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# Mass Limits on $\boldsymbol M_{\boldsymbol TT}$ INSPIRE search
This section includes limits on the cut-off mass scale, $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$, of dimension-8 operators from KK graviton exchange in models of large extra dimensions. Ambiguities in the UV-divergent summation are absorbed into the parameter $\lambda$, which is taken to be $\lambda$ = $\pm{}$1 in the following analyses. Bounds for $\lambda$ = $-1$ are shown in parenthesis after the bound for $\lambda$ = $+1$, if appropriate. Different papers use slightly different definitions of the mass scale. The definition used here is related to another popular convention by $\mathit M{}^{4}_{TT}$ = (2/${{\mathit \pi}}$) $\Lambda {}^{4}_{T}$, as discussed in the above Review on Extra Dimensions.''
VALUE (TeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{> 8.4}$ 95 1
2017 F
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ dijet, ang. distrib.
$\bf{>20.6}$ $\bf{\text{(>15.7)}}$ 95 2
2003
RVUE Dim-6 operators
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$> 7.2$ 95 3
2017 AP
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>3.7$ 95 4
2015 AE
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
$>6.3$ 95 5
2015 J
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ dijet, ang. distrib.
$> 3.8$ 95 6
2014 BE
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
$> 2.94$ $\text{(>2.52)}$ 95 7
2013 AS
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$> 3.2$ 95 8
2013 E
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>2.66$ $\text{(>2.27)}$ 95 9
2012 Y
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
10
2012
RVUE Electroweak
$> 2.86$ 95 11
2012 J
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
$> 2.84$ $\text{(>2.41)}$ 95 12
2012 R
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$> 0.90$ $\text{(>0.92)}$ 95 13
2011 C
H1 ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$
$> 1.74$ $\text{(>1.71)}$ 95 14
2011 A
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$> 1.48$ 95 15
2009 AE
D0 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ dijet, ang. distrib.
$> 1.45$ 95 16
2009 D
D0 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$> 1.1$ $\text{(> 1.0)}$ 95 17
2007 A
ALEP ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
$> 0.898$ $\text{(> 0.998)}$ 95 18
2006 C
DLPH ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$
$> 0.853$ $\text{(> 0.939)}$ 95 19
2006
${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$> 0.96$ $\text{(>0.93)}$ 95 20
2005 V
D0 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
$>0.78$ $\text{(>0.79)}$ 95 21
2004 B
ZEUS ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$
$>0.805$ $\text{(>0.956)}$ 95 22
2003 D
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>0.7$ $\text{(>0.7)}$ 95 23
2003 D
L3 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit Z}}$
$>0.82$ $\text{(>0.78)}$ 95 24
2003
H1 ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$
$>1.28$ $\text{(>1.25)}$ 95 25
2003
RVUE
$>0.80$ $\text{(>0.85)}$ 95 26
2003 C
ALEP ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>0.84$ $\text{(>0.99)}$ 95 27
2002 D
L3 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>1.2$ $\text{(>1.1)}$ 95 28
2001
D0 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>0.60$ $\text{(>0.63)}$ 95 29
2000 R
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
$>0.63$ $\text{(>0.50)}$ 95 29
2000 R
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$
$>0.68$ $\text{(>0.61)}$ 95 29
2000 R
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$
30
2000 A
DLPH ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$>0.680$ $\text{(>0.542)}$ 95 31
2000 S
DLPH ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$
$\text{>15 - 28}$ 100 32
2000 B
RVUE Electroweak
$>0.98$ 95 33
2000
RVUE ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
$\text{>0.29 - 0.38}$ 95 34
2000
RVUE ($\mathit g–2)_{\mu }$
$\text{>0.50 - 1.1}$ 95 35
2000
RVUE Electroweak
$>2.0$ $\text{(>2.0)}$ 95 36
2000
RVUE ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
$>1.0$ $\text{(>1.1)}$ 95 37
2000
RVUE ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}{{\mathit V}}$
38
1999 P
OPAL
39
1999 M
L3
40
1999 S
L3
$>1.412$ $\text{(>1.077)}$ 95 41
1999
${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
1 SIRUNYAN 2017F use dijet angular distributions in 2.6 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to place a lower bound on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
2 GIUDICE 2003 place bounds on $\Lambda _{6}$, the coefficient of the gravitationally-induced dimension-6 operator (2$\pi \lambda /\Lambda {}^{2}_{6})(\sum{{\overline{\mathit f}}}\gamma _{\mu }\gamma {}^{5}\mathit f)(\sum{{\overline{\mathit f}}}\gamma {}^{\mu }\gamma {}^{5}\mathit f$), using data from a variety of experiments. Results are quoted for $\lambda =\pm1$ and are independent of $\delta$.
3 AABOUD 2017AP use 36.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$).
4 KHACHATRYAN 2015AE use 20.6 (19.7) fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV in the dimuon (dielectron) channel to place a lower limit on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
5 KHACHATRYAN 2015J use dijet angular distributions in 19.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV to place a lower bound on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
6 AAD 2014BE use 20 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV in the dilepton channel to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$).
7 AAD 2013AS use 4.9 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$).
8 AAD 2013E use 4.9 and 5.0 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV in the dielectron and dimuon channels, respectively, to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$). The dielectron and dimuon channels are combined with previous results in the diphoton channel to set the best limit. Bounds on individual channels and different priors can be found in their Table VIII.
9 AAD 2012Y use 2.12 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$).
10 BAAK 2012 use electroweak precision observables to place bounds on the ratio ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}/{{\mathit M}_{{D}}}$ as a function of ${{\mathit M}_{{D}}}$. See their Fig. 22 for constraints with a Higgs mass of 120 GeV.
