Senator SETZLER moved under Rule 37 to suspend the one day requirement on H. 3093.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 5
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Courson Cromer Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Bright Bryant Corbin
Davis Martin, Shane
Total--5
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3093 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith, W.J. McLeod and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 67 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA ABANDONED BUILDINGS REVITALIZATION ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT A TAXPAYER MAKING INVESTMENTS OF A CERTAIN SIZE IN REHABILITATING AN ABANDONED BUILDING BASED ON THE POPULATION OF THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISION IN WHICH THE BUILDING IS LOCATED MAY AT THE TAXPAYER'S OPTION RECEIVE SPECIFIED INCOME TAX CREDITS OR CREDITS AGAINST THE PROPERTY TAX LIABILITY.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
Point of Order
Senator SHANE MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
Senator SETZLER moved under Rule 37 to suspend the one day requirement on H. 3093.
Senator COLEMAN proposed the following amendment (3093R002.CC), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [3093-2], by striking line 31 and inserting:
/ immediate preceding use as a single-family residence. For purposes of this item, use of any portion of a building or structure listed on the National Register for Historic Places when used solely for storage or warehouse purposes is considered nonoperational for income producing purposes; provided, however, that the credit provided under Section 12-67-140(B) is further limited by disqualifying for credit purposes the portion of the building or structure that was operational and used as a storage or warehouse for income producing purposes. This limitation is calculated based on the actual percentage of the space which has been closed continuously to business or otherwise nonoperational for income producing purposes for a period of at least five years immediately preceding the date on which the taxpayer files a 'Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate' divided by one hundred percent./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator COLEMAN explained the amendment.
Senator DAVIS proposed the following amendment (3093R003.TD), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [3093-4], by striking lines 15 - 20 and inserting:
/ (B) This chapter only applies to abandoned building sites or phases or portions thereof put into operation for income producing purposes and that meet the purpose of this chapter set forth in Section 12-67-110. The construction or operation of a charter school, private or parochial school, or other similar educational institution does meet the purpose of this chapter. The construction of a single-family residence is not an income producing purpose and does not meet the purpose of this chapter. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator DAVIS explained the amendment.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\3093C002.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1.A. Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"CHAPTER 67
South Carolina Abandoned Buildings
Revitalization Act
Section 12-67-100. This chapter may be cited as the 'South Carolina Abandoned Buildings Revitalization Act'.
Section 12-67-110. (A) The purpose of this chapter is to create an incentive for the rehabilitation, renovation, and redevelopment of abandoned buildings located in South Carolina.
(B) The abandonment of buildings has resulted in the disruption of communities and increased the cost to local governments by requiring additional police and fire services due to excessive vacancies. Many abandoned buildings pose safety concerns. A public and corporate purpose is served by restoring these buildings to productive assets for the communities in which they are located and result in increased job opportunities.
(C) There exists in many communities of this State abandoned buildings. The stable economic and physical development of these communities is endangered by the presence of these abandoned buildings as manifested by their progressive and advanced deterioration. As a result of the existence of these abandoned buildings, there is an excessive and disproportionate expenditure of public funds, inadequate public and private investment, unmarketability of property, growth in delinquencies and crime in the areas, together with an abnormal exodus of families and businesses, so that the decline of these areas impairs the value of private investments, threatens the sound growth and the tax base of taxing districts in these areas, and threatens the health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public. To remove and alleviate these adverse conditions, it is necessary to encourage private investment and restore and enhance the tax base of the taxing districts in which such buildings are located by the redevelopment of abandoned buildings.
Section 12-67-120. For the purposes of this chapter, unless the context requires otherwise:
(1) 'Abandoned building' means a building or structure, which clearly may be delineated from other buildings or structures, at least sixty-six percent of the space in which has been closed continuously to business or otherwise nonoperational for income producing purposes for a period of at least five years immediately preceding the date on which the taxpayer files a 'Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate'. For purposes of this item, a building or structure that otherwise qualifies as an 'abandoned building' may be subdivided into separate units or parcels, which units or parcels may be owned by the same taxpayer or different taxpayers, and each unit or parcel is deemed to be an abandoned building site for purposes of determining whether each subdivided parcel is considered to be abandoned. For purposes of this item, an abandoned building is not a building or structure with an immediate preceding use as a single-family residence.
(2) 'Building site' means the abandoned building together with the parcel of land upon which it is located and other improvements located on the parcel. However, the area of the building site is limited to the land upon which the abandoned building is located and the land immediately surrounding such building used for parking and other similar purposes directly related to the building's income producing use.
(3) 'Local taxing entities' means a county, municipality, school district, special purpose district, and other entity or district with the power to levy ad valorem property taxes against the building site.
(4) 'Local taxing entity ratio' means that percentage computed by dividing the millage rate of each local taxing entity by the total millage rate for the building site.
(5) 'Placed in service' means the date upon which the building site is completed and ready for its intended use. If the building site is completed and ready for use in phases or portions, each phase or portion is considered to be placed in service when it is completed and ready for its intended use.
(6) 'Rehabilitation expenses' means the expenses or capital expenditures incurred in the rehabilitation, demolition, renovation, or redevelopment of the building site, including without limitations, the renovation or redevelopment of existing buildings, environmental remediation, site improvements, and the construction of new buildings and other improvements on the building site, but excluding the cost of acquiring the building site or the cost of personal property located at the building site. For expenses associated with a building site to qualify for the tax credit, the abandoned buildings on the building site must be either renovated or redeveloped. Rehabilitation expenses associated with a building site that increases the amount of square footage on the building site in excess of two hundred percent of the amount of square footage of the buildings that existed on the building site as of the filing of the notice of intent to rehabilitate shall not be considered a rehabilitation expense for purposes of calculating the amount of the credit. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, demolition expenses shall not be considered a rehabilitation expense for purposes of calculating the amount of the credit if the building being demolished is on the National Register for Historic Places.
(7) 'Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate' means a letter submitted by the taxpayer to the department or the municipality or county as specified in this chapter, indicating the taxpayer's intent to rehabilitate the building site, the location of the building site, the amount of acreage involved in the building site, the amount of square footage of existing buildings involved in the building site, and the estimated expenses to be incurred in connection with rehabilitation of the building site. The notice also must set forth information as to which buildings the taxpayer intends to renovate and whether new construction is to be involved.
Section 12-67-130. (A) This chapter only applies to abandoned building sites or phases or portions thereof put into operation in which a taxpayer incurs the following rehabilitation expenses:
(1) more than two hundred fifty thousand dollars for buildings located in the unincorporated areas of a county or in a municipality in the county with a population based on the most recent official United States census of more than twenty-five thousand persons;
(2) more than one hundred fifty thousand dollars for buildings located in the unincorporated areas of a county or in a municipality in the county with a population of at least one thousand persons, but not more than twenty-five thousand persons based on the most recent official United States census; and
(3) more than seventy-five thousand dollars for buildings located in a municipality with a population of less than one thousand persons based on the most recent official United States census.
(B) Also, this chapter only applies to abandoned building sites or phases or portions thereof put into operation for income producing purposes and that meet the purpose of this chapter set forth in Section 12-67-110. The construction of a single-family residence is not an income producing purpose and does not meet the purpose of this chapter.
Section 12-67-140. (A) Subject to the terms and conditions of this chapter, a taxpayer who rehabilitates an abandoned building is eligible for either:
(1) a credit against income taxes imposed pursuant to Chapter 6 and Chapter 11 of this title, corporate license fees pursuant to Chapter 20 of this title, or taxes on associations pursuant to Chapter 13 of this title, or a combination thereof; or
(2) a credit against real property taxes levied by local taxing entities.
(B) If the taxpayer elects to receive the credit pursuant to subsection (A)(1), the following provisions apply:
(1) The taxpayer shall file with the department a Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate before incurring its first rehabilitation expenses at the building site. Failure to provide the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate results in qualification of only those rehabilitation expenses incurred after the notice is provided.
(2) The amount of the credit is equal to twenty-five percent of the actual rehabilitation expenses incurred at the building site if the actual rehabilitation expenses incurred in rehabilitating the building site are between eighty percent and one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated rehabilitation expenses set forth in the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate. If the actual rehabilitation expenses exceed one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated expenses set forth in the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate, the taxpayer qualifies for the credit based on one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated expenses as opposed to the actual expenses it incurred in rehabilitating the building site. If the actual rehabilitation expenses are below eighty percent of the estimated rehabilitation expenses, the credit is not allowed.
(3)(a) The entire credit is earned in the taxable year in which the applicable phase or portion of the building site is placed in service but must be taken in equal installments over a five-year period beginning with the tax year in which the applicable phase or portion of the building site is placed in service. Unused credit may be carried forward for the succeeding five years.
(b) The entire credit earned pursuant to this item may not exceed five hundred thousand dollars for any taxpayer in a tax year for each abandoned building site. The limitation provided in this subitem applies to each unit or parcel deemed to be an abandoned building site.
(4) If the taxpayer qualifies for both the credit allowed by this section and the credit allowed pursuant to the Textiles Communities Revitalization Act or the Retail Facilities Revitalization Act, the taxpayer only may claim one of the three credits. However, the taxpayer is not disqualified from claiming any other tax credit in conjunction with the credit allowed by this section.
(5) The credit allowed by this subsection is limited in use to fifty percent of either:
(a) the taxpayer's income tax liability for the taxable year if taxpayer claims the credit allowed by this section as a credit against income tax imposed pursuant to Chapter 6 or Chapter 11 of this title, or taxes on associations pursuant to Chapter 13 of this title, or both; or
(b) the taxpayer's corporate license fees for the taxable year if the taxpayer claims the credit allowed by this section as a credit against license fees imposed pursuant to Chapter 20.
(6)(a) If the taxpayer leases the building site, or part of the building site, the taxpayer may transfer any applicable remaining credit associated with the rehabilitation expenses incurred with respect to that part of the site to the lessee of the site. If a taxpayer sells the building site, or any phase or portion of the building site, the taxpayer may transfer all or part of the remaining credit, associated with the rehabilitation expenses incurred with respect to that phase or portion of the site, to the purchaser of the applicable portion of the building site.
(b) To the extent that the taxpayer transfers the credit, the taxpayer shall notify the department of the transfer in the manner the department prescribes.
(7) To the extent that the taxpayer is a partnership or a limited liability company taxed as a partnership, the credit may be passed through to the partners or members and may be allocated among any of its partners or members including, without limitation, an allocation of the entire credit to one partner or member, without regard to any provision of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations promulgated pursuant thereto, that may be interpreted as contrary to the allocation, including, without limitation, the treatment of the allocation as a disguised sale.
(C) If the taxpayer elects to receive the credit pursuant to subsection (A)(2), the following provisions apply:
(1) The taxpayer shall file a Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate with the municipality, or the county if the building site is located in an unincorporated area, in which the building site is located before incurring its first rehabilitation expenses at the building site. Failure to provide the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate results in qualification of only those rehabilitation expenses incurred after notice is provided.
(2) Once the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate has been provided to the county or municipality, the municipality or the county first shall determine, by resolution, the eligibility of the building site and the proposed rehabilitation expenses for the credit. A proposed rehabilitation of a building site must be approved by a positive majority vote of the local governing body. For purposes of this subsection, 'positive majority vote' is as defined in Section 6-1-300(5). If the county or municipality determines that the building site and the proposed rehabilitation expenses are eligible for the credit, there must be a public hearing and the municipality or county shall approve the building site for the credit by ordinance. Before approving a building site for the credit, the municipality or county shall make a finding that the credit does not violate a covenant, representation, or warranty in any of its tax increment financing transactions or an outstanding general obligation bond issued by the county or municipality.
(3)(a) The amount of the credit is equal to twenty-five percent of the actual rehabilitation expenses incurred at the building site times the local taxing entity ratio of each local taxing entity that has consented to the credit pursuant to item (4), if the actual rehabilitation expenses incurred in rehabilitating the building site are between eighty percent and one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated rehabilitation expenses set forth in the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate. If the actual rehabilitation expenses exceed one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated expenses set forth in the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate, the taxpayer qualifies for the credit based on one hundred twenty-five percent of the estimated expenses as opposed to the actual expenses it incurred in rehabilitating the building site. If the actual rehabilitation expenses are below eighty percent of the estimated rehabilitation expenses, the credit is not allowed. The ordinance must provide for the credit to be taken as a credit against up to seventy-five percent of the real property taxes due on the building site each year for up to eight years.
(b) The local taxing entity ratio is set as of the time the Notice of Intent to Rehabilitate is filed and remains set for the entire period that the credit may be claimed by the taxpayer.
(4) Not fewer than forty-five days before holding the public hearing required by subsection (C)(2), the governing body of the municipality or county shall give notice to all affected local taxing entities in which the building site is located of its intention to grant a credit against real property taxes for the building site and the amount of estimated credit proposed to be granted based on the estimated rehabilitation expenses. If a local taxing entity does not file an objection to the tax credit with the municipality or county on or before the date of the public hearing, the local taxing entity is considered to have consented to the tax credit.
(5) The credit against real property taxes for each applicable phase or portion of the building site may be claimed beginning for the property tax year in which the applicable phase or portion of the building site is first placed in service.
(D) A taxpayer is not eligible for the credit if the taxpayer owned the otherwise eligible building site when the site was operational and immediately prior to its abandonment.
Section 12-67-150. The provisions of Chapter 31, Title 6 also apply to this chapter, except that the requirements of Section 6-31-40 do not apply."
B. The provisions of Chapter 67, Title 12 contained in this act are repealed on December 31, 2019. Any carry forward credits shall continue to be allowed until the five year time period in Section 12-67-140 is completed.
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor, and applies to the rehabilitation, renovation, and redevelopment of abandoned buildings begun in tax years beginning after 2012. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator COLEMAN explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3505 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Bannister, Harrell, J.R. Smith, Brannon, Huggins, Kennedy, Ballentine, Cole, Hixon, McCoy, G.R. Smith, Hamilton, Tallon, Henderson, Forrester, Whipper and Hodges: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 44 TO TITLE 11 SO AS TO ENACT THE "HIGH GROWTH SMALL BUSINESS ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACT OF 2013" BY PROVIDING FOR STATE NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDITS FOR QUALIFIED INVESTMENTS IN BUSINESSES MEETING CERTAIN CRITERIA AND PRIMARILY ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, WAREHOUSING, WHOLESALING, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OR OTHER NONPROHIBITED SERVICES, TO ESTABLISH THE CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR THE CREDIT, TO MAKE THE CREDIT TRANSFERABLE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN ADJUSTED NET CAPITAL GAIN AND LOSS COMPUTATIONS FOR INVESTOR TAXPAYERS WHO RECOGNIZE SUCH A GAIN OR LOSS ON THE SALE OF CREDIT ASSETS AS DEFINED IN THIS CHAPTER.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\3505C001.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, beginning on page 5, by striking Section 11-44-60(D) and inserting:
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, SECTION 1, page 7, by striking line 28 and inserting:
/ applies.
(D) By March thirty-first each year, the Department of Revenue shall report to the House Ways and Means Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, and the Governor, by county, the number of angel investor tax credit applications the department has received, the number of tax credit applications approved, and the tax credits approved. This report must be made available in a conspicuous place on the department's website. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator O'DELL explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 4
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Corbin Courson Cromer
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Bright Bryant Davis
Thurmond
Total--4
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3557 (Word version) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter, White, Bannister, Rutherford, Harrell, Merrill, Simrill, Stavrinakis, Loftis, Horne, Weeks, Mitchell, Ott, Sellers, Hodges and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3375, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TAX CREDIT FOR PORT CARGO VOLUME INCREASE, SO AS TO EXPAND THE TYPES OF BUSINESSES THAT QUALIFY FOR THE CREDIT, TO GIVE THE COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DISCRETION IN AWARDING CREDITS, TO FURTHER DEFINE TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT TAXPAYERS ENGAGED IN THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS IMPORTED OR EXPORTED THROUGH SOUTH CAROLINA'S PORT FACILITIES MAY BE ELIGIBLE FOR THE CREDIT IF THE CARGO SUPPORTS A PRESENCE IN THE STATE AND MEETS OTHER JOB AND CAPITAL INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A TAXPAYER THAT FAILS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CREDIT MUST REPAY A PRO RATA PORTION OF THE CREDIT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3974 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Brannon, Burns, Erickson, Bannister, Barfield, Hamilton, Harrell, Henderson, Hosey, Murphy, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith and J.R. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-54-240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND RETURNS FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, SO AS TO ALLOW THE DISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN INFORMATION TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE ABOUT A TAXPAYER WHO FILED AN INITIAL OR FINAL CORPORATE RETURN; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-58-165 SO AS TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE TO EXPUNGE THE RECORDING OF A LIEN ONCE THE LIEN IS FULLY PAID AND SATISFIED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\3974C001.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by deleting SECTIONS 1 and 2.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator PEELER explained the committee amendment.
Senators PEELER, LOURIE, SETZLER and RANKIN proposed the following amendment (H-3974-1), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking lines 14-20 and inserting:
/ "Section 12-58-165. The department may take necessary action to expunge the recording of any lien imposed pursuant to Section 12-54-120, or any other provision authorizing the department to collect monies due, once the lien is fully paid and satisfied. If, upon investigation, the department determines that no taxes were due, the provisions of this section apply and the recorded lien shall be expunged as if it were fully paid and satisfied." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator PEELER explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 502 (Word version) -- Senator O'Dell: A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE STARR-IVA WATER AND SEWER DISTRICT IN ANDERSON COUNTY TO PROVIDE WATER SERVICE TO A SPECIFIED AREA OF ABBEVILLE COUNTY, UPON THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNING BODY OF ABBEVILLE COUNTY, TO SOLVE A CRITICAL WATER SERVICE PROBLEM.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campsen
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3939 (Word version) -- Reps. Herbkersman, Patrick, Erickson and Newton: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-27-240, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BEAUFORT COUNTY BOARD OF ELECTIONS AND REGISTRATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT MEMBERS OF THE BOARD SERVE UNTIL THEIR SUCCESSORS ARE APPOINTED AND CERTIFIED AND TO REMOVE THE PROHIBITION ON MEMBERS OF THE BOARD SERVING MORE THAN TWO TERMS OR EIGHT CONSECUTIVE YEARS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campsen
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3944 (Word version) -- Reps. Goldfinch, Hardwick and H.A. Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 4-23-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BOARD OF FIRE CONTROL FOR THE MURRELL'S INLET - GARDEN CITY FIRE DISTRICT IN GEORGETOWN AND HORRY COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE MEMBERS OF THAT BOARD REPRESENTING GEORGETOWN COUNTY MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE RECOMMENDATION OF A MAJORITY OF THE GEORGETOWN COUNTY LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF ACT 515 OF 1996 DEVOLVING THAT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY ON THE GOVERNING BODY OF GEORGETOWN COUNTY AND TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campsen
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
CARRIED OVER
H. 3540 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, J.E. Smith, Bales, Hosey, Cobb-Hunter, Bannister, J.R. Smith, Patrick, Brannon, Erickson, Taylor, Huggins, Kennedy, Ballentine, Bernstein, Sellers, Williams, Jefferson, M.S. McLeod, Atwater, Bowers, R.L. Brown, Cole, Douglas, George, Hixon, Long, McCoy, Mitchell, Pitts, Pope, G.R. Smith, Tallon, Wood, Weeks, Knight and Hart: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 1-3-240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF OFFICERS BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO ADD THE ADJUTANT GENERAL TO THE LIST OF OFFICERS OR ENTITIES THE GOVERNING BOARD OF WHICH MAY BE REMOVED BY THE GOVERNOR ONLY FOR CERTAIN REASONS CONSTITUTING CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 25-1-320, RELATING TO THE STATE ADJUTANT GENERAL, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEGINNING UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE 2014 GENERAL ELECTION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A FOUR-YEAR TERM COMMENCING ON THE FIRST WEDNESDAY FOLLOWING THE SECOND TUESDAY IN JANUARY THAT FOLLOWS THE GENERAL ELECTION THAT MARKS THE MIDTERM OF THE GOVERNOR, EXCEPT THAT THE INITIAL TERM OF THE FIRST ADJUTANT GENERAL APPOINTED PURSUANT TO THIS ACT MUST BE FOR TWO YEARS SO AS TO ALLOW SUBSEQUENT TERMS TO BE STAGGERED WITH THAT OF THE GOVERNOR, AND TO ESTABLISH CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF ADJUTANT GENERAL; TO AMEND SECTION 25-1-340, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO VACANCIES IN THE OFFICE OF ADJUTANT GENERAL, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE ABOVE PROVISIONS ARE EFFECTIVE UPON THE RATIFICATION OF AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI, AND SECTION 4, ARTICLE XIII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE DELETING THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE STATE ADJUTANT GENERAL BE ELECTED BY THE QUALIFIED ELECTORS OF THIS STATE.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED, CARRIED OVER
H. 3774 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Hardwick, Clemmons, Hamilton, Huggins, J.R. Smith, Goldfinch, Hixon, Ryhal, Sottile and Spires: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE RUNNING OF CERTAIN GOVERNMENT APPROVALS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE FOR THE PERIOD BEGINNING JANUARY 1, 2013 AND ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2017; AND TO PROVIDE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES ISSUING SUCH APPROVALS SHALL PUBLISH NOTICE IN THE STATE REGISTER LISTING THE TYPES OF THESE APPROVALS IT ISSUES AND NOTING THE SUSPENSION OF THE RUNNING OF THE PERIOD OF THE APPROVAL AND TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR UNITS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (3774MW1):
Amend the joint resolution, as and if amended, page 4, by striking lines 41-42.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the Joint Resolution.
Senator CLEARY spoke on the Joint Resolution.
On motion of Senator CLEARY, the Joint Resolution was carried over.
OBJECTION
H. 3161 (Word version) -- Reps. Spires and Toole: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHARMACY PRACTICE ACT, SO AS TO DEFINE ADDITIONAL TERMS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-86, RELATING TO COMPOUNDING PHARMACIES, SO AS TO REVISE MINIMUM GOOD COMPOUNDING PRACTICES, TO PROVIDE A PHARMACIST MUST PERFORM A FINAL CHECK ON A PRODUCT COMPOUNDED BY A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN, TO MODIFY REQUIREMENTS FOR AN AREA USED FOR COMPOUNDING IN A PHARMACY, TO PROVIDE PHARMACISTS SHALL ENSURE CERTAIN EXPECTED FEATURES OF INGREDIENTS USED IN A FORMULATION, TO PROVIDE A MEANS FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM BEYOND-USE DATE OF AN EXCESS AMOUNT OF A SPECIFIC COMPOUND IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO REQUIRE CERTAIN WRITTEN POLICIES AND PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO A COMPOUNDING AREA, AND TO PROVIDE THAT MATERIAL DATA SAFETY MUST BE READILY ACCESSIBLE TO PHARMACY PERSONNEL WHO WORK WITH DRUG SUBSTANCES OR BULK CHEMICALS, AND TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-88, RELATING TO THE HANDLING OF STERILE PRODUCTS BY PHARMACIES, SO AS TO REVISE ASSOCIATED STANDARDS AND TO BROADEN THE APPLICATION OF THESE STANDARDS TO INCLUDE OTHER FACILITIES PERMITTED BY THE BOARD, AMONG OTHER THINGS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the previously proposed amendment.
Senator BRYANT proposed the following amendment (AGM\3161C003.AGM.AB13):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered penultimate SECTION to read:
/ SECTION ___. Section 40-43-130(B) and (G)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B) Each licensed pharmacist, as a condition of an active status license renewal, shall complete fifteen hours (1.5 CEU's) of American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) accredited continuing pharmacy education or continuing medical education (CME), Category I, or both, each license year. Of The fifteen hours, a minimum of six hours must may be obtained through any combination of online courses and attendance at lectures, seminars, or workshops. At least fifty percent of the total number of hours required must be in drug therapy or patient management.
(G)(1) As a condition of registration renewal, a registered pharmacy technician shall complete ten hours of American Council on Pharmaceutical Education or CME I approved continuing education each year, beginning with the next renewal period after June 30, 2003. A minimum of four hours of the total These hours must be obtained through any combination of online courses and attendance at lectures, seminars, or workshops." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator HUTTO spoke on the Bill.
Senator BRYANT objected to further consideration of the Bill.
OBJECTION
S. 731 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 11-43-165 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOT) TO TRANSFER TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BANK (SIB) FROM NON-TAX SOURCES AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE AMOUNT OF GENERAL FUND REVENUE APPROPRIATED TO DOT IN THE ANNUAL GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR "HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS", TO PROVIDE THAT THE AMOUNT APPROPRIATED TO DOT IN THE ANNUAL GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR "HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS" ARE NOT SUBJECT TO ANY ACROSS THE BOARD REDUCTIONS, TO REQUIRE SIB TO USE THE TRANSFERRED FUNDS SOLELY TO FINANCE BRIDGE REPLACEMENT, REHABILITATION PROJECTS, AND EXPANSION AND IMPROVEMENTS TO EXISTING MAINLINE INTERSTATES, TO PROVIDE THAT DOT SHALL SUBMIT A LIST OF APPROPRIATE PROJECT RECOMMENDATIONS TO SIB, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FUNDS TRANSFERRED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION MAY NOT BE EXPENDED ON ANY PROJECT APPROVED BY SIB BEFORE JULY 1, 2013.
Senator CLEARY objected to the Bill.
OBJECTION TO FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE BILL
H. 3342 (Word version) -- Reps. Hart and King: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-175 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A JUDGE MAY NOT ISSUE A BENCH WARRANT FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR UNLESS THE SOLICITOR OR CLERK OF COURT HAS PROVIDED NOTICE TO THE ATTORNEY OF RECORD BEFORE ISSUING THE BENCH WARRANT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD3342.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Chapter 15, Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 17-15-175. After an initial appearance, a judge may not issue a bench warrant for failure to appear in court upon motion by the solicitor or other prosecuting entity, unless the solicitor or the party charged with administering the general sessions docket has provided notice to the attorney of record and the bond surety company, if applicable, at least seventy-two hours before the bench warrant is issued. This section does not apply if the presiding judge sua sponte issues the bench warrant for failure to appear or the person has been personally served with an appearance date." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
Senator HEMBREE objected to further consideration of the Bill, as amended.
RECOMMITTED
S. 391 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Courson, Hayes, Jackson, Setzler, Williams, Nicholson and Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO STRONGLY ENCOURAGE THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY TO DELAY ITS SEARCH AND SELECTION OF A PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY UNTIL AFTER THE MEMBERS TO SEATS REPRESENTING THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS AND AT-LARGE SEATS NINE, ELEVEN, AND TWELVE ARE ELECTED DURING THE 2013 SOUTH CAROLINA LEGISLATIVE SESSION.
Senator MATTHEWS asked unanimous consent to recommit the Resolution to the Committee on Education.
There was no objection.
The Senate Resolution was recommitted to the Committee on Education.
CARRIED OVER
H. 3878 (Word version) -- Reps. Murphy, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Bedingfield, Bernstein, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Branham, Brannon, G.A. Brown, R.L. Brown, Burns, Chumley, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, H.A. Crawford, K.R. Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Edge, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrester, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gambrell, George, Gilliard, Goldfinch, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hardwick, Harrell, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Kennedy, King, Knight, Limehouse, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McCoy, McEachern, M.S. McLeod, W.J. McLeod, Merrill, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Munnerlyn, Nanney, Neal, Newton, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parks, Patrick, Pitts, Pope, Powers Norrell, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, Riley, Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sabb, Sandifer, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Sottile, Southard, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Toole, Vick, Weeks, Wells, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Wood: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE FULL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE TO OPPOSE THE DECISION OF ITS EXECUTIVE BOARD AND REINSTATE WRESTLING AS A CORE SPORT OF THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES.
On motion of Senator SHANE MARTIN, the Resolution was carried over.
S. 749 (Word version) -- Senators Courson, Alexander, Bryant, Cromer, Hayes, Allen, Bright, Campsen, Coleman, Davis, Fair, Bennett, Cleary, Campbell, Corbin, Gregory, Grooms, Hembree, Hutto, Jackson, Johnson, Leatherman, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McElveen, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Scott, Setzler, Shealy, Sheheen, Thurmond, Turner, Verdin, Williams and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AWARD THE SOUTH CAROLINA MEDAL OF VALOR TO THOSE SOUTH CAROLINIANS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES WHILE SERVING IN THE ARMED FORCES DURING THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 740 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION REQUESTING THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO HONOR AND REMEMBER THE SUPREME SACRIFICE MADE BY DEPUTY SHERIFF ERNEST CHRISTIAN "CHRIS" POTTER, III OF THE KERSHAW COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT BY ERECTING APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG I-20 IN KERSHAW COUNTY AT MILE MARKER 87.9 EAST AND THE CORRESPONDING MILE MARKER ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "IN MEMORY OF DEPUTY SHERIFF ERNEST CHRISTIAN 'CHRIS' POTTER, III".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 3482 (Word version) -- Reps. G.A. Brown, Clemmons, G.M. Smith and Weeks: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION LOCATED AT THE JUNCTURE OF FOXWORTH MILL ROAD AND UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 15 IN SUMTER COUNTY "MOZINGO CROSSROADS" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "MOZINGO CROSSROADS".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 4006 (Word version) -- Rep. Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 95 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 165 AND 167 "SCHP LANCE CORPORAL JACOB HAM, JR. MEMORIAL HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "SCHP LANCE CORPORAL JACOB HAM, JR. MEMORIAL HIGHWAY".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
S. 743 (Word version) -- Senator Coleman: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 72 IN CHESTER COUNTY FROM ITS NORTHEASTERN INTERSECTION WITH THE J. A. COCHRAN BYPASS TO THE CHESTER-YORK COUNTY LINE THE "PAUL G. CAMPBELL, SR. HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "PAUL G. CAMPBELL, SR. HIGHWAY".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 3458 (Word version) -- Reps. Hosey, Clyburn and Sellers: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 278 IN ALLENDALE COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 301 TO FEED LOT ROAD "LIEUTENANT WINSTON ROBINSON, JR. HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "LIEUTENANT WINSTON ROBINSON, JR. HIGHWAY".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SINE DIE RESOLUTION.
S. 744 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO SECTION 9, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, 1895, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON THURSDAY, JUNE 6, 2013, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M., OR ANYTIME EARLIER, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET IN STATEWIDE SESSION AT 12:00 NOON ON TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2013, AND CONTINUE IN STATEWIDE SESSION, IF NECESSARY, UNTIL NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON THURSDAY, JUNE 20, 2013, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED MATTERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN NOT LATER THAN 12:00 NOON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2014, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Concurrent Resolution.
Senator GROOMS moved to carry over the resolution.
Senator COURSON moved to lay the motion to carry over on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 5
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Fair Gregory
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Bright Bryant Davis
Grooms Martin, Shane
Total--5
The motion to carry over was laid on the table.
The question was the adoption of the resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 4
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Hayes Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Bright Bryant Grooms
Martin, Shane
Total--4
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator PEELER, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
HAVING DISPENSED WITH THE MOTION PERIOD, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE.
HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED
RETURNED TO THE HOUSE
S. 460 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-45-90, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DUTY OF DUE CARE THAT A SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE BROKER MUST EXERCISE WHEN PLACING BUSINESS WITH NONADMITTED INSURERS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THOSE BROKERS FROM THIS REQUIREMENT WHEN SEEKING TO PROCURE OR PLACE NONADMITTED INSURANCE FOR AN EXEMPT COMMERCIAL PURCHASER IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
The House returned the Bill with amendments.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments.
Senator HUTTO explained the House amendments.
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (460MW1), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking line 36 and inserting the following:
/ state, that it is solvent meets at least the minimum capital and surplus /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
The question then was the adoption of the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Bright
Total--1
The Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments.
HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED
RETURNED TO THE HOUSE
S. 341 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Reese, Fair, Lourie, Cromer, L. Martin, Campbell, Shealy and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "EMERSON ROSE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 44-37-70 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH BIRTHING FACILITY LICENSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO PERFORM A PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING ON EVERY NEWBORN IN ITS CARE, WHEN THE BABY IS TWENTY-FOUR TO FORTY-EIGHT HOURS OF AGE, OR AS LATE AS POSSIBLE IF THE BABY IS DISCHARGED FROM THE HOSPITAL BEFORE REACHING TWENTY-FOUR HOURS OF AGE.
The House returned the Bill with amendments.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the House amendments.
Senator ALEXANDER proposed the following amendment (341R003.TCA), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 3 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. Chapter 37, Title 44 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 44-37-70. (A) The Department of Health and Environmental Control shall require each birthing facility licensed by the department to perform on every newborn in its care a pulse oximetry or other department-approved screening to detect critical congenital heart defects when the baby is twenty-four to forty-eight hours of age, or as late as possible if the baby is discharged from the hospital before reaching twenty-four hours of age. A department-approved screening must be based on standards set forth by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services' Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children, the American Heart Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
(B) The Department of Health and Human Services shall work with birthing facilities through its partnership with the Birth Outcomes Initiative to recommend policies for critical congenital heart defect screening. The Department of Health and Human Services shall provide reimbursement for services provided pursuant to this section.
(C) For purposes of this section, 'birthing facility' means an inpatient or ambulatory health care facility licensed by the Department of Health and Environmental Control that provides birthing and newborn care services.
(D) The department with advice from the Birth Outcome Initiative Leadership Team under the Department of Health and Human Services shall promulgate regulations necessary to implement the provisions of this section. In promulgating the regulations, the department must consider the best practices in screening, current scientific guidelines and recommendations, and advances in medical technology." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the amendment.
The question then was the adoption of the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 41; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--41
NAYS
Total--0
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (NL\341C001.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 3, Section 44-37-70(A), page 3, after line 2, by inserting an unnumbered paragraph to read:
/ If a parent of a newborn objects, in writing, to the screening, for reasons pertaining to religious beliefs only, the newborn is exempt from the screening required by this subsection. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
The question then was the adoption of the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
RECESS
At 5:49 P.M., with Senator HUTTO retaining the floor, on motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business until 6:15 P.M.
At 6:15 P.M., the Senate resumed.
With Senator HUTTO retaining the floor, Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion that at the conclusion of consideration of S. 341, the Senate would carry over S. 75, S. 127 and S. 310; and further, the Senate would proceed to a consideration of H. 3711; and further, the Senate would proceed to H. 3945, taking up for immediate consideration Amendment No. 1, recognizing Senator JACKSON to make remarks and at the conclusion of his remarks, H. 3945 would be placed in the status of Interrupted Debate.
The Senate resumed consideration of S. 341.
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (NL\341C002.NL.DG13), which was withdrawn:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 3, Section 44-37-70, by adding an appropriately lettered subsection at the end to read:
/ ( ) Any facility that is subject to the provisions of this section must submit an annual report to the Department of Health and Environmental Control. The report must be submitted in a manner and format required by the department, and must include, but is not limited to, the results of each screening and the cost per screening. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator HUTTO, the amendment was withdrawn.
The Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS.
READ THE THIRD TIME, RETURNED TO THE HOUSE
H. 3711 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2012-2013, AND TO ALLOW UNEXPENDED FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO BE CARRIED FORWARD TO SUCCEEDING FISCAL YEARS AND EXPENDED FOR THE SAME PURPOSES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
The Joint Resolution was read the third time, passed and ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments.
Recorded Vote
Senators BRYANT, BRIGHT, SHANE MARTIN, DAVIS, SHEHEEN, SHEALY, MASSEY, CORBIN and MALLOY desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED
DEBATE INTERRUPTED
H. 3945 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Harrell, Lucas, Bannister, Toole, Stringer, Hamilton, Sottile, Barfield, Bingham, Spires, Hardwick, Owens, Hiott, Long, Erickson, Murphy, Horne, Willis, Gagnon, Simrill, Funderburk and Henderson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4 TO CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION ON ETHICS ENFORCEMENT AND DISCLOSURE, TO PROVIDE FOR ITS POWERS, DUTIES, PROCEDURES, AND JURISDICTION, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS; TO REPEAL ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 RELATING TO THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION; TO REPEAL ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 RELATING TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE ETHICS COMMITTEES; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-100, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO ETHICS, GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY, AND CAMPAIGN REFORM, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-700, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO USE OF AN OFFICIAL POSITION OR OFFICE FOR FINANCIAL GAIN, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DETERMINES THAT HE HAS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST, HE MUST COMPLY WITH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS BEFORE ABSTAINING FROM ALL VOTES ON THE MATTER, AND TO PROVIDE FOR WHEN A PUBLIC OFFICIAL WHO IS REQUIRED TO RECUSE HIMSELF FROM A MATTER MUST DO SO; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-740, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REPRESENTATION OF ANOTHER PERSON BY A PUBLIC OFFICIAL BEFORE A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY, SO AS TO FURTHER DELINEATE WHAT IS CONSIDERED A CONTESTED CASE WHEN REPRESENTATION BY A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IS PERMITTED; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-745, RELATING TO PAID REPRESENTATION OF CLIENTS AND CONTRACTING BY A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OR AN ASSOCIATE IN PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, SO AS TO DELETE A PROHIBITION AGAINST CERTAIN CONTRACTS WITH AN ENTITY FUNDED WITH GENERAL FUNDS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CONTENTS OF STATEMENTS OF ECONOMIC INTEREST, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THESE CONTENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1300, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO CAMPAIGN PRACTICES, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1318, RELATING TO ACCEPTANCE OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO RETIRE CAMPAIGN DEBTS, SO AS TO REQUIRE ANY SUCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO BE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE ONLY; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1338, RELATING TO PERSONS WHO MAY NOT SOLICIT CONTRIBUTIONS, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE HEAD OF ANY STATE AGENCY WHO IS SELECTED BY THE GOVERNOR, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, OR AN APPOINTED OR ELECTED BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1340, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RESTRICTIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ONE CANDIDATE TO ANOTHER OR THROUGH COMMITTEES CONTROLLED BY A CANDIDATE, SO AS TO DELETE AN EXCEPTION FOR A COMMITTEE CONTROLLED BY A CANDIDATE IF IT IS THE ONLY SUCH COMMITTEE, AND TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 8-13-1510 AND 8-13-1520, BOTH AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR ETHICAL AND OTHER VIOLATIONS, AND BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-1530 SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS AND FOR WHERE CERTAIN WILFUL VIOLATIONS MUST BE TRIED; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 8-13-710 AND 8-13-715 RELATING TO REPORTING OF PARTICULAR GIFTS AND AUTHORIZED REIMBURSEMENTS FOR SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
By prior motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, Amendment No. 1 was taken up for immediate consideration.
Amendment No. 1
Senators CAMPSEN, MALLOY, HUTTO and MASSEY proposed the following amendment (JUD3945.078):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting language and inserting:
/ PART I
LOBBYISTS AND LOBBYIST PRINCIPALS
SECTION 1. Section 2-17-20(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) Any A person who acts as a lobbyist must, within fifteen days of being employed, appointed, or retained as a lobbyist, shall register with the State Ethics Commission as provided in this section. Each person registering must shall pay a fee of one two hundred dollars and present to the State Ethics Commission a communication reflecting the authority of the registrant to represent the person by whom he is employed, appointed, or retained. If a partnership, committee, association, corporation, labor organization, or any other organization or group of persons registers as a lobbyist, it must shall identify each person who will act as a lobbyist on its behalf during the covered period. There is no registration fee for a lobbyist who is a full-time employee of a state agency and limits his lobbying to efforts on behalf of that particular state agency."
SECTION 2. Section 2-17-25(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) Any A lobbyist's principal must, within fifteen days of employing, appointing, or retaining a lobbyist, shall register with the State Ethics Commission as provided in this section. Each person registering must shall pay a fee of one two hundred dollars. If a partnership, committee, an association, a corporation, labor organization, or any other organization or group of persons registers as a lobbyist's principal, it must shall identify each person who will act as a lobbyist on its behalf during the covered period. If the State is a lobbyist's principal, the State is exempt from paying a registration fee and filing a lobbyist's principal registration statement."
SECTION 3. Section 2-17-30(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) Each lobbyist, no later than June thirtieth July tenth and January thirty-first January tenth of each year, must file a report with the State Ethics Commission covering that lobbyist's lobbying during that filing period. The filing periods are from January first to May thirty-first June thirtieth for the June thirtieth July tenth report, and are from June July first to December thirty-first for the January thirty-first tenth report. Any lobbying activity not reflected on the June thirtieth July tenth report and not reported on a statement of termination pursuant to Section 2-17-20(C) must be reported no later than January thirty-first tenth of the succeeding year. Each report must be in a form prescribed by the State Ethics Commission and be limited to and contain:
(1) the full name, address, and telephone number of the reporting lobbyist;
(2) an identification of each person on whose behalf the reporting lobbyist engaged in lobbying during the covered period;
(3) the official name, number, or description, designated by the House or Senate or by an agency, of legislation, covered agency actions, or covered gubernatorial actions for which the reporting lobbyist engaged in lobbying during the covered period;
(4) the identification of each person from whom income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying is paid or promised and the amount of the income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying paid or promised;
(5)(a) a complete and itemized account of the totals of all amounts expended by a lobbyist in the performance of his lobbying during the covered period. The totals must be segregated by the amounts expended for office expenses, rent, utilities, supplies, and compensation of support personnel attributable to lobbying covered under the provisions of this chapter;
(b) any expenditure directly or indirectly related to lobbying if expended while engaged in the general course of lobbying and if reimbursed by the lobbyist's principal;
(6) the name of each member of the judiciary on whose behalf a lobbyist initiated or made expenditures and a complete and itemized account of the amount expended by the lobbyist for each member of the judiciary;
(7) a statement detailing any direct business association of a lobbyist with any current member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees. For the purposes of this item, direct business association does not include:
(a) ownership interests held by a lobbyist or a lobbyist's principal and a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in the same corporation or partnership unless the interest of each exceeds five percent of the total shares outstanding or partnership interests in such entity;
(b) an interest held by a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in a partnership or corporation represented by a lobbyist or a lobbyist's principal if the interest is less than five percent of the total shares outstanding or partnership interests in such entity; or
(c) any commercial transaction between a lobbyist or a lobbyist's principal and a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in which the fair market value of the goods transferred or services rendered is paid."
SECTION 4. Section 2-17-35(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) Except as otherwise provided by Section 2-17-90(E), each lobbyist's principal, no later than June thirtieth July tenth and January thirty-first January tenth of each year, must file a report with the State Ethics Commission covering that lobbyist's principal's expenditures attributable to lobbying during that filing period. The filing periods are from January first to May thirty-first June thirtieth for the June thirtieth July tenth report, and are from June July first to December thirty-first for the January thirty-first tenth report. Any lobbying activity not reflected on the June thirtieth July tenth report and not reported on a statement of termination pursuant to Section 2-17-25(C) must be reported no later than January thirty-first tenth of the succeeding year. Each report must be in a form prescribed by the State Ethics Commission and be limited to and contain:
(1) the full name, address, and telephone number of the reporting lobbyist's principal;
(2) an identification of each person who acted as a lobbyist on behalf of the reporting lobbyist's principal during the covered period;
(3) the official name, number, or description, designated by the House or Senate or by an agency, of legislation, covered agency actions, or covered gubernatorial actions for which its lobbyist engaged in lobbying during the covered period;
(4) the identification of each person to whom income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying is paid or promised and the amount of the income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying paid or promised;
(5)(a) a complete and itemized account of all amounts expended by a lobbyist's principal for lobbying during the covered period. The totals must be segregated by the amounts expended for office expenses, rent, utilities, supplies, and compensation of support personnel attributable to lobbying covered under the provisions of this chapter;
(b) any expenditure directly or indirectly related to lobbying if expended while a lobbyist's principal or his lobbyist is engaged in the general course of lobbying;
(c) the name of each public official on whose behalf a lobbyist's principal initiated or made expenditures pursuant to Section 2-17-90 and a complete and itemized account of the amount expended by the lobbyist's principal for each public official;
(d) any reimbursements of or expenditures for actual expenses as allowed in Section 2-17-100;
(6) the name of each member of the judiciary on whose behalf a lobbyist's principal initiated or made expenditures and a complete and itemized account of the amount expended by the lobbyist's principal for each member of the judiciary;
(7) a statement detailing any direct business association of a lobbyist's principal with any current member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees. For the purposes of this item, direct business association does not include:
(a) ownership interests held by a lobbyist or a lobbyist's principal and a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in the same corporation or partnership unless the interest of each exceeds five percent of the total shares outstanding or partnership interests in the entity;
(b) an interest held by a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in a partnership or corporation represented by a lobbyist or a lobbyist's principal if the interest is less than five percent of the total shares outstanding or partnership interests in such entity; or
(c) any commercial transaction between a lobbyist or lobbyist's principal and a member of the General Assembly, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, any other statewide constitutional officer, any public official of any state agency who engaged in covered agency actions, or any of their employees in which the fair market value of the goods transferred or services rendered is paid;
(8) any contribution, as defined by Section 8-13-1300(7), made by the lobbyist's principal to any candidate or public official, including an itemization of:
(a) the name and address of the public official or candidate to whom the contribution was made;
(b) the amount of the contribution;
(c) the date of the contribution;
(9) in the case of a voluntary membership organization, dues, fees, or other amounts payable to the organization during any calendar year from a member need be recorded only if the contribution to the organization is more than five hundred dollars and more than twenty percent of the total contributions of the organization during that calendar year."
SECTION 5. Section 2-17-40 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"(A) Each state agency or department must, no later than June thirtieth July tenth and January thirty-first January tenth of each year, file a report with the State Ethics Commission covering that agency's lobbying during that filing period. The filing periods are from January first to May thirty-first June thirtieth for the June thirtieth July tenth report, and are from June July first to December thirty-first for the January thirty-first tenth report. Any lobbying activity not reflected on the June thirtieth July tenth report and not reported on a statement of termination pursuant to Section 2-17-25(C) must be reported no later than January thirty-first tenth of the succeeding year. Each report must be in a form prescribed by the State Ethics Commission and be limited to and contain:
(1) an identification of each public official, public employee, or other person who engaged in lobbying for that agency during the covered period;
(2) legislation, covered agency actions, or covered gubernatorial actions the persons identified in item (1) engaged in lobbying during the covered period;
(3) the identification of each person to whom income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying is paid or promised and the amount of the income attributable to the lobbyist's lobbying paid or promised;
(4)(a) a complete and itemized account of all expenditures made or incurred by those persons identified in item (1) in the performance of their lobbying during the covered period. The totals must be segregated by the amounts expended for office expenses, rent, utilities, supplies, and compensation of support personnel attributable to lobbying covered under the provisions of this chapter;
(b) the name of each public official on whose behalf the state agency or department initiated or made expenditures pursuant to Section 2-17-90 and a complete and itemized account of the amount expended by the state agency or department for each public official;
(c) any reimbursements of or expenditures for actual expenses as allowed in Section 2-17-100.
(B) Where total amounts are required to be reported, totals must be reported for the entire calendar year to date. The reports required by this section are not required from any agency whose only lobbying is appearing before any committee of the General Assembly at the request of that committee or at the request of any member or members of that committee."
PART II
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 6. Section 2-19-70(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) No member of the General Assembly may be elected to a judicial office while he is serving in the General Assembly nor shall that person be elected to a judicial office for a period of one year two years after he either:
(1) ceases to be a member of the General Assembly; or
(2) fails to file for election to the General Assembly in accordance with Section 7-11-15."
SECTION 7. Section 8-13-100 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered item to read:
"() 'Elected official' means an elected official of the State, a county, a municipality, or a political subdivision thereof, including a candidate for the office. Elected official does not mean a member of the judiciary; except that for the purposes of campaign practices, campaign disclosure, and disclosure of economic interests, a probate judge or a candidate for the position of probate judge is considered an elected official and must meet the requirements of this chapter."
SECTION 8. Section 8-13-130 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-130. The State Ethics Commission, Senate Ethics Committee, and House of Representatives Ethics Committee may levy an enforcement or administrative fee on a person who is found in violation, or who admits to a violation, of the "Ethics, Government Accountability and Campaign Reform Act of 1991" pursuant to Title 2 or Title 8. The fee must be used to reimburse the commission or the appropriate legislative Ethics Committee for costs associated with the investigation and hearing of a violation. The costs associated include:
(1) the investigator's time;
(2) mileage, meals, and lodging;
(3) the prosecutor's time;
(4) the hearing panel's travel, per diem, and meals;
(6) subpoena costs to include witness fees and mileage; and
(7) miscellaneous costs such as postage and supplies.
This fee is in addition to any fines as otherwise provided by law."
PART III
ETHICS COMMITTEES
SECTION 9. A. Section 8-13-310 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-310. (A) The State Ethics Commission as constituted under law in effect before July 1, 1992, is reconstituted to continue in existence with the appointment and qualification of the at-large members as prescribed in this section and with the changes in duties and powers as prescribed in this chapter. On July 1, 1993, when the duties and powers given to the Secretary of State in Chapter 17 of Title 2 are transferred to the State Ethics Commission, the Code Commissioner is directed to change all references to "this chapter" in Article 3 of Chapter 13 of Title 8 to "this chapter and Chapter 17 of Title 2".
(B)(A) There is created the State Ethics Commission composed of nine eight members of which:
(1) four members must be appointed by the Governor, upon the advice and consent of the General Assembly no more than two of whom are members of the appointing Governor's political party;
(2) two members must be nominated by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate with one nomination in consultation with the Senate Majority Leader and with one nomination in consultation with the Senate Minority Leader of the largest minority party, and upon confirmation by the Senate Ethics Committee, unless otherwise provided for by the rules of the Senate; and
(3) two members must be nominated by the Speaker of the House of Representatives with one nomination in consultation with the House Majority Leader and with one nomination in consultation with the House Minority Leader of the largest minority party, and upon confirmation by the House of Representatives Ethics Committee, unless otherwise provided for by the rules of the House of Representatives. One member shall represent each of the seven congressional districts, and two members must be appointed from the State at large.
(B) Upon the nomination of candidates by the General Assembly for the State Ethic Commission, the appropriate ethics committee shall conduct an investigation and hold a public hearing to determine the qualifications of each candidate for office. Any person who desires to testify at the hearing, including candidates, shall furnish a written statement of his proposed testimony to the chairman of the committee. These statements shall be furnished no later than forty-eight hours prior to the date and time set for the hearing. The committee shall determine the persons who shall testify at the hearing. All testimony, including documents furnished to the committee, shall be submitted under oath and persons knowingly furnishing false information either orally or in writing shall be subject to the penalties provided by law for perjury and false swearing. During the course of the investigation, the committee may schedule an executive session at which each candidate, and other persons whom the committee wishes to interview, may be interviewed by the committee on matters pertinent to the candidate's qualification for the office to be filled. A reasonable time thereafter the committee shall render its findings as to whether the candidate is qualified for the office and whether the candidate has been confirmed for the office for which he was nominated.
(C) As soon as possible after the completion of the hearing, a verbatim copy of the testimony, documents submitted at the hearing, and findings of fact shall be made available to the members of both houses and to the public.
(D)(1) The qualifications the appointing authorities shall consider for the appointees include, but are not limited to:
(a) constitutional qualifications;
(b) ethical fitness;
(c) character;
(d) mental stability;
(e) experience;
(f) judicial temperament; and
(g) if the appointee has contributed to the election campaign of the individual appointing or nominating him to the State Ethics Commission within the previous four years.
(2) The appointing authorities shall make their appointments based on merit. However, in making appointments to the commission, the appointing authorities shall ensure that race, color, gender, national origin, and other demographic factors are considered to ensure the geographic and political balance of the appointments, and shall strive to assure that the membership of the commission will represent, to the greatest extent possible, all segments of the population of the State.
(3) The following are not eligible to serve on the State Ethics Commission:
(a) a member of the General Assembly;
(b) a former member of the General Assembly within eight years following the termination of his service in the General Assembly;
(c) a family member, as defined by Section 8-13-100(15), of a member of the General Assembly or the Governor;
(d) a person who made a campaign contribution, as defined by Section 8-13-1300(7), within the previous four years to the individual who nominated or appointed the person to serve on the State Ethics Commission;
(e) a person who registered as a lobbyist within four years of being nominated or appointed to serve on the State Ethics Commission;
(f) a person who is under the jurisdiction of the State Ethics Commission, House of Representatives Ethics Committee or Senate Ethics Committee.
No member of the General Assembly or other public official must be eligible to serve on the State Ethics Commission.
The Governor shall make the appointments based on merit regardless of race, color, creed, or gender and shall strive to assure that the membership of the commission is representative of all citizens of the State of South Carolina.
(C)(E) The terms of the members are for five years and until their successors are appointed and qualify. The terms of the members currently serving expire upon the effective date of this section; however, a member whose term expires may serve until his successor is appointed and qualifies and may be appointed for a new five-year term. For the initial appointments made by the Governor, two shall be for a term of two years, the third shall be for a term of four years, and the fourth shall be for a full five-year term. For the initial appointments made by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, one shall be for a three-year term and the other shall be for a full five-year term. The initial members who serve terms that are less than five years are eligible to be reappointed for one full five-year term. The members of the State Ethics Commission serving on this chapter's effective date may continue to serve until the expiration of their terms. These members may then be appointed to serve one full five-year term under the provisions of this chapter. Members representing the first, third, and sixth congressional districts on this chapter's effective date are eligible to be appointed for a full five-year term in or after 1991. Members currently representing the second, fourth, and fifth congressional districts on this chapter's effective date are eligible to be appointed for a full five-year term in or after 1993. The initial appointments for the at large members of the commission created by this chapter must be for a one-, two-, or three-year term, but these at large members are eligible subsequently for a full five-year term. Under this section, the at large members of the commission are to be appointed to begin service on or after July 1, 1992. Vacancies must be filled in the manner of the original appointment for the unexpired portion of the term only. Members of the commission who have completed a full five-year term are not eligible for reappointment, except as provided in this subsection.
(D)(F) The commission shall elect a chairman, a vice-chairman, and such other officers as it considers necessary. Five members of the commission shall constitute a quorum. The commission must adopt a policy concerning the attendance of its members at commission meetings. The commission meets at the call of the chairman or a majority of its members. Members of the commission, while serving on business of the commission, receive per diem, mileage, and subsistence as is provided by law for members of state boards, committees, and commissions."
D. Section 8-13-320(10)(g) of the 1976 Code, is amended to read:
"(g) All investigations, inquiries, hearings, and accompanying documents must remain are confidential and may only be released pursuant to this subsection. until a finding of probable cause or dismissal, unless the respondent waives the right to confidentiality. After a finding of probable cause by the commission, the following documents become public record: the complaint, the response by the respondent, the notice of hearing, exhibits introduced at a hearing, the commission's findings, and the final order. Exhibits introduced must be redacted prior to release to exclude personal information where the public disclosure would constitute an unreasonable invasion of personal privacy. The respondent may waive the right to confidentiality. The willful release of confidential information is a misdemeanor, and any person releasing such confidential information, upon conviction, must be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year."
E. Section 8-13-320 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered new subsection to read:
"( ) to initiate upon the vote of a majority of the membership, and to receive complaints against a member or staff of the appropriate house or legislative caucus committee, or a candidate for the appropriate house, alleging a violation of this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2 and to conduct an investigation into the complaint pursuant to Section 8-13-540."
F Section 8-13-320(10)(j) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(j) If a hearing is to be held, the respondent must be allowed to examine and make copies of all evidence in the commission's possession relating to the charges. The same discovery techniques which are available to the commission must be equally available to the respondent, including the right to request the commission to subpoena witnesses or materials and the right to conduct depositions as prescribed by subitem (f). A panel of three commissioners must conduct a hearing in accordance with Chapter 23 of Title 1 (Administrative Procedures Act), except as otherwise expressly provided. Panel action requires the participation of the three panel members. During a commission panel hearing conducted to determine whether a violation of the chapter has occurred, the respondent must be afforded appropriate due process protections, including the right to be represented by counsel, the right to call and examine witnesses, the right to introduce exhibits, and the right to cross-examine opposing witnesses. All evidence, including records the commission considers, must be offered fully and made a part of the record in the proceedings. The hearings must be held in executive session unless the respondent requests an open hearing open to the public."
G. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-322.(A) A formal advisory opinion issued by the committee is binding on the Ethics Commission, until amended or revoked, in any subsequent charges concerning the person who requested the formal opinion and any other person who acted in reliance on the opinion in good faith unless material facts were omitted or misstated by the person in the request for the opinion. A formal advisory opinion must be in writing and is considered rendered when approved by five or more commission members subscribing to the advisory opinion. Advisory opinions must be made available to the public unless the commission, by majority vote of the commission members present, requires an opinion to remain confidential. However, the identities of the parties involved must be withheld upon request.
(B) The Commission may issue a written informal advisory opinion to a person or governmental entity within the Commission's jurisdiction upon that person's or governmental entity's request. If raised in response to a complaint, the Commission shall consider whether the person who requested the opinion or who is a member of the governmental entity who requested the informal opinion and who is affected by the circumstances described within the request for the informal opinion, relied in good faith upon on a written informal opinion prior to making a probable cause determination. A written informal advisory opinion is binding on the Ethics Commission, until amended or revoked, in any subsequent charges concerning the person who either requested the informal opinion or a member of the governmental entity who requested the informal opinion and who is affected by the circumstances described within the request for the informal opinion unless material facts were omitted or misstated by the person in the request for the opinion."
H. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-515. The General Assembly recognizes that the authority of each house to punish its members for disorderly behavior pursuant to Section 12, Article III of the South Carolina Constitution is not limited to violations of this chapter and Chapter 17, Title 2 and specifically includes any conduct the house determines to constitute disorderly behavior."
I. Section 8-13-530 of the 1976 Code is amended to read
"Section 8-13-530. Each ethics committee shall:
(1) ascertain whether a person has failed to comply fully and accurately with the disclosure requirements of this chapter and promptly notify the person to file the necessary notices and reports to satisfy the requirements of this chapter;
(2) receive complaints filed by individuals and, upon a majority vote of the total membership of the committee, file complaints when alleged violations are identified;
(3) upon the filing of a complaint, investigate possible violations of a rule or breach of a privilege governing a member or staff of the appropriate house, the alleged breach of a rule governing a member of, legislative caucus committees for, or a candidate, or staff for the appropriate house, misconduct of a member or staff of, legislative caucus committees for, or a candidate for the appropriate house, or a violation of this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2. Upon the filing of a complaint alleging a violation by a member or staff of the appropriate house or legislative caucus committee, or a candidate for the appropriate house, for a violation of this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2, except a technical violation pursuant to Section 8-13-1372, the ethics committee shall refer the complaint to the Ethics Commission for an investigation pursuant to Section 8-13-540;
(4) receive and hear a complaint which alleges a breach of a privilege governing a member or staff of the appropriate house, the alleged breach of a rule governing a member or staff of or candidate for the appropriate house, misconduct of a member or staff of or candidate for the appropriate house, or a violation of this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2.
(5) No complaint may be accepted by the ethics committee or the Ethics Commission concerning a member of or candidate for the appropriate house during the fifty-day period before an election in which the member or candidate is a candidate. During this fifty-day period, any person may petition the court of common pleas alleging the violations complained of and praying for appropriate relief by way of mandamus or injunction, or both. Within ten days, a rule to show cause hearing must be held, and the court must either dismiss the petition or direct that a mandamus order or an injunction, or both, be issued. A violation of this chapter by a candidate during this fifty-day period must be considered to be an irreparable injury for which no adequate remedy at law exists. The institution of an action for injunctive relief does not relieve any party to the proceeding from any penalty prescribed for violations of this chapter. The court must award reasonable attorney's fees and costs to the nonpetitioning party if a petition for mandamus or injunctive relief is dismissed based upon a finding that the:
(i) petition is being presented for an improper purpose such as harassment or to cause delay;
(ii) claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are not warranted by existing law or are based upon a frivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law; and
(iii) allegations and other factual contentions do not have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are not likely to have evidentiary support after reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery.
Action on a complaint filed against a member or candidate which was received more than fifty days before the election but which cannot be disposed of or dismissed by the ethics committee at least thirty days before the election must be postponed until after the election;
(5)(6) obtain information and investigate hear complaints as provided in Section 8-13-540 with respect to any complaint filed pursuant to this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2 and to that end may compel by subpoena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of pertinent books and papers;
(6)(7) administer or recommend sanctions appropriate to a particular member, or staff of, or candidate for, the appropriate house pursuant to Section 8-13-540, including the recovery of the value of anything transferred or received in breach of the ethical standards, or dismiss the charges; and
(7)(8) act as an advisory body to the General Assembly and to individual members of or candidates for the appropriate house on questions pertaining to the disclosure and filing requirements of members of or candidates for the appropriate house. and to issue, upon request from persons covered by this chapter and Chapter 17 of Title 2, and publish advisory opinions on the requirements of these chapters, based on real or hypothetical sets of circumstances; provided, that an opinion rendered by the committee, until amended or revoked, is binding on the Ethics Commission and the committee in any subsequent charges concerning the person who requested the opinion and who acted in reliance on it in good faith unless material facts were omitted or misstated by the person in the request for the opinion. A published opinion relied upon in good faith by a person other than the person who requested the opinion is also binding upon the Ethics Commission and the committee. If raised in response to a complaint, the Ethics Commission and the committee shall consider whether the member relied upon an advisory opinion in good faith prior to making a probable cause determination or concurring in a determination, as applicable. Advisory opinions must be in writing and are considered rendered when approved by a majority of the committee members subscribing to the advisory opinion. Advisory opinions must be made available to the public unless the committee, by majority vote of the total membership of the committee, requires an opinion to remain confidential. However, the identities of the parties involved must be withheld upon request."
J. Section 8-13-540 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-540. Unless otherwise provided for by House or Senate rule, as appropriate, each ethics committee must conduct its investigation of a complaint filed pursuant to this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2 in accordance with this section.
(A)(1) When a complaint is filed with or by the ethics committee, a copy must promptly be sent to the person alleged to have committed the violation and to the Ethics Commission for an investigation as provided in this subsection. If the ethics committee determines the complaint does not allege facts sufficient to constitute a violation, the complaint must be dismissed and the complainant and respondent notified. If the ethics committee finds that the complaining party wilfully filed a groundless complaint, the finding must be reported to appropriate law enforcement authorities. The wilful filing of a groundless complaint is a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, a person must be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year. In lieu of the criminal penalty provided by this subsection, a civil penalty of not more than one thousand dollars may be assessed against the complainant upon proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the filing of the complaint was wilful and without just cause or with malice. If the ethics committee determines the complaint alleges facts sufficient to constitute a violation, it shall promptly investigate the alleged violation and may compel by subpoena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of pertinent books and papers. The commission may commence an investigation upon the filing of a complaint by the commission or an individual, or by the referral of a complaint by the appropriate ethics committee. A copy of the complaint must be sent to the appropriate ethics committee.
(2) If an alleged violation is found to be groundless by the commission, a report must be provided to the appropriate ethics committee which may concur with the commission's finding or request the commission to continue the investigation and consider additional matters not considered by the commission. If the commission finds that the complaining party wilfully filed a groundless complaint, the finding must be reported to the Attorney General. The wilful filing of a groundless complaint is a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year. In lieu of the criminal penalty provided by this item, a civil penalty of not more than one thousand dollars may be assessed against the complainant upon proof by a preponderance of the evidence that the filing of the complaint was wilful and without just cause or with malice.
(3) Action may not be taken on a complaint filed more than four years after the violation is alleged to have occurred unless a person, by fraud or other device, prevents discovery of the violation.
(4) To conduct its investigation:
(a) The commission, upon receipt of information, may initiate a complaint upon an affirmative vote of the majority of the total membership of the commission or shall accept notarized complaints referred from the ethics committees or from an individual, whether personally or on behalf of an organization or governmental body, that states the name of a person alleged to have committed a violation of this chapter or Chapter 17, Title 2 and the particulars of the violation. The commission shall forward a copy of the complaint, a general statement of the applicable law with respect to the complaint, and a statement explaining the due process rights of the respondent including, but not limited to, the right to counsel to the respondent within ten days of the filing of the complaint.
(b) If the commission or its executive director determines that the complaint does not allege facts sufficient to constitute a violation, a report must be provided to the appropriate ethics committee which may concur with the commission's finding or request the commission to continue the investigation and consider additional matters not considered by the commission. If the appropriate ethics committee concurs with the recommendation to dismiss the complaint, the committee must notify the complainant and respondent. All documents related to a complaint that results in a dismissal must remain confidential, unless the respondent waives the right to confidentiality.
(c) If the commission or its executive director determines that the complaint alleges facts sufficient to constitute a violation, an investigation may be conducted into the alleged violation.
(d) If the commission finds that there is probable cause to support the existence of criminal intent on the part of the respondent when the violation occurred, then the complaint and accompanying materials must also be provided to the Attorney General.
(e) If the commission determines that assistance is needed in conducting an investigation, the commission shall request the assistance of appropriate agencies.
(f) The commission may order testimony to be taken in any investigation or hearing by deposition before a person who is designated by the commission and has the power to administer oaths and, in these instances, to compel testimony. The commission may administer oaths and affirmation for the testimony of witnesses and issue subpoenas by approval of the chairman, subject to judicial enforcement, and issue subpoenas for the procurement of witnesses and materials including books, papers, records, documents, or other tangible objects relevant to the agency's investigation by approval of the chairman, subject to judicial enforcement. A person to whom a subpoena has been issued may move
(g) All investigations and accompanying documents are confidential and may only be released pursuant to this item. After a finding of probable cause by the commission the following documents become public record: the complaint, the response by the respondent, the notice of hearing before the appropriate ethics committee, exhibits introduced at any hearing, and the final order. Exhibits introduced must be redacted prior to release to exclude personal information where the public disclosure would constitute an unreasonable invasion of personal privacy. The respondent may waive the right to confidentiality. The willful release of confidential information is a misdemeanor, and a person releasing confidential information, upon conviction, must be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year.
(5) Upon completion of the commission's investigation, the commission shall make a finding as to whether there is probable cause to believe a violation of this chapter or of Chapter 17, Title 2 has occurred. The commission shall forward a copy of its findings, along with a copy of all relevant reports, evidence, and testimony, to the appropriate ethics committee.
If after such preliminary investigation, reviewing the commission's findings and relevant evidence, the ethics committee determines that probable cause does not exist, it shall send a written decision to the respondent and the complainant. If the ethics committee finds determines that probable cause exists to support an alleged violation, it shall, as appropriate:
(a) render an advisory opinion to the respondent and require the respondent's compliance within a reasonable time; or
(b) convene a formal public hearing on the matter within thirty days of the respondent's failure to comply with the advisory opinion. All ethics committee investigations and records relating to the preliminary investigation are confidential. No complaint shall be accepted which is filed later than four years after the alleged violation occurred.
(2)(B) If a formal public hearing is to be held,:
(1) the investigator or attorney handling the investigation from the ethics commission shall present the evidence related to the complaint to the appropriate ethics committee;
(2) it shall be the duty of the investigator or attorney to further investigate the subject of the complaint and any related matters under the jurisdiction and at the direction of the ethics committee, to request assistance from appropriate state agencies as needed, to request authorization from the committee for funds for the hiring of auditors, investigators, or other assistance as necessary, to prepare subpoenas, and to present evidence to the committee at any public hearing. The appropriate committee shall maintain the authority to approve subpoenas, authorize expenditures, dismiss complaints, schedule hearings, grant continuances, and any other authority as provided for by their rules;
(3) the respondent must be allowed to examine and make copies of all evidence in the ethics committee's possession relating to the charges. At the hearing the charged party must be afforded appropriate due process protections, including the right to be represented by counsel, the right to call and examine witnesses, the right to introduce exhibits, and the right to cross-examine opposing witnesses. All hearings must be conducted in executive session.
(3)(C) After the hearing, the ethics committee shall determine its findings of fact. If the ethics committee, based on competent and substantial evidence, finds the respondent has violated this chapter or Chapter 17 of Title 2, it shall:
(a)(1) administer a public or private reprimand;
(b)(2) determine that a technical violation as provided for in Section 8-13-1170 has occurred;
(c)(3) recommend expulsion of the member; and/or,
(d)(4) in the case of an alleged criminal violation, refer the matter to the Attorney General for investigation. The ethics committee shall report its findings in writing to the Speaker of the House or President Pro Tempore of the Senate, as appropriate. The report must be accompanied by an order of punishment and supported and signed by a majority of the ethics committee members. If the ethics committee finds the respondent has not violated a code or statutory provision, it shall dismiss the charges.
(4)(D) An individual has ten days from the date of the notification of the ethics committee's action to appeal the action to the full legislative body.
(5)(E) No ethics committee member may participate in any matter in which he is involved.
(6)(F) The ethics committee shall establish procedures which afford respondents appropriate due process protections, including the right to be represented by counsel, the right to call and examine witnesses, the right to introduce exhibits, and the right to cross-examine opposing witnesses."
K. Chapter 13, Title 8 is amended by adding 8-13-535 to read:
"Section 8-13-545. (A) The committee may issue a formal advisory opinion, based on real or hypothetical sets of circumstances. A formal advisory opinion issued by the committee is binding on the Ethics Commission and the committee, until amended or revoked, in any subsequent charges concerning the person who requested the formal opinion and any other person who acted in reliance upon it in good faith unless material facts were omitted or misstated by the person in the request for the opinion. A formal advisory opinions must be in writing and is considered rendered when approved by a majority of the committee members subscribing to the advisory opinion. Advisory opinions must be made available to the public unless the committee, by majority vote of the total membership of the committee, requires an opinion to remain confidential. However, the identities of the parties involved must be withheld upon request.
(B) Staff of the appropriate ethics committee may issue a written informal advisory opinion to a member upon that member's request. If raised in response to a complaint, the Ethics Commission and the committee shall consider whether the member relied, in good faith, upon a written informal opinion prior to making a probable cause determination or concurring in a determination, as applicable. A written informal advisory opinion issued by the committee staff is binding on the Ethics Commission and the committee, until amended or revoked, in any subsequent charges concerning the person who requested the informal opinion unless material facts were omitted or misstated by the person in the request for the opinion."
PART IV
RULES OF CONDUCT
SECTION 10. Section 8-13-700 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-700. (A) No A public official, public member, or public employee may not knowingly use his official office, membership, or employment to:
(1) obtain an economic interest for himself, a family member, an individual with whom he is associated, or a business with which he is associated.;
(2) participate or engage in a private business for which the public official, public member, or public employee is compensated for services rendered during the hours of employment for the State or for a political subdivision of the State;
(3) use offices, equipment, materials, or supplies of the State or a political subdivision of the State for a private business or for private business activities for which the public official, public member, or public employee is compensated.
This prohibition does not extend to the incidental use of public materials, personnel, or equipment, subject to or available for a public official's, public member's, or public employee's use that does not result in additional public expense, or to the incidental conversations, communications, or activities of a part-time public official or public member related to his primary occupation or business that does not interfere with the performance of his official duties or responsibilities.
(B) No A public official, public member, or public employee may not make, participate in making, or in any way attempt to use his office, membership, or employment to influence a governmental decision in which he, a family member, an individual with whom he is associated, or a business with which he is associated has an economic interest. If a member of the General Assembly determines that he has conflict pursuant to this section, he shall comply with items (1) and (2) before abstaining from all votes on the matter. A public official, public member, or public employee who, in the discharge of his official responsibilities, is required to take an action or make a decision which affects an economic interest of himself, a family member, an individual with whom he is associated, or a business with which he is associated shall:
(1) prepare a written statement describing the matter requiring action or decisions and the specific nature of his potential conflict of interest with respect to the action or decision;
(2) if the public official is a member of the General Assembly, he shall deliver a copy of the statement to the presiding officer of the appropriate house. The presiding officer shall have the statement printed in the appropriate journal and require that the member of the General Assembly be excused from votes, deliberations, and other action on the matter on which a potential conflict exists;
(3) if he is a public employee, he shall furnish a copy of the statement to his superior, if any, who shall assign the matter to another employee who does not have a potential conflict of interest. If he has no immediate superior, he shall take the action prescribed by the State Ethics Commission;
(4) if he is a public official, other than a member of the General Assembly, he shall furnish a copy of the statement to the presiding officer of the governing body of an agency, commission, board, or of a county, municipality, or a political subdivision thereof, on which he serves, who shall cause the statement to be printed in the minutes and require that the member be excused from any votes, deliberations, and other actions on the matter on which the potential conflict of interest exists and shall cause the disqualification and the reasons for it to be noted in the minutes;
(5) if he is a public member, he shall furnish a copy to the presiding officer of an agency, commission, board, or of a county, municipality, or a political subdivision thereof, on which he serves, who shall cause the statement to be printed in the minutes and shall require that the member be excused from any votes, deliberations, and other actions on the matter on which the potential conflict of interest exists and shall cause such disqualification and the reasons for it to be noted in the minutes.
(C) Where a public official, public member, or public employee or a member of his immediate family holds an economic interest in a blind trust, he is not considered to have a conflict of interest with regard to matters pertaining to that economic interest, if the existence of the blind trust has been disclosed to the appropriate supervisory office.
(D) The provisions of this section do not apply to any court in the unified judicial system.
(E) When a member of the General Assembly is required by law to appear because of his business interest as an owner or officer of the business or in his official capacity as a member of the General Assembly, this section does not apply.
(F) Any public official who must recuse himself pursuant to this section shall do so at all times when the matter is before the body or agency of which the public official is a member. The requirement of recusal under this section applies to, but is not limited to, participation in matters considered by committees, subcommittees, study committees, or other components of the body or agency of which the public official is a member. The requirement of recusal does not apply to participation in any procedural matters considered by the committee, subcommittee, or other component of the body or agency of which the public official is a member.
(G) A person who violates this section is guilty of a:
(1) misdemeanor, if the economic interest is ten thousand dollars or less, and upon conviction must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both;
(2) felony, if the economic interest is more than ten thousand dollars, and upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both."
SECTION 11. Section 8-13-710(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B) A public official, public member, or public employee required to file a statement of economic interests under Section 8-13-1110 who receives, accepts, or takes, directly or indirectly, from a person, anything of value worth twenty-five dollars or more in a day and anything of value worth or if the value totals, in the aggregate, two hundred dollars or more in the aggregate in a calendar year must report on his statement of economic interests pursuant to Section 8-13-1120 the thing of value from:
(1) a person, if there is reason to believe the donor would not give the thing of value but for the public official's, public member's, or public employee's office or position;
(2) a person, or from an officer or director of a person, if the public official, public member, or public employee has reason to believe the person:
(a) has or is seeking to obtain contractual or other business or financial relationships with the public official's, public member's, or public employee's governmental entity;
(b) conducts operations or activities which are regulated by the public official's, public member's, or public employee's governmental entity."
SECTION 12. Section 8-13-720 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) No A person may not offer or pay to a public official, public member, or public employee and no a public official, public member, or public employee may not solicit or receive money in addition to that received by the public official, public member, or public employee in his official capacity for advice or assistance given in the course of his employment as a public official, public member, or public employee.
(B) A person who violates this section is guilty of a:
(1) misdemeanor, if the amount offered, paid, solicited, or received is ten thousand dollars or less, and upon conviction must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both;
(2) felony, if the amount offered, paid, solicited, or received is more than ten thousand dollars, and upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both."
SECTION 13. Section 8-13-725(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A)(1) A public official, public member, or public employee may not use or disclose confidential information gained in the course of or by reason of his official responsibilities in a way that would affect an economic interest held by him, a member of his immediate family, an individual with whom he is associated, or a business with which he is associated.
(2) A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a:
(a) misdemeanor, if the economic interest is ten thousand dollars or less, and upon conviction must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both;
(b) felony, if the economic interest is more than ten thousand dollars, and upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both."
SECTION 14. Section 8-13-740(A)(2)(c) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 181 of 1993, is further amended to read:
"(c) in a contested case or a matter that may become a contested case, as defined in Section 1-23-310, excluding a contested case for a rate or price fixing matter before the South Carolina Public Service Commission or South Carolina Department of Insurance, or in an agency's consideration of the drafting and promulgation of regulations under Chapter 23, of Title 1 in a public hearing."
SECTION 15. Section 8-13-740(B) is amended to read:
(B)(1) A member of the General Assembly, when he, an individual with whom he is associated, or a business with which he is associated represents a client for compensation as permitted by subsection (A)(2)(c), must file within his annual statement of economic interests a listing of fees earned, services rendered, names of persons represented, and the nature of contacts made with the governmental entities.
(2) When a member of the General Assembly, a member of his immediate family, or a business with which he is associated represents a client for compensation in a claim brought against a state governmental entity, other than in a post-conviction relief or habeas proceeding, he must file within his annual statement of economic interests a listing of fees earned from funds paid by, or on behalf of, the state governmental entity and the nature of contacts made with the state governmental entity."
SECTION 16. Section 8-13-755 of the 1976 Code of Laws is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-755. A former public official, former public member, or former public employee holding public office, membership, or employment on or after January 1, 1992, may not for a period of one year two years after terminating his public service or employment:
(1) serve as a lobbyist or represent clients before the agency or department on which he formerly served in a matter which he directly and substantially participated during his public service or employment, unless otherwise prohibited pursuant to Section 2-17-15; or
(2) accept employment if the employment:
(a) is from a person who is regulated by the agency or department on which the former public official, former public member, or former public employee served or was employed; and
(b) involves a matter in which the former public official, former public member, or former public employee directly and substantially participated during his public service or public employment.
SECTION 17. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-756. The provisions of Sections 8-13-700, 8-13-710, 8-13-715, and 8-13-755 do not apply to a public employee of an institution of higher education who participates in the development of intellectual property that benefits the institution and the State of South Carolina, provided that the institution of higher education retains some royalty rights to the intellectual property."
SECTION 18. Section 8-13-775 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-775. (A) A public official, public member, or public employee may not have an economic interest in a contract with the State or its political subdivisions if the public official, public member, or public employee is authorized to perform an official function relating to the contract. Official function means writing or preparing the contract specifications, acceptance of bids, award of the contract, or other action on the preparation or award of the contract.
(B) A public official, public member, or public employee may not award a contract to, nor participate in any discussion concerning, the award of a contract with the State or its political subdivisions for either a business or an individual with which he is associated or to a business associated with a member of the public official's, public member's, or public employee's immediate family.
(C) This section is not intended to infringe on or prohibit public employment contracts with this State or a political subdivision of this State nor does it prohibit the award of contracts awarded through a process of public notice and competitive bids if the public official, public member, or public employee has not performed an official function nor participate in any discussion regarding the contract."
SECTION 19. Section 8-13-780(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B) In addition to existing remedies for breach of the ethical standards of this chapter or regulations promulgated hereunder, the State Ethics Commission may impose an oral or a written warning or reprimand."
SECTION 20. Section 8-13-790(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) The value of anything transferred or received in breach of the ethical standards of Articles 1 through 11 of this chapter or regulations promulgated under it by a public employee, public official, or a nonpublic employee or official may must be recovered from the public employee, public official, or nonpublic employee or official."
PART V
DISCLOSURE OF ECONOMIC INTEREST
SECTION 21. Section 8-13-360 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-360. Upon request, the commission shall make statements and reports filed with the commission available for public inspection and copying during regular office hours. The commission shall provide copying facilities at a cost not to exceed the actual cost. A statement may be requested by mail, and the commission shall mail a copy of the requested information to the individual making the request upon payment of appropriate postage, copying costs, and employee labor costs. The commission must also make statements and reports filed with the commission electronically accessible to the public. The commission shall publish and make available to the public and to persons subject to this chapter explanatory information concerning this chapter, the duties imposed by this chapter, and the means for enforcing this chapter."
SECTION 22. Section 8-13-365 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-365. (A) The commission shall establish a system of electronic filing for all disclosures and reports required pursuant to Chapter 13, Title 8, and Chapter 17, Title 2 from all persons and entities subject to its jurisdiction except for forms and reports required pursuant to Article 9, Chapter 13, Title 8. These disclosures and reports must be filed using an Internet-based filing system as prescribed by the commission. Reports and disclosures filed with the Ethics Committees of the Senate and House of Representatives for legislative offices must be in a format such that these filings can be forwarded to the State Ethics Commission using an Internet-based system. The information contained in the reports and disclosure forms, with the exception of social security numbers, campaign bank account numbers, and tax ID numbers, must be publicly accessible, searchable, and transferable.
(B) The Ethics Commission must submit to the General Assembly a report no later than one year after implementation of subsection (A), concerning the effectiveness of mandatory electronic filing, and must make recommendations as to the implementation of mandatory filing for all other candidates and entities."
SECTION 23. Section 8-13-1110 of the 1976 is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1110. (A) No public official, regardless of compensation, and no public member or public employee as designated in subsection (B) may take the oath of office or enter upon his official responsibilities unless he has filed a statement of economic interests pursuant to Section 8-13-365 in accordance with the appropriate supervisory office. If a public official, public member, or public employee referred to in this section has no economic interests to disclose, he shall nevertheless file a statement of inactivity to that effect with the appropriate supervisory office. All disclosure statements are matters of public record open to inspection upon request.
(B) Each of the following public officials, public members, and public employees must file a statement of economic interests with the appropriate supervisory office, unless otherwise provided:
(1) a person appointed to fill the unexpired term of an elective office;
(2) a salaried member of a state board, commission, or agency;
(3) the chief administrative official or employee and the deputy or assistant administrative official or employee or director of a division, institution, or facility of any agency or department of state government;
(4) the city administrator, city manager, or chief municipal administrative official or employee, by whatever title;
(5) the county manager, county administrator, county supervisor, or chief county administrative official or employee, by whatever title;
(6) the chief administrative official or employee of each political subdivision including, but not limited to, school districts, libraries, regional planning councils, airport commissions, hospitals, community action agencies, water and sewer districts, and development commissions;
(7) a school district and county superintendent of education;
(8) a school district board member and a county board of education member;
(9) the chief finance official or employee and the chief purchasing official or employee of each agency, institution, or facility of state government, and of each county, municipality, or other political subdivision including, but not limited to, those named in item (6);
(10) a public official;
(11) a public member who serves on a state board, commission, or council; and
(12) Department of Transportation District Engineering Administrators."
SECTION 24. Section 8-13-1120 of the 1976 is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1120. (A) A statement of economic interests filed pursuant to Section 8-13-1110 must be on forms prescribed by the State Ethics Commission and must contain full and complete information concerning:
(1) the name, business or government address, and workplace telephone number of the filer;
(2) the source, type, and amount or value of income, not to include tax refunds, of substantial monetary value received from a governmental entity by the filer or a member of the filer's immediate family during the reporting period;
(3)(a) the description, value, and location of all real property owned and options to purchase real property during the reporting period by a filer or a member of the filer's immediate family if:
(i) there have been any public improvements of more than two hundred dollars on or adjacent to the real property within the reporting period and the public improvements are known to the filer; or
(ii) the interest can reasonably be expected to be the subject of a conflict of interest; or
(b) if a sale, lease, or rental of personal or real property is to a state, county, or municipal instrumentality of government, a copy of the contract, lease, or rental agreement must be attached to the statement of economic interests;
(4) the name of each organization which paid for or reimbursed actual expenses of the filer for speaking before a public or private group, the amount of such payment or reimbursement, and the purpose, date, and location of the speaking engagement;
(5) the identity of every business or entity in which the filer or a member of the filer's immediate family held or controlled, in the aggregate, securities or interests constituting five percent or more of the total issued and outstanding securities and interests which constitute a value of one hundred thousand dollars or more;
(6)(a) a listing by name and address of each creditor to whom the filer or member of the filer's immediate family owed a debt in excess of five hundred dollars at any time during the reporting period, if the creditor is subject to regulation by the filer or is seeking or has sought a business or financial arrangement with the filer's agency or department other than for a credit card or retail installment contract, and the original amount of the debt and amount outstanding unless:
(i) the debt is promised or loaned by a bank, savings and loan, or other licensed financial institution which loans money in the ordinary course of its business and on terms and interest rates generally available to a member of the general public without regard to status as a public official, public member, or public employee; or
(ii) the debt is promised or loaned by an individual's family member if the person who promises or makes the loan is not acting as the agent or intermediary for someone other than a person named in this subitem; and
(b) the rate of interest charged the filer or a member of the filer's immediate family for a debt required to be reported in (a);
If a discharge of a debt required to be reported in (a) has been made, the date of the transaction must be shown.
(7) the name of any lobbyist, as defined in Section 2-17-10(13) who is:
(a) an immediate family member of the filer;
(b) an individual with whom or business with which the filer or a member of the filer's immediate family is associated;
(8) if a public official, public member, or public employee receives compensation from an individual or business which contracts with the governmental entity with which the public official, public member, or public employee serves or is employed, the public official, public member, or public employee must report the name and address of that individual or business and the amount of compensation paid to the public official, public member, or public employee by that individual or business;
(9) the source and a brief description of any gifts, including transportation, lodging, food, or entertainment received during the preceding calendar year from:
(a) a person, if there is reason to believe the donor would not give the gift, gratuity, or favor but for the official's or employee's office or position; or
(b) a person, or from an officer or director of a person, if the public official or public employee has reason to believe the person:
(i) has or is seeking to obtain contractual or other business or financial relationship with the official's or employee's agency; or
(ii) conducts operations or activities which are regulated by the official's or employee's agency if the value of the gift is twenty-five dollars or more in a day or if the value totals, in the aggregate, two hundred dollars or more in a calendar year. ;
(10) the source of any other income received by the filer or a member of the filer's immediate family, not to include income received pursuant to:
(i) a court order;
(ii) interest from a savings, checking or brokerage account with a bank, savings and loan, or other licensed financial institution which offers savings, checking or brokerage accounts in the ordinary course of its business and on terms and interest rates generally available to a member of the general public without regard to status as a public official, public member, or public employee;
(iii) a mutual fund or similar fund in which an investment company invests its shareholders' money in a diversified selection of securities.
(11) the specific source of income received by a public official, a member of the public official's immediate family, or a business with which the public official or a member of his immediate family are associated if the public official or a member of the public official's immediate family directly derives income from a:
(i) contractual or financial relationship, including a consultant or independent contractor's relationship, with a lobbyist's principal or an entity controlled by, affiliated with, or existing for the benefit of a lobbyist's principal;
(ii) contractual or financial relationship, including a consultant or independent contractor relationship, with a state or local governmental entity;
(iii) source regulated by the governmental regulatory agency with which the public official serves.
For purposes of item (11), 'contractual or financial relationship' does not include a relationship from which income received by a public official, a member of the public official's immediate family, or a business with which the public official or his immediate family is associated is derived from commercial transactions in which the fair market value of goods transferred or services rendered is paid.
(12) the specific source of income received by a public member, a member of the public member's immediate family, or a business with which the public member or a member of his immediate family are associated if the public member or his immediate family directly derives income from a source regulated by the governmental regulatory agency with which the public member serves.
(B) This article does not require the disclosure of economic interests information concerning:
(1) a spouse separated pursuant to a court order from the public official, public member, or public employee;
(2) a former spouse;
(3) a campaign contribution that is permitted and reported under Article 13 of this chapter; or
(4) matters determined to require confidentiality pursuant to Section 2-17-90(E)."
SECTION 25. Section 8-13-1130 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1130. In addition to the statement of economic interests required pursuant to Section 8-13-1110, a person required to file the statement shall further report to the appropriate supervisory office the name of any person he knows to be a lobbyist as defined in Section 2-17-10(13) or a lobbyist's principal as defined in Section 2-17-10(14) and knows that the lobbyist or lobbyist's principal has in the previous calendar year employed or purchased from the filer, a member of the filer's immediate family, an individual with whom the filer is associated, or a business with which the filer is associated, goods or services in an amount in excess of two hundred dollars."
SECTION 26. Section 8-13-1140 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1140. A person required to file a statement of economic interests under this chapter shall annually file, pursuant to Section 8-13-365, an updated statement for the previous calendar year with the appropriate supervisory office annually, no later than April fifteenth noon on March thirtieth of each calendar year, listing any addition, deletion, or change in his economic status with respect to which information is required to be supplied under this article. If the person has filed the description by name, amount, and schedule of payments of a continuing arrangement relating to an item required to be reported under this article, an updating statement need not be filed for each payment under the continuing arrangement, but only if the arrangement is terminated or altered."
SECTION 27. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-1145. The appropriate supervisory office must send an electronic notice of obligation to report no less than thirty days before the filing date to the e-mail address provided by the filer to any filer who has not yet filed a current statement of economic interests. The filer is not relieved of reporting responsibilities if the notice is not sent or if the filer does not receive a notice."
SECTION 28. Section 8-13-1150 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1150. A consultant must file a statement for the previous calendar year with the appropriate supervisory office , pursuant to Section 8-13-365, no later than twenty-one days after entering into a contractual relationship with the State or a political subdivision of the State and must file an update within ten days from the date the consultant knows or should have known that new economic interests in an entity have arisen in which the consultant or a member of the consultant's immediate family has economic interests:
(1) where the entity's bid was evaluated by the consultant and who was subsequently awarded the contract by the State, county, municipality, or a political subdivision of any of these entities that contracted with the consultant; or
(2) where the entity was awarded a contract by the consultant."
SECTION 29. Section 8-13-1170 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1170. (A) The appropriate supervisory office may, in its discretion, determine that errors or omissions on statements of economic interests are inadvertent and unintentional and not an effort to violate a requirement of this chapter and may be handled as technical violations not subject to the provisions of this chapter pertaining to ethical violations. Technical violations must remain confidential unless requested to be made public by the public official, public member, or public employee filing the statement. In lieu of all other penalties, the appropriate supervisory office may assess a technical violations penalty not exceeding fifty dollars.
(B) The appropriate supervisory office may grant a reasonable extension of time for filing a statement of economic interests. The extension may not exceed thirty days except in cases of illness or incapacitation."
SECTION 30. Section 8-13-1160 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 31. Section 8-13-1180 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
PART VI
CAMPAIGN PRACTICES
SECTION 32. Section 8-13-1300(3) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(3) 'Business' means a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, proprietorship, firm, an enterprise, a franchise, an association, organization, or a self-employed individual."
SECTION 33. Section 8-13-1300(6) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(6) 'Committee' means a person, two or more individuals, such as any person, association, organization, or other entity that makes, or accepts anything of value to make, contributions or expenditures and has one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) is a political party or executive committee of a political party or is controlled by a political party or executive committee of a political party; or
(b) has the major purpose to support or oppose the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates.
an association, a club, an organization, or a group of persons which, to influence the outcome of an elective office, receives contributions or makes expenditures in excess of five hundred dollars in the aggregate during an election cycle. It also means a person who, to influence the outcome of an elective office, makes:
(a) contributions aggregating at least twenty-five thousand dollars during an election cycle to or at the request of a candidate or a committee, or a combination of them; or
(b) independent expenditures aggregating five hundred dollars or more during an election cycle for the election or defeat of a candidate.
Supporting or opposing the election of clearly identified candidates include supporting or opposing the candidates of a clearly identified political party.
If the entity qualifies as a 'committee' pursuant to this section, it continues to be a committee if it receives contributions or makes expenditures or maintains assets or liabilities. A committee ceases to exist when it winds up its operations, disposes of its assets, and files its final report.
'Committee' includes a party committee, a legislative caucus committee, a noncandidate committee, or a committee that is not a campaign committee for a candidate but that is organized for the purpose of influencing an election and has as the major purpose the support of or opposition to the nomination or election of a candidate to an elective office.
(c) For purposes of this section, factors that shall be considered to indicate a committee has the major purpose of supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates include, but are not limited to:
(i) any of the committee's organizational documents, such as bylaws or articles of incorporation, identify advocacy in support of or in opposition to the nomination or election of one or more candidates as its major purpose;
(ii) over fifty percent of the committee's disbursements made within the State in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the nomination or election of one or more candidates to an elective office;
(iii) over fifty percent of the committee's total disbursements made in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the nomination or election of one or more candidates to an elective office; or
(iii) the committee's public statements, including statements made in oral or written fundraising solicitations, identify advocacy in support of or in opposition to the nomination or election of one or more candidates to elective office as its major purpose."
SECTION 34. Section 8-13-1300(7) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
SECTION 35. Section 8-13-1300(17) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(17) 'Independent expenditure' means:
(a) an expenditure made or incurred directly or indirectly by a person to advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate or ballot measure; and
(b) when taken as a whole and in context, the expenditure made by a person to influence the outcome of an elective office or ballot measure but which is not:
(ii) controlled by;
(iii) coordinated with;
(iv) requested by; or
(v) made upon consultation with a candidate or an agent of a candidate; or a committee or agent of a committee; or a ballot measure committee or an agent of a ballot measure committee.
SECTION 36. Section 8-13-1300(23) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(23) 'Noncandidate committee' means a committee that is not a campaign committee for a candidate but is organized to influence an election or to support or oppose a candidate or public official, for the major purpose to support or oppose the nomination or election of a candidate to elective office, which receives contributions or makes expenditures in excess of five hundred dollars in the aggregate during an election cycle. 'Noncandidate committee' does not include political action committees that contribute solely to federal campaigns. For purposes of this section, factors that shall be considered to indicate a noncandidate committee has the major purpose to support or to oppose the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates include, but are not limited to:
(a) any of the committee's organizational documents, such as bylaws or articles of incorporation, identify advocacy to support or oppose the nomination or election of one or more candidates for elective office as its major purpose;
(b) over fifty percent of the committee's disbursements made within the State in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the nomination or election of one or more candidates for elective office;
(c) over fifty percent of the committee's total disbursements made in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the nomination or election of one or more candidates for elective office; or
(d) the committee's public statements, including statements made in oral or written fundraising solicitations, identify advocacy in support of or in opposition to the nomination or election of one or more candidates for elective office as its major purpose."
SECTION 37. Section 8-13-1300(31) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(31) 'Influence the outcome of an elective office' means:
(a) expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate using words including or substantially similar to 'vote for', 'elect', 'cast your ballot for', 'Smith for Governor', 'vote against', 'defeat', or 'reject'; or
(b) communicating campaign slogans or individual words that, taken in context, have no other reasonable meaning other than to urge the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate including or substantially similar to slogans or words such as 'Smith"s Smith's the One', 'Jones 2000', 'Smith/Jones' , 'Jones!', or 'Smith-A man for the People!'; or
(c) any communication made, not more than forty-five days before an election, which promotes or supports a candidate or attacks or opposes a candidate, regardless of whether the communication expressly advocates a vote for or against a candidate. For purposes of this paragraph, "communication" means (i) any paid advertisement or purchased program time broadcast over television or radio; (ii) any paid message conveyed through telephone banks, direct mail, or electronic mail; or (iii) any paid advertisement that costs more than five thousand dollars that is conveyed through a communication medium other than those set forth in subsections (i) or (ii) of this paragraph. "Communication" does not include news, commentary, or editorial programming or article, or communication to an organization's own members."
SECTION 38. Section 8-13-1300(32) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(32) 'Ballot measure committee' means:
(a) an association, club, an organization, or a group of persons which, to influence the outcome for which the major purpose is to support or oppose the passage of a ballot measure, receives contributions or makes expenditures in excess of two thousand five hundred dollars in the aggregate during an election cycle;
(b) a person, other than an individual, who, to influence the outcome of a ballot measure, makes contributions aggregating at least fifty thousand dollars during an election cycle to or at the request of a ballot measure committee; or
(c) a person, other than an individual, who, to influence the outcome of a ballot measure, makes independent expenditures aggregating two thousand five hundred dollars or more during an election cycle.
(d) For purposes of this section, factors that shall be considered to indicate a ballot measure committee has the major purpose of supporting or opposing the passage of one or more ballot measures include, but are not limited to:
(1) any of the committee's organizational documents, such as bylaws or articles of incorporation, identify advocacy to support or to oppose the passage of one or more ballot measures as its major purpose;
(2) over fifty percent of the committee's disbursements made within the State in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the passage of one or more ballot measures; or
(3) over fifty percent of the committee's total disbursements made in a calendar year are made to support or to oppose the passage of one or more ballot measures; or
(4) the committee's public statements, including statements made in oral or written fundraising solicitations, identify advocacy in support of or in opposition to the passage of one or more ballot measures as its major purpose."
SECTION 39. Section 8-13-1300 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection to read:
"( ) 'Public member' means an individual appointed to a noncompensated part-time position on a board, commission, or council. A public member does not lose this status by receiving reimbursement of expenses or a per diem payment for services."
SECTION 40. Section 8-13-1300 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection to read:
"( ) 'electioneering communication' means any broadcast, cable, or satellite communication or mass postal mailing or telephone bank that has the following characteristics:
(a) refers to a candidate for elected office,
(b) that is publically aired or distributed within sixty days prior to a general election or within thirty days prior to a primary for that office, and
(c) may be received by either:
(i) fifty thousand or more individuals in the State in an election for statewide office or seven thousand five hundred or more individuals in any other election if in the form of broadcast, cable, or satellite communication,
(ii) twenty thousand or more households, cumulative per election, in a statewide election or two thousand five hundred households, cumulative per election, in any other election if in the form of mass mailing or telephone bank.
(d) The definition does not include:
(i) a communication appearing in a news story, commentary, or editorial distributed through the facilities of any broadcasting station, unless those facilities are owned or controlled by any political party, political committee, or candidate,
(ii) a communication that constitutes an expenditure or independent expenditure under this Article,
(iii) a communication that constitutes a candidate debate or forum conducted pursuant to rules adopted by a political party or that solely promotes that debate or forum and is made by or on behalf of the person sponsoring the debate or forum,
(iv) a communication made which, incidental to advocacy for or against a specific piece of legislation, ordinance, or local initiative, pending before the General Assembly or governing body of a political subdivision, urges the audience to communicate with a member or members of the General Assembly or the governing body of a political subdivision, concerning that piece of legislation, ordinance, or local initiative, or
(v) a communication that meets all of the following criteria:
(1) does not mention any election, candidacy, political party, opposing candidate, or voting by the general public;
(2) does not take a position on the candidate's character or qualifications and fitness for office; and
(3) proposes a commercial transaction."
SECTION 41. Section 8-13-1300 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection to read:
"( ) 'Independent expenditure-only committee' means a committee that:
(a) is not made by, controlled by, coordinated with, requested by, or made in consultation with a candidate, an agent of a candidate, a political party, or an agent of a political party;
(b) does not make contributions to any candidate or other committee, with the exception of other independent expenditure-only committees;
(c) makes only independent expenditures; and
(d) is organized for the major purpose to support or oppose the nomination or election of a candidate to elective office."
SECTION 42. Section 8-13-1308 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1308. (A) Upon the receipt or expenditure of campaign contributions or the making of independent expenditures totaling an accumulated aggregate of five hundred dollars or more, a candidate or committee required to file a statement of organization pursuant to Section 8-13-1304(A) must file an initial certified campaign report within ten days of these initial receipts or expenditures. However, a candidate who does not receive or expend campaign contributions totaling an accumulated aggregate of five hundred dollars or more must file an initial certified campaign report fifteen days before an election.
(B) Following the filing of an initial certified campaign report, additional certified campaign reports must be filed within ten days following the end of each calendar quarter in which contributions are received or expenditures are made, whether before or after an election until the campaign account undergoes final disbursement pursuant to the provisions of Section 8-13-1370.
(C) Campaign reports filed by a candidate must be certified by the candidate. Campaign reports filed by a committee must be certified by a duly authorized officer of the committee.
(D)(1) At least fifteen days before an election, a certified campaign report must be filed showing contributions of more than one hundred dollars and expenditures to or by the candidate or committee for the period ending twenty days before the election. The candidate or committee must maintain a current list during the period before the election commencing at the beginning of the calendar quarter of the election of all contributions of more than one hundred dollars and expenditures. The list must be open to public inspection upon request.
(2) A committee immediately shall file a campaign report listing expenditures if it makes an independent expenditure or an incurred expenditure within the calendar quarter in which the election is conducted or twenty days before the election, whichever period of time is greater, in excess of:
(a) ten thousand dollars in the case of a candidate for statewide office; or
(b) two thousand dollars in the case of a candidate for any other office.
(3) In the event of a runoff election, candidates or committees are not required to file another campaign report in addition to the reports already required under this section. However, records must remain open to public inspection upon request between the election and the runoff.
(E) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (B) and (D), if a pre-election campaign report provided for in subsection (D) is required to be filed within thirty days of the end of the prior quarter, a candidate or committee must combine the quarterly report provided for in subsection (B) and the pre-election report and file the combined report subject to the provisions of subsection (D) no later than fifteen days before the election.
(F) Five days before an election, a candidate or committee must amend and file the previously filed pre-election certified campaign report required under subsection (D) showing contributions of more than one hundred dollars and expenditures to or by the candidate or committee to that date not previously reported and through the sixth day before the election. The report required by this section must be electronically filed and publicly accessible in the manner provided by Section 8-13-365.
(F)(G) Certified campaign reports detailing campaign contributions and expenditures must contain:
(1) the total of contributions accepted by the candidate or committee;
(2) the name and address of each person making a contribution of more than one hundred dollars and the amount and date of receipt of each contribution;
(3) the total expenditures made by or on behalf of the candidate or committee;
(4) the name and address of each person to whom an expenditure is made from campaign funds, including the date, amount, purpose, and beneficiary of the expenditure.
(G)(H) Notwithstanding any other reporting requirements in this chapter, a political party, legislative caucus committee, and a party committee must file a certified campaign report upon the receipt of anything of value which totals in the aggregate five hundred dollars or more. For purposes of this section, 'anything of value' includes contributions received which may be used for the payment of operation expenses of a political party, legislative caucus committee, or a party committee. A political party also must comply with the reporting requirements of subsections (B), (C), and (F), and (G) of Section 8-13-1308 in the same manner as a candidate or committee.
(H)(I) A committee that solicits contributions pursuant to Section 8-13-1331 must certify compliance with that section on a form prescribed by the State Ethics Commission.
(J) All reports required by this section must be filed pursuant to Section 8-13-365."
SECTION 43. Section 8-13-1309 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1309. (A) Upon the receipt or expenditure of campaign contributions or the making of independent expenditures totaling, in an accumulated aggregate, two thousand five hundred dollars or more, a ballot measure committee required to file a statement of organization pursuant to Section 8-13-1304(B) must file an initial certified campaign report within ten days of these initial receipts or expenditures.
(B) Following the filing of an initial certified campaign report, additional certified campaign reports must be filed within ten days following the end of each calendar quarter in which contributions are received or expenditures are made, whether before or after a ballot measure election until the campaign account undergoes final disbursement pursuant to the provisions of Section 8-13-1370(C).
(C) At least fifteen days before a ballot measure election, a certified campaign report must be filed showing contributions of more than one hundred dollars and expenditures to or by the ballot measure committee for the period ending twenty days before the ballot measure election. The ballot measure committee must maintain a current list during the period before the ballot measure election commencing at the beginning of the calendar quarter of the election of all contributions of more than one hundred dollars. The list must be open to public inspection upon request.
(D) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (B) and (C), if a pre-election campaign report provided for in subsection (C) is required to be filed within thirty days of the end of the prior quarter, a ballot measure committee must combine the quarterly report provided for in subsection (B) and the pre-election report and file the combined report subject to the provisions of subsection (C) no later than fifteen days before the ballot measure election.
(E) Five days before a ballot measure election, a ballot measure committee must amend and file the previously filed pre-election certified campaign report required under subsection (C) showing contributions of more than one hundred dollars and expenditures to the committee to that date not previously reported and through the sixth day before the election. The report required by this section must be filed electronically and publicly accessible in the manner provided by Section 8-13-365.
(E)(F) Certified campaign reports detailing campaign contributions and expenditures must contain:
(1) the total amount of contributions accepted by the ballot measure committee;
(2) the name and address of each person making a contribution of more than one hundred dollars and the amount and date of receipt of each contribution;
(3) the total amount of expenditures made by or on behalf of the ballot measure committee; and
(4) the name and address of each person to whom an expenditure is made from campaign funds, including the date, amount, purpose, and beneficiary of the expenditure.
(G) All reports required by this Section must be filed pursuant to Section 8-13-365."
SECTION 44. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-1311. Independent expenditure-only committees must:
(A) file a statement of organization with the State Ethics Commission no later than five days after receiving or expending more than five hundred dollars in the aggregate during an election cycle to influence the outcome of an elective office;
(B) under penalty of perjury, the chief executive officer or the controlling individual of the committee must file a certification that the independent expenditure-only committee is not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert, with, or at the request or suggestion of, any candidate or any authorized committee or agent of such candidate;
(C) only make independent expenditures; and
(D) comply with all requirements, disclosures, and restrictions of committees under this Article except contribution limits under section 8-13-1322 and the provision of section 8-13-1308."
SECTION 45. Section 8-13-1312 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1312. Except as is required for the separation of funds and expenditures under the provisions of Section 8-13-1300(7), a A candidate shall not establish more than one campaign checking account and one campaign savings account for each office sought, and a committee shall not establish more than one checking account and one savings account unless federal or state law requires additional accounts. For purposes of this article, certificates of deposit or other interest bearing instruments are not considered separate accounts. A candidate's accounts must be established in a financial institution that conducts business within the State and in an office located within the State that conducts business with the general public. The candidate or a duly authorized officer of a committee must maintain the accounts in the name of the candidate or committee. An acronym must not be used in the case of a candidate's accounts. An acronym or abbreviation may be used in the case of a committee's accounts if the acronym or abbreviation commonly is known or clearly recognized by the general public. Except as otherwise provided under Section 8-13-1348(C), expenses paid on behalf of a candidate or committee must be drawn from the campaign account and issued on a check signed by the candidate or a duly authorized officer of a committee. All contributions received by the candidate or committee, directly or indirectly, must be deposited in the campaign account by the candidate or committee within ten days after receipt. All contributions received by an agent of a candidate or committee must be forwarded to the candidate or committee not later than five days after receipt. A contribution must not be deposited until the candidate or committee receives information regarding the name and address of the contributor. If the name and address cannot be determined within seven days after receipt, the contribution must be remitted to the Children's Trust Fund."
SECTION 46. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-1313. A person who is not a committee required to file subject to Section 8-13-1304 and who makes an independent expenditure in an aggregate amount or value in excess of five hundred dollars during a calendar year or makes an electioneering communication must file a report of such expenditure or communication with the State Ethics Commission electronically in the manner prescribed by the Commission pursuant to Section 8-13-365 within thirty days or if the independent expenditure or electioneering communication is made within thirty days before an election, the report must be filed within forty-eight hours. The report must include:
(1) a detailed description of the use of the expenditure or communication and the amount of the expenditure or the cost of the communication;
(2) the full name, primary occupation, street address, and phone number of the reporting person;
(3) the identification of the chief executive officer or for all controlling individuals if the reporting person is a business or another organization that is not an individual, to include name, title, employer, and address;
(4) the name of the candidate or ballot measure that is the target of the independent expenditure or electioneering communication and whether the expenditure or communication was made in support of, or opposition to, the candidate or ballot measure;
(5) the chief executive officer or controlling individual must file, under penalty of perjury, a certification that the independent expenditure is not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert, with, or at the request or suggestion of, any candidate or any authorized committee or agent of such candidate; and
(6)(a) the identification of the top five donors to the reporting person and for any donor who has donated more than ten thousand dollars to the committee within the previous twelve months, to include name, primary occupation, address, and amount of the donation; and
(b) if the donor is a business or another organization that is not an individual, then the identification must indicate the name and title of the chief executive officer or the controlling individual of the donor organization."
SECTION 47. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-1315. An elected official, or a candidate for public office, may not coordinate, consult with, solicit for, or act in concert or at the request of an independent expenditure-only committee registered with the State Ethics Commission that supports or opposes a candidate for that office."
SECTION 48. Section 8-13-1318 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1318. If a candidate has a debt from a campaign for an elective office, the candidate may accept contributions to retire the debt, even if the candidate accepts contributions for another elective office or the same elective office during a subsequent election cycle, as long as those contributions accepted to retire the debt are:
(1) within the contribution limits applicable to the last election in which the candidate sought the elective office for which the debt was incurred; and
If a candidate accepts a contribution to retire a debt from a campaign for an elective office, the contribution must be utilized to retire the debt."
SECTION 49. Section 8-13-1320(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(1) A contribution made on or before the seventh day after a primary or primary runoff is attributed to the primary or primary runoff, respectively. However, in the event of a primary runoff, all contributions made after the day of the primary and continuing through the seventh day after the primary runoff are attributed to the primary runoff for the purposes of applying contribution limits."
SECTION 50. Section 8-13-1322 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1322. (A) A person may not contribute to a committee and a committee may not accept from a person contributions aggregating more than three thousand five hundred dollars in a calendar year.
(B) A person may not contribute to a committee and a committee may not accept from a person a cash contribution unless the cash contribution does not exceed twenty-five dollars for each election and is accompanied by a record of the amount of the contribution and the name and address of the contributor.
(C) The provisions of this section do not apply to independent expenditure-only committees registered with the State Ethics Commission."
SECTION 51. Section 8-13-1328 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1328. (A) A candidate for statewide office or the candidate's family member must not be repaid, for a loan made to the candidate, more than twenty-five thousand dollars in the aggregate after the election.
(B) A candidate for an elective office other than those specified in subsection (A) or a family member of a candidate for an elective office other than those specified in subsection (A) must not be repaid, for a loan made to the candidate, more than ten thousand dollars in the aggregate after the election."
SECTION 52. Chapter 13, Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 8-13-1337. (A) An elective official or the elective official's agent may not knowingly solicit a contribution from an employee in the elective official's area of official responsibility.
(B) A public official or public employee may not provide an advantage or disadvantage to a public employee or applicant for public employment concerning employment, conditions of employment, or application for employment based on the employee's or applicant's contribution, promise to contribute, or failure to contribute to a candidate, a political party, as defined in Section 8-13-1300(26) or a committee, as defined in Section 8-13-1300(6)."
SECTION 53. Section 8-13-1340 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1340. (A) Except as provided in subsections (B) and (E), a candidate or public official shall not make a contribution to another candidate or make an independent expenditure on behalf of another candidate or public official from the candidate's or public official's campaign account or through a committee, except legislative caucus committees, directly or indirectly established, financed, maintained, or controlled by the candidate or public official. For purposes of this section only, candidate includes candidates within the meaning of 431(B) of the Federal Election Campaign Act.
(B) This section does not prohibit a candidate from:
(1) making a contribution from the candidate's own personal funds on behalf of the candidate's candidacy or to another candidate for a different office; or
(2) providing the candidate's surplus funds or material assets upon final disbursement to a legislative caucus committee or party committee in accordance with the procedures for the final disbursement of a candidate under Section 8-13-1370 of this article.
(C) Assets or funds which are the proceeds of a campaign contribution and which are held by or under the control of a public official or a candidate for public office on January 1, 1992, are considered to be funds held by a candidate and subject to subsection (A).
(D) A committee is considered to be directly or indirectly established, financed, maintained, or controlled by a candidate or public official if any of the following are applicable:
(1) the candidate or public official, or an agent of either, has signature authority on the committee's checks;
(2) funds contributed or disbursed by the committee are authorized or approved by the candidate or public official;
(3) the candidate or public official is clearly identified on either the stationery or letterhead of the committee;
(4) the candidate or public official signs solicitation letters or other correspondence on behalf of the entity;
(5) the candidate, public official, or his campaign staff, office staff, or immediate family members, or any other agent of either, has the authority to approve, alter, or veto the committee's solicitations, contributions, donations, disbursements, or contracts to make disbursements; or
(6) the committee pays for travel by the candidate or public official, his campaign staff or office staff, or any other agent of the candidate or public official, in excess of one hundred dollars per calendar year.
(E) The provisions of subsection (A) do not apply to a committee directly or indirectly established, financed, maintained, or controlled by a candidate or public official if the candidate or public official directly or indirectly establishes, finances, maintains, or controls only one committee in addition to any committee formed by the candidate or public official to solely promote his own candidacy and one legislative caucus committee.
(F) No committee operating under the provisions of Section 8-13-1340(E) may:
(1) solicit or accept a contribution from a registered lobbyist if that lobbyist engages in lobbying the public office or public body for which the candidate is seeking election; or
(2) transfer anything of value to any other committee except as a contribution under the limitations of Section 8-13-1314(A) or the dissolution provisions of Section 8-13-1370."
SECTION 54. Section 8-13-1344(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(B)(1) A person may not solicit from a candidate, committee, political party, or other person, money or other property as a condition or consideration for an endorsement, article, or other communication in the news media promoting or opposing a candidate, committee, or political party.
(2) A candidate, committee, or political party may not offer or give money or other property in consideration of an endorsement for the candidate, or for an article or other communication in the news media promoting or opposing a candidate, committee, or political party. This does not prohibit a candidate, committee, or political party from purchasing advertisements from a radio station, television station, wire service, or other bona fide news medium which in the ordinary course of business disseminates news, editorials, columns, other comments, or regularly published periodicals."
SECTION 55. Section 8-13-1348(A) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 248 of 1991, is amended to read:
"(A)(1) No A candidate, committee, public official, or political party may not use campaign funds to defray personal expenses which are unrelated to the campaign or the office if the candidate is an officeholder nor may these funds be converted to personal use. The prohibition of this subsection does not extend to the incidental personal use of campaign materials or equipment nor to an expenditure used to defray any ordinary expenses incurred in connection with an individual's duties as a holder of elective office.
(2) Campaign funds may not be used to pay penalties resulting from a criminal prosecution.
(B) The payment of reasonable and necessary travel expenses or for food or beverages consumed by the candidate or members of his immediate family while at, and in connection with, a political event are permitted.
(C)(1) An expenditure of more than twenty-five dollars drawn upon a campaign account must be made by:
(a) a written instrument;
(b) debit card; or
(c) online transfers.
The campaign account must contain the name of the candidate or committee, and the expenditure must contain the name of the recipient. These expenditures must be reported pursuant to the provisions of Section 8-13-1308.
(2) Expenditures of twenty-five dollars or less that are not made by a written instrument, debit card, or online transfer containing the name of the candidate or committee and the name of the recipient must be accounted for by a written receipt or written record.
(D) An expenditure may not be made that is clearly in excess of the fair market value of services, materials, facilities, or other things of value received in exchange.
(E) A candidate or a duly authorized officer of a committee may not withdraw more than one hundred dollars from the campaign account to establish or replenish a petty cash fund for the candidate or committee at any time, and at no time may the fund exceed one hundred dollars. Expenditures from the petty cash fund may be made only for office supplies, food, transportation expenses, and other necessities and may not exceed twenty-five dollars for each expenditure.
(F) A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a:
(1) misdemeanor, if the amount used or converted to personal use in violation of this section is ten thousand dollars or less, and upon conviction must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both;
(2) felony, if the amount converted to personal use is more than ten thousand dollars, and upon conviction, the person must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both."
SECTION 56. Section 8-13-1352 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1352. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 8-13-1350, a A candidate may use or permit the use of contributions solicited for or received by the candidate to further the candidacy of the individual for an elective office other than the elective office for which the contributions were received if:
(1)(A) the person originally making the contribution gives written authorization for its use to further the candidacy of the individual for a specific office which is not the office for which the contribution was originally intended; and
(2)(B) the contribution is otherwise permitted by law."
SECTION 57. Section 8-13-1356 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1356. (A) This section does not apply to a public official who has a current disclosure statement on file with the appropriate supervisory office pursuant to Sections 8-13-1110 or 8-13-1140.
(B) A candidate must file a statement of economic interests for the preceding calendar year at the same time and with the same official with whom the candidate files a declaration of candidacy or petition for nomination. A person who becomes a candidate by filing a petition for nomination must electronically file a statement of economic interests for the preceding calendar year pursuant to Section 8-13-365 within fifteen days of submitting the petition pursuant to Section 7-11-70 or Section 7-11-71.
(C) The official with whom the candidate files a declaration of candidacy or petition for nomination, no later than five business days after candidacy books close, must file a copy of the statement with the appropriate supervisory office.
(D) An individual who becomes a candidate other than by filing must, no later than fifteen business days after becoming a candidate, file a statement of economic interests for the preceding calendar year with the appropriate supervisory office.
(E) An officer authorized to receive declarations of candidacy and petitions for nominations under the provisions of Chapter 11 of Title 7 may not accept a declaration of candidacy or petition for nomination unless the declaration or petition is accompanied by a statement of economic interests. If the candidate's name inadvertently appears on the ballot, the officer authorized to receive declarations of candidacy or petitions for nomination must not certify the candidate subsequent to the election.
(F) If the candidate files for office before January first of the year in which the election is held, he must file a supplementary statement covering the preceding calendar year no later than April first of the year in which the election is held.
(C) A person who becomes a write-in candidate must electronically file a statement of economic interests for the preceding calendar year within twenty-four hours of filing an initial campaign finance report pursuant to Section 8-13-1308(A) or before taking the oath of office, whichever occurs earlier.
(G)(D) A candidate who is not a public official otherwise filing a statement has the same disclosure requirements as a public official with the exception of reporting gifts.
(H) The State Ethics Commission must furnish to each clerk of court in the State forms on which the statement of economic interests shall be filed.
(E) The appropriate supervisory office shall assess a civil penalty pursuant to Section 8-13-1510 against a candidate who fails to timely file a statement of economic interests as required by this section. "
SECTION 58. Section 8-13-1360 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1360. (A) The State Ethics Commission shall develop a contribution and expenditure reporting form pursuant to Section 8-13-365 which must include:
(1)(A) a designation as a pre-election or quarterly report and, if a pre-election report, the election date;
(2)(B) the candidate's name and address or, in the case of a committee, the name and address of the committee;
(3)(C) the balance of campaign accounts on hand at the beginning and at the close of the reporting period and the location of those campaign accounts;
(4)(D) the total amount of all contributions received during the reporting period; the total amount of contributions of one hundred dollars or less in the aggregate from one source received during the reporting period; and the name and address of each person contributing more than one hundred dollars in the aggregate during the reporting period, the date and amount of the contribution, and the year-to-date total for each contributor. Written promises or pledges to make a contribution must be reported separately in the same manner as other monetary contributions;
(5)(E) the total amount of all loans received during the reporting period and the total amount of loans for the year to date. The report also must include the date and amount of each loan from one source during the reporting period, the name and address of each maker or guarantor of each loan, the year-to-date total of each maker or guarantor, and the terms of the loan, including the interest rate, repayment terms, loan payments, and existing balances on each loan;
(6)(F) the date and amount of any in-kind contributions of more than one hundred dollars in the aggregate by one person during the reporting period, and the contributor's name, address, and year-to-date total;
(7)(G) the total amount of all refunds, rebates, interest, and other receipts not previously identified during the reporting period, and their year-to-date total; the total amount of other receipts received of one hundred dollars or less in the aggregate from one source during the reporting period; the date and amount of each refund, rebate, interest, or other receipt not previously identified of more than one hundred dollars in the aggregate from one source, the name and address and the year-to-date total for each source;
(8)(H) the aggregate total of all contributions, loans, and other receipts during the reporting period and the year-to-date total; the amount, date, and a brief description of each expenditure made during the reporting period, the name and address of the entity to which the expenditure was made, and the year-to-date total of expenditures to that entity. Credit card expenses and candidate reimbursements must be itemized so that the purpose and recipient of the expenditure are identified;
(9)(I) the total amount of all loans made during the reporting period and the year-to-date total. The report also must include the date and amount of each loan to one entity during the reporting period, the name and address of each recipient of the loan, and the terms of the loan, including the interest rate, repayment terms, purpose of the loan, the year-to-date total, and existing balances.
(B) A candidate or committee must disclose all information required on the form developed under this section."
SECTION 59. Section 8-13-1364 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1364. The appropriate supervisory office must send a notice an electronic notice of obligation to report and reporting forms by first class mail no less than thirty days before the filing date for each reporting period to the e-mail address provided by the candidate or committee. A candidate or committee is not relieved of reporting responsibilities if the notice or forms are is not sent or if the candidate or committee does not receive a notice or forms."
SECTION 60. Section 8-13-1372 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 8-13-1372. (A) The appropriate supervisory office, in its discretion, may determine that errors or omissions on campaign reports are inadvertent and unintentional and not an effort to violate a requirement of this chapter and may be handled as technical violations which are not subject to the provisions of this chapter pertaining to ethical violations. Technical violations must remain confidential unless requested to be made public by the candidate filing the report. In lieu of all other penalties, the appropriate supervisory office may assess a technical violations penalty not to exceed fifty dollars.
(B) A violation other than an inadvertent or unintentional violation must be considered by the appropriate supervisory office for appropriate action."
SECTION 61. Section 8-13-1310 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 62. Section 8-13-1350 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 63. Section 8-13-1358 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 64. Section 8-13-1362 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
SECTION 65. Section 8-13-1366 of the 1976 Code is repealed.
PART VII
PUBLIC INTEGRITY UNIT
SECTION 66. A. Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"CHAPTER 2
Public Integrity Unit
Section 23-2-10. (A) In order to insure ethical conduct in public service of this State and to promote integrity in government institutions, a partnership of agencies and other persons employed in investigating, auditing, and inspecting serious misconduct by government officials in this State is hereby established to be known as the 'South Carolina Public Integrity Unit' and this chapter must be interpreted to achieve the purposes of the Public Integrity Unit.
(B) Nothing in this chapter may be construed to preclude agencies or other entities within this State from performing existing functions, investigation authority, or adjudication as otherwise prescribed by law.
(C) It is the intent of the General Assembly in creating this partnership to maximize existing resources, expertise, and available information to coordinate investigations of alleged government corruption, unethical conduct, and violations of the public trust, all of which are imperative to preserving the faith of the public in its institutions. Each partner agency or entity may release information for investigative purposes to the other named partners as provided in this chapter, but the agency that originates that document remains responsible for release authority.
(D) As contained in this chapter:
(1) 'Appropriate supervisory office' means:
(a) the State Ethics Commission for all persons required to file reports under Chapter 13, Title 8, except for those members of or candidates for the office of State Senator or State Representative;
(b) the Senate Ethics Committee for members of the Senate, or staff, or candidates for the office of State Senator; and
(c) the House of Representatives Ethics Committee for members of the House of Representatives, or staff, or candidates for the office of State Representative.
(2) 'Partner' means each of the five named members of the Public Integrity Unit, and their respective agencies, namely the Attorney General, Chief of the State Law Enforcement Division, Director of the Department of Revenue, the Executive Director of the South Carolina Ethics Commission, and the Inspector General.
(3) 'Unit' means the Public Integrity Unit as described in this chapter.
Section 23-2-20. (A) There is hereby created a 'South Carolina Public Integrity Unit' consisting of the following five partner members:
(1) the Attorney General;
(2) the Chief of the State Law Enforcement Division;
(3) the Director of the Department of Revenue;
(4) the Executive Director of the South Carolina Ethics Commission; and
(5) the Inspector General.
(B) The members provided for in subsection (A) are ex officio members. The members may provide employees or staff from their respective agencies for the unit as necessary. Employees of other government agencies may be included in particular investigations.
(C) Members of the unit shall serve without compensation. A unit member who terminates his office or employment which qualified him as a member of the unit immediately shall cease to be a member of the unit.
Section 23-2-30. The Attorney General shall provide administrative support for the unit. The unit shall not have employees, but the partnering entities shall assign members, investigators, auditors, or support staff from within their respective agencies or staff.
Section 23-2-40. Nothing in this chapter establishes the unit as a separate entity to receive complaints from the general public. The unit shall receive allegations of criminal conduct from partner entities, an appropriate supervisory office, or any other state agency authorized to receive complaints against public employees, officers, or officials.
Section 23-2-50. Upon receipt of an allegation from a partner, the members shall determine whether it is appropriate for investigation by the unit or if the matter should be returned to the forwarding authority for action. The unit is an investigative partnership and not an adjudicating entity. Completed investigations that substantiate serious criminal conduct may be provided directly to the Attorney General or a solicitor. Substantiated investigations of a civil nature or deemed to be procedural error must be sent to the appropriate supervisory office. Unsubstantiated investigations must be returned to the entity that forwarded the investigation to the unit.
Section 23-2-60. The unit may accept investigations of criminal conduct by referral only. The referring entity shall identify the scope of the investigation. Completed investigations that substantiate serious criminal conduct may be provided directly to the Attorney General or a solicitor. Substantiated investigations not undertaken by the Attorney General or a solicitor, substantiated investigations deemed procedural errors, or unsubstantiated investigations must be returned to the appropriate referring entity. Referral to the unit may be made by:
(1) the Senate Ethics Committee as provided for within their rules or by law;
(2) the House of Representatives Ethics Committee as provided for within their rules or by law;
(3) the Supreme Court as allowed within its rules or by law; or
(4) any of the other partners identified in Section 23-2-20.
Section 23-2-70. The unit is a collaborative investigating entity that may include privileged communications, protected information, and protected identities under law. Freedom of Information Act requests must be made directly to the partner agency that generates such documents. Partnering entities that use information from another partner within the unit shall follow the release protocol of the originating partner. The unit shall not release any information related to its investigation or its results until such time as the matter is substantiated by the originating partner or undertaken as a criminal prosecution by the Attorney General or a solicitor.
Section 23-2-80. The unit may make recommendations to the General Assembly or to the Governor regarding the carrying out of the purposes, objectives, and intentions of this chapter or other acts relating to enforcement of ethics or public integrity issues. The partners shall report to the General Assembly each year of trends of cases, recommendations of reforms, and fiscal issues of the unit each year through the administrative support of the Attorney General.
Section 23-2-90. Partner members of the Public Integrity Unit, to the extent that they are authorized in their respective agencies, are authorized to:
(A) accept contributions, funds, or grants from foundations, state agencies, or the federal government, for the purpose of carrying out the programs and objectives of this chapter, provided such funds are not related to any particular case and are part of an established program for the improvement of investigation capability, and not from a public official or an entity within the control or influence of that public official;
(B) consult and cooperate with counties, municipalities, agencies, or official bodies of this State or of other states, other governmental agencies, and with colleges and universities, including technical colleges, and other institutions, concerning investigations of violations of the laws of this State;
(C) publish or cause to be published manuals, information bulletins, newsletters, and other materials to achieve the objectives of this chapter; and
(D) promulgate regulations as necessary for the administration of this chapter, including the issuance of administrative procedures for coordination among the partner entities.
Section 23-2-100. An oral or written report, document, statement, or other communication that is written, made, or delivered concerning the requirements or administration of this chapter or regulations promulgated under it must not be the subject of or basis for an action at law or in equity for slander or libel in any court of the State if the communication is between:
(A) a law enforcement agency, its agents, employees, or representatives; and
(B) the unit, its agents, employees, or representatives.
Section 23-2-110. If the unit determines that assistance is needed in conducting an investigation, the unit shall request the assistance of appropriate agencies."
SECTION 67. The programs, functions, and requirements of the provisions in Chapter 2, Title 23 of the 1976 Code as contained in SECTION 66 must be terminated five years after the effective date of the act unless otherwise authorized by the General Assembly. Upon termination, the Public Integrity Unit shall be dissolved and must wind up any investigations accepted pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 2, Title 23 of the 1976 Code as contained in SECTION 66 within six months of termination.
PART VIII
MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION 68. A committee prohibited pursuant to SECTION 53 of this act in existence on the effective date of this act must distribute all unexpended funds in the manner provided for in Section 8-13-1370(C).
SECTION 69. The General Assembly finds that all the provisions contained in this act relate to one subject as required by Section 17, Article III of the South Carolina Constitution in that each provision relates directly to or in conjunction with other sections to the subject of election reform as stated in the title. The General Assembly further finds that a common purpose or relationship exists among the sections, representing a potential plurality but not disunity of topics, notwithstanding that reasonable minds might differ in identifying more than one topic contained in this act.
SECTION 70. The provisions of this act are severable. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, item, subitem, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of the act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, item, subitem, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, items, subitems, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 71. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator JACKSON spoke on the Bill.
Remarks by Senator JACKSON
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT.
Lady and gentlemen of the Senate, I want to talk about Amendment No. 1, particularly as it relates to the Governor and the Governor's appointees to this committee. Here is what concerns me about what came out of the Senate Judiciary Committee and even the amendment that's on the Desk now.
The last couple days we have had an opportunity to hear something that was really very emotional to a lot of us, Senator LEATHERMAN. Five Democrats and five Republicans voted and worked for two days all afternoon on Thursday and came back on Friday morning. Out of all of the 20 years that I have been here, it was the most heart-wrenching thing that I have ever had to do. It involved one of our colleagues that served in this body for years, and contrary to what many of us may think he did, I am not condoning any of the things that he has been accused of. He has done a lot of good things in this body and for this State. We worked as a bipartisan group, the members of the Ethics Committee, and did what was necessary. We looked at the charges and found reasons to believe that we should go forward.
I want to commend the Chairman of the Ethics Committee, Senator RANKIN. He handled it in a very dignified and fair way. As a member of the minority party in its body, he was open and communicated to all sides. I felt as if I knew as much as anybody on Ethics. Not once was anything partisan brought up as it relates to this. Here is why I'm speaking on this amendment because here is what really concerns me. Having met Thursday for hours and having to get up early Friday morning to come and meet for hours, as well as having to go to one of our colleagues late Thursday night to look at him with tears in his eyes and say to him, "It does not look good. You have some tough decisions to make and do what you think is best for the institution you love."
That was hard, Senator PEELER, because when you are looking at someone who is an adult man crying in your arms because of a decision that he knew he had to make -- was tough. It was tough to make. The Senate Ethics Committee staff laid out all the charges. Senator FORD had representation and there were questions from both sides. At the end of that whole process, I don't think anyone could fault anything procedurally that was done by the Senate Ethics Committee. We did our job. This was the first year that I served on the Ethics Committee and, ironically, the Senator from Charleston, the former Senator from Charleston, Senator FORD, passed when making his committee selections to be a member of the Ethics Committee, so that I could serve. Why? He said to me, "I don't think I want to. I'm not sure I have the time or even the disposition to be doing that. I want you to do that." He was higher in seniority alphabetically than I was by the mere fact his name was FORD and my name is JACKSON, so he passed. And, ironically, the first case that we have is one involving him. I'm doing this so you can understand how heart-wrenching it was and why I have a concern about the amendment that is on the Desk as it relates to the Governor's participation.
Because I think when you are dealing with ethics, you cannot deal with politics. You can't deal with who wins and who loses and what is best for one party and what is best for another. That is why it is five-five -- five Democrats and five Republicans -- and in order to get any kind of decision, you have to have at least one member of the other party agree. So, having met the Senator from Charleston, having talked to him, Senator MALLOY, we were involved as were others -- Senator FORD made a decision. He looked at the evidence. He made a tough decision. And he said to me, Senator McGILL, "I don't want to put the body that I love through any more turmoil than what they have already gone through." So, he called me late that night and said to me, "Senator, I am offering my letter of resignation as I have seen the committee's report and I know what has been done." He said, "I'm offering -- and I hope you guys are able to understand, and perhaps show some mercy as it relates to your findings and what the consequences will be." He paid the ultimate price. Had we had ethics reform, nothing would have happened differently than what happened on Thursday and Friday, Senator LARRY MARTIN. The end result perhaps would have been the same.
Here is what concerns me mightily. So, I awakened Friday morning and I read my local newspaper and I saw a quote from Rob Godfrey that said, "Senator ROBERT FORD is the reason why we need ethics reform." I blew a gasket. I blew a gasket. Here is a guy who probably didn't sit in a minute of the hearings and he has passed judgment. Now, you talk about kicking a guy when he's down, stepping on a guy when he's down and no one from his office, from his boss, the Governor, or anyone else had the decency to stand up and say that Mr. Godfrey did not speak for me. I read that comment and I waited on the correction. I waited on someone to be honest to say, "Look, he should not have gone there. This was not something that should have been said." ROBERT FORD is not the reason we need ethics reform. Since she brought it up, the amendment is on the Desk.
Let me remind you of something. There was a former House member who went through an ethics hearing and at that time, the committee, Senator HAYES, was not evenly divided. And those hearings were not as thorough as the one that Senator RANKIN and others presided over and if memory serves me correctly, that vote was purely on partisan lines -- five in agreement and one against. It was purely partisan. That was before Senator FORD's hearing. Guess who that former House member was? It was the boss of the gentleman who had the unmitigated gaul to make this ridiculous statement and say ROBERT FORD is the reason we need ethics reform.
The Senate did its job. ROBERT FORD may have bought gas for a car but he didn't buy gas for an airplane. ROBERT FORD did not shake down industries that he co-chaired in a subcommittee to go into an entity that provided an income for themselves. Senator FORD did not do any of that, and yet they could say he is the reason why we need ethics reform? After that, I said to my colleagues, "I am not in any mood to entertain anything the rest of this session on ethics reform." The reason is because it has become partisan -- the one issue that should not be partisan at all but is all about checking the box to say I have a win on my agenda and I don't care who I step on. I don't care who I pour fire on that's already burning.
Here is a man who cried his heart out and Senator MALLOY is right -- he has no family in South Carolina -- his only sisters live in California. He has no children. He has no wife. All he had was the Senate. Did he do wrong? Yes. It was tough for some of us to sign that paper and say that one of my closest friends in the General Assembly violated the law. But we did the right thing because it was required of us, and yet, I woke up the next morning and how someone, who themselves have gone through an Ethics hearing without a unanimous decision, could say that this guy who had the decency to resign is the reason we need ethics reform? Well, let me say, if we leave here Thursday without a Bill, this would be the reason why. Because it makes no sense -- and I know you guys say this should be bigger than one person. Really? Should it really be? If that is the case, then who is going to criticize the Governor's staff? Who is going to require him to resign? Who is going to say to her, "You should censor this guy?" No one. She certainly hasn't done it. No one else has called for her to do it.
We worked hard. We put a lot of effort into that hearing, and then a guy made that statement -- who, at the same time when Senator FORD was in a hospital bed at the Baptist Hospital with blood pressure that was going through the roof. Doctors were trying to determine whether or not the guy had had a stroke or not and whether or not he could leave the hospital. You know the doctor asked him, "Is there a family member I can call to give you a ride home?" And, he said, "I have none." Yet, he woke up in the morning and he heard this. This does not represent us. And this is not the best of South Carolina. And on that day, it wasn't a great day in South Carolina. Not when the chief executive officer can stoop to something this low. And so I look forward tomorrow to debating this Bill and I look forward to see what, if anything, happens to Rob Godfrey -- to see if he's taken to the wood shed for this and to see if he's checked for this; to see if anybody would have the decency to say to him, "That was beyond what anyone should have said." Ethics goes beyond ROBERT FORD. It is bigger than Governor Haley. It is larger than anything else.
Finally, we did the right thing. We found cause. We had public hearings. We are publicly seizing all of the evidence. We looked one of our very own in the face and said, "You violated the law -- there must be consequences." Tell me what else could we have done? Tell me, even if you have ethics reform, what would have been done differently than what we have already done?
Last time I checked, there were leadership PACs in the Senate. The last time I checked, we did not -- and we do not -- have the problems that, perhaps -- and I'm not putting down my brothers and others across the Hall. All I'm saying is, if you want to know why we need ethics reform, perhaps Mr. Godfrey should have looked downstairs and looked at someone he's real familiar with and say, "What have you done to bring us to this point in our history in South Carolina?"
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT. I look forward to debating this Bill tomorrow.
On motion of Senator LOURIE, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator JACKSON were ordered printed in the Journal.
By prior motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, debate was interrupted by adjournment.
LOCAL APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Charleston County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2014
Ellen Steinberg, 34 Smith Street, Charleston, SC 29401 VICE Bonnie L. Koontz
Initial Appointment, Spartanburg County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Freddie Brown, Jr., 232 Burdette Street, Spartanburg, SC 29307 VICE James E. Talley
Reappointment, Georgetown County Master-in-Equity, with the term to commence December 31, 2013, and to expire December 31, 2019
Joe M. Crosby, 405 Dozier Street, Georgetown, SC 29440
Initial Appointment, Florence County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Peter E. Becker, 1011 Mockingbird Circle, Florence, SC 29501 VICE Hon. James R. Harwell
On motion of Senators COURSON, LARRY MARTIN, ALEXANDER, ALLEN, BENNETT, BRIGHT, BRYANT, CAMPBELL, CAMPSEN, CLEARY, COLEMAN, CORBIN, CROMER, DAVIS, FAIR, GREGORY, GROOMS, HAYES, HEMBREE, HUTTO, JACKSON, JOHNSON, LEATHERMAN, LOURIE, MALLOY, SHANE MARTIN, MASSEY, MATTHEWS, McELVEEN, McGILL, NICHOLSON, O'DELL, PEELER, PINCKNEY, RANKIN, REESE, SCOTT, SETZLER, SHEALY, SHEHEEN, THURMOND, TURNER, VERDIN, WILLIAMS and YOUNG, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned in honor of Charlotte Ann Hitchcock, who was born today at 2:23 P.M. weighing 10 lbs. 7 oz. The Senate conveys its best wishes to the proud parents, Assistant Clerk Mike Hitchcock and wife, Regina, and big brother, Christian.
and
| 2014-09-01T11:20:40 |
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https://enforcement.trade.gov/steel/license/SMP/Census/GDESC8/MMT_ALL_us_15M.htm
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U.S. Imports of Steel Mill Products FROM UNITED STATES Quantity in Metric Tons Same Table - U.S. Dollars Same Table - Average Unit Value 'C & A' = Carbon and Alloy products, 'S' = Stainless products Back to Homepage
Graph Product Census Data License Data
AUG19 SEP19 OCT19 NOV19 DEC19 JAN20 FEB20 MAR20 APR20 MAY20 JUN20 JUL20 AUG20 SEP20 OCT20
All Steel Mill Products
M All Steel Mill Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,342 686.5
Carbon and Alloy Products
M All Carbon and Alloy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,479 641.5
M Flat Products -- C & A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,170 409.7
M Long Products -- C & A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,368 114.3
M Pipe and Tube -- C & A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.8 117.4
M Semi-Finished -- C & A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.93 .
Stainless Products
M All Stainless Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,862 44.9
M Flat Products -- S . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.4 44.6
M Long Products -- S . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 0.08
M Pipe and Tube -- S . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.99 0.21
M Semi-Finished -- S . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,682 .
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Enforcement and Compliance Table last modified on: October 6, 2020, with Licensing data collected through October 6, 2020 and Final Census data compiled through August 2020 Data listed in order of descending volume imported during last THREE months of census data,including preliminary data Steel mill categories are defined by 10-digit HTS codes Data extracted from the import licenses are not official Census data Link to License Data at HTS 6-digit level Link to Annual Summary of Census Data Link to Monthly Display of Census Data
| 2020-10-21T07:56:50 |
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http://itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/apr/section1/apr181.htm
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8. Assessing Product Reliability
8.1. Introduction
8.1.8. How can you evaluate reliability from the "bottom-up" (component failure mode to system failure rate)?
Competing risk model
Use the competing risk model when the failure mechanisms are independent and the first mechanism failure causes the component to fail Assume a (replaceable) component or unit has $$k$$ different ways it can fail. These are called failure modes and underlying each failure mode is a failure mechanism.
The Competing Risk Model evaluates component reliability by "building up" from the reliability models for each failure mode.
The following three assumptions are needed.
1. Each failure mechanism leading to a particular type of failure (i.e., failure mode) proceeds independently of every other one, at least until a failure occurs.
2. The component fails when the first of all the competing failure mechanisms reaches a failure state.
3. Each of the $$k$$ failure modes has a known life distribution model $$F_i(t)$$.
The competing risk model can be used when all three assumptions hold. If $$R_c(t)$$, $$F_c(t)$$, and $$h_c(t)$$ denote the reliability, CDF and failure rate for the component, respectively, and $$R_i(t)$$, $$F_i(t)$$, and $$h_i(t)$$ are the reliability, CDF and failure rate for the $$i$$-th failure mode, respectively, then the competing risk model formulas are:
Multiply reliabilities and add failure rates $$\begin{eqnarray} R_c(t) & = & \prod_{i=1}^k R_i(t) \\ & & \\ F_c(t) & = & 1 - \prod_{i=1}^k [1 - F_i(t)] \\ & & \\ h_c(t) & = & \sum_{i=1}^k h_i(t) \end{eqnarray}$$ Think of the competing risk model in the following way:
All the failure mechanisms are having a race to see which can reach failure first. They are not allowed to "look over their shoulder or sideways" at the progress the other ones are making. They just go their own way as fast as they can and the first to reach "failure" causes the component to fail.
Under these conditions the component reliability is the product of the failure mode reliabilities and the component failure rate is just the sum of the failure mode failure rates.
Note that the above holds for any arbitrary life distribution model, as long as "independence" and "first mechanism failure causes the component to fail" holds.
When we learn how to plot and analyze reliability data in later sections, the methods will be applied separately to each failure mode within the data set (considering failures due to all other modes as "censored run times"). With this approach, the competing risk model provides the glue to put the pieces back together again.
| 2016-07-29T23:35:16 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Awachtel.vitali-i
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Wachtel, Vitali I.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: wachtel.vitali-i Published as: Vakhtel’, V. I.; Vakhtel, V.; Vakhtel, V. I.; Wachtel, V.; Wachtel, V. I.; Wachtel, Vitali; Wachtel, Vitali I. Homepage: https://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/prof/stochastik/Mitarbeiter/wachtel/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp
Documents Indexed: 52 Publications since 1999, including 1 Book
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
3 single-authored 15 Denisov, Denis E. 10 Fleischmann, Klaus 7 Nagaev, Sergey Victorovich 5 Mytnik, Leonid 5 Vatutin, Vladimir Alekseevich 4 Ioffe, Dmitry 4 Korshunov, Dmitry 3 Mörters, Peter 2 Caputo, Pietro 2 Kolb, Martin 2 Sakhanenko, Aleksandr Ivanovich 2 Velenik, Yvan 1 Duraj, Jetlir 1 Gantert, Nina 1 Heinrich, Lothar 1 Hinrichs, Günter 1 Kugler, Johannes 1 Nedorezov, Lev V. 1 Ott, Sébastien 1 Perfilev, Elena 1 Pukelsheim, Friedrich 1 Shneer, Vsevolod Vladislavovich 1 Sloothaak, Fiona 1 Zwart, Bert P.
all top 5
#### Serials
8 Theory of Probability and its Applications 5 Electronic Journal of Probability 4 The Annals of Probability 4 Probability Theory and Related Fields 4 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 3 Advances in Applied Probability 3 Journal of Applied Probability 3 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 2 Journal of Theoretical Probability 2 Electronic Communications in Probability 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Metrika 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Sibirskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Queueing Systems 1 Discrete Mathematics and Applications 1 Doklady Mathematics 1 Sibirskiĭ Zhurnal Industrial’noĭ Matematiki 1 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 1 ALEA. Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 SpringerBriefs in Probability and Mathematical Statistics
all top 5
#### Fields
51 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 5 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 2 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
38 Publications have been cited 223 times in 167 Documents Cited by Year
Random walks in cones. Zbl 1332.60066
Denisov, Denis; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Local probabilities for random walks conditioned to stay positive. Zbl 1158.60014
2009
Lower deviation probabilities for supercritical Galton-Watson processes. Zbl 1112.60066
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2007
Conditional limit theorems for ordered random walks. Zbl 1201.60040
Denisov, Denis E.; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
On the left tail asymptotics for the limit law of supercritical Galton-Watson processes in the Böttcher case. Zbl 1175.60075
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2009
Exit times for integrated random walks. Zbl 1310.60049
Denisov, Denis; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
A unified approach to the heavy-traffic analysis of the maximum of random walks. Zbl 1229.60059
Shneer, S.; Wachtel, V.
2011
Optimal local Hölder index for density states of superprocesses with $$(1+\beta )$$-branching mechanism. Zbl 1207.60055
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
Moderate deviations for a random walk in random scenery. Zbl 1157.60020
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mörters, Peter; Wachtel, Vitali
2008
An exact asymptotics for the moment of crossing a curved boundary by an asymptotically stable random walk. Zbl 1375.60088
Wachtel, Vitali I.; Denisov, Denis E.
2016
Large deviations for sums indexed by the generations of a Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1141.60048
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2008
The critical Galton-Watson process without further power moments. Zbl 1141.60049
Nagaev, S. V.; Wachtel, V.
2007
Dyson Ferrari-Spohn diffusions and ordered walks under area tilts. Zbl 1405.60146
Ioffe, Dmitry; Velenik, Yvan; Wachtel, Vitali
2018
Local asymptotics for the area of random walk excursions. Zbl 1316.60063
Denisov, Denis; Kolb, Martin; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Potential analysis for positive recurrent Markov chains with asymptotically zero drift: power-type asymptotics. Zbl 1294.60096
Denisov, Denis; Korshunov, Dmitry; Wachtel, Vitali
2013
Tail asymptotics for the supercritical Galton-Watson process in the heavy-tailed case. Zbl 1290.60087
Wachtel, V. I.; Denisov, D. E.; Korshunov, D. A.
2013
Local limit theorem for the maximum of asymptotically stable random walks. Zbl 1237.60039
Wachtel, Vitali
2012
Critical Galton-Watson processes: the maximum of total progenies within a large window. Zbl 1206.60078
Vatutin, V. A.; Wachtel, V.; Fleischmann, K.
2008
Probability inequalities for a critical Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1331.60173
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel, V.
2006
First-passage times for random walks with nonidentically distributed increments. Zbl 1434.60126
Denisov, Denis; Sakhanenko, Alexander; Wachtel, Vitali
2018
Multifractal analysis of superprocesses with stable branching in dimension one. Zbl 1332.60122
Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Hölder index at a given point for density states of super-$$\alpha$$-stable motion of index $$1+\beta$$. Zbl 1226.60112
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2011
Invariance principles for random walks in cones. Zbl 07203576
Duraj, Jetlir; Wachtel, Vitali
2020
Trap models with vanishing drift: scaling limits and ageing regimes. Zbl 1276.60124
Gantert, Nina; Mörters, Peter; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
Limit theorems for probabilities of large deviations of a critical Galton - Watson process having power tails. Zbl 1156.60070
Wachtel, V. I.
2008
On the local limit theorem for a critical Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1116.60047
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel, V. I.
2006
Large scale localization of a spatial version of Neveu’s branching process. Zbl 1107.60052
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2006
Confinement of Brownian polymers under geometric area tilts. Zbl 07055675
Caputo, Pietro; Ioffe, Dmitry; Wachtel, Vitali
2019
First-passage times over moving boundaries for asymptotically stable walks. Zbl 1442.60049
Denisov, D.; Sakhanenko, A.; Wachtel, V.
2019
Multi-type subcritical branching processes in a random environment. Zbl 1431.60103
2018
The variance of the discrepancy distribution of rounding procedures, and sums of uniform random variables. Zbl 1360.62057
Heinrich, Lothar; Pukelsheim, Friedrich; Wachtel, Vitali
2017
Local probabilities for random walks with negative drift conditioned to stay nonnegative. Zbl 1307.60050
Denisov, Denis; Vatutin, Vladimir; Wachtel, Vitali
2014
Upper bounds for the maximum of a random walk with negative drift. Zbl 1293.60052
Kugler, Johannes; Wachtel, Vitali
2013
Properties of states of super-$$\alpha$$-stable motion with branching of index $$1+\beta$$. Zbl 1248.60099
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2012
Ordered random walks with heavy tails. Zbl 1246.60069
Denisov, Denis E.; Wachtel, Vitali
2012
Sudden extinction of a critical branching process in a random environment. Zbl 1205.60153
Vatutin, V. A.; Wachtel, V.
2009
On sums of independent random variables without power moments. Zbl 1224.60099
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel’, V. I.
2008
Limit theorems for probabilities of large deviations of a Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1102.60316
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel’, V. I.
2003
Invariance principles for random walks in cones. Zbl 07203576
Duraj, Jetlir; Wachtel, Vitali
2020
Confinement of Brownian polymers under geometric area tilts. Zbl 07055675
Caputo, Pietro; Ioffe, Dmitry; Wachtel, Vitali
2019
First-passage times over moving boundaries for asymptotically stable walks. Zbl 1442.60049
Denisov, D.; Sakhanenko, A.; Wachtel, V.
2019
Dyson Ferrari-Spohn diffusions and ordered walks under area tilts. Zbl 1405.60146
Ioffe, Dmitry; Velenik, Yvan; Wachtel, Vitali
2018
First-passage times for random walks with nonidentically distributed increments. Zbl 1434.60126
Denisov, Denis; Sakhanenko, Alexander; Wachtel, Vitali
2018
Multi-type subcritical branching processes in a random environment. Zbl 1431.60103
2018
The variance of the discrepancy distribution of rounding procedures, and sums of uniform random variables. Zbl 1360.62057
Heinrich, Lothar; Pukelsheim, Friedrich; Wachtel, Vitali
2017
An exact asymptotics for the moment of crossing a curved boundary by an asymptotically stable random walk. Zbl 1375.60088
Wachtel, Vitali I.; Denisov, Denis E.