11 CHATRCHYAN 2012J use approximately 2 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV in the dielectron and dimuon channels to place lower limits on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
12 CHATRCHYAN 2012R use 2.2 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{S}}}$).
13 AARON 2011C search for deviations in the differential cross section of ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$ in 446 pb${}^{-1}$ of data taken at $\sqrt {s }$ = 301 and 319 GeV to place a bound on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
14 CHATRCHYAN 2011A use 36 pb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
15 ABAZOV 2009AE use dijet angular distributions in 0.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV to place lower bounds on $\Lambda _{T}$ (equivalent to their $\mathit M_{S}$), here converted to $\mathit M_{TT}$.
16 ABAZOV 2009D use 1.05 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV to place lower bounds on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$ (equivalent to their ${{\mathit M}_{{s}}}$), here converted to ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
17 SCHAEL 2007A use ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = $189 - 209$ GeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{T}}}$, here converted to limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$.
18 ABDALLAH 2006C use ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }\sim{}130 - 207$ GeV to place lower limits on ${{\mathit M}_{{TT}}}$, which is equivalent to their definition of ${{\mathit M}_{{s}}}$. Bound shown includes all possible final state leptons, ${{\mathit \ell}}$ = ${{\mathit e}}$, ${{\mathit \mu}}$, ${{\mathit \tau}}$. Bounds on individual leptonic final states can be found in their Table 31.
19 GERDES 2006 use 100 to 110 pb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV, as recorded by the CDF Collaboration during Run I of the Tevatron. Bound shown includes a ${{\mathit K}}$-factor of 1.3. Bounds on individual ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ and ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ final states are found in their Table I.
20 ABAZOV 2005V use 246 pb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV to search for deviations in the differential cross section to ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ from graviton exchange.
21 CHEKANOV 2004B search for deviations in the differential cross section of ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$ with 130~$\mathit pb{}^{-1}$ of combined data and ${{\mathit Q}^{2}}$ values up to 40,000~GeV${}^{2}$ to place a bound on ${{\mathit M}}_{TT}$.
22 ABBIENDI 2003D use ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }=181 - 209$ GeV to place bounds on the ultraviolet scale $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$, which is equivalent to their definition of $\mathit M_{\mathit s}$.
23 ACHARD 2003D look for deviations in the cross section for ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit Z}}$ from $\sqrt {\mathit s }$ = $200 - 209$ GeV to place a bound on $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$.
24 ADLOFF 2003 search for deviations in the differential cross section of ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit X}}$ at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=301 and 319 GeV to place bounds on $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$.
25 GIUDICE 2003 review existing experimental bounds on $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$ and derive a combined limit.
26 HEISTER 2003C use ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$= $189 - 209$ GeV to place bounds on the scale of dim-8 gravitational interactions. Their $\mathit M{}^{\pm{}}_{\mathit s}$ is equivalent to our $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$ with $\lambda =\pm1$.
27 ACHARD 2002 search for $\mathit s$-channel graviton exchange effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = $192 - 209$ GeV.
28 ABBOTT 2001 search for variations in differential cross sections to ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ and ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ final states at the Tevatron.
29 ABBIENDI 2000R uses ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$= 189 GeV.
30 ABREU 2000A search for $\mathit s$-channel graviton exchange effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$= $189 - 202$ GeV.
31 ABREU 2000S uses ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=183 and 189 GeV. Bounds on ${{\mathit \mu}}$ and ${{\mathit \tau}}$ individual final states given in paper.
32 CHANG 2000B derive 3$\sigma$ limit on $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$ of (28,19,15) TeV for $\delta$=(2,4,6) respectively assuming the presence of a torsional coupling in the gravitational action. Highly model dependent.
33 CHEUNG 2000 obtains limits from anomalous diphoton production at OPAL due to graviton exchange. Original limit for $\delta$=4. However, unknown $\mathit UV$ theory renders $\delta ~$dependence unreliable. Original paper works in HLZ convention.
34 GRAESSER 2000 obtains a bound from graviton contributions to $\mathit g–$2 of the muon through loops of 0.29 TeV for $\delta$=2 and 0.38 TeV for $\delta$=4,6. Limits scale as $\lambda {}^{1/2}$. However calculational scheme not well-defined without specification of high-scale theory. See the Extra Dimensions Review.''
35 HAN 2000 calculates corrections to gauge boson self-energies from KK graviton loops and constrain them using $\mathit S$ and $\mathit T$. Bounds on $\mathit M_{\mathit TT}$ range from 0.5 TeV ($\delta$=6) to 1.1 TeV ($\delta$=2); see text. Limits have strong dependence, $\lambda {}^{\delta +2}$, on unknown $\lambda$ coefficient.
36 MATHEWS 2000 search for evidence of graviton exchange in CDF and ${D0}$ dijet production data. See their Table$~$2 for slightly stronger $\delta$-dependent bounds. Limits expressed in terms of ${{\widetilde{\mathit M}}}{}^{4}_{\mathit S}$ = $\mathit M{}^{4}_{\mathit TT}$/8.
37 MELE 2000 obtains bound from KK graviton contributions to ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}{{\mathit V}}$ (${{\mathit V}}={{\mathit \gamma}},{{\mathit W}},{{\mathit Z}}$) at LEP. Authors use Hewett conventions.
38 ABBIENDI 1999P search for $\mathit s$-channel graviton exchange effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=189 GeV. The limits $\mathit G_{+}>660$ GeV and $\mathit G_{−}>634$ GeV are obtained from combined $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=183 and 189 GeV data, where $\mathit G_{\pm{}}$ is a scale related to the fundamental gravity scale.
39 ACCIARRI 1999M search for the reaction ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit G}}$ and $\mathit s$-channel graviton exchange effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit Z}}$ , ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=183 GeV. Limits on the gravity scale are listed in their Tables$~$1 and 2.
40 search for the reaction ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit G}}$ and $\mathit s$-channel graviton exchange effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit Z}}$ , ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$=189 GeV. Limits on the gravity scale are listed in their Tables$~$1 and 2.
41 BOURILKOV 1999 performs global analysis of LEP data on ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=183 and 189 GeV. Bound is on $\Lambda _{\mathit T}$.
References:
AABOUD 2017AP
PL B775 105 Search for New Phenomena in High-Mass Diphoton Final States using 37 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of Proton-Proton Collisions Collected at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
SIRUNYAN 2017F
JHEP 1707 013 Search for New Physics with Dijet Angular Distributions in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2015AE
JHEP 1504 025 Search for Physics Beyond the Standard Model in Dilepton Mass Spectra in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2015J
PL B746 79 Search for Quark Contact Interactions and Extra Spatial Dimensions using Dijet Angular Distributions in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
EPJ C74 3134 Search for Contact Interactions and Large Extra Dimensions in the Dilepton Channel using Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
NJP 15 043007 Search for Extra Dimensions in Diphoton Events Using Proton$−$Proton Collisions Recorded at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
PR D87 015010 Search for Contact Interactions and Large Extra Dimensions in Dilepton Events from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
PL B710 538 Search for Extra Dimensions using Diphoton Events in 7 TeV Proton$−$Proton Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
BAAK 2012
EPJ C72 2003 Updated Status of the Global Electroweak Fit and Constraints on New Physics
CHATRCHYAN 2012R
PRL 108 111801 Search for Signatures of Extra Dimensions in the Diphoton Mass Spectrum at the Large Hadron Collider
CHATRCHYAN 2012J
PL B711 15 Search for Large Extra Dimensions in Dimuon and Dielectron Events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV
AARON 2011C
PL B705 52 Search for Contact Interactions in ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at HERA
CHATRCHYAN 2011A
JHEP 1105 085 Search for Large Extra Dimensions in the Diphoton Final State at the Large Hadron Collider
ABAZOV 2009AE
PRL 103 191803 Measurement of Dijet Angular Distributions at $\sqrt {s }$=1.96 TeV and Searches for Quark Compositeness and Extra Spatial Dimensions
ABAZOV 2009D
PRL 102 051601 Search for Large Extra Spatial Dimensions in the Dielectron and Diphoton Channels in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV
SCHAEL 2007A
EPJ C49 411 Fermion Pair Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $189 - 209$ GeV and Constraints on Physics Beyond the Standard Model
ABDALLAH 2006C
EPJ C45 589 Measurement and Interpretation of Fermion-Pair Production at LEP Energies above the ${{\mathit Z}}$ Resonance
GERDES 2006
PR D73 112008 Search for Large Extra Dimensions using Dielectron and Diphoton Events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.8 TeV
ABAZOV 2005V
PRL 95 161602 Search for Large Extra Spatial Dimensions in Dimuon Production with the ${D0}$ Detector
CHEKANOV 2004B
PL B591 23 Search for Contact Interactions, Large Extra Dimensions and Finite Quark Radius in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at HERA
ABBIENDI 2003D
EPJ C26 331 Multiphoton Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 181 to 209 GeV
ACHARD 2003D
PL B572 133 ${{\mathit Z}}$ Boson Pair Production at LEP
PL B568 35 Search for New Physics in ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit q}}$ Contact Interactions at HERA
GIUDICE 2003
NP B663 377 Constraints on Extra Dimensional Theories from Virtual Graviton Exchange
HEISTER 2003C
EPJ C28 1 Single Photon and Multiphoton Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ up to 209 GeV
ACHARD 2002D
PL B531 28 Study of Multiphoton Final States and Tests of QED in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ up to 209 GeV
ABBOTT 2001
PRL 86 1156 Search for Large Extra Dimensions in Dielectron and Diphoton Production
ABBIENDI 2000R
EPJ C13 553 Tests of the Standard Model and Constraints on New Physics from Measurements of Fermion Pair Production at 189 GeV at LEP
ABREU 2000A
PL B491 67 Determination of the ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$( ${{\mathit \gamma}}$) Cross Section at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ Ranging from 189 to 202 GeV
ABREU 2000S
PL B485 45 Measurement and Interpretation of Fermion-Pair Production at LEP Energies of 183 and 189 GeV
CHANG 2000B
PRL 85 3765 Universal Torsion Induced Interaction from Large Extra Dimensions
CHEUNG 2000
PR D61 015005 Diphoton Signals for Low Scale Gravity in Extra Dimensions
GRAESSER 2000
PR D61 074019 Extra Dimensions and the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment
HAN 2000
PR D62 125018 Oblique Parameter Constraints on Large Extra Dimensions
MATHEWS 2000
JHEP 0007 008 Testing TeV Scale Quantum Gravity using Dijet Production at the Tevatron
MELE 2000
PR D61 117901 Study of Extra Space Dimensions in Vector Boson Pair Production at LEP
ABBIENDI 1999P
PL B465 303 Multiphoton Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 189 GeV
ACCIARRI 1999M
PL B464 135 Search for Low Scale Gravity Effects in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at LEP
ACCIARRI 1999S
PL B470 281 Search for Extra Dimensions in Boson and Fermion Pair Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Interactions at LEP
BOURILKOV 1999
JHEP 9908 006 Global Analysis of Bhabha Scattering at LEP-2 and Limits on Low Scale Gravity Models
| 2019-02-22T16:19:48 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10347525
|
This content will become publicly available on April 1, 2023
Tracing Molecular Gas Mass in z ≃ 6 Galaxies with [C ii]
Abstract We investigate the fine-structure [C ii ] line at 158 μ m as a molecular gas tracer by analyzing the relationship between molecular gas mass ( M mol ) and [C ii ] line luminosity ( L [C II ] ) in 11,125 z ≃ 6 star-forming, main-sequence galaxies from the simba simulations, with line emission modeled by the Simulator of Galaxy Millimeter/Submillimeter Emission. Though most (∼50%–100%) of the gas mass in our simulations is ionized, the bulk (>50%) of the [C ii ] emission comes from the molecular phase. We find a sublinear (slope 0.78 ± 0.01) log L [ C II ] – log M mol relation, in contrast with the linear relation derived from observational samples of more massive, metal-rich galaxies at z ≲ 6. We derive a median [C ii ]-to- M mol conversion factor of α [C II ] ≃ 18 M ⊙ / L ⊙ . This is lower than the average value of ≃30 M ⊙ / L ⊙ derived from observations, which we attribute to lower gas-phase metallicities in our simulations. Thus, a lower, luminosity-dependent conversion factor must be applied when inferring molecular gas masses from [C ii ] observations of more »