2016
Random walks in cones. Zbl 1332.60066
Denisov, Denis; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Exit times for integrated random walks. Zbl 1310.60049
Denisov, Denis; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Local asymptotics for the area of random walk excursions. Zbl 1316.60063
Denisov, Denis; Kolb, Martin; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Multifractal analysis of superprocesses with stable branching in dimension one. Zbl 1332.60122
Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2015
Local probabilities for random walks with negative drift conditioned to stay nonnegative. Zbl 1307.60050
Denisov, Denis; Vatutin, Vladimir; Wachtel, Vitali
2014
Potential analysis for positive recurrent Markov chains with asymptotically zero drift: power-type asymptotics. Zbl 1294.60096
Denisov, Denis; Korshunov, Dmitry; Wachtel, Vitali
2013
Tail asymptotics for the supercritical Galton-Watson process in the heavy-tailed case. Zbl 1290.60087
Wachtel, V. I.; Denisov, D. E.; Korshunov, D. A.
2013
Upper bounds for the maximum of a random walk with negative drift. Zbl 1293.60052
Kugler, Johannes; Wachtel, Vitali
2013
Local limit theorem for the maximum of asymptotically stable random walks. Zbl 1237.60039
Wachtel, Vitali
2012
Properties of states of super-$$\alpha$$-stable motion with branching of index $$1+\beta$$. Zbl 1248.60099
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2012
Ordered random walks with heavy tails. Zbl 1246.60069
Denisov, Denis E.; Wachtel, Vitali
2012
A unified approach to the heavy-traffic analysis of the maximum of random walks. Zbl 1229.60059
Shneer, S.; Wachtel, V.
2011
Hölder index at a given point for density states of super-$$\alpha$$-stable motion of index $$1+\beta$$. Zbl 1226.60112
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2011
Conditional limit theorems for ordered random walks. Zbl 1201.60040
Denisov, Denis E.; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
Optimal local Hölder index for density states of superprocesses with $$(1+\beta )$$-branching mechanism. Zbl 1207.60055
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mytnik, Leonid; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
Trap models with vanishing drift: scaling limits and ageing regimes. Zbl 1276.60124
Gantert, Nina; Mörters, Peter; Wachtel, Vitali
2010
Local probabilities for random walks conditioned to stay positive. Zbl 1158.60014
2009
On the left tail asymptotics for the limit law of supercritical Galton-Watson processes in the Böttcher case. Zbl 1175.60075
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2009
Sudden extinction of a critical branching process in a random environment. Zbl 1205.60153
Vatutin, V. A.; Wachtel, V.
2009
Moderate deviations for a random walk in random scenery. Zbl 1157.60020
Fleischmann, Klaus; Mörters, Peter; Wachtel, Vitali
2008
Large deviations for sums indexed by the generations of a Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1141.60048
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2008
Critical Galton-Watson processes: the maximum of total progenies within a large window. Zbl 1206.60078
Vatutin, V. A.; Wachtel, V.; Fleischmann, K.
2008
Limit theorems for probabilities of large deviations of a critical Galton - Watson process having power tails. Zbl 1156.60070
Wachtel, V. I.
2008
On sums of independent random variables without power moments. Zbl 1224.60099
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel’, V. I.
2008
Lower deviation probabilities for supercritical Galton-Watson processes. Zbl 1112.60066
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2007
The critical Galton-Watson process without further power moments. Zbl 1141.60049
Nagaev, S. V.; Wachtel, V.
2007
Probability inequalities for a critical Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1331.60173
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel, V.
2006
On the local limit theorem for a critical Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1116.60047
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel, V. I.
2006
Large scale localization of a spatial version of Neveu’s branching process. Zbl 1107.60052
Fleischmann, Klaus; Wachtel, Vitali
2006
Limit theorems for probabilities of large deviations of a Galton-Watson process. Zbl 1102.60316
Nagaev, S. V.; Vakhtel’, V. I.
2003
all top 5
#### Cited by 217 Authors
22 Wachtel, Vitali I. 10 Denisov, Denis E. 8 Raschel, Kilian 7 Vatutin, Vladimir Alekseevich 6 Mishna, Marni 5 D’yakonova, Elena Evgen’evna 5 Grama, Ion G. 5 Ioffe, Dmitry 5 Zwart, Bert P. 4 Fleischmann, Klaus 4 Korshunov, Dmitry 4 Le Page, Emile 4 Uchiyama, Kôhei 3 Aidekon, Elie E. F. 3 Angel, Omer 3 Doney, Ronald Arthur 3 Gao, Zhenlong 3 Lauvergnat, Ronan 3 Li, Wenbo V. 3 Melczer, Stephen 3 Mörters, Peter 3 Mustapha, Sami 3 Mytnik, Leonid 3 Ren, Yanxia 3 Sidorova, Nadia 3 Zhang, Mei 2 Abraham, Romain 2 Aurzada, Frank 2 Balka, Richárd 2 Bansaye, Vincent 2 Barczy, Mátyás 2 Berger, Quentin 2 Blanchet, Jose H. 2 Böinghoff, Christian 2 Bostan, Alin 2 Bousquet-Mélou, Mireille 2 Boxma, Onno Johan 2 Caputo, Pietro 2 Caravenna, Francesco 2 Carmona, Philippe 2 Chu, WeiJuan 2 Courtiel, Julien 2 Curien, Nicolas 2 Deuschel, Jean-Dominique 2 Döring, Leif 2 Duraj, Jetlir 2 Garbit, Rodolphe 2 Gwynne, Ewain 2 He, Hui 2 Holden, Nina 2 Hu, Yueyun 2 Liu, Jingning 2 Löwe, Matthias 2 Mallein, Bastien 2 Peres, Yuval 2 Pétrélis, Nicolas 2 Sakhanenko, Aleksandr Ivanovich 2 Salvy, Bruno 2 Sifi, Mohamed 2 Sun, Xin 2 Trotignon, Amélie 2 Velenik, Yvan 2 Vysotsky, Vladislav V. 2 Wade, Andrew R. 2 Weissmann, Philip 2 Yang, Xu 1 Albert, Michael Henry 1 Amini, Hamed 1 Andreoletti, Pierre 1 Asogwa, Sunday A. 1 Asselah, Amine 1 Bacher, Axel 1 Bahlali, Khaled 1 Barbe, Philippe 1 Barker, Adam 1 Ben Salem, Nejib 1 Berestycki, Nathanaël 1 Bertoin, Jean 1 Bobkov, Sergey Germanovich 1 Bogdan, Krzysztof 1 Bogoşel, Beniamin 1 Bosze, Zsuzsanna 1 Buchholz, Simon 1 Budd, Timothy A. 1 Cabezas, Manuel 1 Chen, Xia 1 Chen, Xinxin 1 Chistyakov, Gennadiy P. 1 Chyzak, Frédéric 1 Cygan, Wojciech 1 Dahne, Joel 1 Debs, Pierre 1 Delmas, Jean-François 1 Diaconis, Persi Warren 1 Diel, Roland 1 Dobrokhotov, Sergei Yurievich 1 Doney, Ron 1 Lodewijk Dorsman, Jan-Pieter 1 Eichelsbacher, Peter 1 Erschler, Anna ...and 117 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 52 Serials
20 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 13 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 12 Probability Theory and Related Fields 11 The Annals of Probability 9 Theory of Probability and its Applications 8 Journal of Applied Probability 6 Electronic Journal of Probability 5 Journal of Theoretical Probability 5 Queueing Systems 4 Advances in Applied Probability 4 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 4 Electronic Communications in Probability 3 European Journal of Combinatorics 3 Statistics & Probability Letters 3 The Annals of Applied Probability 3 Bernoulli 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 3 ALEA. Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 2 Journal of Statistical Physics 2 Mathematical Notes 2 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 2 Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 Algorithmica 2 Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics 2 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 2 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 2 Science China. Mathematics 1 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 1 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 1 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 1 Journal of Complexity 1 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 1 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 1 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 1 Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire 1 Annals of Combinatorics 1 Stochastic Models 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Thai Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Inequalities 1 International Journal of Stochastic Analysis 1 Modern Stochastics. Theory and Applications 1 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 1 Annales Henri Lebesgue
all top 5
#### Cited in 26 Fields
154 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 21 Combinatorics (05-XX) 16 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 4 Measure and integration (28-XX) 4 Potential theory (31-XX) 4 Computer science (68-XX) 4 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-19T14:59:31 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10334896
|
This content will become publicly available on April 1, 2023
Please Repeat: Strong Lensing of Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Compact Binary and Galaxy Populations
Abstract Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational wave sources offers a novel probe of both the lens galaxy and the binary source population. In particular, the strong lensing event rate and the time-delay distribution of multiply imaged gravitational-wave binary coalescence events can be used to constrain the mass distribution of the lenses as well as the intrinsic properties of the source population. We calculate the strong lensing event rate for a range of second- (2G) and third-generation (3G) detectors, including Advanced LIGO/Virgo, A+, Einstein Telescope (ET), and Cosmic Explorer (CE). For 3G detectors, we find that ∼0.1% of observed events are expected to be strongly lensed. We predict detections of ∼1 lensing pair per year with A+, and ∼50 pairs per year with ET/CE. These rates are highly sensitive to the characteristic galaxy velocity dispersion, σ * , implying that observations of the rates will be a sensitive probe of lens properties. We explore using the time-delay distribution between multiply imaged gravitational-wave sources to constrain properties of the lenses. We find that 3G detectors would constrain σ * to ∼21% after 5 yr. Finally, we show that the presence or absence of strong lensing within the detected population provides useful insights more »
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10334896
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
929
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
9
ISSN:
0004-637X
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract The population properties of intermediate-mass black holes remain largely unknown, and understanding their distribution could provide a missing link in the formation of supermassive black holes and galaxies. Gravitational-wave observations can help fill in the gap from stellar mass black holes to supermassive black holes with masses between ∼100–10 4 M ⊙ . In our work, we propose a new method for examining lens populations through lensing statistics of gravitational waves, here focusing on inferring the number density of intermediate-mass black holes through hierarchical Bayesian inference. Simulating ∼200 lensed gravitational-wave signals, we find that existing gravitational-wave observatories at their design sensitivity could either constrain the number density of 10 6 Mpc −3 within a factor of 10, or place an upper bound of ≲10 4 Mpc −3 if the true number density is 10 3 Mpc −3 . More broadly, our method leaves room for incorporation of additional lens populations, providing a general framework for probing the population properties of lenses in the universe.
2. Abstract
We present the stellar population properties of 69 short gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies, representing the largest uniformly modeled sample to date. Using theProspectorstellar population inference code, we jointly fit photometry and/or spectroscopy of each host galaxy. We find a population median redshift of$z=0.64−0.32+0.83$(68% confidence), including nine photometric redshifts atz≳ 1. We further find a median mass-weighted age oftm=$0.8−0.53+2.71$Gyr, stellar mass of log(M*/M) =$9.69−0.65+0.75$, star formation rate of SFR =$1.44−1.35+9.37$Myr−1, stellar metallicity of log(Z*/Z) =$−0.38−0.42+0.44$, and dust attenuation of$AV=0.43−0.36+0.85$mag (68% confidence). Overall, the majority of short GRB hosts are star-forming (≈84%), with small fractions that are either transitioning (≈6%) or quiescent (≈10%); however, we observe a much larger fraction (≈40%) of quiescent and transitioning hosts atz≲ 0.25, commensurate with galaxy evolution. We find that short GRB hosts populate the star-forming main sequence of normal field galaxies, but do not include as many high-mass galaxies as the general galaxy population, implying that their binary neutron star (BNS) merger progenitors are dependent on a combination of host star formation and stellar mass. The distribution of ages and redshifts implies a broad delay-time distribution,more »
3. Strong lensing time delays can measure the Hubble constant H 0 independently of any other probe. Assuming commonly used forms for the radial mass density profile of the lenses, a 2% precision has been achieved with seven Time-Delay Cosmography (TDCOSMO) lenses, in tension with the H 0 from the cosmic microwave background. However, without assumptions on the radial mass density profile – and relying exclusively on stellar kinematics to break the mass-sheet degeneracy – the precision drops to 8% with the current data obtained using the seven TDCOSMO lenses, which is insufficient to resolve the H 0 tension. With the addition of external information from 33 Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) lenses, the precision improves to 5% if the deflectors of TDCOSMO and SLACS lenses are drawn from the same population. We investigate the prospect of improving the precision of time-delay cosmography without relying on mass profile assumptions to break the mass-sheet degeneracy. Our forecasts are based on a previously published hierarchical framework. With existing samples and technology, 3.3% precision on H 0 can be reached by adding spatially resolved kinematics of the seven TDCOSMO lenses. The precision improves to 2.5% with the further addition of kinematics for 50 nontime-delay lensesmore »
4. Time delay cosmography uses the arrival time delays between images in strong gravitational lenses to measure cosmological parameters, in particular the Hubble constant H0. The lens models used in time delay cosmography omit dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos because their effects are assumed to be negligible. We explicitly quantify this assumption by analyzing realistic mock lens systems that include full populations of dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos, applying the same modeling assumptions used in the literature to infer H0. We base the mock lenses on six quadruply-imaged quasars that have delivered measurements of the Hubble constant, and quantify the additional uncertainties and/or bias on a lens-by-lens basis. We show that omitting dark substructure does not bias inferences of H0. However, perturbations from substructure contribute an additional source of random uncertainty in the inferred value of H0 that scales as the square root of the lensing volume divided by the longest time delay. This additional source of uncertainty, for which we provide a fitting function, ranges from 0.6−2.4%. It may need to be incorporated in the error budget as the precision of cosmographic inferences from single lenses improves, and sets a precision limit on inferences from single lenses.
5. Time delay cosmography uses the arrival time delays between images in strong gravitational lenses to measure cosmological parameters, in particular the Hubble constant H 0 . The lens models used in time delay cosmography omit dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos because their effects are assumed to be negligible. We explicitly quantify this assumption by analyzing mock lens systems that include full populations of dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos, applying the same modeling assumptions used in the literature to infer H 0 . We base the mock lenses on six quadruply imaged quasars that have delivered measurements of the Hubble constant, and quantify the additional uncertainties and/or bias on a lens-by-lens basis. We show that omitting dark substructure does not bias inferences of H 0 . However, perturbations from substructure contribute an additional source of random uncertainty in the inferred value of H 0 that scales as the square root of the lensing volume divided by the longest time delay. This additional source of uncertainty, for which we provide a fitting function, ranges from 0.7 − 2.4%. It may need to be incorporated in the error budget as the precision of cosmographic inferences from single lenses improves, and it sets amore »
| 2023-01-30T08:12:05 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/pair_python.html
|
pair_style python command
Syntax
pair_style python cutoff
cutoff = global cutoff for interactions in python potential classes
Examples
pair_style python 2.5
pair_coeff * * py_pot.LJCutMelt lj
pair_style hybrid/overlay coul/long 12.0 python 12.0
pair_coeff * * coul/long
pair_coeff * * python py_pot.LJCutSPCE OW NULL
Description
The python pair style provides a way to define pairwise additive potential functions as python script code that is loaded into LAMMPS from a python file which must contain specific python class definitions. This allows to rapidly evaluate different potential functions without having to modify and re-compile LAMMPS. Due to python being an interpreted language, however, the performance of this pair style is going to be significantly slower (often between 20x and 100x) than corresponding compiled code. This penalty can be significantly reduced through generating tabulations from the python code through the pair_write command, which is supported by this style.
Only a single pair_coeff command is used with the python pair style which specifies a python class inside a python module or a file that LAMMPS will look up in the current directory, a folder pointed to by the LAMMPS_POTENTIALS environment variable or somewhere in your python path. A single python module can hold multiple python pair class definitions. The class definitions itself have to follow specific rules that are explained below.
Atom types in the python class are specified through symbolic constants, typically strings. These are mapped to LAMMPS atom types by specifying N additional arguments after the class name in the pair_coeff command, where N must be the number of currently defined atom types:
As an example, imagine a file py_pot.py has a python potential class names LJCutMelt with parameters and potential functions for a two Lennard-Jones atom types labeled as ‘LJ1’ and ‘LJ2’. In your LAMMPS input and you would have defined 3 atom types, out of which the first two are supposed to be using the ‘LJ1’ parameters and the third the ‘LJ2’ parameters, then you would use the following pair_coeff command:
pair_coeff * * py_pot.LJCutMelt LJ1 LJ1 LJ2
The first two arguments must be * * so as to span all LAMMPS atom types. The first two LJ1 arguments map LAMMPS atom types 1 and 2 to the LJ1 atom type in the LJCutMelt class of the py_pot.py file. The final LJ2 argument maps LAMMPS atom type 3 to the LJ2 atom type the python file. If a mapping value is specified as NULL, the mapping is not performed, any pair interaction with this atom type will be skipped. This can be used when a python potential is used as part of the hybrid or hybrid/overlay pair style. The NULL values are then placeholders for atom types that will be used with other potentials.
from __future__ import print_function
class LAMMPSPairPotential(object):
def __init__(self):
self.pmap=dict()
self.units='lj'
def map_coeff(self,name,ltype):
self.pmap[ltype]=name
def check_units(self,units):
if (units != self.units):
raise Exception("Conflicting units: %s vs. %s" % (self.units,units))
Any classes with definitions of specific potentials have to be derived from this class and should be initialize in a similar fashion to the example given below.
Note
The class constructor has to set up a data structure containing the potential parameters supported by this class. It should also define a variable self.units containing a string matching one of the options of LAMMPS’ units command, which is used to verify, that the potential definition in the python class and in the LAMMPS input match.
Here is an example for a single type Lennard-Jones potential class LJCutMelt in reduced units, which defines an atom type lj for which the parameters epsilon and sigma are both 1.0:
class LJCutMelt(LAMMPSPairPotential):
def __init__(self):
super(LJCutMelt,self).__init__()
# set coeffs: 48*eps*sig**12, 24*eps*sig**6,
# 4*eps*sig**12, 4*eps*sig**6
self.units = 'lj'
self.coeff = {'lj' : {'lj' : (48.0,24.0,4.0,4.0)}}
The class also has to provide two methods for the computation of the potential energy and forces, which have be named compute_force, and compute_energy, which both take 3 numerical arguments:
• rsq = the square of the distance between a pair of atoms (float)
• itype = the (numerical) type of the first atom
• jtype = the (numerical) type of the second atom
This functions need to compute the force and the energy, respectively, and use the result as return value. The functions need to use the pmap dictionary to convert the LAMMPS atom type number to the symbolic value of the internal potential parameter data structure. Following the LJCutMelt example, here are the two functions:
def compute_force(self,rsq,itype,jtype):
coeff = self.coeff[self.pmap[itype]][self.pmap[jtype]]
r2inv = 1.0/rsq
r6inv = r2inv*r2inv*r2inv
lj1 = coeff[0]
lj2 = coeff[1]
return (r6inv * (lj1*r6inv - lj2))*r2inv
def compute_energy(self,rsq,itype,jtype):
coeff = self.coeff[self.pmap[itype]][self.pmap[jtype]]
r2inv = 1.0/rsq
r6inv = r2inv*r2inv*r2inv
lj3 = coeff[2]
lj4 = coeff[3]
return (r6inv * (lj3*r6inv - lj4))
Note
for consistency with the C++ pair styles in LAMMPS, the compute_force function follows the conventions of the Pair::single() methods and does not return the full force, but the force scaled by the distance between the two atoms, so this value only needs to be multiplied by delta x, delta y, and delta z to conveniently obtain the three components of the force vector between these two atoms.
Note
The evaluation of scripted python code will slow down the computation pair-wise interactions quite significantly. However, this can be largely worked around through using the python pair style not for the actual simulation, but to generate tabulated potentials on the fly using the pair_write command. Please see below for an example LAMMPS input of how to build a table file:
pair_style python 2.5
pair_coeff * * py_pot.LJCutMelt lj
shell rm -f melt.table
pair_write 1 1 2000 rsq 0.01 2.5 lj1_lj2.table lj
Note that it is strongly recommended to try to delete the potential table file before generating it. Since the pair_write command will always append to a table file, while pair style table will use the first match. Thus when changing the potential function in the python class, the table pair style will still read the old variant unless the table file is first deleted.
After switching the pair style to table, the potential tables need to be assigned to the LAMMPS atom types like this:
pair_style table linear 2000
pair_coeff 1 1 melt.table lj
This can also be done for more complex systems. Please see the examples/python folders for a few more examples.
Mixing, shift, table, tail correction, restart, rRESPA info
Mixing of potential parameters has to be handled inside the provided python module. The python pair style simply assumes that force and energy computation can be correctly performed for all pairs of atom types as they are mapped to the atom type labels inside the python potential class.
This pair style does not support the pair_modify shift, table, and tail options.
This pair style does not write its information to binary restart files, since it is stored in potential files. Thus, you need to re-specify the pair_style and pair_coeff commands in an input script that reads a restart file.
This pair style can only be used via the pair keyword of the run_style respa command. It does not support the inner, middle, outer keywords.
Restrictions
This pair style is part of the PYTHON package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
none
| 2020-09-20T05:43:55 |
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|
https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/User_blog:MilkyWay90/Yet_another_attempt_at_making_a_fast-growing_function
|
FANDOM
10,428 Pages
I've really only made functions/notations that have a growth rate of only $$\omega ^ {3} + 1$$, so I really, really hope that this goes higher than that.
RandomFunction(n) = The largest number that any F(n) defined within the rules stated below can return. Rules: You have to define the largest F(x) such that it can only use the lvl function (defined on my first blog post), recursion, you could also define other functions and use them in F(x), you can use inverses to lvl(x, y, z) like subtraction, logarithms, roots, etc., you can only have one parameter of F(x), and only whole numbers are allowed. For example, define F(x) = x. This would be 3 symbols because of the F(), the =, and the x. But why not the x inside of F? Because, when you use a variable by itself, it counts as a symbol, but if it is a parameter, it does not count as a symbol, however, a function will count as a symbol. Recursion is also allowed. It could go like this. F(x) = F(Subtraction(x, 1)) F(0) = x. This would have 6 symbols because of the F(), the =, the other F(), the Subtraction(), the other F(), and the isolated x. Also, lvl(x, y, z) is allowed, so we can take that into an advantage. F(x) = lvl(x, x, x) which means this would only have 3 symbols and still have a growth rate of f_w(n)! There are many more listed 4 "paragraphs" above, but I think you know how the symbols work because of the many examples I gave you. When you use this in RandomFunction(n), the highest whole number that can be in the equation is n, so F(x) = lvl(5, x, x) would only be valid if x was equal or greater than 5. Also, for every function F you can define with the rules above, RandomFunction(n) = the greatest F(n), which means you would have to plug in n in F(). Also, there can only be at the maximum n symbols for F(x).
What is the growth rate of RandomFunction(n) and how can I improve it? Is this even well-defined?
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| 2020-04-02T17:45:38 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Fit.action?node=M002&init=0&home=sumtabM
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# CONSTRAINED FIT INFORMATIONshow precise values?
An overall fit to total width, partial width, 2 combinations of particle width obtained from integrated cross section,16 branching ratios uses 46 measurements and one constraint to determine 9 parameters. The overall fit has a $\chi {}^{2}$ = 62.7 for 38 degrees of freedom.
The following off-diagonal array elements are the correlation coefficients <$\mathit \delta$x$_{i}$~$\delta$x$_{j}$> $/$ ($\mathit \delta$x$_{i}\cdot{}\delta$x$_{j}$), in percent, from the fit to parameters ${{\mathit p}_{{i}}}$, including the branching fractions, $\mathit x_{i}$ =$\Gamma _{i}$ $/$ $\Gamma _{total}$. The fit constrains the ${{\mathit x}_{{i}}}$ whose labels appear in this array to sum to one.
x1 100 x2 100 x4 100 x5 100 x7 100 x8 100 x11 100 x22 100 Γ 100 x1 x2 x4 x5 x7 x8 x11 x22 Γ
Mode Rate (MeV) Scale factor Γ1 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ $0.084$ $\pm0.004$ Γ2 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \rho}^{0}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (including non-resonant ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$) $0.0567$ $\pm0.0027$ Γ4 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ $0.0448$ $\pm0.0023$ Γ5 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ $0.00514$ $\pm0.00035$ Γ7 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ $0.00436$ $\pm0.00013$ Γ8 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ 3 ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ ($5.0$ $\pm0.4$) $\times 10^{-4}$ Γ11 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ ($7.1$ $\pm0.5$) $\times 10^{-4}$ Γ22 ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}{(958)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ ($4.6$ ${}^{+2.5}_{-1.9}$) $\times 10^{-4}$
| 2020-01-26T06:33:42 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?init=0&node=B032&home=BXXX025
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${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}}$ BARYONS($\boldsymbol S$ = $-1$, $\boldsymbol I$ = 1) ${{\mathit \Sigma}^{+}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$, ${{\mathit \Sigma}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$, ${{\mathit \Sigma}^{-}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ INSPIRE search
# ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $I(J^P)$ = $1(1/2^{-})$
The ${\mathit S}_{\mathrm 11}$ state at 1697 MeV reported by VANHORN 1975 is tentatively listed under the ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1750)}}$. CARROLL 1976 sees two bumps in the isospin-$1{}^{}{}^{}$ total cross section near this mass. GAO 2012 sees no evidence for this resonance. Production experiments are listed separately in the next entry.
${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ POLE POSITION
REAL PART $1680 \pm8$ MeV
$-2{\times }$IMAGINARY PART $39 \pm11$ MeV
${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ POLE RESIDUE
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $0.14 \pm0.03$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $0.10 \pm0.03$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Xi}}{{\mathit K}}$ $0.02 \pm0.01$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}{(1520)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $0.12 \pm0.05$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1385)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $0.015 \pm0.010$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{*}{(892)}}$ , ${\mathit S}{\mathrm -wave}$ $0.05 \pm0.04$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{*}{(892)}}$ , ${\mathit D}{\mathrm -wave}$ $0.01 \pm0.01$
Normalized residue in ${{\mathit N}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit N}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ $0.11 \pm0.03$
${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ MASS $1600\text{ to }1650\text{ }(\approx1620)$ MeV
${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1620)}}$ WIDTH $40\text{ to }100\text{ }(\approx70)$ MeV
| 2020-09-20T02:22:11 |
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https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-cvada-fact-sheet-0
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Center for Visualization and Data Analytics (CVADA) Fact Sheet
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) Office of National Laboratories (ONL) oversees a coordinated network of five DHS laboratories and as many as 13 Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories that are vital to the national homeland security mission.
CVADA creates enduring technologies to analyze large quantities of information in support of real-time decision making across the homeland security enterprise.
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| 2020-08-10T08:35:35 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ali.wen-ching-winnie
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## Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
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Author ID: li.wen-ching-winnie Published as: Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Li, Wen-Ching W.; Li, W.-C. W.; Li, Wen-ch’ing Winnie; Li, W. Wen-Ching more...less Homepage: http://math.cts.nthu.edu.tw/Mathematics/english/academic_c/WLi-eng.html External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 108 Publications since 1975, including 1 Book 1 Contribution as Editor Co-Authors: 48 Co-Authors with 63 Joint Publications 2,263 Co-Co-Authors
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### Co-Authors
46 single-authored 9 Long, Ling 8 Gérardin, Paul 5 Graham, Ronald Lewis 5 Hwang, Frank Kwangming 4 Kang, Ming-Hsuan 4 Lagarias, Jeffrey C. 3 Atkin, Arthur Oliver Lonsdale 3 Chai, Chingli 3 Li, Shuo-Yen Robert 3 Wang, Chian-Jen 2 Calderbank, Arthur Robert 2 Feng, Keqin 2 Huang, Hau-wen 2 Liu, Tong 2 Maharaj, Hiren 2 Meemark, Yotsanan 2 Paul, Jerome L. 2 Tu, Fang-Ting 2 Yang, Zifeng 1 Burr, Stefan A. 1 Chen, Robert W. 1 Elkies, Noam David 1 Erdős, Pál 1 Fang, Yang 1 Formanek, Edward W. 1 Frankl, Péter 1 Gao, Biao 1 Halpin, Patrick 1 Harder, Günter 1 Harnchoowong, Ajchara 1 Kötter, Ralf 1 Leu, Ming-Guang 1 Lu, Min 1 Moroz, Boris Zelikovich Baruch ben Zelik 1 Näslund, Mats 1 Poonen, Bjorn 1 Rothblum, Uriel George 1 Rudnick, Zeév 1 Shepp, Lawrence Alan 1 Shparlinski, Igor E. 1 Solé, Patrick 1 Soto-Andrade, Jorge 1 Stichtenoth, Henning 1 Vontobel, Pascal O. 1 Walker, Judy L. 1 Wang, Chenying 1 Weisinger, James R. 1 Xiong, Maosheng
all top 5
### Serials
9 Journal of Number Theory 7 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 4 Mathematische Annalen 4 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 4 Forum Mathematicum 3 Journal of Algebra 2 Israel Journal of Mathematics 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 2 Finite Fields and their Applications 2 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1 IEEE Transactions on Reliability 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Networks 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 1 Combinatorica 1 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 1 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I. Mathématique 1 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 1 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 1 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Série A 1 Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly 1 AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Mathematics 1 RIMS Kôkyûroku Bessatsu 1 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics 1 La Matematica
all top 5
### Fields
89 Number theory (11-XX) 29 Combinatorics (05-XX) 17 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 13 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 11 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 10 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 5 Special functions (33-XX) 5 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
76 Publications have been cited 607 times in 485 Documents Cited by Year
Twists of newforms and pseudo-eigenvalues of $$W$$-operators. Zbl 0369.10016
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, W.-C. W.
1978
Newforms and functional equations. Zbl 0278.10026
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1975
On the structure of t-designs. Zbl 0499.05012
Graham, R. L.; Li, S.-Y. R.; Li, W.-C. W.
1980
The Poincaré series of the ring of 2x2 generic matrices. Zbl 0459.16013
Formanek, Edward; Halpin, Patrick; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
Spectra of hypergraphs and applications. Zbl 0874.05041
Feng, Keqin; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
L-series of Rankin type and their functional equations. Zbl 0396.10017
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
Character sums and abelian Ramanujan graphs (with an appendix by Keqin Feng and Wen-Ch’ing Winnie Li). Zbl 0760.11040
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1992
Character sums over $$p$$-adic fields. Zbl 0919.11083
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1999
Ramanujan hypergraphs. Zbl 1084.05047
Li, W.-C. W.
2004
Spectra of regular graphs and hypergraphs and orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 0864.05072
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Solé, Patrick
1996
On Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer congruence relations. II. Zbl 1157.11015
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2008
On Atkin–Swinnerton-Dyer congruence relations. Zbl 1083.11027
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Yang, Zifeng
2005
The Lerch zeta function. II: Analytic continuation. Zbl 1253.11086
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2012
Zeta functions of complexes arising from $$\mathrm{PGL}(3)$$. Zbl 1328.22008
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2014
Independence numbers of graphs and generators of ideals. Zbl 0524.05037
Li, Shuo-Yen Robert; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
The Sperner capacity of linear and nonlinear codes for the cyclic triangle. Zbl 0778.94004
Calderbank, A. R.; Frankl, P.; Graham, R. L.; Li, W.-C. W.; Shepp, L. A.
1993
The Lerch zeta function. I: Zeta integrals. Zbl 1253.11085
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2012
Fourier coefficients of noncongruence cuspforms. Zbl 1282.11034
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2012
The zeta functions of complexes from $$\mathrm{PGL}(3)$$: a representation-theoretic approach. Zbl 1230.05286
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2010
On converse theorems for GL(2) and GL(1). Zbl 0477.12013
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
Partition polytopes over 1-dimensional points. Zbl 0955.90116
Gao, Biao; Hwang, Frank K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Rothblum, Uriel G.
1999
Galois representations with quaternion multiplication associated to noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1292.11058
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Liu, Tong; Long, Ling
2013
Hecke operators on Drinfeld cusp forms. Zbl 1234.11063
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Meemark, Yotsanan
2008
Character sums, automorphic forms, equidistribution, and Ramanujan graphs. I: The Kloosterman sum conjecture over function fields. Zbl 1038.11038
Chai, Ching-Li; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2003
Barnes’ identities and representations of GL(2). I: Finite field case. Zbl 0515.12016
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Soto-Andrade, Jorge
1983
A 2-adic approach to the analysis of cyclic codes. Zbl 0898.94011
Calderbank, A. R.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Poonen, Bjorn
1997
Character sums, automorphic forms, equidistribution, and Ramanujan graphs. II: Eigenvalues of Terras graphs. Zbl 1065.11047
Chai, Ching-Li; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2004
Dimensions of spaces of cusp forms over function fields. Zbl 0431.22015
Harder, G.; Li, W.-C. W.; Weisinger, J. R.
1980
Hidden number problem with the trace and bit security of XTR and LUC. Zbl 1026.94532
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Näslund, Mats; Shparlinski, Igor E.
2002
Eisenstein series and decomposition theory over function fields. Zbl 0381.10024
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
The Lerch zeta function. III: Polylogarithms and special values. Zbl 1412.11110
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2016
Coverings of curves with asymptotically many rational points. Zbl 1055.11040
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Maharaj, Hiren
2002
The zeta functions of complexes from $$\mathrm{Sp}(4)$$. Zbl 1352.11087
Fang, Yang; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2013
A survey of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0868.05046
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer congruences and noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1365.11041
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2014
Recent developments in low-density parity-check codes. Zbl 1248.94121
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Lu, Min; Wang, Chenying
2009
Modular forms for noncongruence subgroups. Zbl 1168.11310
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Yang, Zifeng
2005
On the series for $$L(1,\chi)$$. Zbl 0847.11042
Leu, Ming-Guang; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
New optimal tame towers of function fields over small finite fields. Zbl 1064.11075
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Maharaj, Hiren; Stichtenoth, Henning; Elkies, Noam D.
2002
Artin $$L$$-functions on finite quotients of $$\mathrm{PGL}_{3}$$. Zbl 1381.11045
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2015
Character sums over norm groups. Zbl 1103.11025
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2006
On modular functions in characteristic p. Zbl 0402.10026
Li, Wen-ch’ing Winnie
1978
Hecke-Weil-Jacquet-Langlands theorem revisited. Zbl 0413.10023
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
Reliabilities of double-loop networks. Zbl 1134.90361
Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1991
Zeta and $$L$$-functions of finite quotients of apartments and buildings. Zbl 1462.11046
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2018
On ideal classes of number fields containing integral ideals of equal norms. Zbl 0576.12009
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Moroz, B. Z.
1985
The Lerch zeta function. IV: Hecke operators. Zbl 1411.11081
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2016
Ramanujan graphs on cosets of $$\operatorname{PGL}_2(\mathbb F_q)$$. Zbl 1075.05053
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Meemark, Yotsanan
2005
Number theoretic constructions of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0844.11076
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1995
On negative eigenvalues of regular graphs. Zbl 0995.05098
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2001
Eigenvalues of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0981.11041
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1999
Functional equations and periodic sequences. Zbl 0688.10039
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1989
On the representations of GL(2). I: epsilon-factors and n-closeness. Zbl 0411.20023
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
Characterizations of pseudo-codewords of (low-density) parity-check codes. Zbl 1134.94346
Kötter, Ralf; Li, Wen-Ching W.; Vontobel, Pascal O.; Walker, Judy L.
2007
Ramanujan graphs and Ramanujan hypergraphs. Zbl 1134.11021
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2007
Elliptic curves, Kloosterman sums and Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0957.11035
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1998
Potentially $$\operatorname{GL}_2$$-type Galois representations associated to noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1443.11092
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Liu, Tong; Long, Ling
2019
Fourier transforms of representations of quaternions. Zbl 0553.12008
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1985
Estimates of character sums arising from finite upper half planes. Zbl 0879.11071
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1996
Recent developments in automorphic forms and applications. Zbl 1176.11018
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2002
Diagonalizing modular forms. Zbl 0594.10018
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1986
Computing special $$L$$-values of certain modular forms with complex multiplication. Zbl 1456.11057
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Tu, Fang-Ting
2018
Homogeneous collinear sets in partitions of $$Z^ n$$. Zbl 0467.10005
Graham, R. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Paul, J. L.
1981
Generators for the ideal of polynomial identities satisfied by 2x2 matrices. Zbl 0478.16016
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1982
Geometry, graph theory and number theory. Zbl 0938.05042
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1998
Link-connectivities of extended double loop networks. Zbl 0843.05069
Hwang, Frank K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1996
Complete sequences of sets of integer powers. Zbl 0863.11014
Burr, Stefan A.; Erdős, Paul; Graham, Ronald L.; Li, W. Wen-Ching
1996
Most reliable double loop networks in survival reliability. Zbl 0803.90068
Hu, X. D.; Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1993
Consecutive-2-out-of-$$n$$:F systems with node & link failures. Zbl 0800.90476
Chen, R. W.; Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1993
Modularity of asymptotically optimal towers of function fields. Zbl 1065.14027
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2004
Twisted Dirichlet series and distributions. Zbl 0704.11051
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1990
Sylow subgroups of ideal class groups with moduli. Zbl 0723.11053
Harnchoowong, Ajchara; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1990
On the representations of $$GL(2)$$. II: $$\varepsilon$$-factors of the representations of $$GL(2)\times GL(2)$$. Zbl 0422.20029
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
Une caractérisation des représentations automorphes de $$GL_1$$ et de $$GL_2$$. Zbl 0437.12011
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
Modular curves and coding theory: a survey. Zbl 1221.11142
Li, Wen-Ching W.
2010
Zeta functions in combinatorics and number theory. Zbl 1222.11110
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2010
Potentially $$\operatorname{GL}_2$$-type Galois representations associated to noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1443.11092
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Liu, Tong; Long, Ling
2019
Zeta and $$L$$-functions of finite quotients of apartments and buildings. Zbl 1462.11046
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2018
Computing special $$L$$-values of certain modular forms with complex multiplication. Zbl 1456.11057
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Tu, Fang-Ting
2018
The Lerch zeta function. III: Polylogarithms and special values. Zbl 1412.11110
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2016
The Lerch zeta function. IV: Hecke operators. Zbl 1411.11081
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2016
Artin $$L$$-functions on finite quotients of $$\mathrm{PGL}_{3}$$. Zbl 1381.11045
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2015
Zeta functions of complexes arising from $$\mathrm{PGL}(3)$$. Zbl 1328.22008
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2014
Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer congruences and noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1365.11041
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2014
Galois representations with quaternion multiplication associated to noncongruence modular forms. Zbl 1292.11058
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Liu, Tong; Long, Ling
2013
The zeta functions of complexes from $$\mathrm{Sp}(4)$$. Zbl 1352.11087
Fang, Yang; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2013
The Lerch zeta function. II: Analytic continuation. Zbl 1253.11086
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2012
The Lerch zeta function. I: Zeta integrals. Zbl 1253.11085
Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2012
Fourier coefficients of noncongruence cuspforms. Zbl 1282.11034
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2012
The zeta functions of complexes from $$\mathrm{PGL}(3)$$: a representation-theoretic approach. Zbl 1230.05286
Kang, Ming-Hsuan; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Wang, Chian-Jen
2010
Modular curves and coding theory: a survey. Zbl 1221.11142
Li, Wen-Ching W.
2010
Zeta functions in combinatorics and number theory. Zbl 1222.11110
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2010
Recent developments in low-density parity-check codes. Zbl 1248.94121
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Lu, Min; Wang, Chenying
2009
On Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer congruence relations. II. Zbl 1157.11015
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling
2008
Hecke operators on Drinfeld cusp forms. Zbl 1234.11063
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Meemark, Yotsanan
2008
Characterizations of pseudo-codewords of (low-density) parity-check codes. Zbl 1134.94346
Kötter, Ralf; Li, Wen-Ching W.; Vontobel, Pascal O.; Walker, Judy L.
2007
Ramanujan graphs and Ramanujan hypergraphs. Zbl 1134.11021
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2007
Character sums over norm groups. Zbl 1103.11025
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2006
On Atkin–Swinnerton-Dyer congruence relations. Zbl 1083.11027
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Yang, Zifeng
2005
Modular forms for noncongruence subgroups. Zbl 1168.11310
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Long, Ling; Yang, Zifeng
2005
Ramanujan graphs on cosets of $$\operatorname{PGL}_2(\mathbb F_q)$$. Zbl 1075.05053
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Meemark, Yotsanan
2005
Ramanujan hypergraphs. Zbl 1084.05047
Li, W.-C. W.
2004
Character sums, automorphic forms, equidistribution, and Ramanujan graphs. II: Eigenvalues of Terras graphs. Zbl 1065.11047
Chai, Ching-Li; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2004
Modularity of asymptotically optimal towers of function fields. Zbl 1065.14027
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2004
Character sums, automorphic forms, equidistribution, and Ramanujan graphs. I: The Kloosterman sum conjecture over function fields. Zbl 1038.11038
Chai, Ching-Li; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2003
Hidden number problem with the trace and bit security of XTR and LUC. Zbl 1026.94532
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Näslund, Mats; Shparlinski, Igor E.
2002
Coverings of curves with asymptotically many rational points. Zbl 1055.11040
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Maharaj, Hiren
2002
New optimal tame towers of function fields over small finite fields. Zbl 1064.11075
Li, Wen-Ching W.; Maharaj, Hiren; Stichtenoth, Henning; Elkies, Noam D.
2002
Recent developments in automorphic forms and applications. Zbl 1176.11018
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2002
On negative eigenvalues of regular graphs. Zbl 0995.05098
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
2001
Character sums over $$p$$-adic fields. Zbl 0919.11083
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1999
Partition polytopes over 1-dimensional points. Zbl 0955.90116
Gao, Biao; Hwang, Frank K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Rothblum, Uriel G.
1999
Eigenvalues of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0981.11041
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1999
Elliptic curves, Kloosterman sums and Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0957.11035
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1998
Geometry, graph theory and number theory. Zbl 0938.05042
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1998
A 2-adic approach to the analysis of cyclic codes. Zbl 0898.94011
Calderbank, A. R.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Poonen, Bjorn
1997
Spectra of hypergraphs and applications. Zbl 0874.05041
Feng, Keqin; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
Spectra of regular graphs and hypergraphs and orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 0864.05072
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Solé, Patrick
1996
A survey of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0868.05046
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
On the series for $$L(1,\chi)$$. Zbl 0847.11042
Leu, Ming-Guang; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1996
Estimates of character sums arising from finite upper half planes. Zbl 0879.11071
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1996
Link-connectivities of extended double loop networks. Zbl 0843.05069
Hwang, Frank K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1996
Complete sequences of sets of integer powers. Zbl 0863.11014
Burr, Stefan A.; Erdős, Paul; Graham, Ronald L.; Li, W. Wen-Ching
1996
Number theoretic constructions of Ramanujan graphs. Zbl 0844.11076
Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1995
The Sperner capacity of linear and nonlinear codes for the cyclic triangle. Zbl 0778.94004
Calderbank, A. R.; Frankl, P.; Graham, R. L.; Li, W.-C. W.; Shepp, L. A.
1993
Most reliable double loop networks in survival reliability. Zbl 0803.90068
Hu, X. D.; Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1993
Consecutive-2-out-of-$$n$$:F systems with node & link failures. Zbl 0800.90476
Chen, R. W.; Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1993
Character sums and abelian Ramanujan graphs (with an appendix by Keqin Feng and Wen-Ch’ing Winnie Li). Zbl 0760.11040
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1992
Reliabilities of double-loop networks. Zbl 1134.90361
Hwang, F. K.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie
1991
Twisted Dirichlet series and distributions. Zbl 0704.11051
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1990
Sylow subgroups of ideal class groups with moduli. Zbl 0723.11053
Harnchoowong, Ajchara; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1990
Functional equations and periodic sequences. Zbl 0688.10039
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1989
Diagonalizing modular forms. Zbl 0594.10018
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1986
On ideal classes of number fields containing integral ideals of equal norms. Zbl 0576.12009
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Moroz, B. Z.
1985
Fourier transforms of representations of quaternions. Zbl 0553.12008
Gérardin, Paul; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1985
Barnes’ identities and representations of GL(2). I: Finite field case. Zbl 0515.12016
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie; Soto-Andrade, Jorge
1983
Generators for the ideal of polynomial identities satisfied by 2x2 matrices. Zbl 0478.16016
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1982
The Poincaré series of the ring of 2x2 generic matrices. Zbl 0459.16013
Formanek, Edward; Halpin, Patrick; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
Independence numbers of graphs and generators of ideals. Zbl 0524.05037
Li, Shuo-Yen Robert; Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
On converse theorems for GL(2) and GL(1). Zbl 0477.12013
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1981
Homogeneous collinear sets in partitions of $$Z^ n$$. Zbl 0467.10005
Graham, R. L.; Li, Wen-Ching Winnie; Paul, J. L.
1981
On the structure of t-designs. Zbl 0499.05012
Graham, R. L.; Li, S.-Y. R.; Li, W.-C. W.
1980
Dimensions of spaces of cusp forms over function fields. Zbl 0431.22015
Harder, G.; Li, W.-C. W.; Weisinger, J. R.
1980
On the representations of GL(2). I: epsilon-factors and n-closeness. Zbl 0411.20023
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
On the representations of $$GL(2)$$. II: $$\varepsilon$$-factors of the representations of $$GL(2)\times GL(2)$$. Zbl 0422.20029
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
Une caractérisation des représentations automorphes de $$GL_1$$ et de $$GL_2$$. Zbl 0437.12011
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1980
L-series of Rankin type and their functional equations. Zbl 0396.10017
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
Eisenstein series and decomposition theory over function fields. Zbl 0381.10024
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
Hecke-Weil-Jacquet-Langlands theorem revisited. Zbl 0413.10023
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1979
Twists of newforms and pseudo-eigenvalues of $$W$$-operators. Zbl 0369.10016
Atkin, A. O. L.; Li, W.-C. W.
1978
On modular functions in characteristic p. Zbl 0402.10026
Li, Wen-ch’ing Winnie
1978
Newforms and functional equations. Zbl 0278.10026
Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie
1975
all top 5
### Cited by 595 Authors
22 Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie 12 Long, Ling 9 Shparlinski, Igor E. 8 Khosrovshahi, Gholamreza B. 7 Drensky, Vesselin 7 Kang, Ming-Hsuan 7 Terras, Audrey Anne 6 Cioabă, Sebastian M. 6 Fan, Shuqin 6 Hwang, Frank Kwangming 6 Lubotzky, Alexander 6 Parzanchevski, Ori 6 Pizer, Arnold K. 5 Cardoso, Kauê 4 Berele, Allan 4 Blomer, Valentin 4 Frankl, Péter 4 Han, Wenbao 4 Kazalicki, Matija 4 Körner, János 4 Ramakrishnan, Balakrishnan 4 Rothblum, Uriel George 4 Shemanske, Thomas R. 4 Singhi, Navin Madhavprasad 4 Stark, Harold M. 4 Trevisan, Vilmar 4 Tu, Fang-Ting 4 Young, Matthew P. 3 Alon, Noga M. 3 Booker, Andrew R. 3 Cohen, Stephen D. 3 Fomenko, Oleg Mstislavovich 3 Gargano, Luisa 3 González, Josep R. 3 Gun, Sanoli 3 Gupta, Chander Kanta 3 Hedayat, Abdossamad 3 Hwang, H. L. 3 Khan, Rizwanur 3 Liu, Chunlei 3 Liu, Tong 3 Maysoori, Ch. 3 Pacetti, Ariel 3 Papikian, Mihran 3 Petrow, Ian N. 3 Rotger, Victor 3 Serre, Jean-Pierre 3 Walling, Lynne H. 3 Weinstein, Jared 3 Wilson, Richard Michael 2 Akhlaghinia, N. 2 Bandini, Andrea 2 Blache, Régis 2 Böckle, Gebhard 2 Bringmann, Kathrin 2 Brunault, François 2 Cai, Jin-Yi 2 Cho, Soojin 2 Choie, YoungJu 2 Cooper, Joshua N. 2 Darmon, Henri René 2 Das, Soumya 2 de Vera-Piquero, Carlos 2 Deitmar, Anton 2 del Vecchio, Renata Raposo 2 Deza, Michel Marie 2 Diamantis, Nikolaos 2 Dieulefait, Luis Victor 2 Feng, Keqin 2 Fernandez, Arran 2 Formanek, Edward W. 2 Franc, Cameron 2 Gekeler, Ernst-Ulrich 2 Ghate, Eknath P. 2 Ghorbani, Modjtaba 2 González-Jiménez, Enrique 2 Gouvêa, Fernando Quadros 2 Graham, Ronald Lewis 2 Griffeth, Stephen 2 Guitart, Xavier 2 Hijikata, Hiroaki 2 Høholdt, Tom 2 Humphries, Peter J. 2 Jin, Seokho 2 Kane, Ben 2 Kibelbek, Jonas 2 Kıral, Eren Mehmet 2 Koolen, Jack H. 2 Lagarias, Jeffrey C. 2 Lanphier, Dominic 2 Lazebnik, Felix 2 Lee, Min 2 Lei, Antonio 2 Leu, Ming-Guang 2 Linial, Nathan 2 Linowitz, Benjamin 2 Loeffler, David 2 Lorscheid, Oliver 2 Lu, Pinyan 2 Lubetzky, Eyal ...and 495 more Authors
all top 5
### Cited in 142 Serials
41 Journal of Number Theory 22 Finite Fields and their Applications 19 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 19 International Journal of Number Theory 17 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 15 Journal of Algebra 13 Linear Algebra and its Applications 12 Mathematics of Computation 12 Duke Mathematical Journal 11 Discrete Mathematics 11 Advances in Mathematics 10 Israel Journal of Mathematics 9 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 9 The Ramanujan Journal 8 Compositio Mathematica 8 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 7 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 7 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 6 Discrete Applied Mathematics 6 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 6 Combinatorica 6 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 6 Research in Number Theory 5 Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 5 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 4 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 4 Archiv der Mathematik 4 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 4 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Mathematische Annalen 4 Graphs and Combinatorics 4 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 3 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 3 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 3 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 3 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 3 Forum Mathematicum 3 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 3 Algebra & Number Theory 2 Communications in Algebra 2 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 2 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 2 Acta Arithmetica 2 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 2 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 2 European Journal of Combinatorics 2 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 2 Journal of Global Optimization 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 2 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 2 Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 2 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 2 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 2 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 2 Science China. Mathematics 2 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 2 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 International Journal of Modern Physics A 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Problems of Information Transmission 1 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 1 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Geometriae Dedicata 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Journal of Geometry 1 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 1 Kodai Mathematical Journal 1 Mathematika 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 Operations Research 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 Siberian Mathematical Journal 1 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 1 Operations Research Letters 1 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 1 Algorithmica 1 Discrete & Computational Geometry 1 Publicacions Matemàtiques 1 Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society ...and 42 more Serials
all top 5
### Cited in 38 Fields
317 Number theory (11-XX) 141 Combinatorics (05-XX) 53 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 41 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 30 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 28 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 26 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 22 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 18 Special functions (33-XX) 10 Computer science (68-XX) 10 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 9 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 9 Quantum theory (81-XX) 6 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 4 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 4 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 4 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 4 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 4 Geometry (51-XX) 4 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 3 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 3 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 3 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 2 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX)
### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2022-07-05T09:13:15 |
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http://gyassa.com/gys/bin/view/Ratings/Elo%20Rating%20Formula
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# Elo Rating Formula
Last modified by Samuel White on 2011/08/25 22:32
The Elo Rating Formula for predicting winning chances of two players in a match is a commonly used formula for rating systems. It is defined as follows. Assume player A with rating RA and player B with rating RB are in a match. The expected probability EA that player A will win the match is:
$E_A = \frac 1 {1 + 10^{(R_B - R_A)/400}}.$
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This wiki is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.0 license
XWiki Enterprise 2.4.30451 - Documentation
| 2017-07-25T22:57:27 |
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https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/barbagroup/CFDPython/blob/master/lessons/15_Step_12.ipynb
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Text provided under a Creative Commons Attribution license, CC-BY. All code is made available under the FSF-approved BSD-3 license. (c) Lorena A. Barba, Gilbert F. Forsyth 2017. Thanks to NSF for support via CAREER award #1149784.
# 12 steps to Navier–Stokes¶
Did you make it this far? This is the last step! How long did it take you to write your own Navier–Stokes solver in Python following this interactive module? Let us know!
## Step 12: Channel Flow with Navier–Stokes¶
The only difference between this final step and Step 11 is that we are going to add a source term to the $u$-momentum equation, to mimic the effect of a pressure-driven channel flow. Here are our modified Navier–Stokes equations:
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=-\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}\right)+F$$
$$\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=-\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+\nu\left(\frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 v}{\partial y^2}\right)$$
$$\frac{\partial^2 p}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 p}{\partial y^2}=-\rho\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+2\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)$$
### Discretized equations¶
With patience and care, we write the discretized form of the equations. It is highly recommended that you write these in your own hand, mentally following each term as you write it.
The $u$-momentum equation:
$$\begin{split} & \frac{u_{i,j}^{n+1}-u_{i,j}^{n}}{\Delta t}+u_{i,j}^{n}\frac{u_{i,j}^{n}-u_{i-1,j}^{n}}{\Delta x}+v_{i,j}^{n}\frac{u_{i,j}^{n}-u_{i,j-1}^{n}}{\Delta y} = \\ & \qquad -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{p_{i+1,j}^{n}-p_{i-1,j}^{n}}{2\Delta x} \\ & \qquad +\nu\left(\frac{u_{i+1,j}^{n}-2u_{i,j}^{n}+u_{i-1,j}^{n}}{\Delta x^2}+\frac{u_{i,j+1}^{n}-2u_{i,j}^{n}+u_{i,j-1}^{n}}{\Delta y^2}\right)+F_{i,j} \end{split}$$
The $v$-momentum equation:
$$\begin{split} & \frac{v_{i,j}^{n+1}-v_{i,j}^{n}}{\Delta t}+u_{i,j}^{n}\frac{v_{i,j}^{n}-v_{i-1,j}^{n}}{\Delta x}+v_{i,j}^{n}\frac{v_{i,j}^{n}-v_{i,j-1}^{n}}{\Delta y} = \\ & \qquad -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{p_{i,j+1}^{n}-p_{i,j-1}^{n}}{2\Delta y} \\ & \qquad +\nu\left(\frac{v_{i+1,j}^{n}-2v_{i,j}^{n}+v_{i-1,j}^{n}}{\Delta x^2}+\frac{v_{i,j+1}^{n}-2v_{i,j}^{n}+v_{i,j-1}^{n}}{\Delta y^2}\right) \end{split}$$
And the pressure equation:
$$\begin{split} & \frac{p_{i+1,j}^{n}-2p_{i,j}^{n}+p_{i-1,j}^{n}}{\Delta x^2} + \frac{p_{i,j+1}^{n}-2p_{i,j}^{n}+p_{i,j-1}^{n}}{\Delta y^2} = \\ & \qquad \rho\left[\frac{1}{\Delta t}\left(\frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x}+\frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\right) - \frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x}\frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x} - 2\frac{u_{i,j+1}-u_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\frac{v_{i+1,j}-v_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x} - \frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\right] \end{split}$$
As always, we need to re-arrange these equations to the form we need in the code to make the iterations proceed.
For the $u$- and $v$ momentum equations, we isolate the velocity at time step n+1:
$$\begin{split} u_{i,j}^{n+1} = u_{i,j}^{n} & - u_{i,j}^{n} \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left(u_{i,j}^{n}-u_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) - v_{i,j}^{n} \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta y} \left(u_{i,j}^{n}-u_{i,j-1}^{n}\right) \\ & - \frac{\Delta t}{\rho 2\Delta x} \left(p_{i+1,j}^{n}-p_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) \\ & + \nu\left[\frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left(u_{i+1,j}^{n}-2u_{i,j}^{n}+u_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta y^2} \left(u_{i,j+1}^{n}-2u_{i,j}^{n}+u_{i,j-1}^{n}\right)\right] \\ & + \Delta t F \end{split}$$
$$\begin{split} v_{i,j}^{n+1} = v_{i,j}^{n} & - u_{i,j}^{n} \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x} \left(v_{i,j}^{n}-v_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) - v_{i,j}^{n} \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta y} \left(v_{i,j}^{n}-v_{i,j-1}^{n}\right) \\ & - \frac{\Delta t}{\rho 2\Delta y} \left(p_{i,j+1}^{n}-p_{i,j-1}^{n}\right) \\ & + \nu\left[\frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x^2} \left(v_{i+1,j}^{n}-2v_{i,j}^{n}+v_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) + \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta y^2} \left(v_{i,j+1}^{n}-2v_{i,j}^{n}+v_{i,j-1}^{n}\right)\right] \end{split}$$
And for the pressure equation, we isolate the term $p_{i,j}^n$ to iterate in pseudo-time:
$$\begin{split} p_{i,j}^{n} = & \frac{\left(p_{i+1,j}^{n}+p_{i-1,j}^{n}\right) \Delta y^2 + \left(p_{i,j+1}^{n}+p_{i,j-1}^{n}\right) \Delta x^2}{2(\Delta x^2+\Delta y^2)} \\ & -\frac{\rho\Delta x^2\Delta y^2}{2\left(\Delta x^2+\Delta y^2\right)} \\ & \times \left[\frac{1}{\Delta t} \left(\frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x} + \frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\right) - \frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x}\frac{u_{i+1,j}-u_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x} - 2\frac{u_{i,j+1}-u_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\frac{v_{i+1,j}-v_{i-1,j}}{2\Delta x} - \frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\frac{v_{i,j+1}-v_{i,j-1}}{2\Delta y}\right] \end{split}$$
The initial condition is $u, v, p=0$ everywhere, and at the boundary conditions are:
$u, v, p$ are periodic on $x=0,2$
$u, v =0$ at $y =0,2$
$\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}=0$ at $y =0,2$
$F=1$ everywhere.
Let's begin by importing our usual run of libraries:
In [1]:
import numpy
from matplotlib import pyplot, cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
%matplotlib inline
In step 11, we isolated a portion of our transposed equation to make it easier to parse and we're going to do the same thing here. One thing to note is that we have periodic boundary conditions throughout this grid, so we need to explicitly calculate the values at the leading and trailing edge of our u vector.
In [2]:
def build_up_b(rho, dt, dx, dy, u, v):
b = numpy.zeros_like(u)
b[1:-1, 1:-1] = (rho * (1 / dt * ((u[1:-1, 2:] - u[1:-1, 0:-2]) / (2 * dx) +
(v[2:, 1:-1] - v[0:-2, 1:-1]) / (2 * dy)) -
((u[1:-1, 2:] - u[1:-1, 0:-2]) / (2 * dx))**2 -
2 * ((u[2:, 1:-1] - u[0:-2, 1:-1]) / (2 * dy) *
(v[1:-1, 2:] - v[1:-1, 0:-2]) / (2 * dx))-
((v[2:, 1:-1] - v[0:-2, 1:-1]) / (2 * dy))**2))
# Periodic BC Pressure @ x = 2
b[1:-1, -1] = (rho * (1 / dt * ((u[1:-1, 0] - u[1:-1,-2]) / (2 * dx) +
(v[2:, -1] - v[0:-2, -1]) / (2 * dy)) -
((u[1:-1, 0] - u[1:-1, -2]) / (2 * dx))**2 -
2 * ((u[2:, -1] - u[0:-2, -1]) / (2 * dy) *
(v[1:-1, 0] - v[1:-1, -2]) / (2 * dx)) -
((v[2:, -1] - v[0:-2, -1]) / (2 * dy))**2))
# Periodic BC Pressure @ x = 0
b[1:-1, 0] = (rho * (1 / dt * ((u[1:-1, 1] - u[1:-1, -1]) / (2 * dx) +
(v[2:, 0] - v[0:-2, 0]) / (2 * dy)) -
((u[1:-1, 1] - u[1:-1, -1]) / (2 * dx))**2 -
2 * ((u[2:, 0] - u[0:-2, 0]) / (2 * dy) *
(v[1:-1, 1] - v[1:-1, -1]) / (2 * dx))-
((v[2:, 0] - v[0:-2, 0]) / (2 * dy))**2))
return b
We'll also define a Pressure Poisson iterative function, again like we did in Step 11. Once more, note that we have to include the periodic boundary conditions at the leading and trailing edge. We also have to specify the boundary conditions at the top and bottom of our grid.
In [3]:
def pressure_poisson_periodic(p, dx, dy):
pn = numpy.empty_like(p)
for q in range(nit):
pn = p.copy()
p[1:-1, 1:-1] = (((pn[1:-1, 2:] + pn[1:-1, 0:-2]) * dy**2 +
(pn[2:, 1:-1] + pn[0:-2, 1:-1]) * dx**2) /
(2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) -
dx**2 * dy**2 / (2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) * b[1:-1, 1:-1])
# Periodic BC Pressure @ x = 2
p[1:-1, -1] = (((pn[1:-1, 0] + pn[1:-1, -2])* dy**2 +
(pn[2:, -1] + pn[0:-2, -1]) * dx**2) /
(2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) -
dx**2 * dy**2 / (2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) * b[1:-1, -1])
# Periodic BC Pressure @ x = 0
p[1:-1, 0] = (((pn[1:-1, 1] + pn[1:-1, -1])* dy**2 +
(pn[2:, 0] + pn[0:-2, 0]) * dx**2) /
(2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) -
dx**2 * dy**2 / (2 * (dx**2 + dy**2)) * b[1:-1, 0])
# Wall boundary conditions, pressure
p[-1, :] =p[-2, :] # dp/dy = 0 at y = 2
p[0, :] = p[1, :] # dp/dy = 0 at y = 0
return p
Now we have our familiar list of variables and initial conditions to declare before we start.
In [4]:
##variable declarations
nx = 41
ny = 41
nt = 10
nit = 50
c = 1
dx = 2 / (nx - 1)
dy = 2 / (ny - 1)
x = numpy.linspace(0, 2, nx)
y = numpy.linspace(0, 2, ny)
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(x, y)
##physical variables
rho = 1
nu = .1
F = 1
dt = .01
#initial conditions
u = numpy.zeros((ny, nx))
un = numpy.zeros((ny, nx))
v = numpy.zeros((ny, nx))
vn = numpy.zeros((ny, nx))
p = numpy.ones((ny, nx))
pn = numpy.ones((ny, nx))
b = numpy.zeros((ny, nx))
For the meat of our computation, we're going to reach back to a trick we used in Step 9 for Laplace's Equation. We're interested in what our grid will look like once we've reached a near-steady state. We can either specify a number of timesteps nt and increment it until we're satisfied with the results, or we can tell our code to run until the difference between two consecutive iterations is very small.
We also have to manage 8 separate boundary conditions for each iteration. The code below writes each of them out explicitly. If you're interested in a challenge, you can try to write a function which can handle some or all of these boundary conditions. If you're interested in tackling that, you should probably read up on Python dictionaries.
In [5]:
udiff = 1
stepcount = 0
while udiff > .001:
un = u.copy()
vn = v.copy()
b = build_up_b(rho, dt, dx, dy, u, v)
p = pressure_poisson_periodic(p, dx, dy)
u[1:-1, 1:-1] = (un[1:-1, 1:-1] -
un[1:-1, 1:-1] * dt / dx *
(un[1:-1, 1:-1] - un[1:-1, 0:-2]) -
vn[1:-1, 1:-1] * dt / dy *
(un[1:-1, 1:-1] - un[0:-2, 1:-1]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dx) *
(p[1:-1, 2:] - p[1:-1, 0:-2]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(un[1:-1, 2:] - 2 * un[1:-1, 1:-1] + un[1:-1, 0:-2]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(un[2:, 1:-1] - 2 * un[1:-1, 1:-1] + un[0:-2, 1:-1])) +
F * dt)
v[1:-1, 1:-1] = (vn[1:-1, 1:-1] -
un[1:-1, 1:-1] * dt / dx *
(vn[1:-1, 1:-1] - vn[1:-1, 0:-2]) -
vn[1:-1, 1:-1] * dt / dy *
(vn[1:-1, 1:-1] - vn[0:-2, 1:-1]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dy) *
(p[2:, 1:-1] - p[0:-2, 1:-1]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(vn[1:-1, 2:] - 2 * vn[1:-1, 1:-1] + vn[1:-1, 0:-2]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(vn[2:, 1:-1] - 2 * vn[1:-1, 1:-1] + vn[0:-2, 1:-1])))
# Periodic BC u @ x = 2
u[1:-1, -1] = (un[1:-1, -1] - un[1:-1, -1] * dt / dx *
(un[1:-1, -1] - un[1:-1, -2]) -
vn[1:-1, -1] * dt / dy *
(un[1:-1, -1] - un[0:-2, -1]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dx) *
(p[1:-1, 0] - p[1:-1, -2]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(un[1:-1, 0] - 2 * un[1:-1,-1] + un[1:-1, -2]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(un[2:, -1] - 2 * un[1:-1, -1] + un[0:-2, -1])) + F * dt)
# Periodic BC u @ x = 0
u[1:-1, 0] = (un[1:-1, 0] - un[1:-1, 0] * dt / dx *
(un[1:-1, 0] - un[1:-1, -1]) -
vn[1:-1, 0] * dt / dy *
(un[1:-1, 0] - un[0:-2, 0]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dx) *
(p[1:-1, 1] - p[1:-1, -1]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(un[1:-1, 1] - 2 * un[1:-1, 0] + un[1:-1, -1]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(un[2:, 0] - 2 * un[1:-1, 0] + un[0:-2, 0])) + F * dt)
# Periodic BC v @ x = 2
v[1:-1, -1] = (vn[1:-1, -1] - un[1:-1, -1] * dt / dx *
(vn[1:-1, -1] - vn[1:-1, -2]) -
vn[1:-1, -1] * dt / dy *
(vn[1:-1, -1] - vn[0:-2, -1]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dy) *
(p[2:, -1] - p[0:-2, -1]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(vn[1:-1, 0] - 2 * vn[1:-1, -1] + vn[1:-1, -2]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(vn[2:, -1] - 2 * vn[1:-1, -1] + vn[0:-2, -1])))
# Periodic BC v @ x = 0
v[1:-1, 0] = (vn[1:-1, 0] - un[1:-1, 0] * dt / dx *
(vn[1:-1, 0] - vn[1:-1, -1]) -
vn[1:-1, 0] * dt / dy *
(vn[1:-1, 0] - vn[0:-2, 0]) -
dt / (2 * rho * dy) *
(p[2:, 0] - p[0:-2, 0]) +
nu * (dt / dx**2 *
(vn[1:-1, 1] - 2 * vn[1:-1, 0] + vn[1:-1, -1]) +
dt / dy**2 *
(vn[2:, 0] - 2 * vn[1:-1, 0] + vn[0:-2, 0])))
# Wall BC: u,v = 0 @ y = 0,2
u[0, :] = 0
u[-1, :] = 0
v[0, :] = 0
v[-1, :]=0
udiff = (numpy.sum(u) - numpy.sum(un)) / numpy.sum(u)
stepcount += 1
You can see that we've also included a variable stepcount to see how many iterations our loop went through before our stop condition was met.
In [6]:
print(stepcount)
499
If you want to see how the number of iterations increases as our udiff condition gets smaller and smaller, try defining a function to perform the while loop written above that takes an input udiff and outputs the number of iterations that the function runs.
For now, let's look at our results. We've used the quiver function to look at the cavity flow results and it works well for channel flow, too.
In [7]:
fig = pyplot.figure(figsize = (11,7), dpi=100)
pyplot.quiver(X[::3, ::3], Y[::3, ::3], u[::3, ::3], v[::3, ::3]);
The structures in the quiver command that look like [::3, ::3] are useful when dealing with large amounts of data that you want to visualize. The one used above tells matplotlib to only plot every 3rd data point. If we leave it out, you can see that the results can appear a little crowded.
In [8]:
fig = pyplot.figure(figsize = (11,7), dpi=100)
pyplot.quiver(X, Y, u, v);
## Learn more¶
##### What is the meaning of the $F$ term?¶
Step 12 is an exercise demonstrating the problem of flow in a channel or pipe. If you recall from your fluid mechanics class, a specified pressure gradient is what drives Poisseulle flow.
Recall the $x$-momentum equation:
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u \cdot \nabla u = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+\nu \nabla^2 u$$
What we actually do in Step 12 is split the pressure into steady and unsteady components $p=P+p'$. The applied steady pressure gradient is the constant $-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}=F$ (interpreted as a source term), and the unsteady component is $\frac{\partial p'}{\partial x}$. So the pressure that we solve for in Step 12 is actually $p'$, which for a steady flow is in fact equal to zero everywhere.
Why did we do this?
Note that we use periodic boundary conditions for this flow. For a flow with a constant pressure gradient, the value of pressure on the left edge of the domain must be different from the pressure at the right edge. So we cannot apply periodic boundary conditions on the pressure directly. It is easier to fix the gradient and then solve for the perturbations in pressure.
Shouldn't we always expect a uniform/constant $p'$ then?
That's true only in the case of steady laminar flows. At high Reynolds numbers, flows in channels can become turbulent, and we will see unsteady fluctuations in the pressure, which will result in non-zero values for $p'$.
In step 12, note that the pressure field itself is not constant, but it's the pressure perturbation field that is. The pressure field varies linearly along the channel with slope equal to the pressure gradient. Also, for incompressible flows, the absolute value of the pressure is inconsequential.
##### And explore more CFD materials online¶
The interactive module 12 steps to Navier–Stokes is one of several components of the Computational Fluid Dynamics class taught by Prof. Lorena A. Barba in Boston University between 2009 and 2013.
For a sample of what the othe components of this class are, you can explore the Resources section of the Spring 2013 version of the course's Piazza site.
In [9]:
from IPython.core.display import HTML
def css_styling():
styles = open("../styles/custom.css", "r").read()
return HTML(styles)
css_styling()
Out[9]:
(The cell above executes the style for this notebook.)
| 2019-02-16T20:19:49 |
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|
http://dergipark.gov.tr/bilgesci/issue/36277/406359
|
| | | |
## Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method
#### Gökhan Ömeroğlu [1]
##### 131 201
In this study, an attempt was made to optimize the default parameters in various experiments to improve the performance and heat transfer properties of the flat plate solar collector using the Taguchi method. An experimental investigation was carried out using air as working fluid at certain speeds (3.3, 3.9 & 4.5 m/s) on a PV/T collector. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of heat transfer characteristics on performance, and the results are evaluated, since the above parameters have a great effect on the performance and heat transfer properties of the flat plate solar collector. Test Design for experiments were the Taguchi L36 Orthogonal Array Design. Experiments were carried out using the results of the outlet temperature of the air, the electrical and thermal efficiency of the collector, and the design of experiments by Taguchi method. The results showed that the selected parameters in this study had a significant effect on the selected responses and the verification results showed a significant improvement in the performance characteristics of the flat plate solar collector. The obtained results were analyzed in the ANSYS fluent program.
PV/T, Taguchi Method, ANSYS fluent, Solar system
Birincil Dil en Mühendislik, Makine Araştırma Makaleleri Orcid: 0000-0001-7237-2311Yazar: Gökhan Ömeroğlu (Sorumlu Yazar)Ülke: Turkey
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { bilgesci406359, journal = {Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research}, issn = {2651-401X}, eissn = {2651-4028}, address = {Kutbilge Akademisyenler Derneği}, year = {2018}, volume = {2}, pages = {47 - 55}, doi = {10.30516/bilgesci.406359}, title = {Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method}, key = {cite}, author = {Ömeroğlu, Gökhan} } APA Ömeroğlu, G . (2018). Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 2 (1), 47-55. DOI: 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 MLA Ömeroğlu, G . "Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method". Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research 2 (2018): 47-55 Chicago Ömeroğlu, G . "Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method". Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research 2 (2018): 47-55 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method AU - Gökhan Ömeroğlu Y1 - 2018 PY - 2018 N1 - doi: 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 DO - 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 T2 - Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 47 EP - 55 VL - 2 IS - 1 SN - 2651-401X-2651-4028 M3 - doi: 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.406359 Y2 - 2018 ER - EndNote %0 Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method %A Gökhan Ömeroğlu %T Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method %D 2018 %J Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research %P 2651-401X-2651-4028 %V 2 %N 1 %R doi: 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 %U 10.30516/bilgesci.406359 ISNAD Ömeroğlu, Gökhan . "Investigation In Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of An Active Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal (Pv/T) Solar System With Taguchi Method". Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research 2 / 1 (Mart 2018): 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.406359
| 2018-12-19T01:46:24 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10204250-compressing-deep-neural-networks-fpgas-binary-ternary-precision-hls4ml
|
Compressing deep neural networks on FPGAs to binary and ternary precision with hls4ml
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10204250
Journal Name:
Machine Learning: Science and Technology
Volume:
2
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 015001
ISSN:
2632-2153
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
1. ABSTRACT We investigate the redshift evolution of the intrinsic alignments (IAs) of galaxies in the MassiveBlackII (MBII) simulation. We select galaxy samples above fixed subhalo mass cuts ($M_h\gt 10^{11,12,13}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$) at z = 0.6 and trace their progenitors to z = 3 along their merger trees. Dark matter components of z = 0.6 galaxies are more spherical than their progenitors while stellar matter components tend to be less spherical than their progenitors. The distribution of the galaxy–subhalo misalignment angle peaks at ∼10 deg with a mild increase with time. The evolution of the ellipticity–direction (ED) correlation amplitude ω(r) of galaxies (which quantifies the tendency ofmore »
| 2022-01-18T22:53:45 |
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|
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Acasson.andrew-j
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Casson, Andrew J.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: casson.andrew-j Published as: Casson, A.; Casson, A. J.; Casson, Andrew; Casson, Andrew J. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 15 Publications since 1967, including 2 Books Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
4 single-authored 3 Gordon, Cameron McA. 2 Gottlieb, Daniel Henry 1 Armstrong, Mark Anthony 1 Becker, James Cyril 1 Bleiler, Steven A. 1 Cooke, G. E. 1 Freedman, Michael Hartley 1 Harer, John L. 1 Jungreis, Douglas S. 1 Long, Darren D. 1 Ranicki, Andrew A. 1 Rourke, Colin P. 1 Sullivan, Dennis Parnell
all top 5
#### Serials
3 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Topology 1 Topology and its Applications 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1 London Mathematical Society Student Texts
all top 5
#### Fields
13 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
15 Publications have been cited 587 times in 561 Documents Cited by Year
Automorphisms of surfaces after Nielsen and Thurston. Zbl 0649.57008
Casson, Andrew J.; Bleiler, Steven A.
1988
Reducing Heegaard splittings. Zbl 0632.57010
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1987
Convergence groups and Seifert fibered 3-manifolds. Zbl 0840.57005
Casson, Andrew; Jungreis, Douglas
1994
On slice knots in dimension three. Zbl 0394.57008
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1978
Some homology lens spaces which bound rational homology balls. Zbl 0483.57017
Casson, Andrew J.; Harer, John L.
1981
Link cobordism and Milnor’s invariant. Zbl 0312.55003
Casson, A. J.
1975
Fibrations with compact fibres. Zbl 0375.55015
Casson, Andrew; Gottlieb, Daniel Henry
1977
A loop theorem for duality spaces and fibred ribbon knots. Zbl 0538.57003
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1983
Algorithmic compression of surface automorphisms. Zbl 0589.57008
Casson, A. J.; Long, D. D.
1985
Atomic surgery problems. Zbl 0559.57008
Casson, Andrew; Freedman, Michael
1984
Fibrations over spheres. Zbl 0163.45302
Casson, A. J.
1967
The Lefschetz number and fiber preserving maps. Zbl 0316.55016
Becker, J. C.; Casson, A.; Gottlieb, Daniel H.
1975
The Hauptvermutung book. A collection of papers of the topology of manifolds. Zbl 0853.00012
Ranicki, A. A. (ed.); Casson, A. J. (ed.); Sullivan, D. P. (ed.); Armstrong, M. A. (ed.); Rourke, C. P. (ed.); Cooke, G. E. (ed.)
1996
Whitehead groups of free products with amalgamation. Zbl 0358.18014
Casson, A. J.
1973
Generalisations and applications of block bundles. Zbl 0871.57022
Casson, A. J.
1996
The Hauptvermutung book. A collection of papers of the topology of manifolds. Zbl 0853.00012
Ranicki, A. A. (ed.); Casson, A. J. (ed.); Sullivan, D. P. (ed.); Armstrong, M. A. (ed.); Rourke, C. P. (ed.); Cooke, G. E. (ed.)
1996
Generalisations and applications of block bundles. Zbl 0871.57022
Casson, A. J.
1996
Convergence groups and Seifert fibered 3-manifolds. Zbl 0840.57005
Casson, Andrew; Jungreis, Douglas
1994
Automorphisms of surfaces after Nielsen and Thurston. Zbl 0649.57008
Casson, Andrew J.; Bleiler, Steven A.
1988
Reducing Heegaard splittings. Zbl 0632.57010
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1987
Algorithmic compression of surface automorphisms. Zbl 0589.57008
Casson, A. J.; Long, D. D.
1985
Atomic surgery problems. Zbl 0559.57008
Casson, Andrew; Freedman, Michael
1984
A loop theorem for duality spaces and fibred ribbon knots. Zbl 0538.57003
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1983
Some homology lens spaces which bound rational homology balls. Zbl 0483.57017
Casson, Andrew J.; Harer, John L.
1981
On slice knots in dimension three. Zbl 0394.57008
Casson, A. J.; Gordon, C. McA.
1978
Fibrations with compact fibres. Zbl 0375.55015
Casson, Andrew; Gottlieb, Daniel Henry
1977
Link cobordism and Milnor’s invariant. Zbl 0312.55003
Casson, A. J.
1975
The Lefschetz number and fiber preserving maps. Zbl 0316.55016
Becker, J. C.; Casson, A.; Gottlieb, Daniel H.
1975
Whitehead groups of free products with amalgamation. Zbl 0358.18014
Casson, A. J.
1973
Fibrations over spheres. Zbl 0163.45302
Casson, A. J.
1967
all top 5
#### Cited by 499 Authors
15 Cochran, Thomas (Tim) Daniel 14 Lei, Fengchun 11 Scharlemann, Martin G. 9 Tomova, Maggy 8 Li, Tao 8 Minsky, Yair N. 8 Qiu, Ruifeng 8 Souto, Juan 7 Bonahon, Francis 7 Harvey, Shelly L. 7 Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi 7 Li, Fengling 7 Moriah, Yoav 7 Ohshika, Ken’ichi 7 Yang, Guoqiu 6 Bachman, David 6 Fenley, Sérgio R. 6 Livingston, Charles 6 Rieck, Yo’av 6 Taylor, Scott A. 6 Yasuhara, Akira 5 Bowditch, Brian H. 5 Du, Kun 5 E., Qiang 5 Freedman, Michael Hartley 5 Fujiwara, Koji 5 Handel, Michael 5 Kapovich, Michael 5 Leininger, Christopher J. 5 Long, Darren D. 5 Markovic, Vladimir 5 Mj, Mahan 5 Schultens, Jennifer 5 Sedgwick, Eric 4 Bestvina, Mladen 4 Boyland, Philip L. 4 Cha, Jae Choon 4 Davis, Christopher William 4 Franks, John M. 4 Gordon, Cameron McA. 4 Gupta, Subhojoy 4 Kleiner, Bruce 4 Leidy, Constance 4 Mosher, Lee 4 Namazi, Hossein 4 Ruberman, Daniel 4 Silver, Daniel S. 4 Stipsicz, András I. 4 Zou, Yanqing 3 Bauer, Max 3 Biswas, Indranil 3 Boileau, Michel Charles 3 Calegari, Danny Matthew Cornelius 3 Cantwell, John C. 3 Casson, Andrew J. 3 Cavicchioli, Alberto 3 Conlon, Lawrence 3 Derby-Talbot, Ryan 3 Gabai, David 3 Gilmer, Patrick M. 3 Grines, Vyacheslav Zigmundovich 3 Honda, Ko 3 Horn, Peter D. 3 Johnson, Jesse Edward 3 Kazez, William H. 3 Klein, John Robert 3 Lecuona, Ana G. 3 Liang, Liang 3 Lopez, Luis-Miguel 3 Meilhan, Jean-Baptiste 3 Monclair, Daniel 3 Murasugi, Kunio 3 Nikolaev, Igor Vasilievich 3 Reid, Alan W. 3 Saito, Toshio 3 Schleimer, Saul 3 Spaggiari, Fulvia 3 Swenson, Eric L. 3 Szabo, Zoltan 3 Telloni, Agnese Ilaria 3 Thompson, Abigail A. 2 Akbulut, Selman 2 Akhmedov, Anar 2 Baba, Shinpei 2 Baik, Hyungryul 2 Barbot, Thierry 2 Belegradek, Igor 2 Berestovskiĭ, Valeriĭ Nikolaevich 2 Biryukov, Oleg N. 2 Boyer, Steven 2 Bromberg, Kenneth W. 2 Cimasoni, David 2 Colding, Tobias Holck 2 Colin, Vincent 2 Erlandsson, Viveka 2 Eudave-Muñoz, Mario 2 Ferdinands, John 2 Florens, Vincent 2 Friedl, Stefan 2 Gadgil, Siddhartha ...and 399 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 99 Serials
82 Topology and its Applications 59 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 52 Geometry & Topology 38 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 30 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 26 Inventiones Mathematicae 25 Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications 17 Geometriae Dedicata 11 Mathematische Zeitschrift 10 Advances in Mathematics 10 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 9 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9 Mathematische Annalen 8 Duke Mathematical Journal 7 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 7 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 6 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 5 Israel Journal of Mathematics 5 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 5 Journal of Topology 4 Compositio Mathematica 4 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 4 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 4 Conformal Geometry and Dynamics 4 Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics 4 Science China. Mathematics 3 Mathematical Notes 3 Acta Mathematica 3 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 3 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 3 International Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 3 Journal of Topology and Analysis 2 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 2 Communications in Mathematical Physics 2 Journal of Geometry and Physics 2 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 2 Publications Mathématiques 2 Manuscripta Mathematica 2 Michigan Mathematical Journal 2 Monatshefte für Mathematik 2 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 2 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 2 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 2 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 2 Forum Mathematicum 2 Differential Geometry and its Applications 2 Expositiones Mathematicae 2 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 2 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 2 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 2 Winter Braids Lecture Notes 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 1 Journal of Mathematical Biology 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 The Mathematical Intelligencer 1 Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 1 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 1 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 1 Hiroshima Mathematical Journal 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 1 Kodai Mathematical Journal 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 1 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 1 $$K$$-Theory 1 Information and Computation 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Physique Théorique 1 Russian Mathematics 1 Experimental Mathematics 1 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 1 Boletín de la Sociedad Matemática Mexicana. Third Series 1 Izvestiya: Mathematics 1 Doklady Mathematics 1 Journal of Group Theory 1 Revista Matemática Complutense 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Journal of High Energy Physics 1 Computational Methods and Function Theory 1 Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 1 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 1 ISRN Geometry
all top 5
#### Cited in 38 Fields
483 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 99 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 75 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 49 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 39 Differential geometry (53-XX) 27 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 25 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 14 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 13 Number theory (11-XX) 13 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 13 General topology (54-XX) 8 Combinatorics (05-XX) 7 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 7 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 7 Geometry (51-XX) 5 Computer science (68-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 4 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 4 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 4 Functional analysis (46-XX) 4 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 3 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-06-18T15:58:44 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.30
|
# §10.30 Limiting Forms
## §10.30(i) $z\to 0$
When $\nu$ is fixed and $z\to 0$,
10.30.1 $\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\sim(\tfrac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}/\mathop{% \Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu+1\right),$ $\nu\neq-1,-2,-3,\dots$,
10.30.2 $\displaystyle\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\tfrac{1}{2}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu\right)(% \tfrac{1}{2}z)^{-\nu},$ $\Re{\nu}>0$, 10.30.3 $\displaystyle\mathop{K_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim-\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits z.$ Symbols: $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $\mathop{K_{\NVar{\nu}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\NVar{z}\right)$: modified Bessel function of the second kind, $\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\NVar{z}$: principal branch of logarithm function and $z$: complex variable A&S Ref: 9.6.8 Referenced by: §10.30(i) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.30.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 10.30(i)
For $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$, when $\nu$ is purely imaginary and $x\to 0+$, see (10.45.2) and (10.45.7).
## §10.30(ii) $z\to\infty$
When $\nu$ is fixed and $z\to\infty$,
10.30.4 $\displaystyle\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim e^{z}/\sqrt{2\pi z},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{1}{2}\pi-\delta$, 10.30.5 $\displaystyle\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim e^{\pm(\nu+\frac{1}{2})\pi i}e^{-z}/\sqrt{2\pi z},$ $\tfrac{1}{2}\pi+\delta\leq\pm\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z\leq\tfrac{3}{2}% \pi-\delta$.
For $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ see (10.25.3).
| 2017-01-22T01:49:30 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10265907-sami-manga-view-stellar-kinematics-galaxies-star-forming-main-sequence
|
A SAMI and MaNGA view on the stellar kinematics of galaxies on the star-forming main sequence
ABSTRACT Galaxy internal structure growth has long been accused of inhibiting star formation in disc galaxies. We investigate the potential physical connection between the growth of dispersion-supported stellar structures (e.g. classical bulges) and the position of galaxies on the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 0. Combining the might of the SAMI and MaNGA galaxy surveys, we measure the λRe spin parameter for 3289 galaxies over $9.5 \lt \log M_{\star } [\rm {M}_{\odot }] \lt 12$. At all stellar masses, galaxies at the locus of the main sequence possess λRe values indicative of intrinsically flattened discs. However, above $\log M_{\star }[\rm {M}_{\odot }]\sim 10.5$ where the main sequence starts bending, we find tantalizing evidence for an increase in the number of galaxies with dispersion-supported structures, perhaps suggesting a connection between bulges and the bending of the main sequence. Moving above the main sequence, we see no evidence of any change in the typical spin parameter in galaxies once gravitationally interacting systems are excluded from the sample. Similarly, up to 1 dex below the main sequence, λRe remains roughly constant and only at very high stellar masses ($\log M_{\star }[\rm {M}_{\odot }]\gt 11$), do we see a rapid decrease in λRe more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10265907
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
503
Issue:
4
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
4992 to 5005
ISSN:
0035-8711
We employ a series of high-resolution zoom-in cosmological simulations to analyse the emerging morphology of main galaxies in dark matter haloes at z ≳ 2. We choose haloes of similar masses, ${\rm log}\, M_{\rm vir}/{\rm M_\odot }\sim 11.65\pm 0.05$, at the target zf = 6, 4, and 2. The rationale for this choice allows us to analyse how the different growth rate in these haloes propagates down to galaxy scales, affecting their basic parameters. Halos were embedded in high/low overdensity regions, and two versions of a galactic wind feedback were employed. Our main results are: (1) Although our galaxies evolve in different epochs, their global parameters remain within narrow range. Their morphology, kinematics, and stellar populations differ substantially, yet all host sub-kpc stellar bars; (2) The star formation rates appear higher for larger zf; (3) Bulges and stellar spheroids were separated by stellar kinematics, discy bulges were revealed using the Sersic method and photometry.The bulge-to-total mass ratios appear independent of the last merger time for all zf. The spheroid-to-total mas ratios lie within ∼0.5–0.8; (4) The synthetic redshifted, pixelized, and PSF-degraded JWST images allow detection of stellar discs at all zf. (5) Based on the kinematic decomposition, rotational support inmore »
We use the simba cosmological galaxy formation simulation to investigate the relationship between major mergers ($\lesssim$4:1), starbursts, and galaxy quenching. Mergers are identified via sudden jumps in stellar mass M* well above that expected from in situ star formation, while quenching is defined as going from specific star formation rate (sSFR) $\gt t_{\rm H}^{-1}$ to $\lt 0.2t_{\rm H}^{-1}$, where tH is the Hubble time. At z ≈ 0–3, mergers show ∼2–3× higher SFR than a mass-matched sample of star-forming galaxies, but globally represent $\lesssim 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the cosmic SF budget. At low masses, the increase in SFR in mergers is mostly attributed to an increase in the H2 content, but for $M_*\gtrsim 10^{10.5} \,\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ mergers also show an elevated star formation efficiency suggesting denser gas within merging galaxies. The merger rate for star-forming galaxies shows a rapid increase with redshift, ∝(1 + z)3.5, but the quenching rate evolves much more slowly, ∝(1 + z)0.9; there are insufficient mergers to explain the quenching rate at $z\lesssim 1.5$. simba first quenches galaxies at $z\gtrsim 3$, with a number density in good agreement with observations. The quenching time-scales τq are strongly bimodal, with ‘slow’ quenchings (τq ∼ 0.1tH) dominating overall,more »
3. ABSTRACT We perform a consistent comparison of the mass and mass profiles of massive (M⋆ > 1011.4 M⊙) central galaxies at z ∼ 0.4 from deep Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) observations and from the Illustris, TNG100, and Ponos simulations. Weak lensing measurements from HSC enable measurements at fixed halo mass and provide constraints on the strength and impact of feedback at different halo mass scales. We compare the stellar mass function (SMF) and the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation (SHMR) at various radii and show that the radius at which the comparison is performed is important. In general, Illustris and TNG100 display steeper values of α where $M_{\star } \propto M_{\rm vir}^{\alpha }$. These differences are more pronounced for Illustris than for TNG100 and in the inner rather than outer regions of galaxies. Differences in the inner regions may suggest that TNG100 is too efficient at quenching in situ star formation at Mvir ≃ 1013 M⊙ but not efficient enough at Mvir ≃ 1014 M⊙. The outer stellar masses are in excellent agreement with our observations at Mvir ≃ 1013 M⊙, but both Illustris and TNG100 display excess outer mass as Mvir ≃ 1014 M⊙ (by ∼0.25 and ∼0.12 dex, respectively). We argue that reducing stellar growth at earlymore »
4. ABSTRACT We analyse the rest-optical emission-line ratios of z ∼ 1.5 galaxies drawn from the Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. Using composite spectra, we investigate the mass–metallicity relation (MZR) at z ∼ 1.5 and measure its evolution to z = 0. When using gas-phase metallicities based on the N2 line ratio, we find that the MZR evolution from z ∼ 1.5 to z = 0 depends on stellar mass, evolving by $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.25$ dex at M*< $10^{9.75}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ down to $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.05$ at M* ≳ $10^{10.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. In contrast, the O3N2-based MZR shows a constant offset of $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.30$ across all masses, consistent with previous MOSDEF results based on independent metallicity indicators, and suggesting that O3N2 provides a more robust metallicity calibration for our z ∼ 1.5 sample. We investigated the secondary dependence of the MZR on star formation rate (SFR) by measuring correlated scatter about the mean M*-specific SFR and M*−$\log (\rm O3N2)$ relations. We find an anticorrelation between $\log (\rm O/H)$ and sSFR offsets, indicating the presence of a M*−SFR−Z relation, though with limited significance. Additionally, we find that our z ∼ 1.5more »
5. ABSTRACT We revisit the question of ‘hot mode’ versus ‘cold mode’ accretion on to galaxies using steady-state cooling flow solutions and idealized 3D hydrodynamic simulations. We demonstrate that for the hot accretion mode to exist, the cooling time is required to be longer than the free-fall time near the radius where the gas is rotationally supported, Rcirc, i.e. the existence of the hot mode depends on physical conditions at the galaxy scale rather than on physical conditions at the halo scale. When allowing for the depletion of the halo baryon fraction relative to the cosmic mean, the longer cooling times imply that a virialized gaseous halo may form in halo masses below the threshold of $\sim 10^{12}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$ derived for baryon-complete haloes. We show that for any halo mass there is a maximum accretion rate for which the gas is virialized throughout the halo and can accrete via the hot mode of ${\dot{M}}_{\rm crit}\approx 0.7(v_{\rm c}/100\, \rm km\ s^{-1})^{5.4}(R_{\rm circ}/10\, {\rm kpc})(Z/\, {\rm Z_{\odot }})^{-0.9}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$, where Z and vc are the metallicity and circular velocity measured at Rcirc. For accretion rates $\gtrsim {\dot{M}}_{\rm crit}$ the volume-filling gas phase can in principle be ‘transonic’ –more »
| 2022-12-07T10:02:05 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/iodine-mcs-2019-data-sheet
|
# Iodine - MCS 2019 Data Sheet
Iodine - MCS 2019 Data Sheet
## Detailed Description
Advance data tables (XLSX format) for the iodine chapter of the Minerals Yearbook 2019. A version with an embedded text document and also a PDF of text and tables will follow.
| 2020-11-30T11:55:30 |
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|
https://linkeddata.tern.org.au/viewer/corveg/id/http://linked.data.gov.au/def/corveg-cv/d3465997-9408-4816-af98-646af318e6b1
|
Survey Site Selection and Establishment
URI: http://linked.data.gov.au/def/corveg-cv/d3465997-9408-4816-af98-646af318e6b1
Date created: 2019-07-31
Date modified: 2020-07-18
Purpose
Survey Site Seletion Method is applied to identify study locations suitable for repeatable vegetation assessments.
Survey Site Establishment Method is carried out during the initial site visit in order to establish a study location for repeatable assessments of vegetation and physical features.
Abstract
Synopsis (Survey Site Selection Method)
Study locations are selected to ensure that all vegetation and Regional Ecosystems are adequately sampled across their geographic range. Allocation of study locations should be generally proportional to the area of each vegetation type, except for rare vegetation types. The study locations are distributed in such a way as to sample as much as possible the environmental variability across the landscape, given the time and accessibility constraints. The total number of study locations depends on the variability in the vegetation, the amount of remnant vegetation present and the number of existing study locations in adjoining regions. While study locations are located to describe typical examples of each vegetation and aerial photo-pattern type, care is taken to sample the full range of variation within a vegetation association or regional ecosystem. The general location of each site is predetermined in the office through preliminary stratification using geology, forestry, topographic and rainfall maps as well as Landsat satellite images and aerial photographs. However, it can sometimes be necessary to relocate a study location when it is first visited because of accessibility problems, disturbance to the site or if the stand area is found to be less than 1 hectare. Furthermore, additional sites can be established if variations to the preliminary stratification are encountered during initial visit to the study location.
Synopsis (Survey Site Establishment Method)
The study location is established during the first visit to the study location prior to conducting the assessment of the study location features. In order to physically establish the study location and prepare it for the subsequent assessments, the field observers record its geographic location and select a 50m x 10m quadrat within the study location. This sampling quadrat will be used to carry out the physical and vegetation assessments.
Key Features (Survey Site Selection Method)
• Method: GIS analysis, field confirmation
• Target: vegetation communities
• Classification: geology, forestry, topographic and rainfall maps, Regional Ecosystems
Key Features (Survey Site Establishment Method)
• Method: location recording, sampling unit set up
• Target: study location, sampling unit
Procedure
Technique (Survey Site Selection Method)
Location of study locations
In general survey data should cover the full range of environmental space and be sampled proportionally (Margules & Stein, 1989) or biased to less common types (Austin & Heyligers, 1989), with replicates covering the geographic range of the biota studied (Nicholls, 1989). For surveys conducted by the Queensland Herbarium, study locations are selected to ensure that all vegetation and regional ecosystems are adequately sampled across their geographic range. Allocation of study locations should be generally proportional to the area of each vegetation type, except for rare vegetation types, which are often oversampled relative to area (Neldner et al. 1995). The study locations and traverses are distributed in such a way as to sample as much as possible of the environmental variability across the landscape, given the time and accessibility constraints. While study locations are located to describe typical examples of each vegetation/photo-pattern type, care is taken to sample the full range of variation within a vegetation association or regional ecosystem.
The preferred method for study location selection is a relaxed grid survey (Reid, 1988) with stratification similar to that discussed in Vegetation Survey and Mapping of Upper North East New South Wales (NPWS, 1995), and field study locations located subjectively. This approach evolved from the stratification method documented by Neldner (1993).
The following steps are used to develop a preliminary stratification for mapping at 1:100 000:
• preparation of a geology overlay at 1:100 000 scale from the best available geology mapping;
• delineation of preliminary strata on an overlay using the geology overlay, and patterns on the LANDSAT image and black-and-white 1:83 000 aerial photographs. A main aim at this stage of the methodology is to identify land zones. Land zone recognition is essential for defining regional ecosystems (REs). The preliminary strata include cleared land and major photo-patterns which correspond to the geology; and
• flagging of the major vegetation and regional ecosystems with the aid of the photo-patterns delineated in conjunction with forestry, geology, topographic and rainfall maps, and existing data from reports, maps or other sources.
A sampling density of 100 secondary study locations for a full 1:100 000 sheet is recommended however sampling density does vary with map scale (refer to Table 1). In practice the number of study locations could be greater or lower, depending on the complexity of the vegetation, the amount of remnant vegetation present and the amount of existing data about adjoining areas. A minimum of three secondary study locations per vegetation regional ecosystem type is desirable. An informal indication of adequate sampling can be determined when additional study locations do not add substantial numbers of additional species or structural variation.
Scale of published map Hectares on the ground per cm² of map cm² of map per km² on ground Observation density per km²
1:5000 0.25 400 100
1:10 000 1.00 100 25
1:20 000 4 25 6.25
1:25 000 6.25 16 4
1:50 000 25 4 1.0
1:100 000 100 1 0.25
1:150 000 225 0.44 0.11
1:250 000 625 0.16 0.04
1:500 000 2500 0.04 0.01
1:1 000 000 10 000 0.01 0.003
Table 1: Recommended minimum ground observation density for land surveys at various scales. Observation density km² figures from Gunn (1988, Table 6.2) and based on 0.25 observations cm² of published map.
Number and density of study locations
The total number of study locations required to adequately sample an area depends on the variability in the vegetation and the condition of the ground layer as well as mapping scale, the amount of remnant vegetation present and the number of existing study locations in adjoining regions. The minimum recommended ground observation density for soil surveys is a useful framework for planning and appraising vegetation surveys. Under these soil guidelines the minimum number for sampling a standard (e.g. 1:50 000, 1:100 000 etc) map sheet at the specified scale is about 625 study locations. However, sampling densities do not need to be as high for vegetation surveys. This is because vast amounts of mapping data can be rapidly gathered as informal observation while traversing (on foot, by vehicle or aircraft), as opposed to soil surveys, which require subsurface sampling (Neldner 1993). For example, Neldner et al. (1995) used a minimum sampling index of half those listed in FAO (1979). Offsetting the need for fewer study locations for vegetation compared to soils is the fact that the minimum size of areas delineated by the Herbarium is smaller than the minimum size on which the soil sampling densities are based. Therefore, the minimum density of study locations listed in Table 1 is adopted by the Queensland Herbarium as the minimum standard that the Herbarium aims to collect to ground truth each map sheet.
Types of study locations
The total number of study locations is a mixture of detailed (secondary) and less detailed (tertiary) study locations. Generally, of the 625 study locations required for a full 1:100 000 sheet, 50-100 will be secondary or tertiary study locations and the remainder quaternary sites, as well as additional unrecorded observations made between study locations. In practice the number and mix of types could be greater or lower, depending on the complexity of the vegetation, the amount of remnant vegetation present and the amount of existing data in similar vegetation in adjoining areas. A minimum of three secondary study locations per vegetation community/ regional ecosystem type is desirable. An informal indication of adequate sampling of a vegetation community/regional ecosystem can be determined when additional study locations do not add substantial numbers of additional species or structural variation from that already sampled.
Technique (Survey Site Establishment Method)
• Although approximate study location locations are generally predetermined in the office previous to the fist site visit, it is sometimes necessary to relocate study locations during the initial visit to the study location because of accessibility problems or disturbance to the site. Study locations are relocated when the remnant vegetation area is less than 1 ha or there is excessive disturbance associated with edges of roads, tracks, quarries, fence lines or other cleared areas. This is especially desirable to minimise possible bias in the basal area sweep.
• Additional study locations may be established if the preliminary stratification and selection process did not account for the variation of vegetation types observed in the field.
• The coordinates of the study location are recorded at the centre of the sampling unit, ideally using a hand-held GPS.
• The study location encompasses a sampling unit which should represent the features of the study location. It is delineated by laying out a 50 m measurement tape on the ground. The sampling extends 5 meters on both side of the tape (see Figure 1).
• If the landscape or the vegetation structure does not allow this setup to properly represent the study location, the size and shape of the sampling unit can be adapted.
• The sampling unit is generally located near the centre of a pattern on the aerial photo used during the site selection process and along any observed contour, so as to typify the pattern of the study location.
• The sampling unit and the study location are only set up for the time during which the assessment methods are carried out, and are not permanently marked.
Figure 1: Setup of the study location and the sampling unit
Variations
For study locations located in rainforests, the sampling unit is generally 1000 m², but may vary according to species richness.
expand all
true
| 2022-06-30T06:30:57 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2020.04.008
|
• •
### PPP模式提升了新型城镇化建设的质量吗？
• 出版日期:2020-04-25 发布日期:2020-04-15
### Does PPP Mode Improve the Quality of New-Type Urbanization in China?
Wang Keqiang Lu Jianglin Li Yuecun
• Online:2020-04-25 Published:2020-04-15
Abstract: Human-centered practice is an important criterion to evaluate the quality of promoting human-centered new-type urbanization in the new era. Based on the innovative perspective of industry-city integration, this paper studies how Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode affects the quality of new-type urbanization through the macro and micro levels of industry-city integration from both theoretical and empirical aspects. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) In the process of new-type urbanization, PPP mode broadens the channels of fund sources, improves the construction efficiency, strengthens the supervision function of the government, enhances public participation, promotes the industry-city integration as a whole, and helps to realize the improvement of quality and efficiency of newtype urbanization development. 2) PPP mode not only directly affects the quality of new-type urbanization, but also affects it indirectly through the macro and micro levels of industry-city integration. 3) Ecological environment protection and excellent cultural heritage have a good explanatory power for the industry-city integration at the macro level, while the improvement of public life convenience and living standards better explains the industry-city integration at the micro level. 4) PPP mode significantly enhances the macro and micro levels of industry-city integration in the process of new-type urbanization. The industry-city integration at the micro level has a significant impact on the quality of new-type urbanization, while the integration at the macro level does not have a significant direct impact on the quality of urbanization, but has a significant impact indirectly through the industry-city integration at the micro level. Therefore, in the process of human-centered new-type urbanization, we should not only give full play to the advantages of PPP mode, but also pay attention to the role of industry-city integration at the macro and micro levels, improve the quality of public life in many ways, and realize the high-quality development of new-type urbanization.
| 2023-01-29T11:33:49 |
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|
https://math.fandom.com/wiki/Line?mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
|
# Line
## We're Getting Mutants in the MCU - The Loop
01:36
A line is a one-dimensional infinite set of points that extend into two directions without curvature.
It may also be seen as a "double-sided" ray.
In coordinate geometry, a line is defined in the Cartesian coordinate plane as the infinite set of points where each point satisfies a given equation in the form: , where A, B and C are constants.
Furthermore, the equation of a 'line' (parallel or perpendicular) can be found from a graph in which equation is equal to where denotes the gradient, and denotes the intercept.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2022-08-12T21:44:33 |
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https://docs.nersc.gov/performance/network/
|
Network¶
Perlmutter Slingshot Interconnect¶
Perlmutter uses Slingshot, a high-performance networking interconnect technology developed by Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). The hardware component of Perlmutter's Slingshot interconnect is described in more detail on the Perlmutter Architechture page. We will track some user-tunable features of the Slingshot host software (SHS) here. In general more details can be found in the intro_mpi man page (man intro_mpi).
Hardware message matching is a powerful tool for improving the performance, efficiency, and reliability of HPC network communication. It typically involves the use of specialized hardware components that are optimized for high-speed data processing. These components can perform message matching operations in real-time, enabling high-speed data transfer and processing in complex systems.
By default, SHS is set to use hardware message matching and only switch over to (slower) software message matching when the hardware counters are full. This is controlled by setting the environment variable FI_CXI_RX_MATCH_MODE to hybrid. This ensures that codes that generate many MPI messages will continue to function once they've filled up the hardware queues on the Network Interface Cards (albeit at a slower rate). This comes at the cost of a slight overhead in memory usage. The exact value depends on the number of ranks and the size of each request buffer, but will generally be less than 2% of the existing memory on the node. If users wish to default to only using hardware message matching, they can set FI_CXI_RX_MATCH_MODE=hardware.
Defaulting to pure hardware mode can cause jobs to fail
Setting FI_CXI_RX_MATCH_MODE=hardware can cause jobs to fail when they exhaust the hardware message queue (usually by sending too many MPI messages). If this happens, the job will fail with a message like LE resources not recovered during flow control. FI_CXI_RX_MATCH_MODE=[hybrid|software] is required.
Network Performance Report¶
If desired, SHS can collect network data such as the number of network timeouts and counter data for Network Interface Cards during an MPI job. Often times it's difficult to put these reports in context for a single job, but if you wish to enable this report, it can be done by setting the environment variable MPICH_OFI_CXI_COUNTER_REPORT to a value between 1 and 5. See man intro_mpi for a list of the different reporting levels available. Please note if there are no network timeouts, no extra information will be printed.
Cori: Message Routing on the Cray Dragonfly Network¶
Cori employs the "Dragonfly" topology for the interconnection network. This topology is a group of interconnected local routers connected to other similar router groups by high-speed global links. The groups are arranged such that data transfer from one group to another requires only one route through a global link. For more information about the network please see the Cori Interconnect page.
Message Routing¶
Messages that travel between two nodes on the network are routed over the Cray Aries dragonfly network. Generally, on a low-traffic network, a message will take the shortest path between two nodes. But on a congested network, a message might take a longer route that takes less time than the direct route, taking a detour around a traffic jam.
Network congestion can significantly impact application performance on HPC systems. The Cray Aries dragonfly network implements adaptive routing to provide alternative routes in the presence of congestion. In the default case data traverses the minimal route through the network. However, as congestion is detected in the network, the traffic adjusts to take an alternative path as illustrated in the figure below:
In this figure, congestion (indicated by the lightning bolt) is detected on the red minimal path link between Node A and Node B, causing the data to take the alternate route (indicated in dark bold blue).
Routing Configuration¶
The switch from a minimal to non-minimal path in the network can be configured via several Cray environment variables: (1) MPICH_GNI_ROUTING_MODE, (2) MPICH_GNI_A2A_ROUTING_MODE. MPICH_GNI_ROUTING_MODE controls all the routing policy within Cray MPI except for all-to-all collectives, which are controlled by MPICH_GNI_A2A_ROUTING_MODE. These environment variables can be set to the following:
• ADAPTIVE_0: Least bias towards minimal; most likely to take alternate route in event of congestion
• ADAPTIVE_1: Slight bias towards minimal
• ADAPTIVE_2: Moderate bias towards minimal
• ADAPTIVE_3: High bias towards minimal; least likely to take alternate route in event of congestion
Pros and Cons of Minimal and Non-Minimal Routing¶
Users wanting to try different routing modes should consider the pros and cons of the adaptive settings.
Minimal Bias (ADAPTIVE_3 and ADAPTIVE_2)
• Pros:
• Lower best-case latency
• Fewer false positives (end-point congestion can’t be avoided by routing)
• Con:
• Bisection-bandwidth bound applications will not perform as well
Non-minimal Bias (ADAPTIVE_1 and ADAPTIVE_0)
• Pro:
• Alternate route to bypass intermediate congestion
• Cons:
• Switching routes may force a flush of data on the route -- incurring delay
• Double best-case latency
• If an application is creating congestion for itself, it may just propagate the congestion across more routers by taking the longer route, which in turn slows down other applications
Recommendations¶
Tip
These recommendations are for the most common job sizes at NERSC (512 nodes and under). While larger jobs may benefit from them as well, we do not have sufficient data to make a recommendation for full system jobs.
There is no single setting that is universally best for all applications. However, we have characterized the workloads that typically run on NERSC systems examining and believe that ADAPTIVE_3 (high minimal bias) provides the best experience for the majority of our workloads and is the default setting on Cori. That is because many of our applications are limited by latency bound, small-message (e.g. 8 Byte) MPI_allreduces or similar operations that are dependent on the slowest process. By selecting a strong preference for the minimal path you favor lower best-case latencies, but additionally reduce the likelihood of triggering a non-minimal route due to incast congestion. Examples of applications that benefit from high minimal bias are MILC.
If your application is both bandwidth intensive (this generally means message sizes > 16KiB) and communicates across the bisection of the network (think All-to-all operations, 3DFFT, transpose), your application may benefit from a stronger bias towards non-minimal routing. Many applications will not need to specify an alternative value for MPICH_GNI_ROUTING_MODE since these bandwidth-intensive operations occur in MPI_Alltoall (which is configured to a non-minimal bias by the separate variable MPICH_GNI_A2A_ROUTING_MODE), however in some scenarios these operations may be implemented through point-to-point send/recv operations. In these instances better performance is generally achieved by setting MPICH_GNI_ROUTING_MODE=ADAPTIVE_0. Examples in this category are applications such as HACC.
More information available about these and additional Cray MPI environment variables can be found via man intro_mpi on Cori.
| 2023-03-20T16:25:51 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-quiet-k-laueas-caldera-eruption-east-rift-zone
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# Volcano Watch — Quiet in Kīlauea's caldera, eruption on the east rift zone
Release Date:
Here's a question for you trivia aficionados. Since written records began in 1823, what is the longest period of time without an eruption in Kīlauea's caldera?
Here's a question for you trivia aficionados. Since written records began in 1823, what is the longest period of time without an eruption in Kīlauea's caldera? Close your eyes if you want to guess. For the rest of us, the answer is nearly 18 years-6,471 days, to be exact. From 1934 to 1952, the caldera and its pit crater, Halemaumau, lay fallow, as did all of Kīlauea. Volcanologists at HVO must have been gnashing their teeth, wondering if one of the world's most active volcanoes would retain that claim. During that same time, Mauna Loa erupted five times, but Kīlauea frustrated and puzzled volcanologists with its inactivity-particularly in the caldera, which had hosted an almost continuously active lava lake in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The caldera is now in its second-longest repose since 1823. As of today (November 21), 6,265 days have passed since the last eruption on the caldera floor on September 25, 1982. If the quiet continues, the record will be surpassed on June 13, 2000. Any bettors?
Kīlauea may have snubbed the caldera, but it has been favoring the east rift zone since January 3, 1983, when the Puu Oo-Kupaianaha eruption began. What has happened to the volcano to enable such a long-lasting rift eruption while the caldera has remained dark?
To tackle that question, we need to realize the distribution of past eruptions that built Kīlauea. More eruptions have taken place in the summit area than in any other small area on the volcano. Eruptions built the volcano higher there than elsewhere, because they were concentrated in one place, directly above the conduit supplying magma from the earth's mantle. The shortest way to get to the surface is up, into the caldera.
Most of Kīlauea's lava, however, erupts outside the summit area, along the east rift zone and the smaller southwest rift zone. These eruptions do not concentrate in one small area to build a high, durable edifice as at the summit. Instead, they are spread along the rift zones, which are 120 km (75 miles) and 30 km (18 miles) long, respectively. So, the rift zones are lower than the summit despite having more eruptions along them.
In this light, what has been happening since 1983 is expectable. Most of Kīlauea's magma erupts along the east rift zone, and that is just what has been taking place in the ongoing eruption.
But why is the east rift zone now such a magma hog, not allowing the summit any of the action? There is no simple, obvious answer, besides the trite one that magma coming up from the mantle finds it easier to move an extra 15 km (9 miles) into the rift zone than to rise directly into the caldera.
One idea is that the magnitude-7.2 earthquake in 1975 opened the east rift zone and the conduit leading down from the summit area. But if so, why did two eruptions take place in the caldera in 1982? Another idea is that the east rift zone is spreading more rapidly now than before 1983, keeping one or more conduits open and making it easier for magma to enter the rift zone. Whether that is true can be debated and is likely wrong; even if right, the hypothesis begs the question of why spreading should be faster.
Whatever is the reason, the ongoing eruption is probably responsible for the dearth of activity in the caldera. The supply of magma to the volcano is being roughly balanced by the amount erupted from Puu Oo, and there is no overabundance that needs to come out somewhere else, such as the caldera. It is anybody's guess as to how long this situation will continue.
### Volcano Activity Update
A 67-hour pause in lava flow activity of Kīlauea Volcano illustrated the sporadic output of lava during the past week. Lava stopped flowing outside of Puu Oo from about 3:30 p.m. on Thursday, November 11 to 10:30 a.m. on November 14. Lava is again flowing from Puu Oo and reoccupies the tube to the top of Pulama pali where several perched lava ponds are located. A breakout from the tube system fed a slow-moving aa flow heading toward the southeast. As of November 18, there were no flows descending Pulama pali and no active flows on the coastal plains.
There were no earthquakes reported felt during the week ending on November 18.
| 2019-11-11T21:04:28 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10269516-transferrable-property-relationships-between-magnetic-exchange-coupling-molecular-conductance
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Transferrable property relationships between magnetic exchange coupling and molecular conductance
Calculated conductance through Au n –S–Bridge–S–Au n (Bridge = organic σ/π-system) constructs are compared to experimentally-determined magnetic exchange coupling parameters in a series of Tp Cum,Me ZnSQ–Bridge–NN complexes, where Tp Cum,Me = hydro-tris(3-cumenyl-1-methylpyrazolyl)borate ancillary ligand, Zn = diamagnetic zinc( ii ), SQ = semiquinone ( S = 1/2), and NN = nitronylnitroxide radical ( S = 1/2). We find that there is a nonlinear functional relationship between the biradical magnetic exchange coupling, J D→A , and the computed conductance, g mb . Although different bridge types (monomer vs. dimer) do not lie on the same J D→A vs. g mb , curve, there is a scale invariance between the monomeric and dimeric bridges which shows that the two data sets are related by a proportionate scaling of J D→A . For exchange and conductance mediated by a given bridge fragment, we find that the ratio of distance dependent decay constants for conductance ( β g ) and magnetic exchange coupling ( β J ) does not equal unity, indicating that inherent differences in the tunneling energy gaps, Δ ε , and the bridge–bridge electronic coupling, H BB , are not directly transferrable properties as they relate to exchange and conductance. more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10269516
Journal Name:
Chemical Science
Volume:
11
Issue:
42
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
11425 to 11434
ISSN:
2041-6520
| 2022-08-12T14:50:00 |
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http://indico.vecc.gov.in/conferenceDisplay.py/closeMenu%3FcurrentURL=http%253A%252F%252Findico.vecc.gov.in%252Findico%252FcontributionDisplay.py%253FcontribId%253D110%2526confId%253D1&confId=1.html
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# ICPAQGP-2010
5-10 December 2010
6th International Conference on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark Gluon Plasma (ICPAQGP 2010)
Home > Timetable > Contribution details
Probing quark gluon plasma through the radial flow of the thermal electromagnetic radiations
Content: It has been shown that the transverse momentum ($p_T$) distribution of the thermal photons and the lepton pairs may be used simultaneously to estimate the radial velocity of different phases of the matter formed in nuclear collisions at ultra-relativistic energies. The kinematic variables {\it e.g.,} the invariant mass of lepton pairs(M) and the $p_T$ can be chosen judiciously to estimate the flow velocities in the partonic and hadronic phases of the evolving matter. We observe a non-monotonic variation of the flow velocity with invariant mass of the lepton pair which is indicative of two different thermal sources at early and late stages of the dynamically evolving system for SPS, RHIC and LHC energies. Various inputs required for the theoretical calculations have been constrained from the experimental data wherever available. Within the ambit of the present analysis we argue that the variation of the radial velocity with invariant mass is indicative of a phase transition from initially produced partons to hadrons at SPS and RHIC energies.
Id: 110
Place:
Room: Main Auditorium
Starting date:
--not yet scheduled--
Duration: 00'
Primary Authors: Mr. NAYAK, JAJATI KESARI (VARIABLE ENERGY CYCLOTRON CENTRE)
Co-Authors: Ms. MOHANTY, Payal (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre)
Dr. ALAM, Jan-e (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre)
Presenters: Mr. NAYAK, JAJATI KESARI
| 2021-09-25T22:20:55 |
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http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/compute_smd_tlsph_stress.html
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compute smd/tlsph/stress command
Syntax
compute ID group-ID smd/tlsph/stress
• ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
• smd/tlsph/stress = style name of this compute command
Examples
compute 1 all smd/tlsph/stress
Description
Define a computation that outputs the Cauchy stress tensor for particles interacting via the Total-Lagrangian SPH pair style.
See this PDF guide to using Smooth Mach Dynamics in LAMMPS.
Output info:
This compute calculates a per-particle vector of vectors (tensors), which can be accessed by any command that uses per-particle values from a compute as input. See How-to discussions, section 6.15 for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The values will be given in units of pressure.
The per-particle vector has 7 entries. The first six entries correspond to the xx, yy, zz, xy, xz and yz components of the symmetric Cauchy stress tensor. The seventh entry is the second invariant of the stress tensor, i.e., the von Mises equivalent stress.
Restrictions
This compute is part of the USER-SMD package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info.
This quantity will be computed only for particles which interact with the Total-Lagrangian SPH pair style.
| 2018-02-20T21:26:31 |
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https://huggingface.co/cl-tohoku/bert-base-japanese-v2/blob/main/README.md
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# cl-tohoku /bert-base-japanese-v2
2.62 kB
--- language: ja license: cc-by-sa-4.0 datasets: - wikipedia widget: - text: 東北大学で[MASK]の研究をしています。 --- # BERT base Japanese (unidic-lite with whole word masking, jawiki-20200831) This is a [BERT](https://github.com/google-research/bert) model pretrained on texts in the Japanese language. This version of the model processes input texts with word-level tokenization based on the Unidic 2.1.2 dictionary (available in [unidic-lite](https://pypi.org/project/unidic-lite/) package), followed by the WordPiece subword tokenization. Additionally, the model is trained with the whole word masking enabled for the masked language modeling (MLM) objective. The codes for the pretraining are available at [cl-tohoku/bert-japanese](https://github.com/cl-tohoku/bert-japanese/tree/v2.0). ## Model architecture The model architecture is the same as the original BERT base model; 12 layers, 768 dimensions of hidden states, and 12 attention heads. ## Training Data The models are trained on the Japanese version of Wikipedia. The training corpus is generated from the Wikipedia Cirrussearch dump file as of August 31, 2020. The generated corpus files are 4.0GB in total, containing approximately 30M sentences. We used the [MeCab](https://taku910.github.io/mecab/) morphological parser with [mecab-ipadic-NEologd](https://github.com/neologd/mecab-ipadic-neologd) dictionary to split texts into sentences. ## Tokenization The texts are first tokenized by MeCab with the Unidic 2.1.2 dictionary and then split into subwords by the WordPiece algorithm. The vocabulary size is 32768. We used [fugashi](https://github.com/polm/fugashi) and [unidic-lite](https://github.com/polm/unidic-lite) packages for the tokenization. ## Training The models are trained with the same configuration as the original BERT; 512 tokens per instance, 256 instances per batch, and 1M training steps. For training of the MLM (masked language modeling) objective, we introduced whole word masking in which all of the subword tokens corresponding to a single word (tokenized by MeCab) are masked at once. For training of each model, we used a v3-8 instance of Cloud TPUs provided by [TensorFlow Research Cloud program](https://www.tensorflow.org/tfrc/). The training took about 5 days to finish. ## Licenses The pretrained models are distributed under the terms of the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). ## Acknowledgments This model is trained with Cloud TPUs provided by [TensorFlow Research Cloud](https://www.tensorflow.org/tfrc/) program.
| 2022-07-01T11:01:26 |
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http://home.fnal.gov/~mrenna/lu_update/lutp0613man2/node183.html
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Next: Colour Topologies Up: Beam Remnants (and Multiple Previous: Beam Remnants (and Multiple Contents
### Flavour and Correlations
In the new beam-remnants approach, the flavour content of the remnant is bookkept, and is used to determine possible flavours in consecutive interactions. Thus, the standard parton densities are only used to describe the hardest interaction. Already in the old model, the scale of parton densities is rescaled in subsequent interactions, such that the new corresponds to the remaining momentum rather than the original beam momentum, eq. (). But now the distributions are not only squeezed in this manner, their shapes are also changed, as follows:
Whenever a valence quark is kicked out, the number of remaining valence quarks of that species is reduced accordingly. Thus, for a proton, the valence d distribution is completely removed if the valence quark has been kicked out, whereas the valence distribution is halved when one of the two is kicked out. In cases where the valence and sea and quark distributions are not separately provided from the PDF libraries, it is assumed that the sea is flavour-antiflavour symmetric, so that one can write e.g.
(219)
The parametrized and distributions are then used to find the relative probability for a kicked-out quark to be either valence or sea.
When a sea quark is kicked out, it must leave behind a corresponding antisea parton in the beam remnant, by flavour conservation. We call this a companion quark, and bookkeep it separately from the normal sea. In the perturbative approximation the sea quark and its companion (not to be confused with flavour labels) come from a gluon branching , where it is implicitly understood that if is a quark, is its antiquark, and vice versa. This branching often would not be in the perturbative regime, but we choose to make a perturbative ansatz, and also to neglect subsequent perturbative evolution of the distribution. If so, the shape of the companion distribution as a function of , given a sea parton at , becomes
(220)
where
(221) (222) (223)
is chosen. (Remember that this is supposed to occur at some low scale, so above should not be confused with the high- gluon behaviour.)
The normalization of valence and companion distributions is fixed by the respective number of quarks, i.e. the sum rules
(224) (225)
where is the longitudinal momentum fraction left after the previous interactions and is the number of valence quarks remaining. Gluon and sea distributions do not have corresponding requirements. Therefore their normalization is adjusted, up or down, so as to obtain overall momentum conservation in the parton densities, i.e. to fulfil the remaining sum rule:
(226)
Detailed formulae may be found in [Sjö04]. However, in that article, the sea+gluon rescaling factor, eq. (4.26), was derived assuming the momentum fraction taken by a companion quark scaled like , where is the total remaining momentum. As it happens, the momentum fraction, , taken by the sea quark that originally gave rise to the companion quark, is already taken into account in the definition of the companion distribution. Hence a factor should be introduced for each companion distribution in eq. (4.26). With this change, the companions take up more `room' in momentum space. In fact, in extreme cases it is possible to create so many companions in the beam remnant that the sum of their momenta is larger than allowed by momentum conservation, i.e. the rescaling factor becomes negative. Note that this occurs extremely rarely, and only when very many multiple interactions have occurred in an event. Since the companions are now taking up more room than allowed, we address the problem by scaling them (all of them) down by precisely the amount needed to restore momentum conservation.
The above parton-density strategy is not only used to pick a succession of hard interactions. Each interaction may now, unlike before, have initial- and final-state shower activity associated with it. The initial-state shower is constructed by backwards evolution, using the above parton densities. Even if the hard scattering does not involve a valence quark, say, the possibility exists that the shower will reconstruct back to one.
Next: Colour Topologies Up: Beam Remnants (and Multiple Previous: Beam Remnants (and Multiple Contents
Stephen_Mrenna 2012-10-24
| 2018-01-20T10:50:09 |
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http://dergipark.gov.tr/cfsuasmas/issue/42777/526546
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Yıl 2019, Cilt 68, Sayı 2, Sayfalar 1341 - 1349 2019-07-01
| | | |
## Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph
#### G Mohanappriya [1] , D. Vijayalakshmi [2]
##### 17 35
Topological invariants are the graph theoretical tools to the theoretical chemists, that correlates the molecular structure with several chemical reactivity, physical properties or biological activity numerically. A function having a set of networks(graph, molecular structure) as its domain and a set of real numbers as its range is referred as a topological invariant(index). Topological invariants are numerical quantity of a network that are invariant under graph isomorphism. Topological invariants such as Zagreb index, Randić index and multiplicative Zagreb indices are used to predict the bioactiviy of chemical compounds in QSAR/QSPR study. In this paper, we compute the general expression of certain degree based topological invariants such as second Zagreb index, F-index, Hyper-Zagreb index, Symmetric division degree index, irregularity of Splitting graph. And also we obtain upper bound for first and second multiplicative Zagreb indices of Splitting graph of a graph H, (S′(H)).
Topological invariant, degree based invariant, splitting graph.
• Albertson, M.O., The irregularity of a graph, Ars Combin., 46 (1997), 219-225.
• Basavanagoud and Shreekant, P., The Hyper-Zagreb index of four graph operations on graphs, Math. Sci. Lett., 6(2) (2017), 193-198.
• Furtula, B. and Gutman, I., A Forgotten topological index, J. Math. Chem., 53(4) (2015), 1184-1190.
• Gutman, I. and Trinajstic, N., Graph theory and molecular orbitals. Total π-electron energy of alternant hydrocarbons, Chem. Phys. Lett., 17 (1972), 535-538.
• Ramane, H. S., Vinayak, V. M. and Ivan G., General sum-connectivity index, general product-connectivity index, general Zagreb index and coindices of the line graph of subdivision graphs, AKCE Int. J. Graphs Comb., 14 (2017), 92-100.
• Imran, M. and Shenaz, A., Degree-based topological indices of double graphs and strong double graphs, Discrete Math. Algorithm. Appl., 9(5) (2017), 1750066-(1-15).
• Imran, M., Shakila, B., Hafiz, M.A. and Shafiq, M. K., On the bounds of degree-based topological indices of the cartesian product of F-sum of connected graphs, J. Inequal. Appl., (2017), 305(1-14).
• Sampath Kumar, E. and Walikar, H.B., On the Splitting graph of a graph, The Karnataka University Journal Science-vol XXV and XXVI (Combined)., (1980-1981), 13-16.
• Shenaz, A., and Imran, M., The sharp bounds on general sum-connectivity index of four graph operations on graphs, J. Inequal. Appl., (2016), 241(1-10).
• Shenaz, A. and Imran, M., Computing the forgotten topological index of four operations on graphs, AKCE Int. J. Graphs Comb., 14 (2017), 70-79.
• Shenaz, A., Imran, M. and Zahid, R., Bounds for the general sum-connectivity index of composite graphs, J. Inequal. Appl., (2017),76(1-12).
• Shirrdel, G.H., Rezapour, H. and Sayadi, A.M., The Hyper-Zagreb Indices of graph operations, Iranian J. Math. Chem.,4 (2013), 213-220.
• Todeschini, R., Ballabio, D. and Consonni, V., Novel molecular descriptors based on functions of the vertex degrees, Kragujevac J. Math., (2010), 73-100.
• Todeschini, R. and Consonni, V., New local vertex invariants and molecular descriptors based on functions of the vertex degrees , MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem.,64 (2010), 359-372.
• Vukicevic, D., Bond additive modeling 2. mathematical properties of max-min rodeg index, Croat. Chem. Acta., 83(3) (2010), 261-273.
• Wiener, H., Structural determination of the paraffin boiling points, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 69 (2010), 17-20.
• Odabaşı, Z. N. and Berberler, M. E., On the first Zagreb index of neighborhood corona graphs, J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci., 11(12) (2014), 2585-2587.
Birincil Dil en Makaleler Orcid: 0000-0001-8408-6638Yazar: G Mohanappriya Yazar: D. Vijayalakshmi
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { cfsuasmas526546, journal = {Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics}, issn = {1303-5991}, eissn = {2618-6470}, address = {Ankara Üniversitesi}, year = {2019}, volume = {68}, pages = {1341 - 1349}, doi = {10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546}, title = {Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph}, key = {cite}, author = {Mohanappriya, G and Vijayalakshmi, D.} } APA Mohanappriya, G , Vijayalakshmi, D . (2019). Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics, 68 (2), 1341-1349. DOI: 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 MLA Mohanappriya, G , Vijayalakshmi, D . "Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph". Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics 68 (2019): 1341-1349 Chicago Mohanappriya, G , Vijayalakshmi, D . "Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph". Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics 68 (2019): 1341-1349 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph AU - G Mohanappriya , D. Vijayalakshmi Y1 - 2019 PY - 2019 N1 - doi: 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 DO - 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 T2 - Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 1341 EP - 1349 VL - 68 IS - 2 SN - 1303-5991-2618-6470 M3 - doi: 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 Y2 - 2018 ER - EndNote %0 Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph %A G Mohanappriya , D. Vijayalakshmi %T Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph %D 2019 %J Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics %P 1303-5991-2618-6470 %V 68 %N 2 %R doi: 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 %U 10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546 ISNAD Mohanappriya, G , Vijayalakshmi, D. . "Degree based topological invariants of splitting graph". Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1 Mathematics and Statistics 68 / 2 (Temmuz 2019): 1341-1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.31801/cfsuasmas.526546
| 2019-03-24T00:47:47 |
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|
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1289
|
Article Contents
Article Contents
# Algebraic and topological indices of molecular pathway networks in human cancers
• Protein-protein interaction networks associated with diseases have gained prominence as an area of research. We investigate algebraic and topological indices for protein-protein interaction networks of 11 human cancers derived from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. We find a strong correlation between relative automorphism group sizes and topological network complexities on the one hand and five year survival probabilities on the other hand. Moreover, we identify several protein families (e.g. PIK, ITG, AKT families) that are repeated motifs in many of the cancer pathways. Interestingly, these sources of symmetry are often central rather than peripheral. Our results can aide in identification of promising targets for anti-cancer drugs. Beyond that, we provide a unifying framework to study protein-protein interaction networks of families of related diseases (e.g. neurodegenerative diseases, viral diseases, substance abuse disorders).
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 92C42; Secondary: 94C15.
Citation:
• [1] R. Albert, H.Jeong and A. L. Barabási, Error and attack tolerance of complex networks, Nature, 406 (2000), 378-382. [2] W. Alexander, Inhibiting the Akt pathway in cancer treatment, Three leading candidates, Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 36 (2011), 225-227. [3] F. Berger, P. Gritzmann S. de Vries, Minimum cycle bases for network graphs, Algorithmica, 40 (2004), 51-62.doi: 10.1007/s00453-004-1098-x. [4] B. Bollobás, Random Graphs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. [5] D. Breitkreutz, L. Hlatky, E. Rietman, J. A. Tuszynski, Molecular signaling network complexity is correlated with cancer patient survivability, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109 (2012), 9209-9212. [6] N. Chandra and J. Padiadpu, Network approaches to drug discovery, Expert Opin. Drug Discov., 8 (2013), 7-20. [7] P. Csermely, T. Korcsmáros, H. J. M. Kiss, G. London, R. Nussinov, Structure and dynamics of molecular networks: A novel paradigm of drug discovery. A comprehensive review, Pharmacol. Therapeut., 138 (2013), 333-408. [8] D. Garlaschelli, F. Ruzzenenti and R. Basosi, Complex networks and symmetry I: A review, Symmetry, 2 (2010), 1683-1709, arXiv:1006.3923.doi: 10.3390/sym2031683. [9] D. Holmes, PI3K pathway inhibitors approach junction, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 10 (2011), 563-564. [10] D. W. Huang, B. T. Sherman and R. A. Lempicki, Bioinformatics enrichment tools: Paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists, Nucleic Acid Res., 37 (2009), 1-13. [11] D. W. Huang, B. T. Sherman and R. A. Lempicki, Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources, Nature Protocols, 4 (2009), 44-57, http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/ [12] B. H. Junker, F. Schreiber (editors), Analysis of Biological Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008. [13] M. Kanehisa and S. Goto, KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Nucleic Acid Res., 28 (2000), 23-30, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/. [14] M. Kanehisa, S. Goto, S. Kawashima, Y. Okuno and M. Hattori, The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome, Nucleic Acid Res., 32 (2004), D277-D280. [15] H. Katebi, K. A. Sakallah and I. L. Markov, Graph symmetry detection and canonical labeling: Differences and synergies, In A Voronkov, editor, The Alan Turing Centenary, pages 181-195. EasyChair, 2012,http://vlsicad.eecs.umich.edu/BK/SAUCY/. [16] T. Kavitha, C. Liebchen, K. Mehlhorn, D. Michail, R. Rizzie, T. Ueckerdt and K. A. Zweig, Cycle bases in graphs characterization, algorithms, complexity, and applications, Computer Science Review, 3 (2009), 199-243. [17] E. V. Koonin, Y. I. Wolf and G. P. Karev (editors), Power Laws, Scale-Free Networks and Genome Biology, Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX, 2006. [18] A. Ma'ayan and B. D. MacArthur (editors), New Frontiers of Network Analysis in Systems Biology, Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, 2012. [19] B. D. MacArthur, R. J. Sánchez-García and J. W. Anderson, Symmetry in complex networks, Discr. Appl. Math., 156 (2008), 3525-3531.doi: 10.1016/j.dam.2008.04.008. [20] National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, 2013, http://seer.cancer.gov/. [21] E. A. Rietman, R. L. Karp and J. A. Tuszynski, Review and application of group theory to molecular systems biology, Theor. Biol. Med. Model., 8 (2011), p21. [22] P. Shannon, A. Markiel, O. Ozier, N. S. Baliga, J. T. Wang, D. Ramage, N. Amin, B. Schwikowski and T. Ideker, Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks, Genome Res., 13 (2003), 2498-2504. http://cytoscape.org. [23] K. Takemoto and K. Kihara, Modular organization of cancer signaling networks is associated with patient survivability, BioSystems, 113 (2013), 149-154. [24] The GAP Group, GAP - Groups, Algorithms, and Programming, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom, 2013. http://www.gap-system.org. [25] W. Winterbach, P. van Mieghem, M. Reinders, H. Wang and D. de Ridder, Topology of molecular interaction networks, BMC Syst. Biol., 7 (2013), p90. [26] Y. Xiao, B. D. MacArthur, H. Wang, M. Xiong and W. Wang, Network quotients: Structural skeletons of complex systems, Phys. Rev. E, 78 (2008), 046102, arXiv:0802.4318. [27] J. D. Zhang and S. Wiemann, KEGGgraph: A graph approach to KEGG PATHWAY in R and Bioconductor, Bioinformatics, 25 (2009), 1470-1471, http://bioconductor.org.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license
| 2022-12-09T06:00:09 |
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|
https://events.ncbj.gov.pl/event/75/contributions/742/
|
# International Conference on Free Electrons Laser Applications in Infrared and THz Studies of New States of Matter
5-8 July 2022
Novotel Warszawa Centrum
Europe/Warsaw timezone
## Auger scattering in massless Dirac and Kane materials
6 Jul 2022, 11:00
45m
Róża (Novotel Warszawa Centrum)
### Róża
#### Novotel Warszawa Centrum
Marszałkowska 94/98 00-510 Warsaw POLAND Phone: +48 22 5960000 Fax: +48 22 5960647 E-Mail: [email protected] WWW: https://all.accor.com/hotel/3383/index.en.shtml
### Speaker
Dr Stephan Winnerl (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf)
### Description
We present an overview that sheds light into the carrier dynamics of in Landau-quantized Dirac and Kane systems, namely graphene and mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). The non-equidistant Landau-ladder makes these materials highly attractive for realizing the old dream of the semiconductor physics community to fabricate a Landau-level laser. For a recent review on this topic, see Ref. [1]. In such a laser, stimulated emission is achieved between a pair of Landau levels and the emission wavelength can be tuned by the strength of the magnetic field. In graphene, we found evidence for strong Auger scattering for the lowest allowed transitions LL$_{-1}$ → LL$_{0}$ and LL$_{0}$ → LL$_{1}$ [2]. These energetically degenerate transitions can be distinguished by applying circularly polarized radiation of opposite polarization. In this configuration, Auger scattering can cause depletion of the LL0 level even though it is optically pumped at the same time. Recently, we have investigated the LL$_{-2}$ → LL$_{1}$ and LL$_{-1}$ → LL$_{2}$ transition under strong optical pumping. This transition is a candidate for the lasing transition for a Landau-level laser. We observed non-equilibrium carrier distributions by selective pumping before thermalization occurred. MCT, on the other hand, is even more attractive because of much longer relaxation times [3]. They are on the ns scale while in graphene thermalization occurs on a timescale of a few ps. The reason for the longer timescale is the different Landau ladder due to spin splitting.
References:
[1] E. Gornik, G. Strasser und K. Unterrainer, Nature Photonics 15, 875 (2021).
[2] M. Mittendorff, F. Wendler, E. Malic, A. Knorr, M. Orlita, M. Potemski, C. Berger, W. A. de Heer, H. Schneider, M. Helm und S. Winnerl, Nature
Physics 11, (2015).
[3] D. B. But, M. Mittendorff, C. Consejo, F. Teppe, N. N. Mikhailov, S. A. Dvoretskii, C. Faugeras, S. Winnerl, M. Helm, W. Knap, M. Potemski und M. Orlita, Nature Photonics 13, 783 (2019).
### Primary author
Dr Stephan Winnerl (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf)
### Presentation Materials
There are no materials yet.
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| 2023-01-27T23:39:13 |
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|
https://classic-battlefield-modding.fandom.com/wiki/How_to_Change_BF2_Flags
|
253 Pages
Changing flags in bf2
Based on tutorial by Kano
This tutorial will explain where everything is you need to change, as it is a bit complicated.
If you do all your editing in Photoshop, save as a 8888 dxt5 with 13 mip maps and alpha You will need to grab the following files and edit the flags accordingly.
Note: The file locations listed refer to your location of Battlefield 2. Most are located in:
C:\Program Files\EA GAMES\Battlefield 2
However, this location could be different on your system.
First the flags on the poles in game.
\mods\bf2\Objects\staticobjects\common\textures\flags_c.dds
Put in your mod in the same path as in bf2 after you have edited it in Photoshop.
Next the memeatlas this puts most of the little flags in the hud.
Put in your mod in the same path as in bf2 after you have edited it in photoshop.
scoreboard Flags
beyler
Put in your mod in the same path as in bf2 after you have edited it in photoshop.
Now the mini map.
Put in your mod in the same path as in bf2 after you have edited it in photoshop
lastly the join flags and end of round flags can be found here
flag_ch.png
flagLarge_ch.png
hugeflag_ch.png
flag_mec.png
flagLarge_mec.png
hugeflag_mec.png
flag_eu.png
flagLarge_eu.png
hugeflag_eu.png
flag_us.png
flagLarge_us.png
hugeflag_us.png
these files are actually dds's that are renamed png you can do the same or save them as png dosn't seem to matter. put them in your mod in the menu_client in same path as in bf2.
after that you will probable want to change the usmc,mec,china in the Localization\English this is found in the English.utxt as stated above. i you look above your see what your changing it's circled.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2021-04-16T17:38:32 |
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|
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/statad.htm
|
Dataplot Vol 2 Vol 1
# STATISTIC ANDERSON DARLING
Name:
<dist> ANDERSON DARLING
Type:
LET Subcommand
Purpose:
Compute the Anderson-Darling (A-D) goodness of fit statistic for a specified distribution for a response variable.
Description:
The Anderson-Darling test is a goodness of fit statistic (see the documentation for the GOODNESS OF FIT command for details).
Although this value is normally determined using the GOODNESS OF FIT command, for a limited number of distributions you can also generate this as a statistic LET subcommand. The advantage in this case is that you can use it with any of the commands that support built-in statistics (e.g., the STATISTIC PLOT or the TABULATION command). For example, if you have groups of data, you can use the TABULATE or STATISTIC PLOT commands to easily compare the goodness of fit across the groups.
In order to compute the Anderson-Darling statistic, the distribution parameters are first computed using maximum likelihood. This command can also return the maximum likelihood estimates.
This command is only supported for a subset of the distributions for which the Anderson-Darling statistic is supported with the GOODNESS OF FIT command. See the Note section below for a list of distributions supported by this command.
Syntax 1:
LET <par> = <dist> ANDERSON DARLING <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<dist> is one of the supported distributions listed below;
<par> is the parameter where the AD value is saved;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax is used for the case where there are no shape parameters.
Syntax 2:
LET <par> = <dist> ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<dist> is one of the supported distributions listed below;
<par> is the parameter where the AD value is saved;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax is used for those distributions that have a shape parameter. When the distribution has a shape parameter, then the word STATISTIC is required to distinguish this command from the ANDERSON DARLING PLOT command. Specifically it is used to distinguish the following two cases
WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING PLOT Y
WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC PLOT Y X
The first command is the Weibull Anderson Darling plot (i.e., a plot of the Anderson-Darling goodness of fit across values of the shape parameter) while the second command plots the Anderson Darling statistic for Y for each group in X.
Syntax 3:
LET <par> = <dist> ANDERSON DARLING LOCATION <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<dist> is one of the supported distributions listed below;
<par> is the parameter where the location value is saved;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax returns the estimate of the location parameter rather than the AD value. Not all supported distributions have a location parameter.
Syntax 4:
LET <par> = <dist> ANDERSON DARLING SCALE <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<dist> is one of the supported distributions listed below;
<par> is the parameter where the scale value is saved;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax returns the estimate of the scale parameter rather than the AD value.
Syntax 5:
LET <par> = <dist> ANDERSON DARLING SHAPE <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<dist> is one of the supported distributions listed below;
<par> is the parameter where the shape value is saved;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax returns the estimate of the shape parameter rather than the AD value. Not all supported distributions have a shape parameter.
Examples:
LET A = NORMAL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = NORMAL ANDERSON DARLING LOCATION Y
LET A = NORMAL ANDERSON DARLING SCALE Y
LET A = LOGISTIC ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING SCALE Y
LET A = WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING SHAPE Y
Note:
The following location/scale distributions are supported.
LET A = DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = EXPONENTIAL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = GUMBEL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = LOGISTIC ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = MAXWELL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = NORMAL ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = RAYLEIGH ANDERSON DARLING Y
LET A = UNIFORM ANDERSON DARLING Y
The Maxwell and Rayleigh support the 2-parameter case rather than the 1-parameter case (i.e., the location parameter will be estimated).
For the uniform distribution, the scale parameter will actually return the upper limit parameter.
In addition, the following distributions with a single shape parameter are supported.
LET A = BURR TYPE 10 ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = FATIGUE LIFE ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = FRECHET ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = GAMMA ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = GEOMETRIC EXTREME EXPONENTIAL ...
ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = INVERTED GAMMA ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = LOGISTIC EXPONENTIAL ANDERSON DARLING ...
STATISTIC Y
LET A = LOGNORMAL ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
LET A = WEIBULL ANDERSON DARLING STATISTIC Y
Note that the above support the 2-parameter form of the distribution (i.e., the scale and shape parameters are estimated from the data and the location parameter is set to zero).
Note:
The distribution parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood. For several distributions, you can choose an alternative estimation method using the command
SET DISTRIBUTIONAL FIT TYPE <value>
where <value> can be one of the following
ML - use the default maximum likelihood (available for all supported distributions) MOMENT - use the moment estimates, available for uniform, Gumbel, 2-par Maxwell, 2-par gamma, 2-par inverted gamma, 2-par fatigue life MODIFIED MOMENT - use the modified moment estimates, available for 2-par Rayleigh
Note:
Dataplot statistics can be used in 20+ commands. For details, enter
Default:
None
Synonyms:
AD is a synonym for ANDERSON DARLING
Related Commands:
GOODNESS OF FIT = Perform a distributional goodness of fit test. MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD = Perform maximum likelihood to estimate distributional parameters. STATISTIC PPCC = Compute the PPCC value for a specified distribution. STATISTIC PLOT = = Generates a statistic versus subset plot. TABULATE = Compute a statistic based on a cross-tabulation. PPCC PLOT = Generates a probability plot correlation coefficient plot. PROBABILITY PLOT = Generates a probability plot.
Reference:
Stephens, M. A. (1974), "EDF Statistics for Goodness of Fit and Some Comparisons," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 69, pp. 730-737.
Stephens, M. A. (1976), "Asymptotic Results for Goodness-of-Fit Statistics with Unknown Parameters," Annals of Statistics, Vol. 4, pp. 357-369.
Stephens, M. A. (1977), "Goodness of Fit for the Extreme Value Distribution," Biometrika, Vol. 64, pp. 583-588.
Stephens, M. A. (1977), "Goodness of Fit with Special Reference to Tests for Exponentiality," Technical Report No. 262, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Stephens, M. A. (1979), "Tests of Fit for the Logistic Distribution Based on the Empirical Distribution Function," Biometrika, Vol. 66, pp. 591-595.
Applications:
Distributional Modeling
Implementation Date:
2015/2
Program 1:
. Step 1: Read the data
.
skip 25
let y x = stack y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
skip 0
.
case asis
label case asis
title case asis
title offset 2
multiplot corner coordinates 2 2 98 98
multiplot scale factor 2
.
. Step 2: Plot normal a-d statistic
.
multiplot 2 2
y1label Anderson-Darling Statistic
x3label Datasets
xlimits 1 6
major xtic mark number 6
minor xtic mark number 0
x1tic mark offset 0.5 0.5
x1tic mark label format alpha
x1tic mark label content NOR.DAT sp()cr()sp()cr()EXP.DAT WEIBBURY.DAT ...
sp()cr()sp()cr()LGN.DAT GAMMA.DAT sp()cr()sp()cr()FRECHET.DAT
x1tic mark label size 1.2
y1label displacement 12
ylimits 0 1
character X
line blank
.
normal anderson darling plot y x
.
ylimits
y1label Location
normal anderson darling location plot y x
.
y1label Scale
normal anderson darling scale plot y x
.
.
. Step 3: Location/Scale distributions
.
multiplot 2 2
label
.
ylimits 0 1
normal anderson darling plot y x
.
ylimits 0 6
exponential anderson darling plot y x
ylimits 0 1000
double exponential anderson darling plot y x
ylimits 0 1.5
title Gumbel (Maximum)
gumbel anderson darling plot y x
.
end of multiplot
.
justification center
move 50 3
text Datasets
direction vertical
move 2 50
text Anderson-Darling Statistic
direction horizontal
.
multiplot 2 2
x1tic mark label format numeric
label
.
ylimits 0 20
uniform anderson darling plot y x
.
ylimits 0 1
maxwell anderson darling plot y x
.
ylimits 0 10
rayleigh anderson darling plot y x
.
ylimits 0 1
title Logistic
logistic anderson darling plot y x
.
end of multiplot
.
justification center
move 50 3
text Datasets
direction vertical
move 2 50
text Anderson-Darling Statistic
direction horizontal
Program 2:
. Step 1: Read the data
.
skip 25
let y x = stack y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
skip 0
.
case asis
title case asis
title offset 2
.
xlimits 1 6
major xtic mark number 6
minor xtic mark number 0
x1tic mark offset 0.5 0.5
x1tic mark label size 1.5
character X
line blank
.
. Step 3: Weibull, Lognormal, Gamma, Fatigue Life
.
multiplot corner coordinates 2 2 98 98
multiplot scale factor 2
multiplot 2 2
x1tic mark label format numeric
label
.
ylimits 0 1
weibull anderson darling statistic plot y x
. weibull ad statistic plot y x
.
ylimits 0 1
lognormal anderson darling statistic plot y x
ylimits
.
. Note that gamma has problem with datasets 1 and 4
.
ylimits 0 1
gamma anderson darling statistic plot y x subset x 2 3 5 6
.
ylimits 0 2
fatigue life anderson darling statistic plot y x
.
end of multiplot
.
justification center
move 50 3
text Datasets
direction vertical
move 2 50
text Anderson-Darling Statistic
direction horizontal
NIST is an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department.
Date created: 02/09/2015
Last updated: 02/09/2015
| 2017-10-24T02:29:03 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.4
|
§23.4(i) Real Variables
Line graphs of the Weierstrass functions $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$, $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$, and $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$, illustrating the lemniscatic and equianharmonic cases. (The figures in this subsection may be compared with the figures in §22.3(i).)
§23.4(ii) Complex Variables
Surfaces for the Weierstrass functions $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, and $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$. Height corresponds to the absolute value of the function and color to the phase. See also About Color Map. (The figures in this subsection may be compared with the figures in §22.3(iii).)
| 2014-11-25T00:29:16 |
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https://portlandpress.com/bioscirep/article/40/2/BSR20194307/222071/HSPA1L-rs1061581-polymorphism-is-associated-with
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Preeclampsia (PE) is an excessive systemic inflammation response with dysfunction of endothelial. As a stress protein, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) plays a pivotal role in protecting cells against apoptosis, oxidative damage and genetic damage. In humans, three genes encode members of the HSP70 class: HSPA1A, HSPA1B and HSPA1L. Our study was to investigate the association between genetic variations of HSPA1L and the susceptibility for PE in Chinese Han population. The polymorphisms of rs2227956, rs1043618 and rs1061581 in HSPA1L were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 929 PE patients and 1024 healthy pregnant women. Statistic difference of the genotypic and allelic frequencies were found in HSPA1L rs1061581 between PE patients and controls (χ2 = 29.863, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 27.298, P < 0.001, OR = 1.874, 95%CI 1.476–2.379 by allele) and HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles occurred more frequently in PE patients compared with healthy controls (PE vs. controls 10.28% vs. 5.76%). Furthermore, we divided the PE cases into early-onset/late-onset PE and mild/severe PE subgroups and found statistical differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of the HSPA1L rs1061581 between early-onset PE, late-onset PE, mild PE, severe PE and controls, respectively. Moreover, HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles were more frequent in early-onset PE, late-onset PE, mild PE and severe PE than controls respectively. Therefore, we concluded that HSPA1L rs1061581 polymorphism is associated with the risk of PE in Han Chinese women and A alleles may play a role in the susceptibility for PE.