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Publication Date:
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10347525
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
929
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
92
ISSN:
0004-637X
We present 10 main-sequence ALPINE galaxies (log (M/M⊙) = 9.2−11.1 and ${\rm SFR}=23-190\, {\rm M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}}$) at z ∼ 4.5 with optical [O ii] measurements from Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy and Subaru/MOIRCS narrow-band imaging. This is the largest such multiwavelength sample at these redshifts, combining various measurements in the ultraviolet, optical, and far-infrared including [C ii]158 $\mu$m line emission and dust continuum from ALMA and H α emission from Spitzer photometry. For the first time, this unique sample allows us to analyse the relation between [O ii] and total star-formation rate (SFR) and the interstellar medium (ISM) properties via [O ii]/[C ii] and [O ii]/H α luminosity ratios at z ∼ 4.5. The [O ii]−SFR relation at z ∼ 4.5 cannot be described using standard local descriptions, but is consistent with a metal-dependent relation assuming metallicities around $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ solar. To explain the measured dust-corrected luminosity ratios of $\log (L_{\rm [OII]}/L_{\rm [CII]}) \sim 0.98^{+0.21}_{-0.22}$ and $\log (L_{\rm [OII]}/L_{\rm H\alpha }) \sim -0.22^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ for our sample, ionization parameters log (U) < −2 and electron densities $\log (\rm n_e / {\rm [cm^{-3}]}) \sim 2.5-3$ are required. The former is consistent with galaxies at z ∼ 2−3, however lower than at z > 6. The latter may be slightly higher than expected given the galaxies’ specific SFR. Themore »
3. ABSTRACT We analyse the rest-optical emission-line ratios of z ∼ 1.5 galaxies drawn from the Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. Using composite spectra, we investigate the mass–metallicity relation (MZR) at z ∼ 1.5 and measure its evolution to z = 0. When using gas-phase metallicities based on the N2 line ratio, we find that the MZR evolution from z ∼ 1.5 to z = 0 depends on stellar mass, evolving by $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.25$ dex at M*< $10^{9.75}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ down to $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.05$ at M* ≳ $10^{10.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. In contrast, the O3N2-based MZR shows a constant offset of $\Delta \rm log(\rm O/H) \sim 0.30$ across all masses, consistent with previous MOSDEF results based on independent metallicity indicators, and suggesting that O3N2 provides a more robust metallicity calibration for our z ∼ 1.5 sample. We investigated the secondary dependence of the MZR on star formation rate (SFR) by measuring correlated scatter about the mean M*-specific SFR and M*−$\log (\rm O3N2)$ relations. We find an anticorrelation between $\log (\rm O/H)$ and sSFR offsets, indicating the presence of a M*−SFR−Z relation, though with limited significance. Additionally, we find that our z ∼ 1.5more »
| 2023-03-26T16:39:23 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10179052-novel-low-activation-vcrfetaxwx-high-entropy-alloys-excellent-heat-softening-resistance
|
A Novel Low-Activation VCrFeTaxWx (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 1) High-Entropy Alloys with Excellent Heat-Softening Resistance
The microstructure, Vickers hardness, and compressive properties of novel low-activation VCrFeTaxWx (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 1) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were studied. The alloys were fabricated by vacuum-arc melting and the characteristics of these alloys were explored. The microstructures of all the alloys exhibited a typical morphology of dendritic and eutectic structures. The VCrFeTa0.1W0.1 and VCrFeTa0.2W0.2 alloys are essentially single phase, consisting of a disordered body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase, whereas the VCrFeTa0.2W0.2 alloy contains fine, nanoscale precipitates distributed in the BCC matrix. The lattice parameters and compositions of the identified phases were investigated. The alloys have Vickers hardness values ranging from 546 HV0.2 to 1135 HV0.2 with the x ranging from 0.1 to 1, respectively. The VCrFeTa0.1W0.1 and VCrFeTa0.2W0.2 alloys exhibit compressive yield strengths of 1341 MPa and 1742 MPa, with compressive plastic strains of 42.2% and 35.7%, respectively. VCrFeTa0.1W0.1 and VCrFeTa0.2W0.2 alloys have excellent hardness after annealing for 25 h at 600–1000 °C, and presented compressive yield strength exceeding 1000 MPa with excellent heat-softening resistance at 600–800 °C. By applying the HEA criteria, Ta and W additions into the VCrFeTaW are proposed as a family of candidate materials for fusion reactors and high-temperature structural applications.
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10179052
Journal Name:
Entropy
Volume:
20
Issue:
12
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
951
ISSN:
1099-4300
| 2022-12-03T09:11:37 |
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|
https://math.wikia.org/wiki/Residue
|
1,183 Pages
Residue is a complex number proportional to a contour integral over a path around a pole a of a meromorphic function f. It is denoted as . The value of the residue of a pole is given by
In the case of a simple pole (a pole with a multiplicity of 1) this formula reduces to
If f(z) can be expressed as the quotient of two holomorphic functions, and h'(c) ≠0, this formula further reduces to
By Cauchy's integral formula, residue is related to the contour integral by
By the residue theorem, the value of a closed contour integral is equal to the sum of the residues inside of it. For a positively oriented (the integral is taken counter-clockwise) curve γ with winding number I (the number of times the curve loops around the pole) around n poles, located at ai,
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-11-26T11:40:17 |
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|
https://cci.lbl.gov/docs/cctbx/getting_started/
|
# Getting started
Learn how to use the computational crystallography toolbox, the open source library for crystallography and cryo-EM.