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome characterized by de novo hypertension (systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg) and/or proteinuria (>300 mg/24 h) that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation in pregnancies, and is always accompanied with multiorgan disorders, which affects the maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity severely [1–3]. As a multifactorial disorder affecting about 5–7% of all women during pregnancy, to date, a number of studies have been carried out to explore the mechanisms of PE, including hereditary variants, inflammation, immunological imbalance and oxidative stress and so on, the specific pathogenesis has not yet been fully explained [4–6].
Although the etiology of PE is not clear, there is increasing evidence showing that inflammation plays an important role in the development of PE [7]. The normal pregnancy is considered to be a general inflammatory response, while PE is considered to be an enhanced inflammatory response [8]. In addition, PE is regarded as a complex inflammation system acting in network, which not only contains the endothelial but also including the inflammatory immune cells, blood clotting and complement system, metabolic and other changes mainly regulated by cytokines and inflammatory factors [9]. Otherwise, some inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ, were higher in the serum of PE patients than that of normotensive pregnancies [10–12], suggesting that inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of PE strongly. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant forces in which ROS prevails the antioxidant forces [13,14]. Strong evidence exists that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathology of PE [15,16].
As a stress protein, HSP70 plays a pivotal role in protecting cells against apoptosis, oxidative damage and genetic damage [17]. Placental ischemia, oxidative stress and maternal systemic inflammatory response, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of PE, have been shown to induce the expression of HSP70 [18]. Moreover, studies indicated that HSP70 is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, ischaemic stroke, Parkinson’s disease, high-altitude illness and the forth, and there were high levels of HSP70 in serum, plasma and placental tissue of PE patients [17,19,20]. As several polymorphisms in HSP70 can influence protein expression or functions in some degree, thus may affect ability in stress tolerance and susceptibility to certain diseases [17]. And the gene variants involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombophilia were related to in the development in PE [21]. In addition, Andrea Fekete et al. found that HSPA1L T(2437)C polymorphisms may be associated with the susceptibility for PE [22]. Therefore, we designed this study to examine whether polymorphisms of three tag SNPs (rs2227956, rs1043618 and rs1061581) in HSPA1L, which is one of the three genes encoding HSP70 proteins [22], were associated with the risk of PE or not.
### Subjects
About 929 PE patients as the case group and 1024 normotensive pregnencies as the control group were enrolled from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Linyi People’s Hospital, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantaishan Hospital, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Heze People’s Hospital between November 2017 and February 2019. The case group and the control group were age-matched and all came from Chinese Han population. Clinical characteristics such as maternal age, gestational weeks of admission and delivery, pregnancy and delivery history, clinical symptoms, and results of laboratory examinations were collected in a database through the questionnaire filled out by all the recruited staff.
The PE was diagnosed according to the criteria from the Report of the ‘National High Blood Pressure Education Program’ [23]. The recruited controls were normotensive pregnancies without clinical history of PE. In addition, both PE and control pregnant women are excluded from pre-existing hypertension, chronic hypertension, heart disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, renal disease, thyroid function disorder, uterine malformation, placental abruption, multiple pregnancies, in vitro fertilization treatment, cancer, or any other systemic disease, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This research was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and all participants in our study signed the written informed consent.
### Genetic studies
We used a Qiagen DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) to extract DNA from the 300 µl peripheral venous blood of the pregnancies and genotype the polymorphisms of rs2227956, rs1043618 and rs1061581 in HSPA1L by the TaqMan allelic discrimination real-time PCR technology with the Taqman probes and primers synthesized by Applied Biosystems of Life Technologies (New York, U.S.A.). For rs2227956, the sequence of forward and reverse primer is 5′-AATGGTATTCTCAATGTCAC AGCCA-3′ and 5′-GGACAAGAGCACCGGCAAGGTGAAC-3′ respectively; for rs1043618, the forward and reverse primer is 5′-CGTTTCCAGCCCCCAATCTCAGAGC-3′ and 5′-GAGCCGACAGAGAGCAGGGAACCGG-3′ respectively; for rs1061581, the forward primer is 5′-TCCCCAAGGTGCAGAAGCTGCTGCA-3′ and the reverse primer is 5′- GACTTCTTCAACGGGCGCGACCTGA-3′. The PCR was conducted in 25 μl reaction mixture, including 1.25 μl 20 × SNP Genotyping Assay, 12.5 μl 2 × PCR Master Mix and 11.25 μl DNA and DNase-free water. The amplifications were carried out by C1000™ thermal cycler and CFX96™ real-time system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) with the following conditions: 95°C for 3 min, then 45 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min. For each cycle, the fluorescent signals from the VIC- or FAM-labeled probes was detected. Bio-Rad CFX manager 3.0software was used to conduct the genotyping.
### Statistical analysis
All analyses were conducted by statistical software package SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.). In order to value whether the control group was representative, we use the chi-square test to assess Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the controls. Student’s t-test was used to compare differences between cases and controls in demographic and clinical characteristics. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (two-sided). We used Pearson’s χ2 test (if expected values were below 5, Fisher’s exact test was used) to compare differences in allelic and genotypic distributions between two groups and a significance threshold of P = 0.016 (P0/N, P0 = 0.05, N = 3 SNPs) (two sided) was required when a formal Bonferroni’s correction for the number of SNPs was analyzed. The relative risk degree was showed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
### Demographic and clinical characteristics
Table 1 showed the comparison in demographic and clinical characteristics between cases and controls. The mean age of cases and controls was 30.33 ± 5.29 and 30.55 ± 4.14 years old respectively, which was matched between both groups. Compared with the healthy pregnant women, the PE patients have earlier gestational weeks at admission (35.31 ± 3.68 weeks vs. 39.02 ± 1.56 weeks, P < 0.001), gestational weeks at delivery (36.13 ± 3.26 weeks vs. 39.35 ± 1.29 weeks, P < 0.001), lower birth weight of offspring (2579.12 ± 953.79 g vs. 3411.18 ± 366.16 g, P < 0.001), higher Systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) and Diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and higher levels of Urea nitrogen (P < 0.001), Creatinine (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.001), and AST (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were found between the cases and controls in time of pregnancies, number of abortions, white blood cell, neutrophil, triglycerides and total cholesterol.
Table 1
Clinical characteristics
CasesControlstP-value
Age (years) 30.33 ± 5.29 30.55 ± 4.14 −1.011 0.312
Gestational age at admission (weeks) 35.31 ± 3.68 39.02 ± 1.56 −28.302 P < 0.001
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) 36.13 ± 3.26 39.35 ± 1.29 −27.365 P < 0.001
Time of pregnancy 2.18 ± 1.23 2.22 ± 1.21 −0.81 0.418
Number of abortion 0.60 ± 0.93 0.68 ± 0.90 −1.908 0.057
Birth weight of offspring (g) 2579.12 ± 953.79 3411.18 ± 366.16 −24.257 P < 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 159.39 ± 19.09 114.26 ± 10.02 65.606 P < 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 103.31 ± 13.59 73.78 ± 7.98 58.648 P < 0.001
Urea nitrogen (mmol/l) 4.65 ± 2.05 3.45 ± 3.26 9.074 P < 0.001
Creatinine (µmol/l) 67.68 ± 27.07 55.55 ± 15.27 11.029 P < 0.001
ALT(IU/l) 24.68 ± 45.89 15.03 ± 13.76 5.674 P < 0.001
AST(IU/l) 28.77 ± 47.89 19.45 ± 13.29 5.268 P < 0.001
CasesControlstP-value
Age (years) 30.33 ± 5.29 30.55 ± 4.14 −1.011 0.312
Gestational age at admission (weeks) 35.31 ± 3.68 39.02 ± 1.56 −28.302 P < 0.001
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) 36.13 ± 3.26 39.35 ± 1.29 −27.365 P < 0.001
Time of pregnancy 2.18 ± 1.23 2.22 ± 1.21 −0.81 0.418
Number of abortion 0.60 ± 0.93 0.68 ± 0.90 −1.908 0.057
Birth weight of offspring (g) 2579.12 ± 953.79 3411.18 ± 366.16 −24.257 P < 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 159.39 ± 19.09 114.26 ± 10.02 65.606 P < 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 103.31 ± 13.59 73.78 ± 7.98 58.648 P < 0.001
Urea nitrogen (mmol/l) 4.65 ± 2.05 3.45 ± 3.26 9.074 P < 0.001
Creatinine (µmol/l) 67.68 ± 27.07 55.55 ± 15.27 11.029 P < 0.001
ALT(IU/l) 24.68 ± 45.89 15.03 ± 13.76 5.674 P < 0.001
AST(IU/l) 28.77 ± 47.89 19.45 ± 13.29 5.268 P < 0.001
### Genotypic and allelic frequencies
Table 2 showed the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the HSPA1L rs2227956, rs1043618 and rs1061581 in cases and controls. The participants of control group in our study were in accordance with HWE for the three SNPs suggesting that they had a group representative (rs2227956, χ2 = 3.076, P = 0.0794; rs1043618, χ2 = 2.277, P = 0.1313; rs1061581, χ2 = 3.828, P = 0.0504). For the PE patients and healthy pregnant women, we found a significant difference in genotypic and allelic frequencies of HSPA1L rs1061581 polymorphism (χ2 = 29.863, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 27.298, P < 0.001, OR = 1.874, 95%CI 1.476–2.379 by allele), and HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles occurred more frequently in PE patients compared with healthy controls (PE vs. controls 10.28% vs. 5.76%). However, no statistical significances were observed for rs2227956 and rs1043618 between the two groups in terms of genotypic frequencies (rs2227956, χ2 = 0.396, P = 0.82; rs1043618, χ2 = 0.731, P = 0.694), nor for allelic frequencies (rs2227956, χ2 = 0.009, P = 0.924, OR = 0.993, 95%CI 0.850–1.159; rs1043618, χ2 = 0.103, P = 0.748, OR = 1.022, 95%CI 0.896–1.164).
Table 2
The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs2227956、rs1043618 and rs1061581 in cases and controls
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
PE 929 53 280 596 386 1472 141 394 394 676 1182 191 738 191 1667
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.396 0.009 0.731 0.103 29.863 27.298
P-value 0.82 0.924 0.694 0.748 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.993 1.022 1.874
95%CI 0.850–1.159 0.896–1.164 1.476–2.379
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
PE 929 53 280 596 386 1472 141 394 394 676 1182 191 738 191 1667
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.396 0.009 0.731 0.103 29.863 27.298
P-value 0.82 0.924 0.694 0.748 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.993 1.022 1.874
95%CI 0.850–1.159 0.896–1.164 1.476–2.379
In order to further explore the relationship between the polymorphisms of HSPA1L and PE, we divided the PE patients into early-onset PE and late-onset PE according to the gestational age at diagnosis (early-onset PE defined as those diagnosed before the 34th week of gestation, known to be more severely affected than those with late-onset PE [24]). Through analyzing the Table 3, we can find significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of HSPA1L rs1061581 polymorphism between early-onset /late-onset PE and controls (early-onset PE vs. controls: χ2 = 26.134, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 24.073, P < 0.001, OR = 2.003, 95%CI 1.511–2.655 by allele; late-onset PE vs. controls: χ2 = 14.009, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 12.966, P < 0.001, OR = 1.669, 95%CI 1.260–2.211 by allele). HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles occurred more frequently in early-onset PE and late-onset PE than controls respectively (early-onset PE vs. controls:10.91% vs. 5.76%, late-onset PE vs. controls: 9.26% vs. 5.76%). Nevertheless, no statistical differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies were found between early-onset /late -onset PE and controls in rs2227956 and rs1043618.
Table 3
The comparison of genotype distributions and allelic frequencies between early/late-onset PE and control groups
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
Early-onset PE 440 26 126 288 178 702 68 195 177 331 549 96 344 96 784
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 1.106 0.169 0.774 0.791 26.134 24.073
P-value 0.575 0.681 0.679 0.374 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.960 1.077 2.003
95%CI 0.789-1.168 0.915-1.268 1.511-2.655
Late-onset PE 513 29 163 321 221 805 76 210 227 362 664 95 418 95 931
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.165 0.169 1.188 0.109 14.009 12.966
P-value 0.921 0.681 0.552 0.741 <0.001 <0.001
OR 1.039 0.974 1.669
95%CI 0.865−1.248 0.833-1.139 1.260−2.211
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
Early-onset PE 440 26 126 288 178 702 68 195 177 331 549 96 344 96 784
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 1.106 0.169 0.774 0.791 26.134 24.073
P-value 0.575 0.681 0.679 0.374 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.960 1.077 2.003
95%CI 0.789-1.168 0.915-1.268 1.511-2.655
Late-onset PE 513 29 163 321 221 805 76 210 227 362 664 95 418 95 931
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.165 0.169 1.188 0.109 14.009 12.966
P-value 0.921 0.681 0.552 0.741 <0.001 <0.001
OR 1.039 0.974 1.669
95%CI 0.865−1.248 0.833-1.139 1.260−2.211
Moreover, based on guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, we divided PE patients into mild and severe PE groups so that we can further explore the association between the polymorphisms of HSPA1L and PE [25]. Table 4 displays the analyzed results in detail. There were significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of HSPA1L rs1061581 polymorphisms between mild/severe PE and controls (mild PE vs. controls: χ2 = 16.200, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 15.046, P < 0.001, OR = 1.997, 95%CI 1.400–2.849 by allele; severe PE vs. controls: χ2 = 22.111, P < 0.001 by genotype; χ2 = 20.335, P < 0.001, OR = 1.786, 95%CI 1.384–2.305 by allele). HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles occurred more frequently in mild PE and severe PE than controls respectively (mild PE vs. controls: 10.88% vs. 5.76%, severe PE vs. controls: 9.85% vs. 5.76%). However, we failed to find significant differences in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs2227956 and rs1043618 between mild/severe PE and controls.
Table 4
The comparison of genotype distributions and allelic frequencies between mild/severe PE and control groups
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
Mild PE 216 14 70 132 98 334 31 82 103 144 288 47 169 47 385
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.709 0.682 2.711 1.018 16.200 15.046
P-value 0.702 0.409 0.258 0.313 <0.001 <0.001
OR 1.111 0.893 1.997
95%CI 0.866−1.425 0.717−1.112 1.400−2.849
Severe PE 711 40 209 462 289 1133 110 309 292 529 893 140 571 140 1282
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.717 0.169 0.793 0.624 22.111 20.335
P-value 0.699 0.681 0.673 0.429 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.965 1.058 1.786
95%CI 0.817−1.141 0.92−1.218 1.384−2.305
Rs2227956Rs1043618Rs1061581
GroupNCCCTTTCTCCCGGGCGAAAGGGAG
Mild PE 216 14 70 132 98 334 31 82 103 144 288 47 169 47 385
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.709 0.682 2.711 1.018 16.200 15.046
P-value 0.702 0.409 0.258 0.313 <0.001 <0.001
OR 1.111 0.893 1.997
95%CI 0.866−1.425 0.717−1.112 1.400−2.849
Severe PE 711 40 209 462 289 1133 110 309 292 529 893 140 571 140 1282
Control 1024 54 320 650 428 1620 143 449 432 735 1313 118 906 118 1930
χ2 0.717 0.169 0.793 0.624 22.111 20.335
P-value 0.699 0.681 0.673 0.429 <0.001 <0.001
OR 0.965 1.058 1.786
95%CI 0.817−1.141 0.92−1.218 1.384−2.305
PE is a common systemic obstetric disorder whose specific pathogenesis has not yet been fully explained. However, it is becoming increasingly accepted that oxidative stress, and maternal systemic inflammatory response have a key role in the pathogenesis of PE [8,15,16], which may induce the expression of HSP70 [18].
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved molecules that range from 10 to 150 kDa in molecular mass and function as major molecular chaperones responding to a variety of stress stimuli and maintaining protein homeostasis [26] and are found in all major cellular compartments. Up to now, three major families of HSPs have been revealed: low molecular mass HSPs (16−47 kDa), HSP70 (68−73 kDa), HSP90 (85−90 kDa) [27]. As one of the major HSPs, HSP70 is essential for a cell’s machinery and involved in varieties processes including protein folding, mediating cytoprotective, antiapoptotic effects and regulating immune response [28]. Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of HSP70 increased in cerebral, myocardial and renal ischemia [29–31]. Furthermore, HSP70 was related to the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated diseases [17,19] and there were high levels of HSP70 in serum, plasma and placental tissue of PE patients [20].
Molvarec et al. denote that elevated levels of circulating HSP70 in PE patients may indicate oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and hepatocellular injury, which not only might play an important role in the pathogenesis of PE, but also could be a pivotal marker for the pathogenesis of PE [32]. Furthermore, when incubating with HSP70, human monocytes presented a rapid intracellular calcium flux, activated nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), and up-regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [33]. And several studies demonstrated increased NF-kB activation in pregnancies with PE [34–36]. Therefore, we may conclude that NF-kB signaling is one of pathways that elevated levels of circulating HSP70 participate in the pathogenesis of PE. NF-kB is a hetero- or homo-dimer that consists of five subunits of the Rel family of polypeptides: NF-kB1 (p50/p105), NFkB2 (p52/p100), RelA (p65), c-Rel and RelB. It mainly exists in the form of the heterodimer p65/p50 [37]. Before activation, most NF-kB molecules are located in the cytoplasm bounding to a inhibitor of NF-kB protein (IkB). When stimulated, e.g. by HSP70, inflammatory cytokines or ROS, the IkB kinase (IKK) complex is activated, which allows NF-kB to release from the IkB and to translocate to the nucleus. After arriving in the nucleus, NF-kB will bind to kB-regulatory elements of DNA and coordinate transcription activation of plentiful genes involved in vascular inflammation, such as adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines, which are highly associated with endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of PE [37,38].
A previous study indicated that the heat shock transcriptional regulatory factors of genetically hypertensive animals were enhanced in activation which coupled to polymorphisms of HSP70 [39,40]. In humans, three genes encode members of the HSP70 class: HSPA1A, HSPA1B and HSPA1L localized on chromosome 6p21.3 [22]. HSPA1A and HSPA1B encode identical heat shock-inducible protein products, whereas the HSPA1L encodes a non-heat inducible protein that shares 90% sequence identity with the heat shock-inducible protein products [41]. Andrea Fekete et al. found that HSPA1L (2437)CC genotypes were more frequent among PE patients than controls, suggesting that HSPA1L T(2437)C polymorphisms may be related with the susceptibility for PE [22]. Therefore, we chosen three tag SNPs (rs2227956, rs1043618 and rs1061581) in HSPA1L gene and conducted genotyping and analyzing to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of the three SNPs in HSPA1L and the susceptibility for PE.
In the present study, we observed significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs1061581 between the PE patients and the normotensive pregnancies, which can demonstrate an association between HSPA1L rs1061581 polymorphism and the susceptibility for PE. Moreover, HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles occurred more frequently in PE patients compared with healthy controls (PE vs. controls 10.28% vs. 5.76%), suggesting that HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles may play a role in the susceptibility for PE. However, we failed to reveal an association between the polymorphisms of other two SNPs and PE. Furthermore, the polymorphism of HSPA1L rs1061581 was found to be associated with early-onset PE, late-onset PE, mild PE and severe PE respectively and HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles were more frequent in early-onset PE, late-onset PE, mild PE and severe PE than controls respectively, indicating that HSPA1L rs1061581 A alleles may play a role in the susceptibility for PE further. Whereas, for rs2227956 and rs1043618, there were no significant association between the polymorphisms and early-onset /late-onset /mild /severe PE, neither. Therefore, it can be concluded that the present study provides apparent evidence that polymorphism of HSPA1L rs1061581 is associated with the risk of PE in Han Chinese women. However, larger-scale and well-designed studies involving different races and regions with environmental analyses are necessary to be performed to confirm our findings and further investigate the pathogenesis of PE.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Natural Science Fund Project of Shandong Province [grant number ZR2019MH127].
S.L. and G.S. conceived and designed the experiments. J.Z. and Y.L. performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. Q.T. analyzed the data. S.L. and Q.T. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. X.Z., K.C., B.J. and S.L. collected samples. S.L. and G.S. modified and revised the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
• HSP70
heat shock protein 70
•
• HWE
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
•
• NF-kB
nuclear factor-kB
•
• PCR
polymerase chain reaction
•
• PE
preeclampsia
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This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).
| 2021-12-09T10:23:03 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/20381/session/4/contribution/12
|
# New Perspectives 2019
10-11 June 2019
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
US/Central timezone
Home > Timetable > Session details > Contribution details
# Contribution Oral
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory - One West
# A Preliminary $\nu_{\mu}$ CC 0$\pi$ Event Selection in SBND
## Speakers
• Rhiannon JONES
## Content
SBND is a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) experiment and the near detector in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab. With a 110 m baseline and a 112 tonne active mass, the detector will observe ~5,000,000 charged current muon neutrino ($\nu_{\mu}$ CC) interactions at energies of <$E_{\nu}$> $\sim$ 650 MeV in its 6.6 $\times 10^{20}$ POT (3 year) exposure. SBND will constrain the systematics on the event rate for sterile neutrino searches in the SBN program and have a rich program of neutrino cross-section measurements. The most abundant topology in SBND, pionless charged current muon neutrino ($\nu_{\mu}$ CC 0$\pi$), is a key channel for oscillation searches due to its simple final-state: a single muon, possibly several nucleons and no meson. However, the well-understood charged current quasielastic (CC QE) interaction on free nuclei is not sufficient to correctly model the $\nu_{\mu}$ CC 0$\pi$ final state in nuclear target experiments. This talk will demonstrate a preliminary $\nu_{\mu}$ CC 0$\pi$ selection using automated reconstruction in SBND, in an effort to fully understand its properties in a LArTPC for the purpose of making cross-section and oscillation measurements.
| 2020-02-23T02:32:49 |
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|
https://docs.nersc.gov/filesystems/archive/
|
# The HPSS Archive System¶
## Intro¶
The High Performance Storage System (HPSS) is a modern, flexible, performance-oriented mass storage system. It has been used at NERSC for archival storage since 1998. HPSS is intended for long term storage of data that is not frequently accessed.
HPSS is Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) software developed by a collaboration of DOE labs, of which NERSC is a participant, and IBM. The HPSS system is a tape system that uses HSM software to ingest data onto a high performance disk cache and automatically migrate it to a very large enterprise tape subsystem for long-term retention. The disk cache in HPSS is designed to retain many days worth of new data and the tape subsystem is designed to provide the most cost-effective long-term scalable data storage available.
NERSC's HPSS system can be accessed at archive.nersc.gov through a variety of clients such as hsi, htar, ftp, pftp, and Globus. By default every user has an HPSS account.
## Accessing HPSS¶
You can access NERSC's HPSS in a variety of different ways. Hsi and htar are the best ways to transfer data in and out of HPSS within NERSC. Globus is recommended for transfers to or from outside NERSC. We also offer access via gridFTP, pftp, and ftp.
### Automatic Token Generation¶
The first time you try to connect from a NERSC system (Cori, DTNs, etc.) using a NERSC provided client like hsi, htar, or pftp you will be prompted for your NERSC password + one-time password which will generate a token stored in $HOME/.netrc. After completing this step you will be able to connect to HPSS without typing a password: nersc$ hsi
Generating .netrc entry...
If you are having problems connecting see the Troubleshooting section below.
### Session Limits¶
Users are limited to 15 concurrent sessions. This number can be temporarily reduced if a user is impacting system usability for others.
### Hsi¶
Hsi is a flexible and powerful command-line utility to access the NERSC HPSS storage system. You can use it to store and retrieve files and it has a large set of commands for listing your files and directories, creating directories, changing file permissions, etc. The command set has a UNIX look and feel (e.g. mv, mkdir, rm, cp, cd, etc.) so that moving through your HPSS directory tree is close to what you would find on a UNIX file system. Hsi can be used both interactively or in batch scripts.
The hsi utility is available on all NERSC production computer systems and it has been configured on these systems to use high-bandwidth parallel transfers.
#### Hsi Usage Examples¶
All of the NERSC computational systems available to users have the hsi client already installed. To access the Archive storage system you can type hsi with no arguments. This will put you in an interactive command shell, placing you in your home directory on the Archive system. From this shell, you can run the ls command to see your files, cd into storage system subdirectories, put files into the storage system and get files from it.
In addition to command line, you can run hsi commands several different ways:
• Single-line execution: hsi "mkdir run123; cd run123; put bigdata.0311"
• Read commands from a file: hsi "in command_file"
• Read commands from standard input: hsi < command_file
• Read commands from a pipe: cat command_file | hsi
The hsi utility uses a special syntax to specify local and HPSS file names when using the put and get commands. The local file name is always on the left and the HPSS file name is always on the right and a ":" (colon character) is used to separate the names
There are some shortcuts, for instance the command put myfile.txt will store the file named myfile from your current local file system directory into a file of the same name into your current HPSS directory. If you wanted to put it into a specific HPSS directory, you can also do something like hsi "cd run123; put myfile.txt"
Most of the standard Linux commands work in hsi (cd, ls,rm,chmod,etc.). There are a few commands that are unique to hsi
Command Function
get, mget Copy one or more HPSS-resident files to local files
cget Conditional get - get the file only if it doesn't already exist on the target
put, mput Copy one or more local files to HPSS
cput Conditional put - copy the file into HPSS unless it is already there
Hsi also has a series of "local" commands, that act on the non-HPSS side of things:
Command Function
lcd Change local directory
lls List local directory
lmkdir Make a local directory
lpwd Print current local directory
command Issue shell command
#### Removing Older Files¶
You can find and remove older files in HPSS using the hsi find command. This may be useful if you're doing periodic backups of directories (this is not recommended for software version control, instead use a versioning system like git) and want to delete older backups. Since you can't use a linux pipe ("|") in hsi, you need a multi-step process. The example below will find files older than 10 days and delete them from HPSS.
hsi -q "find . -ctime 10" > temp.txt 2>&1
cat temp.txt | awk '{print "rm -R",$0}' > temp1.txt hsi in temp1.txt #### Removing Entire Directories¶ To recursively remove a directory and all of its contained sub-directories and files, use hsi rm -R <directory_name>. ### Htar¶ Htar is a command line utility that is ideal for storing groups of files in HPSS. Since the tar file is created directly in HPSS, it is generally faster and uses less local space than creating a local tar file then storing that into HPSS. Htar also does inline compression so compressing the data beforehand is unnecessary and it preserves the directory structure of stored files. Furthermore, htar creates an index file that (by default) is stored along with the archive in HPSS. This allows you to list the contents of an archive without retrieving it from tape first. The index file is only created if the htar bundle is successfully stored in the archive. Htar is installed and maintained on all NERSC production systems. If you need to access the member files of an htar archive from a system that does not have the htar utility installed, you can retrieve the tar file to a local file system and extract the member files using the local tar utility. If you have a collection of files and store them individually with hsi, the files will likely be distributed across a collection of tapes, requiring long delays (due to multiple tape mounts) when fetching them from HPSS. Instead, grouping these files in an htar archive file that will likely be stored on a single tape, requiring only a single tape mount when it comes time to retrieve the data. The basic syntax of htar is similar to the standard tar utility: htar -{c|K|t|x|X} -f tarfile [directories] [files] As with the standard unix tar utility the -c -x and -t options create, extract, and list tar archive files. The -K option verifies an existing tarfile in HPSS and the -X option can be used to re-create the index file for an existing archive. Please note, you cannot add or append files to an existing htar file. If your htar files are 100 GB or larger and you only want to extract one or two small member files, you may find faster retrieval rates by skipping staging the file to the HPSS disk cache by adding the -Hnostage option to your htar command. #### Htar Usage Examples¶ Create an archive with directory nova and file simulator nersc$ htar -cvf nova.tar nova simulator
HTAR: a nova/
HTAR: a nova/sn1987a
HTAR: a nova/sn1993j
HTAR: a nova/sn2005e
HTAR: a simulator
HTAR: a /scratch/scratchdirs/elvis/HTAR_CF_CHK_61406_1285375012
HTAR Create complete for nova.tar. 28,396,544 bytes written for 4 member files, max threads: 4 Transfer time: 0.420 seconds (67.534 MB/s)
HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL
Now list the contents:
nersc$htar -tf nova.tar HTAR: drwx------ elvis/elvis 0 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/ HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1987a HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1993j HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn2005e HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 398552 2010-09-24 17:35 simulator HTAR: -rw------- elvis/elvis 256 2010-09-24 17:36 /scratch/scratchdirs/elvis/HTAR_CF_CHK_61406_1285375012 HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL As an example, using hsi remove the nova.tar.idx index file from HPSS (Note: you generally do not want to do this) nersc$ hsi "rm nova.tar.idx"
rm: /home/e/elvis/nova.tar.idx (2010/09/24 17:36:53 3360 bytes)
Now try to list the archive contents without the index file:
nersc$htar -tf nova.tar ERROR: No such file: nova.tar.idx ERROR: Fatal error opening index file: nova.tar.idx HTAR: HTAR FAILED Here is how we can rebuild the index file if it is accidently deleted nersc$ htar -Xvf nova.tar
HTAR: i nova
HTAR: i nova/sn1987a
HTAR: i nova/sn1993j
HTAR: i nova/sn2005e
HTAR: i simulator
HTAR: i /scratch/scratchdirs/elvis/HTAR_CF_CHK_61406_1285375012
HTAR: Build Index complete for nova.tar, 5 files 6 total objects, size=28,396,544 bytes
HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL
nersc$htar -tf nova.tar HTAR: drwx------ elvis/elvis 0 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/ HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1987a HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1993j HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn2005e HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 398552 2010-09-24 17:35 simulator HTAR: -rw------- elvis/elvis 256 2010-09-24 17:36 /scratch/scratchdirs/elvis/HTAR_CF_CHK_61406_1285375012 HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL Here is how we extract a single file from a htar file nersc$ htar -xvf nova.tar simulator
##### Using ListFiles to Create an htar Archive¶
Rather than specifying the list of files and directories on the command line when creating an htar archive, you can place the list of file and directory pathnames into a ListFile and use the -L option. The contents of the ListFile must contain exactly one pathname per line.
nersc$find nova -name 'sn19*' -print > novalist nersc$ cat novalist
nova/sn1987a
nova/sn1993j
Now create an archive containing only these files
nersc$htar -cvf nova19.tar -L novalist HTAR: a nova/sn1987a HTAR: a nova/sn1993j nersc$ htar -tf nova19.tar
HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1987a
HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1993j
##### Soft Delete and Undelete¶
The -D option can be used to "soft delete" one or more member files or directories from an htar archive. The files are not really deleted, but simply marked in the index file as deleted. A file that is soft-deleted will not be retrieved from the archive during an extract operation. If you list the contents of the archive, soft deleted files will have a D character after the mode bits in the listing:
nersc$htar -Df nova.tar nova/sn1993j HTAR: d nova/sn1993j HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL Now list the files and note that sn1993j is marked as deleted: nersc$ htar -tf nova.tar
HTAR: drwx------ elvis/elvis 0 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/
HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1987a
HTAR: -rwx------ D elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1993j
HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn2005e
To undelete the file, use the -U option:
nersc$htar -Uf nova.tar nova/sn1993j HTAR: u nova/sn1993j HTAR: HTAR SUCCESSFUL List the file and note that the 'D' is missing nersc$ htar -tf nova.tar nova/sn1993j
HTAR: -rwx------ elvis/elvis 9331200 2010-09-24 14:24 nova/sn1993j
#### Htar Archive Verification¶
You can request that htar compute and save checksum values for each member file during archive creation. The checksums are saved in the corresponding htar index file. You can then further request that htar compute checksums of the files as you extract them from the archive and compare the values to what it has stored in the index file.
nersc$htar -Hcrc -cvf nova.tar nova HTAR: a nova/ HTAR: a nova/sn1987a HTAR: a nova/sn1993j HTAR: a nova/sn2005e Now, in another directory, extract the files and request verification nersc$ htar -Hverify=crc -xvf nova.tar
HTAR: x nova/
HTAR: x nova/sn1987a, 9331200 bytes, 18226 media blocks
HTAR: x nova/sn1993j, 9331200 bytes, 18226 media blocks
#### Htar Limitations¶
Htar has several limitations to be aware of:
• Member File Path Length: File path names within an htar aggregate of the form prefix/name are limited to 154 characters for the prefix and 99 characters for the file name. Link names cannot exceed 99 characters.
• Member File Size: The maximum file size the NERSC archive will support is approximately 20 TB. However, we recommend you aim for htar aggregate sizes of several hundred GBs. Member files within an htar aggregate are limited to approximately 68GB.
• Member File Limit: Htar aggregates have a default soft limit of 1,000,000 (1 million) member files. Users can increase this limit to a maximum hard limit of 5,000,000 member files.
### Globus¶
Globus is recommended for transfers between sites (i.e. non-NERSC to NERSC).
To access the HPSS system using Globus, you first need to create a Globus account. Once you've created an account you can log in either with your Globus information or with your NERSC account information.
The NERSC HPSS endpoint is called "NERSC HPSS". You can use the web interface to transfer files. Currently, there is no explicit ordering by tape of file retrievals for Globus.
Caution
If you're retrieving a large data set from HPSS with Globus, please see this page for instructions on how to best order files using hsi and then retrieve files using the command line interace for Globus in tape order.
### GridFTP, pftp, and ftp¶
Files can be transferred between HPSS and remote sites via the standard internet protocol ftp, however, being non-parallel the performance of ftp will probably not be as good as other methods such as Globus. Note that on NERSC systems ftp translates to pftp so it is in fact parallel. There is no sftp (secure ftp) or scp access.
As standard ftp clients only support authentication via the transmission of unencrypted passwords, which NERSC does not permit, special procedures must be used with ftp on remote sites, see HPSS Passwords.
## Best Practices¶
HPSS is intended for long term storage of data that is not frequently accessed.
The best guide for how files should be stored in HPSS is how you might want to retrieve them. If you are backing up against accidental directory deletion / failure, then you would want to store your files in a structure where you use htar to separately bundle up each directory. On the other hand, if you are archiving data files, you might want to bundle things up according to month the data was taken or detector run characteristics, etc. The optimal size for htar bundles is 100 - 500 GBs, so you may need to do several htar bundles for each set depending on the size of the data.
### Group Small Files Together¶
HPSS is optimized for file sizes of 100 - 500 GB. If you need to store many files smaller than this, please use htar to bundle them together before archiving. HPSS is a tape system and responds differently than a typical file system. If you upload large numbers of small files they will be spread across dozens or hundreds of tapes, requiring multiple loads into tape drives and positioning the tape. Storing many small files in HPSS without bundling them together will result in extremely long retrieval times for these files and will slow down the HPSS system for all users.
### Order Large Retrievals¶
If you are retrieving many (> 100 files) from HPSS, you need to order your retrievals so that all files on a single tape will be retieved in a single pass in the order they are on the tape. NERSC has a script to help you generate an ordered list for retrieval called hpss_file_sorter.script.
Generating a sorted list for retrieval
To use the script, you first need a list of fully qualified file path names and/or directory path names. If you do not already have such a list, you can query HPSS using the following command:
hsi -q 'ls -1 <HPSS_files_or_directories_you_want_to_retrieve>' 2> temp.txt
(for csh replace "2>" with ">&"). Once you have the list of files, feed it to the sorting script:
hpss_file_sorter.script temp.txt > retrieval_list.txt
The best way to retrieve this list from HPSS is with the cget command, which will get the file from HPSS only if it isn't already in the output directory. You also should take advantage of the hsi in <file_of_hsi_commands.txt> to run an entire set of HPSS commands in one HPSS session. This will avoid HPSS doing a sign in procedure for each file, which can add up to a significant amount of time if you are retrieving many files. To do this, you'll need to add a little something to the retrieval_list.txt file you already generated:
awk '{print "cget",$1}' retrieval_list.txt > final_retrieval_list.txt Finally, you can retrieve the files from HPSS with hsi "in final_retrieval_list.txt" This procedure will return all the files you're retrieving in a single directory. You may want to preserve some of the directory structure you have in HPSS. If so, you could automatically recreate HPSS subdirectories in your target directory with this command sed 's:^'<your_hpss_directory>'/$$.*$$:\1:' temp.txt | xargs -I {} dirname {} | sort | uniq | xargs -I {} mkdir -p {} where is the root directory you want to harvest subdirectories from, and temp.txt holds the output from your ls -1 call. ### Avoid Very Large Files¶ Files sizes greater than 1 TB can be difficult for HPSS to work with and lead to longer transfer times, increasing the possibility of transfer interruptions. Generally it's best to aim for file sizes in the 100 - 500 GB range. You can use tar and split to break up large aggregates or large files into 500 GB sized chunks: nersc$ tar cvf - myfiles* | split -d --bytes=500G - my_output_tarname.tar.
This will generate a number of files with names like my_output_tarname.tar.00, my_output_tarname.tar.01, which you can use "hsi put" to archive into HPSS. When you retrieve these files, you can recombine them with cat
nersc$cat my_output_tarname.tar.* | tar xvf - ### Accessing HPSS Data Remotely¶ We recommend a two-stage process to move data to / from HPSS and a remote site. Use Globus to transfer the data between NERSC and the remote site (your scratch directory would make a useful temporary staging point) and use hsi or htar to move the data into HPSS. When connecting with HPSS via ftp or pftp, it is not uncommon to encounter problems due to firewalls at the client site. Often you will have to configure your client firewall to allow connections to HPSS and generate a token for accessing HPSS remotely. #### Manual Token Generation¶ You can generate a string for access to NERSC HPSS from outside the NERSC network by logging to NIM and selecting "Generate an HPSS token" from the "Actions" menu. Ignore the password provided and select "Please use this link to specify a different IP address". Then enter the IP address of the system from which you wish to connect to HPSS. Note that this prefills the box with the IP address that the browser is running on and this may not be the system you intend to access HPSS from. Enter the correct IP address and select "Generate Token". #### Firewalls and External Access¶ Most firewalls are configured to deny incoming network connections unless access is explicitly granted. Systems running htar or hsi that want to connect to the archive at NERSC must accept network connections which are initiated by the HPSS Movers (helper machines that initiate multi-stream data movement into and out of the archive). By default hsi is configured with Firewall Mode set to on and will usually work without any firewall changes. To configure your system to allow connections from HPSS Movers at NERSC, you will need to grant access for TCP connections originating from the 128.55.32.0/22, 128.55.80.0/21, 128.55.88.0/24, 128.55.136.0/22, and 128.55.207.0/24 subnets. ### Use the Xfer Queue¶ User the dedicated xfer queue for long-running transfers to / from HPSS. You can also submit jobs to the xfer queue after your computations are done. The xfer queue is configured to limit the number of running jobs per user to the same number as the limit of HPSS sessions. ## HPSS Usage Charging¶ DOE's Office of Science awards an HPSS quota to each NERSC project every year. Users charge their HPSS space usage to the HPSS repos of which they are members. Users can check their HPSS usage and quotas with the hpssquota command on Cori. You view usages on a user level: nersc$ hpssquota -u usgtest
HPSS Usage for User usgtest
REPO STORED [GB] REPO QUOTA [GB] PERCENT USED [%]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nstaff 144.25 49500.0 0.3
matcomp 10.0 950.0 1.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL USAGE [GB] 154.25
Here, "Stored" shows you how much data you have stored in HPSS. Data stored in HPSS could potentially be charged to any repo that you are a member of (see below for details). The "Repo Quota" shows you the maximum amount your PI has allocated for you to store data, and the "Percent Used" shows the percentage of the quota you've used.
You can also view usage on a repo level:
nersc$hpssquota -r ntrain HPSS Usage for Repo ntrain USER STORED [GB] USER QUOTA [GB] PERCENT USED [%] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- train1 100.00 500.0 20.0 train2 0.35 50.0 0.1 train47 0.12 500.0 0.0 train28 0.09 500.0 0.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL USAGE [GB] TOTAL QUOTA [GB] PERCENT USED 100.56 500.0 20.11 "Stored" shows how much data each user has in HPSS that is charged to this repo. "User Quota" shows how much total space the PI has allocated for that user (by default this is 100%, PIs may want to adjust these for each user, see below for more info) and the "Percent Used" is the percentage of allocated quota each user has used. The totals at the bottom shows the total space and quota stored for the whole repo. You can also check the HPSS quota for a repo by logging in to the NIM and clicking on their "Account Usage" tab. ### Apportioning User Charges to Repositories: Project Percents¶ If a user belongs to only one HPSS repo all usage is charged to that repo. If a user belongs to multiple repos daily charges are apportioned among the repos using the project percents for that login name. Default project percents are assigned based on the size of each repo's storage allocation. Users (only the user, not the project managers) can change their project percents by selecting Change SRU Proj Pct (this is a historic name based on the old charging model) from the Actions pull-down list in the NIM main menu. Users should try to set project percents to reflect their actual use of HPSS for each of the projects of which they are a member. Note that this is quite different from the way that computational resources are charged. On each computational system each job is charged to a specific repository. This is possible because the batch system has accounting hooks that handle charging to repos. The HPSS system has no notion of repo accounting but only of user accounting. Users must say "after the fact" how to distribute their HPSS usage charges to the HPSS repos to which they belong. For a given repo the MPP repository and the HPSS repository usually have the same name. ### Adding or Removing Users¶ If a user is added to a new repo or removed from an existing repo the project percents for that user are adjusted based on the size of the quotas of the repos to which the user currently belongs. However, if the user has previously changed the default project percents the relative ratios of the previously set project percents are respected. As an example user u1 belongs to repos r1 and r2 and has changed the project percents from the default of 50% for each repo to 40% for r1 and 60% for r2: Login Repo Allocation (GBs) Project % u1 r1 500 40 u1 r2 500 60 If u1 then becomes a new member of repo r3 which has a storage allocation of 1,000 GBs the project percents will be adjusted as follows (to preserve the old ratio of 40:60 between r1 and r2 while adding r3 which has the same SRU allocation as r1+r2): Login Repo Allocation (GBs) Project % u1 r1 500 20 u1 r2 500 30 u1 r3 1,000 50 If a repo is retired, the percentage charged to that repo is spread among the remaining repos while keeping their relative values the same. ## HPSS Project Directories¶ A special "project directory" can be created in HPSS for groups of researchers who wish to easily share files. The file in this directory will be readable by all members of a particular unix file group. This file group can have the same name as the repository (in which case all members of the repository will have access to the project directory) or a new name can be requested (in which case only those users added to the new file group by the requester will have access to the project directory). HPSS project directories have the following properties: • located under /home/projects • owned by the PI, a PI Proxy, or a Project Manager of the associated repository • have suitable group attribute (include "setgid bit") To request creation of an HPSS project directory the PI, a PI Proxy or a Project Manager of the requesting repository should fill out the HPSS Project Directory Request Form. ## Troubleshooting¶ Some frequently encountered issues and how to solve them. ### Trouble connecting¶ The first time you try to connect using a NERSC provided client like hsi, htar, or PFTP you will be prompted for your NERSC password + one-time password which will generate a token stored in$HOME/.netrc. This allows you to connect to HPSS without typing a password. However, sometimes this file can become out of date or otherwise corrupted. This generates errors that look like this:
nersc$hsi result = -11000, errno = 29 Unable to authenticate user with HPSS. result = -11000, errno = 9 Unable to setup communication to HPSS... *** HSI: error opening logging Error - authentication/initialization failed If this error occurs try moving$HOME/.netrc file to $HOME/.netrc_temp. Then connect to the HPSS system again and enter your NERSC password + one-time password when prompted. A new$HOME/.netrc file will be generated with a new entry/token. If the problem persists contact account support.
### Cannot transfer files using htar¶
Htar requires the node you're on to accept incoming connections from its movers. This is not possible from a compute node at NERSC, so htar transfers will fail. Instead we recommend you use our special xfer queue for data transfers
### Globus transfer errors¶
Globus transfers will fail if you don't have permission to read the source directory or space to write in the target directory. One common mistake is to make the files readable, but forget to make the directory holding them readable. You can check directory permissions with ls -ld. At NERSC you can make sure you have enough space to write in a directory by using the myquota command.
| 2019-08-20T15:57:12 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/Howto_viscosity.html
|
# 8.4.6. Calculate viscosity
The shear viscosity eta of a fluid can be measured in at least 5 ways using various options in LAMMPS. See the examples/VISCOSITY directory for scripts that implement the 5 methods discussed here for a simple Lennard-Jones fluid model. Also, see the Howto kappa doc page for an analogous discussion for thermal conductivity.
Eta is a measure of the propensity of a fluid to transmit momentum in a direction perpendicular to the direction of velocity or momentum flow. Alternatively it is the resistance the fluid has to being sheared. It is given by
where J is the momentum flux in units of momentum per area per time. and grad(Vstream) is the spatial gradient of the velocity of the fluid moving in another direction, normal to the area through which the momentum flows. Viscosity thus has units of pressure-time.
The first method is to perform a non-equilibrium MD (NEMD) simulation by shearing the simulation box via the fix deform command, and using the fix nvt/sllod command to thermostat the fluid via the SLLOD equations of motion. Alternatively, as a second method, one or more moving walls can be used to shear the fluid in between them, again with some kind of thermostat that modifies only the thermal (non-shearing) components of velocity to prevent the fluid from heating up.
Note
A recent (2017) book by (Daivis and Todd) discusses use of the SLLOD method and non-equilibrium MD (NEMD) thermostatting generally, for both simple and complex fluids, e.g. molecular systems. The latter can be tricky to do correctly.
In both cases, the velocity profile setup in the fluid by this procedure can be monitored by the fix ave/chunk command, which determines grad(Vstream) in the equation above. E.g. the derivative in the y-direction of the Vx component of fluid motion or grad(Vstream) = dVx/dy. The Pxy off-diagonal component of the pressure or stress tensor, as calculated by the compute pressure command, can also be monitored, which is the J term in the equation above. See the Howto nemd doc page for details on NEMD simulations.
The third method is to perform a reverse non-equilibrium MD simulation using the fix viscosity command which implements the rNEMD algorithm of Muller-Plathe. Momentum in one dimension is swapped between atoms in two different layers of the simulation box in a different dimension. This induces a velocity gradient which can be monitored with the fix ave/chunk command. The fix tallies the cumulative momentum transfer that it performs. See the fix viscosity command for details.
The fourth method is based on the Green-Kubo (GK) formula which relates the ensemble average of the auto-correlation of the stress/pressure tensor to eta. This can be done in a fully equilibrated simulation which is in contrast to the two preceding non-equilibrium methods, where momentum flows continuously through the simulation box.
Here is an example input script that calculates the viscosity of liquid Ar via the GK formalism:
# Sample LAMMPS input script for viscosity of liquid Ar
units real
variable T equal 86.4956
variable V equal vol
variable dt equal 4.0
variable p equal 400 # correlation length
variable s equal 5 # sample interval
variable d equal $p*$s # dump interval
# convert from LAMMPS real units to SI
variable kB equal 1.3806504e-23 # [J/K/** Boltzmann
variable atm2Pa equal 101325.0
variable A2m equal 1.0e-10
variable fs2s equal 1.0e-15
variable convert equal ${atm2Pa}*${atm2Pa}*${fs2s}*${A2m}*${A2m}*${A2m}
# setup problem
dimension 3
boundary p p p
lattice fcc 5.376 orient x 1 0 0 orient y 0 1 0 orient z 0 0 1
region box block 0 4 0 4 0 4
create_box 1 box
create_atoms 1 box
mass 1 39.948
pair_style lj/cut 13.0
pair_coeff * * 0.2381 3.405
timestep ${dt} thermo$d
# equilibration and thermalization
velocity all create $T 102486 mom yes rot yes dist gaussian fix NVT all nvt temp$T $T 10 drag 0.2 run 8000 # viscosity calculation, switch to NVE if desired #unfix NVT #fix NVE all nve reset_timestep 0 variable pxy equal pxy variable pxz equal pxz variable pyz equal pyz fix SS all ave/correlate$s $p$d &
v_pxy v_pxz v_pyz type auto file S0St.dat ave running
variable scale equal ${convert}/(${kB}*$T)*$V*$s*${dt}
variable v11 equal trap(f_SS[3])*${scale} variable v22 equal trap(f_SS[4])*${scale}
variable v33 equal trap(f_SS[5])*${scale} thermo_style custom step temp press v_pxy v_pxz v_pyz v_v11 v_v22 v_v33 run 100000 variable v equal (v_v11+v_v22+v_v33)/3.0 variable ndens equal count(all)/vol print "average viscosity:$v [Pa.s] @ $T K,${ndens} /A^3"
The fifth method is related to the above Green-Kubo method, but uses the Einstein formulation, analogous to the Einstein mean-square-displacement formulation for self-diffusivity. The time-integrated momentum fluxes play the role of Cartesian coordinates, whose mean-square displacement increases linearly with time at sufficiently long times.
(Daivis and Todd) Daivis and Todd, Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics (book), Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017848, (2017).
| 2019-05-20T02:36:17 |
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|
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/I-0.4?code=se:32&pointInTime=20210106
|
### I-0.4 - Mining Tax Act
32. An operator that sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, an amount as a refundable duties credit for losses which must not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year that ends before 31 March 2010, 12% of the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of the following amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, in computing its annual profit for the fiscal year:
i. the amount that is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, despite section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, and
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount by which an amount referred to in subparagraph b.1 of paragraph 1 of section 16.1, as it read on 30 March 2010, that relates to expenses incurred by the operator during the fiscal year and declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date provided in subparagraph i, exceeds the amount that is 25% of the government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses;
(2) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010,
ii. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.1 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
iii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(3) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(4) if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of;
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph d of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8,
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8;
iii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.2 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph h of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8,
iv. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.4 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph i of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
v. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.6 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph j of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
(5) if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8;
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.2 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph h of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8,
iii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.4 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph i of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
iv. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.6 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph j of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8.
For the purpose of determining the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 2 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 3 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to v of subparagraph b of subparagraph 4 of that paragraph and of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iv of subparagraph b of subparagraph 5 of that paragraph that were incurred by an operator for a fiscal year, the following rules apply:
(1) the amount of the expenses is to be reduced by the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to the expenses; and
(2) despite section 16.14, the expenses incurred by the operator in the fiscal year may be included in the expenses referred to in those subparagraphs only if the operator declares them as such to the Minister on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year.
For the purposes of subparagraph i of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, exploration , mine deposit evaluation , mine development , mineral deposit , mining operation and orebody have the meaning assigned by section 1, as it read on 30 March 2010.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32; 1999, c. 83, s. 17; 2011, c. 6, s. 61; 2015, c. 21, s. 76; 2019, c. 14, s. 51; 2020, c. 16, s. 21.
32. An operator that sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, an amount as a refundable duties credit for losses which must not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year that ends before 31 March 2010, 12% of the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of the following amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, in computing its annual profit for the fiscal year:
i. the amount that is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, despite section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, and
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount by which an amount referred to in subparagraph b.1 of paragraph 1 of section 16.1, as it read on 30 March 2010, that relates to expenses incurred by the operator during the fiscal year and declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date provided in subparagraph i, exceeds the amount that is 25% of the government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses;
(2) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010,
ii. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.1 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
iii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(3) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(4) if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of;
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph d of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8,
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8;
iii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.2 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph h of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8, and
iv. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.4 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph i of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
(5) if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8,
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.2 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph h of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8, and
iii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.13.4 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph i of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8.
For the purpose of determining the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 2 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 3 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iv of subparagraph b of subparagraph 4 of that paragraph and of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 5 of that paragraph that were incurred by an operator for a fiscal year, the following rules apply:
(1) the amount of the expenses is to be reduced by the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to the expenses; and
(2) despite section 16.14, the expenses incurred by the operator in the fiscal year may be included in the expenses referred to in those subparagraphs only if the operator declares them as such to the Minister on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year.
For the purposes of subparagraph i of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, exploration , mine deposit evaluation , mine development , mineral deposit , mining operation and orebody have the meaning assigned by section 1, as it read on 30 March 2010.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32; 1999, c. 83, s. 17; 2011, c. 6, s. 61; 2015, c. 21, s. 76; 2019, c. 14, s. 51.
32. An operator that sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, an amount as a refundable duties credit for losses which must not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year that ends before 31 March 2010, 12% of the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of the following amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, in computing its annual profit for the fiscal year:
i. the amount that is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, despite section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, and
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount by which an amount referred to in subparagraph b.1 of paragraph 1 of section 16.1, as it read on 30 March 2010, that relates to expenses incurred by the operator during the fiscal year and declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date provided in subparagraph i, exceeds the amount that is 25% of the government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses;
(2) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010,
ii. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.1 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
iii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(3) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(4) if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of;
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph d of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
(5) if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying, for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010 but before 1 January 2014, its tax rate for that fiscal year and, for a fiscal year that begins after 31 December 2013, 16% by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8.
For the purpose of determining the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 2 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraphs 3 and 4 of that paragraph and of the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 5 of that paragraph that were incurred by an operator for a fiscal year, the following rules apply:
(1) the amount of the expenses is to be reduced by the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to the expenses; and
(2) despite section 16.14, the expenses incurred by the operator in the fiscal year may be included in the expenses referred to in those subparagraphs only if the operator declares them as such to the Minister on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year.
For the purposes of subparagraph i of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, exploration , mine deposit evaluation , mine development , mineral deposit , mining operation and orebody have the meaning assigned by section 1, as it read on 30 March 2010.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32; 1999, c. 83, s. 17; 2011, c. 6, s. 61; 2015, c. 21, s. 76.
32. An operator that sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, an amount as a credit on duties refundable for losses which must not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year that ends before 31 March 2010, 12% of the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of the following amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, in computing its annual profit for the fiscal year:
i. the amount that is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, despite section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year, and
ii. the aggregate of all amounts each of which is the amount by which an amount referred to in subparagraph b.1 of paragraph 1 of section 16.1, as it read on 30 March 2010, that relates to expenses incurred by the operator during the fiscal year and declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date provided in subparagraph i, exceeds the amount that is 25% of the government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to those expenses;
(2) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010,
ii. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.1 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
iii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(3) for a fiscal year that ends after 30 March 2010 and includes that date, if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.1 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph e.2 of paragraph 2 of section 8, as it read on 30 March 2010;
(4) for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010, if the operator is an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the aggregate of
i. 50% of the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.9 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph d of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8, and
ii. the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8; and
(5) for a fiscal year that begins after 30 March 2010, if the operator is not an eligible operator, the amount obtained by multiplying its tax rate for the fiscal year by the lesser of
(a) its adjusted annual loss for the fiscal year, and
(b) the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraph a of subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 16.11 that were incurred by the operator for the fiscal year, without exceeding the amount deducted by the operator for the fiscal year under subparagraph f of subparagraph 2 of the second paragraph of section 8.
For the purpose of determining the amount of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i to iii of subparagraph b of subparagraph 2 of that paragraph, of the expenses referred to in subparagraphs i and ii of subparagraph b of subparagraphs 3 and 4 of that paragraph and of the expenses referred to in subparagraph b of subparagraph 5 of that paragraph that were incurred by an operator for a fiscal year, the following rules apply:
(1) the amount of the expenses is to be reduced by the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for the fiscal year and that relates to the expenses; and
(2) despite section 16.14, the expenses incurred by the operator in the fiscal year may be included in the expenses referred to in those subparagraphs only if the operator declares them as such to the Minister on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file its return under section 36 for the fiscal year.
For the purposes of subparagraph i of subparagraph b of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph, exploration , mine deposit evaluation , mine development , mineral deposit , mining operation and orebody have the meaning assigned by section 1, as it read on 30 March 2010.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32; 1999, c. 83, s. 17; 2011, c. 6, s. 61.
32. An operator who sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which he is required to file his return under section 36 for that fiscal year, an amount as a credit on duties refundable for losses which shall not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year ending before 13 May 1994, 18% of the lesser of
(a) the annual loss for that fiscal year; and
(b) the aggregate of
i. subject to paragraph c of section 27, as it read before 13 May 1994, the total of the amounts each of which is an amount deducted for that fiscal year, under paragraph m or n of section 8, as it read before 13 May 1994, as mining exploration and development expenses incurred after 23 April 1985 by an operator for work carried out in Québec, except expenses incurred for work carried out in respect of the mining of surface mineral substances, as defined in section 1 of the Mining Act (chapter M-13.1), and the mining of mineral substances the rights in or over which have been surrendered to the owner of the soil as provided in section 5 of that Act; and
ii. the amount deducted by the operator for that fiscal year in respect of property actually used by him in Québec, as a depreciation allowance under paragraph o of section 8, as it read before 13 May 1994, from which amount shall be deducted the part thereof relating to property acquired before 24 April 1985;
(2) for a fiscal year ending after 12 May 1994, 12% of the lesser of
(a) the adjusted annual loss for that fiscal year; and
(b) the total of the following amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8 in computing the operator’s annual profit for that fiscal year :
i. the amount that is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for that fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, notwithstanding section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which the operator is required to file the operator’s return, in accordance with section 36, for that fiscal year, and
ii. the total of all amounts each of which is the amount by which an amount referred to in subparagraph b.1 of paragraph 1 of section 16.1 that relates to expenses incurred by the operator during that fiscal year and declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date provided in subparagraph i, exceeds the amount that is 25% of the government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for that fiscal year and that relates to those expenses.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32; 1999, c. 83, s. 17.
32. An operator who sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, on or before the date on or before which he is required to file his return under section 36 for that fiscal year, an amount as a credit on duties refundable for losses which shall not exceed
(1) for a fiscal year ending before 13 May 1994, 18 % of the lesser of
(a) the annual loss for that fiscal year; and
(b) the aggregate of
i. subject to paragraph c of section 27, as it read before 13 May 1994, the total of the amounts each of which is an amount deducted for that fiscal year, under paragraph m or n of section 8, as it read before 13 May 1994, as mining exploration and development expenses incurred after 23 April 1985 by an operator for work carried out in Québec, except expenses incurred for work carried out in respect of the mining of surface mineral substances, as defined in section 1 of the Mining Act (chapter M-13.1), and the mining of mineral substances the rights in or over which have been surrendered to the owner of the soil as provided in section 5 of that Act; and
ii. the amount deducted by the operator for that fiscal year in respect of property actually used by him in Québec, as a depreciation allowance under paragraph o of section 8, as it read before 13 May 1994, from which amount shall be deducted the part thereof relating to property acquired before 24 April 1985;
(2) for a fiscal year ending after 12 May 1994, 12 % of the lesser of
(a) the adjusted annual loss for that fiscal year; and
(b) the total of the amounts, without however exceeding the amount deducted by the operator under subparagraph e of paragraph 2 of section 8 in computing his annual profit for that fiscal year, each of which is the amount by which the expenses in respect of exploration, mineral deposit evaluation and mine development work, incurred by the operator for the fiscal year in connection with mining operation, exceeds the amount of government assistance that the operator received or was entitled to receive for that fiscal year and that relates to those expenses, and provided that such expenses, notwithstanding section 16.2, have been declared by the operator to be deductible expenses, on or before the date on or before which he is required to file his return, in accordance with section 36, for that fiscal year.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6; 1994, c. 47, s. 32.
32. An operator who sustains an annual loss in a fiscal year may claim, as a refundable credit on duties, an amount equal to the lesser of 18% of
(a) the annual loss, and
(b) the allowable amount.
1975, c. 30, s. 32; 1985, c. 39, s. 6.
32. Notwithstanding section 30, where several operators have been related to each other at any time during a fiscal year, the total duties payable by them for the fiscal year ending in the same calendar year shall be computed on the aggregate annual profit of each of such operators, less a single exemption referred to in section 30, and the duties payable by each shall be the proportion of such total duties that his annual profit is of the aggregate annual profit of such operators.
Nevertheless, if before the expiry of the delay for filing his return under section 36, each of such operators sends to the office of the Minister an agreement respecting the apportionment among them of their total profit for the purposes of computing the duties, the total duties payable shall be apportioned according to such agreement.
1975, c. 30, s. 32.
| 2021-02-25T17:16:32 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10276113-what-statistical-limits-offline-rl-linear-function-approximation
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What are the Statistical Limits of Offline RL with Linear Function Approximation?
Offline reinforcement learning seeks to utilize offline (observational) data to guide the learning of (causal) sequential decision making strategies. The hope is that offline reinforcement learning coupled with function approximation methods (to deal with the curse of dimensionality) can provide a means to help alleviate the excessive sample complexity burden in modern sequential decision making problems. However, the extent to which this broader approach can be effective is not well understood, where the literature largely consists of sufficient conditions. This work focuses on the basic question of what are necessary representational and distributional conditions that permit provable sample-efficient offline reinforcement learning. Perhaps surprisingly, our main result shows that even if: i) we have realizability in that the true value function of \emph{every} policy is linear in a given set of features and 2) our off-policy data has good coverage over all features (under a strong spectral condition), any algorithm still (information-theoretically) requires a number of offline samples that is exponential in the problem horizon to non-trivially estimate the value of \emph{any} given policy. Our results highlight that sample-efficient offline policy evaluation is not possible unless significantly stronger conditions hold; such conditions include either having low distribution shift (where the offline data more »
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10276113
Journal Name:
International Conference on Learning Representations
2. We study the \emph{offline reinforcement learning} (offline RL) problem, where the goal is to learn a reward-maximizing policy in an unknown \emph{Markov Decision Process} (MDP) using the data coming from a policy $\mu$. In particular, we consider the sample complexity problems of offline RL for the finite horizon MDPs. Prior works derive the information-theoretical lower bounds based on different data-coverage assumptions and their upper bounds are expressed by the covering coefficients which lack the explicit characterization of system quantities. In this work, we analyze the \emph{Adaptive Pessimistic Value Iteration} (APVI) algorithm and derive the suboptimality upper bound that nearly matches $O\left(\sum_{h=1}^H\sum_{s_h,a_h}d^{\pi^\star}_h(s_h,a_h)\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{Var}_{P_{s_h,a_h}}{(V^\star_{h+1}+r_h)}}{d^\mu_h(s_h,a_h)}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}}\right).$ We also prove an information-theoretical lower bound to show this quantity is required under the weak assumption that $d^\mu_h(s_h,a_h)>0$ if $d^{\pi^\star}_h(s_h,a_h)>0$. Here $\pi^\star$ is a optimal policy, $\mu$ is the behavior policy and $d(s_h,a_h)$ is the marginal state-action probability. We call this adaptive bound the \emph{intrinsic offline reinforcement learning bound} since it directly implies all the existing optimal results: minimax rate under uniform data-coverage assumption, horizon-free setting, single policy concentrability, and the tight problem-dependent results. Later, we extend the result to the \emph{assumption-free} regime (where we make no assumption on $\mu$) and obtain the assumption-free intrinsicmore »
| 2023-01-27T05:03:46 |
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|
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman1/auxillar/mov_plot.htm
|
Dataplot Vol 1 Vol 2
# MOVING STATISTIC PLOT
Name:
... MOVING STATISTIC PLOT
Type:
Graphics Command
Purpose:
Plots the moving value of a statistic for a response variable. Optionally, the moving statistic can be plotted against a group-id variable.
Description:
It is sometimes useful to a compute a statistic over a "local" region of a variable rather than the entire variable. The most common example would be to compute a moving average for a variable.
Although this command is most commonly used for a location statistic, it can in fact be used for any supported statistic (enter HELP STATISTIC for a list of supported statistics).
The local area is defined by the FILTER WIDTH command. For example,
FILTER WIDTH 5
says that 5 points will be used to compute the specified statistic.
The command
SET MOVING DIRECTION <CENTER/LEFT/RIGHT>
defines the direction of the local region:
CENTER = the current row plus an equal number of rows above and below the current row. For example, if the FILTER WIDTH is set to 5, the local area for row i will be rows i - 2 to i + 2. LEFT = the current row plus the specified number of rows above the current row. For example, if the FILTER WIDTH is set to 5, the local area for row i will be rows i to i + 4. RIGHT = the current row minus the specified number of rows below the current row. For example, if the FILTER WIDTH is set to 5, the local area for row i will be rows i - 4 to i.
The other issue is how the end points will be handled. This is specified with the command
SET MOVING END POINT <SKIP/SYMMETRIC/PARTIAL>
where
SKIP = if the local region extends beyond the start or end point, no output value will be generated for that row. PARTIAL = if the local region extends beyond the start or end point, the statistic will be computed for the subset of rows that are within range. SYMMETRIC = if the local region extends beyond the start or end point, the statistic will be computed for the largest subset of rows that maintains an equal number of rows above and below the current row. This option is only supported if the MOVING DIRECTION is CENTER.
The default is a FILTER WIDTH of 3, MOVING DIRECTION of CENTER, and a MOVING END POINT of SKIP.
The <stat> STATISTIC PLOT can be used plot the value of a statistic versus the index of a group-id variable. So if you have 10 groups in your data, there will be 10 values of the statistic computed.
The <stat> MOVING STATISTIC PLOT is a variant of the STATISTIC PLOT.
There are two cases.
1. If there is a single group in the data, then the moving value of the statistic will be plotted versus the sequence number. That is, plot
$$S_{Y_i}$$ versus i
where
$$S_{Y_i}$$ versus i = the value of the moving statistic at point i.
A reference line will be drawn at the value of the statistic for the full data set.
The appearance of these two traces is controlled by the first two settings of the LINES, CHARACTERS, SPIKES, BARS, and and associated attribute setting commands.
2. If there are multiple groups in the data, then the process above is repeated for each group. In this case, the x-coordinates is the index of the full data set, not just the current group. However, the moving statistic is only computed for points in the current group. The group sizes do not need to be equal.
The distinction between this command and the STATISTIC PLOT is that the STATISTIC PLOT only plots the value of the statistic for all points in the group while this command plots the value of the moving statistic for all points in the group. For example, if there are ten groups with ten points each, the STATISTIC PLOT will plot ten points while the MOVING STATISTIC PLOT will plot 100 points.
A reference line will be drawn for each group (the reference value is the value of the statistic for all points in the specific group).
The traces for the plot are defined in pairs. That is, trace one is the moving statistics for group one, trace two is the reference line for group one, trace three is the moving statistics for group two, trace four is the reference line for group two, and so on.
If you enter the command
SET MOVING STATISTIC PLOT GROUPS STACKED
then the x coordinate will start at one for each group. In this case, no reference line is drawn.
To turn off the stacking option, enter
SET MOVING STATISTIC PLOT GROUPS DEFAULT
Syntax 1:
<stat> MOVING STATISTIC PLOT <y1> ... <yk>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <stat> is one of Dataplot's supported statistics;
<y1> ... <yk> is a list of 1 to 3 response variables (<stat> determines how many response variables);
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
For a list of supported statistics, enter
This syntax is for the case without groups in the data.
Syntax 2:
<stat> MOVING STATISTIC PLOT <y1> ... <yk> <x>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <stat> is one of Dataplot's supported statistics;
<y1> ... <yk> is a list of 1 to 3 response variables (<stat> determines how many response variables);
<x> is a group-id variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
For a list of supported statistics, enter
This syntax is used for the case where there is a group-id variable.
Examples:
MEAN MOVING STATISTIC PLOT Y
MEAN MOVING STATISTIC PLOT Y X
MEAN MOVING STATISTIC PLOT Y X SUBSET X > 2
SD MOVING STATISTIC PLOT Y
CORRELATION MOVING STATISTIC PLOT Y1 Y2
Note:
If the command
SET MOVING END POINT SKIP
is given, then some points at the beginning or end of the data will not have the moving statistic computed. So if i=3 is the first point at which the moving statistic is computed, the x-coordinate will be set to 3, not 1.
Note:
The word STATISTIC is required in this command (i.e., MOVING PLOT is not a synonym for MOVING STATISTIC PLOT). This is to avoid conflicts with other commands.
Default:
None
Synonyms:
None
Related Commands:
MOVING = Compute the moving value of a statistic. CUMULATIVE STATISTIC PLOT = Generate a plot of the cumulative value of a statistic. SMOOTH = Perform a smooth. STATISTIC PLOT = Generate a statistic versus index plot. CHARACTERS = Sets the type for plot characters. LINES = Sets the type for plot lines.
Applications:
Exploratory Data Analysis
Implementation Date:
2015/5
The list of supported statistics is frequently updated. Enter HELP STATISTICS for a current list of supported statistics.
Program:
. Step 1: Read the data
.
dimension 40 columns
skip 25
skip 0
.
. Step 2: Set some default plot control options
.
case asis
label case asis
tic mark label case asis
title case asis
title offset 2
y1label displacement 15
x1label displacement 12
multiplot scale factor 2
multiplot corner coordinates 5 5 95 95
.
. Step 3: Moving plots, no groups, single response variable
.
filter width 5
x1label Sequence
.
multiplot 2 2
.
title Mean Moving Statistic Plot
y1label Moving Mean
mean moving statistic plot y1
.
title Median Moving Statistic Plot
y1label Moving Median
median moving statistic plot y1
.
title SD Moving Statistic Plot
y1label Moving SD
standard deviation moving statistic plot y1
.
title Skewness Moving Statistic Plot
y1label Moving Skewness
skewness moving statistic plot y1
.
end of multiplot
.
just center
move 50 97
text Moving Statistic Plots for ZARR13.DAT (filter width 5)
.
y1label displacement
x1label displacement
.
. Step 4: Moving plots, no groups, two response variable
.
xlimits 0 120
.
title Correlation Moving Statistic Plot for BERGER1.DAT
y1label Moving Correlation
correlation moving statistic plot y2 x2
.
xlimits
.
. Step 5: Cumulative/moving plots, groups, one response variable
.
title Mean Moving Statistic Plot for GEAR.DAT
y1label Moving Mean
mean moving statistic plot y4 x4
NIST is an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department.
Date created: 05/29/2015
Last updated: 05/29/2015
| 2017-10-24T02:27:09 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S056EGT
|
#### MASS LIMITS for Leptoquarks from Pair Production
These limits rely only on the color or electroweak charge of the leptoquark.
VALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$> 1480$ 95 1
2021 AG
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit e}}$ ) = 1
$> 1470$ 95 2
2021 AG
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ ) = 1
$> 1190$ 95 3
2021 AW
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$> 1030$ 95 4
2021 AW
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$> 1760$ 95 5
2021 AW
ATLS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$> 1260$ 95 6
2021 S
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1
$\bf{> 1430}$ 95 7
2021 T
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$> 950$ 95 8
2021 J
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ )=B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ )=0.5
$> 1650$ 95 9
2021 J
CMS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ =1, B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 0.5
$\bf{> 1800}$ 95 10
2020 AK
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$\bf{> 1700}$ 95 11
2020 AK
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1240$ 95 12
2020 S
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1
$> 1185$ 95 13
2020 A
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$> 1140$ 95 14
2020 A
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 1140$ 95 15
2020 A
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1 with ${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$
$> 1925$ 95 16
2020 A
CMS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$> 1825$ 95 17
2020 A
CMS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 1980$ 95 18
2020 A
CMS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1 with ${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$
$> 1400$ 95 19
2019 AX
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1560$ 95 20
2019 AX
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$>1000$ 95 21
2019 X
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1
$>1030$ 95 22
2019 X
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$>970$ 95 23
2019 X
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1
$>920$ 95 24
2019 X
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1
$> 1530$ 95 25
2019 BI
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )+B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1435$ 95 26
2019 BJ
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )+B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1020$ 95 27
2019 Y
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$\text{none 300 - 900}$ 95 28
2018 CZ
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 1420$ 95 29
2018 EC
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 1190$ 95 30
2018 EC
CMS Vector LQ. ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ , ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$
$> 1100$ 95 31
2018 U
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$> 980$ 95 32
2018 U
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1 with ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}},{\mathit {\mathit d}},{\mathit {\mathit s}},{\mathit {\mathit c}}$
$> 1020$ 95 33
2018 U
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$>1810$ 95 34
2018 U
CMS Vector LQ. $\kappa$=1. LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$
$>1790$ 95 35
2018 U
CMS Vector LQ. $\kappa$=1. LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ with ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}},{\mathit {\mathit d}},{\mathit {\mathit s}},{\mathit {\mathit c}}$
$>1780$ 95 36
2018 U
CMS Vector LQ. $\kappa$=1. LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$
$>740$ 95 37
2017 J
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$> 850$ 95 38
2017 H
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$> 1050$ 95 39
2016 G
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1000$ 95 40
2016 G
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 625$ 95 41
2016 G
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
$\text{none 200 - 640}$ 95 42
2016 G
ATLS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 1010$ 95 43
2016 AF
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 1080$ 95 44
2016 AF
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1
$> 685$ 95 45
2015 AJ
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1
$> 740$ 95 46
2014 T
CMS Scalar LQ. B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
47
2019 BC
CMS Scalar LQ ( $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) LQ ( $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}}$ + DM)
$> 534$ 95 48
2013 AE
ATLS Third generation
$> 525$ 95 49
2013 M
CMS Third generation
$> 660$ 95 50
2012 H
ATLS First generation
$> 685$ 95 51
2012 O
ATLS Second generation
$> 830$ 95 52
2012 AG
CMS First generation
$> 840$ 95 53
2012 AG
CMS Second generation
$> 450$ 95 54
2012 BO
CMS Third generation
$> 376$ 95 55
2011 D
$> 422$ 95 56
2011 D
$> 326$ 95 57
2011 V
D0 First generation
$> 339$ 95 58
2011 N
CMS Superseded by CHATRCHYAN 2012AG
$> 384$ 95 59
2011 D
CMS Superseded by CHATRCHYAN 2012AG
$> 394$ 95 60
2011 E
CMS Superseded by CHATRCHYAN 2012AG
$> 247$ 95 61
2010 L
D0 Third generation
$> 316$ 95 62
2009
D0 Second generation
$> 299$ 95 63
2009 AF
D0 Superseded by ABAZOV 2011V
64
2008 P
CDF Third generation
$> 153$ 95 65
2008 Z
CDF Third generation
$> 205$ 95 66
D0 All generations
$> 210$ 95 65
2008 AN
D0 Third generation
$> 229$ 95 67
2007 J
D0 Superseded by ABAZOV 2010L
$> 251$ 95 68
2006 A
D0 Superseded by ABAZOV 2009
$> 136$ 95 69
2006 L
$> 226$ 95 70
2006 T
CDF Second generation
$> 256$ 95 71
2005 H
D0 First generation
$>117$ 95 66
2005 I
CDF First generation
$> 236$ 95 72
2005 P
CDF First generation
$>99$ 95 73
2003 R
OPAL First generation
$>100$ 95 73
2003 R
OPAL Second generation
$>98$ 95 73
2003 R
OPAL Third generation
$>98$ 95 74
2002
D0 All generations
$>225$ 95 75
2001 D
D0 First generation
$>85.8$ 95 76
2000 M
OPAL Superseded by ABBIENDI 2003R
$>85.5$ 95 76
2000 M
OPAL Superseded by ABBIENDI 2003R
$>82.7$ 95 76
2000 M
OPAL Superseded by ABBIENDI 2003R
$>200$ 95 77
2000 C
D0 Second generation
$>123$ 95 78
2000 K
CDF Second generation
$> 148$ 95 79
2000 K
CDF Third generation
$>160$ 95 80
1999 J
D0 Second generation
$>225$ 95 81
1998 E
D0 First generation
$>94$ 95 82
1998 J
D0 Third generation
$> 202$ 95 83
1998 S
CDF Second generation
$>242$ 95 84
1998
First generation
$>99$ 95 85
1997 F
CDF Third generation
$>213$ 95 86
1997 X
CDF First generation
$>45.5$ 95 87, 88
1993 J
DLPH First + second generation
$>44.4$ 95 89
1993 M
L3 First generation
$>44.5$ 95 89
1993 M
L3 Second generation
$>45$ 95 89
1992
ALEP Third generation
$\text{none 8.9 - 22.6}$ 95 90
1990
AMY First generation
$\text{none 10.2 - 23.2}$ 95 90
1990
AMY Second generation
$\text{none 5 - 20.8}$ 95 91
1987 B
$\text{none 7 - 20.5}$ 95 92
1986 B
CELL
1 AAD 2021AG search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit e}}$ . See their Fig. 6 for exclusion limit on B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit e}}$ ) as function of ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ .
2 AAD 2021AG search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ . See their Fig. 6 for exclusion limit on B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ ) as function of ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ .
3 AAD 2021AW search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ . See their Fig. 9 for exclusion contour in B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ )$−{{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ plane.
4 AAD 2021AW search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ . See their Fig. 9 for exclusion contour in B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ )$−{{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ plane.
5 AAD 2021AW search for ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ . See their Fig. 10 for exclusion contour in B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ )$−{{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ plane and for limit on ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 0 vector leptoquarks.
6 AAD 2021S search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 0.05, the limit becomes 400 GeV.
7 AAD 2021T search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 1220 GeV. See their Fig. 15b for limits on B( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ ) as a function of leptoquark mass.
8 SIRUNYAN 2021J search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ and ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
9 SIRUNYAN 2021J search for vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ and ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit quoted above assumes ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. If we assume ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 0, the limit becomes ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ $>$ 1290 GeV.
10 AAD 2020AK search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit b}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit c}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit b}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit c}}$ . The quoted limit assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. See their Fig. 9 for limits on B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit b}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit c}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit c}}$ ) as a function of leptoquark mass.
11 AAD 2020AK search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit b}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit c}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit b}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit c}}$ . The quoted limit assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. See their Fig. 9 for limits on B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit b}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit c}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ), B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit c}}$ ) as a function of leptoquark mass.
12 AAD 2020S search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
13 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
14 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1.
15 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
16 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes vector leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1 and ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. If we assume ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 0, the limit becomes ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ $>$ 1560 GeV.
17 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes vector leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1 and ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. If we assume ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 0, the limit becomes ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ $>$ 1475 GeV.
18 SIRUNYAN 2020A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ (${{\mathit q}}$ = ${{\mathit u}}$ , ${{\mathit d}}$ , ${{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit c}}$ ). The limit quoted above assumes vector leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1 and ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1. If we assume ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 0, the limit becomes ${{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ $>$ 1560 GeV.
19 AABOUD 2019AX search for leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
20 AABOUD 2019AX search for leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
21 AABOUD 2019X search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
22 AABOUD 2019X search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
23 AABOUD 2019X search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
24 AABOUD 2019X search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV.
25 SIRUNYAN 2019BI search for a pair of scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ final states in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. Limits are shown as a function of ${{\mathit \beta}}$ where ${{\mathit \beta}}$ is the branching fraction to a muon and a quark. For ${{\mathit \beta}}$ = 1.0 (0.5) LQ masses up to 1530 (1285) GeV are excluded. See Fig. 9 for exclusion limits in the plane of ${{\mathit \beta}}$ and LQ mass.
26 SIRUNYAN 2019BJ search for a pair of scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ final states in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. Limits are shown as a function of the branching fraction $\beta$ to an electron and a quark. For $\beta$ = 1.0 (0.5) LQ masses up to 1435 (1270) GeV are excluded. See Fig. 9 for exclusion limits in the plane of $\beta$ and LQ mass.
27 SIRUNYAN 2019Y search for a pair of third generation scalar leptoquarks, each decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}$ and a jet. Assuming B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1, leptoquark masses below 1.02 TeV are excluded.
28 SIRUNYAN 2018CZ search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1.
29 SIRUNYAN 2018EC set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ . The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1.
30 SIRUNYAN 2018EC set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ . The limit quoted above assumes vector leptoquark with all possible combinations of branching fractions to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit t}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ .
31 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1. Vector leptoquarks with ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 are excluded below masses of 1810 GeV.
32 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1. Vector leptoquarks with ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 are excluded below masses of 1790 GeV.
33 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The limit quoted above assumes scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1. Vector leptoquarks with ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 are excluded below masses of 1780 GeV.
34 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 and LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ are assumed.
35 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 and LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ with ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}},{\mathit {\mathit d}},{\mathit {\mathit s}},{\mathit {\mathit c}}$ are assumed.
36 SIRUNYAN 2018U set limits for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , and ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ = 1 and LQ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ are assumed.
37 KHACHATRYAN 2017J search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ using ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
38 SIRUNYAN 2017H search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit b}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
39 AAD 2016G search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes $\mathit B$( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
40 AAD 2016G search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes $\mathit B$( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
41 AAD 2016G search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The limit above assumes $\mathit B$( ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1.
42 AAD 2016G search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The limit above assumes $\mathit B$( ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) = 1.
43 KHACHATRYAN 2016AF search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )= 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 850 GeV.
44 KHACHATRYAN 2016AF search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 760 GeV.
45 KHACHATRYAN 2015AJ search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}{{\mathit t}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes $\mathit B$( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit t}}$ ) = 1.
46 KHACHATRYAN 2014T search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ using ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1. See their Fig. 5 for the exclusion limit as function of B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ).
47 SIRUNYAN 2019BC search for scalar leptoquark (LQ) pair production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV. One LQ is assumed to decay to ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ , while the other decays to dark matter pair and SM particles. See their Fig. 4 for limits in $\mathit M_{{\mathrm {LQ}}}−\mathit M_{{\mathrm {DM}}}$ plane.
48 AAD 2013AE search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit b}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7$~$TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
49 CHATRCHYAN 2013M search for scalar and vector leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above is for scalar leptoquarks with B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
50 AAD 2012H search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 607 GeV.
51 AAD 2012O search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 594 GeV.
52 CHATRCHYAN 2012AG search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 640 GeV.
53 CHATRCHYAN 2012AG search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 650 GeV.
54 CHATRCHYAN 2012BO search for scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
55 AAD 2011D search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV.The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 319 GeV.
56 AAD 2011D search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 362 GeV.
57 ABAZOV 2011V search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5.
58 CHATRCHYAN 2011N search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5.
59 KHACHATRYAN 2011D search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
60 KHACHATRYAN 2011E search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 7 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
61 ABAZOV 2010L search for pair productions of scalar leptoquark state decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
62 ABAZOV 2009 search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 270 GeV.
63 ABAZOV 2009AF search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5 the bound becomes 284 GeV.
64 AALTONEN 2008P search for vector leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}{{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. Assuming Yang-Mills (minimal) couplings, the mass limit is $>$317 GeV (251 GeV) at 95$\%$ CL for B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
65 Search for pair production of scalar leptoquark state decaying to ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$= 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
66 Search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
67 ABAZOV 2007J search for pair productions of scalar leptoquark state decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
68 ABAZOV 2006A search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.8 TeV and 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5, the limit becomes 204 GeV.
69 ABAZOV 2006L search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.8$~$TeV and at 1.96$~$TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1.
70 ABULENCIA 2006T search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96$~$TeV. The quoted limit assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5 or 0.1, the bound becomes 208$~$GeV or 143$~$GeV, respectively. See their Fig.$~$4 for the exclusion limit as a function of B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ).
71 ABAZOV 2005H search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.8 TeV and 1.96 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5 the bound becomes 234 GeV.
72 ACOSTA 2005P search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = 1.96TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 0.5 and 0.1, the bound becomes 205 GeV and 145 GeV, respectively.
73 ABBIENDI 2003R search for scalar/vector leptoquarks in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = $189 - 209$ GeV. The quoted limits are for charge $−$4/3 isospin 0 scalar-leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 1. See their table 12 for other cases.
74 ABAZOV 2002 search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=1.8 TeV. The bound holds for all leptoquark generations. Vector leptoquarks are likewise constrained to lie above 200 GeV.
75 ABAZOV 2001D search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=1.8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=$0.5$ and 0, the bound becomes 204 and 79$~$GeV, respectively. Bounds for vector leptoquarks are also given. Supersedes ABBOTT 1998E.
76 ABBIENDI 2000M search for scalar/vector leptoquarks in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=183 GeV. The quoted limits are for charge $-4$/3 isospin$~$0 scalar-leptoquarks with B( ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=1. See their Table$~$8 and Figs.$~6 - 9$ for other cases.
77 ABBOTT 2000C search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=1.8 TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=0.5 and 0, the bound becomes 180 and 79 GeV respectively. Bounds for vector leptoquarks are also given.
78 AFFOLDER 2000K search for scalar leptoquark using ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit c}}{{\mathit c}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}=1.8~$TeV. The quoted limit assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit c}}$ )=1. Bounds for vector leptoquarks are also given.
79 AFFOLDER 2000K search for scalar leptoquark using ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit b}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}=1.8~$TeV. The quoted limit assumes B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ )=1. Bounds for vector leptoquarks are also given.
80 ABBOTT 1999J search for leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$= $1.8$TeV. The quoted limit is for a scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = $0.5$. Limits on vector leptoquarks range from 240 to 290 GeV.
81 ABBOTT 1998E search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}=1.8$ TeV. The limit above assumes B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=1. For B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=$0.5$ and 0, the bound becomes 204 and 79 GeV, respectively.
82 ABBOTT 1998J search for charge $−$1/3 third generation scalar and vector leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$= $1.8$ TeV. The quoted limit is for scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit b}}$ )=1.
83 ABE 1998S search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$= $1.8~$TeV. The limit is for B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )= 1. For B( ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=B( ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=$0.5$, the limit is $>160$ GeV.
84 GROSS-PILCHER 1998 is the combined limit of the CDF and ${D0}$ Collaborations as determined by a joint CDF/${D0}$ working group and reported in this FNAL Technical Memo. Original data published in ABE 1997X and ABBOTT 1998E.
85 ABE 1997F search for third generation scalar and vector leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = $1.8$ TeV. The quoted limit is for scalar leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$ ) = 1.
86 ABE 1997X search for scalar leptoquarks using ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}=1.8$ TeV. The limit is for B( ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ )=1.
87 Limit is for charge $−$1/3 isospin-0 leptoquark with B( ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit q}}$ ) = 2/3.
88 First and second generation leptoquarks are assumed to be degenerate. The limit is slightly lower for each generation.
89 Limits are for charge $−$1/3, isospin-0 scalar leptoquarks decaying to ${{\mathit \ell}^{-}}{{\mathit q}}$ or ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit q}}$ with any branching ratio. See paper for limits for other charge-isospin assignments of leptoquarks.
90 KIM 1990 assume pair production of charge 2/3 scalar-leptoquark via photon exchange. The decay of the first (second) generation leptoquark is assumed to be any mixture of ${{\mathit d}}{{\mathit e}^{+}}$ and ${{\mathit u}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ ( ${{\mathit s}}{{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ and ${{\mathit c}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ ). See paper for limits for specific branching ratios.
91 BARTEL 1987B limit is valid when a pair of charge 2/3 spinless leptoquarks X is produced with point coupling, and when they decay under the constraint B( X $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit c}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{\mu}}}$ ) $+$ B( X $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit s}}{{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ ) = 1.
92 BEHREND 1986B assumed that a charge 2/3 spinless leptoquark, ${{\mathit \chi}}$ , decays either into ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ or ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ : B( ${{\mathit \chi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ ) $+$ B( ${{\mathit \chi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ ) = 1.
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Also
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CHATRCHYAN 2012BO
JHEP 1212 055 Search for Third-Generation Leptoquarks and Scalar Bottom Quarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
CHATRCHYAN 2012AG
PR D86 052013 Search for Pair Production of First- and Second-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
PR D83 112006 Search for Pair Production of First or Second Generation Leptoquarks in Proton$−$Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV using the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
ABAZOV 2011V
PR D84 071104 Search for First Generation Leptoquark Pair Production in the Electron + Missing Energy + Jets Final State
CHATRCHYAN 2011N
PL B703 246 Search for First Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in the ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ Channel in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2011D
PRL 106 201802 Search for Pair Production of First-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2011E
PRL 106 201803 Search for Pair Production of Second-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
ABAZOV 2010L
PL B693 95 Search for Scalar Bottom Quarks and Third-Generation Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABAZOV 2009
PL B671 224 Search for Pair Production os Second Generation Scalar Leptoquarks
ABAZOV 2009AF
PL B681 224 Search for Pair Production of First-Generation Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96$~$TeV
AALTONEN 2008P
PR D77 091105 Search for Third Generation Vector Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
AALTONEN 2008Z
PRL 101 071802 Search for Pair Production of Scalar Top Quarks Decaying to a ${{\mathit \tau}}$ Lepton and a ${\mathit {\mathit b}}$ Quark in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
PL B668 357 Search for Scalar Leptoquarks and T-odd Quarks in the Acoplanar Jet Topology using 2.5 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collision Data at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96$~$TeV
ABAZOV 2008AN
PRL 101 241802 Search for Third Generation Scalar Leptoquarks Decaying into ${{\mathit \tau}}{{\mathit b}}$
ABAZOV 2007J
PRL 99 061801 Search for Third-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABAZOV 2006A
PL B636 183 Search for Pair Production of Second Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABAZOV 2006L
PL B640 230 Search for Scalar Leptoquarks in the Acoplanar Jet Topology in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABULENCIA 2006T
PR D73 051102 Search for Second-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABAZOV 2005H
PR D71 071104 Search for First-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ACOSTA 2005I
PR D71 112001 Search for Scalar Leptoquark Pairs Decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}{{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ACOSTA 2005P
PR D72 051107 Search for First-Generation Scalar Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
ABBIENDI 2003R
EPJ C31 281 Search for Pair Produced Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Interactions at $\sqrt {s }$ $\approx{}$ 189 to 209 GeV
ABAZOV 2002
PRL 88 191801 Search for Leptoquark Pairs Decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{+}$ jets in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABAZOV 2001D
PR D64 092004 Search for First Generation Scalar and Vector Leptoquarks
ABBIENDI 2000M
EPJ C13 15 Search for Pair-Produced Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Interactions at $\sqrt {s }$ $\approx{}$ 183 GeV
ABBOTT 2000C
PRL 84 2088 Search for Second Generation Leptoquark Pairs in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
AFFOLDER 2000K
PRL 85 2056 Search for Second and Third Generation Leptoquarks Including Production via Technicolor Interactions in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABBOTT 1999J
PRL 83 2896 Search for Second Generation Leptoquark Pairs Decaying to ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ + jets in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABBOTT 1998J
PRL 81 38 Search for Charge 1/3 Third Generation Leptoquarks in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABBOTT 1998E
PRL 80 2051 Search for First Generation Scalar Leptoquark Pairs in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABE 1998S
PRL 81 4806 Search for Second Generation Leptoquarks in the Dimuon Plus Dijet Channel of ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
GROSS-PILCHER 1998
hep-ex/9810015 Combined Limits on first Generation Leptoquarks from the CDF and ${D0}$ Experiments
ABE 1997X
PRL 79 4327 Search for First Generation Leptoquark Pair Production in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABE 1997F
PRL 78 2906 Search for Third Generation Leptoquarks in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABREU 1993J
PL B316 620 Limits on the Production of Scalar Leptoquarks from ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$ Decays at LEP
PRPL 216 253 Searches for New Particles in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays using the ALEPH Detector
PL B240 243 A Search for Leptoquark and Colored Lepton Pair Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at TRISTAN
ZPHY C36 15 Search for Leptoquarks and other New Particles with Lepton Hadron Signature in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Interactions
| 2023-03-29T23:38:21 |
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https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/george-otis-smith
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# George Otis Smith
## Biography
George Otis Smith, the Geologist-in-charge of the Section of Petrography of the Geologic Branch, succeeded Walcott as Director in May 1907 and continued as Director until December 1930. Smith had joined the Survey after receiving his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1896, and he was barely 36 years old when he was appointed Director. His Survey career had not been particularly distinguished, but he had come to the attention of the new Secretary of the Interior, James R. Garfield, in 1906 when Smith had served as chairman of one of the subcommittees of a Presidential commission that sought to put the operation of Government agencies on a modern businesslike basis. Smith was particularly interested in a business policy for the public domain. He also believed that the work of the Survey should be primarily although not exclusively practical.
A combination of circumstances ensured that the work of the Survey for many years did indeed become primarily practical. For the first 20 years of Smith's directorate, appropriations were essentially static while funds from outside sources steadily increased, especially for the topographic mapping and water-resources programs, which were largely practical in nature. The classification program was extended as the Roosevelt conservation program developed but Congress steadfastly refused to appropriate additional funds for the new form of classification. It was necessary to divert personnel from research programs to the classification program, and an exodus of geologists from the Survey for more challenging positions in industry, which began in the first year of Smith's directorate, resulted in residual impoverishment. Within a few years, the profession began to look down on the Survey as a "department of practical geology."29
The extension of the classification program began at the behest of geologists working in the California oil fields who urged the Director to act to safeguard oil development on the public lands. At the time, title to oil-bearing lands could be obtained only under the Mining Act of 1872, which required that a discovery be made before the land could be acquired, discoveries required drilling, which cannot be done in secret, and potential oil lands were being obtained fraudulently under other laws to take advantage of the oil companies' work. On Smith's recommendation, the Secretary of the Interior in August 1907 withdrew some potential oil-bearing lands in California from agricultural entry, pending classification. In December 1908, newly discovered western phosphate lands were withdrawn from entry, and the Land Classification Board was established in the Geologic Branch to administer the new responsibilities for classification. Within a few months of the Board's formation, the Survey was assigned responsibility for classification of lands under the Enlarged Homestead Act, and a program of hydrographic classification was added to that of mineral-land classification.
The classification program was only part of the Survey's involvement in the rapidly developing Roosevelt conservation program. An Inland Waterways Commission, appointed in March 1907 to prepare a comprehensive plan for use of inland waters, in the fall of 1907 suggested a Conference of Governors at the White House to dramatize the need for conservation. From the Governors Conference in May 1908 came the National Conservation Commission that in the record time of 5 months, with the aid of Government scientific agencies including the Geological Survey, prepared an inventory of natural resources, containing not only estimates but predictions of times of exhaustion of various mineral resources.
Conservation, however, became a controversial issue, politically and scientifically. Originally, conservation had referred primarily to the prevention of waste or destruction of resources and was thus considered a scientific or technological problem. In Europe, however, where natural resources had long been used with the utmost care, it was natural for the government to exert some control, and there conservation was part of political economy. The conservation inaugurated under Roosevelt differed from European conservation in being almost completely restricted to the public domain and, by the withdrawal from entry of millions of acres of public land, locking up the resources rather than regulating their use. Politically, it arrayed East against West and progressive against conservative; paradoxically, the progressives rather than the conservatives favored conservation. Scientists were also divided; while some stressed the need for research, others urged government control.
Under William Howard Taft, who succeeded Roosevelt as President in March 1909, the conservation movement provided the setting for a battle between progressives and conservatives. Taft was as committed to conservation as Roosevelt but, being a strict constructionist of the law, believed it to be his role to give the Roosevelt program the force of law. His Secretary of the Interior, Richard A. Ballinger, was of like mind. In 1910, Congress undertook an investigation, ostensibly of the Forest Service and the Department of the Interior with regard to certain land claims in Alaska but in reality of loose construction of the law as typified by Gifford Pinchot, the Chief Forester and Roosevelt confidant, and of strict construction as typified by the Secretary of the Interior. The Director of the Survey strongly supported the Secretary, cheerfully accepted greatly increased responsibilities for classification of the public lands, including evaluations of waterpower sites, and sought and eventually obtained the withdrawal of oil bearing lands in California and Wyoming. Although Secretary Ballinger was exonerated by Congress, he was condemned by the public and resigned in 1911. Congress, however, had resolved the question of the legality of the withdrawals by passing the Pickett Act in 1910. Thereafter, the resources of all withdrawn lands except the coal lands, which could be sold after being classified and appraised by the Geological Survey, became unavailable.
In May 1910, while the Ballinger-Pinchot investigation was still underway, Congress established a new agency, the Bureau of Mines, designating the Technologic Branch of the Geological Survey as its nucleus, a designation later changed to require the transfer of the structural-materials testing to the National Bureau of Standards and the mine-accidents and fuel-testing investigations to the Bureau of Mines. George Otis Smith served for a few months as Director of the Bureau of Mines as well as of the Geological Survey until Joseph A. Holmes, who had been head of the Technologic Branch in the Survey, was made Director of the Bureau of Mines. Unlike the spinoff of the Reclamation Service in 1902, which had been accompanied by an increase in the Survey appropriation, this second spinoff from the Geological Survey resulted in a decrease in the appropriation and a greater loss of personnel than the transferred elements of the Technologic Branch.
The Geologic Branch by this time was making an effort to combine some fundamental research with the classification studies. When Chief Geologist Hayes resigned to become the vice president of an oil company in 1911, his successor, Waldemar Lindgren, insisted on the opportunity for research and a reduction in the administrative burden of the office. In 1912, the Land Classification Board was separated from the Geologic Branch and made an independent branch. It had no funds of its own, however, and had to subsist on assessments on the the funds of the other branches. When Lindgren left in 1912 to become a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, paleobotanist David White, even more committed to research, became Chief Geologist. In 1913, to draw attention to the research aspects of the branch's work, a new Professional Paper series, "Shorter Contributions to General Geology," was begun.
In 1914, the Survey faced a new problem. Congressmen from Eastern, Midwestern, and Southern States, reacting to the concentration of Survey work in the public-land States--much as Congressmen 2 decades earlier had reacted to the emphasis on general geology--filed bills to require a more equitable distribution of work, especially of the topographic mapping and water-resources investigations. In retaliation, a Congressman from California proposed an amendment to the appropriations bill to restrict the geologic work of the Survey to the public lands. The House passed the amendment but, fortunately, the Senate and the Conference Committee rejected it.
World War I reoriented conventional views on mineral resources. When the war began in August 1914, it was assumed that the conflict would last but a short time. The United States was believed to lack a known supply commensurate with its needs of only five minerals of first rank--tin, nickel, platinum, nitrates, and potash. On the other hand, the reserves of mineral fuels and iron were regarded as so enormous that no problems would arise. The Geological Survey, however, immediately increased its geologic mapping to aid the discovery of new oil fields or extension of known fields, but of the five scarce minerals actively sought only potash. The war at first disrupted normal trade relations, but before long, Europe was in urgent need of American agricultural products and then in still more urgent need of American steel, copper, and explosives. Within 2 years, some minerals became difficult to obtain, and the Survey reoriented its work to aid the search for both metals and fuels.
When the United States entered the war in April 1917, the Geological Survey was almost wholly on a war basis. Earlier in the year, a Division of Military Surveys had been formed, and plans for topographic work were adjusted to conform with a program drawn up by the Army's General Staff. The majority of the technical personnel of the Topographic Branch were commissioned in the Army's Corps of Engineers, as were many scientists from the other branches, including the Chief of the Alaskan Division, who became the Chief Geologist of the American Expeditionary Force.
The strategic-minerals concept was born at this time when it became clear that domestic supplies of a dozen minerals were inadequate in quantity or quality or both, another half dozen adequate for peace but insufficient for war, and petroleum production barely sufficient to meet the Nation's normal demand and much too small for the abnormal demands of war. In August 1917, Congress passed the Lever Act empowering the President to make regulations and issue orders to stimulate and conserve the production and control the distribution of fuels necessary to the war effort. A similar bill for the control of other mineral commodities was passed shortly before the war ended but never put into effect.
During the war years, the Survey sought intensively for deposits of war minerals at home and, in time, extended the search to Central and South America and the West Indies. The results were highly successful; adequate supplies of all essential materials were found before the war's end. The Geological Survey also became the main source of information on mineral production, both domestic and foreign, and its data were used to solve a variety of industrial and transportation problems. Personnel from the Survey's Division of Mineral Resources worked in close cooperation with statisticians of the Fuel Administration established after passage of the Lever Act. Geological Survey engineers also undertook a nationwide survey to determine where waterpower could be substituted for steam-generated power or where coal could be saved by interconnecting electric plants or systems.
World War I had a pronounced effect on American science; it convinced industry of the value of research, accustomed scientists to work together on the solution of problems, and acquainted scientists in both the public and private sectors with disciplines other than their own. Once the war was over, however, Congress stressed economy, and Federal science suffered for lack of support. So great was the demand for economy that only 1 percent of the budget for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1919, was earmarked for education and scientific research and development. Industrial research, on the other hand, flourished and created a second industrial revolution based on chemistry. Many scientists left the Government at this time to accept more remunerative positions in industry or in the academic world.
The apparent insufficiency of energy resources was one of the postwar problems calling for immediate attention. Oil shortages in 1919 and 1920 gave credibility to predictions of the exhaustion of domestic supplies within a decade. At the same time, so many Survey scientists were leaving for positions in the oil industry that in some sections there were too few scientists left to train newcomers, and the Survey had to face the long slow process of rebuilding its geologic staff. Many who left the Survey at this time later became chief geologists of leading oil companies, and thus, during the 1930's, a significant proportion of oil company chief geologists were men who had begun their training under David White.
The postwar shortages convinced Congress that it was necessary to open up the public mineral lands to development. In February 1920, the Mineral Leasing Act was passed. Under the terms of that act, mineral lands were to be leased by competitive bidding, and royalties and other income were to be divided between the Federal Government and the States. The Survey's responsibility for classification of mineral lands was again changed; its major task became the determination of the known geological structure of producing oil or gas fields within which oil and gas leases would be issued. Congress then for the first time appropriated funds for the classification of public lands, which in turn were allotted to the field branches.
Waterpower as an alternative source of energy was given new status by passage of the Federal Water Power Act in June 1920, establishing the Federal Power Commission to issue licenses for development of waterpower on Federal lands. Under the Water Power Act, the Survey took responsibility for the necessary streamflow records and for examination of proposed projects on the public lands outside the National Forests. In 1921, Congress authorized a superpower survey to investigate if economy in fuel, labor, and material could be gained by a comprehensive system for generation and distribution of electric power in the region between Boston and Washington. The study was made under the direction of the Geological Survey by independent engineers who proposed a power grid that anticipated the present northeast power network.
Another postwar problem that demanded action was the lack of maps, which had become evident even before war was declared when the Army had found itself without maps upon which to base its defense of the border areas. Industrial development, land reclamation, power generation projects, and highway construction were also creating a demand for topographic data. Nearly 60 percent of the country was still totally unmapped, and much that had been mapped was in need of resurvey. Professional organizations urged the President and Congress to make provision for completing the topographic map of the United States in the shortest possible time compatible with requisite accuracy. The Survey proposed a plan whereby the mapping could be effectively and economically completed by 1932, but no funds were made available to inaugurate the plan. Meanwhile, several West Indian republics sought the assistance of the Geological Survey in both topographic and geologic mapping, and Survey scientists and engineers were given leave to supervise their mapping programs. Topographic Branch engineers used the tri-lens aerial camera and related equipment that they had developed in 1916-17 for a systematic aerial survey of parts of Santo Domingo and Haiti. In 1921, a Section of Photographic Mapping was established in the Topographic Branch.
Despite the loss of scientists to industry, the Survey under Chief Geologists David White and Walter C. Mendenhall, who succeeded him in 1922, devoted a major effort to energy minerals. Research was begun on the source materials of petroleum, the physical properties of reservoir rocks, microfaunas as aids to the identification and correlations of beds, and salt-dome caprocks. Survey physicists and chemists joined the effort by developing improved recovery techniques and by laboratory and field tests of geophysical methods of exploration. In addition, geologic mapping for classification purposes and mapping of potential oil areas was continued, especially in Wyoming, where there was some oil company interest, and in Montana, where only the Survey had done any detailed work. In 1923, the Survey extended its intensive study of possible oil-bearing areas to Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 on the Arctic Coast of Alaska. The Survey's long-range stratigraphic correlation studies also became a contribution valued by industry in its exploration for petroleum.
By the mid-1920's, new discoveries in the midcontinent region, the Gulf Coast, and California resulted in an oil surplus, and overproduction and competition leading to reckless waste became a major public concern. This postwar expansion of the oil industry from famine to glut was in part the result of the striking developments in the geological sciences in the industry, as well as Government surveys and the academic world. Two new professional societies, the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, of which Chief Geologist David White was a founder, and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, attested to the coming of age of new branches of the geological sciences.
Chief Geologist Mendenhall, who became known for his frequently repeated aphorism "There can be no applied science unless there is science to apply,"30 strengthened the research aspects of the geologic program during this period even though the size of the staff continued to decrease. By 1925, when the rate of exodus of staff had been slowed or even reversed in some sections, nearly all the geologic work was reoriented toward research.
The Survey, through the Director, also became involved in energy policy. After the great coal strike in 1922, a Coal Commission was established to study the problems of the industry and to aid Congress on legislation that would ensure the Nation of an adequate supply of coal. Director Smith was a member of the Commission, and the Geological Survey's resource data provided the basis for much of the Commission's report. In 1924, Smith unsuccessfully urged resumption of coal research in much the same terms as Walcott had used in 1898. Director Smith also served as Chairman of a three-man commission appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in March 1924, after the Teapot Dome scandal, to study the efficient management of the naval petroleum reserves, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Cabinet-level Federal Oil Conservation Board established in December 1924 to reappraise Federal oil policies.
The Survey once more became involved in regulatory functions in 1925, when the Bureau of Mines, which had had responsibility for supervising mineral lease operations on the public lands since passage of the Mineral Leasing Act in 1920, was transferred to the Department of Commerce, and the Department of the Interior delegated that responsibility to the Geological Survey. The Land Classification Branch was renamed the Conservation Branch and its responsibilities were described as classification of lands according to their highest use; the protection of the public interest in undeveloped mineral, waterpower, and agricultural resources; and the promotion of economical and efficient development of mineral deposits on public and Indian lands. The regulatory functions, which were quite different from any previous Geological Survey responsibilities, required a large force of mining and petroleum engineers who increased the Geological Survey staff to more than 1,000 employees, of whom only 126 were geologists.
The topographic-mapping and water-resources programs by this time were heavily dependent on cooperative and transferred funds. In February 1925, Congress passed the Temple bill which called for completion of a topographic map of the United States within 20 years and authorized both an appropriation of $950,000 for the first year and cooperative arrangements with States and other civic subdivisions to expedite the mapping. Congress, however, did not increase the appropriation to the authorized level but instead made it evident that it expected the States to bear most of the cost. In 1927, Congress appropriated additional funds for topographic mapping with the proviso that they be available only to match cooperative funds from States or municipalities. Under these circumstances, the topographic-mapping program was controlled by the cooperators and could not be a truly national program. A similar situation existed in the Water Resources Branch, where directly appropriated funds were less than 30 percent of the total. Congress, in 1928, increased the funds for water-resources investigations, again with the proviso that the additional funds be available only to match cooperative funds. The bulk of the work was stream gaging, much of it in connection with flood-control investigations of the Corps of Engineers or international problems for the Department of State. Waterpower investigations were often made in conjunction with engineers of the Topographic Branch. Demands for quantitative information on the availability and most efficient methods of utilizing ground water became increasingly urgent; in some parts of the country, the demand for ground water for municipal supplies or irrigation had become so great that there was danger of overdevelopment. In much the same manner that the mining-geology investigations of the Survey's first quarter century led to the development of general principles and the emergence of economic geology, in the latter part of the second quarter-century ground-water investigations progressed to a quantitative stage, and a major report on the occurrence of ground water in the United States with a discussion of the principles of hydrology was published. As a new stage in the professionalization of the science was reached, Survey scientists took an active role in the organization of the Section of Hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. For its 50th year, the Survey had an appropriation of$2 million and available total funds of $3.4 million. It had 998 permanent employees and was conducting mapping and investigations in 45 States, Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia. Nearly 44 percent of the continental United States exclusive of Alaska had been topographically mapped. Streamflow was being measured at 2,238 gaging stations; income from mineral leases, licenses, and prospecting permits on the public lands under Survey supervision was$4.1 million. As part of the 50th anniversary celebration, Survey alumnus President Herbert Hoover and Mrs. Hoover received members of the Survey at the White House on March 21, 1929, the 50th anniversary of the appointment of Clarence King as the first Director.
The Great Depression began only 7 months after Hoover's inauguration, and efforts to combat it dominated the next decade. Before it began, however, Hoover's interest in science and conservation brought about a change in the Survey's work in several respects, first in conservation activities and then in basic research. In the conservation of the public lands, Hoover recognized three urgent problems: overgrazing, which diminished the value of the lands and imperiled the water supply through destruction of the natural cover; the best method of applying reclamation in order to gain real and enlarged conservation of water resources; and the conservation of oil and gas resources. He took action first on the third problem, announcing on March 12, 1929, that henceforth there would be the greatest possible conservation of Government oil, thereby changing the work of the Conservation Branch with respect to oil and gas leases. The importance given to the conservation of water resources led to a still greater expansion of the Water Resources Branch.
In the fall of 1929, the first Hoover budget called for increased funds for scientific agencies, including $100,000 for fundamental research in geologic sciences, the first substantial increase in Federal funds for geologic investigations since 1915. In the spring of 1930, Congress appropriated$2.87 million for the Geological Survey and also appropriated funds for the expenses of a commission on the conservation and administration of the public domain.
| 2020-01-29T02:55:33 |
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https://www.abs.gov.au/book/export/26167/print
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Latest release
Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods
This release provides updated information relating to the data sources and methods used to compile the CPI
Reference period
2018
Released
27/02/2019
Aim of this publication
1.1 The Australian Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an important economic indicator. It measures price changes experienced by households. It is compiled according to international standards, and is based on robust data collection and compilation methodologies. This publication provides a comprehensive description of price index theory and methodology, focusing on the Australian CPI and the concepts, sources and methods behind its compilation. It also provides some insight into the kinds of conceptual and practical difficulties that the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) encounters in compiling the CPI, and how it deals with these challenges.
1.2 The ABS currently publishes a set of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and a brief description of the CPI in A Guide to the Consumer Price Index: 17th Series, 2017 (cat. no. 6440.0). The Guide is for those interested in a straightforward and brief account of the main features of the CPI. This Concepts, Sources and Methods publication, on the other hand, is for those users who require a deeper understanding of the CPI, and of the methods and techniques used to deal with the complex situations that arise in constructing price indexes across the spectrum of household consumer expenditure.
Other sources of information about the Consumer Price Index
1.3 The CPI is compiled quarterly by the ABS for quarters ending on 31 March, 30 June, 30 September, and 31 December each year. The CPI is released each quarter on the last Wednesday of the month following the end of the reference quarter, depending on public holidays, in the publication Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0).
1.4 From December quarter 2017, the CPI is re-weighted annually. The Household Expenditure Survey (HES) is used to update the weights in the years that it is available. For the inter-HES years, Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data from the National Accounts is used as the principal data source for re-weighting the CPI. Prior to this, the CPI was reviewed and re-weighted every six years. The ABS described the change to annual re-weighting in the following information papers:
1.5 The 17th series used data from the Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: Summary of Results, 2015-16 (cat. no. 6530.0) to represent household expenditure patterns. It was introduced in the December quarter 2017 following a minor review. As well as updating the weights in the CPI basket, the review included a simple examination of structures and methodologies. As part of the 17th series review, the ABS published an Information Paper:
1.6 The 16th Series CPI introduced in the September quarter 2011 was a major review. The item weights were revised in line with expenditure patterns identified in the 2009-10 Household Expenditure Survey (HES). As well as updating the weights in the CPI basket, the review looked at the uses, concepts and purpose of the CPI and confirmed the principal purpose of the CPI is to measure inflation faced by households to support macroeconomic policy decision making. As part of the 16th series review, the ABS published a number of Information Papers:
1.7 These papers describe the review process, the issues considered, the review outcomes, the re-weighting process and outline the changes from the previous series.
1.8 The 15th Series CPI introduced in the September quarter 2005 was a minor review. The item weights were revised in line with expenditure patterns identified in the 2003-04 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) and a new sub-group called Financial services was introduced into the CPI. The ABS published an Information Paper describing the changes:
1.9 The 14th Series CPI was introduced in the September quarter 2000, after a minor review completed early in 2000. The changes introduced in the 14th series were considered necessary to address issues arising from the introduction of The New Tax System (TNTS) on 1 July 2000. As part of the review process the ABS published two Information Papers describing the changes:
1.10 The 13th Series CPI, which followed a major review of the index, was introduced in the September quarter 1998. Several important changes were made to the index at that time. Prior to the September quarter 1998, the CPI was compiled primarily to be used for income adjustment through wage indexation. This had implications for the coverage and design of the index. It was limited to the expenditures made by households whose principal source of income was wages. It measured out-of-pocket living expenses, including mortgage interest payments.
1.11 Since the September quarter 1998, the principal purpose of the CPI has been to measure inflation faced by households to support the operation of macroeconomic policy decision making. The CPI covers the expenditures of all households (not just those whose principal source of income is wages, as was the case before 1998) and measures the changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services acquired each period. The cost of housing is measured as the price of a new home (excluding land). Mortgage interest payments are excluded.
1.12 As part of the 13th Series review, the ABS published three Information Papers:
1.13 In recognition of the interest in the extent to which the impact of price change varies across different groups in the community, in addition to the CPI, the ABS compiles the Selected Living Cost Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6467.0).
Contact details
1.14 The ABS intends to update this manual periodically. Therefore, the ABS would welcome comments from the users of statistics covered in this publication. You may direct your comments or questions to:
Consumer Price Index Section
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Locked Bag 10
Belconnen, ACT, 2616
Telephone: 02 6252 6654
Email: [email protected]
Purposes and uses of consumer price indexes
Introduction
2.1 A consumer price index measures the change in the prices paid by households for goods and services consumed. All expenditure by businesses, and expenditure by households for investment purposes, are out of scope of a consumer price index. In this regard, expenditure on housing presents particular difficulties as it can be considered as part investment and part purchase of shelter-related services.
2.2 There is currently no single, universally accepted definition of a consumer price index. The often quoted description of a CPI is the following statement from the Resolution concerning consumer price indexes released in 2003 by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians convened by the International Labour Organization (ILO) (the Resolution is reproduced in Appendix 4):
"The CPI is a current social and economic indicator that is constructed to measure changes over time in the general level of prices of consumer goods and services that households acquire, use or pay for consumption. The index aims to measure the change in consumer prices over time. This may be done by measuring the cost of purchasing a fixed basket of consumer goods and services of constant quality and similar characteristics, with the products in the basket being selected to be representative of households’ expenditure during a year or other specified period."
Principal purposes of a Consumer Price Index
2.3 A consumer price index may serve several purposes. However, three principal purposes are generally recognised, namely to measure:
• changes in the purchasing power of money incomes;
• changes in living standards; and
• price inflation experienced by households.
2.4 A CPI designed to measure the purchasing power of money incomes is concerned with answering questions such as how much income is required today to purchase the same basket of goods and services that was purchased in the base period. The appropriate domain of the basket in this case is all those outlays on consumer goods and services actually made by households in the base period.
2.5 For this purpose the correct measure of income to use is net income (i.e. after income tax), not gross income. Application of the index to gross income is only valid if income tax is proportional to income, and the treatment of property income is identical to that of wage and salary income. A progressive income tax regime, such as that applying in Australia, emphasises the need to use net income. In addition, as the significance of different sources of income and expenditure varies considerably between household types, changes in purchasing power are best assessed by type of household rather than in total.
Assessing changes in living standards
2.6 In assessing changes in living standards, the CPI is used in conjunction with data on expenditures by households to measure changes in their volume of consumption of all goods and services.
2.7 For this purpose, the first thing to do is to define standard of living. A narrow definition of standard of living is the volume of goods and services consumed by households in the base period. For many consumer items, the acquisition of, the payment for, and the consumption of, an item all occur at about the same time. However, for some items the volume of the item consumed in a period may have little relationship to the payments made in the period. A good example of this is a consumer durable such as a private motor vehicle where the vehicle may have been purchased several years earlier. For other items, the price is substantially below the economic cost of providing the good or service, so that the expenditure is not a true reflection of the quantity of the item consumed. Typical examples of this are services provided by the public sector such as education and medical care. Estimates must be made of the economic value of these items actually consumed in the base period.
2.8 Estimates of the market value of the consumption of consumer durables can be made by reference to the market prices of similar items (thus private rents can be used as an indicator of the value of owner-occupied housing, and leasing charges for households' fleet of motor vehicles). For insurance services, estimates of the service component (essentially operating costs plus profit) are derived from the published accounts of insurance companies. For publicly supplied goods and services, the ABS compares their prices with those of private suppliers of similar services or makes estimates based on the cost of providing the service (e.g. teachers’ salaries plus building and running costs for educational services).
2.9 Of course, a broader definition of living standards is possible. It might include environmental conditions such as the quality of air and water, or the area of national parks. Although these are important in their own right, the measurement of these factors, the value placed on them by households, and the means of including them in an index of living standards, are as yet insoluble problems (see Pollak (1998)). So for practical reasons, the narrow definition is used.
2.10 Against this background, the domain for an index designed to assess changes in living standards would include:
• residential rent payments;
• imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings;
• consumer durables;
• the value of insurance and banking service charges;
• other private-sector goods and services; and
• government-provided goods and services valued at cost or at their estimated market prices.
2.11 This measure accords with the concept of Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) in the Australian National Accounts.
Measuring household inflation
2.12 Another possible purpose of the CPI is to measure household inflation. This measure is primarily for use in macroeconomic management, and also has some possible uses in contracts where an index of prices for household consumption items is appropriate. Of course, as the CPI measures only households' price experience, it is not a measure of economy-wide inflation.
2.13 As there is no generally agreed definition of inflation, the issue of how it should be measured is complicated. Nevertheless, it seems clear that an index of household inflation should attempt to measure the contemporary rate of change in prices of consumer goods and services.
2.14 An important aspect of a measure of inflation is that it should only include market-determined prices. Thus, an inflation measure would not include imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings (which, however, would be included in a cost-of-use approach as discussed below). A measure of house prices would be more appropriate, if housing is not considered an investment. Financial assets would not be considered a good or service, thus prices of shares and the like would be out of scope. However, such a measure would need to capture changes in the service charges of intermediaries involved in financial and asset-transaction services, such as banks, insurance companies, and real estate agents
2.15 It could be argued that an inflation measure should also exclude goods and services provided to households at subsidised prices. The reason is that the inflation rate has implications for government policy, and as such it should be determined by market forces unhindered by the actions of governments themselves. The argument goes that subsidies are distortions of pure market forces, and subsidised prices do not reflect the true market price (or economic value) of the goods and services. However, the treatment of taxes, and subsidies which are regarded as negative taxes, should be symmetrical. Excluding subsidised goods would lead to some significant goods and services (e.g. education) being omitted that would otherwise be considered essential for complete coverage in a CPI. Consequently, the most common practice is to include subsidised goods and services.
2.16 The domain for a measure of household inflation would thus include:
• residential rent payments;
• net purchase of owner-occupied dwellings;
• net purchase of consumer durables;
• the value of intermediary services for transactions in real and financial assets (e.g. banking and stockbroking services); and
• other consumer goods and services provided at market prices.
2.17 As it presently stands, the Australian CPI is specifically designed to provide a general measure of price inflation for households residing in the capital cities.
Conceptual approaches to constructing a Consumer Price Index
2.18 Once the purpose of a CPI is decided, a method of construction can be worked out to satisfy that purpose. Consistent with the three purposes outlined above, there are three possible conceptual approaches for constructing a CPI. These approaches are consistent with the ILO Resolution which says that "...a reference population acquires, uses or pays for consumer goods and services".
These are the three methods.
(i) The Acquisitions method: in the base period, all goods and services acquired (i.e. actually received) by the reference population are included in the CPI regardless of the period in which payment or use occurs.
(ii) The Cost-of-Use method: in the base period, all goods and services used (i.e. consumed) by the reference population are included in the CPI regardless of when they are paid for or acquired. In particular, the cost of using the good or service is measured by its true economic cost.
(iii) The Outlays method: in the base period, all goods or services for which payments were made are included in the CPI without regard to the source of the funds.
2.19 The acquisitions and outlays approaches are similar. The acquisitions approach leads to a CPI basket that can be viewed as a subset of the basket resulting from an outlays approach. Both conceptual approaches include goods and services acquired during the base period, but the outlays approach also effectively includes any inescapable costs associated with the acquisition of a good or service, such as interest charges. The cost-of-use approach can result in a basket that differs from both the acquisitions and outlays approaches.
2.20 The choice of conceptual approach for construction of the index depends on the purpose. The approach that is most appropriate for each of the three possible CPI purposes is outlined below.
(i) Purchasing power of money incomes. In order to determine changes in the purchasing power of money, an outlays approach is most appropriate. The outlays approach provides a proxy for household income through measurement of consumer outlays.
(ii) Assessing changes in living standards. The cost-of-use approach provides the best indication of changes in living standards as it relates to goods and services actually consumed in the base period.
(iii) Measuring household inflation. The acquisitions method is the most appropriate for this purpose. A measure of household inflation should relate to the contemporary rate of change in the prices of goods and services. The acquisitions approach captures this by measuring changes in the prices of goods and services actually acquired in the base period.
Comparison of the conceptual approaches
2.21 In practice, for most goods and services purchased by the reference population, outlay, acquisition, and use all occur within a short period, and the price paid by the reference population is a true economic value, effectively making the distinction between the approaches academic. However, in some cases there can be significant lags between outlay, acquisition, and use; or the price paid may differ significantly from what is considered the true value.
2.22 There are three areas of household expenditure in which these conceptual approaches provide significantly different results. These are:
(i) the purchase of housing;
(ii) the purchase of durable goods; and
(iii) financial services, including the use of credit.
2.23 To illustrate the differences among the three approaches, the way in which these three special cases are treated under each approach is outlined below.
Expenditure on housing
2.24 Under the acquisitions approach, the required measure is the change in prices for both the net purchase of housing, and the increase in the volume of housing because of renovations and extensions, plus other costs incurred in ensuring the continued supply of services provided by owner-occupied dwellings (e.g. maintenance costs and council rates). Changes in rents are measured for that part of the reference population that resides in rented dwellings. Costs such as maintenance of rental dwellings are paid by investors who are out of scope of a CPI.
2.25 Under the outlays approach, the required measure includes changes in the amount of interest paid on mortgages, and the costs incurred in ensuring the continued supply of services provided by the dwellings (e.g. maintenance costs and council rates). Also included are changes in rents which are measured for that part of the reference population that resides in rented dwellings.
2.26 Under the cost-of-use approach, the required measure is the change in the economic value of the services provided by dwellings. The price of these services is usually measured as the rental value of the dwellings. For owner-occupied dwellings, the rental values are imputed. Costs such as maintenance costs are not included as they are part of the cost of maintaining an investment, and so are outside the scope of a CPI.
Durable goods
2.27 For durable goods, the three approaches result in the following treatments
(i) Acquisitions - the basket includes those durable goods acquired in the base period, and their price measure is the transaction (purchase) price.
(ii) Outlays - the basket includes those durable goods paid for in the base period, and their price measure is the transaction price.
(iii) Cost-of-use - the basket includes the services of durable goods consumed in the base period, regardless of the period in which they were purchased, and the price measure is the market value of the services provided by those goods (measured in business accounts as depreciation plus the return on investment).
Financial services and the use of credit
2.28 Under the acquisitions approach, interest paid is not a charge that is within scope of the CPI basket of goods and services. The service for which prices are required is that of providing banking services (including the provision of loans).
2.29 Under the outlays approach, the product being priced is the cost of servicing loans taken out to purchase products that are part of the CPI basket. Thus the change in the level of interest paid on this debt is the required price measure.
2.30 The cost-of-use approach requires that the cost of the financial services used is measured in a similar manner to the acquisitions approach.
Concluding remarks
2.31 The alternate approaches to the construction of the CPI reflect conceptual differences; and their use is determined by the purpose of the CPI.
The Australian Consumer Price Index
1997 Review and the adoption of an acquisitions basis for the CPI
2.32 In 1997 a major review of the CPI was conducted, involving consultation with a wide range of organisations and individuals representing government, social, business and community interests. This review concluded that the ABS should change from an outlays index for wage and salary earner households and adopt an acquisitions approach as a general measure of household inflation for all private households. Since the introduction of the 13th series CPI in the September quarter 1998, the CPI has been compiled on an acquisitions basis. Another major review of the CPI was conducted in 2010 which concluded that, with the introduction of the 16th series CPI, the acquisitions approach continue to be used in the compilation of the CPI. For more detail on the 1997 and 2010 Reviews, see:
Uses of the CPI
2.33 A major use of the CPI is to assist government economists in conducting general economic policy, especially monetary policy. Since 1993, Australian monetary policy has been conducted with the aim of meeting a medium-term inflationary target. Since the introduction of the 13th series CPI in the September quarter 1998, that target has been the inflation rate as measured by the CPI. Additional analytical series including the international trade exposure and underlying trend estimates are also used to assist in understanding inflationary trends.
2.34 The CPI, or one of its components, is also widely used in indexation arrangements in both the private and public sectors. These include indexing pension and superannuation payments, taxes and charges, some governmental bonds, and business contracts.
2.35 In Australia, the use of the CPI in wage determination has diminished with the trend towards decentralised, enterprise-based wage and salary setting arrangements with outcomes focused on the commercial circumstances of each business.
Historical background
Introduction
3.1 Before the introduction of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in 1960, there were five series of retail-price indexes compiled by the then Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Those indexes were as follows:
(i) The A Series Index, covering only food, groceries and housing rents (for all houses), which was first compiled in 1912 with index numbers going back to 1901, was discontinued in 1938. Its main use was for adjusting wages between 1913 and 1933.
(ii) The B Series Index, covering only food, groceries and housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), which was first compiled in 1925, was discontinued in 1953. It was introduced to replace the A Series Index for general statistical purposes, but was never used for adjusting wages.
(iii) The C Series Index, covering food and groceries, housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), clothing, household drapery, household utensils, fuel, lighting, urban-transport fares, smoking and some miscellaneous items, which was introduced in 1921, was discontinued in 1961. The food and rent component of the C Series Index was the same as that for the B Series Index. The C Series Index was used to adjust wages from 1934 until it was discontinued.
(iv) The D Series Index, which was derived by combining the A Series and C Series Indexes, and was compiled especially for wage adjustment purposes for a short period in 1933-34.
(v) The Interim Retail Price Index, covering food and groceries, housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), clothing, household drapery, household utensils, fuel, lighting, urban-transport fares, smoking, and some services and miscellaneous items which was first compiled in 1954 and was discontinued in 1960. As the name implies, the Interim Index was intended to serve as a transitional index, but to some extent it replaced the C Series Index for general statistical purposes for a few years before 1960. It was never used for wage adjustment purposes.
C Series Index
3.2 By far the most important of these old price indexes was the C Series Index which was the principal retail price index in Australia for almost forty years. It was first compiled in 1921 with index numbers compiled back to 1914. C Series Index numbers were compiled for:
(i) the capital city in each of the six states;
(ii) four of the larger towns in each of the six states;
(iii) weighted average of five towns (including the capital city) in each of the six states;
(iv) weighted average of the six state capital cities;
(v) weighted average of thirty towns (including the capital cities); and
(vi) three additional towns - Whyalla, Port Augusta, and Canberra.
3.3 The C Series Index was reviewed in 1936 and a slightly revised selection of goods and services was introduced, which then remained unchanged until the C Series Index was discontinued.
3.4 The main reason for the long interval without any review or change in composition of the C Series Index after 1936 was the recurrent changes in consumption patterns which occurred during and after World War II. It was considered impossible at the time to devise a revised weighting pattern which would be any more representative of post-war consumption than the existing weighting pattern of the C Series Index. The Commonwealth Statistician of the time, in successive editions of the Labour Report during the 1950s and 1960s, explained the absence of any re-weighting of the C Series Index in the following words.
"From the outbreak of war in 1939 to late in 1948, periodic policy changes in various wartime controls (including rationing) caused recurrent changes in consumption and in the pattern of expenditure. This rendered changes desirable but made it impracticable either to produce a new index, or to revise the old one, on any basis that would render the index more representative than it already was of the changing pattern of household expenditure in those years. When commodity rationing had virtually ceased in the latter part of 1948 action was taken by the Statistician to collect price data of about 100 additional items and to gather information as to current consumption and expenditure patterns. This was done to facilitate review of the component items and weighting system of the C Series Retail Price Index in the light of the new pattern of wage earner expenditure and consumption that appeared to be then emerging. But there supervened, in the next few years, conditions which caused wide price dispersion, coupled with a very rapid rise in prices and a new sequence of changes in consumption and in the pattern of wage earner expenditure. Under these conditions it was not possible to devise any new weighting pattern likely to be more continuously representative of conditions then current, than was the existing C Series Index on the 1936 revision."
3.5 In 1953, the decision was made to continue compiling the C Series Index on its pre-war basis, but also to compile an interim retail price index based as nearly as possible on the post-war pattern of consumer usage and expenditure. Nevertheless, the C Series Index continued to be regarded by the majority of users as the principal official index, and was the one used in most indexation and escalation arrangements throughout the 1950s.
Interim Retail Price Index
3.6 The Interim Retail Price Index was based on post-war consumption weights. Compared with the C Series Index, the Interim Index covered an expanded range of items, including additional foods (such as packaged breakfast foods, soft drinks, ice cream, and confectionery) and services (such as dry-cleaning and shoe repairs). Throughout the period of its compilation, no attempt was made to revise its weights to take account of major changes in expenditure patterns and lifestyles that were occurring during the 1950s. During that decade, house renting was substantially replaced by home ownership, the use of motor cars partially replaced the use of public transport, and a variety of electrical appliances, and subsequently television, became widely used by households. During the same period, widely disparate movements occurred in the prices of different items routinely purchased by households. It was considered that the combined effect of these factors made it impracticable to introduce a comprehensive new retail price index during the period to 1960.
Consumer Price Index
3.7 In 1960, a new approach was tried. Instead of the former emphasis on long-term fixed-weighted indexes, the aim was to compile a series of shorter term indexes that would be chain linked to form long-term series. The Consumer Price Index, commonly referred to as the CPI, was the first price index of this kind constructed in Australia.
3.8 The CPI was first compiled in 1960 with index numbers compiled back to mid-1948. Like the old indexes, the CPI was designed to measure quarterly changes in the retail prices of goods and services purchased by metropolitan wage-earning households.
3.9 At its inception in 1960, the CPI consisted of three original series linked together with changes in weights in 1952 and 1956. Weights were changed in 1960 and subsequently in 1963, 1968, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2017. From 2017, the CPI is re-weighted annually each December quarter. The Household Expenditure Survey (HES) is used to update the weights in the years that it is available. For the inter-HES years, Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data from the National Accounts is used as the principal data source for re-weighting the CPI.
3.10 To provide an approximate long-term aggregate measure of consumer price change for the period since the first Australian retail price index was compiled, the ABS has constructed a single series of index numbers by linking together selected retail and consumer price index series from amongst those described above (see Table 3.1). The index numbers are expressed with an index reference base of 1945 equals 100.0 which was the end of a period of price stability during World War II. The successive series linked together to produce this long-term series of index numbers are:
• from 1901 to 1914, the A Series Retail Price Index;
• from 1914 to 1946-47, the C Series Retail Price Index;
• from 1946-47 to 1948-49, a combination of the C Series Index, excluding the housing group of the CPI; and
• from 1948-49 onwards, the CPI.
3.11 This long-term series of index numbers is updated each year. A graph of the series taken from Table 3.1 is presented in Figure 3.1.
3.1 Retail/Consumer Price Index numbers(a)(b)(c)
YearIndexYearIndexYearIndexYearIndex
190147193178196125219911,898
190250193274196225119921,917
190349193371196325219931,952
190446193473196425819941,989
190548193574196526819952,082
190648193675196627619962,136
190748193778196728619972,141
190851193880196829319982,159
190951193982196930219992,191
191052194085197031320002,289
191153194189197133220012,389
191259194297197235220022,462
1913591943101197338520032,530
1914611944100197444320042,588
1915701945100197551020052,658
1916711946102197657920062,753
1917751947106197765020072,817
1918801948117197870220082,940
1919911949128197976620092,994
19201031950140198084420103,079
1921901951167198192620113,181
192287195219619821,02820123,237
192389195320519831,13220133,316
192488195420619841,17720143,399
192588195521119851,25720153,450
192690195622419861,37020163,494
192789195722919871,48720173,562
192889195823319881,59420183,630
192991195923719891,714
193087196024519901,839
1. Base: Calendar Year 1945 = 100.0.
2. The index numbers relate to the weighted average of six state capital cities from 1901 to 1980 and to the weighted average of eight capital cities from 1981. Index numbers are for calendar years.
3. Any discrepancies with movements published in ABS cat. no. 6401.0 are due to different index reference periods and rounding.
Price index theory
Overview
4.1 Price indexes in one form or another have been constructed for several centuries, and are commonly used in everyday life. However, the complexities of price indexes are not always fully appreciated or understood. Price index theory provides an overview of the theory and practices that underpin the construction of price indexes.¹
4.2 Price index theory commences by describing the concept of a price index as a single-number representation of information about many prices before discussing the relationship between indexes of prices, quantities and expenditures.
4.3 Two levels of construction of price indexes are described. At the lowest level is the construction of an index for a narrowly defined commodity from price observations. The other is the aggregation of these basic or elementary aggregate indexes across a range of commodities. Various mathematical formulas for constructing these indexes are discussed including problems for prices statisticians in selecting the most appropriate methodology. The advantages and disadvantages of the various formulas are discussed, along with criteria to guide decisions on the most appropriate formula.
4.4 Price index theory concludes with a discussion of issues that arise in price index construction, including changes in observation numbers, quality adjustments, the inclusion of new products and index number bias.
4.5 Price index theory focuses on traditional price index methods, however in the past ten years there have been significant developments in new price index construction methods involving transactions (scanner) data. These methods are discussed in more detail in Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual.
The concept of a price index
Comparing prices
4.6 There are many situations where there is a need to compare two (or more) sets of price observations. For example, a household might want to compare prices today with some earlier period; a manufacturer would be interested in comparing prices between markets to determine where to sell its output, or to compare price movements between two time periods with movements in its production costs; and economists and market analysts need to be able to compare prices between countries and over time to assess and forecast a country’s economic performance.
4.7 In some situations, the price comparisons might only involve a single commodity. Here it is simply a matter of directly comparing the two price observations. For example, a household might want to assess how the price of shampoo today compares with the price at some previous time for the same item.
4.8 In other circumstances, the required comparison is of prices across a range of commodities. For example, a comparison of clothing prices might be required. There is a wide range of clothing types and thus prices to be considered (e.g. toddlers’ jump suits, women’s fashion skirts, boys’ shorts, men’s suits). Although comparisons can readily be made for individual or identical clothing items, this is unlikely to enable a satisfactory result for all clothing in aggregate. A method is required for combining the prices across this diverse range of items allowing for the fact that they have many different units or quantities of measurement. This is where price indexes play an extremely useful role.
The basic concept
4.9 A price index allows the comparison of two sets of prices either over time (temporal indexes) or regions (spatial indexes) for a common item or group of items. In order to compare the sets of prices, it is necessary to designate one set the reference set and the other the comparison set.² The reference price set is used as the base (or first) period for constructing the index, and by convention in Australia is always given an index value of 100. For example, suppose for a single item the average of prices in the first set was $15 and for the second set was$30. Then, designating the first set as the reference set gives an index of 200.0 (30/15x100) for the comparison second set. Designating the second set as the reference set gives an index of 50.0 (15/30×100) for the comparison first set.
4.10 The most common price index is a comparison between sets of prices at two times (temporal indexes). The times can be adjacent (this month and previous month) or many periods apart (this year and ten years earlier). Typically the method is to nominate one set of prices as the reference prices and to revalue the quantities (or basket) of items purchased in the base period by prices in the second (or comparison) period. The ratio of the revalued comparison period basket to the value of the reference period basket provides a measure of the price change between the two periods. This simple revaluation, however, does not take account of any changes or substitutions that may be made in quantities consumed in response to changes in relative prices between the two periods. Nor does it allow for any change in tastes between the two periods. These changes to the preferences of consumers are significant in the choice of index methodology.
4.11 Handling quantity changes that occur in response to changes in relative prices is fundamental to price index construction. Changes in the relative importance of items in the basket of goods and services can have a significant effect on index movements.
4.12 Another objective of price indexes is to determine levels of household expenditure that are equivalent between two cities, say Darwin and Hobart. To do this, a spatial price index is required which allows the price levels in the two cities to be compared. This can be done by specifying a basket (i.e. quantities) of goods and services, and pricing this basket in both cities. The ratio of the total price of the basket in each city gives a measure of price relatives.
4.13 The composition of the basket would depend on the comparison required. For example, suppose the household was considering relocating from Darwin to Hobart and desired to be no worse off in terms of the overall basket of goods and services it could purchase. The reference basket should then comprise the quantities of each item currently purchased by the household in Darwin. Alternatively, if the household were in Hobart and considered relocating to Darwin, then it would specify the reference basket as the quantities of goods and services being purchased in Hobart.
4.14 The composition of the basket reflects the consumption preferences of the subject, in this case the household. It will reflect the household’s preferences under the prices and income prevailing in its current situation. Ideally, what would be required is some indication of how the household’s tastes or preferences might change between locations. Clearly the household could choose a different mix of items in Hobart than in Darwin, reflecting differences in relative prices between the cities, climate and other factors. The objective, though, is the same: to measure the relative expenditures in the two cities for which the household is equally satisfied (or indifferent).
Refining the concept
4.15 The remainder of Price index theory focuses on the comparison of prices over time (temporal indexes). Expenditure on an individual item is the product of price and quantity, that is:
$$e_t = p_tq_t \space \space \space \space \space \space (4.1)$$
where $$e$$ is expenditure, $$p$$ is price, $$q$$ is quantity and the subscript $$t$$ refers to the time periods at which the observations are made.
4.16 Consider the expenditures on the same commodity in two different times periods. Changes in these expenditures can reflect changes in the price, changes in the quantity, or a combination of both price and quantity changes. For example, suppose the price of Granny Smith apples at a particular market is $2.00 per kg in period one, and it rises to$2.50 per kg in period two. The change in the price of apples between these two periods is obtained from the ratio of the price in the second period to the price in the first period; that is, $2.50/$2.00 = 1.25 or an increase of 25% in the price. If a consumer bought exactly the same quantity of apples in the two periods, the expenditure on Granny Smith apples would rise by 25%. However, if the amount purchased in the first period was 10 kg, and the amount purchased in the second period was 12 kg, the quantity would also have risen by a factor of 12/10 = 1.20 or 20%. In these circumstances, the total expenditure on apples increases from $20 in the first period (10 kg at$2.00 per kg), to $30 in the second period (12 at$2.50 per kg), an increase in expenditure of $10 or 50%. The ratio of the current expenditure to the previous expenditure is the product of the change in price and the change in quantity (1.25 x 1.20 = 1.50). 4.17 The ratio between the price in the current period and the price in the reference period is called a price relative. A price relative shows the change in price for one item only (e.g. the pricing of Granny Smith apples at one particular fruit market). In terms of the formula in equation 4.1: $$e_1$$ (expenditure in period 1) = $$p_1$$ ($2.00) x $$q_1$$ (10kg) = $20, and $$e_2$$ (expenditure in period 2) = $$p_2$$ ($2.50) x $$q_2$$ (12kg) = $30 where: $$p_1$$ is the price per kg in period 1; $$q_1$$ is the quantity in period 1; $$p_2$$ is the price per kg in period 2 and $$q_2$$ is the quantity in period 2. The ratio between the prices in the two periods, $$p_2$$ and $$p_1$$ ($2.50/$2.00 = 1.25) is the price relative.³ 4.18 It is only necessary to have observations on two of the three components of equation 4.1 to analyse contributions to change in the expenditure. Using the apple example, suppose observations were only available on expenditure and price. The expenditure could be divided by the price to estimate the quantity (or the movements in expenditure and price could be used). Alternatively, if only expenditure and quantity data were available, expenditure could be divided by quantity to derive what's known as the 'unit (price) value'. 4.19 Now consider the case of price and quantity (and expenditure) observations on many commodities. The quantity measurements can have many dimensions, such as kilograms, tonnes, or even units (e.g. number of motor cars), and the quantities and prices of items are likely to show different movements between periods. Answers are required to questions such as these: what is the change over time in the quantity of commodities, and what is the contribution of price changes to changes in the expenditure on the bundle of commodities over time? Answering these questions is the task of index numbers: to summarise the information on sets of prices and quantities into single measures to assist in understanding and analysing changes. 4.20 In essence, an index number is an average of either prices or quantities compared with the corresponding average in a base period. The problem is how to calculate the average. 4.21 More formally, the price index problem is how to derive an index of price $$(I^P)$$ and an index of quantity $$(I^Q)$$ such that the product of the two is the change in the total value of the items between the base period $$(0)$$ and any other period $$(t)$$, that is $${I{^P_t}I{^Q_t}={V_t/V_0}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.2)$$ where $$V_t$$ is the value of all items in period $$t$$ and $$V_0$$ is their value in period $$0$$ (base period). Based on equation (4.1), can be represented as: $${V_t} = {\sum {v_{it}}} = {\sum {p_{it}{q_{it}}}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.3)$$ that is, the sum of the product of prices and quantities of each item denoted by subscript $$i$$. The summation range $$(i =1..N)$$ is not shown in order to make the formula more readable. Major index formulas 4.22 In presenting index number formulas, a simple starting point is to compare two sets of prices (sometimes called bilateral indexes). Consider price movements between two periods, where the first period is denoted as period $$0$$ and the second period as period $$t$$ (period $$0$$ occurs before period $$t$$). To calculate the price index, the quantities need to be fixed at the same period in time. The initial question is what period should be used to determine the basket (or quantities). There are several possibilities. (i) The quantities of the first (or earlier) period. This approach answers the question how much would it cost in the second period, relative to the first period, to purchase the same basket of goods and services that was purchased in the first period. Estimating the cost of the basket in the second period's prices simply requires multiplying the quantities of items purchased in the first period by the prices that prevailed in the second period. A price index is obtained from the ratio of the revalued basket to the total price of the basket in the first period. This approach was proposed by Laspeyres in 1871, and is referred to as a Laspeyres price index $$I_{Lt}$$. It may be represented, with a base of 100.0, as: $${I_{Lt}}=\frac{\sum p_{it}q_{i0}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}} \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.4)$$ (ii) The quantities of the second (or more recent) period. This approach answers the question how much would it have cost in the first period, relative to the second period, to purchase the same basket that was purchased in the second period. Estimating the cost of purchasing the second period's basket in the first period simply requires multiplying the quantities of items purchased in the second period by the prices prevailing in the first period. A price index is obtained from the ratio of the total price of the basket in the second period compared to the total price of the basket valued at the first period's prices. This approach was proposed by Paasche in 1874, and is referred to as a Paasche price index $$I_{Pt}$$. It may be represented, with a base of 100.0, as: $${I_{Pt}}=\frac{\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{it}} \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.5)$$ (iii) A combination (or average) of quantities in both periods. This approach tries to overcome some of the inherent difficulties of using a basket fixed at either time period. In the absence of any firm indication that either period is the better to use as the base or reference, then a combination of the two is a sensible compromise. In practice this approach is most frequent in: a) the Fisher Ideal price index,⁴ which is the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes: $$I_{Ft} = {(I_{Lt}I_{Pt}) ^ \frac {1}{2}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.6)$$ b) the Törnqvist price index, which is a weighted geometric mean of the price relatives where the weights are the average expenditure shares in the two periods, that is: $$I_{Tt} = \prod \limits_i (\frac {p_{it}}{p_{i0}})^{s_{i}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.7)$$ where $$s_i = \frac {1}{2} (e_{i0} / \sum e_{i0}+e_{i1} / \sum e_{i1})$$ is the average of the expenditure shares for the $$i$$ᵗʰ item in the two periods. The Fisher Ideal and Törnqvist indexes are often described as symmetrically weighted indexes because they treat the weights from the two periods equally. 4.23 The Laspeyres and Paasche formulas are expressed above in terms of quantities and prices. However, in practice, quantities might not be observable or meaningful (e.g. consider the quantity dimension of legal services, public transport, and education). Thus in practice, the Laspeyres formula is typically estimated using expenditure shares to weight price relatives - this is numerically equivalent to the formula (4.4) above. 4.24 To derive the price relatives form of the Laspeyres index, multiply the numerator of equation 4.4 by $$\frac {p_{i0}}{p_{i0}}$$and rearrange to obtain: $${I_{t}}= \sum \frac {p_{it}}{P_{i0}} (\frac{p_{i0}q_{i0}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}}) \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.8)$$ where the term in parentheses represents the expenditure share of item $$i$$ in the reference (or, more commonly labelled, base) period. Let: $$w_{i0} = \frac{p_{i0}q_{i0}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}} = \frac{e_{i0}}{\sum {e_{i0}}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.9)$$ then the Laspeyres formula may be expressed as: $${I_{it}}= \sum w_{i0} (\frac{p_{it}}{p_{i0}}) \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.10)$$ where $$\frac {P_{it}}{P_{i0}}$$ is the price relative for the $$i$$ᵗʰ item. 4.25 In a similar manner, the Paasche index may be constructed using expenditure weights. In equation 4.5, multiply the denominator by $$\frac {P_{it}}{P_{it}}$$and rearrange terms to obtain: $$I_{Pt} = \frac{\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{\sum p_{it}q_{it} \frac{p_{i0}}{p_{it}}} = \frac{1}{\sum \frac{p_{i0}}{p_{it}}} (\frac {\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{p_{it}q{_{it}}}) \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.11)$$ which may be expressed as: $$I_{Pt} = \frac{1}{\sum w_{it} \frac{p_{i0}}{p_{it}}} \times 100 \space \space \space \space \space (4.12)$$ which is the inverse of a ‘backward’ Laspeyres index (i.e. a Laspeyres index going from period t to period $$0$$ using period $$t$$ expenditure weights).⁵ 4.26 The important point to note here is that if price relatives are used, then value (or expenditure) weights must also be used. On the other hand, if prices are used directly rather than in their relative form, then the weights must be quantities. 4.27 An example of creating index numbers using the above formulas is presented in Table 4.1. For the purposes of this exercise, a limited range of the types of commodities households might purchase is used. The quantities that these items would typically be measured in may vary. There are likely to be differences in price behaviour of the commodities over time. Further, the quantities of these items households purchase may vary over time in response to changes in prices (of both the item and other items) and household incomes. 4.28 Differences that might arise in price changes (and, by implication expenditure patterns) are illustrated by the following: • prices of high labour content items, such as services like a haircut, will tend to show steady trends over time relative to other items; • prices of high technology goods, such as tablets, tend to decline over time, either absolutely or relative to other items, reflecting productivity and technological advances; • prices of some items, such as fresh fruit, are affected by climatic and seasonal influences and so have volatile price movements; and • prices of some items might at times be influenced by changes in taxation rates (e.g. tobacco). 4.29 Price changes influence, to varying degrees, the quantities of items households purchase. For some items, such as basic food stuffs, the quantities purchased may show little change in response to price changes. For other items, the quantities households purchase may change by a smaller or greater proportionate amount than the price change.⁶ 4.30 The examples in Table 4.1 reflect some of these possibilities. 4.31 In Table 4.1 the different index formulas produce different index numbers, and thus different estimates of the price movements. Typically the Laspeyres formula will produce a higher index number than the Paasche formula in periods after the base period, with the Fisher Ideal and the Törnqvist of similar magnitude falling between the index numbers produced by the other two formulas. In other words the Laspeyres index will generally produce a higher (lower) measure of price increase (decrease) than the other formulas and the Paasche index a lower (higher) measure of price increase (decrease) in periods after the base period.⁷ 4.32 With the recent ability of National Statistical Offices to access transactions (scanner) data for use in their CPIs, new index construction methods have been developed to make use of the available price and quantity data in each period. These methods borrow heavily from existing methods in the production of spatial price indexes, in particular multilateral indexes. These multilateral index methods are being adapted for the purpose of producing temporal price indexes, which can be used in the production of the CPI. The use of transactions data and multilateral index methods in the Australian CPI are discussed further in Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI. Generating index series over more than two periods 4.33 Most users of price indexes require a continuous series of index numbers at specific time intervals. There are two options for applying the above formulas when compiling a price index series. (i) Select one period as the base and separately calculate the movement between that period and each required period. This is called a fixed base or direct index. (ii) Calculate the period-to-period movements and chain these (i.e. calculate the movement from the first period to the second, the second to the third with the movement from the first period to the third obtained as the product of these two movements). 4.34 The calculation of direct and chained indexes over three periods (0, 1, and 2) using observations on three items, is shown in Table 4.2. The procedures can be extended to cover many periods. 4.1 Compiling price indexes over two periods ItemPrice ($)QuantityExpenditure ($)Expenditure sharesPrice relatives Period 0 White fresh breadloaves2.902 0005 8000.39321.0000 Appleskg5.505002 7500.18641.0000 Beerlitres8.002001 6000.10851.0000 LCD TVunits1 200.0022 4000.16271.0000 Jeansunits55.00402 2000.14921.0000 Total 14 7501.0000 Period t White fresh breadloaves3.002 0006 0000.42201.0345 Appleskg4.504502 0250.14240.8182 Beerlitres8.401301 0920.07681.0500 LCD TVunits1 100.0033 3000.23210.9167 Jeansunits60.00301 8000.12661.0909 Total 14 2171.0000 Index number Index formula Period 0Period t Laspeyresno.100.098.5 Paascheno.100.097.6 Fisherno.100.098.1 Törnqvistno.100.098.0 Note: Any discrepancies between totals and sums of components are due to rounding. 4.35 The following illustrate the index number calculations: Laspeyres $$= [(0.3932 \times 1.0345) + (0.1864 \times 0.8182) + (0.1085 \times 1.0500) + (0.1627 \times 0.9167) + (0.1492 \times 1.0909)] \times 100 \\ = 98.51$$ Paasche $$= 1 / [(0.4220 / 1.0345) + (0.1424 / 0.8182) + (0.0768 / 1.0500) + (0.2321 / 0.9167) + (0.1266 / 1.0909)] \times 100 \\ = 97.62$$ Fisher $$= (98.51 \times 97.62)^{\frac{1}2} \\ = 98.06$$ Törnqvist is best calculated by first taking the logs of the index formula $$= \frac{1}{2} \times (0.3932 + 0.4220) \times ln (1.0345) \\ + \frac{1}{2} \times (0.1864 + 0.1424) \times ln (0.8182) \\ + \frac{1}{2} \times (0.1085 + 0.0768) \times ln (1.0500) \\ + \frac{1}{2} \times (0.1627 + 0.2321) \times ln (0.9167) \\ + \frac{1}{2} \times (0.1492 + 0.1266) \times ln (1.0909) \\ = -0.0199$$ and then taking the exponent multiplied by 100 $$= e^{-0.0199} \times 100 \\ =98.04$$ 4.2 Constructing price index series ItemPeriod 0Period 1Period 2 Price ($)
1101215
2121314
3151718
Quantity
1201712
2151516
310128
Index number
Index formula
Laspeyres
Period 0 to 1100.0114.2
Period 1 to 2 100.0112.9
chain100.0114.2128.9
direct100.0114.2130.2
Paasche
Period 0 to 1100.0113.8
Period 1 to 2 100.0112.3
chain100.0113.8127.8
direct100.0113.8126.9
Fisher
Period 0 to 1100.0114.0
Period 1 to 2 100.0112.6
chain100.0114.0128.3
direct100.0114.0128.5
4.36 In this example, the Laspeyres Chain Index for period 2 is calculated as follows:
$$(114.2/100) \times (112.9/100) \times 100 \\ = 128.9$$
The Paasche Chain Index for period 2 is calculated as follows:
$$(113.8/100) \times (112.3/100) \times 100 \\ = 127.8$$
And the Fisher Chain Index for period 2 is calculated as follows:
$$(114/100) \times (112.6/100) \times 100 \\ = 128.3$$
OR
$$(128.9 \times 127.8)^{\frac12} \\ = 128.3$$
4.37 An index formula is said to be 'transitive' if the index number derived directly is identical to the number derived by chaining. In general, no weighted index formula will be transitive because period-to-period calculation of the index involves changing the weights for each calculation. This can be seen in Table 4.2 where in period 2 the direct Laspeyres (130.2) is different to the chain Laspeyres (128.9) due to the different quantities. The index formulas in Table 4.2 will only result in transitivity if there is no change in the quantity of each item in each period or if all prices show the same movement. In both these unlikely cases, all the formulas (Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher) will produce the same result.
4.38 The direct Laspeyres formula has the advantage that the index can be extended to include another period's price observations when available, as the weights are fixed at some earlier base period. On the other hand, the direct Paasche formula requires both current period price observations and current period weights before the index can be calculated.
Setting the CPI basket of goods and services in practice
4.39 The households’ expenditures on all consumer goods and services in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) basket is mainly sourced from information derived from the Household Expenditure Survey (HES). However, the results from the HES are not available until approximately 12 months after the end of the survey. The Laspeyres index requires either quantities or expenditure in the base period which would mean the CPI would be unable to be calculated on these expenditures until approximately 16 months after the HES is completed.
4.40 The CPI is a quarterly survey which means the ABS must continue to calculate the CPI on the old expenditures until the new expenditures are available. When the new expenditures are available, a statistical office can then recalculate the CPI based on the new weights. However, this will lead to revisions to previously published CPI estimates which is not desirable for any contract indexation. The alternative is to use a class of price indexes called a Lowe index which defines the index as the percentage change, between the periods compared, in the total cost of purchasing a fixed basket of quantities. Most statistical offices make use of some kind of Lowe index in practice.
4.41 To calculate a price index, any set of quantities could be used. These do not have to be restricted to quantities or expenditures purchased in one period and could be arithmetic or geometric averages of the quantities of multiple periods. For the Australian CPI, the quarterly percentage change from the December quarter 2017 onwards is mainly based on the HES which was collected in respect of the financial year 2015-16. Prior to this, the CPI from the September quarter 2011 was based on the HES which was collected in respect of the financial year 2009-10. For a complete listing of the historical CPI weighting patterns see Consumer Price Index: Historical Weighting Patterns, 1948-2017 (cat. no. 6431.0).
4.42 The period whose quantities are actually used in a CPI is described as the weight reference period. In the 17th series this generally refers to the HES which is 2015-16 and it will be denoted as period $$b$$. With the CPI being annually re-weighted, period $$b$$ will be updated each year to the second most recent financial year (e.g. for 2018, period b is 2016-17). Period $$0$$ is the price reference period which is the most recent September quarter. The Lowe index using the quantities of period $$b$$ can be written as follows:
$$P_{L0} = \frac{\sum ^n _{i=1} p^t _iq^b_i}{\sum ^n_{i=1}p^0_i q^b_i} = {\sum^n_{i=1}} (\frac {p^t_i}{p^0_i})s^{0b}_i$$
where: $$s^{0b}_i = \frac{p^0 _iq^b_i}{\sum ^n_{i=1}p^0_i q^b_i} \space \space \space \space \space (4.13)$$
4.43 Similar to the Laspeyres index described earlier, the Lowe index can be calculated as either the ratio of prices and quantities, or as an arithmetic weighted average of the price relatives. The expenditures refer to quantities in period $$b$$ (e.g. 2016-17) and prices in period $$0$$ (e.g. September quarter 2018). Lowe indexes are widely used for CPI purposes.
4.44 The Laspeyres and Paasche indexes are two special cases of the Lowe price index. When the quantities are those of the price reference period, that is when $$b=0$$, the Laspeyres index is obtained. When quantities are those of the other period, that is when $$b=t$$, the Paasche index is obtained.
Unweighted, or equally weighted indexes
4.45 In some situations, it is not possible or meaningful to derive weights in either quantity or expenditure terms for each price observation. This is typically so for a narrowly defined commodity grouping in which there might be many sellers (or producers). Information might not be available on the total volume of sales of the item or for the individual sellers or producers from whom the sample of price observations is taken. In these cases, it seems appropriate not to weight, or more correctly to assign an equal weight, to each price observation. It is a common practice in the CPI in many countries that the price indexes at the lowest level (where prices enter the index) are calculated using an equally weighted formula, such as an arithmetic mean or a geometric mean.
4.46 Suppose there are price observations for $$N$$ items in period $$0$$ and period $$t$$. Then three approaches⁸ for constructing an equally weighted index are as follows.
(i) Calculate the arithmetic mean of prices in both periods and obtain the relative of the current period’s average to the base period’s average (i.e. divide the current period’s average by the base period’s average). This is the relative of the arithmetic mean of prices (RAP) approach, also referred to as the Dutot formula:
$$I_D = \frac {\frac{1}{N} \sum p_{it}} {\frac{1}{N} \sum p_{i0}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.14)$$
(ii) For each item, calculate its price relative (i.e. divide the price in the current period by the price in the base period) and then take the arithmetic average of these relatives. This is the arithmetic mean of price relatives (APR) approach, also referred to as the Carli formula:
$$I_C = {\frac{1}{N} \sum} {\frac{p_{it}}{p_{i0}}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.15)$$
(iii) For each item, calculate its price relative, and then take the geometric mean⁹ of the relatives. This is the geometric mean (GM) approach, also referred to as the Jevons formula:
$$I_G = \prod ({\frac{p_{it}}{p_{i0}}})^{\frac{1}{N}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.16)$$
4.47 Although these formulas apply equal weights, the implicit basis of the weights differs. The geometric mean applies weights such that the expenditure shares of each observation are the same in each period. In other words, it is assumed that as an item becomes more (less) expensive relative to other items in the sample the quantity declines (increases) with the percentage change in the quantity offsetting the percentage change in the price. The RAP formula assumes equal quantities in both periods. That is, the RAP assumes there is no change in the quantity of an item purchased regardless of either its price movement or that of other items in the sample. The APR assumes equal expenditures in the base period with quantities being inversely proportional to base period prices.
4.48 The following are calculations of the equal weight indexes using the data in Table 4.2. Setting period $$0$$ as the base with a value of 100.0, the following index numbers are obtained in period $$t$$:
RAP formula: $$113.5 = \frac {\frac{1}{3} (12+13+17)} {\frac{1}{3} (10+12+15)} \times 100$$
ARP formula: $$113.9 = {\frac{1}{3} ({\frac {12}{10}}+{\frac {13}{12}}+{\frac {17}{15}})} \times 100$$
GM formula: $$113.9 = 3 {\sqrt {{\frac {12}{10}}\times {\frac {13}{12}}\times {\frac {17}{15}}}}\times 100$$
4.49 Theory suggests that the APR formula will produce the largest estimate of price change, the GM the least and the RAP a little larger but close to the GM.¹⁰ Empirical examples generally support this proposition,¹¹ although with a small sample as in the example above, substantially different rankings for the RAP formula are possible depending on the prices.
4.50 The behaviour of these formulas under chaining and direct estimation is shown in Table 4.3 using the price data from Table 4.2. The RAP and GM formulas are transitive, but not the APR.
4.3 Linking properties of equal weight index(a)
FormulaPeriod 0Period 1Period 2
Relative of average prices (RAP)
period 0 to 1100.0113.5
period 1 to 2 100.0111.9
chain100.0113.5127.0
direct100.0113.5127.0
Average of price relatives (APR)
period 0 to 1100.0113.9
period 1 to 2 100.0112.9
chain100.0113.9128.6
direct100.0113.9128.9
Geometric mean (GM)
period 0 to 1100.0113.8
period 1 to 2 100.0112.5
chain100.0113.8(b)128.0
direct100.0113.8(b)128.1
1. Uses the same price data as in Table 4.2.
2. Difference in calculated index is due to rounding.
Unit values as prices
4.51 A common problem confronted by index compilers is how to measure the price of items in the index whose price may change several times during an index compilation period. For example, in Australia petrol prices change almost daily at many outlets, but the CPI is quarterly. Taking more frequent price readings and calculating an average is one approach to deriving an average quarterly price. A more desirable approach, data permitting, would be to calculate unit values and use these as price measures.¹² Unit values are obtained by dividing expenditure by a quantity (e.g. the total expenditure of petrol sold in a particular period divided by the number of litres sold will give a unit value per litre for the price of petrol over the period). Unit values can be used to measure price changes only for similar (homogeneous) products.
4.52 For example, suppose outlet X sells chocolate bars in weights of 50g, 80g and 100g. Further, suppose the outlet keeps records of the value of sales of these chocolate bars in aggregate and the number of each size of chocolate bar sold. It is then possible to calculate the total quantity of chocolate sold in grams. Dividing the expenditure on chocolate by the total quantity in grams produces a unit value that could be used as the price measure for chocolate.
4.53 The advent of transactions (scanner) data from retail outlets is making the construction of unit values more feasible. Transactions data provide information about both values and quantities at the point of sale, and so enable the collection of a large number of unit values at fine levels. In effect, these data would remove any need for the unweighted index formulas discussed above (at least for those items where unit values are available). For more detail on the use of transactions data and unit values in the Australian CPI see Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual.
Resolving expenditure aggregates
4.54 It is appropriate at this point to re-examine the decomposition of an expenditure aggregate into price and quantity components introduced in equation 4.1. It is important to know the form of the quantity index when a particular form of the price index is used (and vice versa) to ensure the accurate decomposition of the value change.
4.55 A value is the product of a price and a quantity (in its simplest form, the price of a single item multiplied by 1 is the value of the item). It follows that changes in the value of expenditure on an item from period to period are the result of changes in the prices or quantities or both. If any two of the value, price or quantity are known, the third can be derived (i.e. $$E = {P\times Q}$$, where $$E$$ = expenditure, $$P$$ = price and $$Q$$ = quantity), e.g. $$Q={E/P}$$. The calculation is straightforward when a single item is involved. However, in the case of an expenditure total that is the sum of several items, breaking up that expenditure into its price and quantity components becomes more complicated.
4.56 Price indexes provide a means of removing the effects of price changes from changes in expenditure so that the underlying changes in quantity can be identified. In the Australian National Accounts, price indexes are widely used in the process of estimating changes in volumes of expenditure, production etc. The process of using price indexes in this way is known as price deflation, with the index termed a deflator. The form of price index (current or fixed weighted) will determine the resulting index of quantity change.
4.57 The change in an expenditure or value aggregate between period $$0$$ and $$t$$ may be expressed as:
$${\frac {E_t}{E_0}} = \frac {\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}}\space \space \space \space \space (4.17)$$
4.58 Multiplying the right-hand side of equation (4.17) by $$\frac {\sum p_{it}q_{i0}}{\sum p_{it}q_{i0}}$$allows the equation to be expressed as:
$${\frac {E_t}{E_0}} = \frac {\sum p_{it}q_{i0}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}}\times \frac {\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{\sum p_{it}q_{i0}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.18)$$
where the first term on the right-hand side of the equals sign is a Laspeyres price index and the second is a Paasche volume index.¹³ This is referred to as the Laspeyres decomposition. In other words, if an index of value change is deflated by a base-period-weighted price index, then the index of quantity change is a current-period-weighted quantity index.
4.59 An alternative decomposition of the change in the expenditure aggregate is obtained by multiplying the right-hand side of (4.17) by $$\frac {\sum p_{i0}q_{it}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{it}}$$which produces:
$${\frac {E_t}{E_0}} = \frac {\sum p_{it}q_{it}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{it}}\times \frac {\sum p_{i0}q_{it}}{\sum p_{i0}q_{i0}} \space \space \space \space \space (4.19)$$
where the first term on the right-hand side of the equals sign is a Paasche price index and the second is a Laspeyres volume index. This is referred to as the Paasche decomposition. In other words, if an index of value change is deflated by a current-period-weighted price index, then the index of quantity change is a base-period-weighted quantity index.
4.60 A similar decomposition can also be undertaken for the Fisher Ideal index. By taking the geometric average of the alternative Laspeyres and Paasche decomposition of value change (right-hand sides of equations (4.18) and (4.19)) it can be shown that value change is the product of Fisher Ideal price and quantity indexes.
Some practical issues in price index construction
Handling changes in price samples
4.61 All the index formulas discussed above require observations on the same items in each period. In some situations it may be necessary to change the items or outlets included in the price sample or, if weights are used, to re-weight the price observations. Examples of changes in a price sample include:
• a respondent goes out of business;
• the sample needs to be updated to reflect changes in the market shares of respondents;
• to introduce a new respondent; or
• to include a new item.
4.62 It is important that changes in price samples are introduced without distorting the level of the index for the price sample. This usually involves a process commonly referred to as splicing. Splicing is similar to chaining except that it is carried out at the level of the price sample. An example of handling a sample change is shown in Table 4.4, for equally weighted indexes assuming a new respondent is introduced in period $$t$$. A price is also observed for the new respondent in the previous period $$t-1$$. The inclusion of the new respondent causes the geometric mean to fall from $5.94 to$5.83. The index should capture the effect of respondent 4's price movement between period $$t-1$$ and t without capturing this recorded price change due to the inclusion of a new respondent.
4.4 Change in sample - introducing a new respondent
PricePrice relative
RespondentPeriod 0Period t-1Period tPeriod 0Period t-1Period t
Observations in period t-1
14.005.506.001.0001.3751.500
24.504.505.001.0001.0001.111
35.005.507.001.0001.1001.400
Geometric mean (GM)4.485.145.941.0001.1481.326
Observations in period t
14.006.006.501.0001.5001.625
24.505.005.501.0001.1111.222
35.007.007.001.0001.4001.400
4-5.506.001.0001.3261.447
GM (all items) 5.836.221.0001.3261.416
GM (matched sample) 5.946.30
- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)
4.63 In the case of the APR and GM formulas, the process involves:
• setting the previous period price relative for period t for the new respondent (4) equal to the average of the price relatives of the three respondents included in period $$t-1$$ (1.326); and
• applying the movement in respondent 4’s price between period $$t-1$$ and $$t$$ to derive a price relative for period $$t$$ (6.00/5.50 x 1.326=1.447).
4.64 For these two formulas, the average of the price relatives is effectively the index number, so the GM index for period $$t-1$$ is 132.6 and for period $$t$$ is 141.6.
4.65 In the case of the RAP formula, the method is similar, but prices are used instead of price relatives. The RAP formula uses the arithmetic mean of prices (not the arithmetic mean of the price relatives). The index for RAP can be calculated from the period-to-period price movements:
• between the base period and period $$t$$ , the movement in the average price was 1.333 (6.00/4.50) without the new respondent;
• between period $$t-1$$ and $$t$$, the movement in the average price was 1.063 (6.25/5.88) including the new respondent in both periods; and
• thus the index for period $$t$$ is 141.7 (1.333 x 1.063 x 100).
Temporarily missing price observations
4.66 In any period, an event may occur that makes it impossible to obtain a price measure for an item. For example, an item could be temporarily out of stock or the quality is not up to standard (as may occur with fresh fruit and vegetables because of climatic conditions).
4.67 There are a few options available to deal with temporarily missing observations. These include:
(i) repeat the previous period’s price of the item;
(ii) impute a movement for the item based on the price movement for all other items in the sample; or
(iii) use the price movement from another price sample.
4.68 Approach (ii) is equivalent to excluding the item, for which a price is unavailable in one period, from both periods involved in the index calculation. It strictly maintains the matched sample concept.
4.69 An example of imputing using the first two approaches for the equally weighted formula is provided in Table 4.5. The example assumes that there is no price observation from respondent B in period 2.
4.5 Imputation of missing price observations
RespondentPeriod 0Period 1Period 2Period 3
Price () A10.0011.0012.0013.00 B12.0013.00-12.00 C15.0015.5014.5017.00 D14.0013.5015.0018.00 Price relatives A1.0001.1001.2001.300 B1.0001.083-1.000 C1.0001.0330.9671.133 D1.0000.9641.0711.286 Impute using previous period's price Price for respondent B12.0013.0013.0012.00 Imputed relative for B (e.g. 13.00/12.00) 1.083 Indexes RAP100.0103.9106.9117.6 APR100.0104.5108.0118.0 GM100.0104.4107.7117.3 Impute using average price movement for other items in sample RAP Arithmetic mean price of A, C and D 13.3313.83 Imputed price for B (e.g. 13.00x(13.83/13.33)) 13.49 Index100.0103.9107.8117.6 APR Arithmetic mean of relatives of A, C and D 1.0321.079 Imputed relative for B (e.g. 1.083x(1.079/1.032)) 1.132 Index100.0104.5109.3118.0 GM Geometric mean of relatives of A, C and D 1.0311.075 Imputed relative for B (e.g. 1.083x(1.075/1.031)) 1.129 Index100.0104.4108.8117.3 - nil or rounded to zero (including null cells) Handling changes in goods and services Quality change 4.70 A price index by definition measures what can be described as pure price change; that is, it is not distorted by changes in quality. The concept of a good or service within a price index is important in determining whether an item has changed (i.e. new or a modification) compared to the previous period. Under the usual index compilation practices, if the change in price of the item fully or partly reflects a change in quality, then for index purposes an adjustment is necessary to account for that quality change. If it is a new item, then that item must be introduced into the index by linking (or splicing). 4.71 There are two main approaches to treating goods and services for the purposes of compiling a price index. The conventional or goods approach is to treat each good and service as a separate item; for example, a distinction might be made between red and green apples. The alternative approach could be termed a characteristics approach that takes commodities and tries to identify the component characteristics or attributes which are valued by the consumer. For example, the characteristics of an apple which households value might be its taste, nutritional content plus the ability to consume without having to perform any food preparation. The outcome is that consumers satisfy their hunger.¹⁴ 4.72 Strict adherence to a goods approach where each good and service is treated as a separate item would see frequent linking in response to any change in the specifications of individual items priced. Frequent linking is undesirable as each link is effectively a break in the series and can introduce bias. Any observed difference in price between two items at the same point in time would be treated as quality change. In a consumer price index these adjustments should be based, as far as possible, on the value of the quality change to the consumer (user value). In this respect, use of only differences in observed prices or manufacturing cost (resource cost) data to value quality change may be misleading.¹⁵ 4.73 The characteristics approach provides a conceptual basis for describing quality change. In the context of price indexes, quality can be thought of as embracing all those attributes or characteristics of an item on which the consumer places some value.¹⁶ Take apples as an example. Consumers will value them for nutritional content as well as taste and absence of blemishes and bruising. The price index will be biased unless an apple of the same quality is priced each period. For some items quality change over time is not a major issue (e.g. the quality change in apples might only reflect differences in growing conditions between seasons), but for other items quality changes are very important (e.g. the increase in power and speed of laptops, and changes in safety and fuel efficiency of motor vehicles). In practice the ABS uses observable characteristics to adjust for quality where possible (e.g. size or weight). 4.74 The characteristics approach has not been used so far as the sole basis for constructing a consumer price index. However, it is the foundation of the so-called hedonic technique for estimating pure prices for commodities.¹⁷ The hedonic technique is now being used by some countries in their CPIs for some types of consumer goods.¹⁸ Essentially the hedonic approach involves estimating a relationship between a commodity’s price and the characteristics that it contains (e.g. for laptops, a relationship might be estimated between the price of the computer and its processing power (chip type and speed), amount of Random Access Memory (RAM), hard disk size, etc. over a range of computers). This effectively imputes a price for each characteristic that can be used to adjust prices as specifications change.¹⁹ 4.75 Although intuitively appealing, the hedonic technique is difficult to apply in practice. It requires a lot of information and the careful selection of attributes that would be appropriate in a household utility function (e.g. if performance is one characteristic of a motor vehicle that consumers desire, would engine power or acceleration speed or some other parameter be the best measure of it). In addition, there are issues such as the functional form to be used and weighting.²⁰ Nevertheless, the hedonic technique does provide a tool that may assist in identifying the characteristics of commodities that influence their price, and it does provide a basis for adjusting for quality change. 4.76 Changes to goods or services that are perceived to have little or no increase in user value should be treated as a price change. This can also be the case for government mandated changes such as energy rating standards for newly constructed dwellings. For more information on quality change see Quality change and new products of this manual. Prices of services 4.77 The CPI includes a range of services ranging from medical, insurance, child care to gardening and hairdressing. Prices are generally collected for a fixed service such as a procedure, set of tasks or period of time (e.g. 4 hours of child care). For services that are not directly observable each period to constant quality such as real estate charges, regression modelling techniques are used to derive a final price. Quality changes for such services are very difficult to measure. For example, with a female haircut and colour, it is difficult to capture quality change such as improved ingredients or staff training over time. Generally any observed price changes are recorded as actual price change for services. New goods 4.78 Prices statisticians are often confronted with the problem of determining when a new item on the market is a new good for index construction purposes. A completely new good is not easily included in an existing price collection because there is no product category to which it can be readily classified. In these cases, it may eventually require its own separate recognition within the index rather than being a part of an existing product group. 4.79 The use of a hedonics or characteristics approach may assist in defining new goods. For example, the hedonics approach might suggest that DVDs are not actually new goods, but rather a better bundling of sound and images and other characteristics that people value (such as a more durable medium). 4.80 The difficulty of new goods is that they often show substantial falls in price once they gain market acceptance (sometimes after improvements in quality), and the supply of the goods expand. There are two problems here. The first is that the traditional fixed-weighted index does not allow for the introduction of new goods until weights are updated. The second is that if the new good is not included until some time after establishing a significant market share, then the initial phase of falling prices is missed. 4.81 It has been suggested (Hicks (1940), and Fisher and Shell (1972)) that, in a cost-of-living framework, new goods should be valued at their demand reservation price. This price is the intercept of the demand curve with the price axis, essentially the price at which no units of the good would be sold. However, procedures to estimate reliably the demand reservation price have yet to be established. Bias in price indexes 4.82 Some of the issues about bias have been covered in this manual. However, it is useful to bring these matters together to consider further some of the practical issues involving price indexes, especially considering a major inquiry into the issue was held in the United States in 1996.²¹ 4.83 A price index may be described as biased if it produces estimates which depart from a notionally true or correct measure. In the case of consumer price indexes, the true measure is usually taken to be the cost-of-living index, as it allows for the substitutions in consumption that consumers make in response to changes in relative prices. As it is impractical to construct a true cost-of-living index, official agencies are forced into second-best solutions. 4.84 The following types of bias, typically upwards, have been described by Diewert (1996). (i) Elementary index bias, which results from the use of inappropriate formulas for compiling index numbers at the elementary aggregate level; (ii) Substitution bias, which arises from using formulas at levels above the elementary aggregates which do not allow for substitution in response to changes in relative prices; (iii) Outlet substitution bias, which occurs when consumers shift their purchases from higher cost outlets to lower cost outlets for the same commodity; (iv) Quality adjustment bias, which arises from inadequate adjustment for quality changes; and (v) New-goods bias, which arises largely from the failure to include new goods when first introduced into the market. 4.85 Although it is almost impossible to eliminate these sources of bias, some measures can be taken to minimise them. (i) Use appropriate formulas in compiling elementary aggregate indexes, in particular use of the GM formula where appropriate or the RAP formula. (ii) Use a superlative index formula rather than the Laspeyres, if current-period weighting data can be obtained on time. More frequent updating of weights in the Laspeyres formula is also suggested, although changing weights alone does not have a significant effect in the short to medium term unless the change in the weighting pattern is significant.²² Other options might be to use formulas that allow substitution or assumptions about substitution between commodity groupings to be entered. (iii) Closely monitor and update price samples to reflect changes in the outlets from which households purchase. For example, there is clearly a need to plan for the inclusion in consumer price indexes of purchases from outlets operating exclusively online. (iv) Make greater use of the hedonic technique to adjust for quality change and to determine comparable items. (v) Include new goods into the CPI as soon as possible. For a fixed-weighted index such as Laspeyres, there would also be a need to update the fixed weights to allow for the inclusion of the new goods if they are substituting for all goods in general, or to adjust the weights within a commodity grouping if the new good is substituting for specific items. For example, one could argue that CDs were a new good, but as they were substituting for records and tapes they could be introduced into the commodity grouping for records and tapes, and weights between these items adjusted accordingly. Conclusion 4.86 Price index theory guides prices statisticians as to the best practices and formulas to use in compiling price indexes in order to produce reliable price measures. However, the highly desirable must be balanced against the practical. It would be highly desirable to use a superlative index formula such as the Fisher Ideal, but this is often not possible because of data problems and issues with timeliness. 4.87 There is much more to a price index than which formula to use. Also important is the determination of what items are to be included in the index, that is the index domain. This subject is covered in Coverage and classifications of this manual. Footnotes 1. For a detailed discussion of price index theory and internationally recommended practices, see Consumer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice, 2004 (International Labour Office). 2. 2 This is the terminology used by Pollak (1971). 3. In this example, the price relative shows the change in price between two times. If, instead of two different periods we looked at the price between two different markets in the same period, the price relative would show the difference between the prices in the two markets in the same period. 4. The use of the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes was first proposed by Pigou in 1920, and given the title "ideal" by Fisher (1922). 5. For further discussion of forward and backward Laspeyres and Paasche price and quantity indexes, refer to Chapter 2 of Allen (1975). 6. Economists measure the change in the quantity of an item in response to a change in price (or income) by elasticities, which are measured as the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity to the percentage change in price (or income). An item is price inelastic if the percentage change in the quantity is less than the percentage change in price. It has unit elasticity if the percentage changes are the same, and is price elastic if the percentage change in the quantity is greater than the percentage change in price. If an item is price inelastic, the change in expenditure will be in the same direction as the change in price (i.e. if price increases, then expenditure also increases). If the item has unit elasticity, then expenditure is unchanged. If the item is price elastic, the change in expenditure will be in the opposite direction to the price change (i.e. if price increases, then expenditure decreases). 7. The relationship between the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes holds while there is a normal relationship (negative correlation) between prices and quantities; that is, quantity declines if price increases between the two periods, and vice versa. 8. The implicit weights applied by the three formulas are equal base–period quantities (RAP), equal base–period expenditures (quantities inversely proportional to base–period prices) (APR) and equal expenditure shares in both periods (GM). 9. The geometric mean of n numbers is the nth root of the product of the numbers. For example, the geometric mean of 4 and 9 is 6 (= ), but the arithmetic mean is 6.5 ( = (4+9)/2 ). 10. For a mathematical proof of this see Diewert (1995). The unweighted indexes will all produce the same result if all prices move in the same proportion (have the same relative). In addition, the RAP and APR will produce the same index number if all base–period prices are equal. Diewert also refers to other studies that compare real world results for elementary aggregate formulas. 11. For example, Woolford (1994) calculated these indexes for twenty three fresh fruit and vegetable elementary aggregates of the Australian CPI over the period June 1993 to June 1994. He found that the GM produced the lowest increase in sixteen of the twenty three elementary aggregates, and the APR produced the highest increase for nineteen of the elementary aggregates. The RAP formula produced the middle estimate for thirteen of the elementary aggregates. Combining the elementary aggregates to produce the fresh fruit and vegetables index, the index compiled using the APR estimates was 4.7 per cent higher than the index based on GM estimates, and the RAP was 1.7 per cent higher than the index based on GM. 12. See Diewert (1995) for further discussion of unit values. 13. In a volume index, prices are held constant between the two periods, and the actual quantities from each period are used in the calculation. The change in the index is then measuring the weighted change in the volume of purchases, expenditure etc. 14. The characteristics approach to goods is the basis of the so–called household production theory. The development of this theory is generally attributed to Lancaster (1966), Muth (1966) and Becker (1965). Bresnahan and Gordon (1998) also provide a good example using household lighting, tracing the development from whale–oil lamps through to the electric light–bulb, pointing out how the additional inputs required on the part of households (such as trimming wicks etc.) were an important part of the production of light. 15. This point, and the use of characteristics in compiling consumer and producer price indexes, are explained in Triplett (1983). 16. Pollak (1983) identifies two characteristics approaches, that of Lancaster (1966) and Houthakker (1952). The Lancaster approach assumes that characteristics are additive across items (e.g. protein from meat can be added to protein from bread) whereas the Houthakker approach assumes characteristics are commodity specific. 17. There are many examples in literature of the application of the hedonic technique; for example, Ohta and Griliches (1975). For an overview of household production theory and the hedonic technique, see Muellbauer (1974). Pollak (1983) provides an exposition on the treatment of quality in a cost–of–living index. 18. For example, the hedonic technique is now used for estimating pure price change for personal computers and television sets in the United States CPI, and personal computers in Australia. 19. It is a moot point whether the increased speed and power of computers is reflected in corresponding increases in consumer utility, which raises questions as to whether the hedonic approach adequately captures quality change from a consumer perspective. However, studies have shown remarkable similarities in price indexes based on a hedonics approach and those for computers based on a comprehensive matched models approach. 20. Current thinking as presented in Koskimaki and Vartia (2001) for example is that hedonic equations should have log price as the dependent variable and should be estimated for each period. The use of weighted regressions is also supported by researchers such as Diewert. <back 21. This is often referred to as the Boskin Report, see Boskin (1996). Boskin estimated that the United States CPI was biased upwards by about 1.1 percentage points a year. There were many submissions and views expressed about bias in the US CPI. For a semi–official perspective on the issue see Moulton (1996). 22. As noted earlier, the issue of frequency of re–weighting or chaining is not straightforward. In a situation of price bouncing, chaining can introduce substantial bias into indexes (see for example Szulc (1983)). In general, chaining more frequently than annually, even if feasible in practice, is not recommended because it could introduce bias. Coverage and classifications Item coverage 5.1 The set of goods and services included in a Consumer Price Index (CPI) is called its item coverage, or more commonly, the CPI basket. In concept, all consumer goods and services are within scope of the index. 5.2 As households acquire many different goods and services, it is not practical or necessary to price all the goods and services that they buy. Many related items have similar price movements, and households acquire more of some items than others. The items selected for pricing in the CPI are purchased by a large proportion of households, and are likely to have price movements that are representative of a wider range of goods and services. 5.3 When determining what items to price, these factors are taken into consideration. The items: • must be representative of purchases made by the CPI population group (see paragraphs 5.19-5.22, Demographic coverage); • must be identifiable and specific commodities or services (e.g. 420g can of baked beans from a supermarket, or adult general admission to a club football game); and • are not excluded because of moral or social judgements. 5.4 The exclusions and inclusions are discussed more fully in paragraph 5.10 Illegal or undesirable goods and services. Business, savings, and investment-related purchases 5.5 As a general principle, a CPI only includes goods and services that are purchased by households for consumption. A consumption good or service is one from which households directly derive utility or satisfaction. Any business-related purchases by households are excluded from the basket, as are those items that have a significant savings or investment component, such as land and capital goods. All types of income are generally excluded as well, except those which directly offset a specific purchase, such as subsidies or trade-ins. Taxes, levies, concessions, and subsidies 5.6 The prices of consumer goods and services, and the ability of households to purchase those items, are affected by a wide range of taxes, regulatory processes, and assistance measures. The treatment of these under the acquisitions and outlays approaches are similar, but there are differences under a cost-of-use approach. 5.7 As a general principle, the acquisitions and outlays approaches only include taxes and subsidies whenever they are tied to the level of consumption of a specific good or service. Thus any taxes based solely on income will generally be out of scope, whereas the prices of goods and services will be inclusive of indirect taxes and commodity-specific subsidies. In some cases, taxes and governmental charges may not be directly related to the level of consumption of a good or service. However, they may still be included if they are an inescapable cost of other decisions made by households about consumption. For example, local government rates and charges are an inescapable cost of home ownership, and so are included in a CPI. 5.8 A cost-of-use approach is concerned with the true value of goods and services consumed. For example, it will value subsidised items at their full market value. It will also exclude income taxes. Second hand goods 5.9 In concept, both the purchases and sales of second hand goods should be included in a CPI. The purchases of second hand goods by households are regarded as positive expenditures, while the sales of second hand goods by households are regarded as negative expenditures. The exact treatment of second hand goods will also depend on the nature and extent of transactions with other sectors of the economy. In practice, all transactions involving second hand goods are assumed to occur within the household sector, with purchases and sales cancelling out to give an effective weight of zero. The exception for this is motor vehicles where household expenditure on ex-business and ex-government motor vehicles, plus the dealer margin on used motor vehicles are included in the weights for motor vehicles. As there is difficulty in obtaining ongoing prices to constant quality for second hand goods, prices for second hand goods are not collected for the CPI. Illegal or undesirable goods and services 5.10 In principle, all purchases of goods and services for household consumption are in scope of a CPI. They include goods or services that are either illegal or may be considered socially or morally undesirable, such as alcohol and tobacco, gambling, prostitution, and so-called recreational drugs. However, decisions regarding the composition of the CPI basket are not based on moral grounds, but rather on practical considerations. In the Australian CPI, gambling is excluded as it is difficult to establish the service or utility that households derive from gambling, and thus to determine an appropriate price measure. Recreational drugs and prostitution are both excluded as it is very difficult and indeed dangerous to obtain estimates of prices and expenditures, or to measure quality change. Geographical coverage 5.11 All price indexes have a geographical dimension such as city, rural area, state, region or country. A further aspect to the geographical coverage that is important for CPI price collection is whether the objective is to measure price changes for: • sales within a particular geographical area; or • purchases by the residents of a geographical area. 5.12 If the aim of the index is to measure the prices of items sold in an area then the CPI basket will comprise all consumer goods and services sold in that region to households for final consumption. These sales can be made to households that are residents of that region, or to visitors to the region including overseas visitors. 5.13 On the other hand, if the index is to measure prices of items purchased by residents of a region, then it will comprise all consumer goods and services purchased by those households regardless of where they are purchased. So, in addition to purchases made in that region, it will include any purchases those households make whilst visiting other domestic regions and foreign countries, as well as items they order online or by post from suppliers outside the region. 5.14 The geographical dimension becomes more important the smaller the region to which the index relates. 5.15 The Australian CPI is compiled separately for each capital city. For general statistical purposes, the equivalent of a national index is the series published as the weighted average of eight capital cities. Each capital city index is compiled from data about acquisitions of goods and services by the resident population of that city, and includes their purchases from local outlets, purchases made in other capital cities and regions of Australia, and overseas purchases. 5.16 The CPI geographical classification is mainly based on the capital city average household expenditure data obtained from the latest available Household Expenditure Survey (HES). In line with the 2015-16 HES, the geographical coverage of the CPI is the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) 2011, with the capital cities defined by Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs). For more information, refer to https://www.abs.gov.au/geography or Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 - Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2011 (cat. no. 1270.0.55.001). 5.17 By and large, the ABS expects that most of the acquisitions made by capital city households will be from suppliers that are located in the same city. The most obvious exception is holiday accommodation services. Where online purchases are known to be significant (as with airfares and holiday accommodation), prices are collected from these sources. Demographic coverage 5.18 The expenditures or quantity weights applied to the index basket reflect the expenditures of a reference population. Typically the basic unit of this reference population is the household¹. The household is an appropriate unit because all members of the household jointly consume or use many items, such as food, motor vehicles, and housing, and it is not practicable to determine expenditure for each member of a household. 5.19 A CPI can be constructed for all households or for a subset of households (e.g. age pensioners, wage and salary earners, self-funded retirees). Even if the purpose of a CPI requires the broadest possible reference population, some types of households whose consumer expenditures are minimal or atypical may be excluded; for example, those living in institutions such as hospitals, barracks, prisons, and on board ships. 5.20 The reference population for the Australian CPI is private households in the eight capital cities. The eight capital cities are the six state capitals and the territory capitals of Canberra and Darwin. This is referred to as the CPI population group and it represents about two thirds of Australian private households. Ideally, the CPI population group should encompass all Australian households, but this is not feasible because of the substantial additional cost of collecting prices outside the capital cities. 5.21 In Australia, few people are not part of a private household; that is; do not reside in a private dwelling. These people live in public dwellings such as hotels, boarding houses, prisons, and university residences. Expenditure by people who reside in public dwellings is excluded from the Australian CPI. Item classification 5.22 A diagrammatic overview of the structure of the Australian CPI is provided in Figure 5.1. The structure can best be thought of from the top down. At the top is the total expenditure or pool of items purchased by the reference population. This is known as the All groups CPI index, and the CPI number produced at this level is commonly referred to as the headline rate of inflation. Below this, the index branches into finer and finer commodity groupings until, at the lowest level, there are samples of prices for the individual items (elementary aggregates). Indexes are only published down to expenditure class as this is the level at which the structure and weights are fixed for the life of a CPI series. 5.23 For the 28 ECs which are compiled using multilateral methods, the aggregation structure below the published (EC) level is modified to maximise the use of transactions data. Further details can be found in Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual. Figure 5.1, Structure of the CPI This diagram includes a pyramid outlining the general structure of the CPI. This begins at the top of the pyramid with All groups. All groups is the highest level of the index containing all the groups, sub-groups and expenditure classes. This flows down to Groups. Groups is the first level of disaggregation of the CPI. There are 11 groups in the 17th series CPI. This flows down to Sub-groups. Sub-groups are a collection of related expenditure classes. There are 33 sub-groups in the 17th series CPI. This flows down to Expenditure classes. Expenditure classes are groups of similar goods or services. They are the lowest level at which indexes are published and weights are fixed. There are 87 expenditure classes in the 17th series CPI. This flows down to Elementary aggregates. Elementary aggregates and the basic building blocks of the CPI. Each elementary aggregate contains several prices for a particular good or service. There are approximately 800 elementary aggregates in each capital city. The base of the pyramid is Prices. 5.24 This same structure is used for each of the eight capital cities. A full list of groups, sub-groups and expenditure classes is provided in Appendix 1. 5.25 The division of the groups and sub-groups into product classes is intended to reflect increasing levels of substitutability of the items consumed by households in response to changes in relative prices. For example, at the group level there are unlikely to be any substitution effects between Food and non-alcoholic beverages and Transport in response to changes in their relative prices. However, within the Oils and fats expenditure class it would be expected that households are more likely to substitute between margarine and butter in response to changes in their relative prices. 5.26 The commodity classification used in the Australian CPI is a demand-based classification that broadly aligns with the international standard Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP). This classification is based on the concept of household utility. A significant advantage of using a COICOP-based classification is to allow greater international comparability of price inflation. 5.27 The 17th series CPI basket is divided into eleven major groups, each representing a broad set of commodities: • Food and non-alcoholic beverages; • Alcohol and tobacco; • Clothing and footwear; • Housing; • Furnishings, household equipment and services; • Health; • Transport; • Communication; • Recreation and culture; • Education; and • Insurance and financial services. 5.28 These groups are divided in turn into 33 sub-groups, and the sub-groups into 87 expenditure classes. Presentation of the CPI in the form of groups and sub-groups provides the user with quite a degree of versatility in interpreting the results. Index numbers for individual groups and sub-groups can be analysed separately as can their individual effects on the whole index. Household expenditure classification 5.29 As described in Weights and their sources, it can be seen that the ABS HES is the most important source of CPI weights. The expenditures recorded in the HES were coded by the ABS according to the Household Expenditure Classification (HEC). To derive expenditures for the CPI expenditure classes, a correspondence was established with the HEC codes at their most detailed ten-digit level. Establishing the correspondence involved examining detailed listings of commodities coded to each HEC code. The correspondence is available as an Excel spreadsheet in Consumer Price Index; Correspondence with 2015-16 Household Expenditure Classification, Australia (cat. no. 6446.0.55.001) on the ABS website. 5.30 The majority of HEC codes could be exclusively allotted to a CPI expenditure class. For example, all of HEC code 0301030201 Biscuits expenditure is allotted to the CPI expenditure class Cakes and biscuits. However, there are some HEC codes where a one-to-one correspondence could not be established. There are just over 700 HEC codes at the ten-digit level, but only 87 CPI expenditure classes. The reasons why unique correspondences could not be established are as follows. • The HEC code may not be sufficiently detailed. For example, HEC 1001090201 Supermarket and alcohol delivery charges could be for a variety of food and beverage items, so it was decided to spread household expenditure on supermarket and alcohol delivery charges across the various food, non-alcoholic beverage and alcoholic beverage expenditure classes in the CPI. • Information provided by households does not allow a commodity to be clearly identified. These expenditures are reported in HEC codes such as 0302000000 Meat (excluding fish and seafood) nfd (where nfd is an abbreviation for not further defined). Again these expenditures were spread across appropriate CPI expenditure classes. • Households cannot or do not separately identify some expenditures. For example, some state governments operate compulsory third-party vehicle insurance schemes, and the amount of insurance paid is included with the vehicle registration charge, often resulting in households reporting the combined amount only. In this case, a split was derived from average registration and insurance charges collected for the CPI. 5.31 Where HEC codes were split across CPI expenditure classes, the splits were determined using any industry or other data available or, as a last resort, subjectively. Mostly the expenditures concerned were small. 5.32 For inter-HES years the annually re-weighted CPI uses data from the National Accounts expenditure estimates, these are derived from Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data. A classification concordance enables expenditure to be mapped between HFCE and CPI data. HFCE data, in it's most disaggregated form, is based on the Input-Output Product Classification (IOPC). IOPC to CPICC mapping is based on the classification concordance found in table 2 of Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables, Product Details (cat. no. 5215.0.55.001). Footnotes 1. A household is a group of people who usually reside together. It may comprise one person or many. Weights and their sources Introduction 6.1 Weights and their sources describes the procedures that are typically followed in updating the Consumer Price Index (CPI) weights. 6.2 Weighting practices vary at different levels of the CPI. At the published levels, weights are reviewed annually. The Household Expenditure Survey (HES) is used as the primary data source for updating the weights in the years that it is available. For the inter-HES years, Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data from the National Accounts is used to re-weight the CPI. At the unpublished levels, the weights can be updated at any time to accurately represent household spending patterns. Below the elementary aggregate, or price-sample level, there are no explicit use of weights. Annual re-weighting 6.3 The availability of HFCE data from the National Accounts provides the ABS with an opportunity to update CPI weights more frequently. The ability to re-weight the Australian CPI more frequently has significant benefits to the user community. These include more accurately reflecting consumer spending patterns, addressing stakeholder concerns following the 16th Series CPI review, coherence across macro-economic statistics and improved alignment with international standards. 6.4 The use of expenditure aggregates from the National Accounts is an internationally recommended approach in situations where the time interval between household surveys is large. Within Australia, HFCE data are available on an annual basis as part of the Australian System of National Accounts (cat. no. 5204.0). Practical challenges exist (due to scope and coverage differences) when using HFCE data for CPI weights. These challenges have been examined in detail in the information paper: Increasing the Frequency of CPI Expenditure Class Weight Updates (cat. no. 6401.0.60.002). The plan to re-weight the CPI annually was detailed in the information paper, An Implementation Plan to Annually Re-weight the Australian CPI (cat. no. 6401.0.60.005). CPI weights using HES data for the 17th series CPI 6.5 At the level of the index at which the weights are fixed, the ideal is to have a snapshot of all household expenditure. It is important that the data are consistent across the population group, that is, expenditures can be added up without concerns about coverage and double counting, and that all the information is for the same period. For example, if expenditures are for different periods for different items, then these could be affected by changes in economic conditions, tax rates, and population growth. Any of these influences could easily distort the weights. In addition, although an information source might provide an estimate of total sales of an item, it would be necessary to know the proportion of those sales to households as consumers. For example, sales of whitegoods will include sales that are not in scope of the CPI, for example sales to businesses, and to households as owners of rental properties. 6.6 The HES provides the most comprehensive data on household expenditure. The HES is a sample of just under 8,000 metropolitan households. Data are collected using a diary of personal expenditures in which residents aged 15 years and older record their expenditure over a two-week period. An interview questionnaire also collects information about each household's characteristics, expenditures common to all members of the household (e.g. utility bills), and irregular or infrequent expenditures. The latest HES has been collected in respect of 2015-16 and was introduced into the CPI beginning the December quarter 2017. 6.7 Although the HES provides a comprehensive coverage of household expenditures, there are some weaknesses in the HES data for CPI purposes. 6.8 Being a survey, the HES is subject to sampling error. It is possible for the selection of one or several households with exceptionally high expenditure on an item to significantly affect the expenditure estimate for that item in a region, especially in the smaller capital cities. 6.9 Some expenditures recorded in the HES are not fully contemporaneous. Estimates for some items which are more expensive or purchased infrequently are obtained or supplemented by recall, rather than relying on expenditures actually recorded in the diary during the two weeks that the household is included in the survey. Periods over which households are asked to recall expenditure vary depending on the item. 6.10 The HES records all data exactly as reported by the households with no adjustments for known cases of under-reporting, especially expenditure on alcohol and tobacco. 6.11 There are some expenditures required by the CPI which cannot be obtained from households, such as the net insurance charge (gross premiums less claims). 6.12 Thus, various adjustments need to be made to the information reported in the HES before it can be used in the CPI, and for some items the HES data are supplemented or replaced by other data which provide a more accurate estimate of expenditure. Adjustments for under reporting 6.13 There are data sources other than the HES that provide estimates of household expenditure on some commodities, but often only nationally. These alternative sources are used for validating the HES data. For most products included in the CPI, these alternative data are similar to the HES estimates. However, historically there have been significant differences between HES and the other data sources for household expenditure on alcohol and tobacco. For both products, households are the major consumers, and the imposition of excise and other taxes on these products means that the alternative estimates are more accurate than the HES estimates which appear to understate household expenditure. 6.14 As a result, HES estimates are adjusted for under-reporting based on factors derived at the national level using National Accounts HFCE data. These national factors are applied to the HES expenditure estimates for each capital city. The 2015-16 HES has estimated expenditure for alcohol at a little under half, and tobacco at a little over one third of the respective National Accounts estimates. 6.15 As households do not always separately identify alcohol and meal expenditures when reporting expenditure on restaurant meals in the HES, a small adjustment is made using the proportion of reported meal expenditure that is alcohol, estimated from an analysis of HES unit records. Meal expenditure is reduced by the proportion of reported meal expenditure that is alcohol, with the difference included in expenditure on alcohol. This adjustment does not impact overall household expenditure. Recall adjustment 6.16 Some expenditures are collected in the HES as recalled items rather than as diary entries. The extent of the recall period varies. For some items, it is purchases in the last three months (most whitegoods, furniture and house repairs); last payment for general rates, electricity, and health services; and the last 12 months including motor vehicle purchase, motor vehicle repair and maintenance, education, overseas travel, and house alterations. To the extent that prices for these items change between the time that the household purchased them and their inclusion in the HES, expenditures will not accurately reflect the underlying quantities acquired during 2015-16. 6.17 No adjustments are made for any items where the recall period is the last three months since the adjustments would be small. Most items where the recall period is the last payment are typically those with a short billing cycle, often quarterly, or where there are options to pay periodically (e.g. local government rates). This leaves only a few items such as motor vehicle registration, overseas holiday travel, and education where expenditures could have been incurred up to twelve months before inclusion in the HES. Adjustments are made for these items. 6.18 The adjustment procedure for a recall period of twelve months is as follows. In the first quarter (Q1) of the HES reference year, the period potentially covered will be from the start of the corresponding quarter of the previous year (for those households selected in the first week of the HES reference year) through to the end of the first quarter of the reference year. Similarly, the pricing period for the households first included in the last week of Q1 in the reference year will commence in the last week of Q1 of the previous year. If expenditures are distributed uniformly over the period, then effectively expenditures in the reference quarter and the corresponding quarter of the previous year will only be half that for the intervening quarters. Thus, assigning weights of, say, one for the intervening quarters and 0.5 for the start and end quarters, we can derive a weighting pattern as shown below. This image illustrates the adjustment procedure for a recall period of twelve months. In the first quarter (Q1) of the HES reference year, the period potentially covered will be from the start of the corresponding quarter of the previous year through to the end of the first quarter of the reference year. The pricing period for the households first included in the last week of Q1 in the reference year will commence in the last week of Q1 of the previous year. If expenditures are distributed uniformly over the period, then expenditures in the reference quarter and the corresponding quarter of the previous year will only be half that for the intervening quarters. Therefore assigning weights of one for the intervening quarters and 0.5 for the start and end quarters, a weighting pattern is derived. 6.19 Thus the adjustment factor for items with a twelve-month recall for the 2015-16 HES is: $$\large \frac{\mathrm{(I_{S15}+I_{D15}+I_{M16}+I_{J16}) \times 0.25}}{\mathrm{(0.03 \times I_{S14}+0.09 \times I_{D14}+0.16 \times I_{M15}+0.22 \times I_{J15}+0.22 \times I_{S15}+0.16 \times I_{D15}+0.09 \times I_{M16}+0.03 \times I_{J16})}}$$ where $$\mathrm{I}_{S 15}$$ is the CPI index number for the expenditure class for the September quarter 2015 etc. Using the following hypothetical index numbers: $$\mathrm{I}_{S 14}=99 ; \mathrm{I}_{D 14}=100 ; \mathrm{I}_{M 15}=101 ; \mathrm{I}_{J 15}=102 ; \mathrm{I}_{S 15}=103 ; \mathrm{I}_{D 15}=104 ; \mathrm{I}_{M 16}=105 ; \mathrm{I}_{J 16}=106$$ The result of the above formula is: $$\large \frac{(103+104+105+106) \times 0.25}{(0.03 \times 99+0.09 \times 100+0.16 \times 101+0.22 \times 102+0.22 \times 103+0.16 \times 104+0.09 \times 105+0.03 \times 106)}=1.02$$ (which is the adjustment factor to be applied to the recalled price). 6.20 With a generally low rate of price change over 2014-15 and 2015-16, the adjustments made for recall were small. However, these adjustments can have a significant impact during periods of high inflation. Salary sacrifice 6.21 Salary sacrifice is an arrangement between an employee and employer whereby part of the employee's pre-tax cash salary is traded for non-cash benefits. Conceptually, these arrangements should be captured in both gross wages and salaries, and household expenditure. In the 2015-16 HES, the salary sacrifice question module collected detailed information on motor vehicles purchased via a salary sacrifice arrangement. In addition, respondents were instructed to exclude expenditure on motor vehicles and related items for those motor vehicles purchased through salary sacrifice from the motor vehicle question modules within the household questionnaire, to ensure no double counting. 6.22 The items that have been adjusted for salary sacrifice include motor vehicles. To ensure the expenditure on motor vehicles includes all motor vehicles purchases (i.e. including via salary sacrifice) some adjustment is needed to the relevant HES items. Therefore salary sacrifice amounts reported against vehicles are allocated to motor vehicle purchases, registration, insurance, motor vehicle repair and servicing, and automotive fuel. Outlier and aberrant expenditures 6.23 The HES data were compared across capital cities and over time to validate the 17th series expenditure at the expenditure class level. The HES expenditure in 2009-10 was revalued to 2015-16 dollars to derive the volume changes between the two HES reference years and compared to the 2015-16 HES. Any large differences were then investigated to see if they were valid. For example, there was a large rise in expenditures on rents between the 2009-10 HES and the 2015-16 HES. The increase was due to both a price and volume increase. The volume increase was driven by an increase in the proportion of people renting in Australia's capital cities. 6.24 A number of unit record adjustments were made, in particular to the smaller capital cities where HES sample sizes are smaller and, in general, the standard errors are larger. The outlier adjustment used was winsorisation, which involves replacing an unrepresentative expenditure by the next largest estimate. Where unit record outliers could not be identified, differences were further investigated. A small number of volume changes could not be validated, resulting in adjustments using either alternative volume data or based on market intelligence. Expenditures not sourced from HES 6.25 A summary of the CPI expenditure classes where HES data were not used for weighting purposes as part of the 17th series re-weight is provided below. From the December quarter 2018 onwards, the CPI will be re-weighted annually using Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data from the National Accounts. For details on the methods to be used under annual re-weighting, see the information paper: Increasing the Frequency of CPI Expenditure Class Weight Updates (cat. no. 6401.0.60.002). New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers 6.26 New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers in the CPI includes the 'net additions of household sector dwellings' as a measure of owner-occupier housing costs. This includes new homes (excluding land) and major improvements. Sales of houses that take place between households (generally established dwellings) are excluded so that the weights relate only to net additions to the housing stock arising from household purchases from other sectors (i.e. from businesses such as builders and developers). Expenditure on New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers comprises of four components: owner-occupied housing, first home owners' grants, alterations and additions, and installed appliances. 6.27 To derive the owner-occupied housing component, expenditure is estimated by multiplying the average value of private dwelling completions for 2015-16 by the change in the owner-occupied housing stock. The average value of private dwelling completions for 2015-16 is obtained from Building Activity, Australia (cat. no. 8752.0). The change in the owner-occupied dwelling stock is sourced from National Accounts HFCE estimates. 6.28 Consistent with standard practice relating to the inclusion of subsidies in the CPI, subsidies paid to first-home buyers are treated as negative expenditure and subtracted from the new dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers house acquisition expenditure. 6.29 Expenditure on alterations and additions is derived from the alterations and additions component of Private gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) from the National Accounts. Expenditure on installed appliances is sourced from HFCE data. Both items are added to the estimate for house acquisition to provide the total expenditure on New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers. Motor vehicles 6.30 The weight for motor vehicles is derived from National Accounts HFCE data. This weight reflects purchases of new cars, transfer of used cars to the household sector (from business or government) and the service fee from the transfer of second hand cars. Higher Education Loan Program (HELP) 6.31 Expenditure on higher education in the HES includes Higher Education Loan Program (HELP) payments made by households upfront plus any HELP repayments made through the taxation system during the reference period. This measure is not consistent with the concept of an acquisitions based CPI, where expenditures should reflect the cost to households of the education service acquired during the reference period. The CPI scope includes the actual payments made during the period (upfront payments) plus fees for education services acquired during the period but deferred to be paid at a later date. 6.32 To align the household expenditure on tertiary education fees in the CPI, HELP expenditures are calculated using data from the Department of Education and Training on total upfront and deferred fees, and the number of students paying HELP loans. Insurance 6.33 The Insurance EC covers comprehensive insurance for dwellings (including contents), motor vehicles and compulsory third party (CTP) insurance. For the purpose of measuring household price inflation, the weight for insurance in the CPI should reflect the cost of the service provided by insurers (gross premiums less claims), rather than the value of gross premiums paid. The latter is reported in the HES. 6.34 Expenditure on contents, motor vehicle and CTP insurance are derived from National Accounts HFCE data. The insurance for dwellings component is excluded from HFCE as it is considered intermediate consumption in the National Accounts. Expenditure on insurance for dwellings is instead sourced from National Accounts estimates of intermediate consumption of the Ownership of dwellings industry. These National Accounts estimates align with the conceptual basis of Insurance in the CPI. 6.35 Expenditures funded by claims are added back to the appropriate items. This data is also sourced from the National Accounts. Financial services 6.36 For most financial services, expenditure cannot be sourced from the HES as it is either not directly observable or the HES does not capture the transactions in sufficient volumes or detail. The Financial services sub-group includes two expenditure classes: Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) and Other financial services. Detailed information on Financial services in the 17th series CPI is contained in Appendix 3. Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) 6.37 Expenditure on Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) is determined through the use of administrative data sets (obtained from financial institutions and government reporting agencies) of financial institution fees and charges for Australian households. Other financial services 6.38 Other financial services include real estate agent services, legal and conveyancing services, stockbroking services, accounting services and taxes on property transfers (stamp duty). 6.39 The real estate fees component of the National Accounts Private GFCF ownership transfer costs series is used to derive expenditure on real estate agent services. 6.40 Expenditure on legal and conveyancing services is also derived from the Private GFCF ownership transfer costs series from National Accounts. 6.41 National Accounts HFCE data is used to derive an estimate of household expenditure on stockbroking services. 6.42 Expenditure on accounting services is derived from HES data. 6.43 Taxes on property transfers is compiled using estimates from Taxation Revenue, Australia (cat. no. 5506.0) and data supplied by the State and Territory Revenue Offices. 6.44 The ABS will investigate methodologies for other significant financial services that are currently not covered in the CPI (e.g. superannuation charges) and introduce them into the CPI when the ABS is satisfied that the methodology and data are sufficiently robust to produce high quality estimates. Revaluing expenditures to the link period 6.45 The expenditure weights derived from HES are based on expenditures (i.e. price x quantity) in 2015-16 (the weight reference period). This new expenditure pattern was not introduced into the CPI until the December quarter 2017 (with September quarter 2017 as the link period). Prior to implementation, in line with current CPI and international practice, the expenditures have been revalued to the September quarter 2017 to preserve the underlying quantities, but take into account the price changes that have occurred between the weight reference and link periods. 6.46 The calculation of the revalued estimates involves taking the 2015-16 expenditures and multiplying them by revaluation factors. These factors are derived as the ratio of the component's September quarter 2017 price index to the average of its quarterly price indexes for 2015-16. Adjustments for quantity shifts 6.47 Ideally, the CPI weights should be as up to date as possible and be broadly representative of the expenditure pattern that might be expected over the life of the index series. Thus, when the September quarter 2017 link was being introduced, it was necessary to consider whether any developments and policy changes between 2015-16 and the September quarter 2017 might have significantly affected the expenditure pattern and whether any revalued expenditures needed to be adjusted. 6.48 There were no major policy changes identified during this period that would have significantly changed volumes between 2015-16 and the September quarter 2017. 6.49 Items where expenditures were likely to have changed between 2015-16 and the September quarter 2017 were also investigated. This was the case with 'Audio, visual and computing equipment'. The 2015-16 HES data provided the latest information on household expenditure on these items which was price updated to the September quarter 2017. However for Audio, visual and computing equipment, this approach may lead to underestimation of the weight in the CPI due to the relatively high volume growth in the quality (size and features) of these high technology goods compared to other products in the CPI. Therefore, a volume increase of around 12% was calculated from the National Accounts HFCE components between 2015-16 and the September quarter 2017. 6.50 In most cases the adjustments to expenditure were made without compensating adjustments to other expenditure in the CPI basket. The implication is that changes in such expenditure were assumed to have come from or gone into savings. Lower level weights 6.51 Although the weights are expressed in terms of expenditure shares, it is not the expenditure shares (where expenditure is given by the product of quantity and price) that are held constant (or fixed) from period to period. What are held constant are the quantities of products underpinning these expenditures such as the number of litres of petrol purchased each period on average by households. Weights are presented in expenditure terms because it is not possible to present quantity weights in a meaningful way, e.g. the quantity of health services. The relative expenditure shares of items will change over time in response to changes in relative prices. 6.52 While the implicit quantity weights are held constant at the expenditure class level, the weights of items within an expenditure class (e.g. different types of bread) can be varied between periodic reviews to reflect changed purchasing patterns. Any weight changes are introduced into the CPI in such a way as to not affect the level of the index. 6.53 Information from reliable sources are used to assess the importance of one product relative to another. Sources include data collections from the ABS and other (both private and government) organisations, and other publications such as industry or market research reports. Information from the HES is also considered but, for the main part, is not sufficiently detailed or reliable at the lower levels of the CPI structure. For example, the HES data for types of appliances purchased would not be as reliable as industry sales data because of the small samples in the HES. The availability of transactions (scanner) data provides opportunities to use these data for weights at the lower level, particularly for the Food and non-alcoholic beverages group. 6.54 At the price sample or elementary aggregate level, there are no explicit weights. Rather, the price samples are constructed so they are self-weighting. For example, if there were a price sample for medium chocolate bars, and the major grocery outlets had 80% of these sales and convenience stores 20%, then the price sample would be selected so that for every price from a convenience store there are four prices from the major grocery outlets. Transactions data provides expenditure data at the elementary aggregate level which are used for weighting purposes. For more information see Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual. CPI weights using HFCE data for the 2018 update 6.55 HFCE measures expenditure by resident households on goods and services, whether the expenditure is made within the domestic territory or by Australian residents abroad, and expenditure by Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH). Conceptually, the measurement of HFCE aligns closely with the HES. HFCE data captures household expenditure, including the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Both HFCE and HES data cover expenditure by Australian households only and exclude expenditure by non-residents in Australia. 6.56 The HES is used as a major benchmark in the compilation of the HFCE series. Benchmarking is a technique used by National Accounts, where less frequent (higher quality) data sources are used to validate more frequent estimates of HFCE. The other major benchmark used for HFCE is the Retail and Wholesale Industries (cat. no. 8622.0). 6.57 The use of HFCE data for CPI weights has many potential benefits for both internal and external users of inflation statistics, including more representative weights while at the same time aligning with international recommendations. The use of HFCE data will ensure the continued production of a robust CPI; and provide greater coherence between macro-economic statistics within the ABS. 6.58 For the 2018 update, movements in the HFCE data for the years 2015-2016 to 2016-2017 have been applied to the 17th series (2017) weights, which were primarily derived from the HES. The approach for the 2018 update to re-weight the CPI and SLCIs can be summarised as follows: i. Align the HFCE data with the scope and classifications of the CPI and SLCIs at a detailed product level. This requires the removal of some components of HFCE (e.g. expenditure by Non Profit Institutions Serving Households). ii. Produce a concordance of the HFCE data to the Consumer Price Index Commodity Classification (CPICC). This provides HFCE data for each CPI expenditure class (EC) for the CPI and SLCIs. These first two steps result in HFCE data that has been aligned to the same concepts and scope of the CPI and SLCIs. iii. Calculate movements from 2015-16 to 2016-17 for the ‘HFCE aligned’ data from step (ii), and apply these movements to each CPI EC to update the expenditure values. iv. Price update the 2016-17 expenditure values for each CPI EC to the September quarter 2018. v. Re-scale the price updated expenditure values across all CPI ECs so they sum to 100.0 (i.e. expenditure shares). For more information on the 2018 CPI weight update refer to Information Paper: Introduction of the Consumer Price Index Weight Update, 2018 (cat. no. 6470.0.55.002) Sampling Introduction 7.1 To achieve the conceptual objective of measuring pure price changes over time, regular monitoring of the prices of goods and services acquired by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) population group is necessary. However, it is not possible in practice to price every single type or variety of good and service purchased by the CPI population group at each collection cycle. The ABS overcomes this practical problem by using purposive sampling procedures, where representative sets of goods and services are selected for regular pricing. Similarly, it is not practical to observe the prices of the selected goods and services in all retail outlets selling these items to the CPI population group. Again, the ABS uses purposive sampling to select a representative sample of outlets at which to price the selected items in each collection cycle. 7.2 With the availability of transactions (scanner) data, it is possible to include all items in some measures of price change. As of the December quarter 2017, the ABS has introduced new index methods, known as multilateral methods, for 28 ECs in the CPI. These methods enable a census of products to be used from transactions datasets and the weighting of prices at the product level, enhancing the quality of the CPI. For further detail on these methods, see Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual. 7.3 However, for other items in the CPI a sampling approach is required. Selecting the goods and services 7.4 The goods and services included in the CPI pricing samples are selected carefully to represent the range of types and varieties of goods and services bought by the CPI population group. Selection is made only after obtaining detailed information about the buying habits of the CPI population group, such as which varieties and brands of products are the largest selling types or which packaging sizes are most commonly purchased. This process involves extensive consultations with, for instance, retailers, manufacturers, importers, government authorities, and professional and trade associations. In selecting the items to be priced, the following factors are taken into consideration. • The importance of the expenditure class relative to the total CPI. In general, the more important the expenditure class, the larger the number of items priced. • The degree of homogeneity in the range of goods or services covered by the expenditure class. The more homogeneous the range, the fewer the number of price indicators required. • The extent to which the various products covered by an expenditure class are subject to different influences and cost pressures which are likely to result in disparate movements in prices. • The likelihood of the particular type of good or service continuing to be available on the market for a reasonable period of time. In general, it is preferable to price the same specific items for a reasonable length of time rather than having to change price indicators regularly when particular goods or services appear and then disappear after only a short time on the market. • The extent to which the item can be defined and described clearly and unambiguously to ensure that the selected goods or services can be priced to constant quality over time. For example, in pricing confectionery it is likely that packaged, brand name chocolates would be easier to price to constant quality over time than loose chocolates with no identifying brand name. • The availability of transactions data provides detailed item revenue data to enable evidence based selection of the highest revenue items. It also enables more timely replacement of items with falling revenues to newer items with increasing revenues. 7.5 After the items to be priced have been selected, detailed specifications are prepared to ensure that all staff involved in price collection and compiling the CPI have exactly the same understanding of which particular items are to be priced. For most goods, it is a straightforward matter of describing their characteristics. These may include brand name, material of composition, model number, style, size, and type of packaging. 7.6 It is generally more difficult to specify service items adequately because both quantity and quality are harder to describe. In addition, more detailed descriptions are usually required in the specifications for services in comparison to those for goods. For example, the specification for a can of tomato soup may consist of only two characteristics: the brand name, and the weight of the can. However, the specification for a travel service such as a bus fare would have three characteristics: the concessional status of the traveller (e.g. adult, student, child, pensioner); the specific bus route including the origin of the journey and its destination; and the time of the journey (e.g. peak or off-peak). 7.7 The most representative items for each city are selected for pricing. In many instances, items are available nationally, and are thus included in the sample for each of the capital cities. In these cases, items are described in sufficient detail to ensure that price collection staff are able to locate them. These items can be readily and clearly defined by characteristics such as make, model, and size as a specification for use nationally. 7.8 Where items aren't representative (or available) nationally, a generic description is provided in sufficient detail to ensure that ABS staff will be able to locate a matching item. The item selected should be representative for the particular city and its characteristics align to the generic description provided. Selecting the sample of outlets for pricing 7.9 Consumers purchase the goods and services priced in the CPI from a wide variety of retail outlets. Examples of these outlets include supermarkets, department stores, hotels, motor vehicle dealerships, doctors’ surgeries, electricity and gas shopfronts, travel agencies, schools, and child care centres. For every item selected for pricing, the main types of outlets from which the CPI population group buys the items need to be identified so that the ABS can select representative samples of these outlets. 7.10 In selecting outlets for inclusion in samples for the CPI, the following factors are taken into account. • The importance of the expenditure class relative to others in the CPI. In general, the more important the item is (i.e. the larger the expenditure weight), the larger the sample. • The number of suppliers of the good or service in the city concerned. Generally, the larger the number of suppliers, the larger the sample. In some cases, however, there may be only one supplier, such as a city council or transport authority. • The degree of dispersion in prices among outlets. Where the expected dispersion in prices is large, the sample should be large too. For example, a large sample of fruit and vegetables outlets is usually needed. However, with newspapers, a small sample is sufficient because standard prices are generally adhered to. • The geographical spread of outlets. As far as possible, the samples are selected to cover the main areas in which households from the CPI population group are known to make their purchases. • The ownership of retail chains. Large retail chains frequently have an Australia-wide or state-wide pricing policy. In these cases, pricing one outlet in the chain would be considered sufficient to obtain a representative estimate of price movement for that chain. • The availability of transactions data. Transactions data allows for full coverage of all stores within a city's metropolitan area to determine the average price paid for an item for a given month or quarter. Changes to outlet samples 7.11 The samples of respondents are reviewed regularly to ensure that they remain representative of the CPI population group's sources for purchases. Events such as company takeovers, new retailers entering the market, existing chain organisations opening new outlets, or new shopping complexes opening up can all lead to the need to change the samples of respondents so that they continue to be representative of the CPI population group's purchases. Changes to the sample of respondents or specifications are carried out using the splicing process discussed in Price Index Theory of this manual. Price collection Price collection procedures 8.1 Several modes of collection are used by the ABS to obtain prices for the Australian CPI, including: • personal visits; • online and telephone collection; and • administrative data, including scanner and transactions data. 8.2 Personal visits are made by trained and experienced ABS staff, who observe actual marked prices as well as discuss with the retailers matters such as discounts, special offers and volume-selling items on the day. ABS staff record this information using mobile devices. The regular personal visits also enable ABS staff to continually monitor market developments such as market shares or possible quality changes. This information is used in maintaining the representativeness of the samples and assessing quality change. 8.3 Once items have been selected for pricing, they are organised into groups called collections. Each collection contains products that are generally sold by outlets of the one type, or are usually located together within a store. An example of a collection would be a white goods collection. This would contain refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers and clothes dryers. Respondents in this collection are likely to sell the majority of these products and the products are usually located in the same area of the store. 8.4 The main benefits from grouping items into collections are: • maintaining representative samples is easier as generally all potential respondents are able to supply all prices; and • the effort required by ABS staff is minimised due to reduced visits. 8.5 The grouping of items into collections is pragmatic. This is done for similar reasons to ordinary consumers who normally avoid travelling large distances when they shop. Items are not formed into collections for ease of index estimation. The collection and use of prices for alcoholic drinks is a good example of this. Alcoholic beverages are sold in two ways: • as individual drinks for consumption on licensed premises; and • in containers for consumption off the premises. 8.6 Therefore, prices are collected for all types of alcoholic drinks from hotels and bottle shops and once collected the prices are categorised into beer, wine and spirits for use in index compilation, estimation and analysis. 8.7 The ABS does not use list prices or recommended retail prices without confirming that these are the actual prices paid by consumers. Special and discounted prices are taken into consideration when these are widely available to the consumer. An important test of whether these prices can validly be used in compiling the CPI is whether the items are of a quality identical to that in the item specifications (e.g. the items are not damaged or superseded stock). Another test is that the items are available in quantities sufficient for consumers to buy them on the pricing date (i.e. supplies are not limited to so-called early-bird shoppers, or purchases subject to some other restriction). 8.8 Although special and discounted retail prices are readily observable for most items, it is not necessarily so for large and expensive durables. Take motor vehicles as an example. The prices of motor vehicles may not be advertised widely and may be disguised with bonuses, trade-ins, factory cash-back offers and a package of extra features included for the list price of the vehicle. In these cases, substantial effort, including interviews with senior sales staff, is made to ensure that full particulars of the transactional prices are obtained. 8.9 Where prices are set centrally and do not vary by location, the prices are collected in one city only and used across multiple cities. This is known as national pricing and reduces collection costs through the re-use of prices across cities where appropriate. Postage charges (e.g. stamps) are a good example of national pricing. 8.10 Online pricing represents a more cost effective mode of collection with lower respondent burden compared to pricing through personal visits. As a result, online price collection is increasingly being used as it is becoming more common for prices in store to match the prices listed online. Prices are also collected online where this is the predominant method consumers use to purchase a particular good or service, for example, domestic and international airfares. 8.11 The ABS is increasingly using web scrapers to collect online prices. Web scraping is a technique employed to extract large amounts of data from websites. Prices can be collected as frequently as desired for all products using purpose-built programs that scan the websites of retailers, find the relevant information and store it in a time series. The process can be run automatically and as frequently as desired. Data collected via web scraping represents a 500 fold increase in the number of prices collected compared with manual price collection, providing an opportunity to significantly increase the sample of products and prices collected. 8.12 The ABS is also utilising transactions data as a method of obtaining prices for use in the CPI. Transactions data is high in volume and contains detailed information about individual transactions including: date of purchase, quantities purchased, product descriptions, and value of products purchased. In the case of retail outlets, transactions data are often obtained by ‘scanning’ the barcodes for individual products at electronic points of sale. 8.13 The benefits of transactions data are that it reduces collection costs and enhances the accuracy of the CPI by enabling products to be weighted by their economic importance, and increasing the frequency of price observations and the number of products priced. For further information on the use of transactions data in the CPI, refer to Use of Transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual. Missing observations 8.14 Sometimes it is not possible to collect the price of an item in a particular period. This can be caused by various circumstances, with a common one being that the item is out of stock in the outlet sampled. Paragraphs 4.66 - 4.69 in this manual describe several ways of dealing with temporarily missing price observations. The procedure most commonly used in the Australian CPI is to impute a movement for the missing item based on the price movements of the other items in the sample. The implicit assumption behind this procedure is that if it had been possible to collect the price of this item, its price would have changed in line with similar items. Mostly this is a reasonable assumption and will provide an acceptable outcome for the index. However, this method is inappropriate when a product has no close substitutes. In these cases, a more appropriate method of imputation is to repeat the previous price. Editing in the field 8.15 Editing commences during price collection. The mobile device used to collect prices has functions designed to help ABS staff edit the information as it is being collected. Examples of these edit checks are: • immediate calculation of the percentage change in price for the item; • a function for storing annotations about the price, such as notes from a discussion that they may have had with the store's staff about a change in the price; • a function for entering an edit symbol that describes the change in price. The edit symbol must be consistent with the price movement. For example, if a price fall for an item occurs because it is on special, the edit symbol accompanying the recording of the price will identify that this is the reason for the price fall; and • the ability to update the item descriptions if they have changed. Quality adjustment in the field 8.16 ABS staff are able to apply a quality adjustment and enter all the necessary information into their mobile devices. If ABS staff find that they do not have all the information needed to apply a quality adjustment, then the record is annotated and resolved later by price index analysts. Checking by price index analysts 8.17 The collected prices undergo further checking by the CPI staff responsible for compiling the index. Where prices are found to be unusual (for instance, where movements are not considered representative) or not within expectations (i.e. inconsistent with knowledge gained from other sources), they are generally referred back to the staff member who collected the price for verification. 8.18 Investigations are conducted to enable quality adjustments to be performed on records identified as having quality changes which were not immediately quantifiable during price collection. Pricing basis 8.19 The weighting pattern for the Australian CPI is based on the acquisitions concept (see Purposes and uses of consumer price indexes of this manual) and so for consistency the pricing of goods and services is also based on this conceptual approach. Mostly the acquisition of a good or service occurs at the same time as the payment and so any price movements are recorded then. There are some goods and services where payment for, and acquisition of, the good or service do not coincide. In these cases, prices are recorded at the time that the good or service is acquired, and not when the payment is made. Examples where this can happen include the following: • Goods and services invoiced periodically after consumption (such as electricity, telecommunications, and home-delivered newspapers). Price movements are introduced into the index calculation from the date at which the price change is effective. Providers are therefore approached for price information regularly to obtain current charges and dates of effect for planned price changes. • Goods and services paid for with loans (for instance, motor vehicles). For index purposes, the price recorded is the full transactional price of the product at the time of acquiring it. The method and timing of payment are irrelevant under an acquisitions approach. • Goods and services regularly paid for in advance (for instance, airfares, club memberships and magazine subscriptions). For index calculation purposes the price is included when the good or service is actually acquired (e.g. date of the flight for airline travel, or the commencement date for a magazine subscription) and not the date on which the payment is made. However, prices are collected at the time payment would normally be made. For example, a ticket for domestic airline travel is typically paid for about a month before the departure date. Therefore, prices are collected in June for a domestic flight travelling in July, and it is that price which is used in the September quarter CPI. Price collection frequency 8.20 Although the CPI is published quarterly, the frequency of price collection varies. Prices of goods and services that are considered to be volatile (i.e. likely to change more than once during a quarter) are collected more frequently. A few items are priced only once a year, either because that is the known frequency that prices are reviewed (e.g. council property rates) or because of seasonal availability (e.g. football matches). The general approach is to price each item as frequently as is necessary to ensure that reliable measures of quarterly price change can be calculated. The CPI groups 8.21 The remaining sections will describe in more detail the price collection methodology used in each of the eleven CPI groups. A brief description is provided of the group’s index structure, the items priced, the frequency of collection and the types of outlets from which the prices are collected. Collection issues specific to each group are also highlighted. Food and non-alcoholic beverages 8.22 This group includes all expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages purchased for human consumption (pet food, for example, is included in the Recreation and culture group). The Food and non-alcoholic beverages group accounted for 16.1% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017. Table 8.1 shows the structure of the Food and non-alcoholic beverages group, examples of the items priced and data sources. 8.1 Food and non-alcoholic beverages group index structure Group, sub-group and expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/sources of price information FOOD AND NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Bread and cereal products BreadBread and bread rolls, fresh or packaged.Supermarkets Cakes and biscuitsBiscuits, gingerbread, wafers, waffles, sweet muffins, cakes and tarts Breakfast cerealsCornflakes; muesli; oats Other cereal productsRice in all forms, including rice flour; maize, wheat, barley, oats, rye and other cereals in the form of grain; pasta products in all forms Meat and seafoods Beef and vealFresh, chilled or frozen beef and veal meatSupermarkets PorkFresh, chilled or frozen meat of swine; bacon and ham Lamb and goatFresh, chilled or frozen meat of lamb and goat PoultryFresh, chilled or frozen meat of poultry (chicken, duck, goose, turkey, guinea fowl) Other meatsDried, salted or smoked meat and edible offal (sausages, salami); minced meat Fish and other seafoodFresh, chilled or frozen fish and seafood (crustaceans and other shell fish); dried, smoked or salted fish and seafood Dairy and related products MilkPasteurized or sterilized milk; condensed, evaporated or powered milkSupermarkets CheeseCheese and curd Ice cream and other dairy productsIce-cream, yoghurt, cream, milk-based desserts and beverages Fruit and vegetables FruitFresh, chilled or frozen fruit; dried and canned fruitSupermarkets VegetablesFresh, chilled, frozen or dried vegetables; preserved or processed vegetables Food products n.e.c. EggsEggs; caged and free rangeSupermarkets Jams, honey and spreadsJams, marmalades, fruit purees and pastes; natural and artificial honey Food additives and condimentsSugar (unrefined, refined, powdered or cane sugar), artificial sugar substitutes; salt; spices, culinary herbs; sauces, condiments and seasonings Oils and fatsButter and butter products; margarine and other vegetable fats; edible oils; edible animal fats Snacks and confectioneryCorn and potato chips; nuts; chocolates, lollies; gum; water based ice confectionery Other food products n.e.c.Baby food; prepared meals (tinned food, frozen food or meals); prepared baking powders, baker’s yeast, soups, broths and stocks. Non-alcoholic beverages Coffee, tea and cocoaCoffee including decaffeinated and instant coffee, roasted or ground; tea; cocoa and chocolate-based powderSupermarkets Waters, soft drinks and juicesMineral or spring waters; soft drinks; fruit and vegetable juices Meals out and take away foods Restaurant mealsMeals eaten in restaurants, hotels and cafes offering full table serviceRestaurants, cafes, take away outlets (including outlets with tables) Take away and fast foodsTake away, delivered meals and fast food suitable for immediate consumption Specific issues Price collection 8.23 The majority of prices in this group are derived from transactions (scanner) data. For further information on how these prices are obtained, refer to Use of Transactions Data in the Australian CPI of this manual. For non-transactions data items, prices are collected quarterly. Areas requiring special pricing procedures Fruit and vegetables 8.24 Most fresh fruit and vegetables are priced throughout the year. Seasonal items, such as peaches, plums, grapes, mandarins and mangoes, are not available in all months of the year. One benefit of using a multilateral method for compiling price indexes for seasonal goods is that price comparisons can be made across several reference periods. The use of a multilateral method with a window size of five quarters (or more) allows such strongly seasonal items to make a contribution to the overall price index by matching items with temporary gaps in sales. Meals out and take away foods 8.25 Restaurant meals are priced at a variety of restaurant types with different levels of service and food styles. Entrees, main meals and desserts are priced separately; and to ensure adequate coverage, main meals based on several types of meat and vegetarian dishes and a variety of entrees and desserts, are priced. 8.26 Sometimes the distinction between an eat-in restaurant meal and a take away meal can be blurred. For example, some take away food establishments provide tables on their premises for customers to consume their food, despite their main business being a take away food outlet. A general rule used to distinguish between restaurant and take away meals is that table service is provided with restaurant meals. Where table service is not provided with meals consumed at the tables provided by an establishment, purchases will be treated as take away meals in the CPI. Seasonality 8.27 Fresh fruit and vegetables exhibit strongly seasonal pricing behaviours. When an item is out of season and unavailable, the price of the item is imputed based on changes observed in the prices of close substitutes or items in the same expenditure class. For example, citrus fruits consists of a variety of fruits including mandarins, oranges, lemons, limes, etc. If mandarins are out of season, then the price movement for citrus fruits is generated by changes in prices of other citrus fruits, effectively imputing the price of mandarins. Quality adjustments 8.28 Quality adjustments are frequently required for items priced within the Food and non-alcoholic beverages group. Food sold in packages (e.g. breakfast cereals) often undergo changes in package size. To ensure that these items are priced to constant quality, the collected prices are adjusted to remove the effects of these size changes. 8.29 Products in the Food and non-alcoholic beverages group are also subject to regular market innovations; for example, new ingredients added to a food product, or a new formula used for an established food item. In these cases, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether to treat the innovation as a quality adjustment to an existing product, or to assume that a new product has been put on the market. Generally, the choice of treatment will depend on analysis based on sales and market information and close monitoring of the modified products for an extended period. 8.30 The CPI compares the price movements of the same item from the same outlet each period. New brands or changes in consumer preferences towards generic brands are not treated as price change. Any difference in price levels between different branded items or outlets is treated as quality change. 8.31 Assessing the quality change in restaurant meals and take away foods can be very difficult as there is no reliable indicator of changes in the quality of the meals. Prices of meals tend to remain the same between one pricing period and another, but side salads and vegetables may be adjusted to meet seasonal availability, or the weight of cuts of meat in the meals may be varied because of price changes in the meat industry. ABS staff will note any changes of this nature where possible and will attach comments to the prices to highlight these situations so that quality adjustments can be made if considered necessary. 8.32 Another quality issue with restaurant meals and take away foods is the treatment of so-called meal deals. Although these are frequently the most popular product sold, the items in the meal deal are priced separately because identifying the quality change for the meal deal as a whole can often be difficult. For example, the items within the meal deal can be varied or the meal deal can be cancelled entirely and these changes would present problems in calculating price movements based on the constant quality concept. Many of these meal deals are promotions used to launch products and so new meal deals are only included in the list of items to be priced when they have a proven sales record or when they are the only option available to customers. Alcohol and tobacco 8.33 The Alcohol and tobacco group includes expenditure on all types of beverages containing alcohol such as beer, wine and spirits; and all products containing tobacco such as cigarettes, cigars and cigarette tobacco. The Alcohol and tobacco group accounted for 7.1% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017. 8.34 Table 8.2 shows the structure of the Alcohol and tobacco group, examples of items priced and the data sources. 8.2 Alcohol and tobacco group index structure Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO Alcoholic beverages SpiritsSpirits and liqueurs including pre-mixed spirits purchased in a bar, club, bottle shop or restaurantBars, clubs, bottle shops, supermarkets, convenience stores WineWine from grapes, wine from other fruits, fortified wines and cider purchased in a bar, club, bottle shop or restaurantRestaurants, clubs, bottle shops, supermarkets, convenience stores BeerAll kinds of beer such as ale and lager including low-alcoholic beer purchased in a bar, club, bottle shop or restaurantBars, clubs, bottle shops, supermarkets, convenience stores Tobacco TobaccoCigarettes and cigarette tobaccoSupermarkets Specific issues Price collection 8.35 Nearly all alcoholic beverages are priced monthly, whether they are consumed on the premises of the retailer or consumed elsewhere. The exception is alcoholic beverages purchased in restaurants because these prices tend to be more stable. Tobacco prices are derived from transactions data. Areas requiring special pricing procedures Alcoholic beverages 8.36 Alcoholic beverages are often sold on special where large discounts are offered on a few products for a short time only. Prices of alcoholic beverages are also affected by seasonal celebrations; for example, during the Christmas holiday period and the running of the Melbourne Cup. To ensure that price fluctuations caused by special prices and seasonal celebrations are captured in the CPI, all alcoholic beverages, except those sold in restaurants, are priced monthly. 8.37 The alcoholic beverages priced are selected according to geographical market share and purchasing patterns of the consumers. For example, Australian consumers' preference for particular brands of beer vary from city to city, and even within each city. Representative brands and items are selected for pricing based on an analysis of their local market shares. ABS staff seek advice from local retailers to determine which brands and items are most frequently purchased by consumers in the local area. Tobacco 8.38 The brands of cigarettes, and cigarette tobacco selected for pricing are based on their shares of the retail tobacco market. Excise duty on alcohol and tobacco 8.39 In accordance with the indexation provisions of the Excise Tariff Act 1921 and the Customs Tariff Act 1987, the rates of customs and excise duties on spirits and beer products are applied twice yearly and are based on movements of the CPI. The new rates take effect from 1 February and 1 August each year. Wine is taxed based on the Wine Equalisation Tax, which is currently a tax of 29% of the wholesale value of wine. 8.40 For tobacco, excise increases take effect from 1 March and 1 September each year, based on the ABS rate of average weekly ordinary time earnings (AWOTE). A temporary additional increase in the tobacco excise of 12.5% commenced on 1 December 2013 and then annually on 1 September. Any price change caused by the change in the rate of customs or excise duty is collected as part of the general price movement of alcoholic and tobacco products. Quality adjustment Alcoholic beverages 8.41 Prices of alcoholic beverages are adjusted where necessary to ensure that price comparisons are on a constant quality basis. Producers of alcoholic beverages will sometimes make no changes to the prices of their products, but will make specification changes that will affect the quality of these products. Examples of these changes include changing the alcoholic content or making changes to the volume. Quality adjustments are made to take into account these specification changes to ensure that the concept of pricing to constant quality is maintained. However, no quality adjustment is made to wine for changes in its alcoholic content as this depends on the fermentation process and the climate during the growing season. Tobacco 8.42 Prices of cigarettes are quality adjusted where necessary and quality is measured by the brand, type and package size. If a significant change in the tobacco content of a particular specification is identified, the price will be adjusted to remove the effect of the quality change. Clothing and footwear 8.43 The Clothing and footwear group includes expenditure on clothing, footwear, accessories such as watches and jewellery and services such as dry cleaning and shoe repair services. The Clothing and footwear group accounted for 3.6% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017. 8.44 Table 8.3 shows the structure of the Clothing and footwear group, examples of items priced and the data sources. 8.3 Clothing and footwear group index structure Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR Garments Garments for menGarments for men in all materials for everyday wear, sport or work including men’s suits, jumpers, jeans, business and casual shirts, t-shirts and swimwear; men’s briefs, pyjamas and socksDepartment stores, discount clothing stores, specialty menswear stores, sports stores Garments for womenGarments for women in all materials for everyday wear, sport or work including dresses, blouses, suits, jeans and coats; women’s bras, briefs, nightwear, lingerie and hosieryDepartment stores, discount clothing stores, specialty women's clothing stores Garments for infants and childrenGarments for infants and children in all materials for everyday wear or sport including baby clothes, children’s jeans, shorts, t-shirts, socks and underwearDepartment stores, discount clothing stores, speciality children's clothing stores Footwear Footwear for menAll footwear for men including sports footwear for everyday leisure wear; excludes game specific footwear such as ski boots or football bootsDepartment stores, specialty shoe stores, sports stores Footwear for womenAll footwear for women including sports footwear for everyday leisure wear; excludes game specific footwear such as ski boots or football bootsDepartment stores, specialty shoe stores, sports stores Footwear for infants and childrenAll footwear for children and infants including sports footwear for everyday leisure wear; excludes game specific footwear such as ski boots or football bootsDepartment stores, specialty shoe stores, sports stores Accessories and clothing services AccessoriesItems complementary to clothing including hats, wallets, non-prescription sunglasses, watches, luggage and jewelleryDepartment stores, specialty luggage stores, jewellery stores Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing and footwearClothing and footwear services including dry cleaning, shoe repairs and dressmakingSpecialty shoe repair stores, dry cleaners, laundromats Specific issues Price collection Garments 8.45 The prices of most items of clothing are collected monthly due to short product life cycles. Prices observed during clearance sales are ignored unless the product concerned is available in sufficient quantities for all prospective customers on the day. 8.46 Much of women’s seasonal clothing depends on fashion, which changes significantly from season to season. The individual specifications have been defined to enable ABS staff to identify the correct type of garment each period. Any quality variations of the new season's stock are assessed as part of the monthly price analysis. Price statisticians endeavour to quantify any changes to the utility of the garment and adjust as necessary. New seasonal garments from the same outlet that match the product specification (e.g. women's T-shirt, generic brand, 100% cotton), but contain fashion changes are treated as directly comparable to the previous product as the overall utility of the garment is unchanged. Footwear 8.47 The range of footwear priced includes business shoes, casual and fashion footwear, school shoes and sports shoes. Prices are collected quarterly from specialist footwear retailers and from large department stores and sports stores with footwear sections. Accessories and clothing services 8.48 Accessories comprise personal effects such as jewellery, watches, wallets, suitcases and backpacks. Examples of items classified under clothing services are dry cleaning and shoe repairs. Prices of items in this sub-group are collected quarterly by ABS staff at retail outlets such as jewellers, department stores and clothing repairers. 'Special' prices 8.49 Sale or special prices for items of clothing are acceptable for the CPI provided • the item is not being discontinued; • a full size and colour range is available; • the special price requires no reciprocal commitment from the customer (e.g. to make a bulk purchase); and • the promotional price applies for the full day. 8.50 Specials on clothing and footwear may be offered because the item is being discontinued. In these cases, where there is only a limited range of the product available at the sale price, the drop in price is ignored, as it would not be representative of genuine price changes. Specials are closely monitored, especially to check whether the prices are widely available across the range of the product or limited to certain items only. Seasonal items 8.51 A significant proportion of clothing items are seasonal. As a result, each quarter there are many prices that need to be imputed for out-of-season items. Prices for these out-of-season items are moved in line with changes observed in prices of similar items that are available. Sample selection and maintenance 8.52 Clothing respondents are largely selected and weighted using a top-down approach. The initial phase of this process is to identify and weight market niches for the different ranges of clothing. Outlets such as retail chains and store franchises are then chosen to represent those niches based on their market shares. This approach allows the ABS to maintain a stable structure of retail clothing stores. However, the clothing specifications are under continual review as many of these products have short life cycles. Quality adjustment 8.53 Quality adjustments are very difficult as there are frequent changes in fashion, fabrics, makes and brands. The principal difficulty faced by the ABS is the high frequency of stock turnover for fashion garments and the potential difficulty assessing each instance of possible quality change. Moreover, because changes in garments are so frequent, retailers are likely to time price changes (particularly price increases) to coincide with the introduction of a new range. This retailing practice is problematic from a CPI perspective because specification changes often appear significant enough to require detailed assessment to measure price change on a constant quality basis. However, genuine quality changes (i.e. not those that are purely cosmetic) are typically marginal and typically much less than the price changes that occur at the same time (usually because of discounting of garments that are about to be superseded). So although prices for garments have a tendency to move around abruptly and unevenly, the genuine quality changes that often punctuate these price changes tend to be insignificant. If a new item matches the same specification (e.g. women's fashion top, same brand and from the same outlet) then no quality adjustment is applied. If there is a major change in the quality of clothing priced in the CPI observed by ABS staff, quality adjustments are required. Housing 8.54 The Housing group includes all expenditure on rents, utilities, purchase of new dwellings (excluding land) and other expenditures on shelter-related goods and services. The Housing group accounted for 22.7% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017. 8.55 Table 8.4 shows the structure of the Housing group, examples of items priced and the data sources. 8.4 Housing group index structure Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection HOUSING Rents RentsRentals actually paid to private or government landlords, including housing authorities, by tenants or subtenants occupying unfurnished or furnished premises as their main residenceReal estate agents, State housing authorities, Centrelink, Department of Defence (in Darwin) New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiersNew dwellings (excluding land) and major improvements to existing dwellings and fixed appliances such as cooling and/or heating systems, dishwashers, hot water systems and ovensProject house builders, quantity surveyors, hardware stores, specialist gas and electricity shopfronts, department stores, electrical and appliance stores Other housing Maintenance and repair of the dwellingProducts and materials, such as paints and varnishes, renderings, plaster etc., purchased for minor maintenance and repair of the dwelling; services of plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters etc. engaged for minor maintenance and repair of the dwellingBuilding suppliers, hardware stores, ABS data Property rates and chargesState and local council property based rates and charges except water and sewerageCity and suburban councils Utilities Water and sewerageWater supply and sewerage chargesCity councils, water authorities ElectricityElectricity supply and usage chargesElectricity providers in each capital city Gas and other household fuelsSupply and usage charges for mains and bottled gas, and other household fuels such as firewood.Gas providers, private wood suppliers, fuel companies Specific issues Price collection Rents 8.56 This sub-group covers payments made by households as rent for both privately owned and government-owned dwellings. Rental payments for holiday homes are excluded as these are classified under Domestic holiday travel and accommodation in the Recreation and culture group. Prices for a sample of rented dwellings within each capital city are collected every quarter, with the sample stratified according to location, dwelling type and size of dwelling based on the most recent Census of Population and Housing. 8.57 Rental payments for privately owned dwellings in the metropolitan areas of each capital city are obtained from real estate agents under a matched sample approach, i.e. prices are collected for the same sample of private rental dwellings every quarter. 8.58 Government rents charged to pensioners and other welfare recipients are set as a proportion of income. As these incomes are known, rents for government-owned properties are derived from information provided by the state and territory housing authorities. Consequently, price movements can be readily estimated. Occasionally, the proportion used to set rents for government-owned dwellings changes. Again this is public knowledge and is readily available for use in estimating price movements. Utilities 8.59 Electricity, gas, water and sewerage charges are obtained quarterly from energy providers and local councils, and both concessional and standard rates are priced. Current charges are applied to estimates of annual consumption of electricity, gas and water to derive the annual payment in the current quarter's prices. Connection fees, delivery and similar charges are included as part of the price of the utility service. Governments and councils occasionally impose levies on customers of these services as a means of raising money for some possibly unrelated services such as ambulance services. As these levies are considered an inescapable cost of obtaining the original service they are counted as a part of the cost of the original service. 8.60 Prices for other household fuels (such as firewood and bottled gas) are collected quarterly from retail outlets selling these products. New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers 8.61 Pricing of detached house purchases is limited to transactions in newly constructed owner-occupied houses. Project home builders are approached to obtain prices for specified types and models of project homes. The types of project homes selected are those most commonly constructed in each capital city. For marketing purposes, many builders provide bonus deals which can include upgrades to fittings, extra features, or even extra rooms. These bonuses change frequently and, because of this, new homes are priced monthly. 8.62 From the March quarter 2017, the CPI includes the measurement of price change for attached dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers. For apartments the method used is the component cost approach plus the change in the margin faced by the consumer. The component cost approach is based on the principle that the price change for a product is determined by the price change of the components (or inputs) that are used in the production of the product. In this case a quarterly movement for each capital city is sourced from the Producer Price Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6427.0) output series Other residential building construction. For the measurement of price change of semi-detached dwellings, such as townhouses, this is sourced from the existing CPI series for detached houses, as their price change more closely resembles that of detached houses rather than large scale apartment construction projects. For more information on these changes, see the feature article Measuring Price Change of Attached Dwellings in the CPI, Dec 2016 (cat. no. 6401.0). 8.63 Extensions and renovations are conceptually part of this expenditure class, but no prices specifically relating to these activities are collected as their prices are assumed to move similarly to those of new houses. However, expenditure on extensions and renovations is included in the weight for this expenditure class. Other housing 8.64 Property rates and charges are normally set using a rating year and so are only priced annually. Examples of items priced are general rates, garbage charges and council levies. Where concessional and standard rates exist, both rates are priced. 8.65 Prices for house repairs and maintenance work performed by tradespeople are not collected as prices for complete tasks. Rather, price movements for materials are obtained by pricing various materials used in house repair and maintenance, and the labour component is estimated using data from Wage Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0). Subsidies 8.66 Some classes of home buyers (e.g. first home buyers) may be eligible for government subsidies directly related to the house purchase. Adjustments are made to the prices collected to reflect the differing transactional prices paid by different types of home buyers. 8.67 Subsidies received by households on rents and utilities are included in the CPI. Therefore any increase or decrease in subsidies or concession rates will be shown as a price change. 8.68 Social security recipients who rent privately owned dwellings can claim Commonwealth Rent Assistance (CRA). The average payment of recipients is based on the average movements of privately owned rents and applied across the capitals. The amount of assistance received is determined according to each family’s circumstances and the amount of rent they pay above a threshold. As CRA is a subsidy directly related to the rents of privately owned dwellings, it is in scope of the CPI. In accordance with the indexation provisions of the Social Security Act 1991, rental thresholds and maximum assistance rates are updated in March and September each year in line with movements in the CPI. Price movements in rents paid by households receiving CRA will reflect the timing of these updates. During other periods of the year, the price movements for those households receiving CRA will broadly align with price changes for private rents. Quality 8.69 Conceptually, when a change in the quality of a rented dwelling occurs (e.g. a capital improvement - such as a new garage - is made to the dwelling) a price adjustment will be required to account for the quality change. Information to assist in making adjustments for these quality changes is obtained from the real estate agents who supply the price. Collecting information on quality changes for government-owned rented dwellings has not been feasible because the improvement in quality is usually not directly reflected in the rental charges. In practice, the effect of the quality change is deemed to be minor and no quality adjustments are applied to government-owned rented dwellings. 8.70 Significant maintenance tasks on rented dwellings (for instance, the laying of new carpet) are normally carried out infrequently. Hence the rental increases to recover these costs occur irregularly rather than continuously. Since the work was carried out to return the dwelling to its original standard and, given that no quality adjustments are made to take account of the deterioration of the dwelling, some large increases in rents are accepted without any quality adjustment. 8.71 Quality adjustment of house purchases involves accurately representing the utility to consumers of bonuses offers. For example, a project home that has10,000 worth of upgrades offered for free versus $10,000 worth of upgrades offered for an extra$3,000 will immediately have a different take up rate by consumers. Full acceptance of the first offer is likely and less for the second. Also, what is being offered as a bonus needs to be taken into account. If the bonus item is an upgrade of a necessary inclusion for a new home then it is determined if the bonus is of genuine utility to the customer. Where an item is identified as a genuine bonus, the advertised value of the item is reduced to the market value and removed from the project home value.
8.72 Utilities prices are calculated based on the change in total cost for a fixed amount of consumption in each period. No quality adjustments are generally applied, but any change in average household consumption is excluded from price change.
Furnishings, household equipment and services
8.73 The Furnishings, household equipment and services group covers expenditure on all goods and services used in the operation and regular use of dwellings; plus personal goods and services, including those delivered outside the home. The Furnishings, household equipment and services group accounted for 9.4% of the expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.74 Table 8.5 shows the structure of the Furnishings, household equipment and services group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.5 Furnishings, household equipment and services group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES
Furniture and furnishings
FurnitureSofas, couches, tables, chairs, beds, mattresses, chests of drawers, bookshelves, wardrobesFurniture stores, department stores, BBQ and outdoor specialty stores
Carpets and other floor coveringsLoose carpets, fitted carpets, linoleum, timber floorboards, tiles; excludes bathroom mats, rush mats and door matsFurniture stores, carpet and tile specialists, fabric stores, department stores
Household textiles
Household textilesFurnishing fabrics, curtains, fabric blinds; bed linen such as sheets, pillowcases, blankets and table linen and bathroom linen, such as tablecloths and towelsDepartment stores, homewares stores, fabric stores
Household appliances, utensils and tools
Major household appliancesPurchase, hire and repair of all major household appliances not permanently fixed such as refrigerators, freezers, washing machines and dryers.Department stores, furniture stores, electrical and appliance stores
Small electric household appliancesPurchase, hire and repair of all smaller household appliances such as food processing appliances, coffee machines, kettles, irons, toasters and grills, juice extractors and deep fryersDepartment stores, furniture stores, electrical and appliance stores
Glassware, tableware and household utensilsGlassware, crystal ware, ceramic ware and china ware; cutlery; non-electric utensils (saucepans, frying pans, pressure cookers); non-electric household articles such as containers, waste bins and laundry basketsDepartment stores, homewares stores, supermarkets
Tools and equipment for house and gardenMotorized and hand tools such as electric drills, saws, lawnmowers, screwdrivers, wrenches and spanners; garden tools such as wheelbarrows, spades, shovels; ladders; door fittings (hinges, handles and locks)Department stores, hardware stores
Non-durable household products
Cleaning and maintenance productsDetergents, dishwashing detergents and tablets, disinfectant, bleaches, softeners, stain remover; floor wash and polishes; general purpose cleanersSupermarkets
Personal care productsNon-electric appliances such as razors, nail files, combs, hairbrushes, toothbrushes; products for personal hygiene including soap, shampoo and bathing products, nappies and body deodorants; beauty products such as makeup and nail varnishSupermarkets
Other non-durable household productsCloths, kitchen paper, toilet paper, baking parchment roll, aluminium foil; garbage bags; matches; batteries; clothes pegs and clothes hangers; garden supplies such as fertiliser and potting mixSupermarkets
Domestic and household services
Child careFull-time and part-time care of children by either community, private or family based day careCommunity and private child care centres, family day care providers
Hairdressing and personal grooming servicesServices of hairdressing salons, barbers; facial beauty treatments, manicures, pedicures, saunas; tattoo and piercing servicesHairdressing and beauty salons
Other household servicesDomestic services supplied by paid staff such as butlers, cooks, maids, drivers and gardeners; household services such as window cleaning, disinfecting and pest exterminationHouse cleaning, gardening and pest control service providers
Specific issues
Price collection
8.75 All products covered by this group are priced quarterly. Large products (such as lounge suites, beds and refrigerators) are normally offered with an extra charge for home delivery. For CPI purposes, these delivery fees are included in the price of the article as for most consumers they are an inescapable cost of purchasing these items.
8.76 Household services are often charged by the hour. This is not an appropriate pricing measure for CPI purposes, as it makes no allowance for improvements in the efficiency of service provision. Respondents are requested to provide prices for completed jobs to overcome this problem. The chosen task is re-priced for the same type of client every quarter. Prices for both casual and permanent clients are obtained.
8.77 Prices obtained for child care services cover full-time and part-time care. Respondents are selected from each of the community based, private company, and family based day care sectors of the industry.
Subsidies
8.78 From 2 July 2018, the Child Care Benefit (CCB) and the Child Care Rebate (CCR) was replaced by the Child Care Subsidy (CCS). Parents with children in approved care may be eligible to claim the CCS and reduce their out of pocket expenses. The ABS, in line with existing practices, model and adjust payments annually to reflect changes in subsidy rates, and quarterly to reflect changes in aggregate income levels using data from Wage Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0). The CCS directly relates to child care services, therefore the price of child care in the CPI is equal to the gross fee payable by the parents, less the amount of CCS that they receive.
8.79 Furniture presents a problem in pricing to constant quality as, for example, the quality of construction may change, but may not be noticeable from a casual inspection. Fashion also plays a large part in new models without modifying the practical utility of the product to the consumer. Without a change in utility, changes in fashion do not result in prices being adjusted for quality changes.
8.80 Products such as cleaning agents often have their formulas changed and as a result their prices change. If the change to formulas is driven by legislation (e.g. changes to poisons laws to improve child safety) then no adjustment to prices for quality is made. Similarly, if the change to the product is for the benefit of the community (e.g. introduction of biodegradable cleaning agents) then no adjustment for quality is made. Quality adjustment is only made where there is a demonstrated change in the efficiency of the product to perform the service for which it is purchased.
8.81 Services, including those provided to households, are hard to price to a constant quality. To meet CPI requirements, respondents are asked to select a property and to provide a costing for the provision of a completed job for a popular service to that property. This overcomes problems with simple measures such as hourly rates (where, for example, more experienced people can perform a given task more quickly).
8.82 Hairdressing and personal grooming services are difficult to adjust for changes in quality. For example, trying to assess the change in the quality of a haircut is very subjective. As a result, quality adjustments are rarely applied to personal care services.
8.83 Changes in the quality of child care are also difficult to assess because of the subjective nature of measuring effects such as changes in experienced staff and changes in the carer to child ratio. Therefore, no quality adjustments are made for these changes.
Health
8.84 The Health group includes all expenditure relating to health goods and services. The Health group accounted for 5.4% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.85 Table 8.6 shows the structure of the Health group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.6 Health group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
HEALTH
Medical products, appliances and equipment
Pharmaceutical productsPrescription medicines, vaccines and treatments, cold-relief products, vitamins, band-aids, antiseptic, sunscreen and skin treatmentDepartment of Human Services, Medicare Australia, pharmacies, supermarkets and grocery stores, other retail outlets
Therapeutic appliances and equipmentCorrective eyeglasses and contact lenses, hearing aids, neck braces, crutches and electronic and other devices for monitoring blood pressure etc.; repair of such articles; includes dentures but not fitting costsEyewear retail outlets
Medical, dental and hospital services
Medical and hospital servicesConsultations of physicians in general or specialist practice and hospital charges; medical insuranceDepartment of Human Services, Medicare Australia, medical clinics, health insurance providers, hospitals, optometrists
Dental servicesServices of dentists, oral hygienists and other dental auxiliaries including fitting costs of denturesDental clinics
Specific issues
Price practices
8.86 With the exception of health insurance, items covered by this group are priced quarterly. Health insurance prices are collected annually. Gross prices are recorded for services not subsidised; e.g. physiotherapy, chiropractic and hospital services. The prices collected for subsidised services such as hospital and medical services, optical services and purchases of medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) are recorded as net prices (i.e. gross prices less any subsidies). Dental services are priced as advertised by the dental practice. Pharmaceutical products not specified under the PBS are priced using their actual (gross) prices as displayed in the store. Purchase of corrective eyewear including contact lenses and spectacles are recorded at full retail prices.
8.87 Health insurance is included in the Health group because it relates to health services and medical service costs can be readily substituted with health insurance costs. Conceptually, the cost of the insurance service charge should be recorded with other non-life insurances within the Insurance and financial services group. However, this is not practicable due to difficulties in estimating the insurance service charge component of the observed price (i.e. gross insurance premium less any claims). Refer to the Insurance and financial services group for more information.
Areas requiring special pricing procedures
8.88 Under the PBS, consumers pay a standard, subsidised price for medicines until they reach a specified level of expenditure (the safety net threshold) during a calendar year. Once this limit is reached, all further purchases of medicines are at a greatly reduced price. Some groups of consumers eligible for concessional prices (e.g. age pensioners) are required to satisfy much smaller safety net provisions and are entitled to pay a concessional price until the safety net is exceeded, at which point PBS medicines are free. Therefore, concessional prices are part of the price sample and are used in index estimation. Price information for prescribed medicines covered by the PBS is obtained from the Department of Human Services (DHS). The prices are weighted according to the progressive number of drug prescriptions sold at the reduced prices during the four quarters of the year. As a greater proportion of the population exceeds the PBS safety net through the year, the ratio of reduced prices to standard prices increases, leading to a distinct seasonal pattern in price movements for PBS drugs.
8.89 Medical services subject to subsidies under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) are measured using administrative data from the DHS. The sample of services measured in the CPI includes those deemed as representative of the reference population. Data are obtained quarterly and includes pricing data for services provided, bulk billing and rebate information for each service. Medicare rebates are reviewed annually with the new rebates introduced on 1 November of each year. Net prices are calculated by the ABS accounting for all subsidies and safety net rebates.
Subsidies
8.90 Some health services are subsidised under the Medicare rebate scheme and these subsidies are factored in during the pricing of health care services for the CPI. Data relating to the amount of subsidies for health services are obtained quarterly to enable the subsidised prices to be calculated.
8.91 The quality of many health care goods and services is constantly improving, and these improvements should be taken into account during pricing to maintain the concept of pricing to constant quality. Where possible, the price collected is for a health service rather than an hourly rate to account for some quality change. Unfortunately, identifying and quantifying quality change in health care services is often quite difficult in practice; and so the prices collected for health care services are normally not adjusted for changes in quality unless the change is significant, and there are reasonable means of quantifying the quality change.
Transport
8.92 The Transport group includes all expenses related to owning and operating private motor vehicles and travel by public transport within the capital cities. It does not cover public transport used for intercity travel: this is covered in the Recreation and culture group. The Transport group accounted for 10.3% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.93 Table 8.7 shows the structure of the Transport group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.7 Transport group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
TRANSPORT
Private motoring
Motor vehiclesPurchase of new cars and motor cycles, including long term hire/lease; service fee for the transfer of cars such as stamp duty feesCar dealerships and motorcycle dealerships
Spare parts and accessories for motor vehiclesTyres (new or used), inner tubes, spark plugs, batteries, shock absorbers, filters, pumps and other spare parts or accessories purchased separatelyCar dealerships, car part and accessories stores, tyre stores, department stores, convenient stores, petrol stations
Maintenance and repair of motor vehiclesServices purchased for the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles (includes the cost of labour and the cost of materials)Insurance companies, motor vehicle service centres, mobile automotive mechanics
Other services in respect of motor vehiclesMotor vehicle registration, roadworthiness tests, driver licence fees, parking fees, driving lessons and tollway chargesCarparks, city councils and other government bodies
Urban transport fares
Urban transport faresBus, train, ferry, tram, taxi and ride-sharing fares, not for holiday travelGovernment transport authorities; taxi, bus, train and tram companies, private bus companies
Specific issues
Price collection
8.94 Prices for all goods and services in the Transport group are collected quarterly, except for motor vehicles and automotive fuel.
8.95 Prices of new cars are collected monthly. Cars included in the price sample cover a broad selection of two and four wheel drive models across the spectrum of prices. All taxes and levies on the purchase of a car, other than vehicle registration and compulsory third party insurance, are added to the price of the motor vehicle as they are inescapable costs of purchasing the vehicle. Registration is included in the Other motoring charges expenditure class and comprehensive and compulsory third party insurance are included in the Insurance expenditure class in the Insurance and financial services group.
8.96 Automotive fuel prices are obtained from administrative data of advertised prices in each capital city. Prices from outlets across all areas of each capital city are obtained each day, including weekends and public holidays. Prices are recorded for a range of automotive fuel types.
Areas requiring special pricing procedures
8.97 Motor vehicles are very seldom sold at the recommended retail (or list) price. There is often a bonus of some kind offered (e.g. free air conditioning, a drive away price, or a heavily discounted accessories package) as part of the deal, or just simple haggling over the price. Since actual transactional prices are required for the CPI, ABS staff determine an estimate of the average value of these deals from discussions with car dealers.
8.98 To price public transport, fares for a sample of representative journeys are collected, in preference to prices of various ticket types or zones. A mix of ticket types (e.g. single, periodical, concessional and multi trip tickets) is then used to price these journeys.
8.99 Whenever any specification change is made to a vehicle that affects its motoring performance, economy, comfort, safety, or durability, an adjustment should be made to the car’s reported price. In practice, these quality adjustments are made at the time that new models are released.
8.100 Quality adjustments for motor vehicles are based on consumer utility and measures are derived from a variety of sources, including:
• Industry conducted market research to determine consumers’ perceived values for new accessories or improved feature; and
• Price lists for options which may in future be offered as standard accessories.
8.101 Consistency of adjustment practices is maintained across vehicles and over time, but allowance is made for changing community perceptions of utility
8.102 To determine the value of bonus offers and quality adjustments, the ABS uses a variation of the Delphi method. This method accommodates the broad range of utility values that occur within the household consumer population. Once a dollar value is determined, the amount is applied to the price of the new vehicle. For bonus offers, the price in the current period is adjusted downward while the bonus is offered. For quality adjustments, the price of the previous model is adjusted upwards. In both cases, the difference between the two quarterly prices is reduced as a result of the adjustments.
8.103 No adjustments are made to prices for public transport for changes in the quality of the service, such as improved or degraded timetables, better seating, or the addition of air conditioning to public buses.
Communication
8.104 The Communication group covers all expenditure on postal services and telecommunication equipment and services. The Communication group accounted for 2.7% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.105 Table 8.8 shows the structure of the Communication group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.8 Communication group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
COMMUNICATION
Communication
Postal servicesPayments for the delivery of letters, postcards and parcels; private mail and parcel delivery (includes stamps and prepaid postage envelopes)Postal and courier services companies
Telecommunication equipment and servicesPurchases of telephones and mobile phones including smart phones; devices with several functions but mainly used for telephone functionalities such as smart watches; installation and subscription costs of telephone equipment; local, regional, national and international calls from fixed and mobile telephones (includes voice, video calls, written and image messages); internet and broadband servicesTelecommunication service providers, internet service providers, electronic goods retailers
Specific issues
Price collection
8.106 Prices for postal services are collected quarterly. They cover a range of postal charges including those for standard letters, parcels in the most common sizes, and international mail. The prices are collected centrally as the charges apply nationally.
8.107 Prices for telecommunication equipment such as mobile phone handsets are collected monthly from retailers selling these devices.
8.108 Prices for telecommunication services are also collected centrally as prices for particular services normally do not vary between cities. Administrative data are used in pricing the services components of the telecommunication index. Revenue and quantity data are received from telecommunication providers covering a range of mobile, fixed telephone and internet services (e.g. mobile voice calls, SMS, ADSL, NBN). These data are used to calculate a unit value, essentially an average price for the service, by dividing the revenue measure by the corresponding quantity measure. The use of this approach captures the various pricing structures employed by telecommunications providers, including prepaid and contract plans, as well as bundling arrangements. The methodology used in the Australian CPI for telecommunication services closely follows the unit value approach described in section 10.105 - 10.107 of the international CPI Manual (ILO, 2004).
8.109 Quality change from variations in plan inclusions by telecommunication service providers is captured through the use of the unit value approach. For example, if the level of service increases by the way of more call minutes, and the price does not change, this will be reflected in the unit value decreasing, and a price fall being recorded.
8.110 It is more difficult to account for technological advances in the telecommunication industry, such as the progression from 3G to 4G mobile telecommunications technology. In these cases, the ABS attempts to obtain lower level information from providers with which to make an adjustment.
Recreation and culture
8.111 All expenditure on recreational products, sporting and recreational activities and holiday travel and accommodation is in the Recreation and culture group. The Recreation and culture group accounted for 12.7% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.112 Table 8.9 shows the structure of the Recreation and culture group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.9 Recreation and culture group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
RECREATION AND CULTURE
Audio, visual and computing equipment and services
Audio, visual and computing equipmentTelevision sets; DVD player; home theatre systems; radios, portable sound and vision devices, cameras; desktop and laptop computers, tablets, printers; calculatorsElectrical and appliance stores, department stores, online retailers
Audio, visual and computing media and servicesMedia including pre-recorded DVDs, CDs, memory cards and sticks; discs for photographic use; computer software; pay television; repair of audio, visual and computer equipment, photographic servicesElectrical and appliance stores, department stores, pay TV companies.
Newspapers, books and stationery
BooksFiction, non-fiction, hardback, paperback and electronic booksBookshops, department stores, online retailers
Newspapers, magazines and stationeryNewspapers (print and digital subscriptions); magazines; printed matter such as greeting cards; stationery and drawing materialsNewsagents, stationery stores, online retailers
Holiday travel and accommodation
Domestic holiday travel and accommodationAir, sea, road and rail travel, car hire, accommodation and package charges for holidays in AustraliaAirlines, bus, car rental, ferry companies, railways, airlines, holiday accommodation companies
International holiday travel and accommodationAir, sea. and rail travel, accommodation and package charges for holidays overseasAirlines, holiday tour providers, foreign country data
Other recreation, sport and culture
Equipment for sports, camping and open-air recreationSports equipment such as balls, rackets and golf clubs; fishing rods and other equipment for fishing; equipment for beach and camping; boats and caravans.Sports equipment stores, camping stores
Games, toys and hobbiesConsole games, toys, board games and hobby materialsDepartment stores, toy stores
Pets and related productsPets, pet foods, and other items for the housing and care of petsSupermarkets
Veterinary and other services for petsServices to care for animals, including veterinary, kennel and stable feesVeterinary clinics
Sports participationFees and charges for playing sport including lessons, ground gees, gym fees and equipment hireClubs, organisations providing sporting activities
Other recreational, sporting and cultural servicesAdmission fees to cinemas, theatres, concerts, museums, amusement parks and sporting eventsCinemas, concert halls, theatres, TAFEs, community centres, ticketing agencies and stadiums
Specific issues
Price collection
8.113 Most items in this group are priced quarterly. The exceptions are holiday travel and accommodation, and computing equipment which are priced monthly. Prices for newspapers and magazines, computing equipment and software, vehicle hire, overseas tours and domestic air fares are collected centrally. Prices for all other products are collected locally. ABS staff collect prices for domestic holiday accommodation from providers in their own state even though many of these prices are used to calculate indexes for the other capital cities.
Areas requiring special pricing procedures
Audio, visual and computing equipment and services
8.114 The ABS does not directly price computing equipment purchased by the CPI population group because of the complexity of pricing these products. Instead, a movement is sourced from the US' Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) personal desktop computer PPI series. This index is derived using a hedonic model approach, which is a technique used to determine the value of the price-determining characteristics for a particular good. For more information see the Research paper: Reviewing the ABS' Hedonic Regression Model for Desktop Computers 2008 (cat no. 1352.0.55.099).
Newspapers, books and stationery
8.115 Book prices for the CPI are based on the actual purchase prices paid by consumers and not the recommended retail prices stated on the books.
Other recreation, sport and culture
8.116 Toys and games are influenced by fashion, making it difficult to price a particular toy over a long period. To deal with this problem the ABS tries to price classic toys and games. Regular discussions are held with retailers to ensure that the most appropriate items are priced.
Holiday travel and accommodation
8.117 Prices for domestic holiday travel and overseas holiday travel are influenced by different factors. For example, changes in foreign currency exchange rates are likely to affect overseas travel prices quite significantly, but will have only a small effect on domestic travel prices. In contrast, Australian school holidays have a major effect on the cost of holiday accommodation within Australia, but have no direct effect on the price of overseas holiday accommodation.
8.118 Most holiday travel, particularly airfares, are booked in advance. Prices for airfares also tend to vary depending on how far ahead they are booked, the day of the week, and the time of day that the trip is taken. As the Australian CPI is compiled on an acquisitions basis, airfares are collected in advance (at the time of payment), but are only used in the CPI in the quarter in which the trip is undertaken. For example, Overseas airfares and tours are collected two months in advance (January for travel in March) and domestic airfares are collected one month in advance (January for travel in February). Airfares are normally offered with extra fees, charges and taxes added to the base fare e.g. baggage charges and insurance levies. For CPI purposes, these additional fees, charges, levies and taxes are included in the price of the airfare as they are an inescapable cost of purchasing the airline travel. Foreign country index numbers are adjusted by the exchange rates to reflect the exchange rate impact on accommodation expenses to Australian holiday travellers. For international accommodation, other country's price indexes are sourced and adjusted by exchange rates to reflect the impact on accommodation expenses for Australian holiday travellers.
Audio, visual and computing equipment and services
8.119 Audio and visual products change styles and models frequently. These changes quite often improve the quality of the products. Where the product currently priced for the CPI is changed, an adjustment is made to ensure that the concept of pricing to constant quality is maintained. Some common reasons for a quality adjustment are the introduction of a new model or the addition of a bonus feature. Bonus offers are generally disregarded, while cash back offers are included in the price if the take up rate is considered significant. The analyst must decide whether or not the changes can be quantified or valued reasonably prior to applying the quality adjustments.
8.120 Computers are also likely to continue experiencing significant technological and quality improvements, and conceptually these changes will need to be reflected in the CPI prices. The hedonic model approach controls for quality change by adjusting the recorded prices when the price-determining characteristics have changed.
Newspapers, books and stationery
8.121 Collecting book prices on a constant quality basis over an extended period of time can be challenging. The ABS uses books on the top ten best seller lists as a guide for selecting books for pricing each quarter. This is done to best represent consumer purchasing patterns, taking into account best selling books under the fiction, non-fiction and children's categories. When a book falls out of the top ten list ABS staff must replace the specification with a new book appearing on the top ten list. This allows prompt alignment with consumer behaviour.
Other recreation, sport and culture
8.122 Measuring the change in quality of recreational activities such as attending a concert or watching a movie is very subjective as the change in utility resulting from a better concert or movie is likely to differ from person to person. However, the variation in utility is thought to be small and so no quality adjustments are made. Items that have a time component (e.g. club memberships) will be adjusted if the time component of the service being bought changes significantly.
Holiday travel and accommodation
8.123 Measuring quality change in holiday travel is also a subjective task. For example, it is difficult to gauge the quality change resulting from improved or degraded seating in planes, or better quality hotel rooms being included in holiday and airfare tour packages. Quality adjustments are generally not applied to holiday travel items unless the quality change is significant and there are reasonable means of quantifying the change.
Seasonal factors
8.124 Certain types of books and some types of sports or recreational activities are affected by seasonal factors and are available for certain periods of the year only. For example, many university textbooks are only available at the beginning of the academic year. In this case, the prices of university textbooks in other pricing periods are imputed based on the prices of similar items that are available. With annual subscriptions, prices are carried forward until the same quarter in the following year when the subscription is priced again.
Education
8.125 The Education group includes all expenditure on primary, secondary and tertiary education and preschool services. The Education group accounted for 4.3% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.126 Table 8.10 shows the structure of the Education group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.10 Education group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/sources of price collection
EDUCATION
Education
Preschool and primary educationPrivate and government preschool and primary education feesPreschools, child-care centres, private and government primary schools
Secondary educationPrivate and government secondary education feesPrivate and government secondary schools
Tertiary educationPrivate and government tertiary education feesTertiary education institutions
Specific issues
Price collection
8.127 Prices for preschool education are collected from traditional preschools and from child care centres that provide preschool education. Parents paying fees for preschool care may be eligible for the Child Care Subsidy (CCS).
8.128 Fees for primary and secondary education are collected from both governments and private schools. Prices are collected at the start of the school year as fees are only reviewed annually. The fees are divided into tuition fees and other fees. Other fees are charges which are associated with attending the school, excluding tuition, that must be paid. Examples of these fees are book fees, payments for school excursions, contributions to school building funds, camp fees and fees for swimming lessons.
8.129 Tertiary education fees are collected from universities and colleges of Technical and Further Education (TAFE). University fees are collected annually at the beginning of the university year, while TAFE fees are collected biannually to capture more frequent changes in their fees. Fees are divided into course fees and administrative fees. Common items included in administrative fees are institutional enrolment fees, book and library fees and fees for activities supported by student associations.
Subsidies
8.130 From 2 July 2018, the Child Care Subsidy (CCS) replaced the Child Care Benefit (CCB) and Child Care Rebate (CCR). Parents with children in approved care may be eligible to claim the CCS and reduce their out of pocket expenses for preschool fees. The ABS, in line with existing practices, model and adjust payments annually to reflect changes in subsidy rates.
8.131 Applying quality adjustments to educational services can be subjective as the factors determining the quality of the services are difficult to measure. Factors affecting the quality of education include the standard of teaching, class sizes and the quality of the equipment provided to students. These factors can have an effect on the quality of the service, but no quality adjustments are made for these because it is hard to measure them accurately.
8.132 The introduction of new charges or fees is an area where quality adjustment is sometimes applied. If the extra charge or fee is accompanied by an improvement in the quality of education, the change in quality will need to be adjusted out in accordance with the concept of pricing to constant quality. In many cases, however, it is difficult to determine whether the new fee is related entirely to a change in the quality of education or is a pure price rise, or a combination of both. For this reason, the treatment of new fees and charges is decided on a case by case basis.
Insurance and financial services
8.133 Services priced in this group include expenditure on general insurance and financial services. The Insurance and financial services group accounted for 5.8% of expenditure in the 17th series CPI weighting pattern, introduced in the December quarter 2017.
8.134 Table 8.11 shows the structure of the Insurance and financial services group, examples of items priced and the data sources.
8.11 Insurance and financial services group index structure
Group, sub-group, expenditure classItem examplesOutlets/source of price collection
INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES
Insurance
InsuranceComprehensive insurance for dwellings and motor vehicles, compulsory third party motor vehicle insurance servicesInsurance companies
Financial services
Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges)Actual charges for the financial services of banks and similar financial institutions; includes transactions fees, account keeping feesFinancial institutions
Other financial servicesCommissions or fees charged by stockbrokers and real estate agents; taxes on transfers for real estate; fees for legal services; fees for accounting servicesReal estate agents; state and territory revenue offices, accounting firms, legal firms
Specific issues
Price collection
8.135 Included under insurance services are motor vehicle insurance and house and contents insurance, but not health insurance which is classified under the Health group. To monitor price movements in insurance services, representative ranges of different risk categories are priced for insurance cover and are collected quarterly. The risks vary because of the different demographic characteristics of the insured consumers or because of where they live. For example, young men are considered a higher risk for motor vehicle insurance than middle aged people. For contents insurance, inner city locations are generally considered a higher crime risk than suburban locations. Taxes and duties on insurance services (e.g. stamp duties) are collected as part of the premium because they are an inescapable cost of purchasing the insurance service.
8.136 Financial services are priced monthly. For the Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) measure, each month the specific fees, terms and conditions for a representative sample of consumer banking products (e.g. home loans, savings accounts etc.) are obtained from sampled financial institutions. Data used in the pricing of Other financial services are collected from real estate agents, State and Territory revenue offices and firms providing financial services. For the analytical series 'All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)', sampled financial institutions provide comprehensive data on average balances and interest flows each month at a detailed product level.
Areas requiring special pricing procedures
Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges)
8.137 Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) contain a range of financial transactions used by households including account keeping fees, transaction fees, credit card fees, loan approval fees and overdraft charges. Each month the price, terms and conditions for a representative range of banking products (e.g. home loans, savings accounts etc.) are obtained. In the case of percentage fees, such as foreign currency conversion fees, these are applied to a sample of real average transaction dollar amounts. This sample of transactions, moved forward by the four-quarter moving average of the CPI, is updated on a regular basis.
Other financial services
8.138 Real estate agents provide information on a sample of residential property sales (representative of the sale prices in each agent's area) for each of the three months in a calendar quarter. A regression technique is then used to estimate a relationship between property values, property location and commission rates. The regression model is applied to a sample of property transactions, which are indexed each quarter by the four-quarter moving average of the CPI. The sample of properties is updated on a regular basis. Taxes on transfers are calculated by applying duty rates for each state and territory to a sample of property sale transactions for the respective state and territory. From December quarter 2017, Legal fees are sourced from Wage Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0) and Stockbroking fees are sourced from an Accounting services index from Producer Price Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6427.0).
Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)
8.139 For the analytical series ‘All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)’, financial institutions in the CPI sample provide monthly data about average balances and interest flows at the detailed product level. The data are used to calculate a current period interest rate, institution specific reference rates and margin rates for each of the products. The margin rates are then applied to the account balances to compute the current period amounts that would be paid as interest margins. The product balances are indexed by the four-quarter moving average of the CPI, to keep the underlying level and quantity of service fixed. The price index is constructed by comparing the change over time in these aggregated margin amounts.
8.140 Further information on financial services in the CPI - including detailed information on the calculation of expenditure weights and price change, as well as ongoing developments - is contained in Appendix 3.
Insurance
8.141 Because of the practical difficulties in estimating the insurance service charge as premiums net of claims, the gross insurance premium is used to measure the price movement. The assumption underlying this practice is that the cost of the insurance service is proportional to the premium. However, occasionally factors that influence the gross premium, but not the insurance service charge, may change. For example, a natural disaster may raise significantly the proportion of consumers making claims. However, the individual cost of servicing these claims may not be affected. Following the event, companies may raise gross premiums, over an extended period, to recover the unexpected claim payments.
8.142 To ensure that the requested insurance cover is of constant quality over time, the values of the contents, properties and vehicles represented by the specifications are updated quarterly to maintain a real level of value. The ABS regularly discusses these valuations with insurance companies to ensure that representative insured valuations are used for pricing.
Quality change and new products
Introduction
9.1 The quality of goods and services purchased by households can vary over time. Some products may improve in quality with new features or better services whereas some products may decrease in quality with smaller package sizes or a lower level of customer service. Quality adjustment is a conceptual requirement of a Consumer Price Index (CPI). The international CPI Manual (ILO, 2004) advises that failure to pay proper attention to quality changes can introduce serious biases into the CPI. Quality adjustment bias arises from the statistician's inability to perfectly account for changes in the quality of items over time.
9.2 While the quality adjustment issue raises important conceptual and practical challenges, the important role assigned by macroeconomic policy makers to price statistics underlines the priority that should be attached to ensuring that price statistics are not distorted by inappropriate quality adjustment procedures. The ABS has a number of strategies in place to minimise quality adjustment bias.
Quality
9.3 The objective of the CPI is to measure pure price change over time, so ideally identical goods and services should be priced from one period to the next. This is called pricing to constant quality. However, in practice, new products appear on the market frequently and replace older products. These new products have different attributes (or quality). For price index purposes, it is necessary to measure these changes in quality, and to remove any change in price attributable purely to the change in quality, from the inflationary movement in the price.
9.4 The concept of quality used in the Australian CPI is based on the notion of consumer utility. Quality change is measured by reference to the expected value to the consumer of the changes. Although it is not always possible to achieve this in practice, it is the principal guideline in making decisions about quality change.
9.5 The term quality embraces all those characteristics in a good or a service that a household values or from which it derives utility. Thus the problem is to identify those characteristics that households value, to make an estimate of the value of those characteristics, and to measure the change in those characteristics so that their effect can be removed when calculating price movements. When used in this context, quality encompasses all attributes of a product, including quantity.
9.6 Regardless of the difficulty in estimating the contribution of the change in quality to the change in the observed price, it must be clearly understood that some estimate has to be made either explicitly or implicitly. The following section describes the types of quality adjustments used by ABS pricing statisticians. A detailed description of the choice between quality adjustment methods is described in section 7.116 - 7.124 of the international CPI Manual (ILO, 2004).
9.7 Explicit quality adjustments use information to apply a direct estimate of the effect of the quality change on price. These adjustments are generally considered to be more reliable, although they are more resource intensive in order to gather and apply all the relevant information. There are a number of methods of deriving explicit estimates. The suitability of explicit quality adjustments depends as much on the method used as on the availability of appropriate data to implement the methods. Explicit quality adjustments include quantity, option cost, expert judgement and hedonic modelling.
9.8 The quality change may take the form of a change in the physical characteristics of the product that can easily be quantified, such as change in weight, dimensions, purity, or chemical composition of a product. This quality change can be removed by applying a quantity adjustment.
9.9 To illustrate the process used to adjust for changes in the quality of items priced in the CPI, consider the case of a change in the size of a can of tomato soup. In this example, Acme brand tomato soup is priced in three periods (1, 2 and 3) and the size of the can is reduced from 440gms to 400gms between period 2 and period 3:
Period 1 Tomato soup, 440gms, price $3.09 Period 2 Tomato soup, 440gms, price$2.78
Period 3 Tomato soup, 400gms, price $2.85 Using the observed prices produces the following measures of price change: Percentage change from period 1 to period 2 = (2.78 - 3.09)/3.09 x 100 = -10.0% Percentage change from period 2 to period 3 = (2.85 - 2.78)/2.78 x 100 = 2.5% Percentage change from period 1 to period 3 = (2.85 - 3.09)/3.09 x 100 = -7.8%. 9.10 However, this does not provide a measure of 'pure price' change because the item priced in period 3 is not identical to the item priced in the previous periods. What is required for period 3 is the non-observed price of the period 2 can size (440gms) had it been available in period 3. This price can be estimated by adjusting the period 3 price by the ratio of the item's weight in period 2 to its weight in period 3, giving a quality adjusted price of$3.14 ($2.85 x 440/400). Using this adjusted price in period 3 results in the following correct measures of price change: Percentage change from period 1 to period 2 = (2.78 - 3.09)/3.09 x 100 = -10.0% Percentage change from period 2 to period 3 = (3.14 - 2.78)/2.78 x 100 = 12.9% Percentage change from period 1 to period 3 = (3.14 - 3.09)/3.09 x 100 = 1.6%. 9.11 After adjusting for the reduction in quality between periods 2 and 3, the rise in the observed price of 2.5% has been translated into a pure price increase of 12.9%. Similarly, the measure of price change between periods 1 and 3 has been changed from a fall of 7.8% to a rise of 1.6%. 9.12 Similar adjustment procedures can be used for other quality changes, the only issue being how to determine a suitable quality measure. For example, changes in the alcohol content of spirits could be allowed for, simply by adjusting the price proportionally for the change in the alcohol content. More difficult would be the handling of changes in the meat content of sausages or the salt content of margarine. 9.13 Of course, there are limits to the application of this approach. For example, it would be inappropriate to replace a medium sized can of tomato soup with a large or small sized can since price typically falls per unit of weight with significant increases in the container size. The samples should comprise relatively homogeneous items of similar sizes and quality. 9.14 The situation becomes more complicated with evolutionary goods such as high-technology commodities, motor vehicles and communication devices. Quality changes for these items are very hard to measure. A detailed explanation on the techniques used to measure quality changes for these items is set out in Price collection of this manual. Differences in production or option costs 9.15 It is possible to try to measure the change in quality by the estimated change in the costs of producing the two qualities. The estimates can be made in consultation with the producers of the goods or services, if appropriate. This method, like the other quantity adjustments, will only be satisfactory when the changes are fairly simple such as the addition of some new feature, or option, to an automobile. Consider the addition of a Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation device to a new motor vehicle. In period 1 the price is obtained for the motor vehicle without the GPS option. In the next period GPS becomes standard for all motor vehicles. In order to accurately reflect the quality change, it is necessary to determine the cost of the option and the take-up rate by consumers. This information can be obtained from the dealer and/or manufacturer and used to determine the quality adjustment. Expert judgement 9.16 The use of expert views to estimate the value of the quality change is sometimes used for highly complex items where alternative methods are not feasible. Experts are guided with regard to the nature of the estimate required. This approach is generally not used in the CPI apart from estimates of quality change in motor vehicles where the option cost approach may not be feasible (i.e. the new feature was previously not an option). The expert judgement approach is generally applied using the Delphi method.¹ The Delphi method uses a panel of prices experts who each provide their estimate of the estimated value of the quality difference. The median is taken of these estimates and any estimate that is considered extreme is sent back to the expert concerned, who is asked to account for possible reasons behind the difference. The Delphi method is time-consuming and expensive, but it reflects the care needed in such matters. Hedonic modelling technique 9.17 For more complex quality adjustment needs, statistical techniques such as hedonic modelling may be used. Hedonic modelling involves the use of a regression equation in which prices from an array of different varieties of a product are the dependent variables, and the price determining characteristics of that product are the independent (or explanatory) variables. The estimated parameters from the regression provide implicit prices for each of the price determining characteristics of the good. In simple terms, hedonic modelling divides a good or service into its component characteristics, and uses these characteristics as explanatory variables for the price. 9.18 Although this form of modelling allows for direct estimation of the amount of quality adjustment, large amounts of data and many calculations are required, which is expensive. An additional problem is that hedonic modelling techniques are not readily able to deal with quality changes that are not easily quantifiable, such as the handling characteristics of a car, the quality of medical care, or whether a variety of clothing is in or out of fashion. Implicit quality adjustments 9.19 Implicit quality adjustments are easy to implement but care needs to be taken to ensure the quality adjustment is done appropriately. Rather than making a direct adjustment for quality described in the explicit adjustment above, an option is selected which automatically sets how the quality adjustment between the previous and current product is applied. These include directly comparable, not directly comparable and overlapping prices adjustments. Directly comparable 9.20 This option is used when the difference between the two products is assumed to be all price change and the quality difference is judged negligible. Directly comparable does not apply any quality adjustment and records any observed price difference between the two products as actual price change. This is most likely to be the case when the change in quality is described in terms of additions or deletions to the original product. One example could be a women's winter jacket. The price observed in the first period was for a wool blend jacket with four buttons and a large collar. In the second period this item was no longer available and replaced with a wool jacket with five buttons and a smaller collar. The utility to the consumer was judged to be the same and therefore the item was deemed directly comparable. Similarly a washing machine priced in the first period may be replaced with another with the same features but a different product code and slight styling change. Not directly comparable 9.21 The purpose of this option is to link in the new product when the relative qualities of the original and replacement products cannot be compared in any meaningful way. In this case, an imputed price will be calculated for the old product for use in the current period's index calculation, and the price collected for the new product will be stored for use as the 'back price' in the following period. This type of quality adjustment is more common in commodities where the pace of innovation is high with continual changes in the characteristics of products such as televisions etc. Care is taken when applying this quality adjustment to ensure that the observed price difference between the original and replacement products is not due to one product being on sale, as this is not treated as quality change. 9.22 Where an item becomes permanently unavailable and needs to be replaced, a method is used to 'return the relatives' in order to not bias the index downwards. This means when an item goes on special and then is no longer available for purchase in subsequent periods, the price relative will be returned to its pre-special level before being replaced by another, non-comparable item, which will be priced into the future. This is to account for the fact that specials are temporary. If this adjustment was not made the price relative would be permanently biased downwards as a result of a not directly comparable item being chosen for replacement. This method is often used for goods that are rapidly changing and subject to heavy specialling activity such as clothing and furniture. Overlapping prices 9.23 This option is used when both products are available on the market at the same time and the ratio of the prices of the new to the old quality should reflect their relative utilities to consumers. 9.24 Suppose a washing machine 'Model A' has been available on the market for a number of years but is now being replaced by a new model 'Model B'. In period 1 'Model A' washing machine retailed for$450. In period 2 'Model A' retails for $500 but the new model 'Model B' is available with extra features such as greater water efficiency for$530. In period 3 only 'Model B' is available for $550. If no quality adjustment was applied the price change from period 1 to period 3 would be overstated. The overlapping price quality adjustment uses the price change of 'Model A' from period 1 to period 2 and the price change of 'Model B' from period 2 to period 3. The difference in price between 'Model B' ($530) and 'Model A' ($500) of$30 is treated a quality change. The price change from period 1 to period 3 is $70. This is described in Table 9.1. 9.1 Overlapping prices ModelPeriod 1Period 2Period 3$
Model A450500
Model B 530550
Using the observed prices produces the following measures of price change:
Price change from period 1 to period 2 = $500 -$450 = $50 Price change from period 2 to period 3 =$550 - $530 =$20
Total Price change from period 1 to period 3 = $50 +$20 = $70. 9.25 However, this method is not used very extensively because the requisite data are seldom available. Care is taken when applying this quality adjustment to ensure that the observed price difference between the original and replacement products is not due to one product being on sale, as this is not treated as quality change. 9.26 If there are no overlapping prices, or those prices are not normal, then quality adjustment becomes more difficult. It might be possible to use the last available price of the replaced item or to use estimates of differences in manufacturing costs. Again, using manufacturing costs will only be appropriate if costs broadly correlate with consumer utility. Other issues related to quality change 9.27 There are other circumstances where the use of price differentials as indicators of quality differentials may not be appropriate. Examples include items that are heavily subsidised or regulated, such as public education and pharmaceuticals. 9.28 The quality of the service in which a product is delivered is important. Purchasing 2 litres of milk at the local convenience store is a different quality of service than at a supermarket, even if the product is exactly the same. Consumers substituting to different outlets will be treated as a quality change, not a price change. Price change is measured by matching products from the same type of outlet over time. 9.29 For some types of quality change, it is doubtful if any accurate measure of the change can be calculated. For example, in the case of services, consider changes in medical operating procedures (e.g. keyhole surgery) that involve less pain and a speedier recovery, or educational services making a greater use of computers. In these cases generally no quality adjustments are applied. 9.30 One important area of quality change is that arising from governmental regulations. It is ABS practice that, unless these changes clearly affect the level of household utility, they are not treated as quality changes. An example of this practice is that any higher price for motor vehicles occasioned by mandatory pollution requirements is regarded as a price increase, not a quality improvement. 9.31 An important issue is whether a change to an item should be regarded as a quality change to an existing item or the creation of a new item. The simpler approach is to assume that the item is new, and to include it into an existing price sample. However, this practice implicitly assumes that the difference in quality is equivalent to the price difference. Clearly, if it is assessed that a price differential is not a reliable indicator of quality or household utility differentials, then some other appropriate quality adjustment should be made. New goods and services 9.32 From time to time, major changes in existing products and services take place, or new products and services become available on the retail market and begin to account for a significant share of household expenditure. Some examples in recent years are tablets, 3D televisions, smart phones and electronic books. In these cases, careful consideration is given to whether these new goods or services should be priced for the CPI. 9.33 If a new product or service is deemed to be a completely different category of product (i.e. a new expenditure class) from any of the goods and services already included in the CPI, its inclusion would be considered only during one of the periodic reviews of the index where updated weighting patterns at the published level were available. The inclusion of television sets in the 1960s is a good example of this. However, where a new product or service falls within the definition of an existing expenditure class (e.g. the introduction of colour television sets, or mobile telephones), the issue is when and how to start measuring these price movements for the CPI. Normally, the decision is made after considering the following factors. • The product's share of the market. This has to be substantial before there is a reason to introduce a new item; • Whether the product is firmly established, and expected to become a permanently significant item of expenditure, or is merely enjoying high sales temporarily because of novelty value; and • Whether a normal price structure has been established, that is a price structure that is not unduly influenced by factors such as prestige, novelty value, or scarcity of the product. 9.34 In general, a conservative approach is taken when dealing with the introduction of new goods and services into the CPI. They are introduced into existing expenditure classes only after it is deemed that they have become widely available to the buying public, have become a permanent part of household expenditure, and their price structures are free from premiums attributable to novelty value or scarcity. All introductions of new items are handled by including the new item into the index so that its introduction does not affect the level of the index. Footnotes 1. For example, see Czinkota and Ronkainen, (1997). Consumer price index calculation in practice Introduction 10.1 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) can be thought of as a basket of goods and services which is notionally purchased each quarter. The total cost (or price) of the basket changes from one quarter to the next as prices change. Of the various ways in which a CPI could be described, this description conforms most closely with the procedures actually followed. 10.2 The CPI can be thought of as being constructed in six major steps: (i) subdividing the total expenditure into individual items for which price samples can be selected; (ii) collecting price data; (iii) estimating price movements for elementary aggregates; (iv) calculating the current period cost of the basket; (v) calculating the weighted average of eight capital cities; and (vi) calculating index numbers and points contribution. 10.3 Consumer Price Index calculation in practice provides a stylised account of the steps above. It also indicates how analytical indexes are calculated, and describes the ABS rounding practices. Subdividing the basket Expenditure aggregates 10.4 Based mainly on the results of the Household Expenditure Survey (HES), estimates are obtained for the total annual expenditure of private households in each capital city for each of the 87 expenditure classes in the CPI. As these estimates are for the expenditure of households in aggregate, they are referred to as expenditure aggregates. 10.5 Expenditure aggregates are derived for well-defined categories of household expenditure (e.g. flooring), but are still too broad to be of direct use in selecting samples of products for pricing. For this purpose, expenditure aggregates need to be subdivided into as fine a level of commodity detail as possible. As the HES is generally not designed to provide such fine level estimates, it is necessary to supplement the HES data with information from other sources such as other official data collections and industry data. The processes involved are illustrated below using a hypothetical example for the Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class of the CPI. 10.6 Suppose that, based on information reported in the HES, the annual expenditure on flooring by all private households in a particular city is estimated at$8 million. Further, suppose that some industry data exists on the market shares of various types of flooring. In combination, these two data sources can be used to derive expenditure aggregates at a much finer level of detail than that available from the HES alone. The hypothetical results are shown in Table 10.1.
10.7 The next stage in the process involves determining the types of flooring for which price samples should be constructed. This is not a simple exercise and relies on the judgement of the Prices Statisticians. In reaching decisions about precisely which items to include in price samples, a balance needs to be struck between the cost of collecting and processing the data, and the accuracy of the index. Factors taken into account include the significance of individual items, the extent to which different items are likely to exhibit similar price behaviour, and any practical problems with measuring prices to constant quality.
10.1 Disaggregation of the carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class
Type of floor coveringMarket shareHES dataDerived expenditure aggregates
%$'000$'000
1Laminate17 1 360
2Timber19 1 520
3Tiles19 1 520
4Carpets22 1 760
5Rugs3 240
6Vinyl10 800
7Other flooring10 800
Total Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class1008 0008 000
10.8 In this example, a reasonable outcome would be to construct pricing samples for types 1, 2, 3, and 4. Separate price samples would not be constructed for types 5, 6 or 7 because of their small market share relative to the other types.
Elementary aggregates must have a price sample
10.9 When no more information is available to disaggregate the expenditure values any further, the resulting product groupings are called elementary aggregates. Each elementary aggregate will contain its own price sample. Ideally, all the products in an elementary aggregate (and there should only be a few) would be homogeneous goods or services and would be substitutes for each other. In the Australian CPI, there are approximately 800 elementary aggregates for each of the eight capital cities and approximately 6,400 price samples nationally. The expenditure for the items that are not explicitly priced are reallocated across the elementary aggregates of closely related goods or services under the assumption that the price movements for these items are similar.
10.10 In the flooring example, the reallocation is carried out in two stages. First, the expenditure for rugs is added to carpets resulting in an elementary aggregate for soft floor coverings (as they are likely to experience similar price movements). In the second stage, the expenditure for vinyl and other flooring which have no closely matching characteristics with any of the other types of flooring, would be allocated proportionally across the remaining elementary aggregates under the assumption that the average movement in prices for all other flooring types is the most representative estimate of price change. The derived expenditure for vinyl and other flooring is 25% of the remaining elementary aggregates. Each of the remaining elementary aggregates are therefore increased by 25% in the second stage. This gives an expenditure aggregate for each elementary aggregate. The outcome of this process is presented in Table 10.2.
10.11 In summary, the rationale for this allocation is as follows. Price behaviour of type 5 (rugs) is likely to be best represented by the price behaviour of type 4 (carpets). The price behaviour for types 6 (vinyl) and 7 (other flooring) are likely to be best represented by the average price behaviour of all other flooring types.