Go to the Download page to get the most recent cctbx source code as binary installer for Linux, MacOS and Windows.
## Installation
Installation is very simple and fast. After uncompressing the bundle, run the install --prefix= command to install on macOS and Linux. On Windows, uncompressing the zip file will provide a working copy of cctbx.
## Running on the command line
Type this into a terminal window to start python from cctbx so that it knows about all the cctbx modules:
libtbx.python
The libtbx.python command runs a version of python that already knows about the cctbx so you can easily import cctbx functions. For example:
from iotbx.data_manager import DataManager # Load in the DataManager
## Running as a script
Sometimes you want to save the commands in a script. This avoids typing the same text over and over again if you want to perform some actions on many files. For example, save the following lines in a file, you can call it hello_cctbx.py (this page explains in more detail what the script does).
from iotbx.map_model_manager import map_model_manager # load in the map_model_manager
mmm=map_model_manager() # get an initialized instance of the map_model_manager
mmm.generate_map() # get a model from a small library model and calculate a map for it
mmm.write_map("map.mrc") # write out a map in ccp4/mrc format
mmm.write_model("model.pdb") # write out a model in PDB format
Then run the script by typing the following command in a terminal:
libtbx.python hello_cctbx.py
You just ran your first cctbx script which produced example map and model files.
Coming soon...
## I am completely new to cctbx. Where do I start?
If you want to use the cctbx, you most likely want to do some actions on models, crystallographic data files or cryo-EM maps. The following pages give an introduction to higher level objects and methods for this purpose.
High-level cctbx objects
Overview of high level objects that represent things like data, models, restraints, etc. Learn how to create your first object, the map_model_manager..
Most scripts will act on files, so this section should be of interest to everyone. Use the DataManager to conveniently read and write data and model files.
The cctbx model manager
The model manager lets you do operations on models. Learn how to to set up the model manager, apply coordinate shifts, do atom selections and calculate model-based map coefficients.
The cctbx map manager
The map manager lets you do operations on maps. Learn how to read and save maps, change a map, convert a real-space map to a Fourier representation and back and manipulate maps that represent only a part of a full map. The tutorial also explains how to find and represent map reconstruction symmetry.
The map-model manager
The map-model manager is useful to keep track of both maps and models. This tutorial shows how to set up the manager, how to cut out a piece of a map around a part of a model and how to create masks.
| 2021-06-23T21:51:47 |
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|
https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planck-legacy-archive/index.php/Lensing
|
# 2018 Lensing products
## 2018 Lensing maps
We distribute several variations of lensing potential estimates presented in Planck-2018-l08[1] as part of the 2018 data release, together with matching simulation packages.
There are 4 lensing data packages:
• COM_Lensing_4096_R3.00
Baseline lensing potential estimates from SMICA DX12 CMB maps. Provided are temperature-only (TT), polarization-only (PP) and minimum-variance (MV) estimates.
• COM_Lensing_Sz_4096_R3.00
Variations obtained without galaxy cluster masking.
• COM_Lensing_Inhf_2048_R3.00
Variations obtained using inhomogeneous noise filtering.
• COM_Lensing-Szdeproj_4096_R3.00
Variation obtained from thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich deprojected SMICA CMB map (TT only).
Each map represents an estimate of the CMB lensing potential on approximately 70% of the sky. The lensing estimates from COM_Lensing_4096_R3.00 also forms the basis for the Planck 2018 lensing likelihood.
These data packages have the following common file structure:
Contents of lensing data package COM_Lensing_4096_R3.00
Filename Format Description
mask.fits.gz HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ Lens reconstruction analysis mask.
TT/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from temperature only, after mean-field subtraction).
TT/mf_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence mean-field $\langle \hat{\kappa}_{LM} \rangle_{\rm{MC}}$ subtracted from the raw temperature-only data estimate.
PP/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2048$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from polarization only, after mean-field subtraction).
PP/mf_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence mean-field $\langle \hat{\kappa}_{LM} \rangle_{\rm{MC}}$ subtracted from the raw polarization-only data estimate.
MV/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (minimum-variance estimate from temperature and polarization, after mean-field subtraction).
MV/mf_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence mean-field $\langle \hat{\kappa}_{LM} \rangle_{\rm{MC}}$ subtracted from the raw minimum variance data estimate.
TT/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $N_L$, $C_L+N_L$) Temperature-only reconstruction approximate noise $N_L$ (and signal+noise, $C_L+N_L$) power spectrum of $\hat{\kappa}_{LM}$, for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
PP/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $N_L$, $C_L+N_L$) Polarization-only reconstruction approximate noise $N_L$ (and signal+noise, $C_L+N_L$) power spectrum of $\hat{\kappa}_{LM}$, for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1]..
MV/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $N_L$, $C_L+N_L$) Minimum-variance reconstruction approximate noise $N_L$ (and signal+noise, $C_L+N_L$) power spectrum of $\hat{\kappa}_{LM}$, for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
with slight variations:
- in COM_Lensing_Inhf_2048_R3.00, all HEALPix FITS format alm files have $L_{\rm max}=2048$.
- COM_Lensing-Szdeproj_4096_R3.00 only provides the temperature-only reconstruction.
The matching 4 lensing simulation packages are
• COM_Lensing-SimMap_4096_R3.00
• COM_Lensing-SimMap_Sz_4096_R3.00
• COM_Lensing-SimMap_Inhf_2048_R3.00
• COM_Lensing-SimMap-Szdeproj_4096_R3.00
with the following content:
Contents of lensing simulation package COM_Lensing-SimMap_4096_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/mask.fits.gz compressed HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ Lens reconstruction analysis mask.