10.2 Outcome of elementary aggregate rationalisation
Type of floor coveringInitialStage 1Stage 2Elementary aggregate
$'000$'000$'000 1Laminate1 3601 3601 700Laminate 2Timber1 5201 5201 900Timber 3Tiles1 5201 5201 900Tiles 4Carpets1 7602 0002 500Soft floor coverings 5Rugs240 6Vinyl800800 7Other flooring800800 Total Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class8 0008 0008 000 Determining outlet types 10.12 The next step is to determine the outlet types (respondents) from which the prices will be collected. In order to accurately reflect changes in prices paid by households for flooring, prices need to be collected from the types of outlets from which households normally purchase flooring. Data are unlikely to be available on the expenditures at the individual elementary aggregate level by type of outlet. It is more likely that data will be available for expenditure on flooring in total by type of outlet. Suppose industry data indicate that specialty stores account for about 75% of flooring sales, and department stores the remainder. A simple way to construct a pricing sample for each elementary aggregate that is representative of household shopping patterns is to have a ratio of three specialty stores for every department store. Collecting price data Selecting respondents 10.13 When the pricing samples are constructed, ABS staff decide from which individual outlets the prices will be collected. The respondents are chosen to be representative of the types of outlets (in the example above, department and specialty stores) taking into account the demographic characteristics of the city and the number of observations required for the sample. Prices are collected from any particular respondent on the same day in each collection period (e.g. the second Monday of the first month of the quarter). Selecting items to price 10.14 A pricing sample may contain specifications to either national standards, respondents standards or a combination of both (see Sampling of this manual). When a pricing sample contains respondent standard specifications, ABS staff will decide which specific items are most representative of the required type of product. Usually this is done by consulting with the manager of the outlet. Using the flooring example above, at one outlet they might decide that porcelain tiles are the most representative tiles, but at another outlet it might be ceramic tiles. Once selected, the same item will be priced at that respondent so long as it remains the most representative example of the product. 10.15 An important part of the price collection process is the continual monitoring of the items for quality change. In the flooring example, quality change could occur, for example, with a change in the material used to make the item. In this case, the price movement attributable to the change in material would be removed to derive a pure price movement for the flooring. Estimating price movements for elementary aggregates 10.16 Price relatives are calculated for each item in the sample. Price relatives are the ratio of the current period price and the reference period price (see paragraph 4.16). In samples where items are determined to be substitutable the geometric mean of these price relatives is used in the calculations. The ratio of the current period’s geometric mean of price relatives to the previous period’s geometric mean of price relatives provides the change in the average price for the elementary aggregate. The alternative is to use the relative of average prices (see Price index theory of this manual). Using the hypothetical flooring example, Table 10.3 shows price relatives being used to estimate the price movement for laminate flooring. These estimates of price movements are used to revalue the expenditure aggregates to current period prices by applying the period to period price movement to the previous period's expenditure aggregate for each elementary aggregate. The updated expenditure aggregate provides an estimate of the cost of acquiring the reference base quantity of the elementary aggregate’s products in the current period. This new aggregate can be referred to as the 'price updated' aggregate. 10.3 Estimating price movement for an elementary aggregate Price relative in LaminatePeriod 1Period 2Price movement % Specialty Store A1.0251.0300.5 Specialty Store B1.0300.950-7.8 Specialty Store C0.9800.965-1.5 Department Store1.1001.25013.6 Geometric mean1.0331.0420.9 Calculating the current cost of the basket 10.17 The price updated expenditure aggregates for the elementary aggregates are then summed to derive the current cost of the basket of goods and services (or any portion of the basket). Index numbers are calculated from the expenditure aggregates at every level of the index. Table 10.4 shows the calculation of the expenditure aggregate for the total of flooring (an expenditure class in this example) from the elementary aggregates. 10.4 Aggregation of elementary aggregates to the expenditure class for carpets and other floor coverings Expenditure aggregatePrice movementExpenditure aggregate$'000%$'000 Elementary aggregatePeriod 1Period 1 to Period 2Period 2 Laminate1 7000.91 715 Timber1 9003.31 963 Tiles1 9000.01 900 Soft floor coverings2 5001.82 545 Total Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class8 0001.58 123 Calculating the weighted average of eight capital cities 10.18 The ABS compiles the Australian CPI on a separate basis for each capital city based on the acquisition of goods and services by the resident population of that city. The ABS also constructs the equivalent of a national index at the All groups CPI, group, sub-group and expenditure class level, which is published as the weighted average of the eight capital cities. The construction of a CPI weighted average of eight capital cities series is demonstrated below using a stylised example for the Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class in three cities. 10.19 A base period expenditure aggregate is calculated for each city at the group, sub-group and expenditure class level, using information primarily sourced from the HES on the number of households in each of the three cities and the average weekly household expenditure for specific items. These weekly expenditure aggregates are converted to yearly expenditure aggregates by multiplying the final weekly expenditure aggregates by the number of weeks in the year. This process is demonstrated in Table 10.5 for the Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure class in three cities. 10.5 Calculation of the expenditure aggregates for carpets and other floor coverings for the weighted average of three cities(a) ItemCity ACity BCity CWeighted average of three cities Households(b)no.8 0003 0002 00013 000 Average weekly household expenditure on flooring(b)$19.1815.9813.42
Weeks in a yearno.52.14352.14352.143
Yearly expenditure aggregate for flooring(c)$'0008 0002 5001 40011 900 Weight contribution to three cities(d)%672112100 1. Any discrepancies between totals and sums are due to rounding. 2. Information sourced from a Household Expenditure Survey (HES). 3. Calculated as the product of the number of households, the average weekly household expenditure and weeks in a year. 4. Calculated as the ratio of each city's expenditure aggregate relative to the weighted average of three cities' expenditure aggregate. 10.20 The expenditure aggregates for Carpets and other floor coverings in each city are price updated from period 1 to period 2 by the price change in the relevant price samples of the Carpets and other floor coverings elementary aggregates for each city (such as tiles, soft floor coverings, etc. as described in paragraphs 10.16 and 10.17). 10.21 The expenditure aggregates for Carpets and other floor coverings in each city are summed to arrive at a weighted expenditure aggregate for all three cities in period 1 and period 2. The price movement of the weighted average of three cities is calculated from the change in the weighted expenditure aggregates for the three cities between period 1 and period 2. 10.22 The calculation of price change for the weighted average of three cities is demonstrated in Table 10.6. For Carpets and other floor coverings, the period 1 expenditure aggregate for the weighted average of three cities is$11,900,000. In period 2, the Carpets and other floor coverings expenditure aggregate for the weighted average of three cities is now ($8,123,000 +$2,470,000 + $1,407,000), which is equal to$12,000,000. Using the above expenditure aggregates, the price change for Carpets and other floor coverings for the weighted average of three cities is calculated to be 0.8% from period 1 to period 2:
Percentage change from period 1 to period 2 = ($12,000,000 -$11,900,000) / $11,900,000 x 100 = 0.8%. 10.6 Calculation of price change for the weighted average of three cities(a) ItemCity ACity BCity CWeighted average of three cities(b) Period 1 expenditure aggregates Carpets and other floor coverings$'0008 0002 5001 40011 900
All other items$'00042 00022 50013 60078 100 All groups CPI$'00050 00025 00015 00090 000
Weight contribution to three cities(c)%552817100
Price change
Carpets and other floor coverings%1.5-1.20.50.8
All other items%2.12.43.52.4
All groups CPI%2.02.03.22.2
Period 2 expenditure aggregates
Carpets and other floor coverings$'0008 1232 4701 40712 000 All other items$'00042 88223 04014 07679 998
All groups CPI$'00051 00525 51015 48391 998 Weight contribution to three cities(c)%552817100 1. Any discrepancies between totals and sums are due to rounding. 2. The expenditure aggregates for each city are summed at the All groups CPI, group, sub-group and expenditure class level to arrive at an expenditure aggregate for the weighted average of three cities. 3. It is important to note that the weight of each city relative to the weighted average of three cities can change from period to period, depending on the city's price movement relative to the other cities. 10.23 This process is carried out at the All groups CPI, group, sub-group and expenditure class level in the index. The relative contribution of any city to the price change for the weighted average of three cities will be determined by the ratio of the individual city expenditure aggregate to the weighted expenditure aggregate for all three cities. Calculating index numbers and points contributions 10.24 Table 10.7 shows the calculation of index numbers and points contribution. It is assumed that index numbers already exist for the link period (September quarter 2017 for the 17th series CPI) and period 1. Assume the expenditure aggregates for Furniture have been calculated using the same method as that for Carpets and other floor coverings so that they can be added and a movement calculated for the Furniture and furnishings subgroup. Similarly, assume the expenditure aggregates for period 2 have been calculated for other Furnishings, household equipment and services groups and Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups so that expenditure aggregates can be calculated for the Furnishings, household equipment and services group and the All groups CPI. 10.25 When a price index has not been linked, indexes for any component can be calculated simply by dividing the current period expenditure aggregate by its expenditure aggregate in the reference period (when the index is set to 100.0). The index numbers must be calculated from $$I_{LP}\times {\frac {V_{CP}}{V_{LP}}}\space \space \space \space \space (10.1)$$ where $$I_{LP}$$ is the index number in the link period (September quarter 2017 for the 17th series CPI), and $$V_{CP}$$ and $$V_{LP}$$ are the expenditure aggregates in the current period and link periods respectively. Using the example in Table 10.7, $$I_{LP}$$ = 108.0 (Index number for Carpets and other floor coverings in the link period) $$V_{CP}$$ =$8,123,000 (Expenditure aggregate for Carpets and other floor coverings in the current period)
$$V_{LP}$$ = $6,500,000 (Expenditure aggregate for Carpets and other floor coverings in the link period) Thus the index number for Carpets and other floor coverings in period 2 is 108.0 x$8,123,000 / $6,500,000 = 135.0. 10.26 Points contributions allow users to understand how much each component contributes to the overall price movement. Points contributions are calculated using the expenditure aggregates. In any period, the points contribution of a component to the All groups CPI index number is calculated by multiplying the All groups CPI index number for the period by the expenditure aggregate for the component in that period, and dividing by the All groups CPI expenditure aggregate for that period. This can be stated algebraically as $$I^{AG}_t\times {\frac {V^i_t}{V^{AG}_t}}\space \space \space \space \space (10.2)$$ where $$I^{AG}_t$$ is the index for the All groups CPI in period $$t$$$$V^i_t$$ is the expenditure aggregate for component $$i$$ in period $$t$$ and $$V^{AG}_t$$ is the expenditure aggregate for the All groups CPI in period $$t$$. 10.27 In the example in Table 10.7, the points contribution for Carpets and other floor coverings in period 2 is calculated as 144.3 x ($8,123,000 / $146,066,000) = 8.02. 10.28 The change in index points contribution for a component between any two periods is found by simply subtracting the points contribution for the previous period from the points contribution for the current period. For example, the change in index points contribution for Carpets and other floor coverings between periods 1 and 2 is 8.02 - 7.90 = 0.12. This means that between periods 1 and 2, Carpets and other floor coverings contributed 0.12 index points to the overall increase in the All Groups CPI of 5.2 (144.3 - 139.1) index points. 10.29 The CPI publication does not show the expenditure aggregates, but rather the index numbers derived from the expenditure aggregates. Expenditure aggregates vary considerably in size, and showing them would make the publication difficult to read and interpret. Index numbers and points contributions are a better way to present the information. 10.7 Aggregation of expenditure aggregates for entire index Link periodPeriod 1Period 2 Expenditure aggregates ($'000)
ALL GROUPS CPI124 500140 800146 066
Furnishings, household equipment and services34 50042 80044 066
Furniture and furnishings14 50017 70018 213
Furniture8 0009 70010 090
Carpets and other floor coverings6 5008 0008 123
Other Furnishings, household equipment and services sub-groups20 00025 10025 853
Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups90 00098 000102 000
Movement in expenditure aggregates (period 1 to period 2)
ALL GROUPS CPI 1.1311.037
Furnishings, household equipment and services 1.2411.030
Furniture and furnishings 1.2211.029
Furniture 1.2131.040
Carpets and other floor coverings 1.2311.015
Other Furnishings, household equipment and services sub-groups 1.2551.030
Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups 1.0891.041
Index numbers
ALL GROUPS CPI123.0139.1144.3
Furnishings, household equipment and services115.0142.7146.9
Furniture and furnishings110.0134.3138.2
Furniture113.0137.0142.5
Carpets and other floor coverings108.0132.9135.0
Other Furnishings, household equipment and services sub-groups117.0146.8151.2
Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups125.0136.1141.7
Points contribution
ALL GROUPS CPI123.0139.1144.3
Furnishings, household equipment and services34.0842.2843.53
Furniture and furnishings14.3317.4917.99
Furniture7.909.589.97
Carpets and other floor coverings6.427.908.02
Other Furnishings, household equipment and services sub-groups19.7624.8025.54
Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups88.9296.82100.77
Note: It is assumed the link period precedes period 1.
Secondary indexes
10.30 The following separate inflation series are currently published to assist users to analyse the CPI:
• All groups CPI, seasonally adjusted;
• Underlying trend series, 'Trimmed mean' and 'Weighted median';
• All groups CPI, goods component;
• All groups CPI, services component;
• All groups CPI including Deposit and loan charges (indirect charges);
• Market goods and services excluding 'volatile items';
• All groups CPI excluding (various).
10.31 These are called secondary indexes as they use the same weights (or expenditure aggregates) as the CPI, and are compiled by summing the appropriate expenditure aggregates. For example, in Table 10.7, the starting point for compiling an index for All groups CPI excluding Furniture and furnishings would be to add up the expenditure aggregates for the Other Furnishings, household equipment and services sub-groups, and Non-Furnishings, household equipment and services groups and then calculate index values as described previously. For more information on the analytical series published, see Appendix 2.
Tertiary indexes
10.32 A further range of analytical indexes are compiled from the price samples collected for the CPI. Price indexes compiled under the outlays approach (see Purposes and uses of consumer price indexes of this manual) are published quarterly for four household types: employee households; age pensioner households; other government transfer recipient households; and self-funded retiree households. The ABS also publishes the Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index (PBLCI), which combines the age pensioner and other government transfer recipient household types. These indexes, unlike the secondary indexes, have their own weighting patterns. For each component in the household type indexes, the movement in the corresponding CPI index is used to update the expenditure aggregate and index number for the population sub-group. The purpose of the population sub-group indexes is to show any differences in the aggregated price changes faced by each of the four demographic groups arising from their differing expenditure patterns. For further information, see The system of price statistics of this manual or the explanatory notes for the publication Selected Living Cost Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6467.0).
Consumer Price Index rounding conventions
10.33 To ensure consistency from one publication to the next, the ABS uses a set of rounding conventions or rules for calculating and presenting the results. These conventions strike a balance between maximising the usefulness of the information for analytical purposes, and retaining the underlying precision of the estimates. These conventions need to be taken into account when CPI data are used for analytical or any other purpose.
10.34 Index numbers are always published relative to a base of 100.0. Index numbers and percentage changes are always published to one decimal place, and the percentage changes are calculated from the rounded index numbers. An exception to this are the Underlying trend series 'Trimmed mean' and 'Weighted median', which have index numbers published to four decimal places. Index numbers for periods longer than a single quarter (e.g. for financial years) are calculated as the simple arithmetic average of the rounded quarterly index numbers in that period.
10.35 Points contributions are published to two decimal places, except the All groups CPI which is published to one decimal place. Change in points contributions is calculated from the rounded points contributions. Rounding differences can arise in the points contributions where different levels of precision are used.
Maintaining the relevance of the CPI
Introduction
11.1 At the expenditure class (published) level the ABS uses a fixed basket of goods and services in order to measure the price change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) excluding any quality or quantity changes. However, as consumer expenditure patterns change over time in a dynamic economy, the fixed basket used in the CPI runs the risk of becoming unrepresentative and can lead to bias. There are a number of different types of bias that may affect price indexes, outlined in Price index theory of this manual. The ABS applies significant effort to address these biases. Some aspects, such as quality change, have been addressed in Price collection of this manual. Maintaining the relevance of the CPI includes the strategies the ABS uses to minimise the effect of substitution bias on the CPI and an estimation of one type of bias, the upper-level substitution basis.
11.2 Wherever the ABS refers to the use of a 'fixed basket', it is important to note that it is not the expenditure weights (price x quantity) that are fixed, but the quantities of the goods and services included in the basket. The price component of the expenditure weights are price updated each quarter (see Consumer Price Index calculation in practice of this manual for information on price updating). It is also important to note that the items within the CPI samples (what is actually priced) are regularly updated to reflect changes to consumer preferences. The term 'fixed basket' is used as an analogy to help users understand the concept of measuring pure price change.
Limitations of fixed basket price indexes
11.3 The production of a price index by reference to a fixed basket of goods and services has several advantages. Firstly, the concept is easy to understand; price the same basket of goods and services at two different periods, and compare the total price of the basket. Secondly, by fixing both the goods and services within the basket and their quantities, the resulting values provide a measure of pure price change that is free from compositional change. In application, this process is more complex than the basket analogy would suggest. In practice, the transactions occurring in the market place are frequently changing. This observation reveals a dilemma, namely how can a price index use a fixed basket to measure pure price change and at the same time remain both contemporary and representative of the market?
ABS strategy for reviewing and maintaining price indexes
11.4 The ABS has a policy of continual assessment of the samples of consumer goods and services that it uses in the CPI. Essentially there are three levels of maintaining representation of an index:
(i) Sample maintenance - ongoing updating and replacement of specifications, respondents, and weights for the prices collected in the CPI, which ensures that the structure of respondent samples and specifications remains relevant.
(ii) Sample review - a complete reassessment of the sample used to represent all products in the commodity classification; covering companies, products, pricing procedures and relative weights based on consumer expenditure. The end product of the sample review may be a new or revised sample (respondents, specifications and collection methods), the confirmation of the existing sample or a change to the index structure below the Expenditure Class (EC) level.
(iii) Index reviews - regular reviews of the overall index structure and the price collection methodology and updates to the weighting pattern. The ABS updates expenditure weights at the EC level annually in December quarters. The Household Expenditure Survey (HES) is used to re-weight the CPI in the years that it is available. In inter-HES years, the primary data source for updating the weights is Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data from the National Accounts. Prior to the introduction of the 17th series CPI in the December quarter 2017, the EC level weights were updated six-yearly, in line with the release of the HES.
Item substitution, index formulas and the frequency of CPI weight updates
11.5 Item substitution occurs when households react to changes in relative prices by choosing to reduce purchases of goods and services showing higher relative price change and instead buy more of those showing lower relative price change.
11.6 Under these circumstances, a fixed-basket Laspeyres index will overstate the price change of the whole basket as it does not take account of the substitutions that consumers make in response to relative price changes. For example, if the price of beef were to increase more than the price of chicken, one would expect consumers to purchase more chicken and less beef. As a fixed-base index would continue to price the original quantities of beef and chicken, the price change faced by consumers would be overstated.
11.7 Item substitution bias is due to changes in the pattern of household consumption which takes place over time as a result of both demand and supply changes. The longer the time period between weight updates, the more time there is for consumers to substitute towards or away from goods and services in reaction to relative price changes and as a result of changes in income. Similarly, supply conditions (and therefore the availability, or otherwise, of certain goods and services) can change substantially over the period in which the weights are fixed.
11.8 Like most CPIs, the Australian CPI is calculated using a fixed-base modified Laspeyres index formula (known as Lowe index¹) which keeps quantities fixed between weight updates but allows prices to vary. A Laspeyres (or in most cases a Laspeyres-type) index measures the change in the cost of purchasing the same basket of goods and services in the current period as was purchased in a specified base period. The weights reflect expenditures from a historical period, the base period. See Price index theory of this manual for more detail.
11.9 The ABS has previously updated expenditure weights at the EC level every six years using data from the HES. Beginning with the introduction of the 17th series CPI in the December quarter 2017, the Australian CPI is re-weighted annually. HFCE data from the National Accounts is used to update the weights in inter-HES years. The use of expenditure aggregates from the National Accounts is an internationally recommended approach in situations where the time interval between household surveys is large.
11.10 The ability to re-weight the Australian CPI more frequently has significant benefits to the user community. These include more accurately reflecting consumer spending patterns, addressing stakeholder concerns following the 16th Series CPI review, coherence across macro-economic statistics, and improved alignment with international standards. For more information on these changes, see the following information papers:
11.11 There is a family of indexes called superlative indexes. Superlative indexes make use of both beginning-of-period and end-of-period information on both prices and quantities (expenditures), thereby accounting for substitution across items. However, in order to construct a superlative index price and quantity (expenditure) data are required for both periods under consideration.
11.12 Superlative indexes for the entire CPI basket of goods and services can only be produced retrospectively once the required weighting data are available². Given that current period expenditure data for households is not available on a sufficiently timely basis (generally not available until 12 months after the reference period), a superlative formula cannot be used in the routine production of the CPI, which is why statistical agencies rely on fixed baskets. Most, if not all, statistical agencies use a Laspeyres-type index. The requirement for current period quantity data in real time is the reason a superlative index is an impractical option for statistical offices for the compilation of the CPI.
Estimation of the upper level substitution bias
11.13 The ABS has constructed a retrospective superlative-type index to provide an estimation of potential item (upper level) substitution bias in the fixed-weight Australian CPI. While there are five main sources of bias in CPIs (described further in Price index theory), this analysis focuses on one type only - upper level item substitution bias - and therefore the results in the analysis should not be taken to equate to the total bias in the CPI, which will be the cumulative impact of all sources of bias. This analysis can only be conducted retrospectively, when new expenditure data are available.
11.14 Superlative indexes allow for substitution as they make use of weights for both the earlier and later periods under consideration (basically averaging across historical and current expenditures to derive a ‘representative’ set of weights for the period) whereas the Laspeyres index uses only base period weights.
11.15 The estimate of upper level substitution bias has been made at relatively high levels of aggregation. The analysis is calculated based on the amount of consumer substitution between expenditure classes as this is the lowest level for which reliable weighting information (from the HES and other alternative data sources) is available and the level at which the underlying quantity weights remain fixed between CPI reviews. Thus, the analysis captures substitution from one expenditure class to another, e.g. from beef and veal to poultry, but not within a given expenditure class, e.g. from beef to veal. The substitution within an expenditure class is called lower level substitution bias which is minimised through regular sample maintenance, sample reviews and choice of index formulas. In the December quarter 2017, the ABS implemented new methods, known as multilateral methods, to compile 28 ECs in the CPI. These methods utilise a census of products available in big datasets, and use expenditure data to weight products, mitigating the risk of lower level substitution bias.
11.16 The ABS enhanced the method to estimate upper level substitution bias as part of the 17th series review. This approach calculates financial year Laspeyres and Paasche-type indexes, using the HES weights for each series of the CPI and financial year estimates of price change.
11.17 Three superlative indexes have been constructed and linked together to form one continuous series. The first index was constructed on the 14th series CPI basis between 1998-99 and 2003-04, the second index was constructed on the 15th series CPI basis between 2003-04 and 2009-10, and the third constructed on the 16th series basis between 2009-10 and 2015-16.
11.18 Using the expenditure class weights at the weighted average of eight capital cities level, i) Laspeyres, ii) Paasche-type, and iii) superlative Fisher-type indexes have been calculated at the All groups CPI level³. The indexes have all been calculated with the base period 1998-99 = 100.0. The Fisher index is regarded as the best practical approximation of a 'true' (or 'ideal') price index, being the geometric average of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes.
11.19 Under this approach, the Laspeyres index is a true Laspeyres, rather than a Lowe index as in the case of the published All groups CPI.
11.20 The Paasche-type index is retrospectively modelled using the HES weights, and a linear model to derive weights for financial years in between the re-weighting periods. The geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche-type index approximates the Fisher.
11.21 The Laspeyres, Paasche-type and superlative Fisher-type indexes were constructed using the same structure as the All groups CPI published at the time to allow for direct comparison. The indexes from 1998-1999 to 2003-04 were derived using the 14th series classification consisting of 88 expenditure classes. The index numbers from 2003-04 to 2009-10 were derived using the 15th series classification consisting of 90 expenditure classes, and the index numbers from 2009-10 to 2015-16 were derived using the 16th series classification consisting of 87 expenditure classes.
11.22 Using these indexes, an estimate of upper level substitution bias in the CPI was obtained by subtracting the superlative (Fisher-type) index from the Laspeyres.
Analysis of the upper level substitution bias
11.23 The analysis found the total upper level substitution bias of the All groups CPI (as measured by the difference between the Laspeyres index and the Fisher-type index) was 5.6 percentage points after 17 years due to the inability of the fixed-base index to take account of the item substitution effect. The Laspeyres index increased by a total of 56.5% from 1998-99 to 2015-16. The retrospective superlative index, calculated using the Fisher-type index, increased by 50.9% over the same period.
11.24 To estimate the average annual upper level substitution bias, the indexes can be expressed as Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR).
$$\begin{array}{l}\text{Laspeyres}_{\text{CAGR}}\\{=\left(\left(\text{I}_{\mathrm{I,2015-16}} / \text{I}_{\mathrm{I,1998-99}}\right)^{(1 / 17)}-1\right) \times 100}\\{=\left((156.5 / 100.0)^{(1 / 17)}-1\right) \times 100}\\{=2.67\%} \\ \\\text{Fisher}_{\text{CAGR}}\\{=\left(\left(\text{I}_{\mathrm{F,2015-16}} / \text{I}_{\mathrm{F,1998-99}}\right)^{(1 / 17)}-1\right) \times 100}\\{=\left((150.9 / 100.0)^{(1 / 17)}-1\right) \times 100}\\{=2.45\%}\end{array}$$
11.25 The average annual upper level substitution bias is calculated as $$\text{Laspeyres}_{\text{CAGR}}$$ - $$\text{Fisher}_{\text{CAGR}}$$ = 2.67% - 2.45% = 0.22%. The CPI for the 1998-99 to 2015-16 period was potentially upwardly biased by 0.22 of a percentage point per year on average due to the inability to take account of the upper level item substitution effect. These results are consistent with previous analysis and studies by other national statistical agencies.
11.26 The results show that the longer the period between re-weights, the larger the potential upper level item substitution bias effect on the index. Table 11.1 illustrates that the average annual substitution bias increases at a faster rate the longer the period between re-weights. The re-weighting periods in this analysis were 1998-99, 2003-04 and 2009-10.
11.1 Average annual item substitution bias(a)
Time since re-weightLaspeyresCAGR - FisherCAGR
1 year0.11
2 years0.17
3 years0.17
4 years0.18
5 years0.21
(b)6 years0.20
1. This takes the average of the annual substitution bias for the 1998-99 to 2003-04, 2003-04 to 2009-10 and 2009-10 to 2015-16 periods.
2. The six year average annual substitution bias is only based on the 2003-04 to 2009-10 and 2009-10 to 2015-16 periods.
11.27 This finding is consistent with the Statistics New Zealand (SNZ) analysis which showed that item substitution bias is considerably greater when NZ CPI weights are updated at six-yearly rather than three-yearly intervals.⁴
11.28 With the adoption of annual re-weighting from the December quarter 2017, consumer substitution effects are more effectively captured. Empirical analysis published in Information Paper: Increasing the Frequency of CPI Expenditure Class Weight Updates, (cat. no. 6401.0.60.002) showed that the average annual substitution bias for the CPI over the September 2005 to September 2011 period would have been 0.09% under annual re-weighting, compared to 0.24% per annum under six-yearly weights updates.
11.29 While there are five main sources of bias in CPIs, this analysis focuses on one type only - upper level item substitution bias - and therefore the results in the analysis should not be taken to equate to the total bias in the CPI, which will be the cumulative impact of all sources of bias.
11.30 The use of transactions data and implementation of multilateral index methods in the Australian CPI from December quarter 2017 mitigates the risk of lower level substitution bias and bias from the failure to introduce new goods when they first appear in the market. These methods are discussed in more detail in Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI of this manual.
Choosing an index number formula
11.31 As different index number formulas produce different results, the ABS has to decide which formula to use. The usual way is to evaluate the performance of a formula against a set of desirable mathematical properties or tests. This is called the axiomatic approach. This approach is certainly useful however a few practical issues need to be considered, such as: the relevance of the tests for the application at hand; the importance of a particular test (some tests are more important than others); and even if an index formula fails a test, how close in practice will the index likely be to the best measure?
11.32 The range of tests developed for index numbers has expanded over the years. Diewert (1992) describes twenty tests for weighted index formulas, and Diewert (1995) provides seventeen tests for equally weighted (or elementary) index formulas, and attributes the tests to their authors. It is beyond the scope of this discussion to describe all the tests, but several important ones are outlined below. Many of the tests apply to both types of formulas.
• Time reversal. This test requires the index formula to produce consistent results whether it is calculated from period 0 to period 1 or from period 1 to period 0. More specifically, if the price observations for period 0 and period 1 are changed around then the resulting price index should be the reciprocal of the original index.
• Circularity (often called transitivity). This is a multi-period test (essentially a test of chaining). It requires that the multiplication of the price index obtained by going from period 0 to period 1 and from period 1 to 2 is the same as going directly from period 0 to period 2.
• Commensurability. This test requires that if the units of measurement of the item are changed (e.g. from kilograms to tonnes), then the price index should not change.
11.33 The Fisher Ideal index formula passes the tests on time reversal and commensurability; whereas the Laspeyres and Paasche only pass the test of commensurability. The Lowe index used in the Australian CPI passes the circularity and commensurability tests.
11.34 Regarding the three equally weighted price index formulas discussed in Price index theory, the arithmetic mean of price relatives (APR) fails the time reversal and circularity tests, the relative of average prices (RAP) fails the commensurability test, but the geometric mean (GM) approach passes all tests.
11.35 Although the equally weighted GM appears to have considerable appeal as an elementary index formula, there are some situations in which it produces an undesirable result. The GM cannot handle zero prices which might occur, for example, if the government introduced a policy to subsidise fully a particular good or service. In addition, the GM may not produce acceptable movements when a price falls sharply. For example, consider a price sample of two items, each selling for $10 in one period, with the price of one of the items falling to$1 in the second period. The GM produces an index of 31.6 for the second period (assuming it was 100 in the first period), a fall of around 68%. Because the GM (implicitly) maintains equal expenditure shares in each period, it effectively gives a larger weight to lower prices.⁵
11.36 The GM formula has become more widely accepted in official circles for compiling consumer price indexes. For example, Canada switched to using GMs in the late 1980s; the United States introduced the GM formula for items making up about 61% of its CPI in January 1999; and Australia began introducing the formula in the December quarter 1998. (However, where there is a likelihood of a zero price occurring in the sample or there are barriers to item substitution, it is inappropriate to use the GM, then the ABS generally uses the RAP formula instead.) Furthermore, the GM formula is prescribed by the European Union for calculation of price sample means in its Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP).
11.37 There is another aspect to indexes that is worth considering, although it is not rated as a test in the literature. In most countries the CPI is produced at various levels of aggregation. Typically there are three or more levels between the lowest published level, and the total of all goods and services. In practice, it is desirable that the same result is obtained whether the total index is compiled directly from the lowest level or in a staged way using progressively higher levels of aggregation. This property is known as 'additivity'. Diewert (1978) shows that the fixed weighted Laspeyres and Paasche indexes may be aggregated consistently, and the Fisher and Törnqvist indexes are very close approximations of one another⁶.
Footnotes
1 Consumer Price Indices; An ILO Manual, by Ralph Turvey et al (ILO, Geneva 1989).
2 Transactions data has access to timely quantity data, however this is currently only for a subset of the CPI basket, primarily the Food and non-alcoholic beverages group (see Use of transactions data in the Australian CPI for more details).
3 For a description of the indexes, refer to Price index theory of this manual.
4 Analytical retrospective superlative index based on New Zealand’s CPI: 2014, (Statistics New Zealand, 2014), available at http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/CPI_inflation/cpi-retrospective-superlative-index-2014.aspx
5 The RAP and APR formulas both give an index of 55.0 in this case.
6 The aggregation property of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes allows them to be broken down into points contributions which is very useful for analysing the relative significance of items in the index, and their contributions to changes in the aggregate index. However, Diewert (2000) has a way to decompose superlative indexes.
Reference periods
12.1 The following reference periods are discussed in Re-referencing and linking price indexes:
• Weight reference period is the period covered by the expenditure statistics used to calculate the weights. The weight reference period for the 2018 update of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 2016-17.
• Price reference period is the period for which prices are used as denominators in the index calculation. The price reference period for the 2018 update of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the September quarter 2018.
• Index reference period is the period for which the index is set to 100.0. The current index reference period is 2011-12.
Re-referencing
12.2 The ABS changes the index reference period (a process known as re-referencing) of the CPI from time to time, but not frequently. This is because frequently changing the index reference period is inconvenient for users, particularly those who use the CPI for contract escalation. Also re-referencing may result in the loss of some detailed historical data, especially for long series. The current CPI index reference period was updated in the September quarter 2012 to 2011-12. Prior to this the index reference period was 1989-90.
12.3 By convention, the ABS publishes price index numbers rounded to one decimal place. Re-referencing is necessary where price index numbers fall to levels which would result in a loss of precision of period-to-period index movements. An example of a series in the CPI where this could occur is the Audio, visual and computing equipment expenditure class. This series experiences a downward trend due to the technological improvements seen in these goods, resulting in pure price falls over time. Therefore, re-referencing is required in these cases so that price indexes accurately capture period-to-period movements.
12.4 The conversion of an index series from one index reference period to another involves calculating a conversion factor using the ratio between the two series of index numbers. For example, consider converting the Clothing and footwear group index for Australia from an index reference period of 1989-90 = 100.0 to 2011-12 = 100.0 (see Table 12.1). The index number for the 2011-12 Clothing and footwear group using an index reference period of 1989-90 is (110.3 + 109.7 + 107.7 + 109.2)/4 = 109.2 (rounded to one decimal place). The published conversion factor is 0.9154 (approximately 100.0/109.2) so that the March quarter 2011 index number, on an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0 is 97.2 (106.2×0.9154).
12.5 Similar procedures are used to convert the 2011-12 index reference period to a 1989-90 index reference period. For example, the December quarter 2013 index for the Clothing group for Australia was 99.7 which, when multiplied by the conversion factor of 1.0920 (109.2/100.0), gives an index number of 108.9 on the index reference period of 1989-90 = 100.0. It should be noted that a different conversion factor will apply for each index and city - that is, the factor for the Clothing and footwear group for Australia will differ from the factor for the Transport group for Australia, and for the Clothing and footwear group for Sydney.
12.1 Converting index reference periods, clothing and footwear group
PeriodIndex reference period(a)
1980-90=100.02011-12=100.0
Mar qtr 2011106.297.2
Jun qtr 2011108.799.5
Sep qtr 2011110.3101.0
Dec qtr 2011109.7100.4
Mar qtr 2012107.798.6
Jun qtr 2012109.2100.0
Financial year 2011-12109.2100.0
Sep qtr 2012109.5100.2
Dec qtr 2012110.3101.0
Mar qtr 2013106.197.1
Jun qtr 2013108.999.7
Sep qtr 2013110.1100.8
Dec qtr 2013108.999.7
1. Conversion factor: 1989-90 index reference period to 2011-12 index reference period = 0.9154.
12.6 Re-referencing does not change the relative movements between periods. Period-to-period percentage changes may differ slightly to those previously published due to rounding and the re-referencing. However, these differences do not constitute a revision.
12.7 For a full list of the conversion factors used in the most recent CPI re-reference, see table 17 in Consumer Price Index, Australia, Sep 2012 (cat. no. 6401.0).
12.8 Further information on re-referencing can be found in Appendix 1 'Re-referencing the Consumer Price Index' of Consumer Price Index, Australia, Sep 2012 (cat. no. 6401.0)
12.9 The use of fixed weights (as in a Laspeyres formula) over a long period of time is not considered sound practice. For example, weights in a consumer price index have to be changed to reflect changing consumption patterns. Consumption patterns change in response to longer term price movements, changes in preferences, and the introduction or displacement of goods or services.
12.10 There are two options in these situations if a fixed weight index is used. Option one is to hold the weights constant over as long a period as seems reasonable, starting a new index each time the weights are changed. This means that a longer time series is not available. Option two is to update the weights more frequently and chain link the series together to form a longer time series. The latter option is the more common practice and is what is used in the Australian CPI.
12.11 The behaviour under chain linking of the Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher index formulas is explored in Table 12.2. In period 3, prices and quantities are returned to their index reference period values and in period 4 the index reference period prices and quantities are shuffled between items. The period 3 situation is sometimes described as time reversal and the period 4 situation as price bouncing.
12.12 Under the three formulas, the index number under direct estimation returns to 100.0 when prices and quantities of each item return to their index reference period levels, however, the chained index numbers do not. Note that the chained Fisher Ideal index might generally be expected to perform better than the chained Laspeyres or Paasche. More information on linking indexes is contained in section 9.105 - 9.126 in the international CPI Manual (ILO, 2004).
12.13 This situation creates a challenge for prices statisticians when using a fixed weight index. There are obvious attractions in frequent chaining, however, chaining in a fixed weight index may lead to biased estimates. This can occur if there is seasonality or cycles in the price, and chaining coincides with the top or bottom of each cycle. For this reason it is generally accepted that indexes should not be chained at intervals less than annual. The conceptual underpinning of chaining is that the traditionally expected inverse relationship between prices and quantities actually applies in practice (i.e. growth in quantities is higher for those items whose prices increase less than those of other items). The System of National Accounts, 2008 describes the practical situations in which chaining works best.
12.2 A closer look at chaining
ItemPeriod 0Period 1Period 2Period 3Period 4
This question is best interpreted as asking ‘How much would need to be spent in the December quarter 2017 to purchase what could be purchased in 2012 for $200?’ As no specific commodity is mentioned, what is required is a measure comparing the general level of prices in the December quarter 2017 with the general level of prices in calendar year 2012. The All groups CPI would be an appropriate choice. Because CPI index numbers are not published for calendar years, two steps are required to answer this question. The first is to derive an index for calendar year 2012. The second is to multiply the initial dollar amount by the ratio of the index for December quarter 2017 to the index for calendar year 2012. The index for calendar year 2012 is obtained as the simple arithmetic average of the quarterly indexes for March (99.9), June (100.4), September (101.8) and December (102.0) 2012 giving 101.0 rounded to one decimal place. The index for the December quarter 2017 is 112.1. The answer is then given by:$200 x 112.1/101.0 = $221.98. Question 2: Household Expenditure Survey data show that average weekly expenditure per household on Food and non-alcoholic beverages increased from$204.20 in 2009-10 to $236.97 in 2015-16 (i.e. an increase of 16.0%). Does this mean that households, on average, purchased 16.0% more Food and non-alcoholic beverages in 2015-16 than they did in 2009-10? Response 2: This is an example of one of the most valuable uses that can be made of price indexes. Often the only viable method of collecting and presenting information about economic activity is in the form of expenditure or income in monetary units (e.g. dollars). While monetary aggregates are useful in their own right, economists and other analysts are frequently concerned with questions related to volumes, for example, whether more goods and services have been produced in one period compared with another period. Comparing monetary aggregates alone is not sufficient for this purpose as dollar values can change from one period to another due to either changes in quantities or changes in prices (most often a combination). 13.20 To illustrate this, consider a simple example of expenditure on oranges in two periods. The product of the quantity and the price gives the expenditure in a period. Suppose that in the first period ten oranges were purchased at a price of$1.00 each, and in the second period fifteen oranges were purchased at a price of $1.50 each. Expenditure in period 1 would be$10.00 and in period 2 $22.50. Expenditure has increased by 125%, yet the volume (i.e. the number of oranges) has only increased by 50% with the difference being accounted for by a price increase of 50%. In this example all the price and quantity data are known, so volumes can be compared directly. Similarly, if prices and expenditures are known, quantities can be derived. 13.21 However what if the actual prices and quantities are not known? If expenditures are known, and a price index for oranges is available, the index numbers for the two periods can be used as if they were prices to adjust the expenditure for one period to remove the effect of the price change. If the price index for oranges was equal to 100.0 in the first period, the index for the second period would equal 150.0. Dividing expenditure in the second period by the index number for the second period, and multiplying this result by the index number for the first period provides an estimate of the expenditure that would have been observed in the second period had the prices remained as they were in the first period. This can easily be demonstrated using the oranges example:$22.50/150.0 x 100.0 = $15.00 = 15 x$1.00
13.22 So, without ever knowing the actual volumes (quantities) in the two periods, the adjusted second period expenditure ($15.00), can be compared with the expenditure in the first period ($10.00) to derive a measure of the proportional change in volumes: $15/$10 = 1.50, which equals the ratio obtained directly from the comparison of the known volumes.
13.23 We now return to the question on expenditure on Food and non-alcoholic beverages recorded in the HES in 2009-10 and 2015-16. As the HES data relates to the average expenditure of Australian households, the ideal price index would be one that covers the retail prices of Food and non-alcoholic beverages for Australia as a whole. The price index which comes closest to meeting this ideal is the index for the Food and non-alcoholic group of the CPI for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. The Food and non-alcoholic index number for 2009-10 is (94.3 + 95.7 + 96.7 + 96.4)/4 = 95.8 and for 2015-16 is (104.0 + 104.3 + 104.1 + 103.8)/4 = 104.1. Using these index numbers, recorded expenditure in 2015-16 ($236.97) can be adjusted to 2009-10 prices as follows:$236.97/104.1 x 95.8 = $218.08 13.24 The adjusted 2015-16 expenditure of$218.08 can then be compared to the expenditure recorded in 2009-10 (\$204.20) to deliver an estimate of the change in volumes. This indicates a volume increase of 6.8%.
Precision and rounding
13.25 To ensure consistency from one publication to the next, the ABS uses a set of rounding conventions or rules for calculating and presenting the results. These conventions strike a balance between maximising the usefulness of the information for analytical purposes, and retaining the underlying precision of the estimates. Users need to consider these conventions when using the CPI for analytical or other special purposes.
13.26 Index numbers are always published relative to a base of 100.0. Index numbers and percentage changes are always published to one decimal place, and the percentage changes are calculated from the rounded index numbers¹. Index numbers for periods longer than a single quarter (e.g. for financial years) are calculated as the simple arithmetic average of the rounded quarterly index numbers.
13.27 Points contributions are published to two decimal places, except the All groups CPI which is published to one decimal place. Change in points contributions is calculated from the rounded points contributions. Rounding differences can arise in the points contributions where different levels of precision are used.
Footnotes
1. An exception to this are the Trimmed mean and Weighted median series, where the index numbers are published to four decimal places and the percentage changes are calculated from the index numbers rounded to four decimal places.
The system of price statistics
Introduction
14.1 The system of price statistics outlines the system of price statistics in Australia and assists users to select the most appropriate price measures for particular applications. This includes for the analysis of inflation, indexation and business contract adjustment.
14.2 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is part of a broader system of price statistics. There are a range of other price indexes that apply to different sectors of the economy. The system of price statistics describes the other price measures produced by the ABS, both the direct measures of price change, and derived measures.
Principal price indexes
14.3 The principal indexes in the Australian system of prices statistics are:
(i) Consumer Price Index (CPI);
(ii) Producer Price Indexes (PPI);
(iii) International Trade Price Indexes (ITPI);
(iv) Residential Property Price Indexes (RPPI); and
(v) Wage Price Index (WPI).
14.4 These are well known and closely watched indicators of macroeconomic performance and the purchasing power of money, and they are used as deflators in providing summary measures of the volume of goods and services produced and consumed. These indexes are not only important tools in the design and conduct of the monetary and fiscal policy of the government, but also are of great utility in economic analysis and decision making throughout the private sector. These price indexes provide an integrated and consistent view of price developments in production, consumption, and international transactions in goods and services.
Direct measures of price change
14.5 All the principal price indexes introduced above are direct measures of price change; that is, they are obtained through collecting and directly using price data. Each of the indexes is described in the following paragraphs.
14.6 Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of household inflation. This is achieved by measuring quarterly changes in the price of goods and services which account for a high proportion of expenditure by Australian metropolitan households.
14.7 Producer Price Indexes (PPIs) measure the changes in the prices of goods and services as they either leave the place of production or enter the production process. PPIs can be constructed as either an output measure or an input measure. Input PPIs measure the rate of change in the prices of goods and services purchased by the producer. Output PPIs measure the rate of change in the prices of goods and services as they leave the producer.
14.8 The ABS compiles a suite of quarterly input and output price indexes for selected industries of the Australian economy. These measures show both the changes in the prices that producers receive for their outputs, as well as the changes in the prices that producers pay for their inputs. Broad based indexes are also produced that cover significant parts of the economy, in particular, the Stage of Production price indexes cover the measured economy for each of the three stages of production (preliminary, intermediate, and final demand). The following indexes are the major PPIs released by the ABS:
• Stage of Production (SOP) Producer Price Indexes - presented by stage of production, industry of origin and destination within the economy;
• Input to the Coal Mining Industry;
• Output of the Manufacturing industries;
• Input to the Manufacturing industries;
• Output of the Construction industries;
• Input to the House construction industry;
• Output of the Accommodation and food services industries;
• Output of the Transport, postal and warehousing industries;
• Output of the Information media and telecommunications industries;
• Output of the Rental, hiring and real estate services industries;
• Output of the Professional, scientific and technical services industries;
• Output of the Administrative and support services industries;
• Output of the Public administration and safety industries;
• Output of the Other services industries;
• Output of the Education and training industries;
• Output of the Health care and social assistance industries;
• Output of the Mining industries;
• Output of the Retail Trade Industry (experimental series).
14.9 The PPIs are published quarterly in Producer Prices Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6427.0).
14.10 Import Price Index (IPI) measures the changes in the prices paid for imported products that are landed in Australia each quarter.
14.11 Export Price Index (EPI) measures the changes in the prices received for exported products from Australia each quarter.
14.12 The IPI and EPI are published quarterly in International Trade Price Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6457.0).
14.13 Residential Property Price Indexes (RPPIs) measure changes in residential property prices in each of the eight capital cities. The ABS has compiled a House Price Index (HPI) since 1986. A review was completed in 2012 which resulted in the expansion in scope beyond the existing HPI to include attached dwellings and produce an aggregate RPPI. The suite of Residential Property Price Indexes is:
• A Residential Property Price Index (RPPI);
• An Established House Price Index (HPI); and
• An Attached Dwellings Price Index (ADPI).
14.14 The RPPIs are published quarterly in Residential Property Price Indexes, Eight Capital Cities (cat. no. 6416.0).
14.15 Wage Price Index (WPI) measures the changes in wages and salaries paid by employers for a unit of labour (i.e. one hour) over time that arise from market factors. The WPI is designed to measure inflationary pressures associated with the Compensation of Employees (CoE), as outlined by the System of National Accounts (2008). Theoretically, the WPI would include all elements of CoE, but for practical reasons it focuses on wages and salaries payments in cash, as well as salary sacrifice payments.
14.16 The WPI has the dual purpose of monitoring wages and salaries inflation in the economy and supporting the compilation of the Australian System of National Accounts. To achieve this, the WPI uses a Laspeyres index methodology (where the price in a particular period is compared to that in a previous fixed period) designed to produce a measure of pure price change in wages and salaries independent of compositional factors (i.e. the quantity and quality of labour are held constant).
14.17 The WPI is published quarterly in Wage Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6345.0).
Derived measures of price change
National accounts price indexes
14.18 The Australian System of National Accounts, produced by the ABS, is a systematic framework of statistics providing a wide range of information about the economy and its components. Within the National Accounts framework are derived measures of price change which include implicit price deflators (IPDs), and chain price indexes.
14.19 IPDs are obtained by dividing a current price value by the chain volume measure expressed in dollar terms. IPDs are derived measures (hence the term implicit) and are not normally the direct measures of price change by which current price estimates are converted to volume measures. They reflect both changes in the prices between the two periods and changes in the composition of the aggregate between those periods.
14.20 Because the composition of an aggregate often changes from period to period, IPDs do not compare the price of a constant basket of goods and services between any two periods (except in comparing the index reference period with any other period). IPDs calculated from quarterly aggregates may be particularly affected by changes in the physical composition of those aggregates. As much of the quarter to quarter change in the physical composition is of a seasonal nature, IPDs derived from seasonally adjusted data are normally more reliable measures of price change than those calculated from unadjusted data. Even so, seasonally adjusting the series may not completely eliminate the effect of seasonal changes on the derived IPDs.
14.21 IPDs are available for gross domestic product; exports of goods and services; imports of goods and services; and domestic final demand, and its four major components. They are published quarterly as part of Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0), and Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia (cat. no. 5302.0).
14.22 In those cases where quantity revaluation is used to derive volume estimates, the IPD is used in constructing the chain price indexes. These IPDs are calculated at such a detailed level that for all intents, the published National Accounts chain price indexes can be considered as measures of pure price change. They are annually re-weighted chain Laspeyres price indexes. These indexes encompass the whole of the economy. The chain price index most akin to the CPI is the index for Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE). The main differences between the two are that the chain price index for HFCE is re-weighted annually, and is broader in scope encompassing expenditure by all resident households and non-profit institutions serving households. For example, HFCE includes an estimate of expenditure on gambling, which is not included in the CPI, and it imputes rental payments for owner occupiers.
14.23 An annually chained price index weights price changes together using the previous year's weights for each quarter of the current year. The chain price indexes are calculated from the deflators used to derive the volume estimates, weighted together in the same way and at the same level of detail as the chain volume estimates. In those cases where quantity revaluation is used to derive volume estimates, the implicit price deflator at a detailed level of disaggregation is used in constructing the chain price indexes to minimise the effect of any compositional change.
Living cost indexes
14.24 The ABS also produces a set of quarterly living cost indexes to assess the effect of changes in prices on the out-of-pocket living expenses experienced by four different types of Australian households categorised based on the principal source of household income, derived from the latest HES.
14.25 The household types in the scope of these indexes account for over 90% of Australian households. The four household types that have been identified as being appropriate for the construction of these indexes, are:
• employee households - those households whose principal source of income is from wages and salaries;
• age pensioner households - those households whose principal source of income is the age pension or veterans affairs pension;
• other government transfer recipient households - those households whose principal source of income is a government pension or benefit other than the age pension or veterans affairs pension; and
• self-funded retiree households - those households whose principal source of income is superannuation or property income and where the HES defined reference person is ‘retired’ (not in the labour force and over 55 years of age).
14.26 The ABS also publishes the Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index (PBLCI) as part of the suite of living cost indexes. The scope of the PBLCI is households whose principal source of income is from government pensions and benefits (i.e. age pensioner and other government transfer recipient households).
14.27 A living cost index is conceptually different from a price index as it reflects changes over time in the purchasing power of the after-tax incomes of households. It measures the impact of changes in prices on the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by households to gain access to a fixed basket of consumer goods and services. The CPI, on the other hand, is designed to measure price inflation for the household sector as a whole and is not the conceptually ideal measure for assessing the changes in the purchasing power of the disposable incomes of the households. The living cost indexes produced by the ABS are constructed using the outlays approach as opposed to CPI which has been using the acquisition approach since the September quarter 1998. For more information, refer to Purposes and uses of consumer price indexes of this manual or the publication below.
14.28 Selected Living Cost Indexes are published quarterly in Selected Living Cost Indexes, Australia (cat. no. 6467.0).
Which price series should I use?
14.29 As described, there are a wide range of price indexes produced by the ABS used for indexation, research and analysis. Although the ABS acknowledges that the various price indexes it publishes are used in indexation clauses, it neither endorses nor discourages such use. The ABS has prepared information for users that sets out a range of issues that should be taken into account by parties considering an indexation clause in a contract using an ABS published price index. This paper Use of Price Indexes in Contracts is available on the ABS website and in appendix 5 of this publication.
14.30 The index or indexes selected will affect the price change recorded and should be chosen carefully to best represent the set of items. A description of what each price index measures is available on the ABS website which will assist in the decision of which index to use. For more information about what data are available, please contact the ABS National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
Use of transaction data in the Australian CPI
Introduction
15.1 The launch of barcode scanner technology in Australia during the 1970s, and its growth in the 20th century, has enabled retailers to capture detailed information on transactions at the point of sale. Transactions data are high in volume and contain detailed information about transactions, including date, quantities, product descriptions, and value of sales. As such, it is a rich data source for National Statistical Offices (NSOs) that can be used to enhance their statistics, reduce provider burden, and reduce associated costs of physically collecting data.
15.2 From March quarter 2014 the ABS significantly increased its use of transactions data to compile the Australian CPI, now accounting for approximately 25 per cent of the weight of the Australian CPI. The approach adopted was a 'direct replacement' of observed point-in-time prices with a unit value calculated from the transactions data.
15.3 While this has enhanced the Australian CPI, it is acknowledged that more can be done with transactions data to compile official statistics than traditional approaches. This has led to further methodological changes for the use of transactions data to compile the CPI. These methods have been implemented into the CPI from December quarter 2017.
15.4 The remainder of Use of Transactions Data in the Australian CPI discusses the phased implementation to these new methods (called 'multilateral methods').
Initial ABS approach using transactions data
15.5 The initial ABS approach to compile the CPI using transactions data is consistent with the International Labour Organization (ILO 2004), and is a replacement of directly observed (point-in-time) prices with a unit value calculated from the transactions data. The unit value approach takes expenditure and quantity data by product over the period of interest (e.g. quarter) to calculate an average unit price. It allows for better outlet coverage as unit values are calculated over all of a respondent's outlets, rather than just a sample. The major benefit of this approach compared to the traditional point-in-time pricing is that unit values provide a more accurate summary of an average transaction price than an isolated price quotation (Diewert 1995).
Motivations for using multilateral methods
Overcoming traditional bilateral price index formula issues
15.6 One option for using timely expenditure information available in transactions datasets is the calculation of ‘superlative’ bilateral indexes (e.g. Fisher, Törnqvist). Superlative bilateral indexes compare prices and expenditure across two points in time. They treat expenditure patterns symmetrically and can be compiled either directly or indirectly (chained). Unfortunately, both these bilateral approaches have shown weakness when applied to transactions data:
• Direct bilateral indexes compare prices and quantities from the current period relative to an earlier base period (e.g. period 0 to 1, period 0 to 2). They have the problem of item attrition (i.e. product entries and exits) decreasing the amount of matched products overtime. Additionally, the period chosen as the base period is given special importance and will exclude some items (e.g. seasonal items) that are not available in the base period (Diewert 2013).
• Indirect (chained) bilateral price indexes compare prices and quantities from consecutive time periods (e.g. period 0 to 1, period 1 to 2) which can be chained together to form a continuous series. While indirect bilateral methods address the item attrition issue observed with direct comparisons, they suffer from a 'chain drift' problem where the index fails to return to parity after prices and quantities revert back to their original values. 'Chain drift' is caused by quantities spiking when consumers stock up goods that are on sale, and not returning to their normal level immediately after the sales period (Ivancic, Fox and Diewert 2011; van der Grient and de Haan 2011). An example of downward ‘chain drift’ is provided in Figure 15.1 for laundry cleaning products which shows the chained Törnqvist falling over 40 percent, while the benchmark price series reports no price change.
Figure 15.1 The 'chain drift' problem
15.7 The limitations of traditional bilateral index formulae have motivated research by NSOs and academics into new methods for compiling price indexes from transactions data. Typically, multilateral index methods have been used in the spatial context to compare price levels across different geographic regions, however academics and NSOs are proposing they be used to make price comparisons across multiple (three or more) time periods. Multilateral methods have a number of advantages for temporal aggregation including:
1. Using a census of products available in datasets;
2. Weighting products at the product and elementary level by expenditure share;
3. Price indexes that are free of 'chain drift'; and
4. Reduced resources to produce indexes.
Methods for compiling transactions data
Background
15.8 Multilateral methods possess a number of desirable qualities, both theoretical and practical, to produce temporal price indexes from transactions data. The following details the practical and methodological decisions for aggregating transactions data in four sub-sections: aggregation structure, multilateral method, extension method and multilateral window length. This discussion returns to the framework established in the Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003) which linked the ABS Data Quality Framework (DQF) to six main criteria for an NSO to evaluate different multilateral methods (Table 15.1).
15.1 Framework for assessing multilateral methods
ConsiderationQuality dimensions
Resources: does this method help facilitate more effective use of human and information resources?Institutional Environment, Timeliness
Theoretical properties: what conceptual properties does the index method have, and how well do these align with the CPI purpose?Accuracy
Transitivity: to what extent is the index transitive?Accuracy, Coherence
Characteristicity: to what extent are price comparisons relevant to the time periods being compared?Accuracy, Relevance
Flexibility: what scope is there to use or adapt the method for new statistical products or data sources?Coherence, Institutional Environment
Interpretability: how easy is it to understand the method and the price movements it calculates?Interpretability
Product definition
15.9 The definition of a homogeneous product where the calculation of a unit value occurs remains largely consistent with previous practices in the CPI. The ABS defines products using product classifications provided by Australian proprietors known as the stock keeping unit (SKU). The unit value is calculated using expenditure and quantity information across all stores from the same proprietor for each capital city in Australia (e.g. SKU ‘xxx’ from Company 1 for Sydney).
15.10 The unit value is calculated on a quarterly frequency to align with the publication frequency of the Australian CPI. The quarterly unit value is calculated using approximately 2.5 months of revenue and quantity data in order to meet the timeliness constraints for publication - this is consistent with current ABS and international practices. This calculation of quarterly unit values differs slightly with previous CPI practice, where unit values were derived at both monthly and quarterly frequencies. Research has shown that the unit value calculation should align with the publication frequency of the CPI (Diewert, Fox and de Haan 2015).
15.11 The calculation of the unit value should occur across products that are considered equivalent from the perspective of a consumer. Research by other NSOs has shown that matched model multilateral indexes can have a downward bias if price increases are missed when the same item is ‘relaunched’ using a different product identifier (Chessa 2016). The issue of relaunches is a known problem when identifying products using barcodes for certain commodities, while the choice of a broader product definition such as SKU (which is an aggregation of multiple barcodes) should mitigate this problem. The ABS will continue to monitor the suitability of defining products using the SKU.
Elementary aggregation
15.12 In order to maximise the use of transactions data using multilateral methods, the ABS has modified the aggregation structure below the published (EC) level. Figure 15.2 details the aggregation structure implemented in the CPI, which uses respondent classes as elementary aggregates (EAs) when these are available from transactions datasets. The direct Törnqvist index formula is used to aggregate respondent EAs together to compile ‘Respondent x EC’ price indexes in order to capture changes in consumer expenditure patterns overtime. ‘Respondent x EC’ indexes are weighted by expenditure (market) share using the Lowe Index formula, with weights being reviewed on an annual basis using both transactions and other data sources.
Figure 15.2 Aggregation structure for transactions data ECs
This diagram includes a pyramid outlining the aggregation structure for transactions data expenditure classes.
This begins at the base of the pyramid with prices. There are three streams which prices is at the base of. Each of the three streams flows up from prices to respondent elementary aggregates.
The first stream flows up from respondent elementary aggregates to respondent 1 expenditure class. The middle stream flows up from respondent elementary aggregates to respondent 2 expenditure class. The final stream flows up from respondent elementary aggregates to respondent ‘n’ expenditure class.
All three streams flow up from respondent 1, 2, and ‘n’ expenditure classes into vegetables expenditure class. This flows up to fruit and vegetable sub-group, which flows up to food group, and finally to all groups. All groups is the top of the pyramid.
15.13 The index structure described in Figure 15.2 includes contributions from transactions data respondents only. The 28 ECs that have this index structure are provided below in Table 15.2. The motivation to compile these ECs using transactions data only is based on evidence of high expenditure (market) share, as well as the resources required to maintain a high quality non-transactions data index component.
15.2 ECs using multilateral methods
EC
Beef and veal
Breakfast cereals
Cakes and biscuits
Cheese
Cleaning and maintenance products
Coffee, tea and cocoa
Eggs
Fish and other seafood
Fruit
Ice cream and other dairy products
Lamb and goat
Milk
Oils and fats
Other cereal products
Other food products n.e.c.
Other meats
Other non-durable household products
Personal care products
Pets and related products
Pork
Poultry
Snacks and confectionery
Tobacco
Vegetables
Water, soft drinks and juices
Multilateral method
15.14 In recent years there has been an increase in the range of multilateral methods proposed for use in CPI aggregation when using transactions data. The Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003) outlines research by the ABS into four multilateral methods considered for implementation into the Australian CPI(footnote 1) . These methods were:
• Weighted Time Product Dummy (TPD)
• Geary-Khamis (GK)
• Quality adjusted unit value using TPD (QAUV_TPD)
• Gini, Eltetö, Köves and Szulc (GEKS)-Törnqvist²
15.15 Testing the different multilateral methods in practice, the ABS found little difference in the empirical results generated from each different multilateral method. Comparing the different methods to the framework described in Table 15.1, the ABS preferred method for compiling price indexes using transactions data is the GEKS-Törnqvist. The two main criteria that differentiate the GEKS-Törnqvist from the other multilateral methods are its theoretical properties (economic approach to index numbers) and interpretability (based on bilateral index number theory). To remedy the sensitivity of the GEKS-Törnqvist to products with atypical prices and small quantities (clearance prices), the ABS uses filters to remove these products from index compilation. The exclusion of products at clearance prices is consistent with current practices adopted in the CPI.
15.16 The GEKS-Törnqvist method takes the geometric mean of the ratios of all bilateral Törnqvist indexes (calculated using the same index number formula) between a number of entities. For spatial indexes these entities are generally countries, while for price comparisons across time, the entities are time periods.
15.17 The bilateral index formula chosen for the Australian CPI is the Törnqvist index which can be expressed as:
$$P^{0,t}_{T}=\prod ^n_\limits {i=0}\Bigg[\frac{p^t_i}{p^0_i}\Bigg]^{\frac{s^t_i+s^0_i}{2}} \space \space \space \space \space (15.1)$$
where,
$$P^{0,t}_{T} =$$ Törnqvist index between periods $$0$$ and $$t$$
$$p^t_i =$$ price of item $$i$$ in period $$t$$
$$p^0_i=$$ price of item $$i$$ in period $$0$$
$${\frac{s^t_i+s^0_i}{2}}=$$ average expenditure share of item $$i$$ across periods $$0$$ and $$t$$
15.18 The GEKS-Törnqvist is calculated as the geometric mean of the ratios of all matched-model Törnqvist bilateral indexes ( $$p^{l,0}$$ and $$p^{l,t}$$) where each period is taken in turn as the base (de Haan 2015). The GEKS-Törnqvist method can be expressed as:
$$p_{GEKS}^{0,t}=\prod^T_\limits {l=0}\big[\frac{p^{l,t}}{p^{l,0}} \big] ^{\frac{1}{T+1}} \space \space \space \space \space (15.2)$$
$$P^{0,t}_{GEKS}=$$ $$GEKS$$ index between periods $$0$$ and $$t$$
$$p^{l,0}=$$ Törnqvist index between periods $$l$$ and $$0$$
$$p^{l,t}=$$ Törnqvist index between periods $$l$$ and $$t$$
15.19 An example of calculating the GEKS-Törnqvist index across a three period multilateral window is provided below in Figure 15.3. Each row in the figure (or ratio term in the brackets) uses a Törnqvist index to measure price change between periods $$0$$ and $$1$$, where the base period changes for each row (ratio) whilst the comparison period remains constant. The GEKS then takes the geometric average of these three measures of price change between periods $$0$$ and $$1$$.
Figure 15.3: Example of GEKS-Tornqvist index
This image show the GEKS-Törnqvist index across a three period multilateral window. Each row in the figure (or ratio term in the brackets) uses a Törnqvist index to measure price change between periods 0 and 1, where the base period changes for each row (ratio) whilst the comparison period remains constant. The GEKS then takes the geometric average of these three measures of price change between periods 0 and 1.
Extension method
15.20 When multilateral methods are used to produce a temporal index, each bilateral price comparison depends on prices observed in other periods of the multilateral comparison window. As a result, incorporating a new period into the multilateral comparison window may revise previous price indexes, which is unacceptable for CPI purposes. To resolve this, researchers and NSOs have developed methods for using the latest multilateral index incorporating the latest data to update the published index series.
15.21 The ABS has considered a range of methods for extending the time series. These can be characterised into the following two groups³:
• The direct (annual) extension: method proposed by Chessa (2016). This involves extending the multilateral estimation window from some (annually) fixed base period as each new period becomes available, and using the price change between the base period and the new period to extend the series
• Rolling window methods inspired by Ivancic, Diewert and Fox (2011), which all involve calculating a new multilateral index using a window of fixed length as each new period becomes available. Having chosen some splice period common to the current and previous windows, the series is extended using the ratio of the price change between the splice period and the current period (using the current window) and the price change between the splice period and the previous period (using the previous window). Choosing the splice period to be the previous period yields a movement splice (Ivancic, Diewert and Fox 2011); choosing the start of the current window yields a window splice (Krsinich 2016); choosing the midpoint of the current window yields a half splice (de Haan 2015). Algebraically, the published index movement from the previous period (t -1) to the current period (t) can be expressed as:
$$p^{t-1,t}=\frac{p^{s,t}_M(current)}{p^{s,t-1}_M(previous)}\space \space \space \space \space (15.3)$$
where:
$$p^{s,t}_M(current)=$$ price movement between the splice period $$s$$ and $$t$$ based on the current multilateral
$$p^{s,t-1}_M(previous)=$$ price movement between $$s$$ and $$t-1$$ based on the previous multilateral window
15.22 While each of the rolling window methods above uses one specific splice period, Diewert and Fox (2017) have endorsed a mean splice rolling window method - initially proposed by Ivancic, Diewert and Fox (2011) - which involves extending the index using the geometric mean of the indexes produced from all possible choices of splice period. Using the notation above, the mean splice extension can be expressed algebraically as:
$$p^{t-1,t}=\prod ^{t-1}_ \limits {s=t-T}\Bigg(\frac{p^{s,t}_M(current)}{p^{s,t-1}_M(previous)}\Bigg)^\frac{1}{T} \space \space \space \space \space (15.4)$$
where the multilateral window length is $$T+1$$ periods, so the current and previous periods overlap between $$t-T$$ and $$t-1$$.
15.23 The ABS has chosen the mean splice motivated by the following factors:
• Conceptually, it seems more natural to make the results independent of the choice of splice period by using all the periods they have in common, rather than choosing a single splice period.
• Empirically, the mean splice appears more robust - while the half splice mitigates systematic quality adjustment bias, choosing an alternative splice period close to the midpoint can give quite different results.
15.24 An example of the mean splice is provided below for a rolling window (length of five periods), where the price movement between periods four and five is estimated by taking the geometric mean of all ratios of GEKS indexes where each common splice period between window one and window two is taken in turn as the base (i.e. one, two, three and four). It can be shown that the mean splice effectively makes a small implicit revision to price movements early in the current window and a large implicit revision to price movements later in the current window. This mitigates the effect of both new and disappearing products, similar to the half splice.
Figure 15.4: Mean splice across rolling multilateral window
This image provides and example of the mean splice for a rolling window (length of five periods), where the price movement between periods four and five is estimated by taking the geometric mean of all ratios of GEKS indexes where each common splice period between window one and window two is taken in turn as the base (i.e. one, two, three and four). It shows that the mean splice effectively makes a small implicit revision to price movements early in the current window and a large implicit revision to price movements later in the current window. This mitigates the effect of both new and disappearing products, similar to the half splice.
Multilateral window length
15.25 The decision to implement a multilateral method requires an NSO to specify the number of time periods used for price comparisons. Most research involving rolling window approaches has recommended a minimum of one year and one period (i.e. five quarters, 13 months) to account for products seasonal availability, though there is currently no consensus on the optimal length of the multilateral window.
15.26 The choice of multilateral window length is a trade-off between two criteria - characteristicity and transitivity. If the multilateral window is too long, then the index could suffer from a loss of characteristicity where price change in the past may disproportionally impact recent inflation estimates. If the multilateral window is too short, the index may suffer from the ‘chain drift’ problem. Empirical testing of different window sizes is necessary to assist with this decision.
15.27 The Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003) presented results that used a window size of two years and one period (i.e. nine quarters) as the preferred window length - this was based on empirically testing various estimation windows compared to each other (as well as their proximity to different ‘full’ reference price series). Empirical testing by the ABS showed that varying the length of the estimation window generally made little difference to the price series generated. The multilateral window length is two years and one period.
Consultation and future direction
15.28 The ABS undertook broad consultation regarding the implementation of multilateral methods to compile the Australian CPI. This commenced with the release of the Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003), published 29 November 2016. Following this paper, the ABS sought user and stakeholder input to resolve the outstanding methodological challenges.
15.29 The ABS has collaborated with international experts and NSOs to resolve outstanding methodological issues. Additionally, the ABS conducted bilateral and multilateral consultations with key stakeholders, including: the Reserve Bank of Australia; the Treasury; Department of Social Services; Department of Finance; Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet; and State Treasuries. In all instances, experts, NSOs and stakeholders were supportive of maximising the use of transactions data to compile the CPI using multilateral methods.
15.30 The ABS will continue to monitor methodological developments in the use of transactions data to compile price indexes, as well as continue to conduct research into remaining practical issues including text mining, hedonics indexes, automated text mapping and the use of multilateral methods for aggregating prices ‘web scraped’ from online.
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2016. Making Greater use of Transactions Data to Compile the Consumer Price Index. cat. no. 6401.0.60.003. ABS, Canberra.
Chessa, A. G. 2016. A new methodology for processing scanner data in the Dutch CPI. Eurostat review of National Accounts and Macroecnomic Indicators, 1, 49-70.
Diewert, E. W. 1995. Axiomatic and Economic Approaches to Elementary Price Indexes. Discussion Paper No. 95-01; Department of Economics, University of British Columbia.
Diewert, E. W., Fox, K. J. & de Haan, J. 2016. A newly identified source of potential CPI bias: Weekly versus monthly unit value price indexes. Economics Letters, 141, 169-172.
Diewert, E.W. & Fox, K.J. 2017. Substitution Bias in Multilateral Methods for CPI Construction using Scanner Data. Discussion Paper No. 17-02; Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia.
de Haan, J. 2015. A Framework for Large Scale Use of Scanner Data in the Dutch CPI. Paper presented at the fourteenth Ottawa Group meeting. Tokyo, Japan.
de Haan, J. and van der Grient, H. 2011, Eliminating Chain Drift in Price Indexes Based on Scanner Data, Journal of Econometrics 161, 36-46.
International Labour Organization (ILO) 2004. Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and practice, International Labour Office, Geneva.
Ivancic, L., Fox, K. J. & Diewert, E. W. 2011. Scanner data, time aggregation and the construction of price indexes. Journal of Econometrics, 161, 24-35.
Footnotes
1. Section 2 of Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003) provides a more detailed explanation of these multilateral methods.
2. This method is also known as CCDI attributed to the authors Caves, Christensen and Diewert (1982) and Inklaar and Diewert (2017).
3. Section 3 of Information paper: Making Greater Use of Transactions Data to compile the Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6401.0.60.003) provides a more detailed explanation of these extension methods.
Appendix 1 - CPI weighting pattern
A1.1 2018 CPI weights, September quarter 2018, weighted average of eight capital cities (a)
Percentage contribution to the All groups CPI
Group, Sub-group, Expenditure class%%%
FOOD AND NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES15.76
Cakes and biscuits 0.62
Breakfast cereals 0.12
Other cereal products 0.16
Meat and seafoods 2.14
Beef and veal 0.46
Pork 0.29
Lamb and goat 0.22
Poultry 0.42
Other meats 0.36
Fish and other seafood 0.39
Dairy and related products 0.96
Milk 0.35
Cheese 0.29
Ice cream and other dairy products 0.32
Fruit and vegetables 2.23
Fruit 1.04
Vegetables 1.19
Food products n.e.c. 2.11
Eggs 0.12
Oils and fats 0.18
Snacks and confectionery 0.88
Other food products n.e.c. 0.52
Non-alcoholic beverages 0.97
Coffee, tea and cocoa 0.21
Waters, soft drinks and juices 0.76
Meals out and take away foods 5.92
Restaurant meals 3.32
Take away and fast foods 2.60
ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO7.36
Alcoholic beverages 4.54
Spirits 0.85
Wine 1.74
Beer 1.95
Tobacco 2.82
Tobacco 2.82
CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR3.32
Garments 2.03
Garments for men 0.55
Garments for women 1.15
Garments for infants and children 0.33
Footwear 0.50
Footwear for men 0.13
Footwear for women 0.30
Footwear for infants and children 0.07
Accessories and clothing services 0.79
Accessories 0.67
Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing and footwear 0.12
HOUSING23.19
Rents 7.10
Rents 7.10
New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers 8.05
New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers 8.05
Other housing 3.55
Maintenance and repair of the dwelling 2.05
Property rates and charges 1.50
Utilities 4.49
Water and sewerage 1.01
Electricity 2.54
Gas and other household fuels 0.94
FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES8.89
Furniture and furnishings 1.62
Furniture 1.32
Carpets and other floor coverings 0.30
Household textiles 0.44
Household textiles 0.44
Household appliances, utensils and tools 1.49
Major household appliances 0.39
Small electric household appliances 0.31
Glassware, tableware and household utensils 0.42
Tools and equipment for house and garden 0.37
Non-durable household products 2.48
Cleaning and maintenance products 0.24
Personal care products 0.99
Other non-durable household products 1.25
Domestic and household services 2.86
Child care 1.23
Hairdressing and personal grooming services 0.92
Other household services 0.71
HEALTH5.69
Medical products, appliances and equipment 1.14
Pharmaceutical products 1.00
Therapeutic appliances and equipment 0.14
Medical, dental and hospital services 4.55
Medical and hospital services 4.00
Dental services 0.55
TRANSPORT10.48
Private motoring 9.76
Motor vehicles 2.56
Spare parts and accessories for motor vehicles 0.74
Automotive fuel 3.24
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 1.83
Other services in respect of motor vehicles 1.39
Urban transport fares 0.72
Urban transport fares 0.72
COMMUNICATION2.57
Communication 2.57
Postal services 0.09
Telecommunication equipment and services 2.48
RECREATION AND CULTURE12.60
Audio, visual and computing equipment and services 1.83
Audio, visual and computing equipment 1.12
Audio, visual and computing media and services 0.71
Newspapers, books and stationery 0.66
Books 0.22
Newspapers, magazines and stationery 0.44
Holiday travel and accommodation 6.01
Domestic holiday travel and accommodation 2.91
International holiday travel and accommodation 3.10
Other recreation, sport and culture 4.10
Equipment for sports, camping and open-air recreation 0.57
Games, toys and hobbies 0.72
Pets and related products 0.43
Veterinary and other services for pets 0.38
Sports participation 0.96
Other recreational, sporting and cultural services 1.04
EDUCATION4.27
Education 4.27
Preschool and primary education 0.93
Secondary education 1.73
Tertiary education 1.61
INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES5.86
Insurance 1.29
Insurance 1.29
Financial services 4.57
Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) 0.57
Other financial services 4.00
ALL GROUPS CPI100.00100.00100.00
1. Any discrepancies between totals and sums of components in this Appendix are due to rounding
Appendix 2 - Analytical series
Introduction
1 Each review of the Consumer Price Index, the ABS assesses the analytical requirements of its users and the current relevance of each special analytical series published. The following separate inflation series are currently published to assist users analyse the CPI:
• All groups CPI, seasonally adjusted;
• Underlying trend series, 'Trimmed mean' and 'Weighted median';
• All groups CPI, goods component;
• All groups CPI, services component;
• All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges);
• Market goods and services excluding 'volatile items';
• All groups CPI excluding a CPI group for each of the eleven CPI Groups;
• All groups CPI excluding Housing and insurance and financial services;
• All groups CPI excluding Medical and hospital services;
• All groups CPI excluding food and energy;
• All groups CPI excluding 'volatile items';
2 These analytical series are published in table 8 of Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0) and are compiled by taking subsets of the CPI basket. Each series and their composition are outlined below.
Goods and services
3 The ABS has classified expenditure classes as goods or services based on the majority of products in each category. In the CPI, 60 out of the 87 expenditure classes, accounting for approximately 53 per cent of the All groups CPI by weight, have been classified as goods. The remaining 27 expenditure classes, accounting for approximately 47 per cent of the All groups CPI by weight, have been classified as services.
4 The CPI Tradables and Non-tradables series, collectively known as the International Trade Exposure series, measure the contribution of imported and domestic inflation to overall household inflation. Identifying the source of household inflation aides the understanding and forecasting of inflation; as well as supporting monetary and fiscal policy decisions.
5 The International Trade Exposure series classifies the CPI expenditure classes as either tradables or non-tradables by assessing the degree to which their prices are affected by domestic developments and international competition. The tradables and non-tradables series are available each quarter in table 8 of Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0).
6 Expenditure classes were defined as tradables firstly by assessing the level of imports and exports to Australian production. If exports or imports exceeded 10 per cent of Australian production, the expenditure class was classified, by default, as tradable. To determine the final classification, supplementary data were used to assess the appropriateness of each of the expenditure classes default classification. Following this, the contribution of domestic taxes and subsides to the price paid by consumers was analysed. Since taxes and subsidies are a domestic impact on inflation, these expenditure classes were classified as non-tradables where these make a large contribution to the price paid by consumers.
7 For further information see the feature article Review of the Consumer Price Index International Trade Exposure Series (cat. no. 6401.0).
8 The ABS released the tradables and non-tradables price indexes from the June quarter 1998 based on 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 Input-Output tables and related product correspondences. For the 15th series CPI, the tradable and non-tradable classification was based on the 2001-02 Input-Output data and related product correspondences. For the 16th series CPI, the 2006-07 Input-Output tables and related product correspondences were used and an optimal threshold of 10% was applied to determine whether an industry is exportable or importable . The 2013-14 Input-Output tables were used to update the classification in December quarter 2016.
9 More information is available in Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables (cat. no. 5209.0.55.001).
10 Table A2.1 shows which expenditure classes are classified as tradables and which are classified as non-tradables. In aggregate, 49 expenditure classes, which account for approximately 35 per cent of the CPI by weight, are classified as tradables. The remaining 38 expenditure classes, accounting for approximately 65 per cent of the CPI by weight, are classified as non-tradable.
11 Seasonal adjustment helps the analysis of price movements as it estimates and then removes influences that are systematic and calendar related from a time series. The seasonal adjustment methodology used to produce analytical measures of underlying inflation was replaced with standard ABS seasonal adjustment methodology with the introduction of the 16th series CPI. This ensures that seasonally adjusted CPI data are consistent with other ABS data and results in more transparent and robust analytical series.
12 The following analytical series are published using the ABS seasonal adjustment methodology:
(i) All Groups CPI, seasonally adjusted: where seasonality has been identified at the weighted average of eight capital cities level. Seasonal adjustment factors are calculated using the history of price changes up to the current quarter CPI and are revised each quarter. The time series began with the December quarter 1986, with an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0
(ii) Group and expenditure class level price indexes (seasonally adjusted): comprises the subset of seasonally adjusted groups and expenditure classes at the weighted average of eight capital cities level. The time series began at different time periods, the earliest being the September quarter 1972, with an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0.
(iii) Trimmed mean and Weighted median: two measures of underlying inflation. In the 15th series, these measures were calculated using a seasonal adjustment methodology developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)¹. The 16th series replaced this methodology with standard ABS seasonal adjustment methodology. These time series began with the June quarter 2002, with an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0.
(iv) Tradables and Non-tradables (seasonally adjusted): these series measure the contribution of imported and domestic inflation to overall household inflation at the weighted average of eight capital cities level. These time series began with the June quarter 1998, with an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0.
14 At the introduction of the 17th series, 57 out of the 87 expenditure classes are classified as seasonal. A description of which series are currently seasonally adjusted is published in Appendix 1 of every December quarter issue of Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0), following the annual seasonal re-analysis. Table A2.1 lists the expenditure class that are seasonally adjusted, current at the December quarter 2017.
Market goods and services excluding 'volatile items'
15 Market items are those available on the open market. The volatile items are Fruit, Vegetables and Automotive fuel.
Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)
16 One of the outcomes of the 16th series review was to remove the indirectly measured component of the Deposit and loan facilities index from the headline CPI until such time that the methods and data sources are sufficiently robust for its reintroduction to the CPI. The analytical series, All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges) includes the All groups CPI plus the indirectly measured component of the Deposit and loan facilities index.
A2.1 17th series CPI expenditure classes classified by analytical series(a)(b)
CPI expenditure classesGoodsServicesTradablesNon-tradablesIncluding current periodNot including current periodMarket goods and services excluding 'volatiles'
Cakes and biscuits y y y y
Breakfast cereals y y y y
Other cereal products y y y y
Beef and veal y y y y
Pork y y y y
Lamb and goat y y y y
Poultry y y yy
Other meats y y y y
Fish and other seafood y y y y
Milk y y yy
Cheese y y y
Ice cream and other dairy productsy y yy
Fruit(c)y y y
Vegetables(c)y y y
Eggs y y yy
Jams, honey and spreads y y y
Food additives and condiments y y y y
Oils and fats y y yy
Snacks and confectionery y y y y
Other food products n.e.c. y y y y
Coffee, tea and cocoay y y
Waters, soft drinks and juices y y y y
Restaurant meals y y y
Take away and fast foods y y yy
Spirits y y y
Wine y y y y
Beer y y y
Tobacco y yy y
Garments for men y y y y
Garments for women y y y y
Garments for infants and children y y y y
Footwear for men y y yy
Footwear for women y y y y
Footwear for infants and children y y y y
Accessories y y y y
Cleaning, repair and hire of clothing and footwear y y yy
Rents y yy y
New dwelling purchase by owner-occupiers y y y
Maintenance and repair of the dwelling y yy y
Property rates and charges y yy
Water and sewerage y yy
Electricity y yy
Gas and other household fuels y y y
Furniture y y y y
Carpets and other floor coverings y y y y
Household textiles y y y y
Major household appliances y y y y
Small electric household appliancesy y y y
Glassware, tableware and household utensils y y y y
Tools and equipment for house and garden y y yy
Cleaning and maintenance productsy y y
Personal care products y y y
Other non-durable household products y y yy
Child care y yy
Hairdressing and personal grooming services y y y
Other household services y y y
Pharmaceutical products y yy
Therapeutic appliances and equipment yy
Medical and hospital services y yy
Dental services y yy
Motor vehicles y y y y
Spare parts and accessories for motor vehicles y y y y
Automotive fuel(c)y y y
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles y y yy
Other services in respect of motor vehicles y yy
Urban transport fares y yy
Postal services y y
Telecommunication equipment and services y y y
Audio, visual and computing equipment y y y y
Audio, visual and computing media and services y y y
Books y y y y
Newspapers, magazines and stationery y y y y
Domestic holiday travel and accommodation y yy y
International holiday travel and accommodation yy y y
Equipment for sports, camping and open-air recreation y y y
Games, toys and hobbies y y y y
Pets and related products y yy y
Veterinary and other services for pets y yy y
Sports participation y yy y
Other recreational, sporting and cultural services y yy y
Preschool and primary education y yy
Secondary education y yy
Tertiary education y yy
Insurance y yy y
Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) y y y
Other financial services y y y
1. As at December quarter 2018
2. y = yes
3. volatile items
Footnotes
1. Roberts, I (2005), Underlying Inflation: Concepts, Measurement and Performance, RBA Research Discussion Paper No 2005–05
Appendix 3 - Financial services in the consumer price index
Introduction
1 The purpose of this appendix is to outline the measurement of financial services in the Australian Consumer Price Index (CPI). The appendix also discusses research directions and future developments in the measurement of financial services.
2 The decision to introduce a price index for financial services into the Australian CPI was an outcome of the 13th series review of the Australian CPI conducted in 1997. Consistent with the objective of the CPI as a measure of price inflation for the household sector as a whole, the price index covered all those services acquired by households in relation to the acquisition, holding and disposal of financial and real assets. The index measured the price change for some of the most significant financial services acquired by households - deposit and loan facilities provided by financial institutions and services associated with the acquisition and disposal of real estate.
3 Financial services were introduced into the 15th series Australian CPI in the September quarter 2005 issue following developmental work described in the Information Paper: Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services, 1998 to 2003 (cat. no. 6413.0), which was released in July 2004. The experimental series was published quarterly in Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services (cat. no. 6413.0.55.001) up until June quarter 2005.
4 The ABS is the only national statistical agency that has constructed such a comprehensive measure of price change for financial services for use in their CPI. Financial services price indexes were published for two components: ‘Deposit and loan facilities’ and ‘Other financial services’.
• ‘Deposit and loan facilities’ included indirect charges recouped by intermediaries (prices derived from interest rate margins) and direct charges levied for services including withdrawals, maintenance of accounts and arranging loans.
• ‘Other financial services’ were restricted to services provided by stockbrokers and real estate agencies, legal and conveyancing fees and taxes levied on relevant transactions.
5 Volatility in the Deposit and loans facilities index during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) prompted concerns from users about the quality, interpretability and transparency of the index. There was strong stakeholder support for a detailed reassessment of the Deposit and loan facilities index. These concerns led to significant analysis of the indirect charges component of the Deposit and loans facilities in close consultation with end users and data providers as part of the 16th series review of the Australian CPI. The review concluded that conceptually both direct and indirect charges for Deposit and loan facilities should be included in the CPI. However, the GFC has demonstrated that the internationally recognised methodology employed by the ABS to calculate the indirect charges component of the CPI, was not sufficiently robust to produce a high quality estimate of price change under all economic circumstances. It also became apparent that, if the index is to deliver accurate results in all economic conditions, very detailed, high quality data are required from reporting financial institutions. To ensure the high quality of the financial services component of the CPI the indirectly measured component of the Deposit and loan facilities index was removed from the headline CPI from the commencement of the 16th series CPI in the September quarter 2011.
6 Further information is contained in Information Paper: Outcome of the 16th Series Australian Consumer Price Index Review, Australia (cat. no. 6469.0).
Deposit and loan facilities in the CPI
Background
7 The Deposit and loan facilities index in the 15th series CPI measured changes in the price of banking services provided to households. Households pay for these banking services in two ways, directly and indirectly. Charges are paid for items including regular monthly fees, transaction fees such as automated teller machine (ATM) access fees, and the arrangement or cessation of products such as loans. These are termed direct charges. Banks also earn income by lending funds at a higher rate of interest than they pay on deposits. The difference can be described as 'interest rate margins' which are termed indirect charges. These are referred to in economic accounts and statistical literature as financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM).
8 The ABS believes that conceptually both indirect charges and direct charges should be included in the headline CPI as they are real payments for services consumed by households. Financial institutions often substitute between direct and indirect forms of charging. Therefore a comprehensive measure of price change for deposit and loan facilities should include both the direct and indirect components. This conceptual view was widely supported by users in submissions and consultations as part of the 16th series review of the Australian CPI undertaken in 2010. Nonetheless there were key concerns around the predictability, interpretability, data quality and lack of international methodological consensus of the indirect fee measure (such as the treatment of default risk and term risk). The financial market volatility of the GFC, characterised by sudden movements in market and policy interest rates, heightened these concerns to the point that the quality of this component of the measure of financial services in the CPI was brought into question.
9 Following extensive stakeholder consultation the ABS decided to change the measurement of financial services in the CPI in the 16th series CPI, from the September quarter 2011. The changes were as follows:
• the indirectly measured component of the Deposit and loan facilities index was removed from the headline CPI; and
• the Deposit and loan facilities index comprised direct fees and charges only and was renamed 'Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges)'.
10 The CPI expenditure class 'Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges)' begins with an index reference period of 2011-12 = 100.0 and measures the change in prices of direct charges only. To assist users in understanding the impact on inflation of both direct and indirect charges, the ABS also publishes an analytical series, ‘All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)’, which is published on a quarterly basis.
Direct charges - expenditure weights
11 Along with the decision to publish ‘Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges)’, the ABS reviewed the methodologies for calculating the expenditure weight and price movements for this direct charge component. For most financial services expenditure cannot be determined from the ABS Household Expenditure Survey (HES) as it is either not directly observed or the HES does not capture the transactions in sufficient volumes or detail.
12 As such, expenditure on Deposit and loan facilities (direct charges) is determined through the use of administrative data sets (obtained from financial institutions and government reporting agencies) of financial institution fees and charges for Australian households. For the 17th series CPI the capital city level estimates were imputed by reference to data from the 2015-16 HES and revalued to the price reference period (September quarter 2017).
Direct charges - price change
13 The pricing schedules that determine the amounts payable as explicit fees are generally not linear in nature and tend to incorporate some form of step function. In other words, rather than setting a single price per transaction, it is often the case that fees for certain types of transactions are only incurred after some threshold is breached (for example, after four transactions in a month or when account balances fall below some level). Furthermore, financial institutions often bundle products together, with the price paid for particular banking products (such as home loans, credit cards and transaction accounts) depending on the bundling arrangements.
14 To measure the price change faced by households in the 15th series CPI, the ABS selected a sample of customer accounts which represented consumer behaviour and applied the fee schedule for the relevant banking products in the period. However, it was not possible to update the sample of customer accounts as frequently as new products were introduced, leading to the sample becoming out of date.
15 To ensure the measurement of fees is relevant, the ABS modified the measurement of price change from the 16th series CPI in the September quarter 2011. The measurement of fees and charges has changed from the sample of customer accounts approach to a direct collection of a sample of fees and charges on banking products and services from financial institutions. This practice has continued for the 17th series introduced in the December quarter 2017.
16 The fee collection includes charges for ATM transactions, credit card annual fees, foreign currency conversion fees, account keeping fees, exception fees, loan servicing fees, package fees and others. Each month the price, terms and conditions for each banking product are observed. The sampled fees are grouped by type of product or service (e.g. credit cards, housing loans) and applied an appropriate weight to ensure representative derivation of price change for each product group. The product groups are then aggregated to provide a measure of average price change representing all direct fees and charges levied on consumers for banking products and services. In the case of fees levied as a percentage of a value, such as foreign currency conversion fees, the percentage fee is applied to a sample of dollar values representing real average transactions. To preserve the quantities underpinning the values of the account transactions in the price reference period, the transactions used to derive the dollar values of the fees are indexed each period using a four quarter moving average of the All groups CPI. This is consistent with the fixed basket approach to the CPI.
17 The sample of fees and charges are updated regularly to reflect any changes in consumer behaviour and financial institution fee regimes. The direct collection of fees and charges on a sample of popular banking products and services is consistent with methods employed by other national statistical organisations.
18 For each selected institution, the individual fees are combined using the Relative of Average Prices (RAP) method within a product type. Expenditure data described in the section above is then used to aggregate up to the published level. See Price index theory of this manual for more information on calculation methods.
Indirect charges - expenditure weights
19 The expenditure weight for Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges), which is included in the analytical series, ‘All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)’ is estimated from the dollar margins on each product provided by financial institutions. Information on calculating reference rates, product yields and dollar margins is included below in the section on measuring price change.
20 For all those products identified as being consumer products (as distinct from those used by businesses), the total receipts from households are combined to derive the total household margin by institution. These margins for each sampled institution are then applied to aggregate balances for all deposit taking institutions (sourced from the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)) to derive a national estimate. For the 17th series CPI the capital city level estimates were imputed by reference to data from the 2015-16 HES and revalued to the price reference period (September quarter 2017).
Indirect charges - price change
21 The methodology to calculate the indirect banking service charge in the analytical series ‘All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)’ is broadly consistent with the approach used to calculate this component of the Deposit and loan facilities index in the 15th series of the CPI. Improvements in the price calculation process for indirect banking service charges were made as part of the 16th series review, including sourcing a comprehensive dataset of consumer banking products from selected financial institutions and increased product level detail. Regular re-weighting of banking products was also introduced to ensure the relevance of the sample is maintained. The following sections describe these improvements in further detail.
22 The ABS obtains average monthly balances and interest flows data from selected financial institutions for each of their consumer products to calculate the indirect banking service charge. A separate reference rate of interest is calculated for each institution as the mid-point of weighted average borrowing and lending rates. The reference rate represents a ‘service free rate’ and is used as a means of partitioning the value of the financial intermediation service between borrowers and lenders. It is important to recognise that this mid-point reference rate is not intended to approximate a financial institution's cost of funds.
23 For each institution, the sampled consumer banking products are assigned to major product categories. The product yield for each product is determined by dividing the annualised interest by the average product balance. The interest margin for consumer products is calculated from the difference between the product yield and the reference rate. For deposit accounts the interest margin is the reference rate less the product yield, for loan accounts it is the product yield less the reference rate.
24 Because percentages (such as margin rates) are not prices, the latest period margin rates are applied to some monetary amount in order to compute the current period prices (the dollar value of the margins). Price reference period balances on the sample of products are used for this purpose to derive the dollar value of the margins. To preserve the quantities underpinning the values of the account balances in the price reference period, the balances used to derive the dollar values of the margins are indexed each quarter using a four quarter moving average of the All groups CPI. This is consistent with the fixed basket approach to the CPI.
25 The indirect component of the Deposit and loan facilities index is calculated by aggregating the dollar margins from the individual products and product groups, giving a weighted total margin paid for both deposit and loans. The price index is constructed by comparing the change over time in these total margins. It is important to note that prices on any single product are affected by changes in both the yield on that product, and the institution specific reference rate. Disaggregation of the balances (stocks) and interest (flows) to the individual product level improves the accuracy of the product categorisation and the robustness of the final aggregation of the index.
26 To minimise the effect of any short-term accounting anomalies the ABS constructs three month moving averages of the monthly balances and interest flows and derives the required product yields, reference rates and margin rates from the smoothed data. In addition, data are provided by the sampled financial institutions on a one month lag basis.
Developments in the measurement of deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)
27 A major focus of the 16th series review of the Australian CPI was a research effort into issues surrounding the measurement of the indirect charges component of the Deposit and loan facilities index in the 15th series CPI. The review recommended the Deposit and loan facilities index comprising direct and indirect charges be re-introduced into the headline CPI when the ABS is satisfied that the methodology and data are sufficiently robust to produce high quality estimates, under all economic conditions. The ABS had planned to reintroduce the FISIM (indirect charges) series within the CPI in time for the introduction of the 17th series CPI. However, while the ABS has engaged internationally in attempts to resolve the methodological challenges associated with its measurement, many of the challenges identified as part of the 16th series remain. As a result, the ABS has not reintroduced FISIM into the headline CPI for the 17th series. The ABS will continue to produce the analytical series 'All groups CPI including Deposit and loan facilities (indirect charges)', and work with our international partners in the resolution of measurement challenges.
Other financial services in the CPI
Background
28 The Other financial services index was introduced into the 15th series CPI in 2005. Other financial services covers the cost of those services acquired by households in selling or buying major assets such as real estate and equities (shares) and any government charges on property transfers. Other financial services in the CPI consists of five components; taxes on property transfers (stamp duty), stockbroking services, legal and conveyancing services, accounting services and real estate agent services. The inclusion of superannuation and life insurance service charges are being considered as part of an ongoing research and consultation effort.
Other financial services - expenditure weights
29 The expenditure weight for the taxes on property transfers (stamp duty) measure is derived from the publication Taxation Revenue, Australia (cat. no. 5506.0), and data supplied by the State and Territory Revenue Offices. The annual Taxation Revenue publication contains statistics of taxation revenue collected by all levels of government in Australia. The expenditure weight for stockbroking services is obtained from National Accounts Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data on stockbroking services by state. The expenditure weight for legal and conveyancing services, as well as real estate agent services are derived from National Accounts Private Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) ownership transfer costs series. Expenditure weights for accounting services are derived from HES data.
Other financial services - price change
30 Data used in the pricing of Other financial services are collected from a range of providers and administrative datasets, including from real estate agents, accounting and legal firms, and state and territory revenue offices.
31 The measurement of real estate agent commission fees is not directly observed each period as the service provided varies from property to property and agents typically quote their fees as some percentage of the sale price of the property. In common with other items, where charges are determined as a 'margin', this needs to be converted to a 'dollar' price. If the percentage margin is known, the agents' price for any given transaction is computed by multiplying the sale price of the property by the percentage margin. The ABS conducts a quarterly survey of real estate agents in each capital city. For each transaction, the agent reports the sale price of the property and the total dollar amount of commission charged by the agent. The ABS uses ordinary least squares regression techniques to estimate a relationship between property values and commission rates.
32 The functional form used to fit the survey data and estimate this relationship was updated for the 16th series CPI to include location of a property sale as an explanatory variable. The sample of property sale transactions is updated biennially, and from the 16th series CPI includes residential units as well as detached houses. The price reference period sample prices are indexed using a four term moving average of the CPI to keep the quantity of service fixed. For the CPI, the quantity refers to a transaction value of investing in real estate and is measured in terms of forgone consumption.
33 The functional form used in the 17th series CPI remains the same as the functional form used in the 16th series CPI. The commission rate is modelled as a function of the inverse of the sale price and a location specific variable to account for differences in geographic areas.
$$Commission_{t}=\beta_{0}+\frac{\beta_{1}}{sale\ price}+\sum_\limits {i=1}^{N} \delta_{i} C_{i}+\varepsilon_{i}$$
Where:
$$Commission$$ is the commission rate
$$sale\ price$$ is the sale price of the property
$$\beta_{0}$$ is a universal constant
$$\beta_{1}$$ is a slope parameter to be estimated
$$\delta_{i}$$ is a constant for each location ($$i$$ = 1,2,3,...)
$$C_{i}$$ represents each location ($$i$$ = 1,2,3,...)
$$\varepsilon$$ is the error term
34 The calculation of price change for the taxes on transfers component is done by applying the duty rates for each state and territory to a sample of property sale transactions for the respective state and territory. The price reference period sample of property prices are indexed using a four term moving average of the CPI to keep the quantity of service fixed. Prices for accounting services are sourced from the Producer Price Indexes (PPI), while legal and conveyancing fees are sourced from the Wage Price Index (WPI). Stockbroking fees are not currently priced directly, but are imputed by the movement in accounting fees. Development of a price index for this component is in the future CPI work program.
Superannuation and life insurance services
35 Financial services provided in relation to superannuation and life insurance products are within the conceptual scope of a Consumer Price Index produced on an acquisitions basis. In accordance with the outcome of the 16th series review of the Australian CPI in December 2010, the ABS is researching the development of a superannuation and life insurance services index. Methodologies and data sources are being investigated for both the expenditure weight and price measurement of Superannuation and life insurance services in the CPI.
36 The complexity of the charging arrangements for services provided by life insurance offices and superannuation funds, and the industry itself, makes it difficult to create a robust and representative price measure. Superannuation contributions and life insurance premiums have three components: a savings component for the insurance/superannuation itself, an explicit service charge payable to the enterprise for arranging the insurance/superannuation and an implicit service charge payable to the enterprise for arranging the insurance/superannuation. The implicit service charge payable for facilitating life insurance and superannuation is an integral part of the gross premium and contribution, but in practice is difficult to separate and measure.
37 The ABS aims to introduce the superannuation and life insurance price series initially as an experimental series to allow examination of the behaviour and effect of the series on the headline CPI. The ABS would need to be satisfied that the methodology and data are sufficiently robust to produce high quality estimates over a sufficiently long time series and different economic conditions. The ABS will consult widely with key stakeholders and users of the CPI before reaching any such decision. The development of price indexes for superannuation and life insurance indexes will be assessed in the context of the overall CPI forward work program.
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Information Paper: Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services, 1998 to 2003, (cat. no. 6413.0), July 2004, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008, Consumer Price Index, Australia, (cat. no. 6401.0), June 2008, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Australian Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, (cat. no. 6461.0), December 2009, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Information Paper: Outcome of the 16th Series Australian Consumer Price Index Review, (cat. no. 6469.0), December 2010, ABS, Canberra.
Cullen, D., Kluth, S.(2010), A progress report on ABS investigations into FISIM in National Accounts, Consumer Price Index and Balance of Payments. Paper presented at the ISWGNA Meeting of the FISIM Task Force March 2011. Available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/RAmeetings/TFMar2011/lod.asp.
Diewert, W.E, Fixler, D, Zieschang, K. (2011), The Measurement of Banking Services in the System of National Accounts. Paper presented at Ottawa Group Meeting 2011. Available at http://www.stats.govt.nz/ottawa-group-2011/agenda.aspx.
Schreyer, P. (2009), A General Equilibrium Asset Approach to the Measurement of Nominal and Real Bank Output: Comment, pp. 320-328 in Price Index Concepts and Measurement, W.E. Diewert, J. Greenlees and C. Hulten (eds.), Studies in Income and Wealth, Volume 70, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
United Nations Statistics Division 2010 Terms of Reference for the Task Force on Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM). Available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/criList.asp.
Appendix 4 - ILO resolution concerning consumer price indices
Introduction
This appendix has been extracted from the website of the International Labour Organization (ILO). It reproduces the resolution concerning consumer price indices adopted by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians, 2003. The resolution can be found at
It is also reproduced at annex 3 of the international Consumer Price Index Manual published by the ILO.
Resolution II
Resolution concerning consumer price indices
Preamble
The Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the ILO and having met from 24 November to 3 December 2003,
Recalling the resolution adopted by the Fourteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians concerning consumer price indices and recognizing the continuing validity of the basic principles recommended therein and, in particular, the fact that the consumer price index (CPI) is designed primarily to measure the changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services that a reference population acquires, uses or pays for,
Recognizing the need to modify and broaden the existing standards in the light of recent methodological and computational developments to enhance the usefulness of the international standards in the provision of technical guidelines to all countries,
Recognizing the usefulness of such standards in enhancing the international comparability of the statistics,
Recognizing that the CPI is used for a wide variety of purposes and that governments should be encouraged to identify the (priority) purposes a CPI is to serve, to provide adequate resources for its compilation, and to guarantee the professional independence of its compilers,
Recognizing that the (priority) objectives and uses of CPI differ among countries and that, therefore, a single standard could not be applied universally,
Recognizing that the CPI needs to be credible to observers and users, both national and international, and that better understanding of the principles and procedures used to compile the index will enhance the users' confidence in the index,
Agrees that the principles and methods used in constructing a CPI should be based on the guidelines and methods that are generally accepted as constituting good statistical practices;
Adopts, this third day of December 2003, the following resolution which replaces the previous one adopted in 1987:
The nature and meaning of a consumer price index
1 The CPI is a current social and economic indicator that is constructed to measure changes over time in the general level of prices of consumer goods and services that households acquire, use or pay for consumption.
2 The index aims to measure the change in consumer prices over time. This may be done by measuring the cost of purchasing a fixed basket of consumer goods and services of constant quality and similar characteristics, with the products in the basket being selected to be representative of households' expenditure during a year or other specified period. Such an index is called a fixed-basket price index.
3 The index may also aim to measure the effects of price changes on the cost of achieving a constant standard of living (i.e. level of utility or welfare). This concept is called a cost-of-living index (COLI). A fixed basket price index, or another appropriate design, may be employed as an approximation to a COLI.
The uses of a consumer price index
4 The CPI is used for a wide variety of purposes, the two most common ones being: (i) to adjust wages as well as social security and other benefits to compensate, partly or completely, for changes in the cost of living or in consumer prices; and (ii) to provide an average measure of price inflation for the household sector as a whole, for use as a macro- economic indicator. CPI subindices are also used to deflate components of household final consumption expenditure in the national accounts and the value of retail sales to obtain estimates of changes in their volume.
5 CPIs are also used for other purposes, such as monitoring the overall rate of price inflation for all sectors of the economy, the adjustment of government fees and charges, the adjustment of payments in commercial contracts, and for formulating and assessing fiscal and monetary policies and trade and exchange rate policies. In these types of cases, the CPI is used as more appropriate measures do not exist at present, or because other characteristics of the CPI (e.g. high profile, wide acceptance, predictable publication schedule, etc.) are seen to outweigh any conceptual or technical deficiencies.
6 Given that the CPI may be used for many purposes, it is unlikely that one index can perform equally satisfactorily in all applications. It may therefore be appropriate to construct a number of alternative price indices for specific purposes, if the requirements of the users justify the extra expense. Each index should be properly defined and named to avoid confusion and a "headline" CPI measure should be explicitly identified.
7 Where only one index is compiled, it is the main use that should determine the type of index compiled, the range of goods and services covered, its geographic coverage, the households it relates to, as well as to the concept of price and the formula used. If there are several major uses, it is likely that compromises may have to be made with regard to how the CPI is constructed. Users should be informed of the compromises made and of the limitations of such an index.
Scope of the index
8 The scope of the index depends on the main use for which it is intended, and should be defined in terms of the type of households, geographic areas, and the categories of consumer goods and services acquired, used or paid for by the reference population.
9 If the primary use of the CPI is for adjusting money incomes, a relevant group of households, such as wage and salary earners, may be the appropriate target population. For this use, all consumption expenditures by these households, at home and abroad, may be covered. If the primary use of the CPI is to measure inflation in the domestic economy, it may be appropriate to cover consumption expenditures made within the country, rather than the expenditures of households resident within the country.
10 In general, the reference population for a national index should be defined very widely. If any income groups, types of households or particular geographic areas are excluded, for example, for cost or practical considerations, then this should be explicitly stated.
11 The geographic scope refers to the geographic coverage of price collection and of consumption expenditures of the reference population and both should be defined as widely as possible, and preferably consistently. If price collection is restricted to particular areas due to resource constraints, then this should be specified. The geographic coverage of the consumption expenditure may be defined either as covering consumption expenditure of the resident population (resident consumption) or consumption expenditure within the country (domestic consumption).
12 Significant differences in the expenditure patterns and/or price movements between specific population groups or regions may exist, and care should be taken to ensure that they are represented in the index. Separate indices for these population groups or regions may be computed if there is sufficient demand to justify the additional cost.
13 In accordance with its main purpose, the CPI should conceptually cover all types of consumer goods and services of significance to the reference population, without any omission of those that may not be legally available or may be considered socially undesirable. Where appropriate, special aggregates may be constructed to assist those users who may wish to exclude certain categories of goods or services for particular applications or for analysis. Whenever certain goods or services have been excluded from the index, this should be clearly documented.
14 Goods and services purchased for business purposes, expenditures on assets such as works of art, financial investment (as distinct from financial services), and payments of income taxes, social security contributions and fines are not considered to be consumer goods or services and should be excluded from the coverage of the index. Some countries regard expenditures on the purchase of houses entirely as a capital investment and, as such, exclude them from the index.
Acquisition, use or payment
15 In determining the scope of the index, the time of recording and valuation of consumption, it is important to consider whether the purposes for which the index is used are best satisfied by defining consumption in terms of "acquisition", "use", or "payment". (See Annex 1) The "acquisition" approach is often used when the primary purpose of the index is to serve as a macroeconomic indicator. The "payment" approach is often used when the primary purpose of the index is for the adjustment of compensation or income. Where the aim of the index is to measure changes in the cost of living, the "use" approach may be most suitable. The decision regarding the approach to follow for a particular group of products should in principle be based on the purpose of the index, as well as on the costs and the acceptability of the decision to the users who should be informed of the approach followed for different products. Because of the practical difficulties in uniformly defining consumption and estimating the flow of services provided by other durable goods in terms of "use", it may be necessary to adopt a mixed approach, e.g. "use" for owner-occupied housing and "acquisition" or "payments" basis for other consumer durables.
16 The differences between the three approaches are most pronounced in dealing with products for which the times of acquisition, use and payment do not coincide, such as owner-occupied housing, durable goods and products acquired on credit.
17 The most complex and important of the products mentioned above is owner-occupied housing. In most countries, a significant proportion of households are owner-occupiers of their housing, with the housing being characterized by a long useful life and a high purchase outlay (price). Under the "acquisition" approach, the value of the new dwellings acquired in the weights reference period may be used for deriving the weight (and the full price of the dwelling is included in the CPI at the time of acquisition, regardless of when the consumption is taking place). Under the "payment" approach, the weights reflect the amounts actually paid out for housing (and the prices enter the CPI in the period(s) when the prices are paid). Under the "use" approach the weights are based on the value of the flow of housing services consumed during the weights reference period estimated using an implicit or notional cost (and prices or estimated opportunity costs enter the CPI when the consumption is taking place).
18 Own-account consumption, remuneration in kind and/or goods and services provided without charge or subsidized by governments and non-profit institutions serving households may be important in some countries where the purpose of the index is best satisfied by defining consumption in terms of "use" or "acquisition" (under the payment approach these are out of scope). The inclusion of these products will require special valuation and pricing techniques.
19 Decisions on the composition of the basket and the weights follow directly from the scope, as well as from the choice between the "acquisition", "use" or "payment" approaches.
20 Once defined, the expenditures that fall within the scope of the index should be grouped into similar categories in a hierarchical classification system, e.g. divisions/groups/classes, for compilation as well as analytical purposes. There should be consistency between the classification used for index compilation and the one used for household expenditure statistics. The CPI classification should meet the needs of users for special subindices. For the purposes of international comparisons, the classification should also be reconcilable with the most recent version of the UN Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP), at least at its division level.(See Annex 4)
21 In order to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the results of the index, it may be desirable to classify goods and services according to various supplementary classifications, e.g. source of origin, durability and seasonality. Calculation of the CPI by using various classifications should generate the same overall results as the original index.
22 The classification should also provide a framework for the allocation of expenditure weights. Expenditures at the lowest level of the classification system, expressed as a proportion of the total expenditure, determine the weights to be used at this level. When the weights are to remain fixed for several years, the objective should be to adopt weights that are representative of the contemporary household behaviour.
23 The two main sources for deriving the weights are the results from household expenditure surveys (HESs) and national accounts estimates on household consumption expenditure. The results from an HES are appropriate for an index defined to cover the consumption expenditures of reference population groups resident within the country, while national account estimates are suitable for an index defined to cover consumption expenditures within the country. The decision about what source or sources to use and how they should be used depends on the main purpose of the index and on the availability and quality of appropriate data.
24 The information from the main source (HESs or national accounts) should be supplemented with all other available information on the expenditure pattern. Sources of such information that can be used for disaggregating the expenditures are surveys of sales in retail outlets, point-of-purchase surveys, surveys of production, export and import data and administrative sources. Based on these data the weights for certain products may be further disaggregated by region and type of outlet. Where the data obtained from different sources relate to different periods, it is important to ensure, before weights are allocated, that expenditures are adjusted so that they have the same reference period.
25 Where the weight reference period differs significantly from the price reference period, the weights should be price updated to take account of price changes between the weights reference period and price reference period. Where it is likely that price updated weights are less representative of the consumption pattern in the price reference period this procedure may be omitted.
26 Weights should be reviewed and if appropriate revised as often as accurate and reliable data are available for this to be done, but at least once every five years. Revisions are important to reduce the impact on the index of product substitutions and to ensure the basket of goods and services and their weights remain representative.(See Annex 1) For some categories, it may be necessary to update the weights more frequently as such weights are likely to become out of date more quickly than higher-level weights. In periods of high inflation, the weights should be updated frequently.
27 When a new basket (structure or weights) replaces the old, a continuous CPI series should be created by linking (See Annex 2) together the index numbers based on the new basket of goods and services to those based on the earlier basket. The particular procedure used to link index number series will depend on the particular index compilation technique used. The objective is to ensure that the technique used to introduce a new basket does not, of itself, alter the level of the index.
28 Completely new types of goods and services (i.e. goods and services that cannot be classified to any of the existing elementary aggregates) should normally be considered for inclusion only during one of the periodic review and reweighting exercises. A new model or variety of an existing product that can be fitted within an existing elementary aggregate should be included at the time it is assessed as having a significant and sustainable market share. If a quality change is detected an appropriate quality adjustment should be made.(See Annex 2)
29 Some products such as seasonal products, insurance, second-hand goods, expenditure abroad, interest, own production, expenditures on purchase and construction of dwellings, etc., may need special treatment when constructing their weights. The way these products are dealt with should be determined by the main purpose of the index, national circumstances and the practicalities of compilation.
30 Seasonal products should be included in the basket. It is possible to use: (i) a fixed weight approach which uses the same weight for the seasonal product in all months using an imputed price in the out-of-season months; or (ii) a variable weights approach where a changing weight is attached to the product in various months. The decision on the approach should be based on national circumstances.
31 The expenditure weights for second-hand goods should be based either on the net expenditure of the reference population on such goods, or the gross expenditure, depending on the purpose of the index.
32 When consumption from own production is within the scope of the index, the weights should be based on the value of quantities consumed from own production. Valuation of consumption from own production should be made on the basis of prices prevailing on the market, unless there is some reason to conclude that market prices are not relevant or cannot be reliably observed, or there is no interest in using hypothetically imputed prices. In this case the expenditures and prices for the inputs into the production of these goods and services could be used instead. The third option is to valuate it by using quality adjusted market prices.
Sampling for price collection
33 A CPI is an estimate based on a sample of households to estimate weights, and a sample of zones within regions, a sample of outlets, a sample of goods and services and a sample of time periods for price observation.
34 The sample size and sample selection methods for both outlets and the goods and services for which price movements over time are to be observed should ensure that the prices collected are representative and sufficient to meet the requirements for the accuracy of the index, but also that the collection process is cost-effective. The sample of prices should reflect the importance, in terms of relative expenditures, of the goods and services available for purchase by consumers in the reference period, the number, types and geographic spread of outlets that are relevant for each good and service, and the dispersion of prices and price changes across outlets.
35 Probability sampling techniques are the preferred methods, in principle, as they permit sound statistical inference and control over the representativity of the sample. In addition, they permit estimation of sampling variation (errors). However, they may be costly to implement and can result in the selection of products that are very difficult to price to constant quality.
36 In cases where appropriate sampling frames are lacking and it is too costly to obtain them, samples of outlets and products have to be obtained by non-probability methods. Statisticians should use available information and apply their best judgement to ensure that representative samples are selected. The possibility of applying cut-off or detailed quota sampling(See Annex 1) strategy may be considered, especially where the sample size is small. A mixture of probability and non-probability sampling techniques may be used.
37 Efficient and representative sampling, whether random or purposive, requires comprehensive and up-to-date sampling frames for outlets and products. Sample selection can be done either by head office from centrally held sampling frames, or in the field by price collectors, or by a mixture of the two. In the first case, price collectors should be given precise instructions on which outlets to visit and which products to price. In the second case, price collectors should be given detailed and unambiguous guidelines on the local sampling procedures to be adopted. Statistical business registers, business telephone directories, results from the point-of-purchase surveys or from surveys of sales in different types of outlets, and lists of Internet sellers may be used as sampling frames for the central selection of outlets. Catalogues or other product lists drawn up by major manufacturers, wholesalers or trade associations, or lists of products that are specific to individual outlets such as large supermarkets might be used as the sampling frame for selection of products. Data scanned by bar-code readers at the cashier's desk (electronic databases) can be particularly helpful in the selection of goods and services.
38 The sample of outlets and of goods and services should be reviewed periodically and updated where necessary to maintain its representativeness.
Index calculation
39 The compilation of a CPI consists of collecting and processing price and expenditure data according to specified concepts, definitions, methods and practices. The detailed procedures that are applied will depend on particular circumstances.
40 CPIs are calculated in steps. In the first step, the elementary aggregate indices are calculated. In the subsequent steps, higher level indices are calculated by aggregating the elementary aggregate indices.
Elementary aggregate indices
41 The elementary aggregate is the smallest and relatively homogeneous set of goods or services for which expenditure data are defined (used) for CPI purposes. It is the only aggregate for which an index number is constructed without any explicit expenditure weights, although other kinds of weights might be explicitly or implicitly introduced into the calculation. The set of goods or services covered by an elementary aggregate should be similar in their end-uses and are expected to have similar price movements. They may be defined not only in terms of their characteristics but also in terms of the type of location and outlet in which they are sold. The degree of homogeneity achieved in practice will depend on the availability of corresponding expenditure data.
42 An elementary index is a price index for an elementary aggregate. As expenditure weights usually cannot be attached to the prices or price relatives for the sampled products within the elementary aggregate, an elementary index is usually calculated as an unweighted average of the prices or price relatives. When some information on weights is available, this should be taken into account when compiling the elementary indices.
43 There are several ways in which the prices, or the price relatives, might be averaged. The three most commonly used formulae are the ratio of arithmetic mean prices (RAP), the geometric mean (GM) and the arithmetic mean of price relatives (APR). The choice of formula depends on the purpose of the index, the sample design and the mathematical properties of the formula. It is possible to use different formulae for different elementary aggregates within the same CPI. It is recommended that the GM formula be used, particularly where there is a need to reflect substitution within the elementary aggregate or where the dispersion in prices or price changes within the elementary aggregate is large. The GM has many advantages because of its mathematical properties. The RAP may be used for elementary aggregates that are homogeneous and where consumers have only limited opportunity to substitute or where substitution is not to be reflected in the index. The APR formula should be avoided in its chained form, as it is known to result in biased estimates of the elementary indices.
44 The elementary index may be computed by using either a chained or direct form of the formula chosen. The use of a chained form may make the estimation of missing prices and the introduction of replacement products easier.
Upper level indices
45 These price indices are constructed as weighted averages of elementary aggregate indices. Several types of formulae can be used to average the elementary aggregate indices. In order to compile a timely index, the practical option is to use a formula that relies on the weights relating to some past period. One such formula is the Laspeyres-type index, the formula used by most national statistical agencies.
46 For some purposes it may be appropriate to calculate the index retrospectively by using an index number formula that employs both base-period weights and current-period weights, such as the Fisher, Törnqvist or Walsh index. Comparing the difference between the index of this type and the Laspeyres-type index can give some indication of the combined impact of income changes, preference changes and substitution effects over the period in question, providing important information for producers and users of the CPI.
47 Where the change in an upper level index between two consecutive periods such as t-1 and t is calculated as the weighted average of the individual indices between t-1 and t, care should be taken to ensure that the weights are updated to take account of the price changes between the price reference period 0 and the preceding period t-1. Failure to do so may result in a biased index.
Price observations
48 The number and quality of the prices collected are critical determinants of the reliability of the index, along with the specifications of the products priced. Standard methods for collecting and processing price information should be developed and procedures put in place for collecting them systematically and accurately at regular intervals. Price collectors should be well trained and well supervised, and should be provided with a comprehensive manual explaining the procedures they have to follow.
Collection
49 An important consideration is whether the index or parts of the index should relate to monthly (or quarterly) average prices or to prices for a specific period of time (e.g. a single day or week in a month). This decision is related to a number of issues, which include the use of an index, the practicalities of carrying out price collection and the pattern of price movements. When point-in-time pricing is adopted, prices should be collected over a very small number of days each month (or quarter). The interval between price observations should be uniform for each product. Since the length of the month (or quarter) varies, this uniformity needs to be defined carefully. When the aim is monthly (or quarterly) average prices, the prices collected should be representative of the period to which they refer.
50 Attention should also be paid to the time of day selected for price observation. For example, in the case of perishable goods, price observations may need to be collected at the same time on the same day of the week and not just before closing time, when stocks may be low, or sold cheaply to minimize wastage.
51 Price collection should be carried out in such a way as to be representative of all geographical areas within the scope of the index. Special care should be taken where significant differences in price movements between areas may be expected.
52 Prices should be collected in all types of outlets that are important, including Internet sellers, open-air markets and informal markets, and in free markets as well as price-controlled markets. Where more than one type of outlet is important for a particular type of product, this should be reflected in the initial sample design and an appropriately weighted average should be used in the calculation of the index.
53 Specifications should be provided detailing the variety and size of the products for which price information is to be collected. These should be precise enough to identify all the price-determining characteristics that are necessary to ensure that, as far as possible, the same goods and services are priced in successive periods in the same outlet. The specifications should include, for example, make, model, size, terms of payment, conditions of delivery, type of guarantees and type of outlet. This information could be used in the procedures used for replacement and for quality adjustment.
54 Prices to be collected are actual transaction prices, including indirect taxes and non-conditional discounts, that would be paid, agreed or costed (accepted) by the reference population. Where prices are not displayed or have to be negotiated, where quantity units are poorly defined or where actual purchase prices may deviate from listed or fixed prices, it may be necessary for the price collectors to purchase products in order to determine the transaction prices. A budget may be provided for any such purchases. When this is not possible, consideration may be given to interviewing customers about the prices actually paid. Tips for services, where compulsory, should be treated as part of the price paid.
55 Exceptional prices charged for stale, shop-soiled, damaged or otherwise imperfect goods sold at clearance prices should be excluded, unless the sale of such products is a permanent and widespread phenomenon. Sale prices, discounts, cut prices and special offers should be included when applicable to all customers without there being significant limits to the quantities that can be purchased by each customer.
56 In periods of price control or rationing, where limited supplies are available at prices which are held at a low level by measures such as subsidies to the sellers, government procurement, price control, etc., such prices as well as those charged on any significant unrestricted markets should be collected. The different price observations should be combined in a way that uses the best information available with respect to the actual prices paid and the relative importance of the different types of sales.
57 For each type of product, different alternatives for collecting prices should be carefully investigated, to ensure that the price observations could be made reliably and effectively. Means of collection could include visits to outlets with paper forms or hand-held devices, interviews with customers, computer-assisted telephone interviews, mail-out questionnaires, brochures, price lists provided by large or monopoly suppliers of services, scanner data and prices posted on the Internet. For each alternative, the possible cost advantages need to be balanced against an assessment of the reliability and timeliness of each of the alternatives.
58 Where centrally regulated or centrally fixed prices are collected from the regulatory authorities, checks should be made to ascertain whether the goods and services in question are actually sold and whether these prices are in fact paid. For goods and services where the prices paid are determined by combinations of subscription fees and piece rates (e.g. for newspapers, journals, public transport, electricity and telecommunications) care must be taken to ensure that a representative range of price offers are observed. Care must also be taken to ensure that prices charged to different types of consumers are observed, e.g. those linked to the age of the purchaser or to memberships of particular associations.
59 The collected price information should be reviewed for comparability and consistency with previous observations, the presence of replacements, unusual or large price changes and to ensure that price conversions of goods priced in multiple units or varying quantities are properly calculated. Extremely large or unusual price changes should be examined to determine whether they are genuine price changes or are due to changes in quality. Procedures should be put in place for checking the reliability of all price observations. This could include a programme of direct pricing and/or selective re-pricing of some products shortly after the initial observation was made.
60 Consistent procedures should be established for dealing with missing price observations because of, e.g. inability to contact the seller, non-response, observation rejected as unreliable or products temporarily unavailable. Prices of non-seasonal products that are temporarily unavailable should be estimated until they reappear or are replaced, by using appropriate estimation procedures, e.g. imputation on the basis of price changes of similar non-missing products. Carrying forward the last observed price should be avoided, especially in periods of high inflation.
Replacements
61 Replacement of a product will be necessary when it disappears permanently. Replacement should be made within the first three months (quarter) of the product becoming unavailable. It may also be necessary when the product is no longer available or sold in significant quantities or under normal sale conditions. Clear and precise rules should be developed for selecting the replacement product. Depending on the frequency of sampling and the potential for accurate quality adjustment, the most commonly used alternatives are to select: (i) the most similar to the replaced variety; (ii) the most popular variety among those that belong to the same elementary aggregate; and (iii) the variety most likely to be available in the future. Precise procedures should be laid down for price adjustments with respect to the difference in characteristics when replacements are necessary, so that the impact of changes in quality is excluded from the observed price.
62 Replacement of an outlet may be motivated if prices cannot be obtained e.g. because it has closed permanently, because of a decline in representativeness or because the outlet no longer cooperates. Clear rules should be established on when to discontinue price observations from a selected outlet, on the criteria for selecting a replacement, as well as on the adjustments that may be required to price observations or weights. Such rules should be consistent with the objectives of the index and with the way in which the outlet sample has been determined.
63 Deletion of an entire elementary aggregate will be necessary if all products in that elementary aggregate disappear from most or all outlets and it is not possible to locate a sufficient number of price observations to continue to compile a reliable index for this elementary aggregate. In such situations, it is necessary to redistribute the weight assigned to the elementary aggregate among the other elementary aggregates included in the next level of aggregation.
Quality changes
64 The same product should be priced in each period as long as it is representative. However, in practice, products that can be observed at different time periods may differ with respect to package sizes, weights, volumes, features and terms of sale, as well as other characteristics. Thus it is necessary to monitor the characteristics of the products being priced to ensure that the impact of any differences in price-relevant or utility-relevant characteristics can be excluded from the estimated price change.
65 Identifying changes in quality or utility is relatively more difficult for complex durable goods and services. It is necessary, therefore, to collect a considerable amount of information on the relevant characteristics of the products for which prices are collected. The most important information can be obtained in the course of collecting prices. Other sources of information on price-relevant or utility-relevant characteristics can be producers, importers or wholesalers of the goods included and the study of articles and advertisements in trade publications.
66 When a quality change is detected, an adjustment must be made to the price, so that the index reflects as nearly as possible the pure price change. If this is not done, the index will either record a price change that has not taken place or fail to record a price change that did happen. The choice of method for such adjustments will depend on the particular goods and services involved. Great care needs to be exercised because the accuracy of the resulting index depends on the quality of this process. To assume automatically that all price change is a reflection of the change in quality should be avoided, as should the automatic assumption that products with different qualities are essentially equivalent.
67 The methods for estimating quality-adjusted prices(See Annex 2) may be:
1. Explicit (or direct) quality adjustment methods that directly estimate the value of the quality difference between the old and new product and adjust one of the prices accordingly. Pure price change is then implicitly estimated as the difference in the adjusted prices.
2. Implicit (or indirect) quality adjustment methods which estimate the pure price change component of the price difference between the old and new products based on the price changes observed for similar products. The difference between the estimate of pure price change and the observed price change is considered as change due to quality difference. Some of these methods are complex, costly and difficult to apply. The methods used should as far as possible be based on objective criteria.
Accuracy
68 As with all statistics, CPI estimates are subject to errors that may arise from a variety of sources.(See Annex 3) Compilers of CPIs need to be aware of the possible sources of error, and to take steps during the design of the index, its construction and compilation processes to minimize their impact, for which adequate resources should be allocated.
69 The following are some well-known sources of potential error, either in pricing or in index construction, that over time can lead to errors in the overall CPI: incorrect selection of products and incorrect observation and recording of their prices; incorrect selection of outlets and timing of price collection; failure to observe and adjust correctly for quality changes; appearance of new goods and outlets; failure to adjust for product and outlet substitution or loss of representativity; the use of inappropriate formulae for computing elementary aggregate and upper level indices.
70 To reduce the index's potential for giving a misleading picture, it is in general essential to update weights and baskets regularly, to employ unbiased elementary aggregate formulae, to make appropriate adjustments for quality change, to allow adequately and correctly for new products, and to take proper account of substitution issues as well as quality control of the entire compilation process.
Dissemination
71 The CPI estimate should be computed and publicly released as quickly as possible after the end of the period to which it refers, and according to a pre-announced timetable. It should be made available to all users at the same time, in a convenient form, and should be accompanied by a short methodological explanation. Rules relating to its release should be made publicly available and strictly observed. In particular, they should include details of who has pre-release access to the results, why, under what conditions, and how long before the official release time.
72 The general CPI should be compiled and released monthly. Where there is no strong user demand for a monthly series or countries do not have the necessary resources, the CPI may be prepared and released quarterly. Depending on national circumstances, sub-indices may be released with a frequency that corresponds to users' needs.
73 When it is found that published index estimates have been seriously distorted because of errors or mistakes made in their compilation, corrections should be made and published. Such corrections should be made as soon as possible after detection according to publicly available policy for correction. Where the CPI is widely used for adjustment purposes for wages and contracts, retrospective revisions should be avoided to the extent possible.
74 The publication of the CPI results should show the index level from the index reference period. It is also useful to present derived indices, such as the one that shows changes in the major aggregates between: (i) the current month and the previous month; (ii) the current month and the same month of the previous year; and (iii) the average of the latest 12 months and the average of the previous 12 months. The indices should be presented in both seasonally adjusted and unadjusted terms, if seasonally adjusted data are available.
75 Comments and interpretation of the index should accompany its publication to assist users. An analysis of the contributions of various products or group of products to the overall change and an explanation of any unusual factors affecting the price changes of the major contributors to the overall change should be included.
76 Indices for the major expenditure groups should also be compiled and released. Consideration should be given to compiling indices for the divisions and groups of the COICOP.(See Annex 4) Sub-indices for different regions or population groups, and alternative indices designed for analytical purposes, may be compiled and publicly released if there is a demand from users, they are judged to be reliable and their preparation is cost effective.
77 The index reference period may be chosen to coincide with the latest weights reference period or it could be established to coincide with the base period of other statistical series. It should be changed as frequently as necessary to ensure that the index numbers remain easy to present and understand.
78 Average prices and price ranges for important and reasonably homogeneous products may be estimated and published in order to support the research and analytical needs of users.
79 Countries should report national CPI results and methodological information to the International Labour Office as soon as possible after their national release.
80 Comparing national CPI movements across countries is difficult because of the different measurement approaches used by countries of certain products, particularly housing and financial services. The exclusion of housing (actual rents and either imputed rents or acquisition of new houses, and maintenance and repair of dwelling) and financial services from the all-items index will make the resulting estimates of price change for the remaining products more comparable across countries. Therefore, in addition to the all-items index, countries should, if possible, compile and provide for dissemination to the international community an index that excludes housing and financial services. It should be emphasized, though, that even for the remaining products in scope, there can still be difficulties when making international comparisons of changes in consumer prices.
Consultations and integrity
81 The compiling agency should have the professional independence, competence and resources necessary to support a high quality CPI programme. The UN Fundamental Principles of Official¹ Statistics and the ILO Guidelines concerning dissemination practices for labour statistics² should be respected.
82 The agency responsible for the index should consult representatives of users on issues of importance for the CPI, particularly during preparations for any changes to the methodology used in compiling the CPI. One way of organizing such consultations is through the establishment of advisory committee(s) on which social partners, as well as other users and independent experts, might be represented.
83 In order to ensure public confidence in the index, a full description of the data collection procedures and the index methodology should be prepared and made widely available. Reference to this description should be made when the CPI is published. The documentation should include an explanation of the main objectives of the index, details of the weights, the index number formulae used, and a discussion of the accuracy of the index estimates. The precise identities of the outlets and goods and services used for price collection should not be revealed.
84 Users should be informed in advance of any changes that are going to be made to the scope, weights or methodology used to estimate the CPI.
85 Technical guidance on the compilation of consumer price indices is provided in the Consumer price index manual: Theory and practice.³ This manual should be updated periodically in order to reflect current best practice.
Annex 1
Terminology and definitions
1. "Consumer goods" are goods or services that are used by households for the satisfaction of individual needs or wants.
2. "Consumption expenditures" are expenditure on consumer goods and services and can be defined in terms of "acquisition", "use", or "payment".
• "acquisition"⁴ indicates that it is the total value of the goods and services acquired during a given period that should be taken into account, irrespective of whether they were wholly paid for or used during the period. This approach could be extended to include the estimated values of own-account production and social transfers in kind received from government or non-profit institutions. The prices enter the CPI in the period when consumers accept or agree prices, as distinct from the time payment is made;
• "use" indicates that it is the total value of all goods and services actually consumed during a given period that should be taken into account; for durable goods this approach requires valuing the services provided by these goods during the period. The prices (opportunity costs) enter the CPI in the period of consumption;
• "payment" indicates that it is the total payment made for goods and services during a given period that should be taken into account, without regard to whether they were delivered or used during the period. The prices enter the CPI in the period or periods when the payment is made.
1. "Scope of the index" refers to the population groups, geographic areas, products and outlets for which the index is constructed.
2. "Coverage" of the index is the set of goods and services represented in the index. For practical reasons, coverage may have to be less than what corresponds to the defined scope of the index.
3. "Reference population" refers to that specific population group for which the index has been constructed.
4. "Weights" are the aggregate consumption expenditures on any set of goods and services expressed as a proportion of the total consumption expenditures on all goods and services within the scope of the index in the weight reference period. They are a set of numbers summing-up to unity.
5. "Price updating of weights" is a procedure that is used to bring the expenditure weights in line with the Index or price reference period. The price updated weights are calculated by multiplying the weights from the weight reference period by elementary indices measuring the price changes between weight reference and price reference period and rescaling to sum to unity.
6. "Index reference period" is the period for which the value of the index is set at 100.0.
7. "Price reference period" is the period whose prices are compared with the prices in the current period. The period whose prices appear in the denominators of the price relatives.
8. The "weight reference period" is the period, usually a year, whose estimates of the volume of consumption and its components are used to calculate the weights.
9. "Probability sampling" is the selection of a sample of units, such as outlets or products, in such a way that each unit in the universe has a known non-zero probability of selection.
10. "Cut-off sampling" is a sampling procedure in which a predetermined threshold is established with all units in the relevant population at or above the threshold being eligible for inclusion in the sample and all units below the threshold being excluded. The threshold is usually specified in terms of the size of some relevant variable (such as some percentage of total sales), the largest sampling units being included and the rest excluded.
11. "Quota sampling" is a non-probability method where the population is divided into certain strata. For each stratum, the number ("quota") of elements to be included in the sample is specified. The price collector simply "fills the quotas", which means, in the case of outlet sampling, that the selection of the outlets is based on the judgement of the price collectors and the specified criteria.
12. "Imputed expenditures" are the expenditures assigned to a product that has not been purchased, such as a product that has been produced by the household for its own consumption (including housing services produced by owner-occupiers), a product received as payment in kind or as a free transfer from government or non-profit institutions.
13. "Imputed price" refers to the estimated price of a product whose price during a particular period has not been observed and is therefore missing. It is also the price assigned to a product for which the expenditures have been imputed, see n.
14. "Outlet" indicates a shop, market stall, service establishment, internet seller or other place where goods and/or services are sold or provided to consumers for non-business use.
15. "Linking" means joining together two consecutive sequences of price observations, or price indices, that overlap in one or more periods, by rescaling one of them so that the value in the overlap period is the same in both sequences, thus combining them into a single continuous series.
16. "Price" is defined as the value of one unit of a product, for which the quantities are perfectly homogeneous not only in a physical sense but also in respect of a number of other characteristics.
17. "Pure price change" is that change in the price of a good or service which is not due to any change in its quality. When the quality does change, the pure price change is the price change remaining after eliminating the estimated contribution of the change in quality to the observed price change.
18. "Quality adjustment" refers to the process of adjusting the observed prices of a product to remove the effect of any changes in the quality of that product over time so that pure price change may be identified.
19. "Consumer substitution" occurs when, faced with changes in relative price, consumers buy more of the good that has become relatively cheaper and less of the good that has become relatively more expensive. It may occur between varieties of the same product or between different expenditure categories.
Annex 2
1 The "overlap" method assumes that the entire price difference at a common point in time between the disappearing product and its replacement is due to a difference in quality.
2 The "overall mean imputation" method first calculates the average price change for an aggregate without the disappearing product and its replacement, and then uses that rate of price change to impute a price change for the disappearing product. It assumes that the pure price difference between the disappearing product and its replacement is equal to the average price changes for continuing (non-missing) products.
3 The "class mean imputation" method is a variant of the overall mean imputation method. The only difference is in the source of the imputed rate of price change to period t+1 for the disappearing product. Rather than using the average index change for all the non-missing products in the aggregate, the imputed rate of price change is estimated using only those price changes of the products that were judged essentially equivalent or were directly quality-adjusted.
4 The "expert's adjustment" method relies on the judgement of one or more industry experts, commodity specialists, price statisticians or price collectors on the value of any quality difference between the old and replacement product. None, some, or all of the price difference may be attributed to the improved quality.
5 The "differences in production costs" approach relies on the information provided by the manufacturers on the production costs of new features of the replacements (new models), to which retail mark-ups and associated indirect taxes are then added. This approach is most practicable in markets with a relatively small number of producers, with infrequent and predictable model updates. However, it should be used with caution as it is possible for new production techniques to reduce costs while simultaneously improving quality.
6 The "quantity adjustment" method is applicable to products for which the replacement product is of a different size to the previously available one. It should only be used if the differences in quantities do not have an impact on the quality of the good.
7 The "option cost" method adjusts the price of the replacements for the value of the new observable characteristics. An example of this is the addition of a feature that earlier has been a priced option as standard to a new automobile model.
8 A "hedonic" regression method estimates the price of a product as a function of the characteristics it possesses. The relationship between the prices and all relevant and observable price-determining characteristics is first estimated and then results are used in the estimation of the index.
Annex 3
Types of errors
• "Quality change error" is the error that can occur as a result of the index's failure to make proper allowance for changes in the quality of goods and services.
• "New goods error" is the failure to reflect either price changes in new products not yet sampled, or given a COLI objective, the welfare gain to consumers when those products appear.
• "Outlet substitution error" can occur when consumers shift their purchases among outlets for the same product without proper reflection of this shift in the data collection for the index.
• "New outlets error" is conceptually identical to new goods error. It arises because of the failure to reflect either price changes in new outlets not yet sampled, or the welfare gain to consumers when the new outlets appear.
• "Upper level substitution error" arises when the index does not reflect consumer substitution among the basic categories of consumption owing to the use of an inappropriate method for aggregating elementary aggregates in the construction of the overall index value. Only relevant to a COLI, although an equivalent (representativity error) may be defined from the perspective of the pure price index.
• "Elementary index error" arises from the use of an inappropriate method for aggregating price quotations at the very lowest level of aggregation. The elementary index error can take two forms: formula error and lower level substitution error. The index suffers from formula error if, as a result of the properties of the formula, the result produced is biased relative to what would have been the result if a pure price change could have been estimated. The index suffers from lower level substitution error if it does not reflect consumer substitution among the products contained in the elementary aggregate.
• "Selection error" arises when the sample of price observations is not fully representative of the intended population of outlets or products. The first four types of errors listed above can be seen as special cases of this type of error.
Annex 4
Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) (breakdown of individual consumption expenditure of households by division and group)
01 Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1 Food
01.2 Non-alcoholic beverages
02 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1 Alcoholic beverages
02.2 Tobacco
02.3 Narcotics
03 Clothing and footwear
03.1 Clothing
03.2 Footwear
04 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1 Actual rentals for housing
04.2 Imputed rentals for housing
04.3 Maintenance and repair of the dwelling
04.4 Water supply and miscellaneous services related to the dwelling
04.5 Electricity, gas and other fuels
05 Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance
05.1 Furniture and furnishings, carpets and other floor coverings
05.2 Household textiles
05.3 Household appliances
05.4 Glassware, tableware and household utensils
05.5 Tools and equipment for house and garden
05.6 Goods and services for routine household maintenance
06 Health
06.1 Medical products, appliances and equipment
06.2 Outpatient services
06.3 Hospital services
07 Transport
07.1 Purchase of vehicles
07.2 Operation of personal transport equipment
07.3 Transport services
08 Communication
08.1 Postal services
08.2 Telephone and telefax equipment
08.3 Telephone and telefax services
09 Recreation and culture
09.1 Audio-visual, photographic and information processing equipment
09.2 Other major durables for recreation and culture
09.3 Other recreational products and equipment, gardens and pets
09.4 Recreational and cultural services
09.5 Newspapers, books and stationery
09.6 Package holidays
10 Education
10.1 Pre-primary and primary education
10.2 Secondary education
10.3 Post-secondary non-tertiary education
10.4 Tertiary education
10.5 Education not definable by level
11 Restaurants and hotels
11.1 Catering services
11.2 Accommodation services
12 Miscellaneous goods and services
12.1 Personal care
12.2 Prostitution
12.3 Personal effects n.e.c.
12.4 Social protection
12.5 Insurance
12.6 Financial services n.e.c.
12.7 Other services n.e.c.
Footnotes
1. UN Economic and Social Council, 1994.
2. Sixteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians, 1998.
3. Consumer price index manual: Theory and practice (International Labour Office, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development, Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), United National Economic Commission for Europe and the World Bank, Geneva, 2004).
4. This definition differs from the one adopted by the 14th ICLS (1987).
Appendix 5 - Use of price indexes in contracts
Introduction
1 Price indexes published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) provide summary measures of the movements in various categories of prices over time. They are published primarily for use in Government economic analysis.
2 Price indexes are also often used in contracts by businesses and government to adjust payments and/or charges to take account of changes in categories of prices (Indexation Clauses).
3 This paper sets out a range of issues that should be taken into account by parties considering including an Indexation Clause in a contract using an ABS published price index.
The role of the ABS in respect of indexation clauses
4 Although the ABS acknowledges that the various price indexes it publishes are used by businesses and government to adjust payments and/or charges, it neither endorses nor discourages such use.
5 The role of the ABS as the central statistical authority for the Australian government includes publishing price index data, and broadly explaining the underlying methodology and general limitations on such data. The ABS may provide information about what price indexes are published by it, but will not recommend or comment on the use (or otherwise) of the price indexes. In addition, the ABS does not advise, comment or assist in preparing or writing contracts and nor does it provide advice on disputes arising from contract interpretation.
Important disclaimer
6 This paper is intended to summarise information about the various price indexes currently published by the ABS and some of the issues which should be considered by persons in deciding to use such price indexes in Indexation Clauses. It is a brief description only and is not a comprehensive or exhaustive description of price indexes or of the issues which should be considered by persons in deciding to use price indexes or Indexation Clauses.
7 Neither the ABS, the Commonwealth of Australia, nor their employees, advisers or agents will in any way be liable to any person or body for any cost, expense, loss, claim or damage of any nature arising in any way out of or in connection with the statements, opinions or other representations, actual or implied, contained in or omitted from this paper or by reason of any reliance thereon by any person or body. This paper is not business, investment, legal or tax advice and persons should seek their own independent professional advice in respect of all matters in connection with the use of price indexes published by the ABS and their use in Indexation Clauses.
8 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is regarded as Australia's key measure of inflation. It is designed to provide a general measure of price inflation for the Australian household sector as a whole. The CPI measures changes over time in the prices of a wide range of consumer goods and services acquired by Australian metropolitan households and it is published quarterly, four to five weeks after the end of the reference quarter. It is revised only in exceptional circumstances, such as to correct a significant error. As is the case with all price indexes, the reference base (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
9 Several Producer Price Indexes (PPIs) are produced and published. Economy wide indexes are presented within a stage of production framework together with a set of indexes relating to specific industries (selected manufacturing, construction, mining and service industries). PPIs can be constructed as either output measures or input measures. Output indexes measure changes in the prices of goods and/or services sold by defined industry groupings while, input indexes measure changes in the prices of goods and/or services purchased by a particular industry grouping. PPIs are published quarterly, four to five weeks after the end of the reference quarter. Once published, the PPIs are revised infrequently, sometimes to incorporate improved methods in one or more of the components and occasionally to correct an error. As is the case with all price indexes, the reference base (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
10 The International Trade Price Indexes (ITPIs) are intended to broadly measure changes in the prices of goods imported into Australia (the Import Price Index (IPI)) and goods exported from Australia (the Export Price Index (EPI)). The prices measured in the indexes exclude import duties, and exclude freight and insurance charges incurred in shipping goods between foreign and Australian ports. As the prices used in the indexes are expressed in Australian currency, changes in the relative value of the Australian dollar and overseas currencies can have a direct impact on price movements for the many commodities that are bought and sold in currencies other than Australian dollars. Both the IPI and EPI are published quarterly, four to five weeks after the end of the reference quarter. The IPI and EPI are not often revised. As is the case with all price indexes, the reference base (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
11 The Wage Price Index (WPI) broadly measures changes in the wages paid by Australian businesses to employees and it is compiled and published quarterly, about six to seven weeks after the end of the reference quarter. Individual indexes are compiled for various combinations of State/Territory, sector (private/public), and broad industry groups. The 'headline' wage price index is that for the total hourly rates of pay, excluding bonuses, for Australia, and it is published in original, seasonally adjusted and trend terms. The seasonally adjusted and trend series for some quarters are revised as extra quarters are included in the series analysed for seasonal influences, but the non-seasonally adjusted (i.e. original) series is not revised in normal circumstances. As is the case with all price indexes, the reference base (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
12 The Residential Property Price Indexes (RPPIs) measure price change of the stock of dwellings over time. Indexes are available for attached dwellings, established houses regardless of age and an aggregate measure of residential properties. Separate indexes are produced for each capital city in Australia, and these indexes are combined to produce a weighted average index of the eight capital cities. The RPPIs are published quarterly, approximately twelve weeks after the end of the reference quarter. As is the case with all price indexes, the index reference period (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
13 The Selected Living Cost Indexes (SLCIs) are designed to measure the impact of changes in out-of-pocket living expenses of four Australian household types; employee, age pensioner, other government transfer recipient and self-funded retiree households. This also includes the Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index (PBLCI) which is designed to assess the impact of changes in out-of-pocket living expenses of households whose principal source of income is from government pensions and benefits. These living cost indexes are analytical series produced as a by-product of the CPI, with the main conceptual difference being the SLCIs are constructed on an outlays basis, while the CPI is constructed on an acquisitions basis. The SLCIs are published quarterly, approximately one week after the CPI. It is revised only in exceptional circumstances, such as to correct a significant error. As is the case with all price indexes, the reference base (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) will be changed periodically. The index number levels for all periods will be changed by this process and it may also result in differences, due to rounding, between the percentage changes published on the old base and those on the new base.
14 Price indexes covering a wide range of economic transactions are produced as part of the National Accounts. Two types of national accounts based price index are published. The first type is referred to as chain price indexes which are calculated for all expenditure components and subcomponents of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The components are: government consumption, household consumption, private capital formation, public capital formation, and imports and exports of goods and services. Chain price indexes are also calculated for GDP and other macroeconomic aggregates such as Domestic Final Demand and Gross National Expenditure. Chain price indexes use as their weights the volumes of expenditure in the previous financial year (ending 30 June). The second type of price index is referred to as implicit price deflators (IPDs) which are compiled at the same levels as for the chain price indexes but which use for their weights the volumes of expenditure in the current period. IPDs have long been used to provide macro-economic measures of price change and are usually used in seasonally adjusted form. Both chain price indexes and IPDs are compiled quarterly and are published roughly two months after the reference period. Unlike the other price indexes listed above, the National Accounts price indexes are often revised, sometimes to a significant extent. In addition, they are re-referenced to a new base year every year, so the level of the index changes regularly, although the percentage changes for earlier periods are not normally affected by this process, other than for rounding differences. These two characteristics are important considerations if National Accounts price indexes are to be used in contracts.
15 No representation or assurance is given that any ABS published price indexes are accurate, without error or appropriate for use by persons or that the ABS will continue to publish any of the price indexes, publish them at a particular time or that the methodologies for their determination will not be changed or that they will be suitable for use in any Indexation Clauses.
General matters to consider when developing indexation clauses using a price index
16 Considerable care should be taken when considering and using Indexation Clauses. Appropriate professional advice should be obtained when considering the use of an Indexation Clause or any ABS published price indexes.
17 The following are some general matters to consider when considering an ABS published price index in an Indexation Clause. It is not an exhaustive list. These matters are provided subject to the disclaimer outlined above.
• Establish the base payment, selling or purchase price subject to indexation. Specify the item subject to indexation as precisely as possible (e.g. rent, wage rate, commodity, etc.). Provide the effective date (e.g. quarter or year) of this base price, because it is the period from which the base payment, etc. will be indexed. Indicate the relationship between the effective date of the base payment, etc. and the price index being used in the indexation (e.g. a contract coming into effect on 5 January 2017 could have a price indexed using the most recent available quarterly data (in this case, September quarter 2016) as its starting point or by using the 2015-16 financial year as the starting point, depending on the intent of the parties).
• Select an appropriate index or indexes. The index or indexes selected will affect the price change recorded and should be chosen carefully to best represent the item subject to indexation and the intention of the parties.
• Clearly identify the selected index and cite an appropriate source. The Indexation Clause of a contract should identify the selected index by its complete title and any identifying code. For example, in the case of the CPI, it should be specified whether the index to be used is the All groups CPI, or a selected sub component index of the CPI, and also whether it is the weighted average of the eight capital cities or for a particular city. In the case of PPIs, the broad alternatives that could be specified are stage-of-production, or commodity, or industry based indexes. The specific component index being used should be explicitly identified. For WPIs, the broad characteristics that could be specified are national, state or industry group indexes. When considering the RPPIs, it should be specified whether the indexes are preliminary or final indexes, and also whether it is the weighted average of the eight capital cities or an index for a particular city. With respect to the SLCIs, the index should be identified by household type. Contracting parties should cite specific index series rather than table numbers and/or table titles in their indexation contracts because table numbers and the contents of tables are subject to change.
• State the frequency of price adjustment. The Indexation Clause should specify the frequency at which price adjustments are to be made, such as quarterly, half yearly, annually etc. It may be useful to set out the method to be used in calculating the indexation factor, particularly if the indexation is half-yearly or annually. For example, different results are generally obtained for annual estimates calculated as the change in the latest quarter over the same quarter of the preceding year (e.g. June quarter 2017 over June quarter 2016) compared with those calculated as the average of the latest four quarters over the average of the preceding four quarters (e.g. the average of the four quarters from September quarter 2016 to June quarter 2017 over the average of the four quarters from September quarter 2015 to June quarter 2016). Similar issues apply to half yearly changes.