/inputs/FFP10_wdipole_lenspotentialCls.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $C_L^{TT}$, $C_L^{EE}$,$C_L^{BB}$,$C_L^{TE}$,$C_L^{\phi\phi}$,$C_L^{T\phi}$,$C_L^{E\phi}$) Input unlensed CMB spectra of the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
TT/sim_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from temperature only, no mean-field subtraction) of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
PP/sim_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2048$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from polarization only, no mean-field subtraction) of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
MV/sim_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (minimum-variance estimate from temperature and polarization, no mean-field subtraction) of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
TT/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from temperature only, no mean-field subtraction).
PP/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2048$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (from polarization only, no mean-field subtraction).
MV/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$ (minimum-variance estimate from temperature and polarization, no mean-field subtraction).
TT/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $\textrm{RD-}N_L^{0}$, $\textrm{MC-}N_L^{0}$, $N_L^{1}$, ${PS}_L$, $\langle \hat C^{\kappa\kappa}_L - C_L^{\kappa\kappa, \rm fid}\rangle_{\rm MC}$, $1/\mathcal R^\kappa_L$) Temperature-only reconstruction lensing spectrum biases and quadratic estimator normalization (inverse response), as defined in Planck-2018-l08[1].
PP/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $\textrm{RD-}N_L^{0}$, $\textrm{MC-}N_L^{0}$, $N_L^{1}$, ${PS}_L$, $\langle \hat C^{\kappa\kappa}_L - C_L^{\kappa\kappa, \rm fid}\rangle_{\rm MC}$, $1/\mathcal R^\kappa_L$) Polarization-only reconstruction lensing spectrum biases and quadratic estimator normalization (inverse response), as defined in Planck-2018-l08[1].
MV/nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $\textrm{RD-}N_L^{0}$, $\textrm{MC-}N_L^{0}$, $N_L^{1}$, ${PS}_L$, $\langle \hat C^{\kappa\kappa}_L - C_L^{\kappa\kappa, \rm fid}\rangle_{\rm MC}$, $1/\mathcal R^\kappa_L$) Minimum variance reconstruction lensing spectrum biases and quadratic estimator normalization (inverse response), as defined in Planck-2018-l08[1].
with the same slight variations:
- in COM_Lensing-SimMap_Inhf_2048_R3.00, all HEALPix FITS format alm files have $L_{\rm max}=2048$.
- COM_Lensing-SimMap-Szdeproj_4096_R3.00 only provides the temperature-only reconstructions.
We further provide the input lensing convergence realizations of all 300 FFP10 simulations in
• COM_Lensing-SimMap-inputs_4096_R3.00
with contents
Contents of lensing simulation package COM_Lensing-SimMap-inputs_4096_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/clkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $C_L^{\kappa\kappa}$) Input lensing convergence CMB spectrum of the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
sky_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=4096$ Input lensing convergence ${\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1){\phi}_{LM}$ realizations of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
## 2018 Lensing-induced B-mode maps
We distribute maps of the lensing-induced B-modes presented in Planck-2018-l08[1], together with a matching simulation suite. The Stokes parameter maps of the lensing B-modes are produced by combining tracers of lensing potential with E-mode data from the SMICA CMB polarization maps. These lensing-induced B-mode polarization maps are provided on approximately 60% of the sky. Planck-2018-l08[1] details the construction of these maps.
These maps come in two variations. In the first we use the $TT + TE + EE$ quadratic estimator built from the DX12 SMICA CMB maps (we discard $TB$ and $EB$ in order to use lensing tracers that are statistically independent of the $B$-mode map). In the second we further add CIB information at 545 GHz (GNILC) to the lensing tracer.
These maps are filtered template of the lensing B-mode (both the lensing tracer and $E$-mode used to build the B template are Wiener-filtered). The simulation suite may be used to assess the filter, as was done in Planck-2018-l08[1] to produce the B-mode power spectrum (Fig. 14).
The B-mode template package is
• COM_Lensing-Bmode_2048_R3.00
with contents
Contents of B-mode template data package COM_Lensing-Bmode_2048_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/mask.fits.gz compressed HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ $B$-mode analysis mask used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
/inputs/clbb.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell$, $C_\ell^{BB}$) Input lensing $B$-mode power spectrum for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
dat_blm_TTTEETEE.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map.
dat_blm_545_TTTEETEE.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE} + \rm{CIB}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map.
The B-mode template simulation package is
• COM_Lensing-SimMap-Bmode_2048_R3.00
with contents
Contents of B-mode template simulation package COM_Lensing-SimMap-Bmode_2048_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/mask.fits.gz compressed HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ $B$-mode analysis mask used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
/inputs/clbb.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell$, $C_\ell^{BB}$) Input lensing $B$-mode power spectrum for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
/TTTEETE/blm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
/545_TTTEETE/blm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE} + \rm{CIB}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
/TTTEETE/dat_blm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map.
/545_TTTEETE/dat_blm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max}=2048$ Lensing $B$-mode template built from the $\hat \phi^{TT + TE + EE} + \rm{CIB}$ lensing tracer and $E$-mode map.
## 2018 Lensing combined tracers maps
We distribute estimates of the CMB lensing convergence maps built combining the Planck 2018 quadratic estimators and CIB data at 545 GHz (GNILC), together with a matching simulation suite. The construction of these maps is decribed in details in Planck-2018-l08[1]. The maps are built on about 60% of the sky.
The tracer are Wiener-filtered estimates of the convergence $\hat \kappa_{LM} = \frac 12 L (L + 1) \hat \phi_{LM}$.
These maps come in two variations. In the first we use the minimum-variance (MV) quadratic estimator together with the CIB. In the second we use the $TT + TE + EE$ quadratic estimator together with the CIB, and is statistically independent from the CMB B-polarization.