• Provide for renamed, varied or discontinued price indexes. Occasionally price indexes can be reviewed or restructured, which may result in some component index series being renamed, discontinued or the timing of the publication of the index changed. Sometimes an index is permanently discontinued (for example, when a commodity declines in market importance). Indexation Clauses should contain a default mechanism for determining an equivalent appropriate index or price adjustment mechanism should this occur.
• Provide for potential revisions to the price index data. The quarterly and annual movements recorded by the ABS price indexes are not often revised (apart from the seasonally adjusted wage price index and trend wage price index, which can be revised as extra terms are added to the end of the series). Generally, situations in which revisions do occur include correcting an error that has arisen in the data first published. It could be useful for parties to set out agreed procedures to deal with the possibility of revisions occurring. For example, an Indexation Clause could state that a price is to be indexed by the percentage change first published in the relevant (indexation) series for each period covered by the contract, or it could be indexed by the latest available data at the point at which the indexation clause takes effect.
• Avoid locking indexes used for Indexation Clauses into any particular reference base period. Occasionally the reference base period of a price index (i.e. the period in which the index is set equal to 100.0) can be changed. This will result in a change in the index level from that which was previously available. Relative movements of any series over time, however, are not generally affected by a reference base change (except for rounding differences). Indexation Clauses should be drafted so that the parties to them are not adversely affected by a change to the reference base period of a price index.
• Define the formula for the price adjustment calculation. Often the change in payments or price is directly proportional to the percentage change in the selected index between two specified time periods. The following CPI example, which has a reference base year of 2011-12 = 100.0, illustrates the computation of percentage change:
Index number for the All Groups CPI for Sydney in 2016-17 = 111.1
less index number for the corresponding series in 2015-16 = 108.9
Change in index points = 2.2
Percentage change 2.2 / 108.9 x 100 = 2.0%
• Allow for negative price movements. Any potential variations from the recorded price movements should be explicitly set out. For example, in some Indexation Clauses, there is no change in the contract price in a period in which there is a fall in the price index being used for indexation. In some cases, there will be a catch up once the index rises again.
For further information about ABS price indexes, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
Glossary
Acquisitions approach
The acquisitions approach defines the basket of goods and services as consisting of all those consumer goods and services actually acquired by households during the base period. See also Cost of Use approach and Outlays approach.
The value of an aggregate is identical to the sum of the values of its components.
Aggregation
The process of combining lower level price indexes to produce higher level indexes.
All groups
Highest level of the CPI, containing all the groups, subgroups and expenditure classes.
Arithmetic mean of price relatives (APR)
An elementary price index defined as a simple, or un-weighted, arithmetic average of the sample price relatives. Also known as the Carli price index.
Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)
The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority is a statutory authority of the Australian Government and the prudential regulator of the Australian financial services industry.
Axiomatic approach
The approach to index number theory that determines the choice of index number formula on the basis of its mathematical properties.
Base period
The base period is usually understood to mean the period with which all the other periods are compared.
A specified set of quantities of goods and services consumed by an average household. The CPI basket of goods and services refers to the goods and services in the basket; how much of each good or service is in the basket; and a specified level of quality of each good or service.
Bias
A systematic tendency for the calculated CPI to diverge from some ideal or preferred index, resulting from the method of data collection or processing, or the index formula used.
Chain drift
Where the index fails to return to parity after prices and quantities revert back to their original values. Caused by quantities spiking when consumers stock up goods that are on sale, and not returning to their normal level immediately after the sales period.
Joining together two indexes that overlap in one period by rescaling one of them to make its value equal to that of the other in the same period, thus combining them into a single time series. More complex methods may be used to link together index that overlap by more than period. Also known as “chaining”. See Re-referencing and linking price indexes of this manual for more information.
Circularity (often called transitivity)
This is a multi-period test (essentially a test of chaining). It requires that the multiplication of the price index obtained by going from period 0 to period 1 and from period 1 to 2 is the same as going directly from period 0 to period 2.
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP)
The classification of individual consumption by purpose is a classification used to classify both individual consumption expenditure and actual individual consumption. It is a part of the System of National Accounts 2008 and is maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.
Commensurability
This test requires that if the units of measurement of the item are changed (e.g. from kilograms to tonnes), then the price index should not change.
Component
A category, grouping or an individual item under an index, for example, 'Bread' is a component at the expenditure class level, while 'Food and non-alcoholic beverages' is a component at the group level.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Consumer Price Index - a general indicator of the rate of change in prices paid by households for consumer goods and services.
Cost of living index
A measure of the change in household income required to maintain a constant level of utility.
Cost of use approach
The cost of use approach defines the basket as consisting of all those consumer goods and services actually consumed (or used up) in the base period, regardless of when they were acquired or paid for. See also Acquisitions approach, Outlays approach.
Coverage
The set of goods and services of which the prices are actually included in the basket.
A commonly used term for the goods and services priced for the purpose of compiling the CPI.
CPI population group
The subset of the Australian population to which the CPI specifically relates. For the 17th series CPI this is all metropolitan private households.
Current period
The most recent period for which the index has been compiled. It is often referred to as the comparison period, which is the period that is compared to the base period.
Delphi method
A method used to assess the value and utility consumers place on the change to the quality of a good or service. In this approach a panel of experts are asked to provide an estimate of the average and likely range of quality (expressed in dollars) placed on an aspect of a good or service. The median of responses is taken to guide the quality adjustment used in pricing goods and services whose quality changes between periods. See also Quality adjustment and Quality change and new products of this manual.
Elementary aggregate
The lowest level of commodity classification in the CPI, and the only level for which index numbers are constructed by direct reference to price data. The range of goods and services covered by an elementary aggregate should be as homogeneous as possible.
Expenditure aggregate
The current cost in dollars per year of purchasing the same quantity of goods and services that were purchased in the weighting base period by the CPI population group.
Expenditure class
A group of similar goods or services (i.e. products). The level at which weights are fixed for the life of an index series, and the lowest level for which indexes are regularly published. There are eighty-seven expenditure classes in the 17th series CPI.
Fisher price index
The geometric average of the Laspeyres price index and the Paasche price index. It is a symmetric and superlative index.
Geometric mean of price relatives (GM)
An elementary price index defined as the un-weighted geometric average of the sample price relatives. Also known as the Jevons price index.
Gini, Eltetö, Köves and Szulc (GEKS)
A multilateral method used for spatial/temporal price comparisons across three or more entities. The GEKS method takes the geometric mean of the ratios of all bilateral indexes (calculated using the same index number formula) between a number of entities.
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
An ad valorem tax applied to supplies (goods and services produced or delivered) by registered suppliers engaged in taxable activity. The GST is effectively only paid by final consumers. The current legislated rate of GST is 10 per cent.
Total premiums payable by policy holders for general insurance.
Group
The first level of disaggregation of the CPI. There are eleven groups in the 17th series CPI.
Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP)
An index structure devised and used by the European Union.
Hedonic model
A technique used for quality adjustment where a relationship between a product's price and the characteristics it contains is estimated.
Household Expenditure Classification (HEC)
The classification used to analyse the results of the Household Expenditure Survey.
Household Expenditure Survey (HES)
A sample survey conducted by the ABS to determine the expenditure patterns of private households. Data from the 2015-16 HES are the primary source of information for the expenditure weights for the 17th series CPI.
Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE)
Household Final Consumption Expenditure measures expenditure by resident households on goods and services, whether the expenditure is made within the domestic territory or by Australian residents abroad, and expenditure by Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH). Conceptually, the measurement of HFCE aligns closely with the HES: data cover expenditure by Australian households only and exclude expenditure by non-residents in Australia.
Implicit Price Deflator (IPD)
This is a derived price measure from the National Accounts. An implicit price deflator is obtained by dividing a current price value by its real counterpart (the chain volume measure). When calculated from the major national accounting aggregates such as GDP, IPDs relate to a broader range of goods and services in the economy than that represented by any of the individual price indexes (such as CPIs, PPIs).
Movements in an implicit price deflator reflect both changes in price and changes in the composition of the aggregate for which the deflator is calculated.
Indexation
The periodic adjustment of a money value according to changes in a price index.
Index reference period
The period in which the index is given a value of 100.0. The CPI is currently on a index reference period of 2011-12.
Inflation
A term commonly used to refer to changes in price levels. A rise in prices is called inflation, and a fall is called deflation.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
The International Labour Organization is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.
Laspeyres price index
A price index which is obtained from the ratio of the revalued basket to the total price of the basket in the first period. The basket is composed of the actual quantities of goods and services in the earlier of the two periods compared.
A ratio used to join a new index series to an old index series to form a continuous series.
The link period is the quarter in which the index is calculated on both the old weights and structure and the new weights and structure. In the CPI, the link period usually follows the completion of the Household Expenditure Survey (HES), which currently runs once every 6 years. The weights in the CPI are updated during the link period to reflect the new expenditure data in the HES. The link period for the 17th series CPI is September quarter 2017.
Living cost index
A living cost index reflects changes over time in the purchasing power of the after-tax incomes of households. It measures the impact of changes in prices on the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by households to gain access to a fixed basket of consumer goods and services.
Lowe price index
A price index that measures the proportionate price change between periods $$0$$ and $$t$$ in the total value of a specified basket of goods and services, where quantities are fixed in some earlier period $$b$$. Most statistical offices make use of some form of Lowe price index in practice.
Matched sample
In a matched sample, items that are priced from period to period are identical in all respects.
Metropolitan
For purposes of the CPI, metropolitan refers to the six State capital cities, as well as Darwin and Canberra.
Multilateral price index
Multilateral index numbers are often used for spatial price and output comparisons across economic entities (e.g. countries). In a temporal context, multilateral index numbers make price comparisons across more than two time periods.
National standard
Refers to the type of specifications for which a product is being priced. These products are available in all capital cities, and at the vast majority of respondent outlets. They can be readily and clearly defined by characteristics such as make, model, and size as a specification for use nationally. ABS staff have no latitude in choosing the product for pricing. An example is motor vehicles. See also Respondent standard.
The component which includes the products not classified as tradable. The tradables component comprises all items whose price change is largely determined on the world market. An item is defined as tradable if a significant proportion of its domestic output is exported or if a significant proportion of its demand for domestic consumption is imported. In addition, products are defined as non-tradables where domestic taxes or subsidies make a significant contribution to the price paid by consumers.
Outlays approach
The outlays (or payments) approach defines the basket in terms of the actual amounts paid out by households during the base period to gain access to consumer goods and services. See also Acquisitions approach, Cost of use approach.
Paasche price index
A price index which is obtained from the ratio of the total price of the basket in the second period compared to the total price of the basket valued at the first period’s prices. The basket is composed of the actual quantities of goods and services in the later of the two periods compared.
Price bouncing
The situation where there is considerable volatility in prices; for example, due to seasonal factors or sales competition.
Price index
A composite measure of the prices of items expressed relative to a defined base period.
Price levels
Actual money values at a particular time.
Price movements
Changes in price levels between two or more periods. Movements can be expressed in money values, as price relatives, or as percentage changes.
Price reference period
The period that provides the prices to which the prices in other periods are compared. The price reference period for the 17th series CPI is the September quarter 2017.
Price relative
A measure of price movements: the ratio of the price of an individual product in one period to the price of that same product in some other period.
Price updating
A procedure whereby the expenditures in an earlier period are revalued at the prices of a later period. For the 17th series CPI, the 2015-16 expenditure weights were price updated to the September quarter 2017 price reference period.
Private households
Households living in private dwellings. Private dwellings exclude prisons, nursing homes for the aged, defence establishments, hospitals, and other communal dwellings.
Purchaser's price
The amount paid by the purchaser to acquire a good or service, inclusive of any non-deductible taxes on products, transport and trade margins.
Pure price change
The change in the price of a good or service of which the characteristics are unchanged; or the change in the price after adjusting for any change in quality.
Quality adjusted unit value (QAUV) index
A multilateral method used for spatial/temporal price comparisons across three or more entities. The QAUV index expresses the quantity of products into common units, and then calculates a unit value across all products. Ratios of these 'standardised' unit values are then used to measure price change over time.
The elimination of the effect that changes in the quality or composition of an item have on the price of that item in order to isolate the pure price change. This is done in the form of an adjustment to the change in the price of an item of which the characteristics change over time that is designed to remove the contribution of the change in the characteristics to the observed price change.
Relative of average prices (RAP)
An elementary price index defined as the ratio of the un-weighted arithmetic averages of the prices in the two periods compared. Also known as the Dutot price index.
Respondent standard
Refers to the type of specifications for which a product is being priced. These products can be readily defined by form and function, but a multitude of brands and models may exist making it impossible to guarantee that any one example of the product will be available Australia wide. A generic description is provided in sufficient detail to ensure that ABS staff will be able to locate an example of the product. See also National standard.
A process by which the systematic and calendar related influences are estimated and then removed from a time series. Examples of such influences include holidays, weather patterns and administrative dates such as annual education fee increases.
Spatial price index
A spatial index compares the relative differences in prices between geographic locations, at the same point in time.
Splicing
A technique used to introduce new items or respondents into the index calculations so that the level of the index is not affected.
Sub-group
A collection of related expenditure classes. There are thirty three sub-groups in the 17th series CPI.
Superlative price index
A superlative index is one of a small group of indexes that makes equal use of prices and quantities, and treats them in a symmetric manner in each pair of periods under observation. Examples are the Fisher Index and the Törnqvist Index. Superlative indexes require both price and expenditure values for all periods.
System of National Accounts (SNA)
A coherent, consistent and integrated set of macro-economic accounts, balance sheets and tables based on a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules.
Temporal price index
A temporal price index measures price change over time.
The New Tax System (TNTS)
A package of changes to the taxation and social-welfare system including the introduction of GST, and the changes to business taxation announced in response to the review of business taxation.
Time Product Dummy (TPD)
A multilateral method used for temporal price comparisons across three or more entities. The TPD method is a regression approach that uses the statistical relationship between prices, products and time to directly estimate price change overtime.
Törnqvist price index
A price index, which is a weighted geometric mean of the price relatives where the weights are the average shares of total values in the two periods. It is a symmetric and superlative index.
The tradables component comprises all products whose price change is largely determined on the world market. A product is defined as tradable if a significant proportion of its domestic output is exported or if a significant proportion of its demand for domestic consumption is imported. The non-tradable component consists of the remaining commodities.
Transactions data
Also known as scanner data. An economic flow that is an interaction between institutional units by mutual agreement. In the case of the CPI, transactions data are the prices actually paid by consumers to acquire goods and services.
See circularity.
Unit value
Calculated by dividing a product's revenue by the quantity sold. A product's unit value represents the average price paid by consumers over a certain period of time, e.g. one month or one quarter.
Utility
Often defined as the satisfaction derived from consumption of a good or service.
Value
Price times quantity - can also be referred to as expenditure in a CPI context.
Web scraping
An automated process that collects online prices.
Weight
The measure of the importance of an item relative to the other items within the index. Weights can be expressed in either quantity or value terms. Value weights are used in the Australian CPI.
Weight reference period
The period, usually one or more years, of which the expenditures serve as weights for the index. The weight reference period for the 17th series CPI is 2015-16.
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Abbreviations
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ADPI Attached Dwellings Price Index ANZSIC Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification APR arithmetic mean of price relatives, also referred to as the Carli formula APRA Australian Prudential Regulation Authority ASGS Australian Statistical Geography Standard CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CCB Child Care Benefit CCR Child Care Rebate (formerly known as Child Care Tax Rebate: CCTR) CCS Child Care Subsidy CoE compensation of employees COICOP Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose COLI Cost of Living Index CPI Consumer Price Index CRA Commonwealth Rent Assistance DoH Department of Health EA elementary aggregate EC Expenditure Class EPI export price index FISIM financial intermediation services indirectly measured GCCSA Greater Capital City Statistical Area GDP gross domestic product GEKS Gini, Eltetö and Köves, and Szulc GFC global financial crisis GFCF gross fixed capital formation GK Geary-Khamis GM geometric mean GST goods and services tax HEC Household Expenditure Classification HELP Higher Education Loan Program HES Household Expenditure Survey HFCE household final consumption expenditure HPI House Price Index ILO International Labour Organization IPD implicit price deflator IPI import price index ITPI International Trade Price Indexes NSO National Statistical Office OOH owner-occupied housing PBLCI Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index PBS Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme PPI Producer Price Indexes QAUV Quality Adjusted Unit Value RAP relative of the arithmetic mean of prices, also referred to as the Dutot formula RBA Reserve Bank of Australia RPPI Residential Property Price Index SKU Stock Keeping Unit SLCI Selected Living Cost Index SNA System of National Accounts SOP Stage of Production TNTS The New Tax System TPD Time Product Dummy UN United Nations WPI Wage Price Index
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# CBCS Modulation
Fundamentals
Title CBCS Modulation
Author(s) J.A Ávila Rodríguez, University FAF Munich, Germany.
Year of Publication 2011
## Composite Binary Coded Symbols (CBCS) Modulation: Definition and Analysis of Performance
On June 26th, 2004, the United States of America and the European Union signed the Agreement on the promotion, provision and use of Galileo and GPS satellite-based navigation systems and related applications [G.W. Hein et al., 2005][1]. Among other topics it was decided to adopt a common baseline signal to be transmitted by both the Galileo E1 Open Service (OS) and the future GPS L1 Civil signal (L1C) on E1/L1. Although the agreement fixed BOC(1,1) as the baseline for both Galileo E1 OS and the GPS future L1C signals, it left the door open for a possible optimization of that signal considering the overall framework conditions of the agreement.
Right after the Agreement was signed, experts on both sides of the Atlantic started to work on possible solutions that would fulfil the criteria set up in the Agreement. The solution would have to clearly outperform the agreed BOC(1,1). Finally, in September 2005 a first tentative solution, known as CBCS(20) was presented by members of the Signal Task Force (STF) of the European Commission (EC) [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1]. The proposed solution was highly interoperable with the baseline BOC(1,1) and offered at the same time the possibility to have superior performance to high precision receivers with wider bandwidths.
The CBCS modulation (Composite Binary Coded Symbols) is the result of superposing BOC(1,1) and a BCS (Binary Coded Symbol) waveform with the same chip rate, according to the following expression:
where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ indicate the amount of power that is put on BOC(1,1) and on the BCS signal with respect to the total OS power of the signal. Thus, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ fulfil the condition $\alpha = \beta = 1$. For this same reason, we will use in other parts of the thesis $\beta = \rho$ and $\alpha = 1 - \rho$ instead. Moreover, [s] represents the BCS vector as defined in Multilevel Coded Spreading Symbols (MCS). As we saw there, BCS is a generalization of the BPSK and BOC modulations. In addition, it is important to realize that the CBCS definition intrinsically assumes the use of Interplex to multiplex the signals.
The flexibility of the CBCS approach lies in the fact that it could be easily converted into another CBCS by changing the contribution of the BCS part or even choosing different chip rates. In fact, a particular case of the CBCS solution is the pure BCS signal which seems to present the best performance in terms of multipath for selected sequences. Nonetheless, for the EU developers keeping high interoperability with BOC(1,1) receivers was a mandatory from the very beginning and this forced the design to have an important amount of BOC(1,1) in the definition.
We show next graphically the signal generation of CBCS in the time domain. It is important to note that CBCS is not a binary signal but two binary signals in anti-phase in data and pilot.
Figure 1: CBCS representation in the time domain.
Signal waveforms with a very sharp peak were the goal of the optimization carried out in the past years for both GPS and Galileo. Indeed, as we have shown in Autocorrelation & Power Spectral Density, by selecting $p_{T_c}\left (t \right )$ with good aperiodic correlation, important improvements in terms of performance can be obtained, especially regarding multipath. In the course of the optimization other interesting solutions were found with even different chip rates than those of the Agreement. Nevertheless, the important constraint to be compliant with BOC(1,1) limited the candidates to have a chip rate of 1 MHz, as we have already underlined.
Unlike the MBOC, the CBCS modulation was proposed alone from the European side. Thus, to the signal definition of the equation (1) above the extra constraint to use the Interplex modulation scheme was added in the definition in light with the development of other signals in the Galileo satellites. Indeed, the CBCS modulation is defined as the superposition of a BOC signal with a BCS using a modified and optimized Interplex scheme in the navigation payload of the satellite.
## CBCS Time Domain Representation and Spectrum
The CBCS signal features a spread-spectrum signal with 4-level sub-carriers, whereas the BOC or BCS signals feature only binary sub-carriers. As we will show in detail in Signal Multiplex Techniques for GNSS , an implementation of the CBCS signals on the Galileo E1 modulation could have been performed using other multiplexing schemes such as the FH-Interplex (Faded-Harmonics) [CNES, 2005][2], as this also relies on the sum of two 4-level spread-spectrum signals.
Yet, the analysis of the FH-Interplex scheme for the CBCS put in evidence two important drawbacks [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1] :
• The inter-modulation product relative power of the FH-Interplex that results from applying CBCS is increased resulting thus in an important loss of efficiency
• The quadrature component suffers from important distortions which may induce unacceptable losses on the receiver, as well as an increased spreading of the quadrature signal in adjacent frequency bands. In the case of Galileo, the degraded signal would be the PRS what supposed an important drawback.
As a solution, a new modulation scheme was developed in [L. Ries et al., 2006][3] to provide an optimized implementation of the CBCS signals, without the drawbacks described in the preceding lines. The resulting modulation is more efficient than the Modified Hexaphase as it reduces significantly the effect and power of the inter-modulation product.
As shown in Power Spectral Density of the CBCS Modulation, the generic CBCS baseband modulation can be expressed mathematically as follows:
where:
• $A_1$ is the amplitude of the modulation envelope, sum of the OS data (D) and pilot (P), PRS and Inter-Modulation product IM. The maximum possible value of $A_1$ that respects the Agreement of 2004 is a function of the percentage of power put on the BCS component of the signal and the spectral relationship between BOC(1,1) and BCS. Moreover, $A_1 = sqrt{2P_t}$ where $P_T$ is the total power of the multiplexed signal.
• $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ describe the angular distance of points of the 8-PSK modulation as described in Figure 2. This depends on the percentage of power that is placed on BCS.
• $S_{BOC \left( 1,1 \right )}\left ( t \right )$ represents the BOC(1,1) modulation with chip rate of 1.023 MHz
• $S_{BCS \left( [1],1 \right )}\left ( t \right )$ represents the BCS([s],1) modulation with a chip rate of 1.023 MHz and a BCS vector given by [s].
• $S_{PRS}\left ( t \right )$ is the PRS modulation ::* $BOC_{cos}\left ( 15,2.5 \right )$ BOCcos(15,2.5)
• $S_{IM}\left ( t \right )$ is the Inter-Modulation product signal
• $C_{D}\left ( t \right )$ and $C_{P}\left ( t \right )$ are the data and pilot codes respectively. It is important to note that $C_{D}\left ( t \right )$ also includes the data bits.
The phase points of the resulting constellation are shown in the following figure:
Figure 2: Modified 8-PSK modulation with constant envelope for the optimized signal.
The modulation can be optimized so as to pseudo-randomly time-multiplex the BOC and BCS sub-carriers on the in-phase component. Rearranging the terms of (2) to make this pseudo-random time-multiplexing appear yields to the following expression:
If we look at the previous equation in detail, we can observe that the BOC(1,1) sub-carrier of the $OS_D$ (Data) and $OS_P$ (Pilot) components is transmitted during the same time-slots as it was on the original Hexaphase modulation with only BOC(1,1). In addition, the BCS sub-carrier of the $OS_D$ (Data) and $OS_P$ components is transmitted in time-slots complementary to those of the BOC sub-carrier (i.e in the time slot when the Modified Hexaphase in-phase component was equal to zero and therefore nothing was transmitted). As a result, the IM product is considerably reduced and 8 phase points appear instead of only 6. Also important to note is that the quadrature component (the PRS signal) is left unaffected by this new scheme, except for its relative amplitude.
Figure 3: Pseudo-random time multiplexing of BCS and BOC(1,1) in CBCS solution.
Another important conclusion that we can draw from observing the equation above is that if one optimizes the data and pilot channel codes with each other, the code structure that results from applying the multiplexing scheme of (4) does not necessarily have to be also optimized in the general case.
Indeed, we can clearly recognize that the code that actually modulates the BOC(1,1) signal waveform is the semi-sum of the data and pilot codes. Equally, the semi-difference of the data and pilot codes modulates the BCS sequence. Moreover, these codes are not binary since they can take the values +2, 0 and -2 [P.G. Mattos, 2005][4]. As shown in [F. Soualle et al., 2005][5] the data and pilot codes were optimized without accounting for the modulation scheme. The consequence of this is that unless the receiver applies a coherent processing of the incoming signal, the codes will show a slight degradation.
Another very important aspect from the CBCS modulation is the power distribution, since this determines in the end the multipath rejection potential of the solutions. As shown in Power Spectral Density of the CBCS Modulation, the following expressions for the data and pilot channels can be derived:
where the parameter r represents the correlation between BOC(1,1) and the BCS signal:
This parameter is of great importance as we will see when we describe the MBOC modulation in the next chapter. In fact, the BCS sequence of the CBCS was selected among other reasons because its value of r is zero. However, the cross-correlation of the CBCS signal with a BOC(1,1) alone receiver is not zero anymore and presents a so-called tracking bias. Indeed, this was the main drawback of the CBCS solution with respect to the finally selected MBOC. We show in the next figure the cross-correlation of the CBCS signal with BOC(1,1):
Figure 4: Cross-correlation between CBCS and a BOC(1,1) receiver.
Indeed, this asymmetry leads to the mentioned tracking bias, as can be seen in the next figure:
Figure 5: CBCS and local BOC(1,1) discriminator function.
We will talk a little bit more on this bias at the end of this chapter. Nevertheless, it is important to mention here that although there are solutions to eliminate the tracking bias that results from the non-zero correlation between CBCS and BOC(1,1), the need to have a signal that would not present such a disadvantage was the main reason that lead to moving to the finally selected CBOC solution. CBOC is a particular implementation of MBOC where the Interplex multiplex is part of the definition. Furthermore, CBOC can also be seen as a particular case of CBCS where the selected BCS is BOC(6,1).
A figure of great interest to analyze the impact of the CBCS modulation on a BOC(1,1) receiver is given by the cross-correlation that a receiver would suffer if it would only track the BOC(1,1) component of the CBCS signal.
As shown in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1], the delta correlation losses with respect to the baseline BOC(1,1) are the difference between the cross-correlation measured when the input is CBCS and the result of the auto-correlation when the input is a BOC(1,1) signal. Figure 6 below shows in detail the scheme assumed to measure the correlation losses.
Figure 6: Model to measure the delta correlations between CBCS and BOC(1,1).
The driving idea behind this model is to measure the real delta correlation losses that a receiver would experience if instead of the baseline BOC(1,1), the CBCS were emitted. It must be noted that while CBCS will of course not correlate 100 % with a BOC(1,1) replica as BOC(1,1) would do, resulting thus in losses, the more efficient CBCS modulation that results from reducing the IM product allows for higher receiver powers at user level for the same transmitted power from the satellite. Both figures go in opposite directions and must be considered together. Indeed, as shown in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1], the delta correlation losses are shown to be:
When we express it in dB, the three contributions to the delta correlation losses can be clearly separated as follows:
where
$\Delta L_{Envelope_Power}$ accounts for the fact that the amplitude of the baseline interplex modulation and that of the optimized signal differ slightly. Additionally, the term $\Delta L_{BOC \left (1,1 \right ) Power_Share}$ represents the losses of power of the BOC(1,1) signal since part of it goes now to the BCS component and finally the third term $\Delta L_{Mismatch_Loss}$ of the correlation losses is a function of the correlation between the chosen BCS([s],1) and BOC(1,1) and gives an idea of how similar to BOC(1,1) the CBCS signal is. If we look at the correlation term more in detail,
we can see that this contribution to the correlation losses can be eliminated by two means. The first one is doing $\theta_2 = \frac{\pi}{2}$ what corresponds to the case of pure BOC(1,1). The other possibility and of much more interest is to have what leads to a CBCS solution with zero mismatch correlation losses. For reasons of implementation due to symmetry, special attention was paid to the solutions with .
Now that we have shown the mathematical background behind the CBCS modulation, we are ready to introduce the signal that for some time was the most interesting candidate of Galileo to substitute BOC(1,1) until CBOC came: namely CBCS. CBOC is the European implementation of MBOC.
## CBCS([1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,1], 1, 20 %)
After signing the Agreement of 2004 and as a result of long months of hard work, a BCS sequence was found to be an interesting candidate for the Galileo E1 OS signal. The selected BCS sequence was compatible to a very high degree with pure BOC(1,1) receivers [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1] while it offered at the same time an important potential to improve the positioning performance and to mitigate multipath. Moreover, the selected signal was compliant with the Agreement of 2004 and did not require important changes in the satellite payload. The BCS sequence was [s] = [1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1] and the amount of power on the BCS sequence with respect to the total OS power was selected to be 20 % at user level what would corresponds to approximately 26 % at generation in the satellite. For simplicity, the signal was thus baptized with the name CBCS([1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1], 1, 20 %) or CBCS(20) for short. The selected BCS sequence can be seen as a quasi BOC(5,1). Indeed, in terms of performance it was very similar to a BOC(5,1) but had a more favourable spectral distribution since it did not overlap the M-Code as much as the last one.
As we have said above, the CBCS modulation had a minimum impact on the payload, what made the solution a serious alternative. In addition a number of advantages can be identified:
• Compared with the original Interplex using only BOC(1,1), the CBCS modulation is more efficient, reducing the IM product power by more than 3dB.
• As a result, the optimized modulation offered an additional margin of 0.26 dB on the link budget, for the same transmitted power at satellite level.
• The modulation is fully compatible with a flexible signal generator implementation based on modulation tables with a high number of bits of quantization.
• Finally, in spite of having two additional phase points closer to each other, the CBCS modulation is less sensitive to payload phase noise than the original modulation.
The following figure shows in detail how the Galileo and GPS Signal Plan would have looked like if the CBCS signal had been selected instead of MBOC.
Figure 7: Power Spectral Density of Galileo and GPS signals in E1/L1.
In the next figure we show in detail the power distribution of the spectra of the different components of the CBCS modulation:
Figure 8: Power Spectral Distribution of BOC(1,1) and BCS within CBCS.
An important number of constraints were introduced during the search of the best potential signal candidate for the Galileo E1 OS to substitute BOC(1,1). Finally among all the solutions that passed the selected criteria, the best candidate was chosen. One of the most important performance merit figures for the final selection was the multipath performance for a given bandwidth (12 MHz) since this was considered to be the most important source of error due to its unpredictable properties. Furthermore 12 MHz was thought to be a reasonable bandwidth for future receivers even in the field of mass market.
Figure 9: Ranking of CBCS solutions in terms of multipath mitigation potential.
As we can recognize in the previous figure, CBCS(20) occupies the first place in the ranking, followed by CBOC(6) and CBOC(5). It is interesting to note that other solutions were also found at that time, with performance figures close to those of the CBCS signal. The figure above shows the ranking of the different solutions and the multipath performance of each of them. We can clearly recognize that CBOC(6) performed in second place for 12 MHz. This is indeed the signal finally selected as baseline for Galileo E1 OS and GPS L1C since it presents a better performance over a wider range of receiver bandwidths. We will come back on this point in the next chapter. We can also read from the previous figure that CBOC(5) was an interesting option, but its major drawback was that the coefficient r, as defined in (7), is not zero and thus the delta correlation losses of this solution would increase very rapidly as we would increase the power on the BOC(5,1) component. As a result, the percentage of the non-BOC(1,1) component was very limited, and consequently the growth potential in terms of multipath mitigation.
## CBCS Power Spectral Density
Using the theory developed above for BCS signals and thoroughly explained in Binary Coded Symbols (BCS)we will derive here a compact simplified expression for the CBCS signal. As we have seen, the selected BCS sequence was $\bar{s}[+1,-1, +1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,+1]$. Summing now in parallel the terms of the 10 diagonals of the matrix definition of BCS, we have:
For our particular CBCS case, we have thus:
being $\rho$ the percentage of power on the BCS component, as we saw above. According to this, we can express the power spectral density of the CBCS([s],1,%) modulation as follows:
As derived in Power Spectral Density of Sine-phased BOC signals the power spectral density of BOC(1,1) is shown to be:
Nevertheless, since we are interested in finding a simplified expression for the CBCS Power Spectral Density, it is convenient to express BOC(1,1) as a BCS sequence with a vector of length 10. Indeed, BOC(1,1) can also be expressed as BCS([+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1],1).
Another way of describing CBCS in the frequency domain is to realize that the BCS signal can be expressed as the sum of a BOC(5,1) signal and an MCS(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2) signal in the time domain. Thus, we have to calculate first the Fourier Transform of both, sum them up and calculate the modulus according to equation:
As we know, the spectrum of BOC(5,1) is shown to be:
Equally, the spectrum of a pulse signal of duration $\left ( T_c / 10 \right )$ with the pulse centred on the last subchip can be expressed as follows:
Hence the PSDs for the data and pilot signals yields:
## CBCS Positioning Performance
One of the performance figures used to select the CBCS signal was the multipath error. In order to realistically estimate the multipath that the candidate signals could present in real environments, the methodology presented in [G.W. Hein and J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, 2005] [6] and [M. Irsigler et al., 2005] [7] was followed. Furthermore, in order to reduce the computations and given the enormous number of potential signals to assess, a simplified model was employed. Nevertheless, [M. Irsigler et al., 2005] [7] and [M. Irsigler, 2008] [8] have shown that more simplified models also give satisfactory results in the same direction at the expense of generalizing the assumptions and simplifying scenarios.
Another important aspect to note with regards to the CBCS modulation is that the data and pilot channels are in anti-phase and present thus different correlation functions as shown in Power Spectral Density of the CBCS Modulation. The direct consequence of that is that the data and pilot channels present different performance depending on whether the signal has the BOC(1,1) and BCS in phase or in anti-phase. As we will show in the next pages, the anti-phase signal has got the sharpest ACF and thus better performance. For this reason, this was assigned to the pilot channel.
In the following lines we show the performance of CBCS in terms of multipath using the multipath error envelopes. As we know, its computation relies on the assumptions that the line of sight is always visible, that only one multipath signal is present and that the multipath signal experiences a fixed amplitude attenuation (e.g. coefficient of reflection $\alpha = 0.5$ in our simulations) with respect to the direct signal. In addition, a static environment is commonly assumed.
More sophisticate models to quantify the differences between the multipath performance of different signals for a given receiver architecture or different receiver implementations have been analyzed in [M. Irsigler, 2008] [8].
In the next figures we compare the performance of the CBCS(20) signal with that of other solutions that were also considered in the past. As we can see, the same CBCS with a slight lower power was also object of the analysis. The reason to reduce the power on the BCS component to 15.6 % was to improve the coexistence of the signal with the rest of signals in the E1/L1 band. Of course, this reduction of power on the BCS part implied a slight deterioration of the performance. Note also that the A and B channels perform the same and thus the dotted and continues curves overlap each other.
Figure 10: Multipath error envelopes for different Galileo signal candidates. A pre-correlation bandwidth of 12 MHz and a chip spacing of $\delta = 0.1$ chips have been assumed.
Figure 11: Running average multipath errors for different Galileo signal candidates. A pre-correlation bandwidth of 12 MHz and a chip spacing of $\delta = 0.1$ chips have been assumed.
As analyses have shown, CBCS presented a considerable improvement of more than 25 % with respect to the baseline for a bandwidth of 24 MHz. Furthermore, the improvement was of even 40 % in terms of multipath with 12 MHz as previous figure shows. This was especially relevant in urban and suburban environments. Moreover, for 12 MHz CBCS performed even better than BOC(2,2). This is a direct consequence of the fact that while BOC(1,1) needs a larger bandwidth of 24 MHz to exploit to the limit the possibilities of the modulation, the CBCS modulation needs a lower bandwidth to make an optimum use of the signal in the sense that its Gabor bandwidth for the same receiver bandwidth is higher. A complete analysis of positioning accuracy using the concept of the User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) was presented by [J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez et al., 2005b] [9] where the superiority of CBCS in different baseline scenarios was demonstrated.
Finally, to have a complete insight into the performance of CBCS, the Cramér Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is shown in the following figure.
Figure 12: Cramér Rao Lower Bound of E1 OS signals. It must be noted that $OS_A$ refers to the data channel while $OS_B$ refers to the pilot channel.
The Cramér Rao Lower Bound is defined in (23) and is the lower bound of the mean-squared error for any estimate of a non-random parameter as shown by [H. Cramér, 1946][10] and [J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez et al., 2006b] [9]. The Cramér-Rao lower bound defines the ultimate accuracy of any estimation and shows the minimum code pseudorange variance we would have with the best possible receiver implementation. Indeed, this bound is a different way of expressing the Gabor bandwidth which sets the physical limit of a signal for a given bandwidth. This last one is also known in the literature as the Root Mean Square (RMS) bandwidth. As shown in Cramér Rao Lower Bound the CRLB is defined as:
where $B_L$ refers to the loop bandwidth of the code tracking loop and $R”_{ss}\left ( 0 \right )$ and $G_s \left ( f \right )$ are respectively the autocorrelation and power spectral density of the signal.
The Cramér-Rao lower bound is usually employed to assess the performance of the position estimation based on the delay between the transmitting satellite and the receiver. However, since the function that maps the signal delay to the physical location is not necessarily continuous and differentiable everywhere due to the usual oscillations and discontinuities of the received signal, the Cramér Rao lower bound cannot be applied in all cases. In fact, differentiability is a requirement for the Cramér Rao lower bound to be properly used. As shown in [H. Koorapaty, 2004][11], it may be feasible to create a continuous approximation of this mapping function although this is discontinuous in reality. However, in order to be accurate, the function would need to have large local variations and the Cramér-Rao bound would then be too inaccurate. In the same manner, if a smooth function without large variations were assumed, the bound would also be inaccurate. In particular, such an approach would be too pessimistic in its performance estimates.
As an alternative, the Barankin bound was proposed in [E. Barankin, 1949][12]. As shown in[H. Koorapaty, 2004] [11], the Barankin bound does not require the mapping function to be continuous and differentiable being hence better suited for some problems. The Barankin bound is computed by selecting a set of test points $[x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_N]$ in the area of analysis and defining the following function:
where $P \left (r \big | x \right )$ denotes the conditional probability density function at the set of chosen test points with $i \in \left \{1,2,\cdots,N \right \}$. According to this, the Barankin matrix is defined as follows:
with $\left (i,j \right ) \in \left \{1,2,\cdots,N \right \} \times \left \{1,2,\cdots,N \right \}$. Furthermore, the Barankin bound on the covariance $Cov[\hat{x}\left(r\right)]$ for the parameter x based on the measurements r is given by:
where
As we can recognize, the computation of the Barankin bound only requires knowledge of the conditional probability density function $P \left (r \big | x \right )$ at the set of chosen test points and no assumption on the differentiability is required. Moreover, it is important to note that the Barankin bound is a lower bound on the covariance matrix of the position errors but it does not say anything about the probability density function of the position errors.
Finally, we must underline that the Barankin bound is more accurate than the Cramér Rao lower bound as shown in [R. McAulay and E. Hofstetter, 1971][13]. In fact, the Barankin bound can be made tighter than the Cramér-Rao bound provided the correct test points are chosen. Moreover, the Barankin bound can be applied in general to more cases than the Cramér Rao bound under the assumption that we have some a priori knowledge on the conditional probability of some particular points. As one can imagine, this information is not always available and justifies the common use of the Cramér Rao lower bound instead.
## CBCS Interference Performance
Another important aspect in the performance of a signal is the interference that the signal suffers and causes from and to the rest of signals in the band. The Spectral Separation Coefficient (SSC), to which we will dedicate the next two chapters, is the key figure to assess the isolation among signals and gives us thus a good insight into this problem. In the next tables different SSCs are given for the case that no filter is used at the satellite. However, it must be noted that in case of filtering the spectral isolation would even improve. For the calculations a transmission bandwidth of 40.92 MHz and a receiver bandwidth of 24.00 MHz were assumed.
Table 1: Spectral Separation Coefficients of proposed Open Signals on E1/L1. For the CBCS signal an optimized filter was employed to avoid the third harmonic emissions.
The self SSC (SSC of one signal with itself) tells us how the intra-system interference is. From the table above we can also recognize that CBCS has better spectral isolation with itself than BOC(1,1) given its wider spreading. Moreover, the CBCS modulation has better spectral isolation with the GPS C/A Code than BOC(1,1) which is logical since part of the power has been moved to higher frequencies. As a conclusion, CBCS presented an improvement in the SSC values that lead to an increase of the minimum C/N0 value (in both Galileo OS and GPS L1C) of up to 0.6 dB, resulting thus in an overall superior link budget.
The interference that we have analyzed so far refers to interference from other GNSS sources. Now we concentrate on the case of non-intentional interference coming from other potential sources. We distinguish between narrowband interference and wideband interference.
• Narrowband interference: The susceptibility to narrow band interference depends on the continuous PSD and on the code structure. Since this latter is not modified by CBCS, and because the continuous PSD of CBCS was wider than that of BOC(1,1), the optimized CBCS presented a higher robustness to narrowband interference.
• Wideband interference: The susceptibility to wide band interference is closely linked to the spreading of the PSD: the more the PSD is spread, the higher the robustness will be. Because CBCS features a PSD which is more spread than that of the BOC(1,1) signal, the CBCS was consequently present a higher robustness than BOC(1,1).
For more details on the mathematical model behind, refer to Power Spectral Density of the CBCS Modulation. As we will see, also here CBCS was superior to BOC(1,1).
One final aspect to analyze the performance of a signal is the acquisition. A very straightforward strategy to acquire CBCS was presented in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1], proving that false acquisition should not represent a big problem. In fact, the only degradation observable with respect to BOC(1,1) would be of less than 1 dB, coming from the correlation losses due to processing with a pure BOC(1,1) receiver.
As presented in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1] and [A.R. Pratt et al., 2006][14] there are several options to receive the CBCS signals. As we will see, some solutions are more efficient while others aim at reducing the receiver complexity as much as possible. We enumerate them next:
• The most straightforward approach is to use a CBCS replica at receiver level for both the data and the pilot channels. As usual, the pilot signal can be used to support data demodulation of the other signal and help in scenarios with poor $C/N_0$ ratios.
• A simplified model would be to use a BOC(1,1) replica only. Indeed, as we have repeatedly commented in different parts of this thesis, special care was put during the optimization of the E1 OS signals to achieve a modulation that should be as highly interoperable as possible with BOC(1,1). This option results in a slight loss of signal power (-0.97 dB) but the receiver is then enormously simplified.
• Another imaginable configuration would be to only process the BCS channel extracting thus the difference data message. However, the BCS signal was not optimized for this application, more due to the high data rate than to the low amount of power that was put on the BCS modulation, which was about -6.97 dB lower. Nevertheless, there could be other interesting benefits in terms of improved performance to multipath given the wider bandwidth BCS.
• Another possibility would be to form composite codes from the sum and the difference of the data and pilot codes. By doing so, we could dispread the BOC(1,1) and BCS channels with the BOC(1,1) and BCS signal waveforms correspondingly. This option could also support data-aiding as identified in [A.R. Pratt and J.I.R. Owen, 2005][15] but it would not be absolutely necessary.
## Drawbacks of the CBCS solution
After describing all the positive aspects of the CBCS modulation, it is time to describe now the two main drawbacks of CBCS with respect to other solutions that were not selected at that time. These are basically the cross-correlation bias and the need of filtering to achieve spectral compatibility with the rest of signals in the band. We concentrate on them now:
### CBCS Cross-Correlation Bias
The selected CBCS solution presented a non-symmetric correlation function when a BOC(1,1) receiver correlates with the incoming CBCS signal as we saw in Figures 4 and 5. As a result, a constant bias appears that is a function only of the percentage of power put on the BCS signal with respect to the OS signal, the received power of the desired signal and the receiver bandwidth. In principle this bias could be corrected if manufacturers would calibrate it as another bias in the receiver processing. Additionally, this bias could be avoided with an appropriate correlation at the receiver [A.R. Pratt et al., 2006][14] and future receivers could consider it as a variable that could be updated at any moment in case future changes in the signal structure would occur. Nevertheless if due to imperfections not all the satellites would be similar, this would introduce a non-negligible complexity that handicapped CBCS.
Different solutions were proposed to avoid the tracking bias, being one of the more interesting the so-called flipping CBCS or CBCS*. This consisted of a BOC(1,1) plus a BCS sequence that alternates its sign from chip to chip. The CBCS* signal would adopt the following form:
where we can recognize that compared to (2) the alternating term $\left(-1\right)^m$ was introduced to account for the alternation of the BCS sequence from one chip to the other chip. As a result, the cross-correlation between CBCS* and BOC(1,1) would be in average zero as desired. The disadvantage of this approach would be on the other hand that the real length of the BCS would duplicate to all effects due to the phase-alternation.
### CBCS Satellite Transmission Filter
A second and actually the major drawback of the CBCS solution was the need to introduce a filter in the satellite to get sufficient isolation of the third harmonic of the BCS signal with the Galileo PRS signal. As we mentioned above, the selected BCS sequence is qualitatively very similar to a BOC(5,1) which, as we know from theory, has got harmonics at odd multiples of the sub-carrier frequency of 5 MHz. Thus, the third harmonic would fall directly on the PRS at 15 MHz. As suggested in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] [1] different measures might have been implemented in the satellite payload without inducing a loss of power at user level. A careful selection of the technique guarantees that the main power stays more or less around 5 MHz offset from the centre frequency so that the resulting waveform does not show any significant impact in the multipath error considerations and subsequent performance of the final signal. Whilst this is true, it is also true that from the moment a filter would have been introduced, the multipath mitigation performance would have been limited saturating for wider bandwidths what was a very undesirable property. Similar arguments have also been used against SRRC signals as we will show at the end of this chapter. This can be shown by means of the Root Mean Square bandwidth in the next figure. For completeness also MBOC is depicted. This modulation (baseline of the Galileo Open Service and GPS Civil signals in E1/L1) will be described in detail in the next chapter.
Figure 13: Root Mean Square Bandwidth (RMS) of studied OS candidate signals. pMBOC refers to the pilot signal and the percentage to the amount of pilot power.
As we know, the Root Mean Square (RMS) bandwidth of a spreading symbol is defined by:
Where $\bar{G}\left(f\right)$ is normalized for unit power over the signal bandwidth being used, and $\beta_r$ is the double-sided receiver pre-correlation bandwidth. The RMS bandwidth can also be seen as another way of interpreting the Cramér Rao lower bound or as the Gabor bandwidth of a signal. According to this, the higher the RMS bandwidth, the better the signal will be.
If we observe now the results of Figure 13 above, we can clearly see that unlike CBCS*, the potential RMS bandwidth of MBOC does not saturate for higher bandwidths. CBCS* is the phase alternating version of CBCS that we describe in the following lines. Furthermore, not only is MBOC by far better than BOC(1,1), but it presents also a performance comparable to that of BOC(2,2) and even superior for some implementations. It is interesting to note that for bandwidths higher than about 14 MHz the RMS bandwidth of CBCS* does not grow any more due to the necessary filtering, while that of MBOC does.
As a conclusion, the CBCS signal candidate presented in [G.W. Hein et al., 2005][1] clearly outperformed the baseline BOC(1,1) but presented some inherent limitations that rose some doubts. Especially the two drawbacks explained above were reason of concern since they demanded modification from the receiver manufacturers to get rid of these potential biases. The solution to all those problems would not take much time to come: the name was MBOC and this time, not only Galileo was eager to adopt it, but also GPS for its modernized GPS.
## References
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j [G.W. Hein et al., 2005] G.W. Hein, J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, L. Ries, L. Lestarquit, J.-L. Issler, J. Godet, A.R. Pratt, Members of the Galileo Signal Task Force of the European Commission: A Candidate for the Galileo L1 OS Optimized Signal, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California, USA.
2. ^ [CNES, 2005] Signaux BOC Multiplexage Temporel pseudo-aleatoire - Analyse de nouvelles formes d'onde et modulation pour les signaux Ouverts Galileo - CNES Technical Note DCT/RF/TT - 2005.139.
3. ^ [L. Ries et al., 2006] L. Ries, J.-L. Issler, L. Lestarquit, J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez and G.W. Hein, Spread Spectrum Signal, Patent number WO/2006/075018, International Application No.: PCT/EP2006/050179, Publication date: 20 July 2006
4. ^ [P.G. Mattos, 2005] P.G. Mattos, Acquisition of the Galileo OAS L1 b/c Signal for the Mass-Market Receiver, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California, USA.
5. ^ [F. Soualle et al., 2005] F. Soualle, M. Soellner, S. Wallner, J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, G.W. Hein, B. Barnes, A.R. Pratt, L. Ries, J. Winkel, C. Lemenager, P. Erhard: Spreading code selection criteria for the future GNSS Galileo, Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference GNSS 2005, 19 - 22 July 2005, Munich, Germany.
6. ^ [G.W. Hein and J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, 2005] G.W. Hein and J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, Performance of a Galileo PRS/GPS M-Code Combined Service, Proceedings of the National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-NTM 2005, January 24-26, 2005 , San Diego, California, USA.
7. ^ a b [M. Irsigler et al., 2005] M. Irsigler, J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, G.W. Hein, Criteria for GNSS Multipath Performance Assessment, Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California, USA.
8. ^ a b [M. Irsigler, 2008] M. Irsigler, Multipath Propagation, Mitigation and Monitoring in the Light of Galileo and the Modernized GPS, PhD Thesis, University FAF Munich, 2008
9. ^ a b [J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez et al., 2005b] J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez, G. W. Hein, S. Wallner, T. Schueler, E. Schueler and M. Irsigler, Revised Combined Galileo/GPS Frequency and Signal Performance Analysis, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, California, USA.
10. ^ [H. Cramér, 1946] H. Cramér. Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. ^ a b [H. Koorapaty, 2004] H. Koorapaty, Barankin bounds for position estimation using received signal strength measurements, in Proceedings of the 59th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC '04), vol. 5, pp. 2686-2690, Milan, Italy, May 2004.
12. ^ [E. Barankin, 1949] E. Barankin, Locally Best Unbiased Estimates, Annals of Mathematical Stastistics vol. 20, pp. 477-501. 1949.
13. ^ [R. McAulay and E. Hofstetter, 1971] R. McAulay and E. Hofstetter, Barankin Bounds on Parameter Estimation, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-17, number 6, pp. 669-676, 1971.
14. ^ a b [A.R. Pratt et al., 2006] A.R. Pratt, J.I.R. Owen, G.W. Hein, J.-A. Avila-Rodriguez: Tracking Complex Modulation Waveforms- How to Avoid Receiver Bias, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, IEEE/ION PLANS 2006, 24-27 April, 2006, Loews Coronado Bay Resort, San Diego, California, USA.
15. ^ [A.R. Pratt and J.I.R. Owen, 2005] A.R. Pratt and J.I.R. Owen, Signal Multiplex Techniques in Satellite Channel Availability - Possible Applications to Galileo, Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, ION-GNSS 2005, 13-16 September 2005, Long Beach, California, USA.
## Credits
The information presented in this NAVIPEDIA’s article is an extract of the PhD work performed by Dr. Jose Ángel Ávila Rodríguez in the FAF University of Munich as part of his Doctoral Thesis “On Generalized Signal Waveforms for Satellite Navigation” presented in June 2008, Munich (Germany)
| 2019-02-23T15:58:05 |
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|
https://paragon.fandom.com/wiki/Armor?oldid=9920
|
FANDOM
1,097 Pages
Physical Armor and Energy Armor are two defensive stats in Paragon. These stats mitigate the amount of damage dealt to a hero.
The formula is as follows:
${DR = A / (100 + A + 10\times(HL - 1))}$
Where:
• DR is damage reduction
• A is armor
• HL is Hero Level
For example, If at level 15, your hero has 100 armor, you will receive about 30% less damage from a physical attack. Physical armor will NOT, however, reduce damage from energy attacks, nor will energy armor mitigate damage from physical attacks.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-04-08T12:38:56 |
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https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR2/Catalogue_consolidation/chap_cu9val_cu9val/sec_cu9val_945/sssec_cu9val_945_sum.html
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# 10.5.4 Summary
• The two-dimensional distributions of the photometric and astrometric observables were consistent with expectations for the four regions we have considered given their location on the sky (symmetric with respect to the Galactic plane and Galactic centre). Furthermore, we find these properties to be consistently similar between the pairs of patches that have similar numbers of observations/transits.
• Our 3D and 4D clustering tests for subsets constructed using different filters showed that the data which passed the DUPVISA and DUPMATA filters shows the smallest degree of clustering. We also find that the data is more clustered for stars with brighter magnitudes (BT11, $G<11.5$).
• The degree of clustering in 4D (ra, dec + 2 observables), increases with respect to 2D (when considering the same 2 observables). This is likely a consequence of the known ‘gridding pattern on the sky’ seen, e.g., towards the LMC. However this systematic does not dominate over the intrinsic distribution of statistical errors in the observables, since for example the clustering for the brightest sample (which has the smallest errors on average) is always larger than for any other subsample.
| 2021-08-02T03:29:52 |
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https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/pair_list.html
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# pair_style list command
## Syntax
pair_style list listfile cutoff keyword
• listfile = name of file with list of pairwise interactions
• cutoff = global cutoff (distance units)
• keyword = optional flag nocheck or check (default is check)
## Examples
pair_style list restraints.txt 200.0
pair_coeff * *
pair_style hybrid/overlay lj/cut 1.1225 list pair_list.txt 300.0
pair_coeff * * lj/cut 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 3* 3* list
## Description
Style list computes interactions between explicitly listed pairs of atoms with the option to select functional form and parameters for each individual pair. Because the parameters are set in the list file, the pair_coeff command has no parameters (but still needs to be provided). The check and nocheck keywords enable/disable a test that checks whether all listed bonds were present and computed.
This pair style can be thought of as a hybrid between bonded, non-bonded, and restraint interactions. It will typically be used as an additional interaction within the hybrid/overlay pair style. It currently supports three interaction styles: a 12-6 Lennard-Jones, a Morse and a harmonic potential.
The format of the list file is as follows:
• one line per pair of atoms
• empty lines will be ignored
• comment text starts with a ‘#’ character
• line syntax: ID1 ID2 style coeffs cutoff
ID1 = atom ID of first atom
ID2 = atom ID of second atom
style = style of interaction
coeffs = list of coeffs
cutoff = cutoff for interaction (optional)
The cutoff parameter is optional. If not specified, the global cutoff is used.
Here is an example file:
# this is a comment
15 259 lj126 1.0 1.0 50.0
15 603 morse 10.0 1.2 2.0 10.0 # and another comment
18 470 harmonic 50.0 1.2 5.0
The style lj126 computes pairwise interactions with the formula
$E = 4 \epsilon \left[ \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{12} - \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^6 \right] \qquad r < r_c$
and the coefficients:
• $$\epsilon$$ (energy units)
• $$\sigma$$ (distance units)
The style morse computes pairwise interactions with the formula
$E = D_0 \left[ e^{- 2 \alpha (r - r_0)} - 2 e^{- \alpha (r - r_0)} \right] \qquad r < r_c$
and the coefficients:
• $$D_0$$ (energy units)
• $$\alpha$$ (1/distance units)
• $$r_0$$ (distance units)
The style harmonic computes pairwise interactions with the formula
$E = K (r - r_0)^2$
and the coefficients:
• $$K$$ (energy units)
• $$r_0$$ (distance units)
Note that the usual 1/2 factor is included in $$K$$.
Mixing, shift, table, tail correction, restart, rRESPA info:
This pair style does not support mixing since all parameters are explicit for each pair.
The pair_modify shift option is supported by this pair style.
The pair_modify table and tail options are not relevant for this pair style.
This pair style does not write its information to binary restart files, so pair_style and pair_coeff commands need to be specified in an input script that reads a restart file.
This pair style can only be used via the pair keyword of the run_style respa command. It does not support the inner, middle, outer keywords.
## Restrictions
This pair style does not use a neighbor list and instead identifies atoms by their IDs. This has two consequences: 1) The cutoff has to be chosen sufficiently large, so that the second atom of a pair has to be a ghost atom on the same node on which the first atom is local; otherwise the interaction will be skipped. You can use the check option to detect, if interactions are missing. 2) Unlike other pair styles in LAMMPS, an atom I will not interact with multiple images of atom J (assuming the images are within the cutoff distance), but only with the nearest image.
This style is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS is build with that package. See the Build package doc page on for more info.
| 2020-01-21T01:01:22 |
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.3
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§2.3 Integrals of a Real Variable
§2.3(i) Integration by Parts
Assume that the Laplace transform
converges for all sufficiently large , and is infinitely differentiable in a neighborhood of the origin. Then
If, in addition, is infinitely differentiable on and
is finite and bounded for , then the th error term (that is, the difference between the integral and th partial sum in (2.3.2)) is bounded in absolute value by when exceeds both 0 and .
For the Fourier integral
assume and are finite, and is infinitely differentiable on . Then
Alternatively, assume , is infinitely differentiable on , and each of the integrals , , converges as uniformly for all sufficiently large . Then
In both cases the th error term is bounded in absolute value by , where the variational operator is defined by
see §1.4(v). For other examples, see Wong (1989, Chapter 1).
§2.3(ii) Watson’s Lemma
Assume again that the integral (2.3.1) converges for all sufficiently large , but now
where and are positive constants. Then the series obtained by substituting (2.3.7) into (2.3.1) and integrating formally term by term yields an asymptotic expansion:
For the function see §5.2(i).
This result is probably the most frequently used method for deriving asymptotic expansions of special functions. Since need not be continuous (as long as the integral converges), the case of a finite integration range is included.
Other types of singular behavior in the integrand can be treated in an analogous manner. For example,
provided that the integral on the left-hand side of (2.3.9) converges for all sufficiently large values of . (In other words, differentiation of (2.3.8) with respect to the parameter (or ) is legitimate.)
Another extension is to more general factors than the exponential function. In addition to (2.3.7) assume that and are piecewise continuous (§1.4(ii)) on , and
where are positive constants. Then
where is the Mellin transform of 2.5(i)).
For a more detailed treatment of the integral (2.3.12) see §§2.5, 2.6.
§2.3(iii) Laplace’s Method
When is real and is a large positive parameter, the main contribution to the integral
derives from the neighborhood of the minimum of in the integration range. Without loss of generality, we assume that this minimum is at the left endpoint . Furthermore:
1. (a)
and are continuous in a neighborhood of , save possibly at , and the minimum of in is approached only at .
2. (b)
As
and the expansion for is differentiable. Again and are positive constants. Also (consistent with (a)).
3. (c)
The integral (2.3.13) converges absolutely for all sufficiently large .
Watson’s lemma can be regarded as a special case of this result.
For error bounds for Watson’s lemma and Laplace’s method see Boyd (1993) and Olver (1997b, Chapter 3). These references and Wong (1989, Chapter 2) also contain examples.
§2.3(iv) Method of Stationary Phase
When the parameter is large the contributions from the real and imaginary parts of the integrand in
oscillate rapidly and cancel themselves over most of the range. However, cancellation does not take place near the endpoints, owing to lack of symmetry, nor in the neighborhoods of zeros of because changes relatively slowly at these stationary points.
The first result is the analog of Watson’s lemma (§2.3(ii)). Assume that again has the expansion (2.3.7) and this expansion is infinitely differentiable, is infinitely differentiable on , and each of the integrals , , converges at , uniformly for all sufficiently large . Then
where the coefficients are given by (2.3.7).
For the more general integral (2.3.19) we assume, without loss of generality, that the stationary point (if any) is at the left endpoint. Furthermore:
1. (a)
On , and are infinitely differentiable and .
2. (b)
As the asymptotic expansions (2.3.14) apply, and each is infinitely differentiable. Again , , and are positive.
3. (c)
If the limit of as is finite, then each of the functions
2.3.21,
tends to a finite limit .
4. (d)
If , then and each of the integrals
converges at uniformly for all sufficiently large .
If is finite, then both endpoints contribute:
But if (d) applies, then the second sum is absent. The coefficients are defined as in §2.3(iii).
For proofs of the results of this subsection, error bounds, and an example, see Olver (1974). For other estimates of the error term see Lyness (1971). For extensions to oscillatory integrals with logarithmic singularities see Wong and Lin (1978).
§2.3(v) Coalescing Peak and Endpoint: Bleistein’s Method
In the integral
() and are positive constants, is a variable parameter in an interval with and , and is a large positive parameter. Assume also that and are continuous in and , and for each the minimum value of in is at , at which point vanishes, but both and are nonzero. When Laplace’s method (§2.3(iii)) applies, but the form of the resulting approximation is discontinuous at . In consequence, the approximation is nonuniform with respect to and deteriorates severely as .
A uniform approximation can be constructed by quadratic change of integration variable:
2.3.25
where and are functions of chosen in such a way that corresponds to , and the stationary points and correspond. Thus
2.3.26
2.3.27
the upper or lower sign being taken according as . The relationship between and is one-to-one, and because
it is free from singularity at .
The integral (2.3.24) transforms into
where
being the value of at . We now expand in a Taylor series centered at the peak value of the exponential factor in the integrand:
2.3.31
with the coefficients continuous at . The desired uniform expansion is then obtained formally as in Watson’s lemma and Laplace’s method. We replace the limit by and integrate term-by-term:
where
For examples and proofs see Olver (1997b, Chapter 9), Bleistein (1966), Bleistein and Handelsman (1975, Chapter 9), and Wong (1989, Chapter 7).
| 2013-12-12T11:10:39 |
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https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/microdata-tablebuilder/available-microdata-tablebuilder/national-survey-mental-health-and-wellbeing-basic-and-expanded-curf
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# Microdata: National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Basic and Expanded CURF
Provides information about the data content of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
## Introduction
### Overview
This technical manual provides information about the release of microdata from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (SMHWB), including background to the survey, using the CURF microdata, reliability of estimates, contents of the 2007 CURFs and the conditions of release. Microdata from the survey are released with the approval of the Australian Statistician and are available in the form of two Confidentialised Unit Record Files (CURFs):
• a Basic CURF, available on CD-ROM or through the ABS Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL); and
• an Expanded CURF, only accessible through the RADL.
The Expanded CURF contains more detailed data for some variables than the Basic CURF, as well as some additional variables. For the contents of each CURF refer to the data item list, which is available on the ABS website in spreadsheet format.
The RADL is an online database query system that supports access to the CURFs. Microdata are held on a server at the ABS and accessed by submitting programs to interrogate and analyse data, as well as access the results. More information about accessing the CURFs and using the RADL is available from the ABS website (see Services/ CURF Microdata/ Accessing CURF Microdata).
Information to aid interpretation of the CURFs is provided in this paper and in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Users' Guide (cat. no. 4327.0), which will be referred to throughout this paper as the Users' Guide.
The National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (SMHWB) was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) from August to December 2007. The survey collected information from approximately 8,800 Australians aged 16-85 years. The survey provides information on the prevalence of selected lifetime and 12-month mental disorders, by the major disorder groups:
• Anxiety disorders (eg Social Phobia);
• Affective disorders (eg Depression); and
• Substance Use disorders (eg Alcohol Harmful Use).
The survey also provides information on the level of impairment, health services used for mental health problems, physical conditions, social networks and caregiving, as well as demographic and socio-economic characteristics.
This is the second national mental health and wellbeing survey conducted by the ABS, with the previous survey conducted in 1997. Funding for this survey was provided by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA). The survey is based on a widely-used international survey instrument and is therefore designed to provide data for international comparisons, rather than comparisons with the 1997 survey.
Detailed information on the survey development, concepts and methodology is provided in the Users' Guide.
## Using the CURF microdata
The survey microdata are released under the provisions of the Census and Statistics Act 1905. This Act allows for the release of data in the form of unit records where the information is not likely to enable the identification of a particular person or organisation. Accordingly, there are no names or addresses of survey respondents on the CURFs, and other steps have been taken to protect the confidentiality of respondents. These include:
• reducing the level of detail shown for some items (eg geography, industry and occupation items);
• ranging, collapsing or top- or bottom-coding some data items (eg age first time consulted with a health professional); and
• changing characteristics for some records (eg masking information by changing demographic details for a small number of records).
To further assist in protecting the confidentiality of unit record data, all dollar values have been perturbed (Expanded CURF) or are presented in deciles only (Basic and Expanded CURFs). That is, each value has been adjusted up or down by a small, random amount. Also, for each of these items, each value above or below a certain cut-off limit has been set to the mean of all the values above or below the cut-off limit.
Steps to confidentialise the data available on the CURFs are taken in such a way as to maximise the usefulness of the content while maintaining the confidentiality of respondents to ABS statistical collections. As a result, it may not be possible to exactly reconcile all the statistics produced from the CURFs with published statistics.
Intending purchasers should ensure that the data they require, at the level of detail they require, are available on the CURFs. Data collected in the survey but not contained on the CURFs may be available on request in tabulated form.
### Data items
A detailed list of the data items and categories for the Basic and Expanded CURFs has been released on the ABS website in spreadsheet format. The majority of data items on the CURFs are the same as collected and output on the main survey file. In a small number of instances it was necessary to remove items or to reduce the level of information available on the CURFs for confidentiality reasons. Where information on the CURFs differs to the main survey file, this is noted as 'Not on the CURF' or the details of the CURF output items are included on the data item list. Refer to the Basic/Expanded CURF SAS name and CURF item (including response categories) on the data items list for more information.
Additionally, some of the data items included on the CURFs, and the categories within the data items, differ between the Basic and Expanded CURFs. The Expanded CURF contains more variables than the Basic CURF, as well as more detailed response categories for selected variables. The differences between the CURFs are highlighted in the data item list.
#### Key differences between the CURFs
##### Demographic items
Most of the differences between the Basic and Expanded CURFs relate to the amount of detail available for the demographic items. The following table provides an overview of the key differences.
Key differences between the CURFs, by demographic items
ItemBasic CURFExpanded CURF
Household level
State/Territory-NSW, Qld, Vic, SA, WA, Tas, NT, ACT
Number of persons in household6 categories8 categories
Number of adults in household4 categories5 categories
Number of children aged 0-17 years in household4 categories5 categories
Family composition of household8 categories11 categories
Capital city/Rest of State-Capital city, Balance of State
ASGC remoteness area category-Major cities, Inner regional, Other areas
Gross weekly cash income of household in deciles-Deciles
Gross weekly cash income of household
-
Continuous income $(perturbed) Gross weekly equivalised cash income of household-Continuous income$ (perturbed)
Person level
Social marital status-Not applicable, Married, Not married
Country of birth of person/father/mother3 categories20 categories
Main language other than English spoken at home (ASCL)-9 categories
Level of highest non-school qualification9 categories10 categories
Highest level of post-school educational attainment7 categories9 categories
Occupation10 categories53 categories
Industry21 categories70 categories
Personal gross weekly cash income-Continuous income $(perturbed) Personal gross weekly cash income in deciles-Deciles Note: - not available ##### Service use items There are also differences between the Basic and Expanded CURFs for items related to service use in the Health Service Utilisation module, including: • the number of times a person was admitted to hospital for physical health problems in the 12 months prior to interview; • the total number of nights a person was admitted to hospital for physical health problems in the 12 months prior to interview; • the number of consultations with a [health professional] for physical or mental health in the 12 months prior to interview; • the number of consultations with a [health professional] for mental health in the 12 months prior to interview; and • the age first time consulted with a [health professional] about mental health problems. This information is collected separately for the following different types of health professionals consulted: • General Practitioners (GPs); • Psychiatrists; • Psychologists; • Mental health nurses; • Other professionals (specialist mental health); • Specialist doctors/surgeons; • Other professionals (general); and • Alternative therapists. The Expanded CURF data items generally contain more detail than was able to be provided on the Basic CURF. For more information on the data items available and the applicable response categories refer to the data item list. ### CURF file structure The Basic and Expanded CURFs each contain a set of two files with confidentialised records. These files are in a hierarchical relationship and provide records at the household and person levels. Details of the information contained in the household and person level files for the Basic and Expanded CURFs are provided in the data item list. There are 8,841 records on each file level for both of the CURFs. ### Use of weights On each level of the CURF, every record contains a 'weight'. The weight indicates how many population units are represented by the sample unit. The CURFs contain records which can be adjusted (weighted) to infer results for the total in-scope population in Australia. As the survey was conducted on a sample of private dwellings in Australia, it is important to take account of the method of sample selection when deriving estimates from the CURFs. If the chance of selection is not accounted for, by use of appropriate weights, the results will be biased. Each household and person record contains a weight. The identifiers are: • Person weight: MHSFINWT, and • Household weight: HHFINWT. The household weight can be found on the household level, while the person weight can be found on the person level. This weight indicates how many population units are represented by the sample unit. Where estimates are derived from the CURF, it is essential that they are calculated using the correct weight for that level of the file, and not just counting the number of records in each category. If person or household weights were to be ignored when analysing the data to draw inferences about the population, then no account would be taken of a person’s or household's chance of selection, or of different response rates across population groups, and the resulting estimates may be seriously biased. The application of weights ensures that estimates conform to an independently estimated distribution of the population by age and other characteristics, rather than to the distributions within the sample itself. It should be noted that as a result of some of the changes made to protect confidentiality on the CURF, estimates of benchmarked items produced from the CURF may not equal benchmarked values. For more information about these differences see 'About the Microdata'. #### Replicate weights Replicate weights have been included on the CURFs to enable the calculation of sampling error for each estimate produced. Sampling error arises because the estimates are based on a sample of units and so will differ from estimates that would have been produced if all units in the population had been included in the survey. The CURFs contain: • 60 person replicate weights (WPM0101 to WPM0160); and • 60 household replicate weights (WHM0101 to WHM0160). For more information on sampling error see 'Reliability of estimates'. ### Record identifiers There are several identifiers for each record on each of the levels: • Each household has a unique random identifier (ABSHID). This identifier appears on the household level, and is repeated on the person level for each record relating to that household. • Each person within a household is numbered sequentially. 'Person number' (ABSPID) appears on the person level. The combination of household identifier and person number uniquely identifies a person. At higher levels, identifiers for lower levels are set to zero. For example, on the household level the identifier for person number is set to zero. No family numbers or income units have been output for this survey. ### Deriving items at a higher level The information provided on the files has already been derived at the relevant level. For example, the number of adults in a household is already provided on the household level and does not need to be manually derived from data on the person level. ### Copying data to a lower level There may be instances when a data item is not contained on the level of the file required by users. For example, geographic information is not included on the person level because it is a household level characteristic. To copy data from the household level to the person level: • sort household and person level by household. All records for a particular person must be sorted together. This can be done by sorting on the identifiers for household (ABSHID); and • merge the records in household and person level by household. The records must be matched using the household identifier (ABSHID). These resulting dataset will contain all the household level information (eg geography) attached to the person level data (eg age and sex). ### Continuous data items When analysing continuous items at the person and household levels, it is necessary to exclude the special codes. The special codes are used for responses that do not represent the data being collected (eg 'don't know'). The codes vary, but will generally be 0, 96, 97, 98, 99 or variations of these. For example, 'Length of time was homeless in days' (DAYSHMLS) has reserved values of: • 999,996 for Not stated; • 999,998 for Not known; and • 999,999 for Refusal. The data item list provides the special codes for continuous items. Care should be taken to exclude these codes when categorising higher values for ranges, and when calculating means, medians and other summary statistics. ### Income items The person level records contain the following information on income: #### Basic CURF • source(s) of personal cash income (SINCHHM); and • main source of personal cash income (MSRCINCC). #### Expanded CURF • personal gross weekly cash income in deciles (INCDECPN); • personal gross weekly cash income in continuous perturbed dollar amounts (WINCCEX); • source(s) of personal cash income (SINCHHM); and • main source of personal cash income (MSRCINCC). The household level records contain information derived from the income of all persons in the household, aged 15 years and over: #### Basic CURF • gross weekly equivalised cash income of households in deciles (INCDECEH); and • sources of cash income of households (INCSRCH). #### Expanded CURF • gross weekly cash income of households in deciles (INCWKHHD); • gross weekly cash income of households in continuous perturbed dollar amounts (WINCPHX); • gross weekly equivalised cash income of households in deciles (INCDECEH); • gross weekly equivalised cash income of households in continuous perturbed dollar amounts (INCWKHEX); and • sources of cash income of households (INCSRCH). When analysing income at the person and household level, it is necessary to exclude the special codes (eg 'not stated'). The data item list provides the relevant values. #### Income not reported If more than one contributing income item at the person level has a value of 'Not known', then totals derived from these items, such as 'Gross weekly personal income' are also set to 'Not known', as it was not possible to derive an accurate total. Similarly, if one or more of the contributing person records in a household has a value of 'Not known', then household income and derived income deciles are set to 'Not known/no income reported'. Care should be taken to exclude these codes when categorising higher income values, and when calculating means, medians and other summary statistics. #### Calculating income deciles Deciles are groupings that result from ranking either all households or all persons in the population in ascending order according to some characteristic, such as income, and then dividing the population into 10 equal groups, each comprising 10% of the estimated population. The first decile contains the bottom 10%, the second decile contains the next 10% and so on. To assist in the use and interpretation of income deciles at the person or household level, it is necessary to exclude the reserved values of: • 00 for Not applicable; • 98 for Not stated; and • 99 for Not known. Refer to 'Income not reported' for more information on the treatment of 'Not known or not stated' values. The following table provides the decile ranges for gross weekly cash income of persons (INCDECPN) and of households (INCWKHHD): Gross weekly cash income of persons and households, by decile ranges Personal incomeHousehold income Decile$$1st< 152< 399 2nd153 - 229399 - 576 3rd230 - 299577 - 843 4th300 - 432844 -1 084 5th433 - 5991 085 -1 360 6th600 - 7601 361 -1 642 7th761 - 9581 643 -2 017 8th959 -1 1882 018 -2 539 9th1 189 -1 6392 540 -3 321 10th>1 640>3 321 #### Gross weekly equivalised income of households Equivalised household income provides an indication of the economic resources available to each member of a household. It can be used for comparing the situation of individuals, as well as comparing the situation of households. Equivalence scales are used to make adjustments to the actual incomes of households so that households of differing sizes and compositions are able to be compared. The gross weekly equivalised income of households is expressed in: • deciles (Basic and Expanded CURFs); and • continuous perturbed dollar amounts (Expanded CURF only). Equivalised income is calculated by deriving an equivalence factor according to the chosen equivalence scale, and then dividing income by the factor. The equivalence factor, derived using the 'modified OECD' equivalence scale, is determined by allocating the following points to each person in a household: • the first adult in the household is given a weight of 1 point; • each additional person 15 years or older is allocated 0.5 points; and • each child under 15 years is allocated 0.3 points. Equivalised household income is derived by dividing the total household income by a factor equal to the sum of the equivalence points allocated to the household members. The equivalised income of a lone person household is the same as its unequivalised income. The equivalised income of a household comprising more than one person lies between the total value and the per capita value of its unequivalised income. When unequivalised household income is negative, such as when a loss is reported for an individual's unincorporated business or other investment income, and this loss is greater than any positive income from any other source, then equivalised household income is set to zero. When analysing the gross weekly equivalised income of households, it is necessary to exclude the special codes (eg 'not stated'). The data item list provides the relevant values. The following table provides the decile ranges for gross weekly equivalised income of households (INCDECEH): Gross weekly equivalised income of households, by decile ranges FromTo Decile$$ 1st <277 2nd278359 3rd360479 4th480613 5th614755 6th756897 7th8981 064 8th1 0651 303 9th1 3041 713 10th>1 713 ### Multiple response items There are a number of data items on the Basic and Expanded CURFs that contain multiple responses. This means that the person being interviewed was able to select one or more response categories for these items. Multiple response items are indicated on the data item list. On the CURF, each response category for the multiple response questions is treated as a separate data item. Each data item therefore has a response of either: • Not applicable; or • Yes. A 'Not applicable' response has a code of '0' indicating that the response category does not apply for the respondent. A 'Yes' response has a code greater than '0' indicating a positive response for that category. An example of a multiple response item is the question on the 'Type of health problem causing embarrassment related to social or performance situation' (HPSOCFR), which has eight response categories. From these categories eight separate data items have been produced - HPSOCFRA, HPSOCFRB, HPSOCFRC...HPSOCFRH. Type of health problem causing embarrassment related to social or performance situation Response categoryData itemData item response Mental health problemHPSOCFRANot applicable (0), Yes (1) Alcohol or drug problemHPSOCFRBNot applicable (0), Yes (2) Speech, vision or hearing problemHPSOCFRCNot applicable (0), Yes (3) Movement or coordination problemHPSOCFRDNot applicable (0), Yes (4) Facial/body disfigurement or weight/body image problemHPSOCFRENot applicable (0), Yes (5) Bad odour or sweatingHPSOCFRFNot applicable (0), Yes (6) PregnancyHPSOCFRGNot applicable (0), Yes (7) Other physical health problemHPSOCFRHNot applicable (0), Yes (8) Not knownHPSOCFRINot applicable (0), Yes (98) RefusalHPSOCFRJNot applicable (0), Yes (99) Not applicableHPSOCFRKNot applicable (0), Yes (97) The special codes for 'Not applicable', 'Not known' and 'Refusal' are provided in the data item list (eg values of 97, 98 and 99). For derived items, these codes each have their own separate data item category. Using the example above, these special codes would be HPSOCFRI, HPSOCFRJ and HPSOCFRK. For non-derived items (eg D23A) the special codes will be placed within the first data item created (eg D23AA). #### Subsequent questions relying on multi-response items Multi-response items in the Medications, Substance Use and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) modules used a different system to code the multiple response items. This meant that depending on the responses provided to an initial question, the responses for subsequent questions were allocated to a certain position. An example of these linked questions in the Medications module is MEDCD, where respondents could provide up to five responses (ie medications) to the question on 'Mental health medications used in past 2 weeks'. The subsequent A to E responses provided for the following items relate back to the number of medications provided in the initial question: • Length of time taking medication for mental health (ME6A--ME6E); and • Whether usually took medication according to the recommended dose in past two weeks (ME7A--ME7E). For example, if Citalopram was reported at MEDCDA then the length of time the respondent had been taking Citalopram would be reported at ME6A, and whether the Citalopram was taken according to recommendation would be reported at ME7A. Similarly, responses at ME6B and ME7B would be in relation to the medication reported at MEDCDB. Multi-response data items Data item labelData item name Mini-Mental State Examination Whether remembered the words Ball/Car/ Man (immediate recall)MM3 Whether could subtract 7sMM4 Whether remembered the words Ball/Car/ Man (delayed recall)MM6 Substance Use disorders Whether able to follow instructions - take paper, fold in half, place on floorMM13 Whether used drugs of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids caused problems with family, friends or othersSU65A1A Whether continued using drugs of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids caused problems with peopleSU65B1A Whether continued using drugs of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids jeopardised safetySU65C1A Whether continued using drugs of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids resulted in problems with policeSU65D1A Whether used drugs of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids interfered with workSU65_1A Whether had strong desire using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids that one could not resist themSU721_A Whether needed to use more marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids than used to, in order to get highSU72A1A Whether experienced symptoms when stopped using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioidsSU72B1A Whether used marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids from having problemsSU72C1A Whether used marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids though promised not toSU72D1A Whether used marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids more frequently than intendedSU72E1A Whether not able to stop using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioidsSU72F1A Whether spent much time using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids that had little time for anything elseSU72G1A Whether reduced important activities because of using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioidsSU72H1A Whether continued using marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids knowing one had a problemSU72I1A How much has physical health been harmed by use of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids during the past 12 monthsSU86A_1 How much has family been hurt by use of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids during the past 12 monthsSU86B_1 How much have done impulsive things by use of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids during the past 12 monthsSU86C_1 How much has failed to do what was expected by use of marijuana, stimulants, sedatives or opioids during the past 12 monthsSU86D_1 Substance Use section - Interviewer checkpoint (see SU86 series)SU86G Number of days unable to work in the past 12 months - Drug UseSU86G1 Medications Mental health medications used in past 2 weeksMEDCD Length of time taking medication for mental healthME6 Whether usually took medication according to the recommended dose, in past 2 weeksME7 ### Geographic characteristics To enable CURF users greater flexibility in their analyses, one Socio-Economic Index for Area (SEIFA) has been included on both the Basic and Expanded CURFs, as well as several sub-state geography items. Cross-tabulations by several of these items simultaneously produce cells relating to some small geographic regions. Tables showing multiple data items, cross-tabulated by SEIFA and sub-state geography are not permitted due to the detailed information about small geographical regions that could be presented. However, simple cross-tabulations of population counts by SEIFA or sub-state geographic data items may be useful for clients in order to determine which geography item to include in their primary analysis, and such output is permitted. Note: the state/territory data item is only available on the Expanded CURF. More information on geographic characteristics is contained in Chapter 9 (Population characteristics) of the Users' Guide. For more details on SEIFA see the Information Paper: An introduction to Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) (cat. no. 2039.0), available from the ABS website. ### Comparison with the 1997 CURF The 2007 survey was designed to provide national estimates that can be compared internationally, rather than to provide comparisons with the 1997 survey. Due to differences in how the data were collected, care should be exercised when comparing data items from the 1997 survey with the 2007 survey. Particular attention should be given to the definition of the data item, the population, and the reference period that applies (eg 12-month versus lifetime). Differences between the two surveys are too substantial to list individually in this paper, but include changes to: • questions and topics; • concepts; • survey methodology; • classifications; and • measurements. Detailed information on the differences between the two surveys is provided in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Users' Guide, 2007. More information about the 1997 survey is available from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing of Adults: Users' Guide, 1997 (cat. no. 4327.0). ## Reliability of estimates ### Sample survey errors Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey: • sampling error; and • non-sampling error. Sampling error occurs because only a small proportion of the total population is used to produce estimates that represent the whole population. Sampling error can be reliably measured as it is calculated based on the scientific methods used to design surveys. Non-sampling error may occur in any data collection, whether it is based on a sample or a full-count (eg Census). Non-sampling error may occur at any stage throughout the survey process, examples include: non-response by selected persons, questions being misunderstood, responses being incorrectly recorded, and errors in coding or processing the survey data. More detailed information on sample survey errors, including sampling error, non-sampling error and response rates is provided in Chapter 10 (Interpretation of results) of the Users' Guide. ### Sampling error Sampling error is the expected difference that could occur between the published estimates, derived from repeated random samples of persons, and the value that would have been produced if all persons in scope of the survey had been included. The magnitude of the sampling error associated with an estimate depends on the sample design, sample size and population variability. #### Measures of sampling error A measure of the sampling error for a given estimate is provided by the Standard Error (SE), which is the extent to which an estimate might have varied by chance because only a sample of persons was obtained. Another measure is the Relative Standard Error (RSE), which is the SE expressed as a percentage of the estimate. This measure provides an indication of the percentage errors likely to have occurred due to sampling. ##### Standard errors of proportions and percentages Proportions and percentages formed from the ratio of two estimates are subject to sampling errors. The size of the error depends on the accuracy of both the numerator and the denominator. The RSEs of proportions and percentages for the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007 (cat. no. 4326.0) were provided in spreadsheet format as an attachment to the publication. The RSEs were calculated using the full delete-a-group jackknife technique, which is described in the following segment. ##### Replicate weights and directly calculated standard errors The SEs on estimates from this survey were obtained through the delete-a-group jackknife variance technique. In this technique, the full sample is repeatedly subsampled by successively dropping households from different groups of clusters of households and then the remaining records are reweighted to the survey benchmark population. Through this technique, the effect of the complex survey design and estimation methodology on the accuracy of the survey estimates is stored in the replicate weights. For the 2007 SMHWB, this process was repeated 60 times to produce 60 replicate weights for each sample unit. The distribution of the 60 replicate estimates based on the full sample estimate is then used to directly calculate the standard error for each full sample estimate. Replicate weights enable variances of estimates to be calculated relatively simply. They also enable unit records analyses such as chi-square and logistic regression to be conducted, which take into account the sample design. Replicate weights for any variable of interest can be calculated from the 60 replicate groups, giving 60 replicate estimates. The distribution of this set of replicate estimates, in conjunction with the full sample estimate (based on the general weight) is then used to approximate the variance of the full sample. The person level and household level records on the CURFs contain 60 replicate weights. The Standard Error (SE) for each estimate produced from the CURFs can be calculated using the replicate weights provided. When calculating SEs it is important to select the replicate weights which are most appropriate for the analysis being undertaken. For more information see 'Use of weights'. The formula for calculating the Standard Error (SE) and Relative Standard Error (RSE) of an estimate using this technique is shown below. $$SE(y) = \sqrt{((59/60) \sum_g(y(_g)-y)^2)}$$ where $$_g = (1,...,60(the\space number\space of\space replicaweights))_i$$ $$y(_g) = estimate\space from\space u\space singreplicaweighting;\space and$$ $$y = estimate\space from\space u\space singfullpersonweight.$$ $$The\space RSE(y)={\frac{SE(y)}{y} \times 100}$$ This method can also be used when modelling relationships from unit record data, regardless of the modelling technique used. In modelling, the full sample would be used to estimate the parameter being studied, such as a regression co-efficient, the 60 replicate groups used to provide 60 replicate estimates of the survey parameter. The variance of the estimate of the parameter from the full sample is then approximated, as above, by the variability of the replicate estimates. For more information on the replicate weights technique refer to Appendix 2 of the Users' Guide. Use of the delete-a-group jackknife technique for complex estimates, such as regression parameters from a statistical model, is not straightforward and may not be appropriate. The technique described does not apply to investigations where survey weights are not used, such as unweighted statistical modelling. More information on the delete-a-group jackknife technique is provided in the Research Paper: Weighting and Standard Error Estimation for ABS Household Surveys (Methodology Advisory Committee) (cat. no. 1352.0.55.029). CURF users should be aware that estimates produced from the CURFs may differ from those in the published data due to actions taken to preserve confidentiality. ### Non-sampling error Efforts were made to minimise non-sampling error by careful design and testing of questionnaires, intensive training of interviewers, and extensive editing and quality control procedures at all stages of data processing. However, errors can be made in giving and recording information during an interview. These types of inaccuracies are referred to as non-sampling errors and include errors in the survey scope, response errors, processing errors and bias due to non-response. #### Response rate As the response rate for this survey was lower than expected (60%), extensive non-response analyses were undertaken to assess the reliability of the survey estimates. As a result, adjustments were made to the weighting strategy. As non-response can vary across population characteristics, as well as across data items, users should exercise caution. Detailed information on survey methodology and non-response is provided in the Users' Guide. ## Contents of the CURFs ### Basic CURF files The Basic CURF is available either on CD-ROM or through the RADL. The available files formats are listed in the following table. Basic CURF, file formats available on CD-ROM or through RADL File levelSAS for WindowsSPSS for WindowsSTATA HouseholdMHW07BH.SAS7BDATMHW07BH.SAVMHW07BH.DTA PersonMHW07BP.SAS7BDATMHW07BP.SAVMHW07BP.DTA #### Basic CURF on CD-ROM In addition to the above-mentioned files, the CD-ROM contains raw confidentialised survey data in a comma separated value (CSV) file format: • MHW07B.CSV - the raw data for the Basic CURF; and • MHW07B.SAS - a SAS program which can be used to translate data from the CSV format to SAS. It also creates the formats library and attributes the formats to relevant variables. This file is for use with other analysis packages and describes the CSV file data. Relevant changes will need to be made to reflect the load statement for your analysis package. ### Expanded CURF files The Expanded CURF contains more detailed data than the Basic CURF and is only available via the RADL. The available files formats are listed in the following table. Expanded CURF, file formats available through RADL File levelSAS for WindowsSPSS for WindowsSTATA HouseholdMHW07EH.SAS7BDATMHW07EH.SAVMHW07EH.DTA PersonMHW07EP.SAS7BDATMHW07EP.SAVMHW07EP.DTA ### Supporting documentation #### CURF information The following files are provided with the CURF/s: • FORMATS.SAS7BCAT - a SAS library containing formats. • README.TXT - a text file describing the contents of the CURFs. Documentation of the data in plain text format is also provided. The following files contain data item code values and category labels with weighted and unweighted frequencies of each value. Frequencies, documentation of the data in plain text format File levelBasic CURFExpanded CURF HouseholdFREQUENCIES_MHW07BH.TXTFREQUENCIES_MHW07EH.TXT PersonFREQUENCIES_MHW07BP.TXTFREQUENCIES_MHW07EP.TXT #### General information The following files are provided with the CURF/s: • RESPONSIBLE ACCESS TO ABS CURFs TRAINING MANUAL_MAR05.PDF - this explains the role and obligations of people using confidentialised data; • ABS CONDITIONS OF SALE.PDF - this describes the ABS conditions of sale; • COPYRITE1.BAT - this describes the copyright obligations for people using ABS data and products; and • IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR CURF USERS_300903.PDF - this directs people to the ABS website for additional and updated information. The following related documentation is available from the ABS website: • Managing ABS Confidentialised Unit Record Files (CURFs): A step by step guide, Feb 2009 (cat. no. 1406.0.55.004); • ABS Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL): User Guide, Mar 2006 (cat. no. 1406.0.55.002); and • Guide to citing ABS sources - this provides samples of citations for ABS data and products, including CURFs (see Help/ How do I cite ABS sources?). #### Survey products The following information is available from the ABS website: ## Conditions of release ### Release of the CURFs The Basic and Expanded CURFs have been released in accordance with a Ministerial Determination (Clause 7, Statutory Rules 1983, No. 19) in pursuance of Section 13 of the Census and Statistics Act 1905. As required by the Determination, the CURFs have been designed so that the information on the files is not likely to enable the identification of a particular person or organisation to which it relates. #### CURF user undertaking The Australian Statistician's approval is required for each CURF release. Additionally, the ABS requires all organisations, and individuals within organisations, who purchase or are seeking to use a CURF to sign an undertaking to abide by the legislative restrictions on use before access to a CURF will be granted. The undertaking requires that people will: • use the information only for the statistical purposes specified in the Schedule to the Undertaking; • not attempt to identify particular persons or organisations; • not disclose, either directly or indirectly, the information to any other person or organisation other than members of their organisation who have been approved by the ABS to have individual access to the information; • not attempt to match, with or without using identifiers, the information with any other list of persons or organisations; • comply with any other direction or requirement specified in the 'Responsible access to ABS CURFs training manual'; and • not attempt to access the information after the term of their authorisation expires, or after their authorisation is rescinded by the organisation which provided it, or after they cease to be a member of that organisation. #### Use of data for statistical purposes Use of the data for statistical purposes means the CURF data is used to produce information of a statistical nature. Examples of statistical purposes are: • manipulation of the data to produce means, correlations or other descriptive or summary measures; • estimation of population characteristics; • use of data as input to mathematical models or for other types of analysis (e.g. factor analysis); and • providing graphical or pictorial representations of the characteristics of the population or subsets of the population. All CURF users are required to read and abide by the 'Responsible access to ABS CURFs training manual' available from the ABS website (see Services/ CURF Microdata/ Accessing CURF Microdata). Use of the data for unauthorised purposes may render the purchaser liable to severe penalties. Advice on the propriety of any intended use of the data is available from the Microdata Access Strategies Section via [email protected]. ### Conditions of sale All ABS products and services are provided subject to the ABS Conditions of Sale. A copy of the conditions is available from the ABS website (see About Us/ ABS Conditions of Sale). Queries should be referred to Intermediary Management via [email protected]. While care is taken in handling each CURF on CD-ROM, deterioration may occur between the time of copying and receipt of the file. Accordingly, if the CD-ROM is unreadable on receipt and this is reported to the ABS within 30 days of receipt, it will be replaced free of charge. ### CURF prices From 1 January 2009 the recommended retail prices for access to ABS CURFs are: •$1,430 (including GST) per CURF access type (ie $1,430 to access the Basic CURF on CD-ROM and/or RADL, or$1,430 to access the Expanded CURF on RADL); or
• \$2,140 (including GST) for access to both the Basic and Expanded CURFs. Clients must request access to both the Basic and Expanded CURFs in one single application.
For more information on pricing and payment refer to the ABS website (see Services/ CURF Microdata).
### Accessing the CURFs
Due to the level of detail provided, the Expanded CURF is only available via the ABS Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL). The Basic CURF is available through both CD-ROM and RADL. The CURF is not available on CD-ROM to overseas customers.
#### Australian universities
The CURFs can be accessed by universities participating in the ABS/Universities Australia Agreement for research and teaching purposes. University staff and students should refer to the ABS website (see Services/ Services for Universities).
#### Other clients
Other prospective clients should contact the ABS Microdata Access Strategies Section:
Phone: (02) 6252 7714
Email: [email protected]
Mail: Locked Bag 10, Belconnen ACT 2617
Data files
## Previous releases
Mental Health and Wellbeing of Adults, 1997 Basic microdata
## Quality declaration
### Institutional environment
Confidentialised Unit Record Files (CURFs) are released in accordance with the conditions specified in the Statistics Determination section of the Census and Statistics Act 1905. This ensures that confidentiality is maintained whilst enabling micro level data to be released. More information on the confidentiality practices associated with CURFs is available through the Microdata Entry Page.
For information on the institutional environment of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including the legislative obligations of the ABS, financing and governance arrangements, and mechanisms for scrutiny of ABS operations, see ABS Institutional Environment.
### Relevance
Microdata from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (SMHWB) is available in the form of a Basic CURF and an Expanded CURF. A detailed list of the data items and categories for the CURFs has been released on the ABS website in spreadsheet format as an attachment to the Technical Manual: National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Confidentialised Unit Record Files (cat. no. 4329.0). Key differences between the data items for the two CURFs are also highlighted in the Technical Manual.
The survey provides information about the prevalence of selected mental disorders in the Australian adult population, the level of impairment associated with these disorders, physical conditions, and the use of health services, such as consultations with health practitioners or visits to hospital. The survey also provides information on the strength of social networks, caring responsibilities and a range of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.
### Timeliness
The survey was conducted from August to December 2007 and the CURFs released approximately fourteen months after enumeration. Other survey products include:
This is the second survey of this type conducted by the ABS, with the previous survey conducted in 1997. A CURF, 'Mental Health and Wellbeing of Adults, Australia, 1997', was released from the 1997 survey. More information is available via the 'List of available CURFs'. Publications from the previous survey are also available from the ABS website.
### Accuracy
The CURFs contains household and person level data (unit records), and finer levels of detail for data items than what is otherwise published. For more information on the level of detail available from the CURFs refer to the data item list.
The survey was designed primarily to provide estimates at the national level, ie Australia. Due to the higher than expected non-response rate, the RSEs for all estimates are somewhat larger than originally designed. Broad estimates may be available at the state level for the larger states, eg New South Wales. However, users should exercise caution when using estimates at this level due to high sampling errors. Note: the state/territory data item is only available on the Expanded CURF.
Due to a lower than expected response rate (60%) extensive non-response analyses were undertaken to assess the reliability of the survey estimates. As a result, adjustments were made to the weighting strategy. As non-response can vary across population characteristics, as well as across data items, users should exercise caution. Detailed information on survey methodology and non-response is provided in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Users' Guide, 2007 (cat. no. 4327.0).
Steps to confidentialise the data available on the CURF/s are taken in such a way as to maximise the usefulness of the content while maintaining the confidentiality of respondents to ABS statistical collections. As a result, it may not be possible to exactly reconcile all the statistics produced from the CURF/s with published statistics.
### Coherence
This is the second survey of this type conducted by the ABS, with the previous survey conducted in 1997. The 2007 survey was designed to provide data that are internationally comparable, rather than to provide comparisons with the 1997 survey. Additionally, there have been a number of changes to the scope, design, collection, methodology and content. Therefore, care should be exercised when comparing this survey to the previous survey. Detailed information on comparisons between the two surveys is provided in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Users' Guide, 2007 (cat. no. 4327.0).
### Interpretability
To assist interpretation and understanding of the CURF microdata, these key sources should be consulted:
The Users' Guide includes information on the survey objectives, design, methodology, content, data quality, interpretation and comparability with the 1997 survey. The Technical Manual provides details on the content of the CURF files and a data item list, released as a spreadsheet attachment to the publication.
Additionally, the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007 (cat. no. 4326.0) provides a summary of the main findings from the survey, 15 tables with footnoted data and the relative standard errors for these tables.
### Accessiblity
CURF microdata are not available to the public without special access being granted. All CURF users are required to read and abide by the 'Responsible Access to ABS Confidentialised Unit Record Files (CURFs) Training Manual'. Details on how to apply for access to CURF microdata can be completed and submitted for approval by following the steps listed in the How to apply for Microdata web page, available from the ABS website. A full list of available CURFs can be viewed via the Expected and available Microdata.
The Basic CURF can be accessed on CD-ROM and through the Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL). The Expanded CURF can only be accessed through the RADL. More detail regarding the types and modes of access to CURFs is available from the Microdata Entry Page.
Phone: (02) 6252 7714
Email: [email protected]
## Abbreviations
### Show all
The following symbols and abbreviations are used in this publication:
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory CSV comma separated value CURF confidentialised unit record file DoHA Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing GST goods and services tax RADL Remote Access Data Laboratory RSE relative standard error SE standard error SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas SMHWB National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
### Previous catalogue number
This release previously used catalogue number 4326.0.30.002.
| 2021-12-03T23:28:25 |
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|
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Principle_of_distributivity
|
# Principle of distributivity
34,189pages on
this wiki
The principle of distributivity states that the algebraic distributive law is valid for classical logic, where both logical conjunction and logical disjunction are distributive over each other. The principle is valid in classical logic, but invalid in quantum logic.
The article Is logic empirical? discusses the case that quantum logic is the correct logic, on the grounds that the principle of distributivity is inconsistent with a reasonable interpretation of quantum phenomena.
For some logical propositions A, B and C, the principle of distributivity means that
$A \land (B \lor C) \equiv (A \land B) \lor (A \land C).$
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
| 2015-03-06T14:15:03 |
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https://dakota.sandia.gov/sites/default/files/docs/6.4/html-ref/variables-gumbel_uncertain.html
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Dakota Reference Manual Version 6.4 Large-Scale Engineering Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis
gumbel_uncertain
Aleatory uncertain variable - gumbel
## Topics
This keyword is related to the topics:
## Specification
Alias: none
Argument(s): INTEGER
Default: no gumbel uncertain variables
Required/Optional Description of Group Dakota Keyword Dakota Keyword Description
Required alphas First parameter of the gumbel distribution
Required betas Second parameter of the gumbel distribution
Optional initial_point
Initial values
Optional descriptors
Labels for the variables
## Description
The Gumbel distribution is also referred to as the Type I Largest Extreme Value distribution. The distribution of maxima in sample sets from a population with a normal distribution will asymptotically converge to this distribution. It is commonly used to model demand variables such as wind loads and flood levels.
The density function for the Gumbel distribution is given by:
where and .
## Theory
When used with design of experiments and multidimensional parameter studies, distribution bounds are inferred. These bounds are [ , ]
For vector and centered parameter studies, an inferred initial starting point is needed for the uncertain variables. These variables are initialized to their means for these studies.
| 2022-11-30T08:03:30 |
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https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/algorithms/sorting-algorithms/a/selection-sort-pseudocode
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# Selection sort pseudocode
There are many different ways to sort the cards. Here's a simple one, called selection sort, possibly similar to how you sorted the cards above:
1. Find the smallest card. Swap it with the first card.
2. Find the second-smallest card. Swap it with the second card.
3. Find the third-smallest card. Swap it with the third card.
4. Repeat finding the next-smallest card, and swapping it into the correct position until the array is sorted.
This algorithm is called selection sort because it repeatedly selects the next-smallest element and swaps it into place.
You can see the algorithm for yourself below. Start by using "Step" to see each step of the algorithm, and then try "Automatic" once you understand it to see the steps all the way through.
After seeing it for yourself, what do you think about this algorithm? What parts of it seem to take the longest? How do you think it would perform on big arrays? Keep those questions in mind as you go through and implement this algorithm.
### Finding the index of the minimum element in a subarray
One of the steps in selection sort is to find the next-smallest card to put into its correct location. For example, if the array initially has values [13, 19, 18, 4, 10], we first need to find the index of the smallest value in the array. Since 4 is the smallest value, the index of the smallest value is 3.
Selection sort would swap the value at index 3 with the value at index 0, giving [4, 19, 18, 13, 10]. Now we need to find the index of the second-smallest value to swap into index 1.
It might be tricky to write code that found the index of the second-smallest value in an array. I'm sure you could do it, but there's a better way. Notice that since the smallest value has already been swapped into index 0, what we really want is to find the smallest value in the part of the array that starts at index 1. We call a section of an array a subarray, so that in this case, we want the index of the smallest value in the subarray that starts at index 1. For our example, if the full array is [4, 19, 18, 13, 10], then the smallest value in the subarray starting at index 1 is 10, and it has index 4 in the original array. So index 4 is the location of the second-smallest element of the full array.
Try out that strategy in the next challenge, and then you'll have most of what you need to implement the whole selection sort algorithm.
This content is a collaboration of Dartmouth Computer Science professors Thomas Cormen and Devin Balkcom, plus the Khan Academy computing curriculum team. The content is licensed CC-BY-NC-SA.
| 2017-06-26T12:24:22 |
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http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/79215?q&versionId=84580
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# English, Article edition: DC CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN AlâSnO2âAl STRUCTURE DEPOSITED BY THERMAL EVAPORATION M. ANWAR; I. M. GHAURI; S. A. SIDDIQI; ...
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Physical Description
• article
Language
• English
### Edition details
Title
• DC CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN AlâSnO2âAl STRUCTURE DEPOSITED BY THERMAL EVAPORATION
Author
• M. ANWAR
• I. M. GHAURI
• S. A. SIDDIQI
• NAVEED AFZAL
Physical Description
• article
Notes
• The DC conduction mechanisms in metalâinsulatorâmetal sandwich structure based on amorphous thin films of SnO2 have been studied in the thickness range 100â400 nm, in the substrate temperature range 293â543 K, and in the annealing temperature range 473â773 K, and the results are discussed in terms of current theory. It is observed that at low field and low temperature the conduction mechanism is found to obey the hopping model, at higher temperature the conduction takes place by transport in the extended states but at high field the main barrier lowering effect is associated with localized centers. The increase in electrical conductivity with film thickness is caused by the oxygen vacancies and ${\rm SnO}_{2-x}({\rm V}_{\rm \ddot{O}})_{x}\, {\rm e}_{2x}^\prime$ defects which generate carriers in the films. The increase in electrical conductivity due to an increase in substrate temperature is ascribed to the increasing concentration of ionized donors and hoping of electrons between metal ions in two different valence states. The formation of tin species of lower valence states and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies are thought to be responsible for the increase in electrical conductivity at higher annealing temperature.
• SnO2 amorphous thin films, structural defects, activation energy, tin interstitial, oxygen vacancies, conductivity, PooleâFrenkel effect, 73.40. Rw, 73.61. Jc, 73.50. âh
• RePEc:wsi:srlxxx:v:15:y:2008:i:03:p:207-216
Language
• English
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| 2017-05-24T07:21:53 |
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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess119_2011-2012/sj12/20120412.htm
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South Carolina General Assembly
119th Session, 2011-2012
Journal of the Senate
Thursday, April 12, 2012
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
In the writings of the prophet, Habakkuk, we read:
"The Sovereign Lord is my strength..." (Habakkuk 3:19a)
Bow in prayer with me, if you will:
Holy God, as this Senate has now entered into its fourth month of deliberation and debate, it is understandable that a measure of weariness and fatigue take something of a toll. We ask You today, Lord, to continue to energize and motivate these leaders and their staff members so that even more worthwhile benefits will result for the people of South Carolina. Give these servants the strength they need to carry on. In Your loving name we pray, dear Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Nikki Randhawa Haley:
Local Appointments
Initial Appointment, Beaufort County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Richard Arlen Brooks, 21 Cedar Point Drive, Beaufort, SC 29907 VICE Judge Darlene Smith
Initial Appointment, Williamsburg County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2012, and to expire March 15, 2014
Joe Tisdale, 1236 Sumter Hwy., Kingstree, SC 29556
Initial Appointment, Williamsburg County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2012, and to expire March 15, 2014
Sharon Denise Washington, 188 Greenlee Street, Kingstree, SC 29556
Doctor of the Day
Senator LAND introduced Dr. Sharon Eden of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator BRYANT, at 11:05 A.M., Senator SHOOPMAN was granted a leave of absence for the balance of the day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, at 11:05 A.M., Senator CAMPSEN was granted a leave of absence for the balance of the day.
Leave of Absence
At 1:00 P.M., Senator THOMAS requested a leave of absence until 1:25 P.M.
Leave of Absence
At 11:30 A.M., Senator ANDERSON requested a leave of absence from 2:00 - 8:00 P.M.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator DAVIS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator FORD rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Expression of Personal Privilege
Senator RYBERG rose for an Expression of Personal Privilege.
RECALLED AND READ THE SECOND TIME
H. 5042 (Word version) -- Rep. Funderburk: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-340, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PRECINCTS IN KERSHAW COUNTY, SO AS TO CONSOLIDATE THE "CAMDEN NO. 3" AND THE "CAMDEN NO. 4" PRECINCTS INTO THE "HOBKIRK'S HILL" PRECINCT, TO ADD THE "ELGIN NO. 6" PRECINCT, TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC LANGUAGE.
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The question was the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, with unanimous consent, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
RECALLED
S. 1362 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-127-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CURRENT TERM OF ANY PRESENT MEMBER OF THE BOARD ELECTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY WHO HAS SERVED MORE THAN ONE FULL FOUR-YEAR TERM ON THE BOARD IS TERMINATED ON THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS PROVISION AND HIS SUCCESSOR MUST BE SELECTED IN THE MANNER PRESCRIBED BY LAW, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ANY PRESENT MEMBER OF THE BOARD ELECTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY WHOSE CURRENT TERM IS CURTAILED BY THIS PROVISION IS ELIGIBLE FOR REELECTION TO THE BOARD.
Senator COURSON asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Education.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Education and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
S. 1418 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION LOCATED AT THE JUNCTURE OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 17 AND MAGNOLIA ROAD IN CHARLESTON COUNTY "JAMES J. FRENCH INTERSECTION" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "JAMES J. FRENCH INTERSECTION".
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1433 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ESTABLISH A DEED OF TRUST STUDY COMMITTEE TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY AND FEASIBILITY OF UTILIZING A DEED OF TRUST RATHER THAN A MORTGAGE FOR A FORECLOSURE SECURITY INSTRUMENT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DUTIES AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE.
l:\s-res\vas\008deed.kmm.vas.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
S. 1434 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, L. Martin, Matthews, Peeler and Verdin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE PRESIDENT AND THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THE CITIZENS OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON THE ONE HUNDRED FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PASSAGE OF THE MORRILL ACT LEGISLATION, WHICH PROVIDED STATES WITH INCENTIVES TO BUILD A SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND TO BUILD AMERICAN RESEARCH CAPACITY BY HARNESSING THE NATION'S RESERVOIR OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL.
l:\council\bills\gm\25023sd12.docx
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 1435 (Word version) -- Senators Land, Setzler, Pinckney, Massey, Cromer and Nicholson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-85, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE FUND GRANTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT GRANTS ALSO MAY BE AWARDED TO COUNTIES, AND MUNICIPALITIES LOCATED WITHIN COUNTIES, WITH A POPULATION OF LESS THAN FORTY THOUSAND.
l:\council\bills\nbd\12315dg12.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 1436 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-20, RELATING TO THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, TO ADD THE DEFINITION OF "TAVERN" OR "BAR"; TO ADD SECTION 61-6-1615 TO REQUIRE FOOD SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS AND TAVERNS OR BARS TO SUBMIT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE A STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF INCOME FROM FOOD SERVICE AND FROM ALCOHOL SALES; TO ADD SECTION 61-6-1617 TO REQUIRE THE POSTING OF APPROPRIATE SIGNAGE PROHIBITING THE CARRYING OF A WEAPON INTO A TAVERN OR BAR; AND TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-465, RELATING TO THE ADDITIONAL PENALTY FOR THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OF A WEAPON ONTO THE PREMISES OF A BUSINESS SELLING ALCOHOL FOR ON-PREMISES CONSUMPTION, TO PROVIDE THAT IS NOT UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON WITH A CONCEALED WEAPONS PERMIT TO CARRY A CONCEALED WEAPON INTO A FOOD SERVICE ESTABLISHMENT.
l:\s-res\jmk\003alco.rem.jmk.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 1437 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Land, L. Martin, Setzler and Thomas: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR LLOYD I. HENDRICKS OF COLUMBIA, PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BANKERS ASSOCIATION, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
l:\council\bills\rm\1495ab12.docx
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 1438 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Alexander, Sheheen, Courson, Nicholson and Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 84 TO TITLE 44 SO AS TO CREATE THE COMMISSION ON HUNGER WITHIN AND STAFFED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERS, POWERS, AND DUTIES.
l:\council\bills\nbd\12344ac12.docx
Senator LOURIE spoke on the Bill.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator THOMAS from the Committee on Banking and Insurance submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1221 (Word version) -- Senators O'Dell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 29-5-90, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DISSOLUTION OF A MECHANIC'S LIEN UPON THE FAILURE OF A CERTAIN EVENT TO OCCUR WITHIN A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD, SO AS TO ADD A BASIS FOR BEGINNING THE RUNNING OF THIS TIME PERIOD, AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC LANGUAGE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator THOMAS from the Committee on Banking and Insurance submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1319 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin, Matthews, Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 11, CHAPTER 75, TITLE 38 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 38-75-1010, TO PROVIDE THAT A TITLE INSURER MAY ISSUE CLOSING OR SETTLEMENT INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE FOR LOSS AGAINST WHICH THIS INSURANCE MAY INDEMNIFY AN INSURED, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PREMIUM CHARGED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION MUST BE APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT AND MUST NOT BE SUBJECT TO ANY AGREEMENT REQUIRING A DIVISION OF FEES OR PREMIUMS COLLECTED ON BEHALF OF THE TITLE INSURER.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1388 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-150, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CERTIFICATE OF NEED (CON) PROGRAM, INCLUDING THE ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF FEES, SO AS TO ESTABLISH CON APPLICATION, FILING, AND ISSUANCE FEES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator THOMAS from the Committee on Banking and Insurance submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1419 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 45, TITLE 38, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INSURANCE BROKERS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE, SO AS TO DEFINE TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE REVENUE COLLECTED FROM THE BROKER'S PREMIUM TAX RATE MUST BE CREDITED TO A SPECIAL EARMARKED FUND, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE FUND MAY BE USED AND DISBURSED, TO AUTHORIZE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO CONDUCT EXAMINATIONS OF BROKER RECORDS, TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THE CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE NONADMITTED AND REINSURANCE REFORM ACT OF 2010 MAY BE IMPLEMENTED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-7-160, RELATING TO MUNICIPAL LICENSE FEES AND TAXES, SO AS TO DISALLOW A MUNICIPALITY FROM CHARGING AN ADDITIONAL LICENSE FEE OR TAX BASED UPON A PERCENTAGE OF PREMIUMS FOR PURPOSES OF SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator THOMAS from the Committee on Banking and Insurance submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1392 (Word version) -- Senators Campbell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 34-13-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TOTAL LIABILITIES OF ANY ONE BORROWER TO A BANK, SO AS TO DEFINE "TOTAL LIABILITIES" WHICH SHALL INCLUDE "DERIVATIVE TRANSACTIONS" AND TO ALSO DEFINE "DERIVATIVE TRANSACTIONS" FOR THIS PURPOSE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 34-13-70, RELATING TO THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF LOANS BY A STATE BANK TO A BORROWER, SO AS TO DEFINE "LOAN" WHICH SHALL INCLUDE "DERIVATIVE TRANSACTIONS", AND TO ALSO DEFINE "DERIVATIVE TRANSACTIONS" FOR THIS PURPOSE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 1395 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Cleary, Bryant, S. Martin and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-1-50, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE AUTHORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION IN THE OVERSIGHT AND ADMINISTRATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL BOARDS, INCLUDING THE PROCESS WHEREBY THESE BOARDS ESTABLISH FEE SCHEDULES, SO AS TO DELETE THESE PROVISIONS CONCERNING BOARDS ESTABLISHING FEES AND TO REQUIRE THAT ALL SUCH FEES MUST BE ESTABLISHED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT IN THE GENERAL AND PERMANENT LAW OF THE STATE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator ALEXANDER from the General Committee polled out H. 3921 favorable:
H. 3921 (Word version) -- Rep. Hardwick: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 12 TO TITLE 25 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH AND CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE UNCLAIMED CREMATED REMAINS OF A VETERAN MAY BE INTERRED WITHOUT LIABILITY TO THE FUNERAL DIRECTOR, UNDERTAKER, FUNERAL HOME, OR OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE INTERMENT.
Poll of the General Committee
Polled 17; Ayes 17; Nays 0; Not Voting 0
AYES
Alexander O'Dell Martin, Larry
Knotts Ford Sheheen
Reese Lourie Bryant
Bright Cleary Coleman
Cromer Hayes Jackson
Scott Shoopman
Total--17
NAYS
Total--0
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 4654 (Word version) -- Reps. Hardwick, Harrell, Loftis, Sandifer, White, Harrison, Owens, Crosby, Anderson, Bingham, Sottile, Corbin, Chumley, Forrester, Hearn, Henderson, Lucas, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Ott, Parker, Southard, Murphy, Clemmons, Hixon, Knight and Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-1-90, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROHIBITING THE DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT AND REMEDIES FOR VIOLATIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE EXEMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON THESE EXEMPTIONS AND TO SPECIFY THAT NO PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION IS CREATED BY OR EXISTS UNDER THE POLLUTION CONTROL ACT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-1-130, RELATING TO FINAL ORDERS OF THE DEPARTMENT DISCONTINUING DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS, SO AS TO DELETE PROVISIONS RELATING TO REQUIRED PROCEDURES PRECEDING THE ISSUANCE OF A FINAL ORDER AND TO PROVIDE THAT AN ORDER IS SUBJECT TO REVIEW PURSUANT TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ACT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-1-250, RELATING TO WHOM BENEFITS FROM CAUSES OF ACTION RESULTING FROM POLLUTION VIOLATIONS INURE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION IS CREATED BY OR EXISTS UNDER THE POLLUTION CONTROL ACT; AND TO MAKE THESE PROVISIONS RETROACTIVE AND EXTINGUISH ANY RIGHT, CLAIM, OR CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING UNDER OR RELATED TO THE POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, SUBJECT TO EXCEPTIONS FOR THE STATE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 5028 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith and White: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO DIRECT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR FISCAL YEAR 2012-2013 TO TEMPORARILY SUSPEND ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE MEDICAID NURSING HOME PERMIT LAW AND TO SET CERTAIN NURSING HOME STAFFING STANDARDS IN ORDER TO MEET APPROPRIATIONS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION
H. 4905 (Word version) -- Reps. Bingham, Allison and Anthony: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO REQUIRE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO DECIDE AND NOTIFY TEACHERS OF THEIR EMPLOYMENT FOR THE 2012-2013 SCHOOL YEAR BY MAY 15, 2012; TO PROVIDE THAT A CONTINUING-CONTRACT TEACHER WHO IS BEING RECOMMENDED FOR FORMAL EVALUATION THE FOLLOWING SCHOOL YEAR MUST BE NOTIFIED IN WRITING ON OR BEFORE THE DATE THE SCHOOL DISTRICT ISSUES THE WRITTEN OFFER OF EMPLOYMENT OR REEMPLOYMENT; TO REQUIRE TEACHERS WHO ARE REEMPLOYED BY WRITTEN NOTIFICATION TO NOTIFY THE DISTRICT BOARD OF THEIR ACCEPTANCE WITHIN TEN DAYS OF RECEIPT OF WRITTEN NOTIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT; AND TO ALLOW DISTRICTS TO UNIFORMLY NEGOTIATE SALARIES OF CERTAIN RETIRED TEACHERS BELOW THE DISTRICT SALARY SCHEDULE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
Motion Under Rule 26B
Senator HAYES asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection.
Senator RYBERG proposed the following amendment (4905R002.WGR), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking line 13 and inserting:
/ salary schedule for the 2012-2013 school year for retired teachers who are not participants in the Teacher and Employee Retention Incentive program. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the amendment.
There being no further amendments, and having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and enrolled for Ratification.
The following Bills and Joint Resolution were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 781 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 97 TO TITLE 38 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE ACT", TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO THE SALE OF PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS OF A VENDOR OF PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE TO THE PROSPECTIVE CONSUMER OF THIS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR A VIOLATION, AND TO PROVIDE LICENSURE FEES AND SURCHARGES.
S. 1059 (Word version) -- Senators Cromer and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-4-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE GOVERNING BOARD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF BOARD MEMBERS TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, AND TO DESIGNATE THE AT-LARGE BOARD MEMBER AS CHAIRMAN.
S. 1168 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-37-60 SO AS TO REQUIRE HOSPITALS TO PROVIDE PARENTS OF NEWBORNS, PRIOR TO DISCHARGE, EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION ON PERTUSSIS DISEASE AND TO REQUIRE THIS INFORMATION TO INCLUDE THE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL'S RECOMMENDATION THAT PARENTS RECEIVE THE TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, AND PERTUSSIS VACCINE DURING POST PARTUM TO PROTECT NEWBORNS FROM THE TRANSMISSION OF PERTUSSIS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT HOSPITALS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE OR PAY FOR A VACCINATION AGAINST PERTUSSIS.
S. 1220 (Word version) -- Senators Campbell, Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-2-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FEES IMPOSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THE SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PROGRAM, WHICH ARE DEPOSITED INTO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FUND FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THESE PROGRAMS, SO AS TO ENUMERATE THE FEES FOR SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE BEEN REPEALED JANUARY 1, 2013; BY ADDING SECTION 49-4-175 SO AS TO REIMPOSE THE FEES THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MAY CHARGE FOR SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL AND APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL RETAIN THESE FEES TO IMPLEMENT AND OPERATE THE SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PROGRAM; AND TO AMEND ACT 247 OF 2010, BY REPEALING PROVISIONS THAT PROSPECTIVELY REPEAL THE IMPOSITION OF SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMIT FEES.
S. 1324 (Word version) -- Senator Ryberg: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-40, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 40-59-10, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA RESIDENTIAL BUILDERS COMMISSION, TO ADD A MEMBER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 40-81-50, RELATING TO THE STATE ATHLETIC COMMISSION, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 41-43-30, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA JOBS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
S. 1394 (Word version) -- Medical Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, RELATING TO CERTIFICATION OF NEED FOR HEALTH FACILITIES AND SERVICES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4181, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
S. 1394--Recorded Vote
Senator BRIGHT desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
S. 1412 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Campbell and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 518 OF 1982, RELATING TO BERKELEY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF BERKELEY COUNTY, SO AS TO REAPPORTION THE SPECIFIC ELECTION DISTRICTS FROM WHICH MEMBERS OF THE BERKELEY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL BE ELECTED BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL BOARD ELECTIONS IN 2012, AND TO PROVIDE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THESE NEWLY DRAWN ELECTION DISTRICTS.
By prior motion of Senator GROOMS, the Bill was given a third reading and sent to the House.
S. 1158 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 6-19-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITIES, DISTRICTS, OR SYSTEMS, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS ON THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-39-40, RELATING TO THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT APPELLATE PANEL, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 48-59-40, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK, TO ADD TWO SEATS TO THE BANK'S BOARD, ONE MEMBER TO REPRESENT THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE, AND ONE MEMBER FROM THE STATE AT LARGE APPOINTED BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-69-10, RELATING TO THE STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS, TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS TO REFLECT THE ADDITION OF THE NEW CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
The Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources proposed the following amendment (1158R001.DBV), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 4, by striking SECTION 5 and inserting:
/ SECTION 5. Section 48-39-45(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A)(1) On July 1, 2010, there is created the Coastal Zone Management Advisory Council that consists of fourteen fifteen members, which shall act as an advisory council to the department's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management.
(2) The members of the council must be constituted as follows:
(a) eight members, one from each coastal zone county, to be elected by a majority vote of the members of the House of Representatives and a majority vote of the Senate members representing the county from three nominees submitted by the governing body of each coastal zone county, each House or Senate member to have one vote; and
(b) six seven members, one from each of the congressional districts of the State, to be elected by a majority vote of the members of the House of Representatives and the Senate representing the counties in that district, each House or Senate member to have one vote.
(3) The council shall elect a chairman, vice chairman, and other officers it considers necessary."
SECTION 6. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator VERDIN explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Massey Matthews
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Pinckney Reese
Rose Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thomas
Verdin Williams
Total--38
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
On motion of Senator O'DELL, with unanimous consent, Senators PEELER, FAIR, REESE and O'DELL were granted leave to attend a meeting and were granted leave to vote from the balcony.
S. 1134 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 1377 OF 1968, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BOND AUTHORIZATIONS, SO AS TO REVISE THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BOND AUTHORIZATIONS MAY BE USED AT WILLIAMSBURG TECHNICAL COLLEGE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator COURSON explained the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 33; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Cleary Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Massey McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Reese Rose
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Sheheen Verdin Williams
Total--33
NAYS
Bright Thomas
Total--2
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 788 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 21, TITLE 47 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE FARM ANIMAL AND RESEARCH FACILITIES PROTECTION ACT, BY AMENDING SECTION 47-21-70 TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL LIABILITY EXEMPTIONS TO VETERINARIANS AND PEOPLE WHO HOLD A SUPERIOR INTEREST IN THE PROPERTY; BY ADDING SECTION 47-21-90 TO PROVIDE FOR A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION FOR A PERSON THAT SUFFERS DAMAGES AS A RESULT OF VIOLATIONS OF CHAPTER 21 RELATING TO ANIMAL FACILITY OPERATIONS; AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 5 TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO TAMPER WITH CROP OPERATIONS, TO INTERFERE WITH THE OPERATIONS OF A CROP OPERATION, TO FRAUDULENTLY GAIN ACCESS TO A CROP OPERATION, AND TO PROVIDE FOR A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS ACT RELATED TO CROP OPERATIONS, TO PROVIDE CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS ACT, TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator VERDIN explained the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Massey McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rose Ryberg
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--36
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3059 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Stavrinakis, J.E. Smith and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3376, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLES, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE", TO RAISE THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF THE CREDIT AVAILABLE EACH FISCAL YEAR AND DELETE ITS EXPIRATION DATE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT MUST BE ALLOCATED TO ELIGIBLE CLAIMANTS DURING A FISCAL YEAR ON A FIRST-COME, FIRST-SERVE BASIS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator CAMPBELL explained the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 9
AYES
Alexander Anderson Campbell
Cleary Courson Cromer
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Matthews
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Bright Bryant Davis
Fair Martin, Larry Massey
Peeler Rose Thomas
Total--9
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3720 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Henderson and Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3360, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE JOBS TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO REVISE THE REQUIREMENTS OF A QUALIFYING SERVICE-RELATED FACILITY AND A TECHNOLOGY INTENSIVE FACILITY; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3411 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A CORPORATION ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS OR EXPANDING OR ADDING TO AN EXISTING NATIONAL CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS IN THIS STATE, WHICH IN CONNECTION THEREWITH ADDS AT LEAST FIFTY NEW FULL-TIME JOBS SHALL BE EXEMPT FROM PAYING STATE CORPORATE INCOME TAXES FOR A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-20-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR PROVIDING INFRASTRUCTURE, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE CREDIT TO FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS ANNUALLY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-12-30, 4-29-67, AND 12-44-90, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FEE IN LIEU OF TAXES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AUDITOR OR COUNTY ASSESSOR MAY REQUEST AND OBTAIN ANY FINANCIAL BOOKS AND RECORDS FROM A SPONSOR THAT SUPPORT THE SPONSOR'S TAX FORM OR RETURN TO VERIFY THE CALCULATIONS OF THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAXES TAX FORM OR RETURN; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT COMPUTERS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PURCHASES FOR A DATACENTER AND ELECTRICITY USED BY A DATACENTER.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator CAMPBELL explained the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 35; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Courson Cromer Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Massey
Matthews McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Rose
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Verdin Williams
Total--35
NAYS
Davis
Total--1
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4205 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, G.A. Brown and Lucas: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 36, TITLE 33, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CORPORATIONS NOT-FOR-PROFIT PROVIDING WATER SERVICE FINANCED BY FEDERAL OR STATE LOANS BEING PERMITTED TO CONVERT TO A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, BY ADDING SECTION 33-36-1315, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR ADDITIONAL CONVERSION PROVISIONS, TERMS, AND LIMITATIONS FOR NONPROFIT CORPORATIONS OF A CERTAIN SIZE THAT PROVIDE WATER SERVICE IN TWO OR MORE COUNTIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 33-36-1330, RELATING TO THE GOVERNING BOARD AND STRUCTURE OF A CORPORATION WHICH HAS BEEN CONVERTED TO A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE GOVERNING STRUCTURE OF A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT OF A CERTAIN SIZE THAT PROVIDES SERVICE IN TWO OR MORE COUNTIES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD4205.002), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking the bill in its entirety and inserting therein the following:
/ A BILL
TO AMEND ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 36, TITLE 33, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CORPORATIONS NOT-FOR-PROFIT PROVIDING WATER SERVICE FINANCED BY FEDERAL OR STATE LOANS BEING PERMITTED TO CONVERT TO A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, BY ADDING SECTION 33-36-1315, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR ADDITIONAL CONVERSION PROVISIONS, TERMS, AND LIMITATIONS FOR NONPROFIT CORPORATIONS OF A CERTAIN SIZE THAT PROVIDE WATER SERVICE IN TWO OR MORE COUNTIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 33-36-1330, RELATING TO THE GOVERNING BOARD AND STRUCTURE OF A CORPORATION WHICH HAS BEEN CONVERTED TO A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE GOVERNING STRUCTURE OF A PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT OF A CERTAIN SIZE THAT PROVIDES SERVICE IN TWO OR MORE COUNTIES.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
SECTION 1. Article 8, Chapter 36, Title 33 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 33-36-1315. (A) Corporations not-for-profit incorporated for the purposes of providing water service which, pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, serve a population of at least twenty thousand persons as shown in the most recent sanitary survey of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, and provide water service in two or more counties within the State, may determine, by resolution adopted by the board of directors of the corporation and subject to the additional conditions provided in this section, to become a public service district, a public body politic and corporate. The resolution shall make findings as to: (1) whether the corporation owns assets, including, but not limited to, reserves, that are not reasonably required to continue its operations following its conversion to a public service district and, if so, the amount of the assets; and (2) whether the assets of the corporation have appreciated in value over their original cost and, if so, the amount of the value appreciation. The procedures provided in this section are valid, complete, and sufficient to effect the conversion notwithstanding any contrary provisions of law or the corporation's organizational documents or bylaws.
(B) Notice of the meeting of the board of directors at which the resolution to become a public service district is to be considered must be given by regular mail to each member of the corporation, addressed to the last known address of the member, and mailed not less than ten days before the meeting. Notice is effective upon mailing. The secretary of the corporation shall certify the date of mailing as to each member. The notice shall state the purpose, time, and place of the meeting. At the meeting, the board of directors shall afford any members in attendance an opportunity to speak and be heard in support of or in opposition to the conversion of the corporation to a public service district.
(C) Promptly after adoption by the board of directors of a resolution to become a public service district, the board of directors shall cause notice of the adoption to be mailed by regular mail to each member of the corporation, addressed to the last known address of the member. In addition, the board of directors, not earlier than the mailing required above, also shall cause the notice of adoption to be published at least once in one or more newspapers of general circulation in the counties in which the corporation provides service. The mailed and published notices shall include the name of the corporation, a statement that the board of directors has determined by resolution that the corporation shall be converted to a public service district, the date of the adoption of the resolution, and a statement that the resolution shall become effective and not subject to further review unless a petition signed by not less than fifteen percent of the membership of the corporation is filed as provided in this section. Within sixty days after the publication of the last notice required by this subsection, a petition signed by the members of the corporation equal in number to at least fifteen percent of the total membership may be filed with the clerk of court for the counties in which the corporation provides service calling for a vote of the membership on the question of whether the corporation shall become a public service district.
(D) Except for a petition being duly and timely filed in accordance with subsection (C), no action whatsoever may be commenced to challenge on any grounds the conversion of the corporation to a public service district more than ninety days after the date of the last publication required by subsection (C).
(E) If a petition is duly and timely filed in accordance with subsection (C), then the board of directors shall call a meeting of the members of the corporation to submit the question of whether the corporation shall become a public service district. Notice of this meeting must be given by regular mail to each member of the corporation, addressed to the last known address of the member, and mailed not less than ten days before the meeting. Notice is effective upon mailing. The secretary of the corporation shall certify the date of mailing as to each member. The notice shall state the purpose, time, and place of the meeting. The question shall be determined upon a majority vote of the members present in person at the meeting and voting. Action taken at the meeting is effective only if a quorum of the members of the corporation is present in person. For purposes of this subsection, a quorum consists of at least fifteen percent of the members of the corporation upon admission to the meeting.
(F) If the membership vote results in a determination to become a public service district, then the corporation shall promptly cause notice of the result to be mailed by regular mail to each member, addressed to the last known address of each member. In addition, the corporation, not earlier than the date of the mailing required above, also shall cause notice of the result to be published once in a newspaper or newspapers of general circulation in each county in which the corporation provides service. The mailed and published notices shall include the name of the corporation, a statement that the corporation has determined by membership vote to become a public service district, and a statement that no action may be commenced on account of the meeting or the conversion of the corporation to a public service district more than twenty days after the date of the final publication. No action whatsoever may be commenced to challenge on any grounds the conversion of the corporation to a public service district more than twenty days after the date of the final publication as provided in this subsection.
(G) If any member of the corporation that becomes a public service district pursuant to this section has received or been credited in a specified amount any capital stock, revolving fund certificate, retain certificate, certificate of indebtedness, letter of advice, or other written notice from the corporation and the specified amount has been realized as gross income to such member for federal income tax purposes with respect to any period prior to the date of conversion to a public service district, but the corresponding amount of money has not been distributed to the member, then the member is considered to have contributed such amount to the public service district. The resolution of the board of directors provided for in subsection (B) must specify this information, if applicable. If the board of directors has specified in the resolution provided for in subsection (B) that the corporation owns assets in excess of that reasonably required to continue its operations following conversion to a public service district or that there has been appreciation in the value of the assets of the corporation over their original cost, then, prior to conversion to a public service district, the corporation shall cause the amount thereof, as reasonably determined by the board of directors, to be distributed to the members of the corporation on a cooperative basis.
(H) Upon a final, favorable determination, either by vote of the board of directors or by vote of the membership, in the event a petition has been duly and timely filed in accordance with subsection (C), to become a public service district, and upon the expiration of the limitation periods provided by this section, the chief executive officer of the corporation shall petition the Secretary of State to issue a new charter to convert and constitute the nonprofit corporation a public service district, a public body politic and corporate."
SECTION 2. Section 33-36-1330 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 33-36-1330. (A) For a corporation converted to a public service district pursuant to Section 33-36-1310, the existing board of directors and officers shall serve until the expiration of their present terms. Thereafter, and not less than forty-five days prior to before any expiration of the term of a board member, the board of directors shall submit to the county legislative delegation the name or names of a person or persons recommended for appointment or reappointment. A letter of recommendation by the board stating why the name or names are recommended shall accompany the submission. The county legislative delegation shall consider the recommendation of the board but are not limited to make a selection for its own recommendation from among those submitted. Upon recommendation of the county legislative delegation, members of the board must be appointed by the Governor for a term of four years. A vacancy may be filled by the board, if the remaining term is less than two years; if more than two years, then in the usual manner for the unexpired term.
(B) For a corporation converted to a public service district pursuant to Section 33-36-1315, the existing directors, who shall constitute the initial governing board of the district, and officers shall serve until the expiration of their current terms. Thereafter, the public service district must be governed by a board comprising the same number of members as the predecessor corporation had as directors; provided that the governing board shall comprise no fewer than five members and no more than nine members. The governing board, by resolution, may decrease the number of members to not less than five and may increase the number of members to not more than nine. The successor members must be recommended by the board and appointed by the respective county legislative delegations in accordance with the following procedures. Each county legislative delegation shall have the right to appoint a number of members who bear the same relationship to the total number of members as the number of customers of the district within the county bears to the total number of customers of the district. The number of customers within each county, and the total number of customers, must be determined by reference to the billing and customer records of the public service district. Not less than forty-five days before the expiration of the term of any member, the governing board shall submit to the county legislative delegation with the right to appoint the successor member the name of a person recommended for appointment or reappointment to the board. A letter of recommendation by the board stating why the name is recommended shall accompany the submission. The county legislative delegation shall consider the recommendation of the board, but is not limited to that person in making its appointment. Each member must be appointed for a term of four years and until his successor is appointed and qualifies, provided that the terms of the members must be staggered by a county legislative delegation in making its appointments such that approximately one-half of the total members appointed by that county legislative delegation must be appointed or reappointed every two years. No member may be appointed for more than two consecutive terms. A vacancy must be filled for the remainder of the unexpired term in the manner of original appointment.
(C) For a corporation converted to a public service district pursuant to Section 33-36-1310, the governing body of the district, by a resolution adopted by a two-thirds vote of all members of the governing body, may request that board members be elected in a nonpartisan general election. If adopted, a certified copy of the resolution and a map clearly setting out the lines of the boundaries of the district in the county or counties in which the district is situated must be presented to the county election commission prior to before August first of a general election held in an even numbered year for the election to be held at the general election in November of that year. The governing body must be elected from single member election districts.
(C)(D) Notice of the election must be published by the governing body of the district at least three times prior to before the election, including (i) not less than sixty days prior to before the date of the election, (ii) two weeks after the first date of publication, and (iii) a date not more than fifteen and not less than ten days before the date of the election. The notice must appear in a newspaper of general circulation within the district and contain at a minimum the following:
(1) the full name of the district and its governing body;
(2) the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the members of the district's governing body;
(3) the existing means of appointment of members of the district's governing body;
(4) a brief description of the governmental services provided by the district;
(5) a map showing generally the boundaries of the district;
(6) a list of precincts and polling places in which ballots may be cast; and
(7) an explanation of the procedure to be followed for election of members of the district's governing body and State."
SECTION 3. The provisions of this act are declared to be severable and if any one or more of the provisions are deemed to be invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, then the remainder of the provisions are deemed to be of full force and effect and are a full and complete authorization to the extent of this intent. The enforceability and effectiveness of portions of this act not subject to preclearance under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. Sections 1973, et seq.) shall not be subject to preclearance of any portions of this act, if any, that are subject to preclearance under said Voting Rights Act of 1965.
SECTION 4. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 32; Nays 3
AYES
Alexander Anderson Campbell
Cleary Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Reese Rose Ryberg
Scott Setzler Thomas
Verdin Williams
Total--32
NAYS
Bright Bryant Massey
Total--3
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4595 (Word version) -- Reps. Bingham, Allison, Anthony and White: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 73 OF 2011, RELATING TO THE 2011-2012 GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT, SO AS TO REVISE PARAGRAPH 1A.54, SECTION 1A, PART IB, DIRECTING THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION TO TRANSFER CERTAIN FUNDS TO MEET MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT BY PROVIDING THAT THE DOLLAR AMOUNT DIRECTED TO BE TRANSFERRED MUST BE "UP TO" THAT AMOUNT AND NOT THE SPECIFIC AMOUNT STIPULATED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NBD\12311DG12), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, page 1, by striking line 32 and inserting:
/ department shall direct $45,481,854$33,549,409 of the funds/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the committee amendment.
Senator RYBERG proposed the following amendment (4595R001.WGR), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, after line 10, by adding a new SECTION to read:
/ SECTION ___. Notwithstanding another provision of law, school districts uniformly may negotiate salaries below the school district salary schedule for the 2012-2013 school year for retired teachers. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator RYBERG explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Massey McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Rose
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--36
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4595--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, H. 4595 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, April 13, 2012.
CARRIED OVER, AS AMENDED
S. 1269 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 18 TO CHAPTER 71, TITLE 38 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE RIGHTS OF A PHARMACY WHEN UNDERGOING AN AUDIT CONDUCTED BY A MANAGED CARE COMPANY, INSURANCE COMPANY, THIRD-PARTY PAYER, OR AN ENTITY RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIMS FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES; TO REQUIRE THE AUDITING ENTITY TO ESTABLISH AN APPEALS PROCESS; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE RECOUPMENT OF FUNDS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs.
The Committee on Medical Affairs proposed the following amendment (S-1269-1), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Chapter 71, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Article 18
Pharmacy Audit Rights
Section 38-71-1810. (A) (1) 'Insurer' means an entity that provides health insurance coverage in this State as defined in Section 38-71-670(7) and Section 38-71-840(16).
(2) 'Responsible party' means the entity responsible for payment of claims for health care services other than:
(a) the individual to whom the health care services were rendered; or
(b) that individual's guardian or legal representative.
(B) If a managed care organization, insurer, third-party payer, or any entity that represents a responsible party conducts an audit of the records of a pharmacy, the pharmacy has a right to:
(1) have at least fourteen days' advance notice of the initial on-site audit for each audit cycle with no audit to be initiated or scheduled during the first five days of any month without the express consent of the pharmacy, which shall cooperate with the auditor to establish an alternate date if the audit would fall within the excluded days;
(2) have an audit that involves clinical judgment be conducted with a pharmacist who is licensed and employed by or working under contract with the auditing entity;
(3) not have clerical or record-keeping errors, including typographical errors, scrivener's errors, and computer errors, on a required document or record deemed fraudulent in the absence of any other evidence; this item does not prohibit recoupment of fraudulent payments;
(4) have, if required under the terms of the contract with the auditing entity, the auditing entity to provide the pharmacy, upon request, all records related to the audit in an electronic format or contained in digital media;
(5) have the properly documented records of a hospital or of a person authorized to prescribe controlled substances for the purpose of providing medical or pharmaceutical care for their patients transmitted by any means of communication approved by the auditing entity in order to validate a pharmacy record with respect to a prescription or refill for a controlled substance or narcotic drug pursuant to federal and state regulations;
(6) have a projection of an overpayment or underpayment based on either the number of patients served with a similar diagnosis or the number of similar prescription orders or refills for similar drugs; this item does not prohibit recoupments of actual overpayments, unless the projection for overpayment or underpayment is part of a settlement by the pharmacy;
(7) be free of recoupments based on either of the following unless defined within the billing, submission, or audit requirements set forth in the pharmacy provider manual not inconsistent with current State Board of Pharmacy Regulations, except for cases of Food and Drug Administration regulation or drug manufacturer safety programs in accordance with federal or state regulations:
(a) documentation requirements in addition to, or exceeding requirements for, creating or maintaining documentation prescribed by the State Board of Pharmacy;
(b) a requirement that a pharmacy or pharmacist perform a professional duty in addition to, or exceeding, professional duties prescribed by the State Board of Pharmacy unless otherwise agreed to by contract with the auditing entity;
(8) be subject, so long as a claim is made within the contractual claim submission time period, to recoupment only following the correction of a claim and to have recoupment limited to amounts paid in excess of amounts payable under the corrected claim unless a prescription error occurs. For purposes of this subsection, a prescription error, which includes, but is not limited to, wrong drug, wrong strength, wrong dose, or wrong patient;
(9) be subject to reversals of approval, except for Medicare claims, for drug, prescriber, or patient eligibility upon adjudication of a claim only in cases in which the pharmacy obtained the adjudication by fraud or misrepresentation of claim elements;
(10) be audited under the same standards and parameters as other similarly situated pharmacies audited by the same entity;
(11) have at least 30 days following receipt of the preliminary audit report to produce documentation to address any discrepancy found during an audit;
(12) have the period covered by an audit limited to twenty-four months from the date a claim was submitted to, or adjudicated by, a managed care organization, an insurer, a third-party payer, or an entity that represents responsible parties, unless a longer period is permitted by or under federal law;
(13) have the preliminary audit report delivered to the pharmacy within one hundred twenty days after conclusion of the audit;
(14) have a final audit report delivered to the pharmacy within ninety days after the end of the appeals period; and
(15) not have the accounting practice of extrapolation used in calculating recoupments or penalties for audits, unless otherwise required by federal requirements or federal plans.
(C) Notwithstanding Section 38-71-1840, the auditing entity shall provide the pharmacy, if requested, a masked list that provides a prescription number range the auditing entity is seeking to audit.
Section 38-71-1820. (A) Each entity that conducts an audit of a pharmacy shall establish an appeals process under which a pharmacy may appeal an unfavorable preliminary audit report to the entity.
(B) If, following the appeal, the entity finds that an unfavorable audit report or any portion of the unfavorable audit report is unsubstantiated, the entity shall dismiss the unsubstantiated portion of the audit report without any further proceedings.
(C) Each entity conducting an audit shall provide a copy, if required under the terms of the contract with the responsible party, of the audit findings to the plan sponsor after completion of any appeals process.
Section 38-71-1830. (A) Recoupments of any disputed funds must occur only after final internal disposition of an audit, including the appeals process as provided for in Section 38-71-1820, unless fraud or misrepresentation is reasonably suspected.
(B) Recoupment on an audit must be refunded to the responsible party as contractually agreed upon by the parties involved in the audit.
(C) The entity conducting the audit may charge or assess the responsible party, directly or indirectly, based on amounts recouped if both of the following conditions are met:
(1) the responsible party or payor and the entity conducting the audit have entered into a contract that explicitly states the percentage charge or assessment to the responsible party; and
(2) a commission or other payment to an agent or employee of the entity conducting the audit is not based, directly or indirectly, on amounts recouped.
Section 38-71-1840. This article does not apply to an audit, review, or investigation that involves alleged Medicaid fraud, Medicaid abuse, insurance fraud or abuse, or other fraud or misrepresentation."
SECTION 2. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 3. This act takes effect January 1, 2013. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the committee amendment.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over, as amended.
Statement by Senator BRYANT
I recused myself from the consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to S. 1269.
CARRIED OVER AS AMENDED
S. 1307 (Word version) -- Senators Courson, Setzler, Matthews, Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CERTAIN BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS TO AMEND CERTAIN EDUCATIONAL BOARDS OR COMMISSIONS, BOARDS FOR INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, THE SC EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION COMMISSION, AND THE SC MUSEUM COMMISSION TO ADJUST MEMBERSHIP TO ACCOUNT FOR THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONTINUATION OF A MEMBER WHOSE RESIDENCY IS TRANSFERED. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (1307R001.JEC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 12, by striking lines 27-35 and inserting:
/ A person who, as of July 1, 1988, is serving as president of the State College Board of Trustees or is serving on the Planning Committee for the College of Charleston within the State College Board of Trustees has the option of serving as a trustee on the board of trustees for the College of Charleston for an appropriate two-year term expiring June 30, 1990. This option must be exercised on the first day of the filing period. If two such members file for the same seat, the General Assembly shall elect the board member from those filing. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 4, by striking line 33 and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. Section 59-48-20 of the 1976 Code is amended /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered section:
/ SECTION __. Section 59-123-50 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-123-50. The present members of the board of trustees shall continue to serve until July 1, 1966, at which time their terms shall terminate and the members of the board to succeed the present members, and to fill the additional membership provided in Section 59-123-40, must be elected at a joint session of the General Assembly on the following dates: On the first Wednesday in February 1966, members representing the medical profession (medical doctor, dentist, registered nurse, or licensed pharmacist) and on the second Wednesday in February 1966, lay members or nonmedical members. One member of the medical profession from each congressional district and one layman or member of a nonmedical profession from each congressional district must be elected. The terms of all members elected commence on July 1, 1966. Of those first elected, the member who represents the medical profession from the first, second, and third congressional districts and lay members or members of the nonmedical profession from the fourth, fifth, and sixth congressional districts must be elected for terms of four years or until their successors are elected and qualify. The member of the board of trustees who represents the medical profession from the fourth, fifth, and sixth congressional districts and the members who are laymen or members of nonmedical professions from the first, second, and third congressional districts must be elected for terms of two years or until their successors are elected and qualify. Effective July 1, 2012, the member who represents the medical profession from the seventh congressional district must be elected to a term of four years and the lay member or member of the nonmedical profession from the seventh congressional district must be elected for an initial term of two years. Their successors must be elected for terms of four years or until their successors are elected and qualify. After its 1984 session, the General Assembly shall elect successors to those members it elects not earlier than the first day of April for a term to begin the following July first. Elections to fill vacancies on the board which are caused by the death, resignation, or removal of an elective trustee may be held earlier than the first day of April of the year in which the unexpired term terminates, but the term of the person elected to succeed the member expires on the last day of June of the year in which the term of the former member would have expired. In electing members of the board, the General Assembly shall elect members based on merit regardless of race, color, creed, or gender and shall strive to assure that the membership of the board is representative of all citizens of the State of South Carolina.
The term of the at-large trustee appointed by the Governor is effective upon certification to the Secretary of State and is four years. Any vacancy in the office of the member appointed by the Governor must be filled by appointment for the unexpired term in the same manner of original appointment. If the Governor chooses to designate a member to serve in his stead, as permitted by Section 59-123-40, the appointment is effective upon certification to the Secretary of State and shall continue, at the pleasure of the Governor making the appointment, so long as he continues to hold the specified office. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 12 by striking line 42 and inserting:
/ terms beginning July 1, 1990, and expiring June 30, 1994. Effective July 1, 2012, the member elected to Seat 13 on the board must be elected for a two-year term beginning July 1, 2012, and expiring June 30, 2014, and the member elected to Seat 14 on the board must be elected to fill a four-year term beginning July 1, 2012, and expiring June 30, 2016. The /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator SCOTT, the Bill was carried over, as amended.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED, CARRIED OVER
H. 4690 (Word version) -- Reps. Owens, J.M. Neal, Patrick, Willis, Daning, Erickson and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "JASON FLATT ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 59-26-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL REQUIRE TWO HOURS OF TRAINING IN YOUTH SUICIDE AWARENESS AND PREVENTION AS A REQUIREMENT FOR THE RENEWAL OF CREDENTIALS FOR INDIVIDUALS EMPLOYED IN MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND HIGH SCHOOLS; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING AND MATERIALS THAT MAY BE USED BY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL DISTRICTS MAY APPROVE TRAINING MATERIALS FOR TRAINING THEIR EMPLOYEES; TO PROVIDE THAT THIS TRAINING REQUIREMENT MAY BE SATISFIED THROUGH SELF REVIEW OF SUICIDE PREVENTION MATERIALS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO CAUSE OF ACTION RESULTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator MALLOY proposed the following amendment (MS\7757AHB12):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by deleting Section 59-26-110(C) in its entirety, as contained in SECTION 2, page 2, lines 11 through 17.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senators MALLOY and THOMAS spoke on the amendment.
On motion of Senator THOMAS, the Bill was carried over.
H. 4690--Amendment Withdrawn, Objection to the Bill
H. 4690 (Word version) -- Reps. Owens, J.M. Neal, Patrick, Willis, Daning, Erickson and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "JASON FLATT ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 59-26-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL REQUIRE TWO HOURS OF TRAINING IN YOUTH SUICIDE AWARENESS AND PREVENTION AS A REQUIREMENT FOR THE RENEWAL OF CREDENTIALS FOR INDIVIDUALS EMPLOYED IN MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND HIGH SCHOOLS; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING AND MATERIALS THAT MAY BE USED BY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL DISTRICTS MAY APPROVE TRAINING MATERIALS FOR TRAINING THEIR EMPLOYEES; TO PROVIDE THAT THIS TRAINING REQUIREMENT MAY BE SATISFIED THROUGH SELF REVIEW OF SUICIDE PREVENTION MATERIALS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO CAUSE OF ACTION RESULTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the proposed amendment by Senator MALLOY, as printed above.
Senator MALLOY asked unanimous consent to withdraw his proposed amendment.
There was no objection and the amendment was withdrawn.
Senator SETZLER objected to further consideration of the Bill and the Bill was ordered returned to the Second Reading Calendar.
MINORITY REPORT REMOVED
OBJECTION TO THE BILL
S. 149 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rose, McConnell, Ryberg, Fair, Massey, Leventis, Bryant, Davis and Shoopman: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "EQUAL ACCESS TO INTERSCHOLASTIC ACTIVITIES ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-100 SO AS TO PERMIT HOME SCHOOL STUDENTS, GOVERNOR'S SCHOOL STUDENTS, AND CHARTER SCHOOL STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE IN INTERSCHOLASTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT IN WHICH THE STUDENT RESIDES PURSUANT TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
Senator ANDERSON asked unanimous consent to remove the minority report on the Bill.