The lensing combined tracer data package is
• COM_Lensing-CIBcomb_2000_R3.00
with contents
Contents of lensing combined tracer data package COM_Lensing-CIBcomb_2000_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/mask.fits.gz compressed HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ Tracer combination analysis mask used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
dat_klm_545_MV.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the minimum-variance quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map).
dat_klm_545_TTTEETEE.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the $TT + TE + EE$ quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map).
The lensing combined tracer simulation package is
• COM_Lensing-SimMap-CIBcomb_2000_R3.00
with contents
Contents of lensing combined tracer simulation package COM_Lensing-SimMap-CIBcomb_2000_R3.00
Filenames Format Description
/inputs/mask.fits.gz compressed HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ Tracer combination analysis mask used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
545_MV/sim_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the minimum-variance quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map) of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
545_TTTEETEE/sim_klm_{???}.fits 300 HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the $TT + TE + EE$ quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map) of all 300 FFP10 simulations used in Planck-2018-l08[1].
545_MV/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the minimum-variance quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map).
545_TTTEETEE/dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2000$ Lensing tracer built from the $TT + TE + EE$ quadratic estimator and the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map).
Also part of this package are high-resolution figures of the lensing deflection (similar to Fig. 3 and Fig. 13 of Planck-2018-l08[1]). The figures show the Wiener-filtered, gradient $(E)$ mode of the displacement $\hat \alpha_{LM} = \sqrt{L (L + 1)} \hat \phi_{LM}$.
Mollveide projection of the minimum variance quadratic estimator lensing map:
• Lensing_2018_MV_alphaA0_YlGnBu_300dpi_47in_moll.png
Orthographic projection of the minimum variance quadratic estimatorlensing map:
• Lensing_2018_compMV_alphaA0_YlGnBu_300dpi_47in_moll.png
Orthographic projection of the minimum variance quadratic estimator combined with the CIB (GNILC 545 GHz map) lensing tracer map:
• Lensing_2018_compMV545_alphaA0_YlGnBu_300dpi_47in_orth.png
## 2018 Lensing band powers and likelihoods
The lensing reconstruction spectrum band powers, covariance matrix and likelihood linear corrections are provided as a zip of a series of ASCII files
• planck_lensing_2018.zip
The files are in CosmoMC format, a piece of software available here. A new Python code called Cobaya which follows the same methodology will be soon available and should produce the same results.
We provide CosmoMC files for 8 different likelihoods
following these variations:
• Reconstructions from temperature-only ('pttptt_p_teb') or minimum-variance ('pp_p_teb') combination of temperature and polarization
• Conservative ('consext8') $( 8 \leq L \leq 400 )$ or aggressive ('agr2') $( 8 \leq L \leq 2048 )$ lensing multipole range.
• Likelihood with ('CMBmarged', used for lensing-only constraints) and without CMB power spectra errors marginalization.
The band powers and likelihood construction, together with detailed consistency and robustness tests are provided in Planck-2018-l08[1]. The aggressive range is considered less reliable than the conservative range.
Lensing-only MCMC chains used for this release are available here. Follow this link for joint constraints and parameter tables.
# Previous Releases: Lensing products (2015) and (2013)
Lensing products 2015 data release
2015 lensing map
We distribute the minimum-variance (MV) lensing potential estimate presented in Planck-2015-A15[2] as part of the 2014 data release. This map represents an estimate of the CMB lensing potential on approximately 70% of the sky, and also forms the basis for the Planck 2014 lensing likelihood. It is produced using filtered temperature and polarization data from the SMICA DX11 CMB map; its construction is discussed in detail in Planck-2015-A09[3].
The estimate is contained in a single gzipped tarball named COM_CompMap_Lensing_2048_R2.00.tar. Its contents are described below. The convergence map "dat_klm.fits" that can be found in the tarball, has been categorized as COM_Lensing-Convergence-dat-klm_2048_R2.00.fits in the Lensing Products section of the archive.
Contents of Lensing package
Filename Format Description
dat_klm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $L_{\rm max}=2048$ Contains the estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$.
mask.fits.gz HEALPix FITS format map, with $N_{\rm side}=2048$ Contains the lens reconstruction analysis mask.
nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $N_L$, $C_L+N_L$) The approximate noise $N_L$ (and signal+noise, $C_L+N_L$) power spectrum of $\hat{\kappa}_{LM}$, for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2015-A13[4].
2015 lensing-induced B-mode map
We distribute the lensing-induced B-mode map presented in Planck-2015-XLI[5]. The lensing B-mode Stokes parameter maps are produced by combining the lensing potential reconstruction from the SMICA CMB temperature map with E-mode data from the SMICA CMB polarization maps. The SMICA temperature and polarization products are described in Planck-2015-A09[3]. The lensing-induced B-mode polarization maps are used in cross-correlation with the SMICA CMB polarization maps to obtain a lensing B-mode power spectrum measurement from approximately 70% of the sky, as described in Planck-2015-XLI[5].
We provide both raw products, which can be utilized to generate products adapted to one's specific needs in term of mask, filtering, etc., and "ready-to-use" products for cross-correlation study purposes.
Raw products
We deliver the non-normalized lensing-induced Stokes parameter maps, labelled $\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}$ and $\bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}$, which form the basis of the final lensing B-mode estimator defined in equation (6) of Planck-2015-XLI[5]. They are defined as
$\begin{eqnarray} \bar Q^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) &=& \widetilde Q^{E}({\bf n}) \cdot \nabla \widetilde \phi({\bf n}), \\ \bar U^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) &=& \widetilde U^{E}({\bf n}) \cdot \nabla \widetilde \phi({\bf n}), \end{eqnarray}$
where $\widetilde Q^{E}$ and $\widetilde U^{E}$ are the filtered pure E-mode polarization maps given in equation (5) of Planck-2015-XLI[5], and $\widetilde \phi$ is the filtered lensing potential estimate.