There was no objection and the minority report was removed and a notation was made on the Bill.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator MALLOY objected to further consideration of the Bill.
OBJECTION
H. 3163 (Word version) -- Reps. Tallon, Cole, Allison, G.R. Smith, Taylor, McCoy, Forrester, Murphy, Hixon and Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 23, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INTOXICATING LIQUOR, DRUGS, OR NARCOTICS, BY ADDING SECTION 56-5-2905 TO INCLUDE MOPEDS IN THE DEFINITION OF MOTOR VEHICLES FOR THE PURPOSES OF THE ARTICLE.
Senator HUTTO objected.
CARRIED OVER
S. 566 (Word version) -- Senators Leventis, Ford, Elliott, Reese, Ryberg, Setzler and Land: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-120, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE SAFE SCHOOL CLIMATE ACT, SO AS TO AMEND THE DEFINITION OF HARASSMENT TO INCLUDE MOTIVATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-140, RELATING TO LOCAL DISTRICT POLICIES PROHIBITING HARASSMENT, SO AS TO INCLUDE PROCEDURES AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTS OF HARASSMENT, AND TO REQUIRE LOCAL DISTRICTS TO POST A LINK TO THE POLICY ON THEIR WEBSITES; TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-150, RELATING TO AVAILABILITY OF CIVIL OR CRIMINAL REDRESS, SO AS TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS REGARDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARTICLE; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-160 SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR THE FILING OF REPORTS, NOTIFICATION TO THE DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND TO THE DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES, TO PROVIDE A PROCESS FOR GRADING SCHOOLS AND DISTRICTS WITH REGARD TO HARASSMENT, INTIMIDATION, AND BULLYING, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PUBLICATION OF THE SCHOOL AND DISTRICT GRADE ON ITS WEBSITE.
On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over.
S. 1042 (Word version) -- Senator Anderson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-29-65 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL YEAR 2012-2013, ALL MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLS OF THIS STATE SHALL PROVIDE AT LEAST THREE HOURS OF INSTRUCTION EACH YEAR TO ITS STUDENTS IN EACH GRADE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR ABOUT CRIMINAL CONDUCT OR OTHER ACTIONS MOST COMMONLY COMMITTED BY OR INVOLVING SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OR YOUNG ADULTS THAT COULD RESULT IN INCARCERATION IN A FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL PRISON OR DETENTION FACILITY WHETHER THE CONDUCT OR ACTIONS ARE COMMITTED AS A JUVENILE OR AS AN ADULT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PROCEDURES AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS TO IMPLEMENT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION.
On motion of Senator MASSEY, the Bill was carried over.
S. 1176 (Word version) -- Senators Courson and Land: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 12 RELATING TO TAXATION, AND COUNTY TAX OFFICIALS TO AMEND THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, THE COUNTY ASSESSORS, AUDITORS, TREASURERS, AND TAX COLLECTORS AND MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES TO THE TAX CODE. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over.
S. 1210 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Land, Lourie and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTIONS 60-15-100 AND 60-15-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE AN ANNUAL TRANSFER TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA ARTS COMMISSION OF AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO FIFTEEN PERCENT OF THE GENERAL FUND PORTION OF STATE ADMISSIONS TAX REVENUES IN THE PREVIOUS YEAR AFTER OTHER TRANSFERS REQUIRED FROM THE REVENUE AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO EXPEND AT LEAST SEVENTY PERCENT OF ITS STATE APPROPRIATED FUNDS ON GRANTS FOR CHILDREN'S AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMS.
On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator KNOTTS, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF THE VETOES.
VETO CARRIED OVER
(R135, H4723 (Word version)) -- Reps. Loftis, Corbin, Allen, Dillard, Hamilton, Henderson, Nanney, G.R. Smith, Stringer, Willis and Bannister: AN ACT TO AMEND ACT 848 OF 1954, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE BEREA WATER AND SEWER DISTRICT IN GREENVILLE COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD TWO ADDITIONAL MEMBERS TO THE GOVERNING COMMISSION AND PROVIDE FOR STAGGERING THEIR TERMS.
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
On motion of Senator FAIR, the veto was carried over.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS.
READ THE SECOND TIME, RETURNED TO THE
STATUS OF SPECIAL ORDER
S. 1149 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Campbell, Massey, Shoopman, Bright, Gregory, Alexander, Peeler, Grooms, Bryant, S. Martin, Davis, Knotts, L. Martin, Rose, Hayes and Thomas: A BILL TO ENACT THE "BORN ALIVE INFANT PROTECTION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 2-7-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORDS "PERSON" AND "PARTY" AS THOSE WORDS APPEAR IN THE LAWS OF THIS STATE, TO PROVIDE FURTHER FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF "PERSON", "HUMAN BEING", "CHILD", AND "INDIVIDUAL", SO THAT THEY INCLUDE EVERY INFANT MEMBER OF SPECIES HOMO SAPIENS WHO IS BORN ALIVE AND TO DEFINE "BORN ALIVE", TO PROHIBIT THE DEPRIVATION OF MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE AND REASONABLE MEDICAL CARE FOR AN INFANT, TO CLARIFY THE RIGHT OF A PARENT OR GUARDIAN TO REFUSE TREATMENT THAT IS NOT MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE OR REASONABLE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE SEVERABILITY AND ENFORCEABILITY OF THE PORTIONS OF THIS SECTION.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD1149.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking the bill in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. This act may be referred to and cited as the "Born Alive Infant Protection Act".
SECTION 2. Section 2-7-30 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 2-7-30. (A) The words 'person' and 'party' and any other word importing the singular number used in any act or joint resolution shall be held to include the plural and to include firms, companies, associations, and corporations and all words in the plural shall apply also to the singular in all cases in which the spirit and intent of the act or joint resolution may require it. All words in an act or joint resolution importing the masculine gender shall apply to females also and words in the feminine gender shall apply to males. And all words importing the present tense shall apply to the future also.
(B)(1) In determining the meaning of any act or joint resolution of the General Assembly or in a regulation promulgated pursuant to Article 1, Chapter 23, Title 1, unless otherwise defined in the act, joint resolution, or regulation, the words 'person', 'human being', 'child', and 'individual' must include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development.
(2) As used in this subsection, the term 'born alive', with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means the complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of that member, at any stage of development, who after the expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, regardless of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether the expulsion or extraction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion.
(3) Nothing in this subsection may be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point before being born alive as defined in this subsection."
SECTION 3. A provision of this act held to be invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or circumstance, shall be construed so as to give it the maximum effect permitted by law, unless such holding shall be one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the provision shall be deemed severable here from and shall not affect the remainder hereof or the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other, dissimilar circumstances.
SECTION 4. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment.
The question then was the second reading of the Bill.
Senator LEVENTIS spoke on the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 3
AYES
Alexander Bright Bryant
Campbell Cleary Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Grooms Hayes Jackson
Knotts Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Massey McGill
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Rose
Ryberg Setzler Verdin
Total--27
NAYS
Ford Hutto Scott
Total--3
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
The Bill was returned to the status of Special Order.
LOCAL APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Beaufort County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Richard Arlen Brooks, 21 Cedar Point Drive, Beaufort, SC 29907 VICE Judge Darlene Smith
Initial Appointment, Williamsburg County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2012, and to expire March 15, 2014
Joe Tisdale, 1236 Sumter Hwy., Kingstree, SC 29556
Initial Appointment, Williamsburg County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2012, and to expire March 15, 2014
Sharon Denise Washington, 188 Greenlee Street, Kingstree, SC 29556
| 2016-07-29T10:14:14 |
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.17
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# §23.17(i) Special Values
23.17.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{\lambda\/}\nolimits\!\left(i\right)$ $\displaystyle=\tfrac{1}{2},$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\lambda\/}\nolimits\!\left(\textstyle e^{\pi i/3}\right)$ $\displaystyle=e^{\pi i/3},$
23.17.2 $\displaystyle\mathop{J\/}\nolimits\!\left(i\right)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle\mathop{J\/}\nolimits\!\left(\textstyle e^{\pi i/3}\right)$ $\displaystyle=0,$
23.17.3 $\displaystyle\mathop{\eta\/}\nolimits\!\left(i\right)$ $\displaystyle=\frac{\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{4}\right)}{2% \pi^{3/4}},$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\eta\/}\nolimits\!\left(\textstyle e^{\pi i/3}\right)$ $\displaystyle=\frac{3^{1/8}\left(\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{3% }\right)\right)^{3/2}}{2\pi}e^{\pi i/24}.$
For further results for $\mathop{J\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)$ see Cohen (1993, p. 376).
# §23.17(ii) Power and Laurent Series
When $|q|<1$
23.17.4 $\mathop{\lambda\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)=16q(1-8q+44q^{2}+\cdots),$
23.17.5 $1728\!\mathop{J\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)=q^{-2}+744+1\;96884q^{2}+214\;9% 3760q^{4}+\cdots,$
23.17.6 $\mathop{\eta\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^{n}q% ^{(6n+1)^{2}/12}.$
In (23.17.5) for terms up to $q^{48}$ see Zuckerman (1939), and for terms up to $q^{100}$ see van Wijngaarden (1953). See also Apostol (1990, p. 22).
# §23.17(iii) Infinite Products
23.17.7 $\mathop{\lambda\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)=16q\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\left(% \frac{1+q^{2n}}{1+q^{2n-1}}\right)^{8},$
23.17.8 $\mathop{\eta\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tau\right)=q^{1/12}\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-q^{% 2n}),$
with $q^{1/12}=e^{i\pi\tau/12}$.
| 2015-03-07T01:42:02 |
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http://www-numi.fnal.gov/offline_software/srt_public_context/WebDocs/Errors/running.html
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Errors: Running
No symbol cout in current scope
This problem has made it into RootTalk on more than one occasion! It can happen if you have not loaded iostream.h, see First Steps: Typing in C++. Doing:- { #include <iostream.h> gROOT->Reset(); ...etc... } doesn't work as the Reset() clears the stack and looses the the definitions in the header. Doing:- { gROOT -> Reset(); #include <iostream.h> ...etc... } isn't much better. It works the first time but gives the error:- Warning: File "iostream.h" already loaded after that even though the definitions get wiped. Far better to put:- { G__loadfile("iostream.h"); } in rootlogon.C.
Can't call Class::MemberFunction() in current scope
Check the following:-
• You have misspelt the member function name (if CINT doesn't understand the class name you get the No symbol Class in current scope message).
• CINT cannot find a member function that matches, in type and number or arguments, those you have supplied. Remember that member functions can be overloaded i.e. there can be several member functions with the same name but with different argument lists. Supplied arguments don't have to be an exact match, for example an integer arg can be converted into a floating point, but there are limits. So check the documentaion, or the code, to see what argument lists are permitted.
• If calling user classes that:-
• The ClassDef and ClassImp macros were correctly inserted in the header and implementation files.
• The dictionary was correctly generated using rootcint with a LinkDef.h file specifies loading of the class globals.
Error: class,struct,union or type ... not defined
This can be produced if the libraries listed on the link line are not in the right order. The linker may be smart enough to find all the symbols it needs but ROOT may not. ROOT, when building class definition data during execution, loads dictionary data in strict reverse order to the way the libraries appear on the load line. That way lower level class information is available to the system when building class definitions that depend on them. Getting the order wrong may mean that the system fails to find a class definition and prints an error.
Undefined symbol
With shared libraries, sections of the executable are not loaded until required. Normally any potential unresolved symbol is identified at load time but in exceptional cases, for example virtual destructors to abstract classes, errors can occur during execution. To resolve see Unresolved Global Symbols in Shared Libraries.
Failure in malloc/new
A failure in malloc while trying to allocate memory strongly suggest a memory leak. Here are a few common mistakes that can lead to leaks:-
Using delete instead of delete [] for an array
A common source of memory leaks is deleting only the first element of an array allocated on the heap. The incorrect code looks like:
Type* ptr = new Type [nelements];
...
delete ptr;
When instead the second of those lines should be:
delete [] ptr;
Stack pointer going out of scope
Using a local i.e. stack pointer when creating a heap object can lead to trouble. Consider this code snippet:-
{
...
MyClass* myObj = new MyClass(...);
...
}
At the end of the code block the local pointer myObj goes out of scope and is deleted. Unless the object it pointed to has already been deleted or has been pointed to by another pointer that survives, the memory allocated to the object is lost.
Re-initialization enforced macro G__CINTVERSION FILE: LINE:0
This usually means that you need to regenerate some dictionary file. To remake all these files in a test release:-
cd \$SRT_PRIVATE_CONTEXT/
\rm find tmp -name "*Cint.*"
gmake all
If really necessary all the dictionaries in a Base Release can be regenerate in a similar way.
Go Back to the The Errors Top Page
Contact: Nick West ([email protected]>)
| 2017-11-24T11:15:00 |
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https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/5/1843/174259/The-Changing-Association-Between-Homeownership-and
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## Abstract
The literature suggests a positive link between homeownership and the transition to parenthood. However, in recent decades, couples' preference for becoming homeowners before having their first child has been undermined by rising housing unaffordability and housing uncertainty. An archetypal example is Britain, where homeownership rates among young adults have fallen substantially as a result of low wages, unemployment, reductions in the availability of mortgage credit, and rising house prices. This situation has produced a housing crisis. Using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008) and the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (2009–2016), we apply multilevel, discrete-time event-history techniques to a sample of women aged 18–42. We investigate whether and how the link between homeownership and entering parenthood has changed in Britain in recent decades. Our findings reveal that in comparison with the 1990s, the likelihood of becoming a parent has declined among homeowners, whereas childbearing rates among private renters have remained stable. Thus, owner-occupiers and private renters have become more similar in terms of their likelihood of entering parenthood. Overall, our findings question the classical micro-level assumption of a positive link between homeownership and transition to parenthood, at least among Britain's “Generation Rent.” These findings are subsequently interpreted in terms of increased housing uncertainty.
## Introduction
Substantial attention has been devoted to the impact of rising economic uncertainty on life transitions (Mills and Blossfeld 2013). The Great Recession, which engendered downturns in financial and labor market fortunes beginning in 2008, intensified interest in understanding how economic conditions affect childbearing (e.g., Alderotti et al. 2021; Barbieri et al. 2015; Kreyenfeld et al. 2012; Vignoli, Tocchioni, andMattei 2020). However, housing conditions have been frequently overlooked, despite studies on the link between homeownership and family formation (e.g., Mulder 2006a, b; Mulder and Billari 2010) suggesting that young adults prefer to be homeowners before having children (Feijten and Mulder 2002; Kulu and Steele 2013; Mulder and Wagner 1998, 2001), homeownership carries emotional value for many people (Saunders 1990), and housing security and housing stability are important prerequisites for family formation (Kulu and Milewski 2007; Vignoli et al. 2013).
In this context, dramatic changes to housing markets in many high-income countries are of significant interest. Property and rental prices have increased considerably—albeit with some temporary declines during the global financial crisis—and mortgage credit access became more restrictive after 2008; this situation is especially true for countries, such as the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark, that previously demonstrated lenient borrowing practices (Lennartz et al. 2016). Combined with progressively uncertain job markets, these trends have reduced housing affordability and increased levels of housing uncertainty, which can be characterized as insecurity regarding where an individual will reside and under what conditions. Uncertainty may arise for owner-occupiers due to the fear of eviction resulting from mortgage default, which is usually an effect of other financial and employment-related uncertainties and the need to maintain an (often dual) income to service a mortgage. For private renters, uncertainty might arise from the threat of eviction (by landlords in the context of fixed-term tenancies), unregulated increases in rental prices, the lack of rights regarding property maintenance and enhancement, and the perceived inability to call a house a home and be able to “settle down” (Hoolachan et al. 2017). Thus, housing uncertainties figure notably in the transition to parenthood. In many countries, entrance into the housing market has become increasingly difficult for low-income earners, especially young people (Arundel and Doling 2017). Housing unaffordability and general housing uncertainty may prevent individuals from both owning a home and starting a family (Mulder 2006b).
In this article, we posit that the positive association between homeownership and fertility identified by earlier studies is changing due to increasing housing uncertainty. Despite homeownership remaining a preferred setting for parenthood, the costs associated with homeownership increasingly compete with the direct and indirect costs of childbearing and childrearing (Becker 1991). We explore the links between homeownership and transitioning to motherhood in Britain between the early 1990s and 2016. In Britain, house prices have been increasing dramatically since the early 1990s, and declines in homeownership and increases in private renting among young adults have been much more pronounced than in other countries (Lennartz et al. 2016) and for other age groups. We focus on first childbirth because it marks the entry into parenthood that is being postponed or forgone: that is, couples entering parenthood in the United Kingdom usually have (at least) another child (Berrington et al. 2015). Using longitudinal data from the 18 waves of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) in combination with data from the first 7 waves of Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), we document a change in the traditional micro-level assumption of a positive link between homeownership and the transition to parenthood. The changing association between homeownership and parenthood is observed to persist after controlling for the changing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of people in different housing tenures over time and considering any moderating effect of local house prices.
## Background
### Homeownership, Private Renting, and Entry Into Parenthood
Analyzing the link between homeownership and fertility is complicated by the reciprocal nature of the relationship (Holland 2012; Mulder and Wagner 2001). For example, although starting a family can influence subsequent housing choices, some individuals postpone childbearing until finding the right home (Murphy and Sullivan 1985). Based on a U.K. sample, Ermisch and Steele (2016) demonstrated that expecting to have a(nother) child increases the probability of moving; Kulu and Steele (2013), using Finnish data, simultaneously modeled conceptions and housing moves, finding evidence in support of a joint process.
Microeconomic approaches revealed that having more economic resources may positively impact fertility (Becker 1991). Nonetheless, although previous studies have focused extensively on the role of income, education, and employment, housing has been ignored or downplayed as a potential economic resource. Those studies suggest that the effect of property ownership on fertility may be either positive or negative.
A positive link between homeownership and fertility is usually presumed: access to a suitable home leads couples to have children earlier (Castiglioni and Dalla Zuanna 1994; Krishnan and Krotki 1993; Mulder and Wagner 2001). In most societies, homeownership represents a key asset and source of stability in people's lives, providing secure tenure and generally guaranteeing future consumption (Vignoli et al. 2016). Compared with rented homes, owner-occupied homes are generally more spacious and adaptable to a household's needs, providing better housing conditions for starting a family (Mulder and Smits 1999; Ricci 1997).
There is considerable empirical support for a link between homeownership and family formation at the macro, meso, and micro levels (Clark and Mulder 2000; Clark and Withers 2007; Fiori et al. 2014; Mulder and Wagner 1993). Mulder and Billari (2010) argued that macro-level fertility is associated with the share of owner-occupied housing and mortgage accessibility. In countries with high homeownership levels—namely, the “easy” and “difficult” homeownership regimes—fertility is higher if access to mortgages is easier. In contrast, in countries with lower levels of homeownership—namely, the “career” and the “elite” homeownership regimes—fertility and access to mortgages are unrelated (Mulder and Billari 2010). At the meso level, owning a home provides the stability, safety, and access to services that are critical to raising a family. According to Clark (2012), ownership neighborhoods provide better access to schools and various urban amenities than rental neighborhoods. At the micro level, couples may prefer to secure housing of a certain quality before they have children (Mulder 2006a; Pinnelli 2020). Evidence that homeownership may be a prerequisite for childbearing has been found in the Netherlands (Feijten and Mulder 2002), West Germany (Mulder and Wagner 2001), and the United States (Deurloo et al. 1994).
However, a negative link can exist between homeownership and fertility if the cost of purchasing a house competes with the cost of childbearing and childrearing (Hakim 2003; Murphy 1984). Such a situation may lower or postpone fertility among those who attach great importance to becoming a homeowner, as has been found in France (Courgeau and Lelièvre 1992). Meeting the financial demands of both homeownership and a child may not be possible because of an unstable employment situation for one or both partners. Job loss and other employment-related uncertainties impact the ability of individuals to repay their mortgages and other types of loans. For women, in particular, employment-related uncertainties are especially common around childbirth, when extended periods of maternity leave or discrimination might engender pay cuts or personal preferences might promote a shift from full-time to part-time employment. Discussing Britain, Hakim (2003) suggested that the attraction of homeownership and the associated financial burdens of mortgages have increased employment among women in recent decades, especially work-oriented women.
Local variation in housing affordability and availability is also likely to moderate the association between housing tenure and first births. If the housing market can provide good housing at a reasonable price, it is easier to become a homeowner before becoming a parent (Öst 2011). However, difficulties accessing homeownership may delay coresidential partnership and childbearing (Castiglioni and Dalla Zuanna 1994; Krishnan and Krotki 1993; Pinnelli 2020). The impact of local house prices on fertility has only rarely been addressed. For example, Sato (2007) illustrated how in Japan, large city sizes were characterized by high land prices and lower fertility. Simon and Tamura (2009) documented a negative correlation between high rents and fertility in the United States between 1940 and 2000. Clark (2012) examined the links between age at first birth and the cost of housing—measured by rent or sale price—in the United States in 2006–2008, finding that being in an expensive housing market delays first births by three to four years, net of other confounders.
In recent decades, particular attention has been devoted to the impact on fertility of rising uncertainty (Mills and Blossfeld 2003, 2013). The pioneering work of Kohler et al. (2002) advanced that couples in the lowest-low fertility countries have limited their childbearing due to mounting levels of economic uncertainty. Other researchers have found that because childbearing and childrearing are resource-intensive, such a long-term commitment tends to be postponed when people face uncertainty (Blossfeld and Hofmeister 2006; Blossfeld et al. 2005; Blossfeld et al. 2006; Mills and Blossfeld 2013). Uncertainty regarding future residential location makes it difficult to plan and secure future access to formal childcare and schools. Elsewhere, it has been emphasized how having legal control over a property and being able to call a dwelling “home” are important components of well-being (Easthope 2014; Hoolachan et al. 2017). Accordingly, we posit that housing uncertainties are likely to postpone childbearing and should, therefore, be considered in future childbearing studies.
### Housing and Family Formation in Britain
The three main types of housing tenure in Britain are homeownership, social rented housing, and the private rental sector. Homeownership is the most common across all age groups and is usually acquired through a mortgage loan after the payment of an initial deposit. Homeownership grew steadily during the 1980s and 1990s (ONS 2016), promoted by government policies associated with an “ideology of homeownership” (Ronald 2008). Subsequently, homeownership rates among young adults plummeted, declining from 46% of 25- to 29-year-olds in 1996 to 25% in 2016 (Cribb et al. 2018). Numerous factors are responsible, including the increase in house prices coupled with stagnating or declining wages and employment security. The median price paid for residential property in England and Wales increased by 259% between 1997 and 2016; in the same period, median individual annual earnings increased by 68% (ONS 2017a), resulting in greater income multiples for mortgage lending (Udagawa and Sanderson 2017). These trends were compounded by the restrictions on mortgage credit from 2008, which nearly doubled the average mortgage deposit, from around 13% of the purchase price in 1991 to 22% in 2014 (ONS 2016). More than one-third of first-time buyers in England in 2013/2014 asked family for a financial gift or loan to help them buy their home; that proportion was around one-fifth in the early 1990s (Udagawa and Sanderson 2017).
For those who could not afford homeownership in Britain between the 1950s and 1970s, household and family formation were supported by the availability of social rented housing, which was perceived as more secure and more suitable for childrearing than the private rental sector (Di Salvo and Ermisch 1997; Ineichen 1981; Murphy 1984; Murphy and Sullivan 1985). However, beginning in the early 1980s, social housing stock has decreased due to fewer publicly supported new builds coupled with policies that allowed social tenants to purchase their homes at a discounted price (Berrington and Stone 2014). The sector has now become residualized, available only to individuals in priority need, such as those who are living without a home or with health problems. Consequently, more low-income individuals have entered the private rental sector.
The private rental sector in Britain has become an increasingly important tenure type for all income groups. Historically, private renting was seen as a transitional tenure, which fulfilled an individual's needs before s/he was able to move into their permanent tenure—either owner-occupation or social housing (Hoolachan et al. 2017). However, more young people have been renting recently. For example, 48% of English 25- to 34-year-olds were renting privately in 2013/2014, twice the percentage of a decade before. In public discourse, this generation has been labeled Generation Rent (Cole et al. 2016; Coulter 2016; McKee 2012) because its members continue to rent into their 30s, the time at which family formation typically occurs. In other European countries, private rented accommodation is highly regulated; however, tenants in Britain have very few rights. An example of private renting's particular insecurity is how assured shorthold tenancies mean that the landlord can ask tenants to leave, without giving a reason, upon meeting the initial contract period, which is usually 6 or 12 months (Clapham et al. 2014).
Homeownership traditionally preceded or coincided with an individual establishing their first coresidential union (Mulder 2006b). However, the lack of affordable homes, decreasing availability of social renting, and rising house prices have made private renting the only affordable solution for many young adults who live independently (Lennartz et al. 2016; Rugg 2010). As such, it would seem likely that the relationship between homeownership and family formation in Britain has been altered.
Mulder and Billari (2010) included Britain in the category of “career homeownership” regimes, meaning that homeownership is linked to gaining a sufficient and stable income and is acquired via a mortgage. In addition, homeownership in Britain was seen as a preferred setting for parenthood, with evidence from the 1990s and 2000s showing significantly higher first-birth rates for homeowners compared with private renters (Fiori et al. 2014). However, following subsequent changes to the housing market, Britain may be moving to the category of “elite” homeownership regimes, where mortgages are no longer widely accessible and homeownership is a prerogative for only those who are wealthier, are confident of retaining their job (to be able to pay their mortgage), and maintain a strong preference for homeownership, even if this means postponing or forgoing childbearing. Nonetheless, the United Kingdom still seems to be a “career” homeownership regime in terms of social norms, with aspirations for homeownership remaining strong across the country (Pannell 2016). Consequently, homebuyers may be postponing or forgoing parenthood because the costs of housing deposits and mortgage payments compete with the costs of parenthood.
In the context of Europe, childbearing levels are relatively high in Britain, with the total fertility rate trend somewhat different from that of other Western countries (Comolli 2017). For example, in England and Wales, the total fertility rate has fluctuated in recent decades, declining from 1.81 in 1992 to 1.63 in 2003, before increasing steadily to 1.94 in 2012, and then declining to 1.70 in 2018 (ONS 2019). As in most high-income countries, the mean age at first birth has risen (from 25.6 in 1991 to 28.8 in 2016) (ONS 2017b). However, these averages obscure considerable differences in the changing age profile of childbearing women according to socioeconomic status. Although British women with low educational levels still tend to begin childbearing in their teens and 20s, graduates are more likely to wait until their late 20s and early 30s (Berrington et al. 2015). Early childbearing in lower socioeconomic classes means that unlike in many other European countries, fertility rates for women under 25 remained reasonably high and stable until they began to reduce in 2010 (ONS 2019).
### Research Questions
To investigate whether and how the link between housing tenure and first birth has changed in Britain in recent decades, we addressed the following research questions.
• 1. Has the association between homeownership and the probability of conceiving the first child changed since 1991?
Conscious that the association between homeownership and entry into motherhood might change over time because of compositional changes (see, e.g., Fisher and Gervais 2011), we wanted to test whether results from our first research question were robust to the inclusion of a series of controls:
• 2. Is this change explained by the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of women in the different housing tenures?
Finally, there is growing concern that young people's ability and inclination to form a family may be constrained by increasing house prices, making homeownership broadly unaffordable. However, house prices vary geographically (Bayrakdar and Coulter 2017), requiring acknowledgment and consideration of whether and how within-country differences in local housing markets influence the transition to parenthood. To do this, we merged the individual prospective data with time-varying, area-based house price data measured at the local authority district (LAD) level. Accordingly, we asked the following:
• 3. To what extent does the relationship between homeownership and the probability of conceiving the first child differ according to local house prices?
## Data and Methods
### Data
The study used data from the BHPS spanning 1991–2008 and the UKHLS for 2009–2016 (University of Essex Institute for Social and Economic Research 2018), including information from the Consolidated Marital, Cohabitation and Fertility Histories data set (Pronzato 2011). The BHPS and the UKHLS are nationally representative surveys based on a prospective panel design, which provide an outstanding basis for the empirical analysis of the first motherhood-housing nexus. Taking a longitudinal approach, we considered a sample of women who were childless at the time of their first interview, and we followed them for at least three consecutive waves. Women who joined the BHPS sample and were continuously interviewed until Wave 18 in 2008, if still childless, continued to be followed in the UKHLS1 (Fumagalli et al. 2017). We could not examine men's childbearing behavior because information about past childbearing was not collected directly within the BHPS panel questionnaires. We relied on the household grid to identify when a child was born. Given that one-quarter of young fathers are not living with their children in the United Kingdom (Berrington and Stone 2014), estimates based on the household grid are incomplete for men.
Our sample comprised women aged 18–42 living independently of their parental home (i.e., their housing tenure does not represent that of their parents). We excluded 20 women who had adopted, fostered, or had stepchildren before conceiving their first natural child.2 We did not focus solely on couples but included all women; that is, we considered all births, including those to single mothers. This is important in the British context, where a relevant minority of births are to unpartnered women (ONS 2017b). We focused on Britain rather than the United Kingdom because information on local housing markets at the LAD level was unavailable for Northern Ireland for much of the historical period. The UKHLS ethnic boost sample from Wave 1 was included, but we excluded the recent immigrant boost sample because that started in 2014/2015. Ultimately, the total sample comprised 5,082 women born between 1948 and 1997 (for a total of 17,371 person-years) residing in 374 districts of Britain. Each woman was observed for an average of 3.6 years, ranging from 1 person-year to 23 person-years. Of the 1,296 first-birth conceptions, just more than 5% were to single mothers.
Survey weights for the cross-sectional sample at each panel wave,3 calculated by the BHPS and the UKHLS survey teams (Knies 2018), were used to account for initial nonresponse and attrition from the sample over time. Nonresponses and sample attrition were higher for the first seven waves of the UKHLS than they were for the BHPS. Young adults who were unemployed, living in urban areas, or living in privately rented housing were more likely to have been lost to follow up. Nonetheless, weighted fertility rates based on the BHPS and the UKHLS were similar to those collected by the vital registration system, with a slight tendency for rates of childlessness to be underestimated (Berrington et al. 2015; Kulu and Hannemann 2016). As such, these two harmonized panels provide an unparalleled opportunity to examine the changing relationship between housing tenure and childbearing in Britain.
### Method
We studied the transition to parenthood using a multilevel logistic, discrete-time, event-history model with random intercept (Barber et al. 2000), with person-years nested within LADs. The baseline hazard was the woman's age, grouped into four categories: 18–24, 25–29, 30–34, and 35–44. Whether women entered the sample when first interviewed or after their 18th birthday, it was after beginning living independently from parents. The event of interest was the woman's first conception leading to a live birth. Women were censored at the last available wave, when they attritted from the survey, when they returned to the parental home, or when they reached the age of 44, whichever occurred first. Overall, the two-level, discrete-time logit model has the following form:
$logit(hijt)=αDijt+∑p = 1PβpXpijt+γZjt+δj,$
(1)
where hijt is the hazard of conceiving a first child for woman i in LAD j at time t; $Dijt$ is a step function representing the baseline hazard function: namely, woman's age divided in four time intervals; and $Xpijt$ is the pth individual-level covariate for woman i in LAD j, which can vary over time (i.e., housing tenure) or remain constant (i.e., if a woman is born outside the United Kingdom). $Zjt$ is an LAD-level covariate: namely, the lower-quartile of the house prices (in our third research question only), which varies over time. Finally, $δj$ is the random effect for LAD j (Barber et al. 2000; Browning et al. 2004). We assumed that the random intercept was normally distributed, with 0 mean and unknown variance; this would represent the unobserved heterogeneity of the LADs upon the inclusion of all individual- and LAD-level covariates in the model.
### Analytical Strategy
Our first research question is whether the association between housing tenure and the probability of conceiving a first child changed between 1991 and 2016. The key explanatory variable for answering this question, in Model 1, was the woman's current housing tenure, which distinguishes among homeownership,4 private renting, and social renting. Housing tenure, like all the explanatory covariates, lagged by one year. It was included in the model in interaction with the survey year, which was grouped into four periods: 1991–1999, 2000–2007, 2008–2012, and 2013–2016. The cutoff points for each period were chosen to reflect the timing of changes in the British housing market. The 1990s witnessed a sharp increase in house prices (which continued until 2007); during the 2000s, the private rental sector saw a marked increase; 2008 signaled the start of the Great Recession, during which house prices fell; and 2013 marked the beginning of the post-crisis period, during which house prices started to increase again (ONS 2017a; see Figure B1 in the online appendix). We also included a term representing the interaction between a woman's age and her current housing tenure to capture the changing role of tenure across the woman's life course and the social polarization of childbearing timing.
Our second research question is whether any changes observed in the association between homeownership and fertility over time can be explained by the changing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of individuals or their household residing in a different tenure group. To answer this question, we used Model 2, which includes socioeconomic and demographic covariates through a stepwise procedure. We added the woman's partnership status (single, married, or cohabiting) and her education level. Partnership formation was a proximate determinant of childbearing, with homeowners more likely to be in a partnership, likely because a dual income and long-term commitment are often precursors to purchasing a house. Educational attainment contrasted those with a low education level (who attained secondary education and left school at age 16) with those with a medium education level (who obtained advanced qualifications, such as nursing or teaching qualifications), and those with a high education level (who typically had a first or higher degree). Given that more educated women demonstrate lower rates of childbearing at a younger age and higher rates of childbearing at an older age (Berrington et al. 2015), we interacted education to baseline duration (i.e., woman's age).5
We added economic activity (full-time student, employed, unemployed, or inactive), followed by equivalized income categorized in quintiles6 (derived from the annual household income and adjusted to consider the number of household members using the modified OECD equivalence scale; see Hagenaars et al. 1994). Additional control variables included whether the woman was foreign-born, parental social class (either or both of mother and father's highest class according to the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification, which features five categories: management and professional; intermediate; small employers and own account; lower supervisory and technical; and semi-routine and routine;7Rose and Pevalin 2003), and an overcrowding index (a household was considered overcrowded if the total number of people in the household exceeded the number of rooms). Finally, we added time since moving into the current dwelling (zero for those who had moved that year, and then one year, two years, or three years or more). This variable was designed to capture the pre-childbearing anticipatory household moves previously found in the literature (Ermisch and Steele 2016; Kulu and Steele 2013). In sensitivity analyses (not presented), we interacted these anticipatory moves with tenure but found that the effect was similar across tenure-type groups.8,9
Our third research question relates to how the housing market context shaped the probability of having a first conception while privately or socially renting compared with owning and occupying. For Model 3, in addition to the controls included in Model 2, we added a cross-level interaction term between house prices—measured at the LAD level—and housing tenure to allow the effect of housing tenure to vary according to neighborhood labor market characteristics. The measure of house price chosen was the value of a lower-quartile house price for each LAD—that is, the price of the 25th percentile of house prices in a given LAD for a year. The statistics for lower-quartile house prices have been part of the House Price Statistics for Small Areas release (ONS 2017c) for England and Wales since 1995. For Scotland, annual statistics on lower-quartile house prices for a range of subnational geographies have been released since 1993 (Scottish Government 2017).10 First-time buyers are generally not able to afford houses with as many bedrooms and square meters as the average house sold in the area. For each year, using the distribution of the lower-quartile house prices in the different LADs, we created a categorical variable splitting the distribution into quintiles, enabling measurement of whether a lower-quartile house price in a given LAD was, for a given year, nationally in the least expensive 20% (e.g., areas within Liverpool and Nottingham), the most expensive 20% (e.g., the Kensington and Chelsea boroughs of London and Oxford), or in between. This measure's range increased markedly over the study period, with house prices in London accelerating at a faster rate than in other areas.
All interaction terms were tested using likelihood ratio tests, which compared the model with the interaction term and the model considering only the main effects. All but the interaction between tenure and calendar period (first research question) and the interaction between tenure and house prices (third research question) were significant. Nonetheless, we retained them to answer our research questions.
### Descriptive Statistics
Table 1 shows the person-years distribution of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics according to housing tenure. Owner-occupiers tended to be older and more likely to be married than private or social renters. Although educational attainment among homeowners and private renters was similar, social renters tended to be less educated. Whereas most childless homeowners were employed, a high proportion of private renters were still involved in education. The selection of particularly vulnerable (childless) women into social housing was reflected by the fact that around one-third of the person-years of social renters were characterized as unemployed or not economically active. Whereas homeowners dominated the top two income quintiles, private and social renters were more prevalent among the two lowest income quintiles. Homeownership was associated with larger properties, with two-thirds of person-years of both social and private renters spent in overcrowded households, compared with just one-third of owner-occupiers.
Private renting was associated with greater levels of mobility. Whereas 71.5% of person-years were categorized as owning a home in 1991–1999, this had dropped to 56.3% by the period 2013–2016. Contextually, private renters increased from constituting 21.7% of person-years in the period 1991–1999 to 35.4% in the period 2013–2016. Further analyses of how the composition of tenure groups changed over the 25-year period (see Table B2 in the online appendix) show that during the 2010s, private renting also became widespread among older age groups. Meanwhile, homeownership—initially widespread across all education groups—has recently become dominated by the highly educated, with social renting becoming increasingly dominated by those with the lowest levels of educational attainment. Finally, bivariate analysis of the number of conceptions according to age group and calendar period is reassuring about the number of events in each cell of the contingency table (see Table B1 in the online appendix).
## Results
To aid interpretation, we estimated predicted annual probabilities of conceiving a first child11 for each hazard model. These probabilities are presented graphically. Full model results are presented in Table A1 in the online appendix.
Addressing our first research question, Figure 1 shows the predicted annual probability of conceiving a first child according to housing tenure and calendar period (Model 1). The predicted annual probability was significantly higher for mothers who were homeowners than for those who were private renters in the first three periods (i.e., until 2012). However, in the last period (2013–2016), the confidence intervals for homeowners and private renters overlapped (with the point estimates not statistically different at the 1% significance level). The probability of conceiving a first child as a private renter did not change substantially across the four periods, remaining at 3.8% for 2013–2016. However, the probability of homeowners conceiving a first child was significantly lower for 2013–2016 than for the previous period, decreasing from 8.2% for 2008–2012 to 5.6% for 2013–2016.
In other words, the overall decline in the probability of conceiving a first child (consistent with the downturn in total fertility rates in Britain since 2012) was driven mostly by a decline among homeowners and, to a lesser extent, by a decline in childbearing among social renters. The probability of having a first child as a social renter did not show any meaningful change over the study period. Given the scarcity of childless women in that tenure group, the confidence intervals were considerably wider, complicating the interpretation of the results. However, point estimates suggest that first conceptions among social renters have declined during the most recent period, reaching their lowest level at 2.5% in 2013–2016. In contrast, rates of entry into first parenthood among private renters were sustained during the housing crisis. Consequently, the difference in birth rates between homeowners and private renters declined markedly.
Our second research question is whether the changing relationship between tenure type and entry into motherhood could be explained by the changing composition of the tenure groups. Model 2 (Figure 2 and Table A1 in the online appendix) demonstrated that controlling for women's socioeconomic and demographic characteristics did not alter the substantive finding. The predicted annual probability of conceiving a first child was significantly higher for homeowners than for private tenants in the first three periods but was not statistically significantly different for 2013–2016 (Figure 2). Hence, the temporal change in the relationship between homeowners and private renters emerged clearly, as did the decline in the probability of conceiving among homeowners for the most recent period, even after we controlled for a variety of demographic and socioeconomic factors.
All the control coefficients from Model 2 (Table A1 in the online appendix) conform with expectations from the published literature, including previous findings based on the BHPS showing that entry into motherhood was far more likely among married women, intermediate for cohabiting women, and lowest for unpartnered women (Fiori et al. 2014; Kulu and Washbrook 2014). Partnership mediated the link between housing tenure and the first child's conception to a limited extent, partly capturing the preference for being homeowners before conceiving a first child.12 This finding corroborates the view that the simultaneity between coresidential partnership formation and homeownership is not as strong as in the past. As Tavares (2016) found, educational enrollment was negatively associated with childbearing, and the interaction between education and age was strong: at younger ages, the probability of conceiving a first child was highest among those with lower levels of education, whereas a positive relationship between education and entry into motherhood was observed at older ages. Education also partly mediated tenure, as found in the stepwise procedure. Overcrowding was not associated with the probability of conceiving a first child. Some evidence of anticipatory moves was observed, whereby those who had moved into a property in the previous year were more likely to experience a conception than those who had lived at a property for at least three years (an anticipatory effect consistent across housing tenure groups). Because of space constraints, we cannot offer a detailed discussion of the relationships between the remaining coefficients and the outcome.
The significant interaction between age and tenure demonstrated by Model 2 (see Table A1 in the online appendix and Figure 3) suggests that the effect of housing tenure on entry into motherhood depends on a woman's age. In recent years, women belonging to Generation Rent have been equally likely to start a family as homeowners or private renters. For the youngest women (those aged 18–24), the probability of conceiving a first child was higher among homeowners than private renters until 2012; in the most recent period (2013–2016), the probability of having a child as a homeowner had nearly halved compared with the previous period (from 6.9% for 2008–2012 to 3.7% for 2013–2016), meaning it was not statistically different (at 1%) from the probability of private renters having a child. In contrast, the probability of conceiving a first child among private renters was highest (over 2.0%) during the final two periods, indicating an overall increasing trend over time. For women aged 25–29 and 30–34, although the predicted annual probability of conceiving a first child remained significantly higher among homeowners compared with private renters for all periods, it also declined for those aged 25–29. In contrast, for women aged 30–34, the probability of having a child as a homeowner remained as high for the final period as it was for 1991–1999. Finally, for women aged 35–44, the probability of having a first child was substantially lower, being equally likely for homeowners and private renters during every period. This finding suggests that for women approaching the end of their reproductive period, tenancy status is less relevant than, for example, their aspirations for motherhood, after other socioeconomic and demographic factors are controlled for.
Addressing our third research question as the final step (Model 3, Table A1 in the online appendix), we considered local house prices, measured by the distribution of lower-quartile house prices in the LAD, as a second-level covariate. As shown in Figure 4,13 although conception rates for 1991–1999 were significantly higher among homeowners than among private renters for all LADs, the confidence intervals for the probability of becoming a mother as a homeowner compared with as a private renter overlapped during the period 2013–2016 (with the point estimates not statistically different at the 1% significance level). The LADs with average house prices (third quintile) were the first to experience the change in the association between housing tenure and first conception, beginning in 2000.
## Discussion
This study adds to the discussion of how the association between homeownership and parenthood is changing in Britain as a consequence of the reaction of younger generations to the U.K. housing crisis. Homeownership rates have plummeted, especially among younger people. Social housing has become a residualized sector providing support for the most vulnerable groups. Consequently, the number of people living in private rented accommodation into their late 20s has increased rapidly. Our study suggests a new family formation dynamic, involving a change over time in the relationship between homeownership and entry into motherhood. The likelihood of becoming a parent while in owner-occupied accommodation has slumped in recent years, to the point that becoming a parent while living in private rented accommodation is equally likely. Although there is no longer any significant difference between homeowners and private renters aged 18–24, the probability of having a child as a homeowner among those aged 25–29 has declined, suggesting that it might continue to decline enough that there will be no significant difference. This signals a radical change from the recent past, when buying a house with a partner was often experienced as the step before family formation.
Estimated fertility rates among our sample of childless women demonstrate a period trend consistent with vital registration data, indicating that the recent decline in fertility rates may be associated with a decline in fertility among owner-occupiers. Although our data do not allow us to determine the underlying reasons for this decline, we hypothesize that homeownership is progressively competing with the cost of childbearing, especially given that the majority of owner-occupied homes are purchased with a mortgage and that a higher proportion of income is used to service that debt (Udagawa and Sanderson 2017) or to repay (at least partly) money received to fund a deposit (Heath and Calvert 2013; Ronald and Druta 2016). Homeownership increasingly requires households to have a dual income; accordingly, buying a home encourages women to attach themselves to the labor market. Further, in a socioeconomic context where increasing economic difficulties challenge homeownership, homeowners might have become a more select group, one characterized by an (unmeasured) orientation toward career and material aspirations. Hakim (2003:220) anticipated this process, stating that “[w]omen's sex role ideology and work orientations determine both fertility and the financial strength to afford home ownership.” If so, contemporary homeowners could delay childbearing—or remain childless—because they prioritize personal and material aspirations over having children.
Although local housing markets appear to substantially shape the transition to parenthood, the relationship is not linear, probably reflecting several counteracting forces (see, e.g., Arundel and Doling 2017; Lennartz et al. 2016). In areas where house prices accord with the British average (e.g., Cardiff, Dover, Edinburgh, and Southampton), the likelihood of entering parenthood became similar for homeowners and private renters in the early 2000s, with the convergence between the two groups beginning in these areas; here, private renters display the highest propensity to have a child. Until very recently, in areas where housing was more expensive, homeowners tended to exhibit higher childbearing rates than private renters. In the most expensive areas, which include London and Oxford, those able to buy a house are a select, wealthy group. We might speculate that this group is less in need of a dual income because individuals buying homes in the most expensive housing markets are likely to have other sources of income (e.g., from family or inheritance). Thus, for the wealthiest group, homeownership and childbearing remain strongly associated, as was the case for most groups in the past. Similarly, where housing is less expensive, the need for a dual income is reduced, and homeownership may be secured in advance of parenthood. Nonetheless, since 2008, homeownership has also become less affordable in areas where house prices are the most and least expensive; as such, higher rates of parenthood among homeowners are not maintained.
Ultimately, local housing markets shape the association between homeownership and parenthood in complex ways. Although we cannot reach a definitive conclusion, these results provide some insight into the potential role of local house prices as a moderator of such an association. This study identified housing markets at the LAD level; it is possible that this geographical area is too large to represent a local housing market. Unfortunately, no smaller-scale data are available for Britain. Nonetheless, future studies could examine how the effect of local housing markets changes according to the measurement scale. Additionally, we did not examine the role of other contextual factors, such as childcare availability and labor market characteristics, which could also be tested in future work. Still, our results suggest increasing competition between the costs of homeownership and childbearing. Although this competition might have first emerged in areas where house prices accord with the country's average, it can now be observed in all areas.
Given that rising house prices, the need for a dual income, and reduced availability of mortgages are widespread in Western countries, the changing relationship between homeownership and parenthood posited by this study may also be observable in other countries. However, the Generation Rent phenomenon (Lennartz et al. 2016) and the strict regulation of private rentals in favor of landlords are U.K.-specific characteristics; thus, caution is advised if considering extending our findings to other settings.
The disconnection between homeownership and entry into parenthood has significant implications for parents and their children. In fact, the specific nature of the private rental housing market in Britain remains unregulated, insecure, and not family-friendly; for example, uncertainty exists around when a family in such a home could be asked to leave (Judge and Tomlinson 2018). Of particular concern to the parents of children in a private rental is that moving to a new house can require that their children change schools. In Britain, access to state schools is contingent on living in the school's catchment area (generally, a particular neighborhood), and there is often overdemand for better-performing schools, which diminishes housing choice (Hansen 2014). Social housing, traditionally important in Britain, is becoming increasingly marginal in the transition to parenthood. Low-income young people, who would have formed a family as social tenants in the past, are now often in precarious private rental situations or, in cases where housing is more affordable, have to manage disproportionately high mortgage costs.
The rise in private renting does not appear to be driven by changing tenure preferences. In fact, the vast majority of young Britons still aspire to become homeowners (Marshall and Smith 2016; Pannell 2016). Many young people regard homeownership as the only suitable tenure for starting a family (Hoolachan et al. 2017). However, homeownership is not viable for many young people because of homeownership's increasing unaffordability. In the words of Hoolachan et al. (2017:72), young adults are faced with a “double disadvantage of housing and income insecurity.” Several authors have suggested that couples in the lowest-low fertility countries have limited their childbearing because of mounting economic uncertainty levels (Kohler et al. 2002; Mills and Blossfeld 2003, 2013; Vignoli, Guetto et al. 2020). Uncertainty makes it increasingly difficult for individuals to imagine their future, choose between alternatives, and strategize (Vignoli, Guetto et al. 2020). Housing uncertainty might additionally impact the transition to parenthood, producing insecurity regarding where and under what conditions an individual will reside. Private tenants have historically faced housing uncertainty; we posit that, for this reason, they have traditionally had lower fertility than owner-occupiers. However, housing uncertainty has increased for owner-occupiers in recent years, linked to macro-economic changes (financial and unemployment-related uncertainties) and changing pathways into homeownership (the increased importance of mortgage credit and loans from parents). We speculate that this increased uncertainty among homeowners lies beneath the weakening association between homeownership and childbearing.
## Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has received support from the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2013-2017) Grant Agreement No. 312691, InGRID - Inclusive Growth Research Infrastructure Diffusion. The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program/ERC Grant Agreement No. 725961 (EU‐FER project “Economic Uncertainty and Fertility in Europe,” PI: Daniele Vignoli) and the Economic and Social Research Council funded Centre for Population Change Grant Nos. RES-625-28-0001 and ES/K007394/1.
## Notes
1
Women interviewed in the BHPS until Wave 18 were interviewed in the UKHLS starting from its second wave in 2010/2011.
2
Although adopted children, fostered children, and stepchildren compete for space in a household as do natural children, we did not have information on the date of adoption, fostering, or when the stepchild began living with the respondent.
3
We use cross-sectional weights because the longitudinal weights were valid only for those who had responded to all the previous waves.
4
Homeownership means that the house is owned by a household member.
5
Although we also test a triple-interaction effect for calendar period, age group, and housing tenure, this was dropped because it was not significant.
6
We test whether the association between homeownership and fertility differed according to household income. However, the interaction between housing tenure and income quintiles is not significant.
7
We add into this category also those who were long-term unemployed.
8
We do not control for duration of employment because we had information about employment only at the time of interview for each wave (employment history was asked about only in a few waves).
9
One might argue that it would have been important to control for partnership duration to control for the changing composition of women across tenure groups. We deliberately abstain from including such a variable because preliminary analyses verify that it would introduce substantial selection effect: that is, increased time being childless in a coresidential relationship lowers probability of having a child.
10
For England and Wales, the 1995 house price data were also used for 1991–1994. For Scottish districts, the 1993 house price data were also used for 1991–1992. See Figure B1 in the online appendix for descriptive statistics regarding lower-quartile house prices in England, Wales, and Scotland for the period considered.
11
We use the margins command in Stata, setting the control covariates at their average level with the random effect fixed at its mean value of 0 (StataCorp 2017; Williams 2012).
12
We check the mediator effect of partnership formation on the link between housing tenure and the first child’s conception, including partnership status in the model for the first research question as the first step in the stepwise procedure (see Table B8 in the online appendix).
13
For readability, we opt for including only the first, third, and fifth quintiles in the figure. Nonetheless, Table A1 in the online appendix shows all model coefficients.
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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
| 2022-01-21T03:05:56 |
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|
https://codeahoy.com/learn/tutorials/jupyter-python/
|
# Jupyter Notebook Tutorial
## Introduction to The Notebook
This is a notebook: a document that can contain rich text elements—headings, paragraph text, hyperlinks, mathematical symbols and embedded figures—and interactive code elements. The document uses “cells” to divide up the text and code elements: text is formatted using markdown, and code can be executed using the IPython kernel.
Markdown is an easy way to format text to be displayed on a browser. You can format headings, bold face, italics, add a horizonal line, hyperlink some text, add bulleted or numbered lists. It’s so easy, you can learn it in minutes! The “Daring Fireball” (by John Gruber) markdown syntax page is a nice starting point or reference.
### Nbviewer
The free nbviewer service is the simplest way to share a notebook with anyone: just host the notebook file (.ipynb extension) online and enter the public URL to the file on the nbviewer Go! box. The notebook will be rendered like a static webpage: visitors can read everything, but they cannot interact with the code.
To interact with a notebook, you need the Jupyter Notebook App, either locally installed on your computer or on some cloud service.
### Jupyter Notebook App
If you want to see what the Jupyter Notebook App looks like, you can try it right now on this free service: https://try.jupyter.org. You should see the Dashboard, which shows a list of available files, like this:
Click on the New button on the top right, and choose "Python 3" from the pull-down options to get a notebook that is connected to the IPython kernel. You should get an empty notebook with a single empty code cell labeled In[ ], with a flashing cursor inside. This is a code cell. You can start by trying any simple mathematical operation (like a calculator), and type [shift] + [enter] to execute it.
You can try any of the arithmetic operators in Python:
+ - * / ** % //
The last three operators above are exponent (raise to the power of), modulo (divide and return remainder) and floor division. Be careful that the division operator behaves differently in legacy Python 2: it rounds to an integer when the operands are integers. We use Python 3 and don't worry about this, because it gives the expected result, e.g., 1/2 gives 0.5 (not zero!).
Here’s a simple example calculation in a code cell:
2 * 12
24
Typing [shift] + [enter] will execute the cell and give you the output in a new line, labeled Out[1] (the numbering increases each time you execute a cell). If you're at the end of the notebook, you will also get a new blank cell, where you can try more arithmetic operations, if you want. Or, you can change the type of cell from Code to Markdown with the button on the menu bar. See if you find that now, and then type some text into a markdwon cell. Try some markdown syntax!
In a code cell, you can enter any valid Python code, and type [shift] + [enter] to execute it. For example, the simplest code example just prints the message Hello World!, like this:
print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
You can also define a variable (say x) and assign it a value (say, 2), then use that variable in some code:
x = 2
print(x * "Hello World!")
Hello World!Hello World!
x * 12
24
### More Jupyter cloud services
If you followed the instructions above, you launched the Jupyter Notebook App on a cloud service called tmpnb. As the prefix tmp indicates, it gives you a temporary demo: as soon as you close the browser tab (or after a few minutes of inactivity), the kernel dies and the content you wrote is not saved anywhere. This is a free service, sponsored by the company Rackspace, just for trying something out.
You can work on notebooks and save your work using other cloud services. A long-running cloud offering is SageMathCloud. And most recently (in June 2016), Microsoft announced notebooks hosted on Azure cloud. In both cases, you need to create a free account to be able to save your work.
### The world of Jupyter, so far
• the notebook,
• code cells and markdown cells,
• nbviewer,
• the Jupyter Notebook App,
• [shift] + [enter] to execute,
• tmpnb, and
• cloud notebook services.
### Optional next step: local installation
Cloud notebook services (especially free ones!) have their limitations. As you start using notebooks more, you'll want to install Jupyter on your personal computer. For that, we recommend the free Anaconda distribution, which includes all the Python packages you may need (more than 700 packages are included!).
If you prefer a light installation (e.g., if your internet is slow), we can recommend Miniconda. This will include only conda (the package manager) and its dependencies, and Python. You will have to install Jupyter separately, and also other basic Python libraries for numerical mathematics and data analysis, using the conda install command.
We also recommend that you start with Python 3 right away—Python 2.7 is the legacy Python, and you should only need to use it if you have a lot of code written in the past that you need to work with.
## The Python world of science and data
The Jupyter notebook is a nice way to write and share some content online, but you'll get superpowers from Python libraries for science and data!
We already used code cells to do simple calculations via the arithmetic operators in Python:
+ - * / ** % //
In addition to arithmetics, you can do comparisons with operators that return Boolean values (True or False). These are:
== != < > <= >=
On top of those, you have assignment operators, bitwise operators, logical operators, membership operators, and identity operators. You can find online several "cheat sheets" for Python operators. For example: "Operators and expressions" in the online book "Python for You and Me."
Go ahead and experiment with various Python operators until you're satisfied. You can open a new, empty notebook and experiment in code cells, taking notes of the things that you find interesting in markdown cells. Or, if you have this notebook open in the Jupyter Notebook App, you can add a new cell by clicking the plus button, and work right here. Remember to type [shift] + [enter] to execute any cell.
Next, let’s learn about the Python world of science and data.
### Two libraries that made Python useful for science: NumPy and Matplotlib
Python is a general-purpose language: you can use it to create websites, to write programs that crawl the web, to support you in scientific research or data analysis, etc. Because it can be used in so many fields, the core language is supported by many libraries (not everyone needs to have every functionality). In science, two libraries made Python really useful: NumPy and Matplotlib.
NumPy gives you access to numerical mathematics on arrays (like vectors and matrices). Matplotlib gives you a catalog of plotting functions for visualizing data.
import numpy
The command import followed by the name of a library will extend your Python session with all of the functions in that library. After executing the code cell above, we have all of NumPy available to us. If you have this notebook open in the Jupyter Notebook App, make sure to execute the cell above by clicking on it and typing [shift] + [enter].
Now, to use one of NumPy’s functions, we prepend numpy. (with the dot) to the function name. For example:
numpy.linspace(0, 5, 10)
Output
array([ 0. , 0.55555556, 1.11111111, 1.66666667, 2.22222222,
2.77777778, 3.33333333, 3.88888889, 4.44444444, 5. ])
The NumPy function linspace() creates an array with equally spaced numbers between a start and end. It’s a very useful function! In the code cell above, we create an array of 10 numbers from 0 to 5. Go ahead and try it with different argument values.
To be able to do something with this array later, we normally want to give it a name. Like,
xarray = numpy.linspace(0, 5, 10)
Now, we can use NumPy to do computations with the array. Like take its square:
xarray ** 2
Output
array([ 0. , 0.30864198, 1.2345679 , 2.77777778,
4.9382716 , 7.71604938, 11.11111111, 15.12345679,
19.75308642, 25. ])
In NumPy, the square of an array of numbers takes the square of each element. You will likely want to give your result a name, too. So let’s do this again, and also take the cube, and the square root of the array at the same time.
yarray = xarray ** 2
zarray = xarray ** 3
warray = numpy.sqrt(xarray)
You notice that NumPy knows how to take the power of an array, and it has a built-in function for the square-root. Now, you may want to draw a plot of these results with the original array on the x-axis. For that we need the module pyplot from Matplotlib.
from matplotlib import pyplot
%matplotlib notebook
The command %matplotlib notebook is there to get our plots inside the notebook (instead of a pop-up window, which is the default behavior of pyplot). Let’s try a line plot now! We use the pyplot.plot() function, specifying the line color ('k' for black) and line style ('-', '--' and ':' for continuous, dashed and dotted line), and giving each line a label. Note that the values for color, linestyle and label are given in quotes.
pyplot.plot(xarray,yarray,color='k',linestyle='-', label='square')
pyplot.plot(xarray,zarray,color='k',linestyle='--', label='cube')
pyplot.plot(xarray,warray,color='k',linestyle=':', label='square root')
pyplot.legend(loc='best')
pyplot.show()
That’s very nice! By now, you are probably imagining all the great stuff you can do with Jupyter notebooks, Python and its scientific libraries NumPy and Matplotlib. Explore all the beautiful plots you can make by browsing the Matplotlib gallery.
Today, the world of Pyhon for science and data includes several other amazing libraries. For data analysis and modeling, you have pandas. For symbolic mathematics, SymPy gives you a Python-powered computer algebra system. You can draw beautiful 3D visualizations thanks to the Mayavi project. And there are many more!
### The world of Python, so far
• Python operators
• the import statement
• the NumPy library for array mathematics
• the Matplotlib library for plotting
• calling library functions by prepending the library name with a dot, e.g., numpy.linspace()
• making a line plot
• there’s a world of Python libraries for science and data
### Optional next step: explore published notebooks
There are many ways you can go from here. To whet your appetite, you could browse for a bit on the Gallery of Interesting IPython Notebooks. Find a topic that interests you and see if there is a notebook that someone has shared; study the code examples and see if you can replicate some of it on your own fresh notebook.
If you would like to follow a step-by-step tutorial that teaches a foundation in computational fluid dynamics, let me introduce you to our very own "CFD Python. 12 steps to Navier-Stokes" — you can follow this 12-step program to build a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for 2D cavity flow and 2D channel flow, using the finite-difference method.
## Jupyter like a pro
In this third section, we want to leave you with pro tips for using Jupyter in your future work.
### Importing libraries
First, a word on importing libraries. Previously, we used the following command to load all the functions in the NumPy library:
import numpy
Once you execute that command in a code cell, you call any NumPy function by prepending the library name, e.g., numpy.linspace(), numpy.ones(), numpy.zeros(), numpy.empty(), numpy.copy(), and so on (explore the documentation for these very useful functions!).
But, you will find a lot of sample code online that uses a different syntax for importing. They will do:
import numpy as np
All this does is create an alias for numpy with the shorter string np, so you then would call a NumPy function like this: np.linspace(). This is just an alternative way of doing it, for lazy people that find it too long to type numpy and want to save 3 characters each time. For the not-lazy, typing numpy is more readable and beautiful. We like it better like this:
import numpy
When you make a plot using Matplotlib, you have many options to make your plots beautiful and publication-ready. Here are some of our favorite tricks.
First, let’s load the pyplot module—and remember, %matplotlib notebook gets our plots inside the notebook (instead of a pop-up).
Our first trick is rcparams: we use it to customize the appearance of the plots. Here, we set the default font to a serif type of size 14 pt and make the size of the font for the axes labels 18 pt. Honestly, the default font is too small.
from matplotlib import pyplot
%matplotlib notebook
pyplot.rcParams['font.family'] = 'serif'
pyplot.rcParams['font.size'] = 14
pyplot.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 18
The following example is from a tutorial by Dr. Justin Bois, a lecturer in Biology and Biological Engineering at Caltech, for his class in Data Analysis in the Biological Sciences (2015). He has given us permission to use it.
## Get an array of 100 evenly spaced points from 0 to 2*pi
x = numpy.linspace(0.0, 2.0 * numpy.pi, 100)
## Make a pointwise function of x with exp(sin(x))
y = numpy.exp(numpy.sin(x))
Here, we added comments in the Python code with the # mark. Comments are often useful not only for others who read the code, but as a "note to self" for the future you!
Let’s see how the plot looks with the new font settings we gave Matplotlib, and make the plot more friendly by adding axis labels. This is always a good idea!
pyplot.figure()
pyplot.plot(x, y, color='k', linestyle='-')
pyplot.xlabel('$x$')
pyplot.ylabel('$\mathrm{e}^{\sin(x)}$')
pyplot.xlim(0.0, 2.0 * numpy.pi);
Did you see how Matplotlib understands LaTeX mathematics? That is beautiful. The function pyplot.xlim() specifies the limits of the x-axis (you can also manually specify the y-axis, if the defaults are not good for you).
Continuing with the tutorial example by Justin Bois, let’s have some mathematical fun and numerically compute the derivative of this function, using finite differences. We need to apply the following mathematical formula on all the discrete points of the x array:
By the way, did you notice how we can typeset beautiful mathematics within a markdown cell? The Jupyter notebook is happy typesetting mathematics using LaTeX syntax.
Since this notebook is "Jupyter like a pro," we will define a custom Python function to compute the forward difference. It is good form to define custom functions to make your code modular and reusable.
def forward_diff(y, x):
"""Compute derivative by forward differencing."""
# Use numpy.empty to make an empty array to put our derivatives in
deriv = numpy.empty(y.size - 1)
# Use a for-loop to go through each point and compute the derivative.
for i in range(deriv.size):
deriv[i] = (y[i+1] - y[i]) / (x[i+1] - x[i])
# Return the derivative (a NumPy array)
return deriv
## Call the function to perform finite differencing
deriv = forward_diff(y, x)
Notice how we define a function with the def statement, followed by our custom name for the fuction, the function arguments in parenthesis, and ending the statement with a colon. The contents of the function are indicated by the indentation (four spaces, in this case), and the return statement indicates what the function returns to the code that called it (in this case, the contents of the variable deriv). Right after the function definition (in between triple quotes) is the docstring, a short text documenting what the function does. It is good form to always write docstrings for your functions!
In our custom forward_diff() function, we used numpy.empty() to create an empty array of length y.size-1, that is, one less than the length of the array y. Then, we start a for-loop that iterates over values of i using the range() function of Python. This is a very useful function that you should think about for a little bit. What it does is create a list of integers. If you give it just one argument, it’s a "stop" argument: range(stop) creates a list of integers from 0 to stop-1, i.e., the list has stop numbers in it because it always starts at zero. But you can also give it a "start" and "step" argument.
Experiment with this, if you need to. It’s important that you internalize the way range() works. Go ahead and create a new code cell, and try things like:
for i in range(5):
print(i)
changing the arguments of range(). (Note how we end the for statement with a colon.) Now think for a bit: how many numbers does the list have in the case of our custom function forward_diff()?
Now, we will make a plot of the numerical derivative of $$\exp(\sin(x))$$. We can also compare with the analytical derivative:
deriv_exact = y * numpy.cos(x) # analytical derivative
pyplot.figure()
pyplot.plot((x[1:] + x[:-1]) / 2.0, deriv,
label='numerical',
marker='.', color='gray',
linestyle='None', markersize=10)
pyplot.plot(x, deriv_exact,
label='analytical',
color='k', linestyle='-') # analytical derivative in black line
pyplot.xlabel('$x$')
pyplot.ylabel('$\mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x$')
pyplot.xlim(0.0, 2.0 * numpy.pi)
pyplot.legend(loc='upper center', numpoints=1);
Stop for a bit and look at the first pyplot.plot() call above. The square brackets normally are how you access a particular element of an array via its index: x[0] is the first element of x, and x[i+1] is the i-th element. What’s very cool is that you can also use negative indices: they indicate counting backwards from the end of the array, so x[-1] is the last element of x.
A neat trick of arrays is called slicing: picking elements using the colon notation. Its general form is x[start:stop:step]. Note that, like the range() function, the stop index is exclusive, i.e., x[stop] is not included in the result.
For example, this code will give the odd numbers from 1 to 7:
x = numpy.array( [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] )
x[1:-1:2]
Try it! Remember, Python arrays are indexed from 0, so x[1] is the second element. The end-point in the slice above is index -1, that’s the last array element (not included in the result), and we're stepping by 2, i.e., every other element. If the step is not given, it defaults to 1. If start is not given, it defaults to the first array element, and if stop is not given, it defaults to the last element. Try several variations on the slice, until you're comfortable with it.
### There’s a built-in for that
Here’s another pro tip: whenever you find yourself writing a custom function for something that seems that a lot of people might use, find out first if there’s a built-in for that. In this case, NumPy does indeed have a built-in for taking the numerical derivative by differencing! Check it out. We also use the function numpy.allclose() to check if the two results are close.
numpy_deriv = numpy.diff(y) / numpy.diff(x)
print('Are the two results close? {}'.format(numpy.allclose(numpy_deriv, deriv)))
Output
Are the two results close? True
Not only is the code much more compact and easy to read with the built-in NumPy function for the numerical derivative ... it is also much faster:
%timeit numpy_deriv = numpy.diff(y) / numpy.diff(x)
%timeit deriv = forward_diff(y, x)
Output
100000 loops, best of 3: 13.4 µs per loop
10000 loops, best of 3: 75.2 µs per loop
NumPy functions will always be faster than equivalent code you write yourself because at the heart they use pre-compiled code and highly optimized numerical libraries, like BLAS and LAPACK.
### Do math like a pro
Do you want to compute the integral of $$y(x) = \mathrm{e}^{\sin x}$$? Of course you do. We find the analytical integral using the integral formulas for modified Bessel functions:
where $$I_0$$ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. But if you don't have your special-functions handbook handy, we can find the integral with Python. We just need the right modules from the SciPy library. SciPy has a module of special functions, including Bessel functions, called scipy.special. Let’s get that loaded, then use it to compute the exact integral:
import scipy.special
exact_integral = 2.0 * numpy.pi * scipy.special.iv(0, 1.0)
print('Exact integral: {}'.format(exact_integral))
Output
Exact integral: 7.95492652101
Or instead, we may want to compute the integral numerically, via the trapezoid rule. The integral is over one period of a periodic function, so only the constant term of its Fourier series will contribute (the periodic terms integrate to zero). The constant Fourier term is the mean of the function over the interval, and the integral is the area of a rectangle: $$2\pi \langle y(x)\rangle_x$$. Sampling $$y$$ at $$n$$ evenly spaced points over the interval of length $$2\pi$$, we have:
NumPy gives as a mean method to quickly get the sum:
approx_integral = 2.0 * numpy.pi * y[:-1].mean()
print('Approximate integral: {}'.format(approx_integral))
print('Error: {}'.format(exact_integral - approx_integral))
Output
Approximate integral: 7.95492652101
Error: 0.0
approx_integral = 2.0 * numpy.pi * numpy.mean(y[:-1])
print('Approximate integral: {}'.format(approx_integral))
print('Error: {}'.format(exact_integral - approx_integral))
Output
Approximate integral: 7.95492652101
Error: 0.0
The syntax y.mean() applies the mean() NumPy method to the array y. Here, we apply the method to a slice of y that does not include the last element (see discussion of slicing above). We could have also done numpy.mean(y[:-1]) (the function equivalent of the method mean() applied to an array); they give equivalent results and which one you choose is a matter of style.
### Beautiful interactive plots with Bokeh
Matplotlib will be your workhorse for creating plots in notebooks. But it’s not the only game in town! A recent new player is Bokeh, a visualization library to make amazing interactive plots and share them online. It can also handle very large data sets with excellent performance.
If you installed Anaconda in your system, you will probably already have Bokeh. You can check if it’s there by running the conda list command. If you installed Miniconda, you will need to install it with conda install bokeh.
After installing Bokeh, we have many modules available: bokeh.plotting gives you the ability to create interactive figures with zoom, pan, resize, save, and other tools.
from bokeh import plotting as bplotting
Bokeh integrates with Jupyter notebooks by calling the output function, as follows:
bplotting.output_notebook()
Output
BokehJS successfully loaded.
## create a new Bokeh plot with axis labels, name it "bop"
bop = bplotting.figure(x_axis_label='x', y_axis_label='dy/dx')
## add a title, change the font
bop.title = "Derivative of exp(sin(x))"
bop.title_text_font = "palatino"
## add a line with legend and line thickness to "bop"
bop.line(x, deriv_exact, legend="analytical", line_width=2)
## add circle markers with legend, specify color
bop.circle((x[1:] + x[:-1]) / 2.0, deriv, legend="numerical", fill_color="gray", size=8, line_color=None)
bop.grid.grid_line_alpha=0.3
bplotting.show(bop);
Note—As of June 2016 (v.0.11.1), Bokeh does not support LaTeX on axis labels. This is an issue they are working on, so stay tuned!
Look at the neat tools on the Bokeh figure: you can zoom in to any portion to explore the data, you can drag the plot area around, resize and finally save the figure to a file. You also have many beautiful styling options!
(C) CodeAhoy. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Original content The world of Jupyter”—a tutorial. Used under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.
| 2022-12-01T09:32:25 |
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|
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/mpc/section4/mpc44.htm
|
2. Measurement Process Characterization
2.4. Gauge R & R studies
## Analysis of variability
Analysis of variability from a nested design The purpose of this section is to show the effect of various levels of time-dependent effects on the variability of the measurement process with standard deviations for each level of a 3-level nested design. The graph below depicts possible scenarios for a 2-level design (short-term repetitions and days) to illustrate the concepts.
Depiction of 2 measurement processes with the same short-term variability over 6 days where process 1 has large between-day variability and process 2 has negligible between-day variability
Process 1 Process 2
Large between-day variability Small between-day variability
Distributions of short-term measurements over 6 days where distances from centerlines illustrate between-day variability
Hint on using tabular method of analysis An easy way to begin is with a 2-level table with J columns and K rows for the repeatability/reproducibility measurements and proceed as follows:
1. Compute an average for each row and put it in the J + 1 column.
2. Compute the level-1 (repeatability) standard deviation for each row and put it in the J + 2 column.
3. Compute the grand average and the level-2 standard deviation from data in the J + 1 column.
4. Repeat the table for each of the L runs.
5. Compute the level-3 standard deviation from the L grand averages.
Level-1: LK repeatability standard deviations can be computed from the data The measurements from the nested design are denoted by $$Y_{lkj}(l = 1, \, \ldots, \, L, \,\, k=1, \,\ldots, \, K, \,\, j=1, \,\ldots, \, J) \,\, .$$ Equations corresponding to the tabular analysis are shown below. Level-1 repeatability standard deviations, $${\large s}_{1lk}$$ , are pooled over the K days and L runs. Individual standard deviations with (J - 1) degrees of freedom each are computed from J repetitions as $$s_{1lk} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{J-1} \sum_{j=1}^{J}{(Y_{lkj} - \overline{Y}_{lk{\small \, \bullet}})^2}}$$ where $$\overline{Y}_{lk{\small \, \bullet}} = \frac{1}{J}\sum_{j=1}^{J}{\overline{Y}_{lkj}} \,\, .$$
Level-2: L reproducibility standard deviations can be computed from the data The level-2 standard deviation, $${\large s}_{2l}$$, is pooled over the L runs. Individual standard deviations with (K - 1) degrees of freedom each are computed from K daily averages as $${\large s}_{2l} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{K-1} \sum_{k=1}^{K}{\left( Y_{lk{\small \, \bullet}} - \overline{Y}_{l{\small \, \bullet \bullet}} \right)^2}}$$ where $$\overline{Y}_{l{\small \, \bullet \bullet}} = \frac{1}{K}\sum_{k=1}^{K}{\overline{Y}_{lk {\small \, \bullet}}} \,\,\, .$$
Level-3: A single global standard deviation can be computed from the L-run averages A level-3 standard deviation with (L - 1) degrees of freedom is computed from the L-run averages as $${\large s}_{3} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{L-1} \sum_{l=1}^{L}{\left( Y_{l{\small \, \bullet \bullet}} - \overline{Y}_{{\small \bullet \bullet \bullet}} \right)^2}}$$ where $$\overline{Y}_{{\small \bullet \bullet \bullet}} = \frac{1}{L}\sum_{l=1}^{L}{\overline{Y}_{l {\small \, \bullet \bullet}}} \,\,\, .$$
Relationship to uncertainty for a test item The standard deviation that defines the uncertainty for a single measurement on a test item is given by $${\large s}_R = \sqrt{{\large s}_{runs}^2 + {\large s}_{days}^2 + {\large s}_1^2} = \sqrt{{\large s}_3^2 + \frac{K-1}{K} {\large s}_2^2 + \frac{J-1}{J} {\large s}_1^2} \,\, ,$$ where the pooled values, $${\large s}_1$$ and $${\large s}_2$$, are the usual $${\large s}_1 = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{l=1}^{L}{\sum_{k=1}^{K}{{\large s}_{1lk}^{2}}}}{LK}}$$ and $${\large s}_2 = \sqrt{\frac{1}{L} \sum_{l=1}^{L}{{\large s}_{2l}^{2}}} \,\,\, .$$ The time-dependent components can be computed individually as: $${\large s}_{runs} = \sqrt{{\large s}_3^2 - \frac{1}{K} {\large s_2^2}}$$ $${\large s}_{days} = \sqrt{{\large s}_2^2 - \frac{1}{J} {\large s_1^2}} \,\,\, .$$ There may be other sources of uncertainty in the measurement process that must be accounted for in a formal analysis of uncertainty.
| 2018-05-27T17:47:58 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ahooley.christopher
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Hooley, Christopher
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: hooley.christopher Published as: Hooley, C.; Hooley, Christopher External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 99 Publications since 1957, including 3 Books
#### Co-Authors
97 single-authored 1 Burkill, H. 1 Halberstam, Heini 1 Ledermann, Walter 1 Perfect, Hazel
all top 5
#### Serials
23 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 11 Acta Arithmetica 7 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 6 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 5 Acta Mathematica 5 Hardy-Ramanujan Journal 4 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 4 Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 3 Journal of Number Theory 3 Mathematika 2 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 2 The Asian Journal of Mathematics 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Publicationes Mathematicae 1 Revista Matemática Complutense 1 Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics
#### Fields
86 Number theory (11-XX) 7 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
76 Publications have been cited 748 times in 562 Documents Cited by Year
On Artin’s conjecture. Zbl 0221.10048
Hooley, Christopher
1967
Applications of sieve methods to the theory of numbers. Zbl 0327.10044
Hooley, C.
1976
On the number od divisors of quadratic polynomials. Zbl 0116.03802
Hooley, C.
1963
An asymptotic formula in the theory of numbers. Zbl 0079.27301
Hooley, C.
1957
On a new technique and its applications to the theory of numbers. Zbl 0394.10027
Hooley, C.
1979
On the representation of a number as the sum of two squares and a prime. Zbl 0078.03504
Hooley, C.
1957
On the greatest prime factor of a quadratic polynomial. Zbl 0146.05704
Hooley, C.
1967
On nonary cubic forms. Zbl 0641.10019
Hooley, Christopher
1988
On the number of points on a complete intersection over a finite field. (Appendix: Number of points on singular complete intersections by Nicholas M. Katz). Zbl 0729.11028
Hooley, C.
1991
On the power free values of polynomials. Zbl 0166.05203
Hooley, C.
1967
On Waring’s problem. Zbl 0614.10038
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On another sieve method and the numbers that are a sum of two h-th powers. Zbl 0463.10035
Hooley, C.
1981
On the distribution of the roots of polynomial congruences. Zbl 0123.25802
Hooley, C.
1964
On the greatest prime factor of a cubic polynomial. Zbl 0391.10028
Hooley, Christopher
1978
On the representation of a number as the sum of a square and a product. Zbl 0081.03904
Hooley, Christopher
1958
On some topics connected with Waring’s problem. Zbl 0589.10052
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. I. Zbl 0304.10027
Hooley, Christopher
1975
On another sieve method and the numbers that are a sum of two $$h$$th powers. II. Zbl 0848.11041
Hooley, Christopher
1996
On the Pellian equation and the class number of indefinite binary quadratic forms. Zbl 0539.10019
Hooley, Christopher
1984
On the numbers that are representable as the sum of two cubes. Zbl 0423.10026
Hooley, Christopher
1980
A note on square-free numbers in arithmetic progressions. Zbl 0308.10030
Hooley, C.
1975
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. III. Zbl 0283.10031
Hooley, Christopher
1974
On the representations of a number as the sum of two cubes. Zbl 0112.27502
Hooley, C.
1963
On nonary cubic forms: III. Zbl 0833.11048
Hooley, Christopher
1994
On binary cubic forms. Zbl 0163.04605
Hooley, C.
1967
On nonary cubic forms. II. Zbl 0719.11017
Hooley, Christopher
1991
On the difference of consecutive numbers prime to $$n$$. Zbl 0121.04706
Hooley, C.
1963
On the power-free values of polynomials in two variables. Zbl 1226.11098
Hooley, C.
2009
On a new approach to various problems of Waring’s type. Zbl 0463.10037
Hooley, C.
1981
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. Zbl 0226.10048
Hooley, Christopher
1971
On Waring’s problem for two squares and three cubes. Zbl 0463.10036
Hooley, Christopher
1981
On the representations of a number as the sum of four cubes. I. Zbl 0368.10038
Hooley, C.
1978
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. VII. Zbl 0377.10023
Hooley, C.
1977
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. III. Zbl 0304.10029
Hooley, C.
1975
On the Brun-Titchmarsh theorem. Zbl 0252.10045
Hooley, Christopher
1972
On the difference between consecutive numbers prime to n. III. Zbl 0142.29202
Hooley, C.
1965
On the representation of a number as the sum of two h-th powers. Zbl 0123.04303
Hooley, Christopher
1964
On ternary quadratic forms that represent zero. Zbl 0774.11019
Hooley, C.
1993
On binary quartic forms. Zbl 0577.10022
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. II. Zbl 0304.10028
Hooley, C.
1975
On the difference between consecutive numbers prime to n. II. Zbl 0142.29201
Hooley, C.
1965
On the power-free values of polynomials in two variables. II. Zbl 1233.11101
Hooley, C.
2009
On Waring’s problem for three squares and an $$\ell$$th power. Zbl 1030.11052
Hooley, C.
2000
On binary cubic forms. II. Zbl 0989.11019
Hooley, Christopher
2000
On hypothesis $$K^*$$ in Waring’s problem. Zbl 0930.11071
Hooley, C.
1997
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. IV. Zbl 0799.11034
Hooley, Christopher
1994
On exponential sums and certain of their applications. Zbl 0488.10041
Hooley, C.
1982
On the Brun-Titchmarsh theorem. II. Zbl 0301.10040
Hooley, C.
1975
On the largest prime factor of p + a. Zbl 0288.10013
Hooley, C.
1973
On octonary cubic forms. Zbl 1343.11044
Hooley, Christopher
2014
On ternary quadratic forms that represent zero. II. Zbl 1146.11023
Hooley, Christopher
2007
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XII. Zbl 0943.11042
Hooley, C.
1999
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. IV. Zbl 0313.10042
Hooley, C.
1975
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. II. Zbl 0261.10040
Hooley, C.
1973
On the diophantine equation $$ax^2 +by^2 +cz^2 +2fyz+2gzx+2hxy = 0$$. Zbl 0191.04901
Hooley, Christopher
1968
On octonary cubic forms. II. Zbl 1378.11047
Hooley, Christopher
2015
On theorems of Barban-Davenport-Halberstam type. Zbl 1039.11057
Hooley, C.
2002
On totally reducible binary forms. II. Zbl 1022.11046
Hooley, C.
2002
On totally reducible binary forms. I. Zbl 0989.11044
Hooley, C.
2001
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XIII. Zbl 0966.11040
Hooley, C.
2000
Recent progress in analytic number theory, Durham Symposium 1979. Vol. 1, 2. Zbl 0451.00001
Halberstam, H. (ed.); Hooley, C. (ed.)
1981
On power-free numbers and polynomials. I, II. Zbl 0354.10038
Hooley, Christopher
1977
The distribution of sequences in arithmetic progressions. Zbl 0335.10046
Hooley, C.
1975
On the intervals between consecutive terms of sequences. Zbl 0268.10043
Hooley, Christopher
1973
On the distribution of square-free numbers. Zbl 0268.10031
Hooley, C.
1973
On the square-free values of cubic polynomials. Zbl 0157.09203
Hooley, C.
1968
On nonary cubic forms. IV. Zbl 1370.11118
Hooley, Christopher
2013
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XVIII. Zbl 1137.11337
Hooley, C.
2005
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. VIII. Zbl 0907.11028
Hooley, Christopher
1998
On a problem of Hardy and Littlewood. Zbl 0877.11052
Hooley, Christopher
1997
On an elementary inequality in the theory of diophantine approximation. Zbl 0854.11036
Hooley, C.
1996
On an almost pure sieve. Zbl 0821.11046
Hooley, C.
1994
Applications of sieve methods to the theory of numbers. (Primeneniya metodov resheta v teorii chisel). Transl. from the English by V. N. Chubarikov. Zbl 0624.10037
Hooley, C.
1987
On the representations of numbers by binary cubic forms. Zbl 0577.10021
Hooley, C.
1985
On the representations of a number as the sum of four cubes: II. Zbl 0381.10034
Hooley, C.
1977
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. V. Zbl 0338.10043
Hooley, C.
1976
On octonary cubic forms. II. Zbl 1378.11047
Hooley, Christopher
2015
On octonary cubic forms. Zbl 1343.11044
Hooley, Christopher
2014
On nonary cubic forms. IV. Zbl 1370.11118
Hooley, Christopher
2013
On the power-free values of polynomials in two variables. Zbl 1226.11098
Hooley, C.
2009
On the power-free values of polynomials in two variables. II. Zbl 1233.11101
Hooley, C.
2009
On ternary quadratic forms that represent zero. II. Zbl 1146.11023
Hooley, Christopher
2007
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XVIII. Zbl 1137.11337
Hooley, C.
2005
On theorems of Barban-Davenport-Halberstam type. Zbl 1039.11057
Hooley, C.
2002
On totally reducible binary forms. II. Zbl 1022.11046
Hooley, C.
2002
On totally reducible binary forms. I. Zbl 0989.11044
Hooley, C.
2001
On Waring’s problem for three squares and an $$\ell$$th power. Zbl 1030.11052
Hooley, C.
2000
On binary cubic forms. II. Zbl 0989.11019
Hooley, Christopher
2000
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XIII. Zbl 0966.11040
Hooley, C.
2000
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. XII. Zbl 0943.11042
Hooley, C.
1999
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. VIII. Zbl 0907.11028
Hooley, Christopher
1998
On hypothesis $$K^*$$ in Waring’s problem. Zbl 0930.11071
Hooley, C.
1997
On a problem of Hardy and Littlewood. Zbl 0877.11052
Hooley, Christopher
1997
On another sieve method and the numbers that are a sum of two $$h$$th powers. II. Zbl 0848.11041
Hooley, Christopher
1996
On an elementary inequality in the theory of diophantine approximation. Zbl 0854.11036
Hooley, C.
1996
On nonary cubic forms: III. Zbl 0833.11048
Hooley, Christopher
1994
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. IV. Zbl 0799.11034
Hooley, Christopher
1994
On an almost pure sieve. Zbl 0821.11046
Hooley, C.
1994
On ternary quadratic forms that represent zero. Zbl 0774.11019
Hooley, C.
1993
On the number of points on a complete intersection over a finite field. (Appendix: Number of points on singular complete intersections by Nicholas M. Katz). Zbl 0729.11028
Hooley, C.
1991
On nonary cubic forms. II. Zbl 0719.11017
Hooley, Christopher
1991
On nonary cubic forms. Zbl 0641.10019
Hooley, Christopher
1988
Applications of sieve methods to the theory of numbers. (Primeneniya metodov resheta v teorii chisel). Transl. from the English by V. N. Chubarikov. Zbl 0624.10037
Hooley, C.
1987
On Waring’s problem. Zbl 0614.10038
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On some topics connected with Waring’s problem. Zbl 0589.10052
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On binary quartic forms. Zbl 0577.10022
Hooley, Christopher
1986
On the representations of numbers by binary cubic forms. Zbl 0577.10021
Hooley, C.
1985
On the Pellian equation and the class number of indefinite binary quadratic forms. Zbl 0539.10019
Hooley, Christopher
1984
On exponential sums and certain of their applications. Zbl 0488.10041
Hooley, C.
1982
On another sieve method and the numbers that are a sum of two h-th powers. Zbl 0463.10035
Hooley, C.
1981
On a new approach to various problems of Waring’s type. Zbl 0463.10037
Hooley, C.
1981
On Waring’s problem for two squares and three cubes. Zbl 0463.10036
Hooley, Christopher
1981
Recent progress in analytic number theory, Durham Symposium 1979. Vol. 1, 2. Zbl 0451.00001
Halberstam, H. (ed.); Hooley, C. (ed.)
1981
On the numbers that are representable as the sum of two cubes. Zbl 0423.10026
Hooley, Christopher
1980
On a new technique and its applications to the theory of numbers. Zbl 0394.10027
Hooley, C.
1979
On the greatest prime factor of a cubic polynomial. Zbl 0391.10028
Hooley, Christopher
1978
On the representations of a number as the sum of four cubes. I. Zbl 0368.10038
Hooley, C.
1978
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. VII. Zbl 0377.10023
Hooley, C.
1977
On power-free numbers and polynomials. I, II. Zbl 0354.10038
Hooley, Christopher
1977
On the representations of a number as the sum of four cubes: II. Zbl 0381.10034
Hooley, C.
1977
Applications of sieve methods to the theory of numbers. Zbl 0327.10044
Hooley, C.
1976
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. V. Zbl 0338.10043
Hooley, C.
1976
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. I. Zbl 0304.10027
Hooley, Christopher
1975
A note on square-free numbers in arithmetic progressions. Zbl 0308.10030
Hooley, C.
1975
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. III. Zbl 0304.10029
Hooley, C.
1975
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. II. Zbl 0304.10028
Hooley, C.
1975
On the Brun-Titchmarsh theorem. II. Zbl 0301.10040
Hooley, C.
1975
On the Barban-Davenport-Halberstam theorem. IV. Zbl 0313.10042
Hooley, C.
1975
The distribution of sequences in arithmetic progressions. Zbl 0335.10046
Hooley, C.
1975
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. III. Zbl 0283.10031
Hooley, Christopher
1974
On the largest prime factor of p + a. Zbl 0288.10013
Hooley, C.
1973
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. II. Zbl 0261.10040
Hooley, C.
1973
On the intervals between consecutive terms of sequences. Zbl 0268.10043
Hooley, Christopher
1973
On the distribution of square-free numbers. Zbl 0268.10031
Hooley, C.
1973
On the Brun-Titchmarsh theorem. Zbl 0252.10045
Hooley, Christopher
1972
On the intervals between numbers that are sums of two squares. Zbl 0226.10048
Hooley, Christopher
1971
On the diophantine equation $$ax^2 +by^2 +cz^2 +2fyz+2gzx+2hxy = 0$$. Zbl 0191.04901
Hooley, Christopher
1968
On the square-free values of cubic polynomials. Zbl 0157.09203
Hooley, C.
1968
On Artin’s conjecture. Zbl 0221.10048
Hooley, Christopher
1967
On the greatest prime factor of a quadratic polynomial. Zbl 0146.05704
Hooley, C.
1967
On the power free values of polynomials. Zbl 0166.05203
Hooley, C.
1967
On binary cubic forms. Zbl 0163.04605
Hooley, C.
1967
On the difference between consecutive numbers prime to n. III. Zbl 0142.29202
Hooley, C.
1965
On the difference between consecutive numbers prime to n. II. Zbl 0142.29201
Hooley, C.
1965
On the distribution of the roots of polynomial congruences. Zbl 0123.25802
Hooley, C.
1964
On the representation of a number as the sum of two h-th powers. Zbl 0123.04303
Hooley, Christopher
1964
On the number od divisors of quadratic polynomials. Zbl 0116.03802
Hooley, C.
1963
On the representations of a number as the sum of two cubes. Zbl 0112.27502
Hooley, C.
1963
On the difference of consecutive numbers prime to $$n$$. Zbl 0121.04706
Hooley, C.
1963
On the representation of a number as the sum of a square and a product. Zbl 0081.03904
Hooley, Christopher
1958
An asymptotic formula in the theory of numbers. Zbl 0079.27301
Hooley, C.
1957
On the representation of a number as the sum of two squares and a prime. Zbl 0078.03504
Hooley, C.
1957
all top 5
#### Cited by 489 Authors
18 Hooley, Christopher 17 Murty, Maruti Ram 15 Moree, Pieter 13 Brüdern, Jörg 13 Heath-Brown, Roger 13 Wooley, Trevor D. 12 Browning, Timothy Daniel 12 Fouvry, Etienne 12 Tenenbaum, Gérald 9 Zaharescu, Alexandru 8 Golubeva, Elena P. 7 Harman, Glyn 7 Motohashi, Yoichi 7 Solé, Patrick 6 Baker, Roger C. 6 Dietmann, Rainer 6 Fomenko, Oleg Mstislavovich 6 Iwaniec, Henryk 6 Shi, Minjia 6 Shparlinski, Igor E. 6 Vaughan, Robert C. 5 Elliott, Peter D. T. A. 5 Friedlander, John Benjamin 5 Gupta, Rajiv 5 Hall, Richard R. 5 Kátai, Imre 5 Lapkova, Kostadinka 5 Murata, Leo 5 Pappalardi, Francesco 5 Pomerance, Carl Bernard 5 Stewart, Cameron L. 4 Bach, Eric 4 Bykovskiĭ, Viktor Alekseevich 4 Cai, Yingchun 4 Cojocaru, Alina Carmen 4 Elsholtz, Christian 4 Greaves, George 4 Kawada, Koichi 4 Mauduit, Christian 4 Sárközy, András 4 Templier, Nicolas 4 Tolev, Doychin I. 4 Xi, Ping 4 Xiao, Stanley Yao 3 Alkan, Emre 3 Blomer, Valentin 3 Bombieri, Enrico 3 Chinen, Koji 3 Dartyge, Cécile 3 Deshouillers, Jean-Marc 3 Drappeau, Sary 3 Felix, Adam Tyler 3 Ford, Kevin B. 3 Fujii, Akio 3 Granville, Andrew James 3 Indlekofer, Karl-Heinz 3 Kim, Henry H. 3 Kurlberg, Pär 3 Loughran, Daniel 3 Lu, Guangshi 3 Luca, Florian 3 Marmon, Oscar 3 Maynard, James 3 Nair, Mohan 3 Ono, Ken 3 Pollack, Paul 3 Poonen, Bjorn 3 Qian, Liqin 3 Roskam, Hans 3 Sarnak, Peter Clive 3 Sofos, Efthymios 3 Stevenhagen, Peter 3 Tao, Terence 3 Wu, Jie 3 Zhu, Hongwei 2 Ahlswede, Rudolf 2 Akbary, Amir 2 Alahmadi, Adel N. 2 Baier, Stephan 2 Bean, Michael A. 2 Boca, Florin-Petre 2 Bochkarev, Sergei Viktorovich 2 Bourgain, Jean 2 Cardona, Duván 2 Chen, Yenmei J. 2 Cho, Peter Jaehyun 2 Chow, Sam 2 De Koninck, Jean-Marie 2 de la Bretèche, Régis 2 Dudek, Adrian W. 2 Filaseta, Michael A. 2 Freiberg, Tristan 2 Gallot, Yves 2 Goresky, Robert Mark 2 Grau, José María 2 Griffin, Michael J. 2 Halberstam, Heini 2 Helfgott, Harald Andrés 2 Hinz, Jürgen G. 2 Hsu, Chih-Nung ...and 389 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 123 Serials
85 Journal of Number Theory 27 Mathematika 20 Inventiones Mathematicae 19 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 18 Mathematische Zeitschrift 15 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 15 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 14 Archiv der Mathematik 14 Duke Mathematical Journal 14 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 14 Mathematische Annalen 11 Acta Mathematica 11 Compositio Mathematica 11 International Journal of Number Theory 10 Monatshefte für Mathematik 10 Finite Fields and their Applications 9 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 8 Mathematical Notes 8 Mathematics of Computation 6 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 6 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 6 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 6 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 6 Forum Mathematicum 6 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 6 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 5 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 5 Experimental Mathematics 4 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 4 Acta Arithmetica 4 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 4 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 4 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 4 The Ramanujan Journal 4 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 4 Science China. Mathematics 4 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 3 Israel Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 3 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 3 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Theoretical Computer Science 3 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 3 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 3 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 3 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 American Mathematical Monthly 2 Communications in Mathematical Physics 2 Discrete Applied Mathematics 2 Discrete Mathematics 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 2 Mathematica Slovaca 2 Michigan Mathematical Journal 2 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 2 Journal of Cryptology 2 Séminaire de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux. Deuxième Série 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática. Nova Série 2 Doklady Mathematics 2 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 2 Cryptography and Communications 2 Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 1 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 1 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 1 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 The Mathematical Intelligencer 1 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Colloquium Mathematicum 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 Advances in Applied Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 1 International Journal of Mathematics 1 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 1 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 1 Discrete Mathematics and Applications 1 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 1 L’Enseignement Mathématique. 2e Série 1 Mémoires de la Société Mathématique de France. Nouvelle Série 1 Expositiones Mathematicae 1 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 1 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI ...and 23 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 30 Fields
531 Number theory (11-XX) 59 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 17 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 10 Combinatorics (05-XX) 5 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 5 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 5 Computer science (68-XX) 4 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 4 Geometry (51-XX) 4 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-05-15T14:25:18 |
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http://mathonline.wikidot.com/the-method-of-undetermined-coefficients-examples-2
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The Method of Undetermined Coefficients Examples 2
Table of Contents
# The Method of Undetermined Coefficients Examples 2
Recall from The Method of Undetermined Coefficients page that if we have a second order linear nonhomogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients of the form $a \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + b \frac{dy}{dt} + cy = g(t)$ where $a, b, c \in \mathbb{R}$, then if $g(t)$ is of a form containing polynomials, sines, cosines, or the exponential function $e^x$.
To solve these type of differential equations, we first need to solve the corresponding linear homogeneous differential equation $a \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + b \frac{dy}{dt} + cy = 0$ for the homogeneous solution $y_h(t)$.. We then need to find a particular solution $Y(t)$ which will be of a particular form dependent on the combination of functions forming $g(t)$ (see the page linked above).
We can then solve for the coefficients and obtain a general solution $y = y_h(t) + Y(t)$.
We will now look at some more examples of applying this method.
## Example 1
Solve the following second order linear nonhomogeneous differential equation $\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} - 2 \frac{dy}{dt} - 3 y = -3te^{-t}$ using the method of undetermined coefficients.
The corresponding second order homogeneous differential equation is $\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} - 2 \frac{dy}{dt} - 3 y = 0$, and the characteristic equation is $r^2 - 2r - 3 = (r - 3)(r + 1) = 0$. The roots of the characteristic equation are therefore $r_1 = 3$ and $r_2 = -1$, and so the solution to the corresponding second order homogeneous differential equation is:
(1)
\begin{align} \quad y_h(t) = Ce^{3t} + De^{-t} \end{align}
We now need to find a particular solution $Y(t)$ to the second order nonhomogeneous differential equation. Assume $Y(t) = (P + Qt)e^{-t} = Pe^{-t} + Qte^{-t}$. Note that the first term is contained in the solution to the corresponding second order homogeneous differential equation, so instead, multiply each term by $t$ to get $Y(t) = Pte^{-t} + Qt^2e^{-t}$. The first and second derivatives of $Y$ are:
(2)
\begin{align} \quad Y'(t) = Pe^{-t} - Pte^{-t} + 2Qte^{-t} - Qt^2e^{-t} \end{align}
(3)
\begin{align} \quad Y''(t) = -2Pe^{-t} + Pte^{-t} + 2Qe^{-t} - 2Qte^{-t} - 2Qte^{-t} + Qt^2e^{-t} \end{align}
Plugging $Y(t)$, $Y'(t)$, and $Y''(t)$ into the second order nonhomogeneous differential equation gives us:
(4)
\begin{align} \quad \left [ -2Pe^{-t} + Pte^{-t} + 2Qe^{-t} - 2Qte^{-t} - 2Qte^{-t} + Qt^2e^{-t} \right ] - 2 \left [ Pe^{-t} - Pte^{-t} + 2Qte^{-t} - Qt^2e^{-t} \right ] - 3 \left [ Pte^{-t} + Qt^2e^{-t} \right ] = -3te^{-t} \\ \quad \left (-2P + 2Q - 2P\right ) e^{-t} + \left ( P - 2Q - 2Q + 2P - 4Q -3P \right ) te^{-t} + \left ( Q + 2Q - 3Q \right ) t^2e^{-t} = -3te^{-t} \\ \quad \left ( -4P + 2Q \right ) e^{-t} + \left (- 8Q \right ) te^{-t} = -3te^{-t} \end{align}
From the equation above, we see that $-8Q = -3$ so $Q = \frac{3}{8}$. We also see that $-4P + 2Q = 0$ so $P = \frac{3}{16}$. Therefore a particular solution to the second order nonhomogeneous differential equation is $\left ( \frac{3}{16}t + \frac{3}{8}t^2 \right ) e^{-t}$. Therefore the general solution to the second order nonhomogeneous differential equation from above is:
(5)
\begin{align} \quad y(t) = y_h(t) + Y(t) \\ \quad y(t) = Ce^{3t} + De^{-t} + \left ( \frac{3}{16}t + \frac{3}{8}t^2 \right ) e^{-t} \end{align}
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2022-10-02T23:49:08 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S045T&home=BXXX040
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# ${{\boldsymbol \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ MEAN LIFE INSPIRE search
VALUE ($10^{-15}$ s) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 456 \pm5}$ OUR AVERAGE
$457$ $\pm5$ $\pm3$ 56k 1
2019 AG
LHCB ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$
$503$ $\pm47$ $\pm18$ 250
2002
CLE2 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\approx{}{{\mathit \Upsilon}{(4S)}}$
$439$ $\pm22$ $\pm9$ 532
2001 D
FOCS ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ nucleus, ${{\overline{\mathit E}}}_{\gamma }$ $\approx{}$ 180 GeV
$340$ ${}^{+70}_{-50}$ $\pm20$ 56
1998
E687 ${{\mathit \gamma}}{}^{}\mathrm {Be}$, ${{\overline{\mathit E}}}_{\gamma }$= $220$ GeV
$400$ ${}^{+180}_{-120}$ $\pm100$ 102
1987
SPEC ${{\mathit n}}{}^{}\mathrm {A}$ $\simeq{}$ 600 GeV
$480$ ${}^{+210}_{-150}$ ${}^{+200}_{-100}$ 53
1985 C
SPEC ${{\mathit \Sigma}^{-}}{}^{}\mathrm {Be}$ 135 GeV
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$410$ ${}^{+110}_{-80}$ $\pm20$ 30
1993 B
E687
$200$ ${}^{+110}_{-60}$ 6
1989 C
ACCM ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ (${{\mathit K}^{-}}$) ${}^{}\mathrm {Cu}$ 230 GeV
1 AAIJ 2019AG reports [${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ MEAN LIFE] $/$ [${{\mathit D}^{\pm}}$ MEAN LIFE] = $0.4392$ $\pm0.0034$ $\pm0.0028$ which we multiply by our best value ${{\mathit D}^{\pm}}$ MEAN LIFE = ($1.040$ $\pm0.007$) $\times 10^{-12}$ s. Our first error is their experiment's error and our second error is the systematic error from using our best value.
References:
AAIJ 2019AG
PR D100 032001 Precision measurement of the $\Lambda_c^+$, $\Xi_c^+$ and $\Xi_c^0$ baryon lifetimes
MAHMOOD 2002
PR D65 031102 Measurement of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ Lifetime
PL B523 53 A New Measurement of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ Lifetime
PL B427 211 A New Measurement of the Lifetime of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$
PRL 70 1381 Measurement of the Mass and Lifetime of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$
PL B233 522 Measurement of the Mass and Lifetime of the Charmed Strange Baryon ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$
PRL 59 1530 Production of the Charmed Strange Baryon ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{+}}$ by Neutrons
PL 150B 230 Measurements of the Lifetime of the Charmed Strange Baryon ${{\mathit A}^{+}}$
| 2020-10-22T13:11:38 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.23
|
# §28.23 Expansions in Series of Bessel Functions
We use the following notations:
compare §10.2(ii). For the coefficients see §28.14. For and see §28.4.
valid for all when , and for and when .
valid for all when , and for and when .
In the case when is an integer
When , each of the series (28.23.6)–(28.23.13) converges for all . When the series in the even-numbered equations converge for and , and the series in the odd-numbered equations converge for and .
For proofs and generalizations, see Meixner and Schäfke (1954, §§2.62 and 2.64).
| 2013-06-19T02:33:31 |
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https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_ave_time.html
|
# fix ave/time command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID ave/time Nevery Nrepeat Nfreq value1 value2 ... keyword args ...
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• ave/time = style name of this fix command
• Nevery = use input values every this many timesteps
• Nrepeat = # of times to use input values for calculating averages
• Nfreq = calculate averages every this many timesteps
• one or more input values can be listed
• value = c_ID, c_ID[N], f_ID, f_ID[N], v_name
c_ID = global scalar or vector calculated by a compute with ID
c_ID[I] = Ith component of global vector or Ith column of global array calculated by a compute with ID, I can include wildcard (see below)
f_ID = global scalar or vector calculated by a fix with ID
f_ID[I] = Ith component of global vector or Ith column of global array calculated by a fix with ID, I can include wildcard (see below)
v_name = value(s) calculated by an equal-style or vector-style variable with name
v_name[I] = value calculated by a vector-style variable with name
• zero or more keyword/arg pairs may be appended
• keyword = mode or file or ave or start or off or overwrite or title1 or title2 or title3
mode arg = scalar or vector
scalar = all input values are global scalars
vector = all input values are global vectors or global arrays
ave args = one or running or window M
one = output a new average value every Nfreq steps
running = output cumulative average of all previous Nfreq steps
window M = output average of M most recent Nfreq steps
start args = Nstart
Nstart = start averaging on this timestep
off arg = M = do not average this value
M = value # from 1 to Nvalues
file arg = filename
filename = name of file to output time averages to
overwrite arg = none = overwrite output file with only latest output
format arg = string
string = C-style format string
title1 arg = string
string = text to print as 1st line of output file
title2 arg = string
string = text to print as 2nd line of output file
title3 arg = string
string = text to print as 3rd line of output file, only for vector mode
## Examples
fix 1 all ave/time 100 5 1000 c_myTemp c_thermo_temp file temp.profile
fix 1 all ave/time 100 5 1000 c_thermo_press[2] ave window 20 &
title1 "My output values"
fix 1 all ave/time 100 5 1000 c_thermo_press[*]
fix 1 all ave/time 1 100 1000 f_indent f_indent[1] file temp.indent off 1
## Description
Use one or more global values as inputs every few timesteps, and average them over longer timescales. The resulting averages can be used by other output commands such as thermo_style custom, and can also be written to a file. Note that if no time averaging is done, this command can be used as a convenient way to simply output one or more global values to a file.
The group specified with this command is ignored. However, note that specified values may represent calculations performed by computes and fixes which store their own “group” definitions.
Each listed value can be the result of a compute or fix or the evaluation of an equal-style or vector-style variable. In each case, the compute, fix, or variable must produce a global quantity, not a per-atom or local quantity. If you wish to spatial- or time-average or histogram per-atom quantities from a compute, fix, or variable, then see the fix ave/chunk, fix ave/atom, or fix ave/histo commands. If you wish to sum a per-atom quantity into a single global quantity, see the compute reduce command.
Computes that produce global quantities are those which do not have the word atom in their style name. Only a few fixes produce global quantities. See the doc pages for individual fixes for info on which ones produce such values. Variables of style equal and vector are the only ones that can be used with this fix. Variables of style atom cannot be used, since they produce per-atom values.
The input values must either be all scalars or all vectors depending on the setting of the mode keyword. In both cases, the averaging is performed independently on each input value. I.e. each input scalar is averaged independently or each element of each input vector is averaged independently.
If mode = scalar, then the input values must be scalars, or vectors with a bracketed term appended, indicating the Ith value of the vector is used.
If mode = vector, then the input values must be vectors, or arrays with a bracketed term appended, indicating the Ith column of the array is used. All vectors must be the same length, which is the length of the vector or number of rows in the array.
Note that for values from a compute or fix, the bracketed index I can be specified using a wildcard asterisk with the index to effectively specify multiple values. This takes the form “*” or “*n” or “n*” or “m*n”. If N = the size of the vector (for mode = scalar) or the number of columns in the array (for mode = vector), then an asterisk with no numeric values means all indices from 1 to N. A leading asterisk means all indices from 1 to n (inclusive). A trailing asterisk means all indices from n to N (inclusive). A middle asterisk means all indices from m to n (inclusive).
Using a wildcard is the same as if the individual elements of the vector or columns of the array had been listed one by one. E.g. these 2 fix ave/time commands are equivalent, since the compute rdf command creates, in this case, a global array with 3 columns, each of length 50:
compute myRDF all rdf 50 1 2
fix 1 all ave/time 100 1 100 c_myRDF[*] file tmp1.rdf mode vector
fix 2 all ave/time 100 1 100 c_myRDF[1] c_myRDF[2] c_myRDF[3] file tmp2.rdf mode vector
The Nevery, Nrepeat, and Nfreq arguments specify on what timesteps the input values will be used in order to contribute to the average. The final averaged quantities are generated on timesteps that are a multiple of Nfreq. The average is over Nrepeat quantities, computed in the preceding portion of the simulation every Nevery timesteps. Nfreq must be a multiple of Nevery and Nevery must be non-zero even if Nrepeat is 1. Also, the timesteps contributing to the average value cannot overlap, i.e. Nrepeat*Nevery can not exceed Nfreq.
For example, if Nevery=2, Nrepeat=6, and Nfreq=100, then values on timesteps 90,92,94,96,98,100 will be used to compute the final average on timestep 100. Similarly for timesteps 190,192,194,196,198,200 on timestep 200, etc. If Nrepeat=1 and Nfreq = 100, then no time averaging is done; values are simply generated on timesteps 100,200,etc.
If a value begins with “c_”, a compute ID must follow which has been previously defined in the input script. If mode = scalar, then if no bracketed term is appended, the global scalar calculated by the compute is used. If a bracketed term is appended, the Ith element of the global vector calculated by the compute is used. If mode = vector, then if no bracketed term is appended, the global vector calculated by the compute is used. If a bracketed term is appended, the Ith column of the global array calculated by the compute is used. See the discussion above for how I can be specified with a wildcard asterisk to effectively specify multiple values.
Note that there is a compute reduce command which can sum per-atom quantities into a global scalar or vector which can thus be accessed by fix ave/time. Or it can be a compute defined not in your input script, but by thermodynamic output or other fixes such as fix nvt or fix temp/rescale. See the doc pages for these commands which give the IDs of these computes. Users can also write code for their own compute styles and add them to LAMMPS.
If a value begins with “f_”, a fix ID must follow which has been previously defined in the input script. If mode = scalar, then if no bracketed term is appended, the global scalar calculated by the fix is used. If a bracketed term is appended, the Ith element of the global vector calculated by the fix is used. If mode = vector, then if no bracketed term is appended, the global vector calculated by the fix is used. If a bracketed term is appended, the Ith column of the global array calculated by the fix is used. See the discussion above for how I can be specified with a wildcard asterisk to effectively specify multiple values.
Note that some fixes only produce their values on certain timesteps, which must be compatible with Nevery, else an error will result. Users can also write code for their own fix styles and add them to LAMMPS.
If a value begins with “v_”, a variable name must follow which has been previously defined in the input script. If mode = scalar, then only equal-style or vector-style variables can be used, which both produce global values. In this mode, a vector-style variable requires a bracketed term to specify the Ith element of the vector calculated by the variable. If mode = vector, then only a vector-style variable can be used, without a bracketed term. See the variable command for details.
Note that variables of style equal and vector define a formula which can reference individual atom properties or thermodynamic keywords, or they can invoke other computes, fixes, or variables when they are evaluated, so this is a very general means of specifying quantities to time average.
Additional optional keywords also affect the operation of this fix.
If the mode keyword is set to scalar, then all input values must be global scalars, or elements of global vectors. If the mode keyword is set to vector, then all input values must be global vectors, or columns of global arrays. They can also be global arrays, which are converted into a series of global vectors (one per column), as explained above.
The ave keyword determines how the values produced every Nfreq steps are averaged with values produced on previous steps that were multiples of Nfreq, before they are accessed by another output command or written to a file.
If the ave setting is one, then the values produced on timesteps that are multiples of Nfreq are independent of each other; they are output as-is without further averaging.
If the ave setting is running, then the values produced on timesteps that are multiples of Nfreq are summed and averaged in a cumulative sense before being output. Each output value is thus the average of the value produced on that timestep with all preceding values. This running average begins when the fix is defined; it can only be restarted by deleting the fix via the unfix command, or by re-defining the fix by re-specifying it.
If the ave setting is window, then the values produced on timesteps that are multiples of Nfreq are summed and averaged within a moving “window” of time, so that the last M values are used to produce the output. E.g. if M = 3 and Nfreq = 1000, then the output on step 10000 will be the average of the individual values on steps 8000,9000,10000. Outputs on early steps will average over less than M values if they are not available.
The start keyword specifies what timestep averaging will begin on. The default is step 0. Often input values can be 0.0 at time 0, so setting start to a larger value can avoid including a 0.0 in a running or windowed average.
The off keyword can be used to flag any of the input values. If a value is flagged, it will not be time averaged. Instead the most recent input value will always be stored and output. This is useful if one of more of the inputs produced by a compute or fix or variable are effectively constant or are simply current values. E.g. they are being written to a file with other time-averaged values for purposes of creating well-formatted output.
The file keyword allows a filename to be specified. Every Nfreq steps, one quantity or vector of quantities is written to the file for each input value specified in the fix ave/time command. For mode = scalar, this means a single line is written each time output is performed. Thus the file ends up to be a series of lines, i.e. one column of numbers for each input value. For mode = vector, an array of numbers is written each time output is performed. The number of rows is the length of the input vectors, and the number of columns is the number of values. Thus the file ends up to be a series of these array sections.
The overwrite keyword will continuously overwrite the output file with the latest output, so that it only contains one timestep worth of output. This option can only be used with the ave running setting.
The format keyword sets the numeric format of each value when it is printed to a file via the file keyword. Note that all values are floating point quantities. The default format is %g. You can specify a higher precision if desired, e.g. %20.16g.
The title1 and title2 and title3 keywords allow specification of the strings that will be printed as the first 2 or 3 lines of the output file, assuming the file keyword was used. LAMMPS uses default values for each of these, so they do not need to be specified.
By default, these header lines are as follows for mode = scalar:
# Time-averaged data for fix ID
# TimeStep value1 value2 ...
In the first line, ID is replaced with the fix-ID. In the second line the values are replaced with the appropriate fields from the fix ave/time command. There is no third line in the header of the file, so the title3 setting is ignored when mode = scalar.
By default, these header lines are as follows for mode = vector:
# Time-averaged data for fix ID
# TimeStep Number-of-rows
# Row value1 value2 ...
In the first line, ID is replaced with the fix-ID. The second line describes the two values that are printed at the first of each section of output. In the third line the values are replaced with the appropriate fields from the fix ave/time command.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. None of the fix_modify options are relevant to this fix.
This fix produces a global scalar or global vector or global array which can be accessed by various output commands. The values can only be accessed on timesteps that are multiples of Nfreq since that is when averaging is performed.
A scalar is produced if only a single input value is averaged and mode = scalar. A vector is produced if multiple input values are averaged for mode = scalar, or a single input value for mode = vector. In the first case, the length of the vector is the number of inputs. In the second case, the length of the vector is the same as the length of the input vector. An array is produced if multiple input values are averaged and mode = vector. The global array has # of rows = length of the input vectors and # of columns = number of inputs.
If the fix produces a scalar or vector, then the scalar and each element of the vector can be either “intensive” or “extensive”, depending on whether the values contributing to the scalar or vector element are “intensive” or “extensive”. If the fix produces an array, then all elements in the array must be the same, either “intensive” or “extensive”. If a compute or fix provides the value being time averaged, then the compute or fix determines whether the value is intensive or extensive; see the doc page for that compute or fix for further info. Values produced by a variable are treated as intensive.
No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization.
none
## Default
The option defaults are mode = scalar, ave = one, start = 0, no file output, format = %g, title 1,2,3 = strings as described above, and no off settings for any input values.
| 2018-12-15T06:55:54 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10321963-performance-atlas-level-topological-trigger-run2
|
Abstract During LHC Run 2 (2015–2018) the ATLAS Level-1 topological trigger allowed efficient data-taking by the ATLAS experiment at luminosities up to 2.1 $$\times$$ × 10 $$^{34}$$ 34 cm $$^{-2}$$ - 2 s $$^{-1}$$ - 1 , which exceeds the design value by a factor of two. The system was installed in 2016 and operated in 2017 and 2018. It uses Field Programmable Gate Array processors to select interesting events by placing kinematic and angular requirements on electromagnetic clusters, jets, $$\tau$$ τ -leptons, muons and the missing transverse energy. It allowed to significantly improve the background event rejection and signal event acceptance, in particular for Higgs and B -physics processes.
| 2022-06-26T20:23:39 |
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https://pages.nist.gov/feasst/plugin/system/doc/HardSphere.html
|
# HardSphere¶
class HardSphere : public feasst::ModelTwoBody
The potential energy for a hard sphere model of radius $$\sigma$$ and separation distance $$r$$ is as follows
$$U_{HS} = \left\{ \begin{array}{lr} \infty & r \le \sigma \\ 0 & r > \sigma \end{array} \right.$$
The cutoff model parameter must also be specified, or essentially equated to sigma in order to not skip this HardSphere interaction. For this reason, HardSphere-only models are often used in conjunction with the Configuration argument “set_cutoff_min_to_sigma”.
Public Functions
void serialize(std::ostream &ostr) const
Output a serialized version of the existing model.
| 2021-02-28T00:46:29 |
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http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/196166?q&versionId=208564
|
# 1968, English, Article edition: ON INVISCID FLOW OF A ROTATING FLUID PAST AN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC BODY USING OSÉEN'S EQUATIONS STEWAKTSON, K.
#### User activity
##### Share to:
Bookmark: http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/208564
Physical Description
• text/html
Published
• Oxford University Press
• 1968-08-01 00:00:00.0
Language
• English
### Edition details
Title
• ON INVISCID FLOW OF A ROTATING FLUID PAST AN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC BODY USING OSÉEN'S EQUATIONS
Author
• STEWAKTSON, K.
Published
• Oxford University Press
• 1968-08-01 00:00:00.0
Physical Description
• text/html
Subjects
Notes
• The fluid is supposed to have initially, at infinity, a uniform axial component of velocity together with a uniform angular velocity about a parallel axis. Its motion is supposed to be governed by Os�en's equations and their appropriate form for steady inviscid motion, together with associated boundary conditions, is obtained by investigating the double limit t →∞.eint; and v →0 ( v is the kinematic viscosity). By this means a steady state problem can be posed which looks physically reasonable and (probably) has a unique mathematical solution. The flow properties are investigated when the inverse Rossby number α is both small and large. When $$\alpha \ll 1$$ a weak wake is found both upstream and downstream of the body and even if free to rotate zthe body remains virtually at rest. Curiously the drag decreases slightly as a increases from zero. When $$\alpha \gg 1$$ strong wakes are set up both upstream and downstream of the body, that upstream being almost like a plug, while the downstream wake contains a strong oscillatory element. Further, the body, if free to rotate, rotates with the undisturbed fluid. The conclusions, so far as they can be tested, are consistent with experiment.
• Copyright (C) 1968, Oxford University Press
Language
• English
Contributed by
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Separate different tags with a comma. To include a comma in your tag, surround the tag with double quotes.
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| 2017-05-23T19:32:06 |
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https://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/starnotes/private/psn0546
|
# PSN0546 : Measurement of the W and Z Production Cross Sections at Mid-rapidity in Proton-Proton Collisions at \sqrt{s} = 500 GeV in Run 9
You are trying to see a private note.
| 2020-04-09T18:06:29 |
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http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijees/issue/35485/488851
|
| | | |
## NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR
### Shaded-pole induction motors (SPIMs) are often preferred in small power applications owing to their ability to work with single-phase power source, simple structure and low-cost properties. Such motors are within the class easy to manufacture, but the most difficult to analyze mathematically due to the fact that they have a variable air gap and elliptical rotating magnetic field, which leads to highly complex inductance calculations. Considering that the identification accuracy of phase variables is directly related to the correct knowledge of inductances in AC machines, the authors of this article attempt to realize a neural network (NN)-based inductance estimation in-between the stator and rotor, and also in-between the shading ring (shaded-pole winding) and rotor loop for an industrial SPIM. For this aim, corresponding inductance measurements are made first experimentally in terms of each 3.6º electrical position, and as such, a total of 101 data samples have been collected. %70 of them are considered as training data to train the NN while the remainder is adopted for testing the generation capability of NN. Results in comparison with the actual values have affirmed the excellence performance of the introduced NN in simultaneous estimation of the concerned two important inductances.
• Dalcalı, A. (2017). Gölge kutuplu asenkron motorların yeni bir matematiksel modeli ve uzay harmonikli eşdeğer devresi, Doktora tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük.
• Dalcalı A, Akbaba A. Detection of the space harmonics of the shaded pole induction motor. Journal of Engineering Research 2017; 5: 95-105.
• Çelik E, Gör H, Öztürk N, Kurt E. Application of artificial neural network to estimate power generation and efficiency of a new axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2017; 42: 17692-17699.
• Wang K, Gelgele H, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Fang M. A hybrid intelligent method for modelling the EDM process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 2003; 43: 995-999.
• Shabgard MR, Badamchizadeh MA, Ranjbary G, Amini K. Fuzzy approach to select machining parameters in electrical discharge machining (EDM) and ultrasonic-assisted EDM processes. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2012; 32: 32-39.
• Simoes MG, Bose BK. Application of fuzzy logic in the estimation of power electronic waveforms. In: IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting; 2-8 Oct. 1993; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pp. 853-861.
• Yilmaz O, Eyercioglu O, Gindy NZ. A user-friendly fuzzy-based system for the selection of electro discharge machining process parameters. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2006; 172: 363-371.
• Rodic D, Gostimirovic M, Kovac P, Radovanovic M, Savkovic B. Comparison of fuzzy logic and neural network for modelling surface roughness in EDM. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering 2014; 3: 69-78.
• Karanayil B, Rahman MF, Grantham C. Online stator and rotor resistance estimation scheme using artificial neural networks for vector controlled speed sensorless induction motor drive. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2007; 54: 167-176.
• Hambli R. Prediction of burr height formation in blanking processes using neural network. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2002; 44: 2089-2102.
• Kim MH, Simoes MG, Bose BK. Neural network based estimation of power electronic waves. In: 21st Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics; 6-10 Nov. 1995; Orlando, FL, USA. pp. 353-358.
• Li S, Wunsch DC, O'Hair EA, Giesselmann MG. Using neural networks to estimate wind turbine power generation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2001; 16: 276-282.
• Paulson F, Prabhu VV. Back propagation based ANN technique for rotor position estimation of 8/6 switched reluctance motor. In: International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems; 19-20 March 2015; Coimbatore, India. pp. 1-5.
• Chatterjee A, Keyhani A. Neural network estimation of microgrid maximum solar power. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2012; 3: 1860-1866.
• Çelik E, Uzun Y, Kurt E, Öztürk N, Topaloğlu N. A neural network design for the estimation of nonlinear behavior of a magnetically-excited piezoelectric harvester. Journal of Electronic Materials 2018; 47: 4412-4420.
• Çelik E, Çavuşoğlu O, Gürün H, Öztürk N. Estimation of the clearance effect in the blanking process of CuZn30 sheet metal using neural network−A comparative study. International Journal of Informatics Technologies 2018; 11: 187-193.
• Saygın A, Ocak C, Dalcalı A, Çelik E. Optimum rotor design of small PM BLDC motor based on high efficiency criteria. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2015; 10: 9127-9132.
• Parasiliti F, Villani M, Castello M. PM brushless DC motor with exterior rotor for high efficiency household appliances. In: International Conference on Electrical Machines; 2-5 Sept. 2014; Berlin, Germany. pp. 623-628.
• Gao Y, Chau KT, Ye S. A novel chaotic-speed single-phase induction motor drive for cooling fans. In: Fortieth IAS Annual Meeting; 2-6 Oct. 2005; Hong Kong, China. pp. 1337-1341.
• Dalcalı A, Akbaba M. Comparison of the performance of bridge and bridgeless shaded pole induction motor using FEM. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2017; 54: 341-350.
• Akcayol MA. Anahtarlamalı relüktans motorun endüktans değı̇şı̇mı̇nı̇n sı̇nı̇rsel-bulanık modellenmesi̇. Politeknik Dergisi 2002; 5: 287-292.
Birincil Dil en Mühendislik, Ortak Disiplinler Makaleler Orcid: 0000-0002-2961-0035Yazar: Emre ÇELİK (Sorumlu Yazar)Kurum: Düzce ÜniversitesiÜlke: Turkey
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { ijees488851, journal = {The International Journal of Energy \& Engineering Sciences}, issn = {2602-294X}, address = {Gaziantep Üniversitesi}, year = {2019}, volume = {3}, pages = {36 - 45}, doi = {}, title = {NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR}, key = {cite}, author = {ÇELİK, Emre} } APA ÇELİK, E . (2019). NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR. The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences, 3 (2), 36-45. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijees/issue/35485/488851 MLA ÇELİK, E . "NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR". The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences 3 (2019): 36-45 Chicago ÇELİK, E . "NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR". The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences 3 (2019): 36-45 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR AU - Emre ÇELİK Y1 - 2019 PY - 2019 N1 - DO - T2 - The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 36 EP - 45 VL - 3 IS - 2 SN - 2602-294X- M3 - UR - Y2 - 2019 ER - EndNote %0 The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR %A Emre ÇELİK %T NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR %D 2019 %J The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences %P 2602-294X- %V 3 %N 2 %R %U ISNAD ÇELİK, Emre . "NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE VARIATION FOR A SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR". The International Journal of Energy & Engineering Sciences 3 / 2 (Ocak 2019): 36-45.
| 2019-03-18T21:50:05 |
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https://dragoncity.fandom.com/wiki/Dragon_Market
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## FANDOM
2,405 Pages
The Dragon Market is a Special Building in which you can get extra or from, with the help of your friends.
Dragon Market costs 1,000 and yields 1,000 upon the completion of its construction, and has a size of 4x4.
## Functions
This building allows you to select either or to be produced and collected in 12 hours, whether or not your friends accept your request for assistance.
Each assist from your neighbours will increase the resource collected depending on several variables, including your game level.
The Post-LaW update to Dragon Market appears to have removed the cap for resource collection from it. If you have many active neighbours, you may find it worthwhile to collect resources from it on PC.
Starting 28/5/2014, you can collect from the Dragon Market every 6 hours instead of every 12.
## Formula
Before you start, you must know about the base amount of food or gold you will get. There is a bonus in production when at least one of your friends accepts your request, and a further bonus when 10 friends accept your request.
Lv Food Gold Bonus Food Bonus Gold
1 10 300 10 250
2 10 450 10 350
3 20 600 10 500
4 20 750 20 600
5 30 950 20 750
6 30 1100 20 900
7 40 1300 30 1050
8 40 1500 30 1200
9 40 1700 40 1350
10 50 1950 40 1550
11 60 2150 40 1700
12 60 2400 50 1900
13 70 2700 50 2100
14 70 2950 60 2350
15 80 3250 60 2600
16 90 3600 70 2850
17 90 3950 70 3100
18 100 4300 80 3400
19 110 4700 80 3700
20 120 5100 90 4000
21 120 5500 100 4350
22 130 5950 100 4700
23 140 6450 110 5050
24 150 6950 120 5450
25 160 7500 120 5850
26 170 8050 130 6300
27 180 8650 140 6750
28 190 9300 150 7250
29 200 10000 160 7800
30 210 10700 160 8350
31 220 11450 170 8900
32 230 12250 180 9550
33 250 13100 190 10200
34 260 14000 200 10850
35 270 14950 210 11600
36 290 15950 220 12350
37 300 17000 230 13150
38 320 18100 250 14000
39 330 19300 260 14900
40 350 20550 270 15850
41 370 21850 280 16850
42 390 23250 300 17900
43 410 24700 310 20200
44 420 26250 330 21400
45 440 27900 340 21400
46 470 29600 360 22750
47 490 31400 370 24100
48 510 33350 390 25550
49 530 35350 410 27050
50 560 37500 430 28700
51 580 39750 450 30400
52 610 42100 470 32150
Friend Bonus :
$= Round (((12 + \color{Blue}Level\color{Black} \times 8.4) \times 14) ^{1 + \color{Blue}Level\color{Black} \times 0.004} \times \color{Blue}U \color{Black} \div 5.5 \div 50) \times 50$
$= Round (((12 + \color{Blue}Level\color{Black} \times 0.252) \times 14) ^{1 + \color{Blue}Level\color{Black} \times 0.004} \times \color{Blue}U \color{Black} \div 5.5 \div 10) \times 10$
## Start a Discussion Discussions about Dragon Market
• #### Food with negative value...
15 messages
• Guys i just trade in my alliances and i saw my foods turn to negative value. How can i get rid of that? Please tell me the answer
• To the poster from 10 days ago, I had the same issue, was at 3120 food (just fed my dragons) went for Orb trade in my alliance and found my f...
• #### 46
3 messages
• 5654364645
• 123, 4567? 8910! Are you two speaking a weird number language?
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2019-12-08T10:14:17 |
{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19989533722400665, "perplexity": 541.0526400447516}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540508599.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208095535-20191208123535-00406.warc.gz"}
|
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fort/science/vineyards-and-apple-and-olive-orchards-chile
|
# Vineyards and Apple and Olive Orchards, Chile
## Science Center Objects
Landsat has been instrumental in helping Chile estimate water demand. The country often faces drought conditions, and although some level of water supply is guaranteed from dams and reservoirs, seasonal supply is uncertain. Agricultural production is a large enterprise in Chile, and water shortages create uncertainty in agricultural production as well as economic growth and sustainability. Landsat imagery allows the country to estimate seasonal demand and match it against seasonal supply to achieve optimal irrigation practices for maximum production.
Landsat has been instrumental in helping Chile estimate water demand. The country often faces drought conditions, and although some level of water supply is guaranteed from dams and reservoirs, seasonal supply is uncertain. Agricultural production is a large enterprise in Chile, and water shortages create uncertainty in agricultural production as well as economic growth and sustainability. Landsat imagery allows the country to estimate seasonal demand and match it against seasonal supply to achieve optimal irrigation practices for maximum production. Landsat data and the METRIC model are being used in Chile for the estimation of consumptive water use. Using this information, water budgets are created and a more accurate estimate of water demand is calculated. In conjunction with METRIC, Landsat data are being used to estimate evapotranspiration and the crop coefficient for olive and apple tree orchards as well as vineyards (figs. 1 and 2). The output is used to develop water-management strategies on farms and at the regional level.
Landsat data became available at no cost in 2008. This has had a significant effect on the extent of its applications, although its use in Chile by Dr. Samuel Ortega of the Universidad de Talca started a few years earlier, using only a few purchased scenes to launch the current research. Since 2005, over 500,000 acres of olive and apple orchards as well as vineyards have been surveyed using Landsat and METRIC to estimate regional and local consumptive use for water budgets. Landsat imagery allows adjusting the application of water on each vineyard based on water requirements for a specific production outcome. A Landsat-based recommendation of delaying the start of irrigation from September to November has saved up to two months of irrigation water in some regions for producers enacting the practice. While using Landsat imagery to help identify the most accurate crop water requirement on private agricultural lands at the farm level, the following benefits have been observed:
• A $80/acre cost savings in energy used for irrigation on over 3,700 acres of olive orchards per year, • A 30 percent to 60 percent reduction in the amount of water applied on grapevines on 6,000 acres, and • An increase in grape quality between 30–35 percent. Evapotranspiration mapping of a drip-irrigated vineyard in Chile using images from Landsat 7 ETM+. Courtesy of Universidad de Talca. Crop coefficient mapping of a drip-irrigated vineyard in Chile using images from Landsat 7 ETM+. Courtesy of Universidad de Talca. Water budgets allow for the control of water application and adjustment of the crop water coefficient. This enables strategic planning for water application and yields higher quality grapes. Although higher quality grapes correlate with lower production amounts, the profits are offset by higher wine quality and a higher price per bottle. An increase from$1.00 to \$20.00 per bottle from water-application adjustment has been observed in some of the plots where Landsat imagery is used to adjust irrigation practices. Additionally, a decrease in irrigation energy cost, as a result of a smaller amount of water applied, contributes to the overall increase in profit.
As evident by the examples provided, Chile has been able to use Landsat imagery to improve agricultural production and use a scarce resource more efficiently. Government officials in Chile seek consumptive-use information from Landsat and METRIC to help drive informative policy decisions regarding water supply, storage, and allocation. The long term goal from using this technology would be to establish a water market. Although some challenges exist with current Landsat output, due to issues such as cloud cover and 16-day repeat coverage which limit the amount and quality of usable data, Landsat remains the main source of moderate resolution imagery with thermal data used for work in water resources ongoing in Chile (Samuel Ortega, Universidad de Talca, oral commun. and written commun., 2013).
Reference:
Dr. Samuel Ortega-Farias, Professor Titular, Department of Agricultural Production, University de Talca, Santiago, Chile.
Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
| 2021-09-29T00:06:57 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S029AXG
|
# ${{\boldsymbol A}^{0}}$ (Axion) Search in Photoproduction INSPIRE search
VALUE DOCUMENT ID COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
1
1995
${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.8$ $\pm0.2$ MeV
1 BASSOMPIERRE 1995 is an extension of BASSOMPIERRE 1993 . They looked for a peak in the invariant mass of ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ pairs in the region ${\mathit m}_{\mathrm { {{\mathit e}^{+}} {{\mathit e}^{-}} }}$ = $1.8$ $\pm0.2$ MeV. They obtained bounds on the production rate ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ for $\tau ({{\mathit A}^{0}}$) = $10^{-18} - 10^{-9}~$sec. They also found an excess of events in the range ${\mathit m}_{\mathrm { {{\mathit e}^{+}} {{\mathit e}^{-}} }}$ = $2.1 - 3.5$ MeV.
References:
BASSOMPIERRE 1995
PL B355 584 Search for Light Neutral Objects Photoproduced in a Crystal Field and Decaying into ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Pairs
| 2020-11-29T07:59:38 |
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|
https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/59/6/2003/319359/Research-Note-Intergenerational-Transmission-Is
|
## Abstract
All leading long-term global population projections agree on continuing fertility decline, resulting in a rate of population size growth that will continue to decline toward zero and would eventually turn negative. However, scholarly and popular arguments have suggested that because fertility transmits intergenerationally (i.e., higher fertility parents tend to have higher fertility children) and is heterogeneous within a population, long-term population growth must eventually be positive, as high-fertility groups come to dominate the population. In this research note, we show that intergenerational transmission of fertility is not sufficient for positive long-term population growth, for empirical and theoretical reasons. First, because transmission is imperfect, the combination of transmission rates and fertility rates may be quantitatively insufficient for long-term population growth: higher fertility parents may nevertheless produce too few children who retain higher fertility preferences. Second, today even higher fertility subpopulations show declining fertility rates, which may eventually fall below replacement (and in some populations already are). Therefore, although different models of fertility transmission across generations reach different conclusions, depopulation is likely under any model if, in the future, even higher fertility subpopulations prefer and achieve below-replacement fertility. These results highlight the plausibility of long-term global depopulation and the importance of understanding the possible consequences of depopulation.
## Introduction
Global fertility is projected to fall below replacement levels, which will eventually cause negative population growth (KC and Lutz 2017; United Nations 2019; Vollset et al. 2020). Survey evidence confirms agreement among demographers that fertility will continue to fall (Gietel-Basten et al. 2014). However, some recent publications that apply models of intergenerational transmission from the mathematical biology literature proposed that low fertility is unlikely to endure and global population growth is unlikely to become negative (Burger and DeLong 2016; Collins and Page 2019; Ellis et al. 2017; Murphy and Wang 2003). These arguments also appear in popular-audience accounts of fertility (Ingraham 2015; Kaufmann 2010). Such authors reason that high fertility is intergenerationally transmissible, and so if there are higher and lower fertility patterns exhibited within subpopulations, eventually the composition of the population will converge toward the higher fertility pattern.1
Here we observe that—even granting the premise that higher fertility parents have higher fertility children with high probability—such intergenerational transmission is not sufficient for positive long-term population growth (LTPG).2 One reason is that researchers should not conflate higher fertility within a heterogeneous population with high or above-replacement fertility: it is an empirical question whether future higher fertility subpopulations will have above-replacement fertility. If not, then population growth will be negative. There is strong historical and global evidence that even higher fertility groups will trend to near or below replacement fertility. The second reason is that the existence of a subpopulation with above-replacement fertility is not sufficient for positive LTPG, even with intergenerational transmission. This is because an insufficient number of children of high-fertility parents may retain their parents' behaviors—that is, even if fertility is correlated within a family across generations, the correlation may be less than 1.0.
There are other convergent arguments in the literature. Boyd and Richerson (1988:199–202), for example, described mechanisms by which cultural and biological transmission could together cause sustained fertility decline. Kolk et al. (2014), in a point allied to but separate from ours, highlighted that fertility heterogeneity and intergenerational transmission could be consistent with long-term population decline, but only if new low-fertility groups (“types”) are culturally invented again and again in the future. One of our contributions is to show that this is possible in a model with just two types.
Because we respond to a literature concerned with both genetic and social transmission and because we claim that intergenerational transmission is not sufficient for positive growth, we do not specify or limit our arguments to either genetic or social transmission of parental traits. Our arguments show that neither of these forms of transmission is sufficient for positive LTPG.
We formalize conditions under which intergenerational transmission does not cause positive LTPG: if enough children of high-fertility parents become low-fertility adults, long-term population growth can be negative even with both intergenerational transmission and an above-replacement-fertility subpopulation. Whether modeled population growth is positive or negative in the long run depends on model structure, parameters, and initial conditions, but we show that it is not guaranteed by the mere fact of intergenerational transmission.3 We also show that depopulation is likely under any model if, in the future, even higher fertility subpopulations prefer and achieve below-replacement fertility, as empirical facts suggest.
## Evidence of Fertility Decline Among High-Fertility Groups
Figure 1 displays fertility trends in 48 countries using data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS).4 These 48 countries account for nearly 45% of the world's population and 60% of births each year. They are primarily developing and emerging economies, which is useful for our purposes because these are, in general, the populations for which above-replacement fertility currently exists. The horizontal axis of the figure is cohort (year of birth) binned into five-year increments from 1950 to 1989; the vertical axis is the average parity at age 30 of women in that cohort bin.5 Each thin line represents a different country, and the thick line represents the average across countries. All but two of the 48 countries have decreasing fertility rates. The evidence offers no reason to conclude that the downward trend will stop above replacement levels. Indeed, many of even these emerging and developing economies are already below or near replacement level.
Figure 2 focuses on India, which accounts for one sixth of the world's population and has historically been a focus of global population policy debates (Connelly 2010). India is home to diverse subpopulations, which differ, among other ways, in their average fertility levels. In this figure, we categorize women into 16 nonoverlapping groups by interacting indicators for north India/south India, rural/urban, Muslim/not Muslim, and no education/some education. For example, one of the thin lines represents south Indian, rural, Muslim women with some education. Each of the 16 groups demonstrates a clear downward slope. As with nearly all countries in the DHS, all major subpopulations within India—including those with the highest levels of fertility—have declining fertility.
These empirical facts cast doubt on a necessary condition for positive LTPG: that higher fertility subpopulations will sustain high (i.e., above replacement) levels of fertility. The necessity of this condition can be seen clearly by considering the mathematical biology model of Kolk et al. (2014). Their Model 1 describes the long-term evolution of the composition of a population with two fertility types: higher and lower. In their model, the composition of the population converges entirely to the higher type. But the quantitative fertility level of the higher fertility types is an unconstrained, exogenous parameter of the model.6 If higher fertility types have below-replacement fertility (as Figures 1 and 2 suggest may someday happen) then the model of Kolk et al. (2014) would project a depopulating world, even as the composition shifts to higher fertility types.
Figures 1 and 2 focus on developing countries, where fertility is generally highest today. But discussions of intergenerational transmission in fertility are often motivated by reference to higher fertility among religious subpopulations in developed countries, such as the United States (Ellis et al. 2017; Ingraham 2015; Kaufmann 2010). Although these observations are not essential to our argument, we note two important facts about demographic patterns in the United States. First, fertility rates among religious Americans, despite a consistently higher level than among nonreligious Americans, are falling approximately in parallel with fertility rates for the whole population (Perry and Schleifer 2019). For example, the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) shows that, between cohorts born in the 1940s and cohorts born in the 1970s, completed fertility for both religious and nonreligious women (operationalized as religious service attendance) fell by approximately 20%. Second, such group identities—whether defined by religion, educational attainment, rural/urban status, or cultural conservatism—are not transmitted perfectly across generations. The NSFG shows that the fraction of Americans who report being religious is falling over time, from 57% in 1988 to 43% in 2019. We take up the implications of such imperfect intergenerational transmission next.
## A Stylized Two-Type Model of Population Dynamics
So far we have provided empirical evidence that many groups are trending toward below-replacement fertility. However, some authors have argued that if even one group remains above replacement, then this high-fertility group would eventually drive population fertility toward their high rate (e.g., Collins and Page 2019). In this section, we show analytically that the existence of such a subgroup is not a sufficient condition for positive LTPG. Instead, we demonstrate in a two-type model that long-run population decline can exist in a world with a subgroup that has both above-replacement fertility and (imperfect) vertical transmission of fertility from mother to daughter. The intuition is this: if high-fertility parents have children at above-replacement levels, but only some fraction of those children receive the high-fertility type, then the size of the high-fertility group (and the overall population) can nonetheless decline.
Denote high- and low-fertility types $i∈{H,L}$ with reproductive rates $FH>1>FL$, respectively, where we have simplified to a single-sex environment such that a reproductive rate 1 is replacement level.7 This two-type model with transmissible fertility from parents to offspring builds on the structure employed by Kolk et al. (2014).8 In our model, we emphasize that children's received fertility type, which is a function solely of their parent's type, is imperfectly transmitted. In particular, the offspring of type $i$ retain their parent's fertility preferences with probability $pi→i$ and switch types with probability $(1−pi→i)$.
For simplicity, we focus on the case in which the fertility rate and transition probabilities ($Fi,pi→i$) are constant for each type. Such a special case with fixed transmission probabilities is called a Markov model. Because we are not interested in deriving or characterizing constant (or other) equilibrium shares of the population,9 but instead are interested in the asymptotic total size of the population, we need not assume fixed Markov probabilities: it would be sufficient for our purposes if transition probabilities fluctuate, are linked to the proportion of the trait in the population, or otherwise evolve but are bounded by the inequality we derive below (Condition 2).10 Fixed probabilities would be incompatible with standard models of genetic inheritance in which genetic transmission is dependent on the proportion of a trait in a population.11 However, for simplicity we assume fixed Markov probabilities, knowing that our model can be immediately relaxed in this way.
In this setting, the evolution of types can be written as follows, where $Ni$ is the number of types in each period:
$Nt + 1=ANt,$
(1)
where
$N=[NHNL],A=[pH→HFH(1−pL→L)FL(1−pH→H)FHpL→LFL],$
and the transition matrix A specifies how types evolve. The number of high types at $t+1$ equals $NH,t(pH→HFH)+NL,t((1−pL→L)FL)$, which could be greater or less than the number of high types at $t$, depending on model parameters. Because, by construction, the low types cannot sustain their numbers without inflow $(FL<1)$, it is straightforward to show that there is positive LTPG only if there is long-run growth in the subset of high types.12
To further simplify the initial exposition of high-type dynamics, assume that $pL→L=1$. That is, children of low types receive that type with certainty. This exact assumption is not necessary for the model's main qualitative conclusions, and we relax it in the appendix, but it generates a simple and intuitive condition for long-term decline. Combining this one-way switching assumption with the general property of Markov processes that $Nt=AtN0$, it can be shown that the population of high types evolves according to $NH, t=(pH→H×FH)tNH,0$. The high types decline—and therefore the long-run aggregate population size declines—if
$pH→H×FH<1.$
(2)
Condition 2 is the essential, intuitive requirement for negative LTPG. Even if transition probabilities are not fixed in a Markov sense, LTPG is negative if there is a time after which Condition 2 is always true.
In the online appendix, we relax the assumption that $pL→L=1$. We prove, with fixed transmission probabilities, that positive LTPG will not occur if
$pH→H×FH<1−FHFL+FL(FH−1)pL→L1−FL,$
(3)
which can be satisfied by a range of feasible and empirically plausible parameters. This condition simplifies to Condition 2 if $pL→L=1$ or $FL=0$.
For example, consider a world in which the average high-fertility woman has 1.2 female children and the average low-fertility woman has 0.33 female children. Assume the higher fertility group is culturally attractive, so that a child of a high-fertility parent has an 80% chance of becoming a high-fertility adult (and a 20% chance of becoming a low-fertility adult), and a child of a low-fertility parent has only a 75% chance of becoming a low-fertility adult (and a 25% chance of becoming a high-fertility adult). In this world, the intergenerational correlation of parents' and children's fertility would be high, but Condition 3 is met, so the size of the population would decrease over time.13
Note that if this model were the true data-generating process in some population, then a regression of one's parent's fertility on own fertility in that population would return a positive coefficient. This is exactly the type of empirical correlation pointed to (incorrectly) as evidence that high-fertility patterns will come to dominate a population and lead to long-term population growth. Here, the correlation arises in a statistical process in which long-term fertility and population both asymptote to zero. This is the key error in this literature: the existence of (high, positive) mother–daughter fertility correlations and a higher fertility subgroup are not enough to infer whether population size will increase over time.
Finally, to return to the point of our empirical section, $FH$ may itself decline below replacement, which would ensure that $FH×pH→H<1$. In fact, although the model of Kolk et al. (2014) differs from ours in assuming that transmission probabilities depend on the composition of the population (we model them as fixed), their model and ours agree on this implication, in the empirical case where higher fertility becomes low. Especially as fertility rates become low, fertility outcomes are importantly shaped by fertility preferences, choices, and intentions (e.g., Gietel-Basten 2019; Goldstein et al. 2003; Pritchett 1994; Yeatman et al. 2020). One key way in which human population dynamics differ from the mathematical dynamics of nonhuman populations is the importance of fertility determinants such as culture, economics, preferences, and contraception (Kohler and Rodgers 2003).
## Discussion
Negative population growth, if it occurs, may have many consequences for societies and economies (Jones 2020; Morgan 2003). Here we respond to a literature motivated by mathematical biology that intends to cast doubt on projections of depopulation. Human fertility is unlike the fertility of other animals because it is shaped by culture, economics, and intention. Building on the work of Kolk et al. (2014), we have shown here that intergenerational transmission of fertility is not sufficient to prevent long-run population decline.
To generate positive LTPG in the simple foregoing model, the number of children who retain the high-fertility preferences of their parents must exceed replacement; it is not sufficient merely that higher fertility types have above-replacement fertility, even with transmissibility. The condition for positive LTPG is met through some combination of both high fertility rates and low net outflow. Empirical evidence presented here and elsewhere suggests that even “higher fertility” types of the future may prefer and achieve fertility rates near (or even below) replacement. This would leave little (or no) room for positive LTPG in the presence of any intergenerational outflow under any theoretical model.
Positive LTPG depends on the facts: there may yet arise high-fertility groups with sufficiently low intergenerational outflow to meet the required conditions. Evidence broadly suggests that most socioeconomic properties show imperfect intergenerational correlation, including important examples such as religious practice, political affiliation, and income (Chetty et al. 2014; Vogl and Freese 2020). Fertility itself has been recently examined in post–demographic transition populations and has been shown to have positive but low intergenerational correlation, providing evidence that the transmission parameter above, $pH→H$, is likely low (Vogl 2020).
The twentieth century was characterized by uniquely rapid population growth (Lam 2011). Understanding the implications of a switch to population decline, or even merely stabilization, is of clear importance. Contrary to some arguments in the literature, empirical facts and models of intergenerational transmission do not provide reason to conclude that positive population growth is bound to continue.
## Note
The nonalphabetical order of the authors reflects the equal contributions of S.A., K.K., and D.S.
## Notes
1
In fact, the model of Collins and Page (2019) implies the stronger claim that aggregate fertility rates are always increasing via this mechanism in post–demographic transition settings, counter to the experiences of developed countries over the previous half century.
2
Our note complements the empirical findings of Vogl (2020), who does not focus on long-term future population growth but quantifies with survey data that any effect of intergenerational transmission on aggregate fertility has historically been small.
3
Our purpose here is not to establish which is the correct model of intergenerational transmission of fertility heterogeneity.
4
The set of 48 countries is the subset of all DHS countries for which at least 500 women are interviewed in at least six of the eight cohort bins pictured.
5
In principle, such cohort fertility rates could be declining over time merely because women are delaying fertility to later ages; however, the declining trends documented in this section also appear for later-age cohort fertility (restricting attention to earlier cohorts).
6
In contrast, the post–demographic transition model of Collins and Page (2019) does not contain any parameter for average desired fertility levels. Instead, the fertility of the next generation is a function (representing what they call “heritability”) only of the fertility of the last generation. Because such a model does not admit cultural, social, or economic influences on desired and achieved fertility other than through this narrow intergenerational transmission channel, we interpret it as difficult to reconcile with the empirical facts of Figures 1 and 2, which reflect children of high-fertility parents transitioning to radically lower fertility behavior over the course of only a few generations. Therefore, we depart from their model by modeling the empirically relevant possibility that post–demographic transition fertility could, in part, reflect changes (such as in preferences) beyond or in addition to intergenerational transmission.
7
This single-sex model allows us to ignore assortative mating and is equivalent to assuming that only females’ types matter. The most literal reading of our model is that the probability that a daughter is high or low type is a function only of whether her mother is high or low type. Our explicit assumption of a single-sex model serves to clarify our departure from a model in which genetic transmission depends, through parental matching, on the proportion of a trait in the population—though see Model D in the online supplementary materials for an example of negative LTPG in a two-sex model with matching and transmission dependent on the proportion of the trait in the population.
8
Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981) also used a simplified two-type model of vertical transmission.
9
Compare this with Preston and Campbell (1993), who used a Markov model of differential fertility to study the share of the population with intergenerationally transmissible traits. Lam (1993) observed in response that their argument for convergence to a steady-state composition of the population is driven by the setting of fixed Markov transition probabilities. Because we have a different theoretical goal, we need not assume a fixed Markov matrix, but we do so for ease of exposition.
10
For example, it could be the case that $pH→H$ increases over the generations but $FH$ decreases, so that Condition 2, introduced below, is always met.
11
For example, in population geneticists’ simple Hardy–Weinberg model of a randomly mating, stable population, the observed proportion of a genotype trait is a nonlinear function of its genetic prevalence because parents of a type must match. See details in Falconer (1960).
12
In the case where high types grow, temporary population decline is possible if the low types shrink sufficiently fast at the start; eventually, however, only high types are left and their population growth necessarily takes over.
13
See the online supplementary materials for the calculations corresponding to this numerical example (Model A). These materials also contain examples with transmission probabilities that vary exogenously over time (Model B) and transmission probabilities that are a function of the proportion of the trait in the population (Model C for a single-sex case and Model D for a two-sex case with matching dynamics). Models B, C, and D all generate negative LTPG despite the fact that $FH>1$ and $pt,H → H>pt,L → L$ for all generations $t$.
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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
| 2023-04-01T05:44:23 |
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## Pipher, Jill Catherine
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: pipher.jill-c Published as: Pipher, Jill; Pipher, Jill C.; Pipher, J. more...less External Links: MGP · Wikidata · Google Scholar · dblp · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 71 Publications since 1986, including 2 Books 1 Contribution as Editor · 2 Further Contributions Biographic References: 2 Publications Co-Authors: 47 Co-Authors with 63 Joint Publications 1,326 Co-Co-Authors
all top 5
### Co-Authors
9 single-authored 15 Kenig, Carlos Eduardo 11 Hoffstein, Jeffrey 9 Dindoš, Martin 9 Silverman, Joseph Hillel 7 Whyte, William 6 Petermichl, Stefanie 6 Verchota, Gregory C. 5 Lacey, Michael T. 5 Wick, Brett D. 4 Fefferman, Robert A. 4 Hofmann, Steve 4 Mayboroda, Svitlana 4 Toro, Tatiana 3 Li, Linhan 3 Schanck, John M. 3 Ward, Lesley A. 3 Zhang, Zhenfei 2 Bilyk, Dmitry 2 Dahlberg, Bjorn E. J. 2 Howgrave-Graham, Nick A. 2 Lamb, Evelyn 2 Li, Ji 2 Ma, Xiaomin 2 Milakis, Emmanouil 2 Muscalu, Camil 2 Spencer, Craig V. 2 Tao, Terence 2 Thiele, Christoph Martin 1 Adolfsson, Vilhelm 1 Cabrelli, Carlos A. 1 Das, Dipayan 1 Doröz, Yarkın 1 Duong, Xuan Thinh 1 Fabes, Eugene B. 1 Jerison, David S. 1 Kirchheim, Bernd 1 Koch, Herbert 1 Li, Jungang 1 Lu, Guozhen 1 Mitrea, Dorina 1 Mitrea, Marius 1 Molter, Ursula Maria 1 Ou, Yumeng 1 Rule, David J. 1 Sunar, Berk 1 Treil, Sergei 1 Xiao, Xiao 1 Zhang, Lu
all top 5
### Serials
5 American Journal of Mathematics 5 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 3 Journal of Functional Analysis 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 3 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 2 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Mathematische Zeitschrift 2 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 2 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 2 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 2 Analysis & PDE 2 Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Houston Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Differential Equations 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 1 Probability Theory and Related Fields 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 Publicacions Matemàtiques 1 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 Potential Analysis 1 European Mathematical Society Newsletter 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications
all top 5
### Fields
38 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 30 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 11 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 8 Potential theory (31-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 4 Operator theory (47-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 2 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
62 Publications have been cited 1,307 times in 725 Documents Cited by Year
NTRU: A ring-based public key cryptosystem. Zbl 1067.94538
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
1998
The theory of weights and the Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations. Zbl 0770.35014
Fefferman, R. A.; Kenig, C. E.; Pipher, J.
1991
The Neumann problem for elliptic equations with non-smooth coefficients. Zbl 0807.35030
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1993
Bi-parameter paraproducts. Zbl 1087.42016
Muscalu, Camil; Pipher, Jill; Tao, Terence; Thiele, Christoph
2004
A new approach to absolute continuity of elliptic measure, with applications to non-symmetric equations. Zbl 0958.35025
Kenig, C.; Koch, H.; Pipher, J.; Toro, T.
2000
Journé’s covering lemma and its extension to higher dimensions. Zbl 0645.42018
Pipher, Jill
1986
Vector potential theory on nonsmooth domains in $$\mathbb{R}^ 3$$ and applications to electromagnetic scattering. Zbl 0877.35124
Mitrea, Dorina; Mitrea, Marius; Pipher, Jill
1997
Multiparameter operators and sharp weighted inequalities. Zbl 0877.42004
Fefferman, R.; Pipher, J.
1997
The Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations with drift terms. Zbl 1113.35314
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
2001
Square function/non-tangential maximal function estimates and the Dirichlet problem for non-symmetric elliptic operators. Zbl 1326.42028
Hofmann, Steve; Kenig, Carlos; Mayboroda, Svitlana; Pipher, Jill
2015
Multi-parameter paraproducts. Zbl 1114.42005
Muscalu, Camil; Pipher, Jill; Tao, Terence; Thiele, Christoph
2006
Area integral estimates for higher order elliptic equations and systems. Zbl 0892.35053
Dahlberg, Björn E. J.; Kenig, C. E.; Pipher, J.; Verchota, G. C.
1997
Dilation invariant estimates and the boundary Gårding inequality for higher order elliptic operators. Zbl 0878.35035
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory C.
1995
BMO solvability and the $$A_{\infty}$$ condition for elliptic operators. Zbl 1215.42029
Dindos, Martin; Kenig, Carlos; Pipher, Jill
2011
An introduction to mathematical cryptography. Zbl 1160.94001
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2008
The Dirichlet problem in $$L^ p$$ for the biharmonic equation on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0768.31006
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory
1992
A maximum principle for biharmonic functions in Lipschitz and $$C^ 1$$ domains. Zbl 0794.31005
Pipher, J.; Verchota, G.
1993
Square functions and the $$A_\infty$$ property of elliptic measures. Zbl 1386.35070
Kenig, C.; Kirchheim, B.; Pipher, J.; Toro, T.
2016
Multiparameter Riesz commutators. Zbl 1170.42003
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2009
The $$L^p$$ Dirichlet problem for second order elliptic operators and a $$p$$-adapted square function. Zbl 1174.35025
Dindos, Martin; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill
2007
NTRUSign: Digital signatures using the NTRU lattice. Zbl 1039.94525
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Howgrave-Graham, Nick; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2003
The regularity problem for second order elliptic operators with complex-valued bounded measurable coefficients. Zbl 1325.42028
Hofmann, Steve; Kenig, Carlos; Mayboroda, Svitlana; Pipher, Jill
2015
The inhomogeneous Dirichlet problem for $$\Delta^2$$ in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0934.35038
1998
BMO from dyadic BMO on the bidisc. Zbl 1143.42025
Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.
2008
Maximum principles for the polyharmonic equation on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0844.35013
Pipher, J.; Verchota, G. C.
1995
Regularity theory for solutions to second order elliptic operators with complex coefficients and the $$L^{p}$$ Dirichlet problem. Zbl 1409.35071
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2019
The h-path distribution of the lifetime of conditioned Brownian motion for non-smooth domains. Zbl 0672.60079
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1989
Area integral estimates for the biharmonic operator in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0774.35022
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory
1991
Dyadic structure theorems for multiparameter function spaces. Zbl 1334.42050
Li, Ji; Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.
2015
Choosing parameters for NTRUEncrypt. Zbl 1383.94022
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William; Zhang, Zhenfei
2017
Bounded double square functions. Zbl 0583.60038
Pipher, Jill
1986
NSS: an NTRU lattice-based signature scheme. Zbl 0981.94039
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2001
Iterated Riesz commutators: a simple proof of boundedness. Zbl 1204.42035
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2010
Harmonic analysis on chord arc domains. Zbl 1282.35151
Milakis, Emmanouil; Pipher, Jill; Toro, Tatiana
2013
BMO solvability and the $$A_\infty$$ condition for second order parabolic operators. Zbl 1383.35097
Dindoš, Martin; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill
2017
Multi-parameter Div-Curl lemmas. Zbl 1257.35058
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2012
Variations on the theme of Journé’s lemma. (Variations on a theme of Journé’s lemma.) Zbl 1140.42003
Cabrelli, Carlos; Lacey, Michael T.; Molter, Ursula; Pipher, Jill C.
2006
Commutators of multiparameter flag singular integrals and applications. Zbl 1405.42041
Duong, Xuan Thinh; Li, Ji; Ou, Yumeng; Pipher, Jill; Wick, Brett D.
2019
The oblique derivative problem on Lipschitz domains with $$L^ p$$ data. Zbl 0676.35019
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1988
Geometric-arithmetic averaging of dyadic weights. Zbl 1231.42022
Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.; Xiao, Xiao
2011
Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic operators satisfying a Carleson condition. Zbl 1375.35140
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill; Rule, David
2017
Transcript secure signatures based on modular lattices. Zbl 1380.94099
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2014
Perturbations of elliptic operators in chord arc domains. Zbl 1305.35042
Milakis, Emmanouil; Pipher, Jill; Toro, Tatiana
2014
Practical lattice-based cryptography: NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign. Zbl 1191.94090
Hoffstein, Jeff; Howgrave-Graham, Nick; Pipher, Jill; Whyte, William
2010
A covering lemma for rectangles in $${\mathbb{R}}^n$$. Zbl 1084.42015
Fefferman, Robert; Pipher, Jill
2005
Oblique derivative problems for the Laplacian in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0686.35028
Pipher, Jill
1987
The absolute continuity of elliptic measure revisited. Zbl 0922.31007
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1998
Extrapolation of the Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations with complex coefficients. Zbl 1447.35137
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2020
Littlewood-Paley estimates: Some applications to elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0945.35028
Pipher, Jill C.
1997
Boundary behavior of solutions of elliptic operators in divergence form with a BMO anti-symmetric part. Zbl 1418.35118
Li, Linhan; Pipher, Jill
2019
Perturbation theory for solutions to second order elliptic operators with complex coefficients and the $$L^p$$ Dirichlet problem. Zbl 1422.35035
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2019
An introduction to mathematical cryptography. 2nd ed. Zbl 1297.94001
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2014
Hardy spaces and the Dirichlet problem on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0676.31004
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1987
Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic operators with complex coefficients. Zbl 1458.35153
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2020
Weak-star convergence in multiparameter Hardy spaces. Zbl 1221.42039
Pipher, Jill; Treil, Sergei
2011
A martingale inequality related to exponential square integrability. Zbl 0789.42015
Pipher, Jill
1993
Practical signatures from the partial Fourier recovery problem. Zbl 1356.94060
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2014
Carleson measures and elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 1373.42025
Pipher, Jill
2014
Directional discrepancy in two dimensions. Zbl 1250.11075
Bilyk, Dmitriy; Ma, Xiaomin; Pipher, Jill; Spencer, Craig
2011
Fully homomorphic encryption from the finite field isomorphism problem. Zbl 1385.94032
Doröz, Yarkın; Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.; Sunar, Berk; Whyte, William; Zhang, Zhenfei
2018
Notification of error: “Multiparameter Riesz commutators”. Zbl 07356326
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2021
The $$p$$-ellipticity condition for second order elliptic systems and applications to the Lamé and homogenization problems. Zbl 1479.35333
Dindoš, Martin; Li, Jungang; Pipher, Jill
2021
Notification of error: “Multiparameter Riesz commutators”. Zbl 07356326
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2021
The $$p$$-ellipticity condition for second order elliptic systems and applications to the Lamé and homogenization problems. Zbl 1479.35333
Dindoš, Martin; Li, Jungang; Pipher, Jill
2021
Extrapolation of the Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations with complex coefficients. Zbl 1447.35137
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2020
Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic operators with complex coefficients. Zbl 1458.35153
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2020
Regularity theory for solutions to second order elliptic operators with complex coefficients and the $$L^{p}$$ Dirichlet problem. Zbl 1409.35071
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2019
Commutators of multiparameter flag singular integrals and applications. Zbl 1405.42041
Duong, Xuan Thinh; Li, Ji; Ou, Yumeng; Pipher, Jill; Wick, Brett D.
2019
Boundary behavior of solutions of elliptic operators in divergence form with a BMO anti-symmetric part. Zbl 1418.35118
Li, Linhan; Pipher, Jill
2019
Perturbation theory for solutions to second order elliptic operators with complex coefficients and the $$L^p$$ Dirichlet problem. Zbl 1422.35035
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill
2019
Fully homomorphic encryption from the finite field isomorphism problem. Zbl 1385.94032
Doröz, Yarkın; Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.; Sunar, Berk; Whyte, William; Zhang, Zhenfei
2018
Choosing parameters for NTRUEncrypt. Zbl 1383.94022
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William; Zhang, Zhenfei
2017
BMO solvability and the $$A_\infty$$ condition for second order parabolic operators. Zbl 1383.35097
Dindoš, Martin; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill
2017
Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic operators satisfying a Carleson condition. Zbl 1375.35140
Dindoš, Martin; Pipher, Jill; Rule, David
2017
Square functions and the $$A_\infty$$ property of elliptic measures. Zbl 1386.35070
Kenig, C.; Kirchheim, B.; Pipher, J.; Toro, T.
2016
Square function/non-tangential maximal function estimates and the Dirichlet problem for non-symmetric elliptic operators. Zbl 1326.42028
Hofmann, Steve; Kenig, Carlos; Mayboroda, Svitlana; Pipher, Jill
2015
The regularity problem for second order elliptic operators with complex-valued bounded measurable coefficients. Zbl 1325.42028
Hofmann, Steve; Kenig, Carlos; Mayboroda, Svitlana; Pipher, Jill
2015
Dyadic structure theorems for multiparameter function spaces. Zbl 1334.42050
Li, Ji; Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.
2015
Transcript secure signatures based on modular lattices. Zbl 1380.94099
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2014
Perturbations of elliptic operators in chord arc domains. Zbl 1305.35042
Milakis, Emmanouil; Pipher, Jill; Toro, Tatiana
2014
An introduction to mathematical cryptography. 2nd ed. Zbl 1297.94001
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2014
Practical signatures from the partial Fourier recovery problem. Zbl 1356.94060
Hoffstein, Jeff; Pipher, Jill; Schanck, John M.; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2014
Carleson measures and elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 1373.42025
Pipher, Jill
2014
Harmonic analysis on chord arc domains. Zbl 1282.35151
Milakis, Emmanouil; Pipher, Jill; Toro, Tatiana
2013
Multi-parameter Div-Curl lemmas. Zbl 1257.35058
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2012
BMO solvability and the $$A_{\infty}$$ condition for elliptic operators. Zbl 1215.42029
Dindos, Martin; Kenig, Carlos; Pipher, Jill
2011
Geometric-arithmetic averaging of dyadic weights. Zbl 1231.42022
Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.; Xiao, Xiao
2011
Weak-star convergence in multiparameter Hardy spaces. Zbl 1221.42039
Pipher, Jill; Treil, Sergei
2011
Directional discrepancy in two dimensions. Zbl 1250.11075
Bilyk, Dmitriy; Ma, Xiaomin; Pipher, Jill; Spencer, Craig
2011
Iterated Riesz commutators: a simple proof of boundedness. Zbl 1204.42035
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2010
Practical lattice-based cryptography: NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign. Zbl 1191.94090
Hoffstein, Jeff; Howgrave-Graham, Nick; Pipher, Jill; Whyte, William
2010
Multiparameter Riesz commutators. Zbl 1170.42003
Lacey, Michael T.; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill C.; Wick, Brett D.
2009
An introduction to mathematical cryptography. Zbl 1160.94001
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2008
BMO from dyadic BMO on the bidisc. Zbl 1143.42025
Pipher, Jill; Ward, Lesley A.
2008
The $$L^p$$ Dirichlet problem for second order elliptic operators and a $$p$$-adapted square function. Zbl 1174.35025
Dindos, Martin; Petermichl, Stefanie; Pipher, Jill
2007
Multi-parameter paraproducts. Zbl 1114.42005
Muscalu, Camil; Pipher, Jill; Tao, Terence; Thiele, Christoph
2006
Variations on the theme of Journé’s lemma. (Variations on a theme of Journé’s lemma.) Zbl 1140.42003
Cabrelli, Carlos; Lacey, Michael T.; Molter, Ursula; Pipher, Jill C.
2006
A covering lemma for rectangles in $${\mathbb{R}}^n$$. Zbl 1084.42015
Fefferman, Robert; Pipher, Jill
2005
Bi-parameter paraproducts. Zbl 1087.42016
Muscalu, Camil; Pipher, Jill; Tao, Terence; Thiele, Christoph
2004
NTRUSign: Digital signatures using the NTRU lattice. Zbl 1039.94525
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Howgrave-Graham, Nick; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.; Whyte, William
2003
The Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations with drift terms. Zbl 1113.35314
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
2001
NSS: an NTRU lattice-based signature scheme. Zbl 0981.94039
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
2001
A new approach to absolute continuity of elliptic measure, with applications to non-symmetric equations. Zbl 0958.35025
Kenig, C.; Koch, H.; Pipher, J.; Toro, T.
2000
NTRU: A ring-based public key cryptosystem. Zbl 1067.94538
Hoffstein, Jeffrey; Pipher, Jill; Silverman, Joseph H.
1998
The inhomogeneous Dirichlet problem for $$\Delta^2$$ in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0934.35038
1998
The absolute continuity of elliptic measure revisited. Zbl 0922.31007
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1998
Vector potential theory on nonsmooth domains in $$\mathbb{R}^ 3$$ and applications to electromagnetic scattering. Zbl 0877.35124
Mitrea, Dorina; Mitrea, Marius; Pipher, Jill
1997
Multiparameter operators and sharp weighted inequalities. Zbl 0877.42004
Fefferman, R.; Pipher, J.
1997
Area integral estimates for higher order elliptic equations and systems. Zbl 0892.35053
Dahlberg, Björn E. J.; Kenig, C. E.; Pipher, J.; Verchota, G. C.
1997
Littlewood-Paley estimates: Some applications to elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0945.35028
Pipher, Jill C.
1997
Dilation invariant estimates and the boundary Gårding inequality for higher order elliptic operators. Zbl 0878.35035
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory C.
1995
Maximum principles for the polyharmonic equation on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0844.35013
Pipher, J.; Verchota, G. C.
1995
The Neumann problem for elliptic equations with non-smooth coefficients. Zbl 0807.35030
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1993
A maximum principle for biharmonic functions in Lipschitz and $$C^ 1$$ domains. Zbl 0794.31005
Pipher, J.; Verchota, G.
1993
A martingale inequality related to exponential square integrability. Zbl 0789.42015
Pipher, Jill
1993
The Dirichlet problem in $$L^ p$$ for the biharmonic equation on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0768.31006
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory
1992
The theory of weights and the Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations. Zbl 0770.35014
Fefferman, R. A.; Kenig, C. E.; Pipher, J.
1991
Area integral estimates for the biharmonic operator in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0774.35022
Pipher, Jill; Verchota, Gregory
1991
The h-path distribution of the lifetime of conditioned Brownian motion for non-smooth domains. Zbl 0672.60079
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1989
The oblique derivative problem on Lipschitz domains with $$L^ p$$ data. Zbl 0676.35019
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1988
Oblique derivative problems for the Laplacian in Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0686.35028
Pipher, Jill
1987
Hardy spaces and the Dirichlet problem on Lipschitz domains. Zbl 0676.31004
Kenig, Carlos E.; Pipher, Jill
1987
Journé’s covering lemma and its extension to higher dimensions. Zbl 0645.42018
Pipher, Jill
1986
Bounded double square functions. Zbl 0583.60038
Pipher, Jill
1986
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### Cited by 836 Authors
32 Mitrea, Marius 32 Pipher, Jill Catherine 29 Hofmann, Steve 29 Mayboroda, Svitlana 28 Lu, Guozhen 19 Li, Ji 17 Mitrea, Dorina 16 Dindoš, Martin 15 Shen, Zhongwei 14 Kenig, Carlos Eduardo 13 Maz’ya, Vladimir Gilelevich 13 Nyström, Kaj 11 Ding, Wei 11 Han, Yongsheng 11 Martell, José María (Chema) 10 Chen, Jiao 10 Duong, Xuan Thinh 10 Verchota, Gregory C. 10 Ward, Lesley A. 9 Auscher, Pascal 9 Barton, Ariel 9 David, Guy 9 He, Shaoyong 9 Mitrea, Irina 9 Toro, Tatiana 8 Brown, Russell Murray 8 Chen, Jiecheng 8 Lacey, Michael T. 8 Muscalu, Camil 8 Wick, Brett D. 8 Wu, Xinfeng 7 Lewis, John L. 7 Ou, Yumeng 7 Petermichl, Stefanie 7 Thiele, Christoph Martin 7 Yan, Lixin 6 Ding, Yong 6 Feneuil, Joseph 6 Huang, Liang 6 Mourgoglou, Mihalis 6 Natroshvili, David 6 Zhu, Yueping 5 Aramaki, Junichi 5 Axelsson, Andreas 5 Bilyk, Dmitry 5 di Plinio, Francesco 5 Ducas, Léo 5 Hoffstein, Jeffrey 5 Hong, Qing 5 Lee, Hyangsook 5 Lerner, Andrei K. 5 Li, Linhan 5 Lim, Seongan 5 Martikainen, Henri 5 Pereyra, María Cristina 5 Shen, Yuliang 5 Silverman, Joseph Hillel 5 Song, Liang 5 Stehlé, Damien 5 Taylor, Michael Eugene 5 Vogel, Andrew L. 5 Volberg, Alexander Lvovich 5 Wei, Huaying 5 Yang, Dachun 5 Yang, Dongyong 5 Yang, Sibei 5 Zhao, Zihui 4 Azzam, Jonas 4 Cao, Mingming 4 Geng, Jun 4 Hagelstein, Paul Alton 4 Kim, Seick 4 Li, Kangwei 4 Lin, Chincheng 4 Maekawa, Yasunori 4 May, Alexander 4 Miura, Hideyuki 4 Parissis, Ioannis R. 4 Rivera-Noriega, Jorge 4 Ruan, Zhuoping 4 Sini, Mourad 4 Torres, Rodolfo H. 4 Zhang, Lu 4 Zhang, Zhenfei 3 Akman, Murat 3 Anderson, Theresa C. 3 Bakas, Odysseas 3 Benea, Cristina 3 Bernicot, Frédéric 3 Buchmann, Johannes A. 3 Chen, Peng 3 Cheng, Qi 3 Cialdea, Alberto 3 Egert, Moritz 3 Fouque, Pierre-Alain 3 Gaborit, Philippe 3 Gong, Ruming 3 Grafakos, Loukas 3 He, Danqing 3 Hu, Bingyang ...and 736 more Authors
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### Cited in 182 Serials
44 Journal of Functional Analysis 41 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 28 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 25 Advances in Mathematics 21 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 21 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 18 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 15 Journal of Differential Equations 15 Mathematische Annalen 15 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 13 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 12 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 12 Forum Mathematicum 12 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 12 Potential Analysis 12 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 11 Journal of Mathematical Cryptology 9 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 8 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 8 Mathematische Zeitschrift 8 Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences & Cryptography 7 Duke Mathematical Journal 7 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 7 Analysis & PDE 6 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 6 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 5 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 5 Inventiones Mathematicae 5 Mathematische Nachrichten 5 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 5 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 4 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 4 Discrete Applied Mathematics 4 Arkiv för Matematik 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Publicacions Matemàtiques 4 Journal of Cryptology 4 Journal of Integral Equations and Applications 4 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 4 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 4 Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 4 Science China. Mathematics 3 Communications in Mathematical Physics 3 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 3 Mathematical Notes 3 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 3 Acta Mathematica 3 Computing 3 Results in Mathematics 3 Theoretical Computer Science 3 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 3 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 3 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 3 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 3 Journal of Evolution Equations 3 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 3 Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis 2 Israel Journal of Mathematics 2 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 2 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 2 Functional Analysis and its Applications 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Information Sciences 2 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Real Analysis Exchange 2 Journal of Symbolic Computation 2 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 2 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 2 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 2 Applied Mathematics. Series B (English Edition) 2 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Mathematica 2 Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 2 Acta Mathematica Scientia. Series B. (English Edition) 2 Advanced Nonlinear Studies 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 2 Advances in Mathematics of Communications 2 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 2 Journal of Function Spaces 2 Annales Fennici Mathematici 1 Analysis Mathematica 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Studia Mathematica 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal ...and 82 more Serials
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### Cited in 46 Fields
308 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 279 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 127 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 80 Potential theory (31-XX) 68 Functional analysis (46-XX) 63 Operator theory (47-XX) 45 Number theory (11-XX) 39 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 38 Computer science (68-XX) 26 Measure and integration (28-XX) 23 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 21 Quantum theory (81-XX) 19 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 18 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 15 Real functions (26-XX) 15 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 15 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 13 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 10 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 7 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 7 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 7 Integral equations (45-XX) 6 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 5 Combinatorics (05-XX) 5 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 4 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 4 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 4 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX)
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http://scstatehouse.gov/sess122_2017-2018/sj17/20170125.htm
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South Carolina General Assembly
122nd Session, 2017-2018
Journal of the Senate
NO. 11
JOURNAL
OF THE
SENATE
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
REGULAR SESSION BEGINNING TUESDAY, JANUARY 10, 2017
_________
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 2017
Wednesday, January 25, 2017
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by Acting President, Senator SETZLER.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
Romans 8:28
"We know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose."
Let us pray.
Almighty and sovereign God, your guiding hand has allowed us to grow, change and mature as the people of this great State. As we have just witnessed, this process has produced unexpected political events that surprise us but not You O God. You see clearly what we see dimly. Your providential power is omnipresent in every aspect of our lives. Many Senators here today have felt and known first hand this providential power in their own life journey to the Senate.
Now we see this in an extraordinary way as we experience the orderly transfer of leadership at the highest level of our state government: Governor Nikki Haley becomes the US Ambassador to the United Nations; Lt. Governor Henry McMaster becomes the Governor of our beloved State. Both of them are entering unknown territory with Your blessing and the blessing of this legislative Body. It is now and in the days ahead, that we pray fervently for Your hand to continue to guide their steps so that their actions will clearly be:
And a glorification of Your holy name
We offer this prayer with the assurance of Your divine love and care, Amen.
The Acting President called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
January 24, 2017
Mr. Jeffrey S. Gossett
Clerk of the Senate
South Carolina Senate
Post Office Box 142
Columbia, South Carolina 29202
Re: Resignation as Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore
Dear Mr. Clerk:
Please permit this letter to serve as official notice of my resignation from the office of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore. This resignation is effective immediately.
As you know, serving as PRESIDENT Pro Tempore of the Senate is voluntary. Consequently, the Senate's legal counsel has opined that this resignation is fully consistent with the PRESIDENT's Pro Tempore duties under the South Carolina Constitution. Additionally, the Senate's legal counsel has related that this resignation is effective upon your receipt of this letter, either electronically or via hard copy, and that no further action is then required to effectuate the resignation.
I thank the Senate for the honor and privilege of serving for over two and one-half years as PRESIDENT Pro Tempore. As I have done since 1980, I look forward to continuing to serve in the Senate in the interests of the citizens of Senate District 31 and, indeed, the citizens across all of South Carolina.
Respectfully,
Hugh K. Leatherman, Sr.
Election of the PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, the Senate proceded to the election of the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Senator SETZLER announced that nominations for the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore were in order.
Nomination
Senator MARTIN was recognized to make nominating remarks and placed the name of Senator BRYANT into nomination for the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Senator MALLOY seconded the nomination of Senator BRYANT and moved that the nominations be closed and that the Senate procede to a vote.
Remarks to be Printed
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senators MARTIN and MALLOY, when reduced to writing and made available to the Desk, would be printed in the Journal.
The question then was the election of Senator BRYANT to the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Whereupon, the acting PRESIDENT announced that Senator BRYANT was elected to the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Recorded Vote
Senators CAMPSEN and DAVIS desired to be recorded as abstaining from the vote.
Privilege of the Floor
On motion of Senator DAVIS with unanimous consent, the Privilege of the Floor was extended to the family of Senator BRYANT for the administration of the Oath of Office.
Administration of the Oath of Office
PRESIDENT Pro Tempore of the Senate
Senator BRYANT presented himself at the Bar and the Oath of Office was administered by Chief Justice Donald Beatty.
The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore, Senator BRYANT, addressed the Senate.
Remarks to be Printed
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, with unanimous consent, the remarks of the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore when reduced to writing and made available to the Desk, would be printed in the Journal.
Inauguration of the Honorable KEVIN L. BRYANT
Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
Senator BRYANT presented himself at the Bar and the Oath of Office was administered by Chief Justice Donald Beatty.
Senate District 3 was vacated.
COMMITTEE SELECTION
In accordance with Rule 19E, the chairmen of the standing committees were updated as follows:
GENERAL COMMITTEE
Shealy, Katrina F., Chairman
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 1:02 P.M., the PRESIDENT, Lieutenant Governor Kevin L. Bryant, assumed the Chair.
Election of the PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, the Senate proceded to the election of the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
The PRESIDENT announced that nominations for the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore were in order.
Nomination
Senator RANKIN was recognized to make nominating remarks and placed the name of Senator LEATHERMAN into nomination for the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Senator ALEXANDER seconded the nomination.
Senator MASSEY was recognized to make nominating remarks and placed the name of Senator PEELER into nomination for the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Senator GROOMS seconded the nomination and moved that the nominations be closed and that the Senate procede to a vote.
Remarks to be Printed
On motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senators RANKIN and MASSEY, when reduced to writing and made available to the Desk, would be printed in the Journal.
The question then was the election of the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
The following named Senators voted for Sen. LEATHERMAN:
Alexander Allen Campbell
Courson Cromer Fanning
Gambrell Goldfinch Hutto
Jackson Johnson Kimpson
Leatherman Malloy Martin
Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen
McLeod Nicholson Rankin
Reese Sabb Scott
Senn Setzler Sheheen
Williams
Total--28
The following named Senators voted for Sen. PEELER:
Bennett Campsen Climer
Corbin Davis Grooms
Hembree Massey Peeler
Rice Shealy Talley
Timmons Turner Verdin
Young
Total--16
The following named Senator abstained:
Gregory
Total--1
Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that Senator LEATHERMAN was elected to the office of PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
Senator LEATHERMAN presented himself at the Bar and the Oath of Office was administered by the PRESIDENT.
The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore addressed the Senate.
Statement by Senators DAVIS and CAMPSEN
We abstained from today's vote in the Senate electing Senator KEVIN BRYANT to the office of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore, a vote -- given the vacancy that then existed in the office of Lieutenant Governor and the provisions of Article IV, Section 9 of the South Carolina Constitution -- subsequently resulted in Senator BRYANT's immediate ascension to fill that vacant office.
Our abstention is not in any way a comment on the ability of Senator BRYANT to discharge the duties of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore or Lieutenant Governor, as we believe without reservation he is eminently qualified to discharge the duties of both offices; rather, it is intended to make clear our unwillingness to participate in an arranged procedure that allows the immediately previous Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore, Senator HUGH K. LEATHERMAN, SR., to enjoy the powers and rights inherent in that office, yet avoid the discharge of the essential constitutional duty that goes along with enjoying those rights and powers.
As to the proper course of action that ought to be followed in such circumstances, we cannot improve upon the words that were delivered to Members of the Senate by then -- Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore Glenn F. McConnell when he was presented, as Senator HUGH LEATHERMAN was today, with the prospect of discharging the essential constitutional duty of the Pro Tempore and ascending to fill the vacancy in the office of the Lieutenant Governor. A transcription of a pertinent portion of his remarks at that time is printed below:
"[I have] Been very insistent about the strict construction of the Constitution and the need for this Senate to test each law for its constitutionality before it moves forward. I have warned about the pitfalls of the unconstitutional act of piggy backing non-germane and totally different subjects on a Bill because of time running out. Our Constitution is very clear on that matter, and bobtailing is a practice which any future PRESIDENT Pro Tempore will need to be on the lookout for."
"The standard that I have applied to other things is now what I must apply to myself. You see, I have been doing for the people of Senate District 41 in this State, what I always wanted to do. Giving it up is indeed a sad moment for me."
"That is why I stand here today somber and a little saddened because of what I will lose today when I take the oath of office as Lieutenant Governor. But for the people of South Carolina, who hear these words today or read them in the future, I want them to know that what I do today should not be considered remarkable. If what I am doing is considered special, then it is a sad indictment of the public's view of elected officials and our commitment to what is right."
"Today we remind the public that oaths of office matter and people should and can expect that whoever takes the oath office as PRESIDENT Pro Tempore will do as they swore to do and fulfill the constitutional duty of becoming Lieutenant Governor, if there is a permanent vacancy in that office."
"Today I simply perform the duty I swore to do when I took the oath of office as PRESIDENT Pro Tempore."
Stated plainly, the actions taken by the members of the South Carolina Senate today, in regard to filling the vacancy in the office of Lieutenant Governor occasioned by former Lieutenant Governor Henry McMaster's ascension to the office of Governor, failed to live up to the constitutional standard articulated by Glenn McConnell, and our abstention registers our opinion in that regard.
Statement by Senator TIMMONS
First, let me thank you Mr. PRESIDENT. I want everyone to understand that I have the utmost respect for all the members who now serve here. However, I believe that this Chamber, the South Carolina State Senate, is failing the people of this State today. Not one person listening on television on ETV or who happens to be here in the audience will disagree with the notion that Columbia is broken.
I ran for the Senate on that issue and we defeated a 37 year incumbent by a 2 to 1 margin. It is the one issue that almost all voters in this State can agree on. You see, many of our constituents have felt disconnected from our state government for quite some time. As a businessman, I have felt that way for as long as I have been in business. That is what prompted me to run for office in the first place. I know there are others who sit in this Chamber who can agree -- Columbia is broken. Like me, many of the freshmen Senators campaigned to reform Columbia, to reform the Senate, to uphold the Constitution and ultimately to help fix the State of South Carolina. And yet, just over two weeks into this session, we find ourselves doing the same things that have always been done here. That is a sad state of affairs and, frankly, it is no longer acceptable. I believe our state government has lost its way. I believe this Senate has lost its way. We stand here and discuss reform and transparency and yet we continue to do the exact opposite.
Our roads and bridges are in desperate need of repair. We have stuck our heads in the sand with a dysfunctional Department of Transportation and yet we refuse to enact real reforms to ensure accountability. Our system of taxation is unfair and puts far too much burden on small family businesses and yet real, serious tax reform continually gets overlooked or stays stuck in committee. We have been ordered by the South Carolina Supreme Court to reform the way we fund our schools and educate our children and yet for two years we have ignored that order.
Today, we find ourselves once again playing musical chairs with the State Constitution by voting to give back the full power of the position of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore to the same Senator that also happens to run the Senate Finance Committee. The same Senator who just resigned from that position to avoid fulfilling his constitutional duty to rise to the position of Lieutenant Governor.
I do not care how things have been done in the past -- that is too much power for any one person to hold and quite frankly it is just not right. Again, I want everyone to know, this is not personal. I have the utmost respect for Senator LEATHERMAN. But when we entrust so much of the power of this Body into just one Senator -- we shortchange South Carolina and deprive every other Senator's constituents of truly equal representation. The people of this State deserve better. When we give too much power to just one Senator it is unwise, unnecessary and unjust.
Columbia is broken. But how can we fix it?
I campaigned for term limits. I believe the founding fathers intended we maintain a citizen run legislature. I have pledged to serve no more than three terms here in the Senate. Your vote for the position of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore should not be made out of fear. When I have privately asked fellow members where they stand, some have indicated to me that if they vote for someone else, they might lose funding for a key project in their district. Our crumbling roads and bridges provide the perfect metaphor for South Carolina state government today. We must first begin to address the foundational problems if we can ever hope to finally fix all the other problems that so adversely affect our State. Ladies and gentleman of the Senate, I believe Columbia is broken, but today, we can make a bold statement that the collective interests of the entire State are always bigger than interests of one Senate district. It is January 25th in the year 2017 and I am here to tell you the people in my district want us all to try something new. Let us all have the courage to do just that. Thank you.
Statement by Senator GREGORY
I abstained from voting in the election of the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore because I did not support Senator LEATHERMAN stepping down from the position only to stand for it again. In addition, while I am fond of Senator PEELER and appreciate his leadership of the Senate Republican Caucus, I feel that the office of Senate PRESIDENT Pro Tempore has traditionally been a non-partisan one, and that it would be difficult for a former Majority Leader to carry its duties out in that manner.
Statement by Senator TALLEY
Today, the South Carolina Senate had the opportunity to show the people of our State that we are willing to take steps to reform state government and begin to restore accountability to our actions in Columbia. While I certainly respect Senator LEATHERMAN for his years of dedicated service to our State, in order for people to trust the work we do in the Senate, we cannot concentrate so much power in one legislative leader. I am hopeful in the years to come we can take steps to change our Senate Rules to reflect the reform and accountability measures the citizens of South Carolina have demanded and deserve.
Doctor of the Day
Senator McELVEEN introduced Dr. Gary Culbertson of Sumter, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
S. 44 (Word version) Sen. Reese
S. 86 (Word version) Sen. Rice
S. 219 (Word version) Sen. Hutto
S. 301 (Word version) Sen. Rice
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 305 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR AND RECOGNIZE DEPUTY KIMBER GIST, OF THE BERKELEY COUNTY SHERRIFF'S OFFICE, WHO WAS SHOT IN THE LINE OF DUTY IN FEBRUARY OF 2016.
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S. 306 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CELEBRATE AND COMMEND PITCHER CARL EDWARDS, JR., OF NEWBERRY COUNTY ON THE INSTRUMENTAL ROLE HE PLAYED IN HELPING THE CHICAGO CUBS WIN THE 2016 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL WORLD SERIES.
l:\council\bills\rt\17024cz17.docx
S. 307 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-280(A)(1) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO ACCIDENT AND HEALTH INSURANCE, AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER COVERAGE, AND ELIGIBILITY FOR BENEFITS, TO PROVIDE THAT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER MEANS ANY OF THE PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS AS DEFINED BY THE MOST RECENT EDITION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS OR THE EDITION IN EFFECT AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS.
l:\s-res\ks\015auti.dmr.ks.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
S. 308 (Word version) -- Senators Talley and Rice: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2946(A) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SUBMISSION TO TESTING FOR DRUGS AND ALCOHOL, TO PROVIDE THAT, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF LAW, A PERSON MUST SUBMIT TO CHEMICAL TESTS OF HIS BREATH, BLOOD, OR URINE FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL, DRUGS, OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH IF THERE IS PROBABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE THAT THE PERSON VIOLATED OR IS UNDER ARREST FOR A VIOLATION OF SECTION 56-5-2945 OR IF A PERSON WAS KILLED OR REASONABLY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN KILLED AS A RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT INVOLVING A MOTOR VEHICLE.
l:\s-res\sft\005bloo.dmr.sft.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 309 (Word version) -- Senator Malloy: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE XVII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS, BY ADDING SECTION 16 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY LAW, IN SPECIFIED AREAS OF THE STATE, MAY PROVIDE FOR THE CONDUCT OF GAMBLING AND GAMING ACTIVITIES ON WHICH BETS ARE MADE TO INCLUDE PARI-MUTUEL BETTING ON HORSE RACING, SPORTS BETTING ON PROFESSIONAL SPORTS, CASINO ACTIVITIES, SUCH AS CARD AND DICE GAMES WHERE THE SKILL OF THE PLAYER IS INVOLVED IN THE OUTCOME, AND GAMES OF CHANCE WITH THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES OR GAMING TABLES, ALL OF WHICH MUST BE STRICTLY REGULATED AND MAY BE CONDUCTED IN ONE LOCATION OR IN SEPARATE LOCATIONS WITHIN THE SPECIFIED AREA SUBJECT TO SPECIAL LAWS, INCLUDING CRIMINAL LAWS, ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, APPLICABLE ONLY IN THE SPECIFIED AREA, WITH THE REVENUE REALIZED BY THE STATE TO BE ALLOCATED TO THE STATE'S RETIREMENT SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN A RATIO OF THE ACTUARIAL VALUE OF THE SYSTEMS ASSETS TO THE ACTUARIAL ACCRUED LIABILITY OF THE SYSTEMS THAT IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN NINETY PERCENT, TO PROVIDE THAT ANY REVENUE REALIZED ABOVE THE AMOUNT NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN THAT RATIO SHALL BE DEPOSITED IN THE STATE'S GENERAL FUND; AND BY PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 8, ARTICLE XVII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS, BY DELETING SECTION 8 WHICH MAKES IT UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON HOLDING AN OFFICE OF HONOR, TRUST, OR PROFIT TO ENGAGE IN GAMBLING OR BETTING ON GAMES OF CHANCE, AND REQUIRES THE OFFICER'S REMOVAL FROM OFFICE UPON CONVICTION, FOR A GAMBLING OFFENSE.
l:\s-res\gm\031casi.dmr.gm.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 310 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A BILL TO PERMIT THE TOWN OF CAMDEN TO ANNEX CERTAIN REAL PROPERTY BY ORDINANCE UPON FINDING THAT THE PROPERTY IS BLIGHTED.
l:\s-res\vas\006camd.sp.vas.docx
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
S. 311 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE FEBRUARY 26 THROUGH MARCH 4, 2017, AS "EATING DISORDERS AWARENESS WEEK" IN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO COINCIDE WITH NATIONAL EATING DISORDERS AWARENESS WEEK AND TO DECLARE THURSDAY, MARCH 2, 2017, AS "EATING DISORDERS AWARENESS DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
l:\council\bills\rm\1073vr17.docx
The Senate Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 312 (Word version) -- Senators Hembree and Corbin: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DESIGNATE THE WEEK OF JANUARY 22 THROUGH JANUARY 28, 2017, AS "NATIONAL SCHOOL CHOICE WEEK IN SOUTH CAROLINA" AND TO CONGRATULATE STUDENTS, PARENTS, TEACHERS, AND SCHOOL LEADERS FROM K-12 EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF ALL VARIETIES FOR THEIR PERSISTENCE, ACHIEVEMENTS, DEDICATION, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEIR COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
l:\s-res\gh\008nati.kmm.gh.docx
S. 313 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 4-1-190 SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY TO ESTABLISH A WINDSTORM PROTECTION AND HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE PROGRAM TO ASSIST A HOMEOWNER WITH THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF QUALIFIED WIND RESISTANCE IMPROVEMENTS, TO ESTABLISH OPTIONS FOR FINANCING, TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN DETERMINATIONS THAT MUST BE MADE, TO REQUIRE CERTAIN NOTICE, TO PROVIDE THAT A LIEN FILED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN AD VALOREM TAX, TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS TO AN INCREASE IN PROPERTY TAXES; AND TO ALLOW A LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO IMPOSE CERTAIN FEES.
l:\council\bills\nbd\11090sa17.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 168 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 16-15-90 AND 16-15-100 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PROSTITUTION, TO INCREASE THE PENALTIES FOR SOLICITATION OF PROSTITUTION, ESTABLISHING OR KEEPING A BROTHEL OR HOUSE OF PROSTITUTION, OR CAUSING OR INDUCING ANOTHER TO PARTICIPATE IN PROSTITUTION; TO ESTABLISH THE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE OF BEING A VICTIM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING; AND TO INCREASE THE PENALTIES FOR SOLICITING, CAUSING, OR INDUCING ANOTHER FOR OR INTO PROSTITUTION WHEN THE PROSTITUTE HAS A MENTAL DISABILITY.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator GROOMS from the Committee on Transportation submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 198 (Word version) -- Senators Shealy, Alexander, McElveen and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-100 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DRIVERS' LICENSES, TO PROVIDE THAT A MINOR MAY APPLY FOR A BEGINNER'S PERMIT, INSTRUCTION PERMIT, OR DRIVER'S LICENSE UNDER THE AUTHORIZATION OF A RESPONSIBLE ADULT WILLING TO ASSUME THE OBLIGATION IMPOSED.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 220 (Word version) -- Senators Shealy and McElveen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-920(C) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED DURING AN INVESTIGATION OF CHILD ABUSE ALLEGATIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN SHALL BE INTERVIEWED USING A SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETER NOT RELATED TO THE CHILD, TO ALLOW FOR REMOTE VIDEO INTERPRETATION, AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO MAINTAIN A DATABASE OF QUALIFIED INTERPRETERS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 25, TITLE 16, RELATING TO CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, TO PROVIDE THAT INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED DURING AN INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN WHICH A HEARING IMPAIRED CHILD MAY HAVE BEEN INVOLVED OR WITNESSED THE ACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MUST BE CONDUCTED WITH THE USE OF A SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETER NOT RELATED TO THE CHILD.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 245 (Word version) -- Senators Hutto and Hembree: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-370, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DRUG OFFENSES, SO AS TO CONFORM THE LANGUAGE OF TRAFFICKING IN ILLEGAL DRUGS PROVISIONS, INCLUDING OPIATES AND HEROIN, TO THE LANGUAGE OF THE PROVISIONS CONCERNING POSSESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN ILLEGAL DRUGS WHICH WOULD INCLUDE SYNTHETIC OPIATES, AMONG OTHER DRUGS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate agreed to stand adjourned.
| 2017-07-24T18:37:34 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/meshgenerators/RinglebMeshGenerator.html
|
# RinglebMeshGenerator
## Overview
This mesh can be applied to a Ringleb problem. This problem tests the spatial accuracy of high-order methods. The flow is transonic and smooth. The geometry is also smooth, and high-order curved boundary representation appears to be critical.
## Governing Equations
The governing equations are the 2D Euler equations with .
## Geometry
Let be a streamline parameter, i.e., on each streamline. The two stream lines for the two wall boundaries are for the inner wall, and for the outer wall. Let be the velocity magnitude. For each fixed , , the variable varies between and . For each , define the speed of sound , density , pressure , and a quantity denoted by by:
For each pair , set:
## Mesh Overlook
For example, let's consider the following input file:
[MeshGenerators]
[./ringleb]
type = RinglebMeshGenerator
kmin = 0.7
num_k_pts = 9
num_q_pts = 20
kmax = 1.2
n_extra_q_pts = 2
gamma = 1.4
triangles = true
[]
[]
The corresponding mesh looks like this:
## Input Parameters
• num_k_ptsHow many points in the range k=(kmin, kmax).
C++ Type:int
Options:
Description:How many points in the range k=(kmin, kmax).
• kminValue of k on the outer wall.
C++ Type:double
Options:
Description:Value of k on the outer wall.
• num_q_ptsHow many points to discretize the range q = (0.5, k) into.
C++ Type:int
Options:
Description:How many points to discretize the range q = (0.5, k) into.
• n_extra_q_ptsHow many 'extra' points should be inserted in the final element *in addition to* the equispaced q points.
C++ Type:int
Options:
Description:How many 'extra' points should be inserted in the final element *in addition to* the equispaced q points.
• kmaxValue of k on the inner wall.
C++ Type:double
Options:
Description:Value of k on the inner wall.
• gammaGamma parameter
C++ Type:double
Options:
Description:Gamma parameter
### Required Parameters
• trianglesFalseIf true, all the quadrilateral elements will be split into triangles
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:If true, all the quadrilateral elements will be split into triangles
• outflow_bid3The boundary id to use for the outflow
Default:3
C++ Type:short
Options:
Description:The boundary id to use for the outflow
• inner_wall_bid2The boundary id to use for the inner wall
Default:2
C++ Type:short
Options:
Description:The boundary id to use for the inner wall
• outer_wall_bid4The boundary id to use for the outer wall
Default:4
C++ Type:short
Options:
Description:The boundary id to use for the outer wall
• inflow_bid1The boundary id to use for the inflow
Default:1
C++ Type:short
Options:
Description:The boundary id to use for the inflow
### Optional Parameters
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
| 2018-12-10T13:57:43 |
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|
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cs/T-11.001?code=se:31_6&history=20211128
|
### T-11.001 - Act respecting the remuneration of elected municipal officers
31.6. (Repealed).
2004, c. 20, s. 205; 2005, c. 28, s. 142.
31.6. The Government may, by regulation, fix
(1) the amount per inhabitant, applicable for each population bracket provided for in section 12, used to establish the minimum annual remuneration of a mayor in relation to the population figure of the municipality;
(2) the maximum amount by which the minimum annual remuneration of a mayor, based on the population figure of the municipality increased in accordance with section 13, may exceed the remuneration that would be established if based on the unincreased population figure;
(3) the minimum amount that applies under section 16 to the annual remuneration of a mayor and a councillor respectively, regardless of the population figure of the municipality; and
(4) the minimum amount that applies under section 16 to the annual remuneration of a warden elected in accordance with section 210.29.2 of the Act respecting municipal territorial organization (chapter O-9).
2004, c. 20, s. 205.
| 2022-01-20T11:55:49 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/compute_displace_atom.html
|
# compute displace/atom command
## Syntax
compute ID group-ID displace/atom
• ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
• displace/atom = style name of this compute command
• zero or more keyword/arg pairs may be appended
• keyword = refresh
replace arg = name of per-atom variable
## Examples
compute 1 all displace/atom
compute 1 all displace/atom refresh myVar
## Description
Define a computation that calculates the current displacement of each atom in the group from its original (reference) coordinates, including all effects due to atoms passing through periodic boundaries.
A vector of four quantities per atom is calculated by this compute. The first 3 elements of the vector are the dx,dy,dz displacements. The 4th component is the total displacement, i.e. sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dz).
The displacement of an atom is from its original position at the time the compute command was issued. The value of the displacement will be 0.0 for atoms not in the specified compute group.
Note
Initial coordinates are stored in “unwrapped” form, by using the image flags associated with each atom. See the dump custom command for a discussion of “unwrapped” coordinates. See the Atoms section of the read_data command for a discussion of image flags and how they are set for each atom. You can reset the image flags (e.g. to 0) before invoking this compute by using the set image command.
Note
If you want the quantities calculated by this compute to be continuous when running from a restart file, then you should use the same ID for this compute, as in the original run. This is so that the fix this compute creates to store per-atom quantities will also have the same ID, and thus be initialized correctly with time=0 atom coordinates from the restart file.
The refresh option can be used in conjunction with the “dump_modify refresh” command to generate incremental dump files.
The definition and motivation of an incremental dump file is as follows. Instead of outputting all atoms at each snapshot (with some associated values), you may only wish to output the subset of atoms with a value that has changed in some way compared to the value the last time that atom was output. In some scenarios this can result in a dramatically smaller dump file. If desired, by post-processing the sequence of snapshots, the values for all atoms at all timesteps can be inferred.
A concrete example using this compute, is a simulation of atom diffusion in a solid, represented as atoms on a lattice. Diffusive hops are rare. Imagine that when a hop occurs an atom moves more than a distance Dhop. For any snapshot we only want to output atoms that have hopped since the last snapshot. This can be accomplished with something like the following commands:
write_dump all custom tmp.dump id type x y z # see comment below
variable Dhop equal 0.6
variable check atom "c_dsp[4] > v_Dhop"
compute dsp all displace/atom refresh check
dump 1 all custom 100 tmp.dump id type x y z
dump_modify 1 append yes thresh c_dsp[4] > \${Dhop} &
refresh c_dsp delay 100
The dump_modify thresh command will only output atoms that have displaced more than 0.6 Angstroms on each snapshot (assuming metal units). The dump_modify refresh option triggers a call to this compute at the end of every dump.
The refresh argument for this compute is the ID of an atom-style variable which calculates a Boolean value (0 or 1) based on the same criterion used by dump_modify thresh. This compute evaluates the atom-style variable. For each atom that returns 1 (true), the original (reference) coordinates of the atom (stored by this compute) are updated.
The effect of these commands is that a particular atom will only be output in the dump file on the snapshot after it makes a diffusive hop. It will not be output again until it makes another hop.
Note that in the first snapshot of a subsequent run, no atoms will be typically be output. That is because the initial displacement for all atoms is 0.0. If an initial dump snapshot is desired, containing the initial reference positions of all atoms, one way to do this is illustrated above. An initial write_dump command can be used before the first run. It will contain the positions of all the atoms, Options in the dump_modify command above will append new output to that same file and delay the output until a later timestep. The delay setting avoids a second time = 0 snapshot which would be empty.
Output info:
This compute calculates a per-atom array with 4 columns, which can be accessed by indices 1-4 by any command that uses per-atom values from a compute as input. See the Howto output doc page for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The per-atom array values will be in distance units.
This compute supports the refresh option as explained above, for use in conjunction with dump_modify refresh to generate incremental dump files.
none
| 2020-06-05T09:37:32 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/18.26
|
# §18.26 Wilson Class: Continued
## §18.26(i) Representations as Generalized Hypergeometric Functions
For the definition of generalized hypergeometric functions see §16.2.
## §18.26(iii) Difference Relations
For comments on the use of the forward-difference operator , the backward-difference operator , and the central-difference operator , see §18.2(ii).
For each family only the -difference that lowers is given. See Koekoek et al. (2010, Chapter 1) for further formulas.
## §18.26(iv) Generating Functions
For the hypergeometric function see §§15.1 and 15.2(i).
## §18.26(v) Asymptotic Approximations
For asymptotic expansions of Wilson polynomials of large degree see Wilson (1991), and for asymptotic approximations to their largest zeros see Chen and Ismail (1998).
Koornwinder (2009) rescales and reparametrizes Racah polynomials and Wilson polynomials in such a way that they are continuous in their four parameters, provided that these parameters are nonnegative. Moreover, if one or more of the new parameters becomes zero, then the polynomial descends to a lower family in the Askey scheme.
| 2013-06-20T06:29:31 |
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|
http://theory.pppl.gov/research/research.php?rid=10
|
# Research Codes
Research Codes
Research Codes.
### XGC: the “X-point included”, Guiding Center Code for Transport in Tokamaks
Near the edge of tokamak plasmas, strong particle and energy sources and sinks (e.g. radiation, contact with a material wall,...) drive the plasma away from thermal equilibrium, thus invalidating the assumptions underpinning fluid theories. The XGC, gyrokinetic, particle-in-cell (PIC) suite-of-codes, XGC1, XGCa and XGC0, were developed to provide a comprehensive description of kinetic transport phenomena in this complicated region; including: heating and cooling, radiation losses, neutral particle recycling and impurity transport.
A particle's “state” is described by the position, ${\bf x}$, and velocity, ${\bf v}$; constituting a a six-dimensional phase space. Gyrokinetic codes average over the very-fast, “gyromotion” of charged particles in strong magnetic fields, ${\bf B}$, and phase space becomes five-dimensional, ${\bf X} \equiv ({\bf x},v_\parallel,\mu)$, where ${\bf x}$ is the position of the “guiding center”, $v_\parallel$ is the velocity parallel to ${\bf B}$, and $\mu$ is the “magnetic moment”. The density of particles is given by a distribution function, $f({\bf X},t)$; the evolution of which, including collisons, is formally described by the “Vlasov-Maxwell” equation: $f$ evolves along “characteristics”, which are the dynamical trajectories of the guiding centers [1], \begin{eqnarray} \dot {\bf x} & = & \left[ v_\parallel {\bf b} + v_\parallel^2 \nabla B \times {\bf b} + {\bf B} \times ( \mu \nabla B - {\bf E}) / B^2 \right] / D,\\ \dot v_\parallel & = & - ( {\bf B} + v_\parallel \nabla B \times {\bf b} ) \cdot ( \mu \nabla B - {\bf E}), \end{eqnarray} where ${\bf E}$ is the electric field, ${\bf b}={\bf B}/|B|$, and $D \equiv 1 + v_\parallel {\bf b} \cdot \nabla \times {\bf b}/B$ ensures the conservation of phase-space volume (Liouville theorem). The non-thermal-equilibrium demands that gyrokinetic codes must evolve the full distribution function, by applying classical “full-f” [2,3] and noise-reducing, “total-f” techniques [4]. (This is in contrast to so-called “$\delta f$” methods, which evolve only a small perturbation to an assumed-static, usually-Maxwellian distribution.) As full-f codes, XGC can include heat and torque input, radiation cooling; and neutral particle recycling [5].
Multiple particle-species (e.g. ions and electrons, ions and impurities) are included; and XGC uses a field-alligned, unstructured mesh in cylindrical coordinates, and so can easily accommodate the irregular magnetic fields in the plasma edge (e.g. the “X-point”, “separatrix”). XGC calculates transport in the entire plasma volume; from the “closed-flux-surface”, good-confinement region (near the magnetic axis) to the “scrape-off layer” (where magnetic fieldlines intersect the wall and confinement is lost). Collisions between ions, electrons and impurities are evaluated using either (i) a linear, Monte-Carlo operator [6] for test-particles, and the Hirshman-Sigmar operator [7] for field-particle collisions; or (ii) a fully-nonlinear, Fokker-Planck-Landau collision operator [8,9]. XGC codes efficiently exploit massively-parallel computing architecture.
[1] Robert G. Littlejohn, Phys. Fluids 28, 2015 (1985)
[2] C.S. Chang, Seunghoe Ku & H. Weitzner, Phys. Plasmas 11, 2649 (2004)
[3] S. Ku, C.S. Chang & P.H. Diamond, Nucl. Fusion 49, 115021 (2009)
[4] S. Ku, R. Hager et al., J. Comp. Phys. 315, 467 (2016)
[5] D.P. Stotler, C.S. Chang et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 438 S1275 (2013)
[6] Allen H. Boozer & Gioietta Kuo‐Petravic, Phys. Fluids 24, 851 (1981)
[7] S.P. Hirshman & D.J. Sigmar, Nucl. Fusion 21, 1079 (1981)
[8] E. S. Yoon & C.S. Chang, Phys. Plasmas 21, 032503 (2014)
[9] Robert Hager, E.S. Yoon et al., J. Comp. Phys. 315 644 (2016)
[10] Robert Hager & C.S. Chang, Phys. Plasmas 23, 042503 (2016)
[11] D.J. Battaglia, K.H. Burrell et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 072508 (2014)
[#h34: R. Hager, 2016-08-05]
### M3D-C$^1$ Extended MHD code
The accurate calculation of the equilibrium, stability and dynamical evolution of magnetically-confined plasma is fundamental for fusion research. The most suitable, macroscopic model to address some of the most critical challenges confronting tokamak plasmas is given by the extended-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, which describe plasmas as electrically conducting fluids of ions and electrons. The M3D-C$^1$ code [?] solves the fluid equations: for example, the “single-fluid” model, in which the ions and electrons are considered to have the same fluid velocity and temperature, the dynamical equations for the particle number density $n$, the fluid velocity $\vec{u}$, the total pressure $p$ are \begin{eqnarray} \frac{\partial n}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (n \vec{u}) & = & 0 \\ n m_i \left( \frac{\partial \vec{u}}{\partial t} + \vec{u} \cdot \nabla \vec{u} \right) & = & \vec{J} \times \vec{B} - \nabla p \color{blue}{ - \nabla \cdot \Pi + \vec{F}} \\ \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} + \vec{u} \cdot \nabla p + \Gamma p \nabla \cdot \vec{u} & = & \color{blue}{(\Gamma - 1) \left[Q - \nabla \cdot \vec{q} + \eta J^2 - \vec{u} \cdot \vec{F} - \Pi : \nabla u \right]} \end{eqnarray} together with a “generalized Ohm's law”, $\vec{E} = - \vec{u} \times \vec{B} \color{blue}{ + \eta \vec{J}}$; and with a reduced set of Maxwell's equations for the electrical-current density, $\vec{J} = \nabla \times \vec{B} / \mu_0$, and for the time evolution of the magnetic field, $\partial_t \vec{B} = - \nabla \times \vec{E}$. The manifestly divergence-free magnetic field, $\vec{B}$, and the fluid velocity, $\vec{u}$, are represented using stream functions and potentials, $\vec{B} = \nabla \psi \times \nabla \varphi + F \nabla \varphi$ and $\vec{u} = R^2 \nabla U \times \nabla \varphi + R^2 \omega \nabla \varphi + R^{-2} \nabla_\perp \chi$.
The “ideal-MHD” model is described by the above equations with the terms in blue set to zero. M3D-C$^1$ is also capable of computing the “two-fluid model”, which accommodates differences in the ion and electron fluid velocities: the generalized Ohm's law is augmented with $\color{red}{( \vec{J} \times \vec{B} - \nabla p_e - \nabla \cdot \Pi_e + \vec{F}_e ) / n_e}$, additional terms must be added to $\partial_t p$, and an equation for the “electron pressure”, $p_e$, must be included.
Physically-meaningful, “reduced” models provide accurate solutions in certain physical limits and are obtained, at a fraction of the computational cost, by restricting the scalar fields that are evolved: e.g., the two-field, reduced model is obtained by only evolving $\psi$ and $U$, and the “four-field”, reduced model by only evolving $\psi$, $U$, $F$, and $\omega$.
To obtain accurate solutions efficiently, over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales, M3D-C1 employs advanced numerical methods, such as: high-order, $C^1$, finite elements, an unstructured geometrical mesh, fully-implicit and semi-implicit time integration, physics-based preconditioning, domain-decomposition parallelization, and the use of scalable, parallel, sparse, linear algebra solvers.
M3D-C$^1$ is used to model numerous tokamak phenomena, including: edge localized modes (ELMs) [1]; sawtooth cycles [2]; and vertical displacement events (VDEs), resistive wall modes (RWMs), and perturbed (i.e. three-dimensional, 3D) equilibria [3].
[1] N.M. Ferraro, S.C. Jardin & P.B. Snyder, Phys. Plasmas 17, 102508 (2010)
[2] S.C. Jardin, N. Ferraro et al., Com. Sci. Disc. 5, 014002 (2012)
[3] N.M. Ferraro, T.E. Evans et al., Nucl. Fusion 53, 073042 (2013)
[#h4: N. Ferraro, 2016-05-23]
### Stepped Pressure Equilibrium Code (SPEC)
Building on the theoretical foundations of Bruno & Laurence [1], that three-dimensional, (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria with “stepped”-pressure profiles are well-defined and guaranteed to exist, whereas 3D equilibria with integrable magnetic-fields and smooth pressure (or with non-integrable fields and continuous-but-fractal pressure) are pathological [2], Dr. S.R. Hudson wrote the “Stepped Pressure Equilibrium Code”, (SPEC) [3]. SPEC finds minimal-plasma-energy states, subject to the constraints of conserved helicity and fluxes in a collection, $i=1, N_V$, of nested sub-volumes, ${\cal R}_i$, by extremizing the multi-region, relaxed-MHD (MRxMHD), energy functional, ${\cal F}$, introduced by Dr. M.J. Hole, Dr. S.R. Hudson & Prof. R.L. Dewar [4,5], \begin{eqnarray} {\cal F} \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{N_V} \left\{ \int_{{\cal R}_i} \! \left( \frac{p}{\gamma-1} + \frac{B^2}{2} \right) dv - \frac{\mu_i}{2} \left( \int_{{\cal R}_i} \!\! {\bf A}\cdot{\bf B} \, dv - H_i \right) \right\}. \end{eqnarray} Relaxation is allowed in each ${\cal R}_i$, so unphysical, parallel currents are avoided and magnetic reconnection is allowed; and the ideal-MHD constraints are enforced at selected “ideal interfaces”, ${\cal I}_i$, on which ${\bf B}\cdot{\bf n}=0$. The Euler-Lagrange equations derived from $\delta {\cal F}=0$ are: $\nabla \times {\bf B} = \mu_i {\bf B}$ in each ${\cal R}_i$; and continuity of total pressure, $[[p+B^2/2]]=0$, across each ${\cal I}_i$, so that non-trivial, stepped pressure profiles may be sustained. If $N_V=1$, MRxMHD equilibria reduce to so-called “Taylor states” [6]; and as $N_V \rightarrow \infty$, MRxMHD equilibria approach ideal-MHD equilibria [7]. Discontinuous solutions are admitted. The figure (click to enlarge) shows an $N_V=4$ equilibrium with magnetic islands, chaotic fieldlines and a non-trivial pressure.
[1] Oscar P. Bruno & Peter Laurence, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 49, 717 (1996)
[2] H. Grad, Phys. Fluids 10, 137 (1967)
[3] S.R. Hudson, R.L. Dewar et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 112502 (2012)
[4] M.J. Hole, S.R. Hudson & R.L. Dewar, J. Plas. Physics 72, 1167 (2006)
[5] S.R. Hudson, M.J. Hole & R.L. Dewar, Phys. Plasmas 14, 052505 (2007)
[6] J.B. Taylor, Rev. Modern Phys. 58, 741 (1986)
[7] G.R. Dennis, S.R. Hudson et al.,Phys. Plasmas 20, 032509 (2013)
[#h5: S.R. Hudson, 2016-05-23]
### Designing Stellarator Coils with the COILOPT++, Coil-Optimization Code
Electrical currents flowing inside magnetically-confined plasmas cannot produce the magnetic field required for the confinement of the plasma itself. Quite aside from understanding the physics of plasmas, the task of designing external, current-carrying coils that produce the confining magnetic field, ${\bf B}_C$, remains a fundamental problem; particularly for the geometrically-complicated, non-axisymmetric, “stellarator” class of confinement device [1]. The coils are subject to severe, engineering constraints: the coils must be “buildable”, and at a reasonable cost; and the coils must be supported against the forces they exert upon each other. For reactor maintenance, the coils must allow access to internal structures, such as the vacuum vessel, and must allow room for diagnostics; many, closely-packed coils that give precise control over the external magnetic field might not be satisfactory.
The COILOPT code [2] and its successor, COILOPT++ [3], vary the geometrical degrees-of-freedom, ${\bf x}$, of a discrete set of coils to minimize a physics+engineering, “cost-function”, $\chi({\bf x})$, defined as the surface integral over a given, “target”, plasma boundary, ${\cal S}$, of the squared normal component of the “error” field, \begin{eqnarray} \chi^2 \equiv \oint_{\cal S} \left( \delta {\bf B} \cdot {\bf n} \right)^2 da + \mbox{engineering constraints}, \end{eqnarray} where $\delta {\bf B} \equiv {\bf B}_C - {\bf B}_P$ is the difference between the externally-produced magnetic field (as computed using the Biot-Savart law [5]) and the magnetic field, ${\bf B}_P$, produced by the plasma currents (determined by an equilibrium calculation). Using mathematical optimization algorithms, by finding an ${\bf x}$ that minimizes $\chi^2$ we find a coil configuration that minimizes the total, normal magnetic field at the boundary; thereby producing a “good flux surface”.
A new design methodology [3] has been developed for “modular” coils for so-called “quasi-axisymmetric” stellarators (stellarators for which the field strength appears axisymmetric in appropriate coordinates), leading to coils that are both simpler to construct and that allow easier access [4]. By straightening the coils on the outboard side of the device, additional space is created for insertion and removal of toroidal vessel segments, blanket modules, and so forth. COILOPT++ employs a “spline+straight” representation, with fast, parallel optimization algorithms (e.g. the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm [6], differential evolution [7], ...), to quickly generate coil designs that produce the target equilibrium. COILOPT++ has allowed design of modular coils for a moderate-aspect-ratio, quasi-axisymmetric, stellarator reactor configuration, an example of which is shown in the figure (click to enlarge).
[1] Lyman Spitzer Jr., Phys. Fluids 1, 253 (1958)
[2] Dennis J. Strickler, Lee A. Berry & Steven P. Hirshman, Fusion Sci. & Technol. 41, 107 (2002)
[3] J.A. Breslau, N. Pomphrey et al., in preparation (2016)
[4] George H. Neilson, David A. Gates et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42, 489 (2014)
[5] Wikipedia, Biot-Savart Law
[6] Wikipedia, Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm
[7] Wikipedia, Differential Evolution
[#h12: J. Breslau, 2016-05-23]
### STELLOPT: Stellarator Optimization and Equilibrium Reconstruction Code
One of the defining characteristics of the “stellarator” class of magnetic confinement device [1] is that the confining magnetic field is, for the most part, generated by external, current-carrying coils; stellarators are consequently more stable than their axisymmetric, “tokamak” cousins, for which an essential component of the confining field is produced by internal plasma currents. Stellarators have historically had degraded confinement, as compared to tokamaks, and require more-complicated, “three-dimensional” geometry; however, by exploiting the three-dimensional shaping of the plasma boundary (which in turn determines the global, plasma equilibrium), stellarators may be designed to provide optimized plasma confinement. This is certainly easier said-than-done: the plasma equilibrium is a nonlinear function of the boundary, and the particle and heat transport are nonlinear functions of the plasma equilibrium!
STELLOPT [2,3] is a versatile, optimization code that constructs suitable, magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium states via minimization of a “cost-function”, $\chi^2$, that quantifies how “attractive” an equilibrium is; for example, $\chi^2$ quantifies the stability of the plasma to small perturbations (including “ballooning” stability, “kink” stability) and the particle and heat transport (including “neoclassical” transport, “turbulent” transport, “energetic particle” confinement). The independent, degrees-of-freedom, ${\bf x}$, describe the plasma boundary, which is input for the VMEC equilibrium code [4]. The boundary shape is varied (using either a Levenberg-Marquardt [5], Differential-Evolution [6] or Particle-Swarm [7] algorithms) to find minima of $\chi^2$; thus constructing an optimal, plasma equilibrium with both satisfactory stability and confinement properties.
A recent extension of STELLOPT enables “equilibrium reconstruction” [8,9]. By minimizing $\chi^2({\bf x})$ $\equiv$ $\sum_{i} [ y_i - f_i({\bf x}) ]^2 / \sigma_i^2$, where the $y_i$ and the $f_i({\bf x})$ are, respectively, the experimental measurements and calculated “synthetic diagnostics” (i.e. numerical calculations that mimic signals measured by magnetic sensors) of Thomson scattering, charge exchange, interferometry, Faraday rotation, motional Stark effect, and electro-cyclotron emission reflectometry, to name just a few, STELLOPT solves the “inverse” problem of inferring the plasma state given the experimental measurements. (The $\sigma_i$ are user-adjustable “weights”, which may reflect experimental uncertainties.) Equilibrium reconstruction is invaluable for understanding the properties of confined plasmas in present-day experimental devices, such as the DIIID device [10].
[1] Lyman Spitzer Jr., Phys. Fluids 1, 253 (1958)
[2] S.P. Hirshman, D.A. Spong et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 528 (1998)
[3] D.A. Spong, S.P. Hirshman et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 563 (2000)
[4] S.P. Hirshman, J.C. Whitson, Phys. Fluids 26, 3553 (1983)
[5] Donald W. Marquardt, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 11, 431 (1963)
[6] D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning (Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1989)
[7] Riccardo Poli, James Kennedy & Tim Blackwell, Swarm Intell. 1, 33 (2007)
[8] S. Lazerson & I.T. Chapman, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55, 084004 (2013)
[9] J.C. Schmitt, J. Bialek et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 11E817 (2014)
[10] S. Lazerson S and the DIII-D Team, Nucl. Fusion 55, 1 (2015)
[#h35: S. Lazerson, 2016-08-18]
| 2017-06-25T15:48:16 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10280440-zwicky-transient-facility-globular-clusters-period-luminosity-period-luminosity-color-relations-late-type-contact-binaries
|
Zwicky Transient Facility and Globular Clusters: the Period-Luminosity and Period-Luminosity-Color Relations for Late-Type Contact Binaries
In this work, we aimed to derive the gri-band period-luminosity (PL) and period-luminosity-color (PLC) relations for late-type contact binaries, for the first time, located in the globular clusters, using the homogeneous light curves collected by the Zwicky Transient Factory (ZTF). We started with 79 contact binaries in 15 globular clusters, and retained 30 contact binaries in 10 globular clusters that have adequate number of data points in the ZTF light curves and unaffected by blending. Magnitudes at mean and maximum light of these contact binaries were determined using a fourth-order Fourier expansion, while extinction corrections were done using the {\tt Bayerstar2019} 3D reddening map together with adopting the homogeneous distances to their host globular clusters. After removing early-type and "anomaly" contact binaries, our derived gri-band PL and period-Wesenheit (PW) relations exhibit a much larger dispersion with large errors on the fitted coefficients. Nevertheless, the gr-band PL and PW relations based on this small sample of contact binaries in globular clusters were consistent with those based on a larger sample of nearby contact binaries. Good agreements of the PL and PW relations suggested both samples of contact binaries in the local Solar neighborhood and in the distant globular clusters can be more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10280440
Journal Name:
ArXivorg
ISSN:
2331-8422
2. ABSTRACT We characterize ${\sim } 71\, 200$ W Ursae Majoris (UMa) type (EW) contact binaries, including ${\sim } 12\, 600$ new discoveries, using All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAN-SN)V-band all-sky light curves along with archival data from Gaia, 2MASS, AllWISE, LAMOST, GALAH, RAVE, and APOGEE. There is a clean break in the EW period–luminosity relation at $\rm \log (\it P/{\rm d})\,{\simeq }\,{\rm -0.30}$, separating the longer period, early-type EW binaries from the shorter period, late-type systems. The two populations are even more cleanly separated in the space of period and effective temperature, by $T_{\rm eff}=6710\,{\rm K}-1760\,{\rm K}\, \log (P/0.5\,{\rm d})$.more »
| 2022-08-15T10:52:10 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M027M4&home=sumtabM
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# ${{\boldsymbol K}}{{\overline{\boldsymbol K}}}{{\boldsymbol \pi}}$ MODE ( ${{\boldsymbol a}_{{0}}{(980)}}{{\boldsymbol \pi}}$ or direct ${{\boldsymbol K}}{{\overline{\boldsymbol K}}}{{\boldsymbol \pi}}$ ) INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 1413.9 \pm1.7}$ OUR AVERAGE Error includes scale factor of 1.1.
$1413$ $\pm14$ 3651 1
2002
OBLX 0 $\bar p p \to K^+ K^- \pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$
$1416$ $\pm4$ $\pm2$ 20k
2001 B
B852 18 GeV ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit n}}$
$1405$ $\pm5$ 2
1999
OBLX 0 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$1407$ $\pm5$ 2
1997
OBLX 0 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}$( ${{\mathit K}^{0}}$) ${{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
$1416$ $\pm2$ 2
1995
OBLX 0 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$1416$ $\pm8$ ${}^{+7}_{-5}$ 700 3
1990 C
MRK3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$
$1413$ $\pm5$ 3
1989
MPS 21.4 ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit n}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$1459$ $\pm5$ 4
1992
DM2 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
1 Decaying dominantly directly to ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ .
2 Decaying into ( ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ )$_{\mathit S}{{\mathit \pi}}$, ( ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ )$_{\mathit S}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}$, and ${{\mathit a}_{{0}}{(980)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ .
3 From fit to the ${{\mathit a}_{{0}}{(980)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ ${}^{}0{}^{-+}$ partial wave. Cannot rule out a ${{\mathit a}_{{0}}{(980)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ ${}^{}1{}^{++}$ partial wave.
4 Excluded from averaging because averaging would be meaningless.
References:
NICHITIU 2002
PL B545 261 Study of the ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ Final State in Antiproton Annihilation at Rest if Gaseous Hydrogen at NTP with the OBELIX Spectrometer
PL B516 264 Observation of Pseudoscalar and Axial Vector Resonances in ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit n}}$ at 18 GeV
PL B400 226 A Search for Axial Vectors in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit K}^{0}}$ $_{miss}$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Annihilations at Rest in Gaseous Hydrogen at NTP
PL B361 187 $\mathit E/\iota$ Decays to ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Annihilation at Rest
PR D46 1951 Partial Wave Analysis of DM2 Data in the ${{\mathit \eta}{(1430)}}$ Energy Range
PRL 65 2507 Partial Wave Analysis of ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}$
PR D40 693 The ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ System Produced in ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 21.4 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
| 2021-03-03T08:06:35 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Astrang.gilbert
|
zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Strang, William Gilbert
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: strang.gilbert Published as: Strang, G.; Strang, Gilbert; Strang, W. G.; Strang, W. Gilbert Homepage: http://www-math.mit.edu/~gs/ External Links: MGP · Math-Net.Ru · Wikidata · ORCID · ResearchGate · dblp · GND
Documents Indexed: 192 Publications since 1957, including 28 Books Biographic References: 2 Publications
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Co-Authors
99 single-authored 11 Kohn, Robert Vita 5 Fix, George J. 5 Shen, Jianhong 4 MacNamara, Shev F. 4 Nguyen, Truong Quang 4 Temam, Roger Meyer 4 Zhou, Dingxuan 3 Edelman, Alan Stuart 3 Strela, Vasily 2 Berger, Alan E. 2 Borre, Kai 2 Flaschka, Hermann 2 Gao, Xiqi Q. 2 Gao, Yang 2 Grinfeld, Pavel 2 Heil, Christopher E. 2 Iserles, Arieh 2 Li, Chi-Kwong 2 Liu, Xiangwei 2 Matthies, Hermann Georg 2 Persson, Per-Olof 1 Abdel Naby, Mokhtar A. 1 Albert, Chase 1 Bathe, Klaus-Jürgen 1 Boyd, Geoff 1 Chan, Raymond Hon-Fu 1 Crandall, S. H. Stephen H. 1 Dharmaraja, Sohan 1 Ehrlich, Louis W. 1 Eisenberg, Bennett 1 Engelman, Michael S. 1 Fujita, Hiroshi 1 Gao, Xiqi 1 Gartling, David K. 1 Genton, Marc G. 1 Gorsich, David J. 1 Green, William H. 1 Hager, William W. 1 He, Li 1 Hoffmann, Roald 1 Horn, Berthold Klaus Paul 1 Klarbring, Anders 1 Lax, Peter David 1 Lee, Steven L. 1 Lindner, Marko 1 Lippert, Ross A. 1 Martins, João A. C. 1 McCarthy, Charles E. 1 Micchelli, Charles A. 1 Miller, John James Henry 1 Moreau, Jean Jacques 1 Mosco, Umberto 1 Movassagh, Ramis 1 Nguyen, Tri-Thanh 1 Nickell, Robert E. 1 Olshevsky, Vadim 1 Ott, Susan 1 Panagiotopoulos, Panagiotis D. 1 Parlett, Beresford Neill 1 Philpott, Andy B. 1 Riley, James D. 1 Rota, Gian-Carlo 1 Schneider, Hans 1 Scott, Larkin Ridgway 1 Serre, Denis 1 Speth, Raymond L. 1 Stengle, Gilbert 1 Storch, Joel A. 1 Troesch, B. Andreas 1 Tsuji, Yuta 1 Van Dooren, Paul M. 1 Wang, Liang 1 Wang, Yinghui 1 Wathen, Andrew John 1 Yu, Gexin 1 Zhlobich, Pavel
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Citations contained in zbMATH
154 Publications have been cited 6,199 times in 5,085 Documents Cited by Year
An analysis of the finite element method. Zbl 0356.65096
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George J.
1973
A Fourier analysis of the finite element variational method. Zbl 0278.65116
Strang, G.; Fix, G.
1973
On the construction and comparison of difference schemes. Zbl 0184.38503
Strang, Gilbert
1968
Linear algebra and its applications. Zbl 0338.15001
Strang, Gilbert
1976
Wavelets and filter banks. Zbl 1254.94002
Strang, Gilbert; Nguyen, Truong
1996
A simple mesh generator in MATLAB. Zbl 1061.65134
2004
A note on the joint spectral radius. Zbl 0095.09701
Rota, Gian-Carlo; Strang, W. Gilbert
1960
Introduction to applied mathematics. Zbl 0618.00015
Strang, Gilbert
1986
A proposal for Toeplitz matrix calculations. Zbl 0621.65025
Strang, Gilbert
1986
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. I. Zbl 0609.49008
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Wavelets and dilation equations: A brief introduction. Zbl 0683.42030
Strang, Gilbert
1989
Linear algebra and its applications. 2nd ed. Zbl 0463.15001
Strang, Gilbert
1980
Functions of bounded deformation. Zbl 0472.73031
Temam, Roger; Strang, Gilbert
1980
Accurate partial difference methods. II: Non-linear problems. Zbl 0143.38204
Strang, G.
1964
Toeplitz equations by conjugate gradients with circulant preconditioner. Zbl 0666.65030
Chan, Raymond H.; Strang, Gilbert
1989
The solution of nonlinear finite element equations. Zbl 0419.65070
Matthies, Hermann; Strang, Gilbert
1979
The discrete cosine transform. Zbl 0939.42021
Strang, Gilbert
1999
Approximation in the finite element method. Zbl 0221.65174
Strang, Gilbert
1972
An analysis of the finite element methods. 2nd ed. Zbl 1171.65081
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George J.
2008
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. III. Zbl 0694.49004
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Fourier analysis of the finite element method in Ritz-Galerkin theory. Zbl 0179.22501
Fix, G.; Strang, G.
1969
Approximation by translates of refinable functions. Zbl 0857.65015
Heil, Christopher; Strang, Gilbert; Strela, Vasily
1996
Geometric nonlinearity: Potential energy, complementary energy, and the gap function. Zbl 0691.73012
Gao, Yang; Strang, Gilbert
1989
Topics in nonsmooth mechanics. Zbl 0646.00014
Moreau, J. J. (ed.); Panagiotopoulos, P. D. (ed.); Strang, G. (ed.)
1988
Duality and relaxation in the variational problems of plasticity. Zbl 0465.73033
Temam, Roger; Strang, Gilbert
1980
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. II. Zbl 0621.49008
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Trigonometric polynomials and difference methods of maximum accuracy. Zbl 0111.31601
Strang, G.
1962
Accurate partial difference methods. I: Linear Cauchy problems. Zbl 0113.32303
Strang, G.
1963
Variational crimes in the finite element method. Zbl 0264.65068
Strang, Gilbert
1972
A Fourier analysis of the finite element variational method. Zbl 0272.65099
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George
1971
Introduction to linear algebra. 2nd ed. Zbl 1067.15500
Strang, Gilbert
1998
The correctness of the Cauchy problem. Zbl 0213.37304
Flaschka, H.; Strang, G.
1971
Maximal flow through a domain. Zbl 0513.90026
Strang, Gilbert
1983
Pascal matrices. Zbl 1089.15025
Edelman, Alan; Strang, Gilbert
2004
One-sided approximation and variational inequalities. Zbl 0278.35026
Mosco, Umberto; Strang, Gilbert
1974
Introduction to linear algebra. 3rd ed. Zbl 1046.15001
Strang, Gilbert
2003
The asymptotic probability of a tie for first place. Zbl 0787.60029
Eisenberg, Bennett; Stengle, Gilbert; Strang, Gilbert
1993
Linear algebra and its applications. 4th edition. Zbl 1329.15004
Strang, Gilbert
2007
Computational science and engineering. Zbl 1194.65001
Strang, Gilbert
2007
Piecewise polynomials and the finite element method. Zbl 0285.41009
Strang, Gilbert
1974
Approximate boundary conditions in the finite element method. Zbl 0266.73050
Berger, Alan; Scott, Ridgway; Strang, Gilbert
1972
The optimal accuracy of difference schemes. Zbl 0573.65071
Iserles, Arieh; Strang, Gilbert
1983
The fundamental theorem of linear algebra. Zbl 0802.15002
Strang, Gilbert
1993
Inhomogeneous refinement equations. Zbl 0932.42026
Strang, Gilbert; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
1998
Wavelet transforms versus Fourier transforms. Zbl 0771.42021
Strang, Gilbert
1993
Introduction to linear algebra. Zbl 1042.15001
Strang, Gilbert
2003
A framework for equilibrium equations. Zbl 0900.49028
Strang, Gilbert
1988
Introduction to linear algebra. Zbl 1067.15501
Strang, Gilbert
1993
Explicit relaxation of a variational problem in optimal design. Zbl 0527.49002
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1983
Linear algebra and its applications. (Linejnaya algebra i ee primeneniya). Transl. from the English by Yu. A. Kuznetsov and D. M. Fage. Zbl 0548.15004
Strang, Gilbert
1980
Continuity of the joint spectral radius: Application to wavelets. Zbl 0823.15009
Heil, Christopher; Strang, Gilbert
1995
Necessary and insufficient conditions for well-posed Cauchy problems. Zbl 0131.09102
Strang, G.
1966
The interplay of ranks of submatrices. Zbl 1063.15002
Strang, Gilbert; Nguyen, Tri
2004
On strong hyperbolicity. Zbl 0174.15103
Strang, G.
1967
Eigenvalues of Jordan products. Zbl 0101.25401
Strang, W. Gilbert
1962
Introduction to linear algebra. 5th edition. Zbl 1351.15002
Strang, Gilbert
2016
Dual extremum principles in finite deformation elastoplastic analysis. Zbl 0732.73026
Gao, Yang; Strang, Gilbert
1989
Comparison theorems for supremum norms. Zbl 0103.33103
Schneider, Hans; Strang, W. Gilbert
1962
Operator splitting. Zbl 1372.65236
MacNamara, Shev; Strang, Gilbert
2016
Finite element multiwavelets. Zbl 0857.65118
Strela, V.; Strang, G.
1995
The change in solution due to change in domain. Zbl 0259.35020
Strang, Gilbert; Berger, Alan E.
1973
Linear algebra, geodesy, and GPS. Zbl 1007.86001
Strang, Gilbert; Borre, Kai
1997
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert V.
1986
Wiener-Hopf difference equations. Zbl 0197.07104
Strang, G.
1964
On the Kantorovich inequality. Zbl 0095.09601
Strang, W. G.
1960
The application of quasi-Newton methods in fluid mechanics. Zbl 0461.76020
Engelman, M. S.; Strang, G.; Bathe, K.-J.
1981
Functions of difference matrices are Toeplitz plus Hankel. Zbl 1304.65195
Strang, Gilbert; MacNamara, Shev
2014
Green’s matrices. Zbl 1195.15012
Olshevsky, V.; Strang, G.; Zhlobich, P.
2010
The Laplacian eigenvalues of a polygon. Zbl 1069.65121
Grinfeld, P.; Strang, G.
2004
Toeplitz operators in a quarter-plane. Zbl 0203.13701
Strang, G.
1970
Hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems in two unknowns. Zbl 0179.14604
Strang, G.
1969
Matrix theorems for partial differential and difference equations. Zbl 0144.13404
Miller, John; Strang, G.
1966
Fast transforms: banded matrices with banded inverses. Zbl 1205.65348
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Eigenstructures of spatial design matrices. Zbl 1003.62084
Gorsich, David J.; Genton, Marc G.; Strang, Gilbert
2002
Existence de solutions relaxees pour les équations de la plasticite: Étude d’un espace fonctionnel. Zbl 0404.73026
Temam, Roger; Strang, Gilbert
1978
Implicite difference methods for initial-boundary value problems. Zbl 0147.13802
Strang, G.
1966
Matrices with prescribed Ritz values. Zbl 1141.15010
Parlett, Beresford; Strang, Gilbert
2008
On factorization of $$M$$-channel paraunitary filterbanks. Zbl 1369.94153
Gao, Xiqi; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Strang, Gilbert
2001
Asymptotic analysis of Daubechies polynomials. Zbl 0876.42024
Shen, Jianhong; Strang, Gilbert
1996
Calculus. Zbl 1213.26003
Strang, Gilbert
1991
Hencky-Prandtl nets and constrained Michell trusses. Zbl 0487.73111
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert V.
1983
Approximating semigroups and the consistency of difference schemes. Zbl 0177.16903
Strang, G.
1969
Maximum flows and minimum cuts in the plane. Zbl 1192.49050
Strang, Gilbert
2009
Barriers to stability. Zbl 0529.65058
Strang, Gilbert; Iserles, Arieh
1983
The dimension of piecewise polynomial spaces, and one-sided approximation. Zbl 0279.65091
Strang, Gilbert
1974
On multiple characteristics and the Levi-Lax conditions for hyperbolicity. Zbl 0176.08901
Strang, G.
1969
The Jordan forms of $$AB$$ and $$BA$$. Zbl 1190.15014
Lippert, Ross A.; Strang, Gilbert
2009
Trees with Cantor eigenvalue distribution. Zbl 1141.05325
He, Li; Liu, Xiangwei; Strang, Gilbert
2003
The potential theory of several intervals and its applications. Zbl 0983.41006
Shen, J.; Strang, G.; Wathen, A. J.
2001
Compactly supported refinable functions with infinite masks. Zbl 0946.42022
Strang, Gilbert; Strela, Vasily; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
1999
Polynomial approximation of Bernstein type. Zbl 0119.28703
Strang, G.
1962
Difference methods for mixed boundary-value problems. Zbl 0091.26904
Strang, Gilbert
1960
Balanced splitting and rebalanced splitting. Zbl 1284.65121
Speth, Raymond L.; Green, William H.; Macnamara, Shev; Strang, Gilbert
2013
Laplace eigenvalues on regular polygons: a series in $$1/N$$. Zbl 1227.65108
Grinfeld, Pavel; Strang, Gilbert
2012
Permutations as product of parallel transpositions. Zbl 1237.05002
Albert, Chase; Li, Chi-Kwong; Strang, Gilbert; Yu, Gexin
2011
Groups of banded matrices with banded inverses. Zbl 1241.15011
Strang, Gilbert
2011
Maximum flows and minimum cuts in the plane. Zbl 1207.49042
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Maximum area with Minkowski measures of perimeter. Zbl 1135.53003
Strang, Gilbert
2008
Localized eigenvectors from widely spaced matrix modifications. Zbl 1037.15009
Liu, Xiangwei; Strang, Gilbert; Ott, Susan
2003
A study of two-channel complex-valued filterbanks and wavelets with orthogonality and symmetry properties. Zbl 1369.94152
Gao, Xiqi Q.; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Strang, Gilbert
2002
Linear algebra and learning from data. Zbl 1422.15001
Strang, Gilbert
2019
The Green’s function for the Hückel (tight binding) model. Zbl 1362.82048
Movassagh, Ramis; Strang, Gilbert; Tsuji, Yuta; Hoffmann, Roald
2017
Introduction to linear algebra. 5th edition. Zbl 1351.15002
Strang, Gilbert
2016
Operator splitting. Zbl 1372.65236
MacNamara, Shev; Strang, Gilbert
2016
The algebra of elimination. Zbl 1325.15011
Strang, Gilbert
2015
Random triangle theory with geometry and applications. Zbl 1321.51016
Edelman, Alan; Strang, Gilbert
2015
Functions of difference matrices are Toeplitz plus Hankel. Zbl 1304.65195
Strang, Gilbert; MacNamara, Shev
2014
Differential equations and linear algebra. Zbl 1339.34001
Strang, Gilbert
2014
Balanced splitting and rebalanced splitting. Zbl 1284.65121
Speth, Raymond L.; Green, William H.; Macnamara, Shev; Strang, Gilbert
2013
The main diagonal of a permutation matrix. Zbl 1283.15092
Lindner, Marko; Strang, Gilbert
2013
Laplace eigenvalues on regular polygons: a series in $$1/N$$. Zbl 1227.65108
Grinfeld, Pavel; Strang, Gilbert
2012
Banded matrices with banded inverses and $$A=LPU$$. Zbl 1247.15012
Strang, Gilbert
2012
Permutations as product of parallel transpositions. Zbl 1237.05002
Albert, Chase; Li, Chi-Kwong; Strang, Gilbert; Yu, Gexin
2011
Groups of banded matrices with banded inverses. Zbl 1241.15011
Strang, Gilbert
2011
Green’s matrices. Zbl 1195.15012
Olshevsky, V.; Strang, G.; Zhlobich, P.
2010
Fast transforms: banded matrices with banded inverses. Zbl 1205.65348
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Maximum flows and minimum cuts in the plane. Zbl 1207.49042
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Optimal stability for trapezoidal-backward difference split-steps. Zbl 1185.65137
Dharmaraja, Sohan; Wang, Yinghui; Strang, Gilbert
2010
Calculus. 2nd ed. Zbl 1210.26003
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Scientific computing. Translation from the 2007 English ed. Zbl 1213.65006
Strang, Gilbert
2010
Maximum flows and minimum cuts in the plane. Zbl 1192.49050
Strang, Gilbert
2009
The Jordan forms of $$AB$$ and $$BA$$. Zbl 1190.15014
Lippert, Ross A.; Strang, Gilbert
2009
An analysis of the finite element methods. 2nd ed. Zbl 1171.65081
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George J.
2008
Matrices with prescribed Ritz values. Zbl 1141.15010
Parlett, Beresford; Strang, Gilbert
2008
Maximum area with Minkowski measures of perimeter. Zbl 1135.53003
Strang, Gilbert
2008
Linear algebra and its applications. 4th edition. Zbl 1329.15004
Strang, Gilbert
2007
Computational science and engineering. Zbl 1194.65001
Strang, Gilbert
2007
A simple mesh generator in MATLAB. Zbl 1061.65134
2004
Pascal matrices. Zbl 1089.15025
Edelman, Alan; Strang, Gilbert
2004
The interplay of ranks of submatrices. Zbl 1063.15002
Strang, Gilbert; Nguyen, Tri
2004
The Laplacian eigenvalues of a polygon. Zbl 1069.65121
Grinfeld, P.; Strang, G.
2004
Introduction to linear algebra. 3rd ed. Zbl 1046.15001
Strang, Gilbert
2003
Introduction to linear algebra. Zbl 1042.15001
Strang, Gilbert
2003
Trees with Cantor eigenvalue distribution. Zbl 1141.05325
He, Li; Liu, Xiangwei; Strang, Gilbert
2003
Localized eigenvectors from widely spaced matrix modifications. Zbl 1037.15009
Liu, Xiangwei; Strang, Gilbert; Ott, Susan
2003
Smoothing by Savitzky-Golay and Legendre filters. Zbl 1049.93083
2003
Eigenstructures of spatial design matrices. Zbl 1003.62084
Gorsich, David J.; Genton, Marc G.; Strang, Gilbert
2002
A study of two-channel complex-valued filterbanks and wavelets with orthogonality and symmetry properties. Zbl 1369.94152
Gao, Xiqi Q.; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Strang, Gilbert
2002
On factorization of $$M$$-channel paraunitary filterbanks. Zbl 1369.94153
Gao, Xiqi; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Strang, Gilbert
2001
The potential theory of several intervals and its applications. Zbl 0983.41006
Shen, J.; Strang, G.; Wathen, A. J.
2001
Theory and lattice structure of complex paraunitary filterbanks with filters of (Hermitian-)symmetry/antisymmetry properties. Zbl 1369.94151
Gao, Xiqi Q.; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Strang, Gilbert
2001
The limits of refinable functions. Zbl 0963.42019
Strang, Gilbert; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
2001
Binomial matrices. Zbl 0996.15005
Boyd, Geoff; Micchelli, Charles A.; Strang, Gilbert; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
2001
On wavelet fundamental solutions to the heat equation – heatlets. Zbl 0953.35051
Shen, Jianhong; Strang, Gilbert
2000
Row reduction of a matrix and $$A=CaB$$. Zbl 0983.15010
Lee, Steven L.; Strang, Gilbert
2000
Special issue for R. Temam’s 60th birthday. Zbl 0945.00029
Serre, D. (ed.); Strang, G. (ed.)
2000
The discrete cosine transform. Zbl 0939.42021
Strang, Gilbert
1999
Compactly supported refinable functions with infinite masks. Zbl 0946.42022
Strang, Gilbert; Strela, Vasily; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
1999
The asymptotics of optimal (equiripple) filters. Zbl 0978.94026
Shen, Jianhong; Strang, Gilbert
1999
Introduction to linear algebra. 2nd ed. Zbl 1067.15500
Strang, Gilbert
1998
Inhomogeneous refinement equations. Zbl 0932.42026
Strang, Gilbert; Zhou, Ding-Xuan
1998
Asymptotics of Daubechies filters, scaling functions, and wavelets. Zbl 0929.42022
Shen, Jianhong; Strang, Gilbert
1998
The discrete cosine transform, block Toeplitz matrices, and wavelets. Zbl 0931.65145
Strang, Gilbert
1998
Linear algebra, geodesy, and GPS. Zbl 1007.86001
Strang, Gilbert; Borre, Kai
1997
Every unit matrix is a LULU. Zbl 0918.15004
Strang, Gilbert
1997
Wavelets from filter banks. Zbl 0888.65140
Strang, Gilbert
1997
Wavelets and filter banks. Zbl 1254.94002
Strang, Gilbert; Nguyen, Truong
1996
Approximation by translates of refinable functions. Zbl 0857.65015
Heil, Christopher; Strang, Gilbert; Strela, Vasily
1996
Asymptotic analysis of Daubechies polynomials. Zbl 0876.42024
Shen, Jianhong; Strang, Gilbert
1996
Eigenvalues of Toeplitz matrices with $$1\times 2$$ blocks. Zbl 0894.93017
Strang, Gilbert
1996
Condition numbers for wavelets and filter banks. Zbl 0862.42025
Strang, Gilbert
1996
Wavelets from filter banks. Zbl 0898.42009
Strang, Gilbert
1996
Creating and comparing wavelets. Zbl 0852.94007
Strang, Gilbert
1996
Continuity of the joint spectral radius: Application to wavelets. Zbl 0823.15009
Heil, Christopher; Strang, Gilbert
1995
Finite element multiwavelets. Zbl 0857.65118
Strela, V.; Strang, G.
1995
Convolution, reconstruction and wavelets. Zbl 0840.65141
Strang, Gilbert
1994
The asymptotic probability of a tie for first place. Zbl 0787.60029
Eisenberg, Bennett; Stengle, Gilbert; Strang, Gilbert
1993
The fundamental theorem of linear algebra. Zbl 0802.15002
Strang, Gilbert
1993
Wavelet transforms versus Fourier transforms. Zbl 0771.42021
Strang, Gilbert
1993
Introduction to linear algebra. Zbl 1067.15501
Strang, Gilbert
1993
The optimal coefficients in Daubechies wavelets. Zbl 0780.42021
Strang, Gilbert
1992
Calculus. Zbl 1213.26003
Strang, Gilbert
1991
Inverse problems and derivatives of determinants. Zbl 0723.94010
Strang, Gilbert
1991
Wavelets and dilation equations: A brief introduction. Zbl 0683.42030
Strang, Gilbert
1989
Toeplitz equations by conjugate gradients with circulant preconditioner. Zbl 0666.65030
Chan, Raymond H.; Strang, Gilbert
1989
Geometric nonlinearity: Potential energy, complementary energy, and the gap function. Zbl 0691.73012
Gao, Yang; Strang, Gilbert
1989
Dual extremum principles in finite deformation elastoplastic analysis. Zbl 0732.73026
Gao, Yang; Strang, Gilbert
1989
Patterns in linear algebra. Zbl 0685.15006
Strang, Gilbert
1989
Topics in nonsmooth mechanics. Zbl 0646.00014
Moreau, J. J. (ed.); Panagiotopoulos, P. D. (ed.); Strang, G. (ed.)
1988
A framework for equilibrium equations. Zbl 0900.49028
Strang, Gilbert
1988
Paradox lost: Natural boundary conditions in the Ritz-Galerkin method. Zbl 0661.73060
Storch, Joel; Strang, Gilbert
1988
Optimal design of a two-way conductor. Zbl 0656.73047
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert V.
1988
The Toeplitz-circulant eigenvalue problem $$Ax=\lambda Cx$$. Zbl 0635.65030
Strang, G.; Edelman, A.
1987
The constrained least gradient problem. Zbl 0668.73060
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1987
Introduction to applied mathematics. Zbl 0618.00015
Strang, Gilbert
1986
A proposal for Toeplitz matrix calculations. Zbl 0621.65025
Strang, Gilbert
1986
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. I. Zbl 0609.49008
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. III. Zbl 0694.49004
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Optimal design and relaxation of variational problems. II. Zbl 0621.49008
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1986
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert V.
1986
Duality in the classroom. Zbl 0543.15003
Strang, Gilbert
1984
Maximal flow through a domain. Zbl 0513.90026
Strang, Gilbert
1983
The optimal accuracy of difference schemes. Zbl 0573.65071
Iserles, Arieh; Strang, Gilbert
1983
Explicit relaxation of a variational problem in optimal design. Zbl 0527.49002
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1983
Hencky-Prandtl nets and constrained Michell trusses. Zbl 0487.73111
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert V.
1983
Barriers to stability. Zbl 0529.65058
Strang, Gilbert; Iserles, Arieh
1983
$$L^ 1$$ and $$L^\infty$$ approximation of vector fields in the plane. Zbl 0523.49014
Strang, Gilbert
1983
Nonlinear partial differential equations in applied science. Proceedings of the U.S. - Japan Seminar, Tokyo, 1982. Zbl 0515.00015
Fujita, Hiroshi (ed.); Lax, Peter D. (ed.); Strang, Gilbert (ed.)
1983
Optimal design of cylinders in shear. Zbl 0541.73111
Strang, Gilbert; Kohn, Robert
1982
Structural design optimization, homogeneization and relaxation of variational problems. Zbl 0539.73103
Kohn, Robert V.; Strang, Gilbert
1982
...and 54 more Documents
all top 5
Cited by 7,617 Authors
42 Strang, William Gilbert 34 Gao, David Yang 32 Li, Zi-Cai 24 Hughes, Thomas J. R. 20 Panagiotopoulos, Panagiotis D. 18 Geiser, Jürgen 18 Jin, Xiaoqing 18 Serra-Capizzano, Stefano 17 Chan, Raymond Hon-Fu 17 Jia, Rong-Qing 17 Ng, Michael Kwok-Po 16 Bao, Weizhu 15 Faragó, István 15 Glowinski, Roland 15 Kohn, Robert Vita 14 Patera, Anthony T. 13 Babuška, Ivo 13 Conti, Sergio 13 Guglielmi, Nicola 13 Ortiz, Michael 13 Simo, Juan Carlos 12 Fix, George J. 12 Huang, Hung-Tsai 12 Huang, Ting-Zhu 12 Protasov, Vladimir Yu. 12 Wang, Hong 12 Zhou, Dingxuan 11 Arcangeli, Remi 11 Belytschko, Ted Bohdan 11 Hlaváček, Ivan 11 Jiang, Daqing 11 Paulino, Glaucio H. 11 Ruas, Vitoriano 11 Tyrtyshnikov, Evgeniĭ Evgen’evich 10 Calo, Victor Manuel 10 Carey, Graham Francis 10 Carstensen, Carsten 10 Haslinger, Jaroslav 10 Jiang, Qingtang 10 Li, Song 9 Charina, Maria 9 Feistauer, Miloslav 9 Grabovsky, Yury 9 Havasi, Ágnes 9 Kozyakin, Viktor Sergeevich 9 Křížek, Michal 9 Kurganov, Alexander 9 Matthies, Hermann Georg 9 Shen, Jianhong 9 van Rensburg, Nicolaas F. J. 8 Basaran, Osman A. 8 Dai, Xiongping 8 Dal Maso, Gianni 8 Ghosh, Somnath 8 Kilic, Emrah 8 Lin, Qun 8 Liu, Gui-Rong 8 Morris, Ian D. 8 Nochetto, Ricardo Horacio 8 Schillinger, Dominik 8 Taylor, Robert Leroy 8 Thomée, Vidar 8 Wathen, Andrew John 7 Abrashkevich, A. G. 7 Brezzi, Franco 7 Cai, Tony Tony 7 Chan, Tony Fan-Cheong 7 Csomós, Petra 7 Cui, Lihong 7 Gunzburger, Max D. 7 Hager, William W. 7 Harari, Isaac 7 Hu, Hsin-Yun 7 Huang, Yunqing 7 Ishihara, Kazuo 7 Korotov, Sergey 7 Krysl, Petr 7 Liang, Dong 7 Lin, Furong 7 Liu, Wing Kam 7 Maday, Yvon 7 Massot, Marc 7 Micchelli, Charles A. 7 Neittaanmäki, Pekka J. 7 Nicaise, Serge 7 Nordström, Jan 7 Pedregal, Pablo 7 Saurel, Richard 7 Scott, Larkin Ridgway 7 Shankar, Varun 7 Talischi, Cameron 7 van der Merwe, Alna 7 Vinitsky, Sergue I. 7 Yang, Yidu 7 Yee, Helen C. 7 Zennaro, Marino 6 Atzberger, Paul J. 6 Bank, Randolph E. 6 Conti, Costanza 6 Dacorogna, Bernard ...and 7,517 more Authors
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Cited in 581 Serials
438 Journal of Computational Physics 400 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 205 Linear Algebra and its Applications 192 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 176 Numerische Mathematik 140 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 116 Mathematics of Computation 116 Applied Mathematics and Computation 100 Applied Numerical Mathematics 83 Journal of Scientific Computing 62 Computers and Fluids 61 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 57 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 56 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 50 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 44 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 40 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 38 Computer Physics Communications 37 Numerical Algorithms 36 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 35 Calcolo 35 Journal of Approximation Theory 35 Computational Mechanics 34 Applied Mathematical Modelling 33 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 32 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 29 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 29 RAIRO. Modélisation Mathématique et Analyse Numérique 29 Advances in Computational Mathematics 28 Automatica 28 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 27 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 26 BIT 26 Computing 25 Applied Mathematics Letters 23 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 23 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 21 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 21 Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 21 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 20 Journal of the Franklin Institute 20 Computer Aided Geometric Design 20 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 19 Journal of Differential Equations 19 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 18 Aplikace Matematiky 18 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 18 Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 18 Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 17 Physica D 17 Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 17 International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 16 Applicable Analysis 16 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 16 Statistics & Probability Letters 16 Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 16 Signal Processing 16 Physics of Fluids 16 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 15 RAIRO. Analyse Numérique 15 Revue Française d’Automatique, Informatique, Recherche Opérationnelle. Série Rouge 14 International Journal of Control 14 Journal of Mathematical Physics 14 Journal of Functional Analysis 14 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 14 Constructive Approximation 14 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 13 Acta Mechanica 13 Applications of Mathematics 13 Journal of Global Optimization 13 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 13 Nonlinear Dynamics 13 M2AN. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis. ESAIM, European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics 13 Computational Geosciences 12 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 12 Advances in Applied Mathematics 12 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 12 Pattern Recognition 12 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 12 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 11 International Journal of Engineering Science 11 International Journal of Systems Science 11 Journal of Mathematical Biology 11 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 11 Systems & Control Letters 11 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. (English Edition) 11 Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 11 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 11 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 11 International Journal of Computational Methods 10 Mathematical Notes 10 Wave Motion 10 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 10 Computational and Applied Mathematics 10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 10 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 9 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 9 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 9 The Annals of Statistics ...and 481 more Serials
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Cited in 62 Fields
2,655 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1,272 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 864 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 790 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 336 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 328 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 283 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 244 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 188 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 184 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 182 Computer science (68-XX) 178 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 176 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 169 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 144 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 135 Statistics (62-XX) 134 Operator theory (47-XX) 133 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 97 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 95 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 91 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 84 Quantum theory (81-XX) 76 Geophysics (86-XX) 74 Functional analysis (46-XX) 71 Combinatorics (05-XX) 65 Integral equations (45-XX) 64 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 61 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 49 Number theory (11-XX) 47 Real functions (26-XX) 36 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 24 Special functions (33-XX) 22 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 21 Potential theory (31-XX) 21 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 20 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 20 Differential geometry (53-XX) 18 Measure and integration (28-XX) 18 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 17 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 12 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 12 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 11 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 10 History and biography (01-XX) 9 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 9 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 8 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 8 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 8 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 6 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 6 Geometry (51-XX) 6 General topology (54-XX) 6 Mathematics education (97-XX) 5 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 5 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 4 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 4 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 4 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX)
Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-04-14T09:35:38 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34785/
|
Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
#### This search is only for public events. Restricted events are not available.
IMPORTANT! Indico has been upgraded. Please let us know as soon as possible if you find any issues and email [email protected]
# 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory
22-28 July 2018
Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
EST timezone
## $SU(2)$ Lattice Gauge Pair Hopping Constructs Suitable for Implementation on Quantum Computers
Jul 24, 2018, 4:50 PM
20m
103 (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center)
### 103
#### Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824
Algorithms and Machines
### Speaker
Dr Patrick Dreher (NC State University)
### Description
A traditional approach for constructing a gauge field theory on a lattice employs a basic Wilson type procedure with additional enhancements to this formulation in order to improve computational performance and accuracy. This type of lattice gauge formulation has been successfully implemented on many different high performance computing systems and has yielded useful computational results. With the recent advances in quantum computing, the question that is now being asked is whether an equivalent type of gauge invariant formulation of a field theory can be constructed on a quantum computer. Using the Quantum Link Model (QLM) plus the concept of rishons, a gauge invariant mathematical construction of a lattice field theory will be summarized. In this formulation, the number of fermionic rishons per link plays an important role in the order of the gauge group that can be constructed. Using this formulation, it may be possible to implement a simple lattice field theory on a quantum computer. This talk will specifically focus on the $SU(2)$ QLM formulation, discuss the physics that may potentially be simulated on a quantum computer with this construct, and speculate on the prospects for having quantum computers become a part of the set of hardware platforms for lattice gauge theory simulations in the future.
### Primary author
Dr Patrick Dreher (NC State University)
Slides
| 2021-06-19T17:56:46 |
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https://indico.bnl.gov/event/17909/
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# Using muons from backscattered photons on targets for various studies at the EIC
April 5, 2023
Remote
US/Eastern timezone
### Local Organizer
Most proposals involving the use of muon beams utilize protons on targets to produce pions, which then decay into muons for various studies. Such muon beams usually require emittance cooling before they are useful. However, an alternative is to use muon beams produced by backscattered photon beams on suitable targets, thereby obviating the need for muon beam cooling. Preliminary studies indicate that the EIC’s electron beam of ~20 GeV yields ~5 x 10^13 photons/sec of energy ~5 GeV. Simulations are currently being performed to understand the kinematics of muons produced from the EIC backscattered photons on various targets.
In this workshop, we will look deeper into muon beams from backscattered photons on various targets and discuss physics implications from their use. This should be an important extension of the EIC.
Starts
Ends
US/Eastern
Remote
| 2023-03-31T18:40:38 |
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|
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Amurota.kazuo
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Murota, Kazuo
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: murota.kazuo Published as: Murota, K.; Murota, Kazuo Homepage: http://www.comp.tmu.ac.jp/kzmurota/index.en.html External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ORCID · dblp · GND
Documents Indexed: 190 Publications since 1980, including 8 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
56 single-authored 20 Ikeda, Kiyohiro 20 Shioura, Akiyoshi 12 Sugihara, Masaaki 12 Tamura, Akihisa 11 Iwata, Satoru 10 Iri, Masao 10 Moriguchi, Satoko 8 Maehara, Takanori 7 Aishima, Kensuke 7 Matsuo, Takayasu 5 Hirai, Hiroshi 5 Kojima, Masakazu 5 Tanaka, Ken’ichiro 4 Fukuda, Mituhiro 4 Kobayashi, Yusuke 4 Nakata, Kazuhide 3 Fujisawa, Katsuki 3 Fujishige, Satoru 3 Iwamasa, Yuni 3 Kanno, Yoshihiro 3 Tardella, Fabio 3 Živný, Stanislav 2 Akamatsu, Takashi 2 Iimura, Takuya 2 Katoh, Naoki 2 Marumo, Naoki 2 Matsui, Shouichi 2 Ohsaki, Makoto 2 Ohya, Takao 2 Rikitoku, Masaki 2 Saito, Hiroo 2 Sakuta, Izumi 2 Tanaka, Reiko J. 2 Van der Woude, Jacob Willem 2 Weismantel, Robert 2 Yang, Zaifu 1 Aiura, Daishi 1 Aoki, Satoshi 1 Bolandnazar, Mohammadreza 1 Danilov, Vladimir I. 1 Elishakoff, Isaac 1 Fujii, Hiroshi 1 Geelen, James F. 1 Harvey, Nicholas J. A. 1 Huh, Woonghee Tim 1 Imai, Hideki 1 Ito, Hisashi 1 Ito, Shinji 1 Kakimura, Naonori 1 Karger, David R. 1 Kojima, Sadayoshi 1 Koshevoy, Gleb A. 1 Kubota, Koichi 1 Maruyama, Kiyoshi 1 McCormick, S. Thomas 1 Mori, Masatake 1 Nakamura, Masataka 1 Nakano, Masaki 1 Noguchi, Hirohisa 1 Otsuki, Kensuke 1 Poljak, Svatopluk 1 Saiki, Isao 1 Scharbrodt, Mark 1 Shigeno, Maiko 1 Suzuki, Taiji 1 Takayama, Yuki 1 Takeuchi, Kei 1 Terada, Kenjiro 1 Yanagimoto, Akito 1 Yasunami, H. 1 Yokoi, Yu
all top 5
#### Serials
14 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 14 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 13 Discrete Applied Mathematics 11 RIMS Kokyuroku 10 Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 9 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 7 Linear Algebra and its Applications 6 Mathematics of Operations Research 5 International Journal of Solids and Structures 5 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 3 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 Mathematics of Computation 3 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 SIAM Journal on Computing 3 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 3 Advances in Applied Mathematics 3 Discrete Optimization 3 Algorithms and Combinatorics 3 Applied Mathematical Sciences 2 Computers and Structures 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 2 Numerische Mathematik 2 Operations Research Letters 2 Combinatorica 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 2 SIAM Journal on Optimization 2 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 2 Optimization Methods & Software 2 Pacific Journal of Optimization 1 International Journal of Control 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 Biometrika 1 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1 Journal of Mathematical Economics 1 Networks 1 Operations Research 1 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 1 Utilitas Mathematica 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing 1 Mathematical Social Sciences 1 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 1 Japan Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 YUJOR. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1 Optimization and Engineering 1 SIAM Monographs on Discrete Mathematics and Applications 1 Optimization Letters 1 RIMS Kôkyûroku Bessatsu 1 International Journal of Economic Theory 1 Journal of Math-for-Industry 1 ACM Transactions on Algorithms 1 JSIAM Letters
all top 5
#### Fields
93 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 57 Combinatorics (05-XX) 36 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 30 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 19 Computer science (68-XX) 16 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 15 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 13 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 12 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 7 Statistics (62-XX) 6 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 5 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 2 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
155 Publications have been cited 1,523 times in 750 Documents Cited by Year
Discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1029.90055
Murota, Kazuo
2003
Matrices and matroids for systems analysis. Zbl 0948.05001
Murota, Kazuo
2000
Discrete convex analysis. Zbl 0920.90103
Murota, Kazuo
1998
Systems analysis by graphs and matroids. Structural solvability and controllability. Zbl 0624.05001
Murota, Kazuo
1987
Convexity and Steinitz’s exchange property. Zbl 0867.90092
Murota, Kazuo
1996
$$M$$-convex function on generalized polymatroid. Zbl 0977.90044
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
1999
Exploiting sparsity in semidefinite programming via matrix completion. I: General framework. Zbl 1010.90053
Fukuda, Mituhiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Murota, Kazuo; Nakata, Kazuhide
2000
Voronoi diagram in the Laguerre geometry and its applications. Zbl 0556.68038
Imai, Hiroshi; Iri, Masao; Murota, Kazuo
1985
Notes on L-/M-convex functions and the separation theorems. Zbl 0974.90019
Fujishige, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
2000
Improvements of the incremental method for the Voronoi diagram with computational comparison of various algorithms. Zbl 0556.68039
Ohya, Takao; Iri, Masao; Murota, Kazuo
1984
Exploiting sparsity in semidefinite programming via matrix completion. II: Implementation and numerical results. Zbl 1030.90081
Nakata, Kazuhide; Fujisawa, Katsuki; Fukuda, Mituhiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Murota, Kazuo
2003
Discrete convexity and equilibria in economies with indivisible goods and money. Zbl 1004.91052
Danilov, Vladimir; Koshevoy, Gleb; Murota, Kazuo
2001
Recent developments in discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1359.05020
Murota, Kazuo
2009
Valuated matroid intersection. I: Optimality criteria. Zbl 0868.90132
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Valuated matroid intersection. II: Algorithms. Zbl 0868.90133
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Function classes for successful DE-sinc approximations. Zbl 1198.65037
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2009
Group symmetry in interior-point methods for semidefinite program. Zbl 1035.90056
Kanno, Yoshihiro; Ohsaki, Makoto; Murota, Kazuo; Katoh, Naoki
2001
Relationship of M-/L-convex functions with discrete convex functions by Miller and Favati-Tardella. Zbl 1076.90036
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2001
Bifurcation hierarchy of symmetric structures. Zbl 0762.73058
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Fujii, Hiroshi
1991
The studentized empirical characteristic function and its application to test for the shape of distribution. Zbl 0463.62041
Murota, Kazuo; Takeuchi, Kei
1981
Extension of M-convexity and L-convexity to polyhedral convex functions. Zbl 1073.90544
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2000
$$M$$-convex functions on jump systems: a general framework for minsquare graph factor problem. Zbl 1119.90031
Murota, Kazuo
2006
Discrete fixed point theorem reconsidered. Zbl 1119.58006
Iimura, Takuya; Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2005
Comparison of conventional and “invariant” schemes of fundamental solutions method for annular domains. Zbl 0831.65118
Murota, Kazuo
1995
A fast Voronoi-diagram algorithm with applications to geographical optimization problems. Zbl 0557.90025
Iri, Masao; Murota, Kazuo; Ohya, Takao
1984
A numerical algorithm for block-diagonal decomposition of matrix $$*$$-algebras with application to semidefinite programming. Zbl 1204.65068
Murota, Kazuo; Kanno, Yoshihiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Kojima, Sadayoshi
2010
Function classes for double exponential integration formulas. Zbl 1162.65014
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo; Mori, Masatake
2009
New characterizations of M-convex functions and their applications to economic equilibrium models with indivisibilities. Zbl 1094.90023
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2003
On circuit valuation of matroids. Zbl 0979.05028
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2001
Submodular flow problem with a nonseparable cost function. Zbl 0947.90119
Murota, Kazuo
1999
Computational use of group theory in bifurcation analysis of symmetric structures. Zbl 0721.65029
Murota, Kazuo; Ikeda, Kiyohiro
1991
Computing the degree of determinants via combinatorial relaxation. Zbl 0834.05037
Murota, Kazuo
1995
Finding optimal minors of valuated bimatroids. Zbl 0833.05017
Murota, K.
1995
Bifurcation analysis of symmetric structures using block-diagonalization. Zbl 0764.73100
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
1991
Combinatorial canonical form of layered mixed matrices and its application to block-triangularization of systems of linear/nonlinear equations. Zbl 0623.65033
Murota, Kazuo; Iri, Masao; Nakamura, Masataka
1987
Note on multimodularity and L-convexity. Zbl 1082.90071
Murota, Kazuo
2005
$$M$$-convex functions and tree metrics. Zbl 1084.90036
Hirai, Hiroshi; Murota, Kazuo
2004
Critical initial imperfection of structures. Zbl 0721.73021
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
1990
Computing Puiseux-series solutions to determinantal equations via combinatorial relaxation. Zbl 0711.68066
Murota, Kazuo
1990
Matrices and matroids for systems analysis. 2nd printing. Zbl 1181.05001
Murota, Kazuo
2010
Deterministic network coding by matrix completion. Zbl 1297.68022
Harvey, Nicholas J. A.; Karger, David R.; Murota, Kazuo
2005
Imperfect bifurcation in structures and materials. Engineering use of group-theoretic bifucation theory. Zbl 1005.74001
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2002
Combinatorial relaxation algorithm for the maximum degree of subdeterminants: Computing Smith-McMillan form at infinity and structural indices in Kronecker form. Zbl 0826.05044
Murota, Kazuo
1995
Structural solvability of systems of equations. A mathematical formulation for distinguishing accurate and inaccurate numbers in structural analysis of systems. Zbl 0598.15003
Murota, Kazuo; Iri, Masao
1985
Imperfect bifurcation in structures and materials. Engineering use of group-theoretic bifurcation theory. 2nd ed. Zbl 1204.74003
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2010
Complex analytic approach to the sinc-Gauss sampling formula. Zbl 1152.65123
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2008
Operations on M-convex functions on jump systems. Zbl 1144.90015
Kobayashi, Yusuke; Murota, Kazuo; Tanaka, Ken’ichiro
2007
On steepest descent algorithms for discrete convex functions. Zbl 1071.90027
Murota, Kazuo
2003
Application of M-convex submodular flow problem to mathematical economics. Zbl 1092.91058
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2003
Matroid valuation on independent sets. Zbl 0867.05017
Murota, Kazuo
1997
Parameter tuning and repeated application of the IMT-type transformation in numerical quadrature. Zbl 0478.65010
Murota, Kazuo; Iri, Masao
1982
A framework of discrete DC programming by discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1327.90264
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2015
On the lattice structure of stable allocations in a two-sided discrete-concave market. Zbl 1312.91072
Murota, Kazuo; Yokoi, Yu
2015
Bifurcation theory for hexagonal agglomeration in economic geography. Zbl 1286.91002
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2014
Numerical indefinite integration by double exponential sinc method. Zbl 1065.41031
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2005
Optimality criterion for a class of nonlinear integer programs. Zbl 1054.90049
Murota, Kazuo; Saito, Hiroo; Weismantel, Robert
2004
A numerical algorithm for block-diagonal decomposition of matrix $$*$$-algebras with general irreducible components. Zbl 1204.65035
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2010
Quasi M-convex and L-convex functions – quasiconvexity in discrete optimization. Zbl 1030.90085
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2003
The linear delta-matroid parity problem. Zbl 1021.05019
Geelen, James F.; Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
2003
Fenchel-type duality for matroid valuations. Zbl 0920.90124
Murota, Kazuo
1998
On the degree of mixed polynomial matrices. Zbl 0956.05068
Murota, Kazuo
1998
Mixed matrices: Irreducibility and decomposition. Zbl 0791.15018
Murota, Kazuo
1993
Exact bounds for steepest descent algorithms of $$L$$-convex function minimization. Zbl 1408.90261
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2014
Discrete convex analysis — exposition on conjugacy and duality. Zbl 0972.90065
Murota, K.
1999
Principal structure of layered mixed matrices. Zbl 0737.15006
Murota, Kazuo
1990
On the irreducibility of layered mixed matrices. Zbl 0702.15008
Murota, Kazuo
1989
Refined study on structural controllability of descriptor systems by means of matroids. Zbl 0635.93007
Murota, Kazuo
1987
Heuristics for planar minimum-weight perfect matchings. Zbl 0503.68050
Iri, Masao; Murota, Kazuo; Matsui, Shouichi
1983
Time bounds for iterative auctions: a unified approach by discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1390.91149
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi; Yang, Zaifu
2016
Computing a Walrasian equilibrium in iterative auctions with multiple differentiated items. Zbl 1407.91131
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi; Yang, Zaifu
2013
Self-organization of Lösch’s hexagons in economic agglomeration for core-periphery models. Zbl 1258.91169
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Akamatsu, Takashi
2012
Algorithm for error-controlled simultaneous block-diagonalization of matrices. Zbl 1227.65039
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2011
On convergence of the DQDS algorithm for singular value computation. Zbl 1165.65018
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2008
Conjugacy relationship between M-convex and L-convex functions in continuous variables. Zbl 1074.90039
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2004
Proximity theorems of discrete convex functions. Zbl 1084.90038
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2004
Characterizing a valuated delta-matroid as a family of delta-matroids. Zbl 0905.90144
Murota, Kazuo
1997
A fast parametric submodular intersection algorithm for strong map sequences. Zbl 0892.90065
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo; Shigeno, Maiko
1997
Primal-dual combinatorial relaxation algorithms for the maximum degree of subdeterminants. Zbl 0871.65030
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo; Sakuta, Izumi
1996
Echelon modes in uniform materials. Zbl 0943.74542
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Nakano, Masaki
1994
On the Smith normal form of structured polynomial matrices. Zbl 0742.15005
Murota, Kazuo
1991
Agglomeration patterns in a long narrow economy of a new economic geography model: analogy to a racetrack economy. Zbl 1398.91402
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Akamatsu, Takashi; Takayama, Yuki
2017
Submodular function minimization and maximization in discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1223.90055
Murota, Kazuo
2010
Benders decomposition approach to robust mixed integer programming. Zbl 1172.90452
Saito, Hiroo; Murota, Kazuo
2007
Scaling algorithms for $$M$$-convex function minimization. Zbl 0991.90550
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2001
Structural approach in systems analysis by mixed matrices – an exposition for index of DAE –. Zbl 0845.34003
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Block-triangularizations of partitioned matrices under similarity/equivalence transformations. Zbl 0811.15008
Ito, Hisashi; Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
1994
Structure at infinity of structured descriptor systems and its applications. Zbl 0733.93030
Murota, Kazuo; van der Woude, Jacob W.
1991
Critical imperfection of symmetric structures. Zbl 0778.73025
Murota, Kazuo; Ikeda, Kiyohiro
1991
LU-decomposition of a matrix with entries of different kinds. Zbl 0531.15010
Murota, Kazuo
1983
Linear-time approximation algorithms for finding the minimum-weight perfect matching on a plane. Zbl 0459.68037
Iri, Masao; Murota, Kazuo; Matsui, Shouichi
1981
A shift strategy for superquadratic convergence in the dqds algorithm for singular values. Zbl 1294.65043
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2014
Dijkstra’s algorithm and L-concave function maximization. Zbl 1300.90039
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2014
A Wilkinson-like multishift QR algorithm for symmetric eigenvalue problems and its global convergence. Zbl 1247.65046
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2012
Rigorous proof of cubic convergence for the dqds algorithm for singular values. Zbl 1153.65041
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo
2008
Improvement of the scaled corrector method for bifurcation analysis using symmetry-exploiting block-diagonalization. Zbl 1173.74473
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Yanagimoto, Akito; Noguchi, Hirohisa
2007
Induction of M-convex functions by linking systems. Zbl 1149.90033
Kobayashi, Yusuke; Murota, Kazuo
2007
Flower patterns appearing on a honeycomb structure and their bifurcation mechanism. Zbl 1082.37512
Saiki, Isao; Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2005
A capacity scaling algorithm for M-convex submodular flow. Zbl 1079.90112
Iwata, Satoru; Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2005
Quadratic M-convex and L-convex functions. Zbl 1126.90399
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2004
Capacity scaling algorithm for scalable $$M$$-convex submodular flow problems. Zbl 1176.90509
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2003
Scaling, proximity, and optimization of integrally convex functions. Zbl 1421.90129
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa; Tardella, Fabio
2019
Projection and convolution operations for integrally convex functions. Zbl 1411.90227
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2019
On equivalence of $$M^\natural$$-concavity of a set function and submodularity of its conjugate. Zbl 1397.90334
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2018
Discrete convexity in joint winner property. Zbl 06920229
Iwamasa, Yuni; Murota, Kazuo; Živný, Stanislav
2018
A stronger multiple exchange property for $$\mathrm{M}^{\natural }$$-concave functions. Zbl 1397.90333
Murota, Kazuo
2018
Agglomeration patterns in a long narrow economy of a new economic geography model: analogy to a racetrack economy. Zbl 1398.91402
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Akamatsu, Takashi; Takayama, Yuki
2017
Time bounds for iterative auctions: a unified approach by discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1390.91149
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi; Yang, Zaifu
2016
An algorithm for the generalized eigenvalue problem for nonsquare matrix pencils by minimal perturbation approach. Zbl 1376.65050
Ito, Shinji; Murota, Kazuo
2016
Scaling and proximity properties of integrally convex functions. Zbl 1398.90121
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa; Tardella, Fabio
2016
A framework of discrete DC programming by discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1327.90264
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2015
On the lattice structure of stable allocations in a two-sided discrete-concave market. Zbl 1312.91072
Murota, Kazuo; Yokoi, Yu
2015
Continuous relaxation for discrete DC programming. Zbl 1370.90223
Maehara, Takanori; Marumo, Naoki; Murota, Kazuo
2015
Bifurcation theory for hexagonal agglomeration in economic geography. Zbl 1286.91002
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2014
Exact bounds for steepest descent algorithms of $$L$$-convex function minimization. Zbl 1408.90261
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2014
A shift strategy for superquadratic convergence in the dqds algorithm for singular values. Zbl 1294.65043
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2014
Dijkstra’s algorithm and L-concave function maximization. Zbl 1300.90039
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2014
Computing a Walrasian equilibrium in iterative auctions with multiple differentiated items. Zbl 1407.91131
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi; Yang, Zaifu
2013
Self-organization of Lösch’s hexagons in economic agglomeration for core-periphery models. Zbl 1258.91169
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Akamatsu, Takashi
2012
A Wilkinson-like multishift QR algorithm for symmetric eigenvalue problems and its global convergence. Zbl 1247.65046
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2012
On discrete Hessian matrix and convex extensibility. Zbl 1278.90343
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2012
Cone superadditivity of discrete convex functions. Zbl 1267.90073
Kobayashi, Yusuke; Murota, Kazuo; Weismantel, Robert
2012
Algorithm for error-controlled simultaneous block-diagonalization of matrices. Zbl 1227.65039
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2011
A note on the dqds algorithm with Rutishauser’s shift for singular values. Zbl 1231.65067
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo
2011
Simultaneous singular value decomposition. Zbl 1233.65034
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2011
A numerical algorithm for block-diagonal decomposition of matrix $$*$$-algebras with application to semidefinite programming. Zbl 1204.65068
Murota, Kazuo; Kanno, Yoshihiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Kojima, Sadayoshi
2010
Matrices and matroids for systems analysis. 2nd printing. Zbl 1181.05001
Murota, Kazuo
2010
Imperfect bifurcation in structures and materials. Engineering use of group-theoretic bifurcation theory. 2nd ed. Zbl 1204.74003
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2010
A numerical algorithm for block-diagonal decomposition of matrix $$*$$-algebras with general irreducible components. Zbl 1204.65035
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2010
Submodular function minimization and maximization in discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1223.90055
Murota, Kazuo
2010
A survey on convergence theorems of the dqds algorithm for computing singular values. Zbl 1210.65088
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2010
Error-controlling algorithm for simultaneous block-diagonalization and its application to independent component analysis. Zbl 1271.65080
Maehara, Takanori; Murota, Kazuo
2010
Superquadratic convergence of DLASQ for computing matrix singular values. Zbl 1198.65078
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2010
Recent developments in discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1359.05020
Murota, Kazuo
2009
Function classes for successful DE-sinc approximations. Zbl 1198.65037
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2009
Function classes for double exponential integration formulas. Zbl 1162.65014
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo; Mori, Masatake
2009
Complex analytic approach to the sinc-Gauss sampling formula. Zbl 1152.65123
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2008
On convergence of the DQDS algorithm for singular value computation. Zbl 1165.65018
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo; Sugihara, Masaaki
2008
Rigorous proof of cubic convergence for the dqds algorithm for singular values. Zbl 1153.65041
Aishima, Kensuke; Matsuo, Takayasu; Murota, Kazuo
2008
Note on the continuity of M-convex and L-convex functions in continuous variables. Zbl 1161.90472
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2008
Operations on M-convex functions on jump systems. Zbl 1144.90015
Kobayashi, Yusuke; Murota, Kazuo; Tanaka, Ken’ichiro
2007
Benders decomposition approach to robust mixed integer programming. Zbl 1172.90452
Saito, Hiroo; Murota, Kazuo
2007
Improvement of the scaled corrector method for bifurcation analysis using symmetry-exploiting block-diagonalization. Zbl 1173.74473
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo; Yanagimoto, Akito; Noguchi, Hirohisa
2007
Induction of M-convex functions by linking systems. Zbl 1149.90033
Kobayashi, Yusuke; Murota, Kazuo
2007
$$M$$-convex functions on jump systems: a general framework for minsquare graph factor problem. Zbl 1119.90031
Murota, Kazuo
2006
Discrete fixed point theorem reconsidered. Zbl 1119.58006
Iimura, Takuya; Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2005
Note on multimodularity and L-convexity. Zbl 1082.90071
Murota, Kazuo
2005
Deterministic network coding by matrix completion. Zbl 1297.68022
Harvey, Nicholas J. A.; Karger, David R.; Murota, Kazuo
2005
Numerical indefinite integration by double exponential sinc method. Zbl 1065.41031
Tanaka, Ken’ichiro; Sugihara, Masaaki; Murota, Kazuo
2005
Flower patterns appearing on a honeycomb structure and their bifurcation mechanism. Zbl 1082.37512
Saiki, Isao; Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2005
A capacity scaling algorithm for M-convex submodular flow. Zbl 1079.90112
Iwata, Satoru; Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2005
SVM kernel by electric network. Zbl 1274.90528
Hirai, Hiroshi; Murota, Kazuo; Rikitoku, Masaki
2005
Substitutes and complements in network flows viewed as discrete convexity. Zbl 1131.90052
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2005
Use of primal-dual technique in the network algorithm for two-way contingency tables. Zbl 1059.62060
Suzuki, Taiji; Aoki, Satoshi; Murota, Kazuo
2005
$$M$$-convex functions and tree metrics. Zbl 1084.90036
Hirai, Hiroshi; Murota, Kazuo
2004
Optimality criterion for a class of nonlinear integer programs. Zbl 1054.90049
Murota, Kazuo; Saito, Hiroo; Weismantel, Robert
2004
Conjugacy relationship between M-convex and L-convex functions in continuous variables. Zbl 1074.90039
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2004
Proximity theorems of discrete convex functions. Zbl 1084.90038
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2004
Quadratic M-convex and L-convex functions. Zbl 1126.90399
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2004
A capacity scaling algorithm for M-convex submodular flow. Zbl 1092.90007
Iwata, Satoru; Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2004
Discrete convex analysis. Zbl 1029.90055
Murota, Kazuo
2003
Exploiting sparsity in semidefinite programming via matrix completion. II: Implementation and numerical results. Zbl 1030.90081
Nakata, Kazuhide; Fujisawa, Katsuki; Fukuda, Mituhiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Murota, Kazuo
2003
New characterizations of M-convex functions and their applications to economic equilibrium models with indivisibilities. Zbl 1094.90023
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2003
On steepest descent algorithms for discrete convex functions. Zbl 1071.90027
Murota, Kazuo
2003
Application of M-convex submodular flow problem to mathematical economics. Zbl 1092.91058
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2003
Quasi M-convex and L-convex functions – quasiconvexity in discrete optimization. Zbl 1030.90085
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2003
The linear delta-matroid parity problem. Zbl 1021.05019
Geelen, James F.; Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
2003
Capacity scaling algorithm for scalable $$M$$-convex submodular flow problems. Zbl 1176.90509
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo
2003
Imperfect bifurcation in structures and materials. Engineering use of group-theoretic bifucation theory. Zbl 1005.74001
Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Murota, Kazuo
2002
Discrete convexity and equilibria in economies with indivisible goods and money. Zbl 1004.91052
Danilov, Vladimir; Koshevoy, Gleb; Murota, Kazuo
2001
Group symmetry in interior-point methods for semidefinite program. Zbl 1035.90056
Kanno, Yoshihiro; Ohsaki, Makoto; Murota, Kazuo; Katoh, Naoki
2001
Relationship of M-/L-convex functions with discrete convex functions by Miller and Favati-Tardella. Zbl 1076.90036
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2001
On circuit valuation of matroids. Zbl 0979.05028
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2001
Scaling algorithms for $$M$$-convex function minimization. Zbl 0991.90550
Moriguchi, Satoko; Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2001
Combinatorial relaxation algorithm for mixed polynomial matrices. Zbl 1160.90637
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
2001
Application of M-convex submodular flow problem to mathematical economics. Zbl 1076.91526
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2001
Formalization of economic equilibria with indivisible commodities by using $$M$$-convex modular flows. Zbl 0991.91507
Murota, Kazuo; Tamura, Akihisa
2001
Matrices and matroids for systems analysis. Zbl 0948.05001
Murota, Kazuo
2000
Exploiting sparsity in semidefinite programming via matrix completion. I: General framework. Zbl 1010.90053
Fukuda, Mituhiro; Kojima, Masakazu; Murota, Kazuo; Nakata, Kazuhide
2000
Notes on L-/M-convex functions and the separation theorems. Zbl 0974.90019
Fujishige, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
2000
Extension of M-convexity and L-convexity to polyhedral convex functions. Zbl 1073.90544
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
2000
Symmetric failures in symmetric control systems. Zbl 0962.93011
Tanaka, R.; Murota, K.
2000
Quantitative analysis for controllability of symmetric control systems. Zbl 1006.93506
Tanaka, Reiko; Murota, Kazuo
2000
$$M$$-convex function on generalized polymatroid. Zbl 0977.90044
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
1999
Submodular flow problem with a nonseparable cost function. Zbl 0947.90119
Murota, Kazuo
1999
Discrete convex analysis — exposition on conjugacy and duality. Zbl 0972.90065
Murota, K.
1999
Bifurcation mechanism underlying echelon-mode formation. Zbl 0949.74024
Murota, Kazuo; Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Terada, Kenjiro
1999
Discrete convex analysis. Zbl 0920.90103
Murota, Kazuo
1998
Fenchel-type duality for matroid valuations. Zbl 0920.90124
Murota, Kazuo
1998
On the degree of mixed polynomial matrices. Zbl 0956.05068
Murota, Kazuo
1998
Matroid valuation on independent sets. Zbl 0867.05017
Murota, Kazuo
1997
Characterizing a valuated delta-matroid as a family of delta-matroids. Zbl 0905.90144
Murota, Kazuo
1997
A fast parametric submodular intersection algorithm for strong map sequences. Zbl 0892.90065
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo; Shigeno, Maiko
1997
$$M$$-convex function on generalized polymatroid. Zbl 0971.90073
Murota, Kazuo; Shioura, Akiyoshi
1997
Convexity and Steinitz’s exchange property. Zbl 0867.90092
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Valuated matroid intersection. I: Optimality criteria. Zbl 0868.90132
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Valuated matroid intersection. II: Algorithms. Zbl 0868.90133
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Primal-dual combinatorial relaxation algorithms for the maximum degree of subdeterminants. Zbl 0871.65030
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo; Sakuta, Izumi
1996
Structural approach in systems analysis by mixed matrices – an exposition for index of DAE –. Zbl 0845.34003
Murota, Kazuo
1996
Note on exchange axioms for valuated matroids and valuated delta-matroids. Zbl 0880.05024
Murota, K.
1996
Horizontal principal structure of layered mixed matrices: Decomposition of discrete systems by design-variable selections. Zbl 0849.15007
Iwata, Satoru; Murota, Kazuo
1996
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#### Cited by 1,023 Authors
74 Murota, Kazuo 22 Shioura, Akiyoshi 19 Drezner, Zvi 19 Iwata, Satoru 18 Ikeda, Kiyohiro 14 Sugihara, Masaaki 14 Tamura, Akihisa 13 Boukhobza, Taha 13 Hirai, Hiroshi 13 Okayama, Tomoaki 12 Commault, Christian 11 Fujishige, Satoru 11 Kojima, Masakazu 10 Matsuo, Takayasu 10 Takazawa, Kenjiro 9 Hamelin, Frederic 9 Kim, Sunyoung 9 Van der Woude, Jacob Willem 8 Dion, Jean-Michel 8 Kobayashi, Yusuke 8 Koshevoy, Gleb A. 8 Yamashita, Makoto 7 Drezner, Tammy 7 Kamiyama, Naoyuki 7 Sugihara, Kokichi 6 Danilov, Vladimir I. 6 Rincón, Felipe 6 Takamatsu, Mizuyo 6 Tanaka, Ken’ichiro 6 Weismantel, Robert 6 Yang, Zaifu 6 Yokoi, Yu 5 de Klerk, Etienne 5 Iri, Masao 5 Maehara, Takanori 5 Moriguchi, Satoko 5 Ogata, Hidenori 5 Peis, Britta 5 Reinschke, Kurt J. 5 Sakakibara, Koya 5 Takayama, Yuki 4 Aishima, Kensuke 4 Asharabi, Rashad M. 4 Cai, Jin-Yi 4 Dahl, Joachim 4 Harks, Tobias 4 Hemmecke, Raymond 4 Iimura, Takuya 4 Kakimura, Naonori 4 Kanno, Yoshihiro 4 Kashiwabara, Kenji 4 Lu, Pinyan 4 Nakata, Kazuhide 4 Ohsaki, Miho 4 Talman, Dolf 4 Van der Laan, Gerard 3 Amano, Kaname 3 Andersen, Martin S. 3 Anjos, Miguel F. 3 Brändén, Petter 3 Brimberg, Jack 3 Chen, Xin 3 Cravo, Glória 3 Dress, Andreas W. M. 3 Du, Ding-Zhu 3 Eriksson, Anders B. 3 Eshima, Nobuoki 3 Fantuzzi, Giovanni 3 Farooq, Rashid 3 Farràs, Oriol 3 Fujii, Fumio 3 Ghosh, Sucharita 3 Imai, Hideki 3 Kobayashi, Kazuhiro 3 Laporte, Gilbert 3 Martinez-Martinez, Sinuhé 3 Mori, Masatake 3 Murat, Alper Ekrem 3 Nishida, Tetsushi 3 Nordmark, Arne B. 3 Ohsaki, Makoto 3 Okamoto, Yoshio 3 Okano, Dai 3 Onda, Mikihisa 3 Onn, Shmuel 3 Oum, Sang-Il 3 Padró, Carles 3 Paes Leme, Renato 3 Parrilo, Pablo A. 3 Pasechnik, Dmitrii V. 3 Röbenack, Klaus 3 Saiki, Isao 3 Sauter, Dominique D. J. 3 Scott, Carlton H. 3 Soma, Tasuku 3 Tabata, Minoru 3 Tardella, Fabio 3 Terada, Kenjiro 3 Ui, Takashi 3 Verter, Vedat ...and 923 more Authors
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#### Cited in 211 Serials
49 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 39 Discrete Applied Mathematics 34 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 28 Linear Algebra and its Applications 20 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 19 European Journal of Operational Research 18 Automatica 14 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 14 Discrete Optimization 13 Mathematics of Operations Research 12 Theoretical Computer Science 12 Algorithmica 10 Operations Research Letters 9 Journal of Global Optimization 8 Advances in Mathematics 8 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 8 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 8 SIAM Journal on Optimization 8 Optimization Methods & Software 7 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 7 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 7 Journal of Mathematical Economics 7 Discrete & Computational Geometry 7 Computers & Operations Research 7 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 6 Operations Research 6 Advances in Applied Mathematics 6 Applied Mathematics Letters 5 Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 5 Applied Mathematics and Computation 5 BIT 5 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 5 Numerische Mathematik 5 Systems & Control Letters 5 Computational Geometry 5 Computational Optimization and Applications 5 Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 5 JSIAM Letters 4 Discrete Mathematics 4 International Journal of Systems Science 4 Information Processing Letters 4 Journal of Computational Physics 4 Mathematics of Computation 4 Journal of Economic Theory 4 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 4 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 4 Annals of Operations Research 4 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 4 Theory of Computing Systems 4 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 4 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 3 Artificial Intelligence 3 International Journal of Control 3 Combinatorica 3 Journal of Complexity 3 Computational Mechanics 3 International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 3 Numerical Algorithms 3 Games and Economic Behavior 3 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 3 European Journal of Control 3 Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 3 Networks and Spatial Economics 3 Mathematical Programming Computation 2 Acta Mechanica 2 The Canadian Journal of Statistics 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Journal of the Franklin Institute 2 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 2 Mathematical Notes 2 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 2 Computing 2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2 International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 2 Journal of Approximation Theory 2 Journal of Differential Equations 2 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 2 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 2 Naval Research Logistics 2 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 2 SIAM Journal on Computing 2 European Journal of Combinatorics 2 Mathematical Social Sciences 2 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 2 Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 2 Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 2 Aequationes Mathematicae 2 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 2 Pattern Recognition 2 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 2 Computational Complexity 2 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 2 Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Advances in Computational Mathematics 2 INFORMS Journal on Computing 2 Annals of Combinatorics 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2 Optimization and Engineering 2 International Game Theory Review ...and 111 more Serials
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#### Cited in 51 Fields
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#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-28T12:44:10 |
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|
https://docs.nersc.gov/tools/performance/performancereports/
|
# Arm Performance Reports¶
## Introduction¶
Arm Performance Reports is a low-overhead tool that produces one-page text and HTML reports summarizing and characterizing both scalar and MPI application performance. The report intends to answer a range of vital questions:
• Is this application optimized for the system it is running on?
• Does it benefit from running at this scale?
• Are there I/O or networking bottlenecks affecting performance?
• Which hardware, software or configuration changes can be made to improve performance further?
The tool is based on MAP's low-overhead adaptive sampling technology that keeps data volumes collected and application overhead low.
The Arm Performance Reports User Guide available from the Arm Forge web page or $ALLINEA_TOOLS_DOCDIR/userguide-forge.pdf on Cori after loading an allinea-forge module is a good resource for learning more about its features. ## Loading the Arm Forge Module¶ Starting from version 20.1, Arm Forge now includes the Performance Reports tool, too. To use the Performance Reports tool, simply load the allinea-forge module to set the correct environment settings: nersc$ module load allinea-forge
## Compiling Code to Run with Arm Performance Reports¶
To collect performance data, Arm Performance Reports uses the same sampling libraries that MAP uses: MAP sampler (map-sampler) and MPI wrapper (map-sampler-pmpi) libraries. The same build and link rules as with MAP apply here. For info, please read the User Guide or the MAP web page.
Just as with MAP, your program must be compiled with the -g option to keep debugging symbols, together with optimization flags that you would normally use. If you use the Cray compiler on the Cray machines, we recommend the -G2 option.
Below we show build instructions using a Fortran case, but the C or C++ usage is the same.
### On Cray Machines¶
Dynamic linking has become the default mode of linking on Cori. To build a dynamically-linked executable, you don't have to build the MAP libraries. You build your executable as you would normally do, but with the -g compile flag:
nersc$ftn -c -g jacobi_mpi.f90 nersc$ ftn -o jacobi_mpi jacobi_mpi.o -Wl,--eh-frame-hdr
Building an statically-linked executable for MAP is more complicated on Cray machines. You need to first explicitly build the static MAP sampler and MPI wrapper libraries using make-profiler-libraries, and then link your executable against them. For details, please check the user guide.
## Starting a Job with Arm Performance Reports¶
In order to use this tool, you do not have to run your application in an interactive batch job session. Just make sure that the module is still loaded in the batch session (that is, in your batch job script if you use the tool in a non-interactie batch job):
module load allinea-forge
Add a command that launches the tool:
perf-report srun <usual srun flags> ./jacobi_mpi
where ./jacobi_mpi is the name of a program to profile.
## Profiling Results¶
After completing the run, Arm Performance Reports prepares performance summary results in two files, one plain-text file and a HTML file: executablename_#p_#n_yyyy-mm-dd_HH-MM.txt and executablename_#p_#n_yyyy-mm-dd_HH-MM.html where # before the letter p is for the process count, # before the letter n is for the node count, and yyyy-mm-dd_HH-MM is the time stamp. For example:
$ls -lrt jacobi_mpi* ... -rw-r--r-- 1 xxxxx xxxxx 476702 Jun 28 08:40 jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-28_08-39.html -rw-r--r-- 1 xxxxx xxxxx 3092 Jun 28 08:40 jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-28_08-39.txt The performance results in both files are basically the same. If you want to use a web browser for a better display, download the HTML file to your local workstation and view it with your favorite browser. The top portion of the report shows the command that was run and info about the compute nodes, followed by a performance characterization of the application run - whether it is a compute, MPI-communication or I/O bound: The triangular radar chart in the top-right corner of the report reflects the values of the three key measurement. Then, the report shows more detailed info in each category, by breaking down relevant performance metrics into subcategories. For example, The 'CPU' component shows how much time was spent on scalar numeric operations, vector onumeric operations and memory access. Simlar breakdowns are done for MPI, I/O, threading, etc. ### Summarizing an existing MAP file¶ If you have performance data collected with MAP before, you can get a performance summary report from the MAP file, too. To get a report, simply run the perf-report command on the MAP file: nersc$ ls -l
...
-rw-r--r-- 1 xxxxx xxxxx 475005 Jun 21 17:16 jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-21_17-16.map
...
nersc$perf-report jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-28_08-49.map nersc$ ls -l
...
-rw-r--r-- 1 xxxxx xxxxx 476414 Jun 28 08:52 jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-21_17-16.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 xxxxx xxxxx 3078 Jun 28 08:52 jacobi_mpi_8p_2n_2019-06-21_17-16.txt
...
| 2021-09-28T07:34:32 |
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|
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