We also provide the normalization transfer function $\mathcal{B}_\ell$ defined in equation (11) of Planck-2015-XLI[5], as well as the "L70" mask $M({\bf n})$ that retains 69% of the sky before apodization, and its apodized version $\tilde{M}({\bf n})$, which has an effective sky fraction $f_{\rm{sky}}^{\rm{eff}} = 65\%$.
As an example of the utilization of these products, the lensing B-mode maps that are shown in figure 4 of Planck-2015-XLI[5] are generated from
$Q^{\rm{lens}} \pm i U^{\rm{lens}} = \sum_{\ell m} \left( G_\ell \mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1} \int d{\bf n} {\, }_{\pm 2}Y_{\ell m}^*({\bf n}) \left(\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}} \pm i \bar{U}^{\rm{lens}} \right) \right) {\, }_{\pm 2}Y_{\ell m}({\bf n})$,
where $G_\ell$ is a Gaussian of 60 arcmin FWHM (introduced for highlighting large angular scales, although it can be removed or replaced by any other filter). This can be practically done by ingesting $\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}$ and $\bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}$ in the HEALPix "smoothing" routine, and using the product $G_\ell\mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1}$ as an input filtering function.
Specific products
We provide the lensing B-mode spherical harmonic coefficient estimate $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$ over approximately 70% of the sky.
It can also be constructed using the raw products described above from
$B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}} = f_{10 \rightarrow 2000} \, \mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1} \, \, {\, }_{\pm 2}\mathcal{Y} \left[ \tilde{M}({\bf n}) \left( \bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) \pm i \bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) \right) \right]$,
where $f_{10 \rightarrow 2000}$ is a function for producing band-powers over the range $10 \le \ell \le 2000$, and ${\, }_{\pm2}\mathcal{Y}$ is a short-hand notation for transforming a map into spin-weighted spherical harmonic coefficients ${\, }_{+2}a_{\ell m}$, ${\, }_{-2}a_{\ell m}$ and forming $1/(2i)\left({\, }_{+2}a_{\ell m} - {\, }_{-2}a_{\ell m}\right)$. This can be done using, e.g., the HEALPix "anafast" tool.
The lensing B-mode power spectrum estimate $\hat{C}_\ell^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$ discussed in Planck-2015-XLI[5] is obtained by forming the cross-correlation power spectrum of $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$ and the B-mode data from the SMICA polarization maps $B_{\ell m}$:
$\hat{C}_\ell^{BB^{\rm{lens}}} = \frac{\left(f_{\rm{sky}}^{\rm{eff}}\right)^{-1}}{2 \ell +1} G_\ell^{-2} \sum_m B_{\ell m}^* B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$,
where $G_\ell$ is the 5 arcmin Gaussian beam that convolves the SMICA CMB maps.
The products are contained in a single gzipped tarball named [1]. Its contents are described below.
Contents of Lensing B-mode package
Filename Format Description
bar_q_lens_map.fits HEALPix FITS format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the non-normalized lensing-induced Q Stokes parameter map $\bar Q^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n})$.
bar_u_lens_map.fits HEALPix FITS format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the non-normalized lensing-induced U Stokes parameter map $\bar U^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n})$.
mask.fits HEALPix FITS format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ The L70 mask.
mask_noapo.fits HEALPix FITS format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ The L70 mask without apodization.
transfer_function_b_l.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell$, $\mathcal{B}_\ell$) The transfer function.
lensing_bmode_b_lm.fits HEALPix FITS format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max} = 2000$ Contains the lensing B-mode harmonic coefficients $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$.
lensing_bmode_bandpowers.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell_{\rm min}$, $\ell_{\rm b}$, $\ell_{\rm max}$, $\hat{C}_{\ell_{\rm b}}^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$, $\Delta \hat{C}_{\ell_{\rm b}}^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$ ) The lensing B-mode bandpower estimate on approximativily 70% of the sky and over the multipole range from 10 to 2000 shown in figure 9 of Planck-2015-XLI[5] (for plotting purposes only).
2015 Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect map
We distribute estimates of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) maps presented in Planck-2015-A21[6] as part of the 2015 data release. These map represents an estimate of the ISW anisotropies using different data sets:
• SEVEM DX11 CMB map, together with all the large-scale structure tracers considered in the ISW paper, namely: NVSS, SDSS, WISE, and the Planck lensing map
• Using only the large-scale structure tracers mentioned above
• SEVEM DX11 CMB map, together with NVSS and the Planck lensing maps (since these two tracers capture most of the information, as compared to SDSS and WISE)
For all the three cases, the reconstruction is provided on approximately 85% of the sky, and they are produced using the LCB filter described in the Planck ISW paper (Section 5), described in detail in Barreiro et al. 2008 and Bonavera et al. 2016.
These ISW maps, together with their corresponding uncertainties maps and masks, are given in a file named COM_CompMap_ISW_0064_R2.00.fits. Its contents are described below.
Contents of the ISW maps file: COM_CompMap_ISW_0064_R2.00.fits
Extension Format Description Used data sets
0 HEALPix FITS format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map SEVEM DX11 CMB + NVSS + SDSS + WISE + Planck lensing.
1 HEALPix FITS format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map NVSS + SDSS + WISE + Planck lensing.
2 HEALPix FITS format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map SEVEM DX11 CMB + NVSS + Planck lensing.
2015 Low-frequency foregrounds maps (Planck only & Planck+WMAP) 1) CMB/free-free/Dust Nulled ILC at 28.4 GHz (Planck only)
Linear combination of Planck 28.4, 44.1, 143 and 353 GHz maps (all at 1 degree resolution), with weights listed in column w_2 of Table 1 in Planck-2015-A25[7]. These weights exactly null the CMB, almost exactly null free-free emission, and null thermal dust emission to high accuracy except along the inner Galactic plane,where the brightness is uncertain by around 20% due to variation in the dust spectrum. The normalisation leaves a beta = -3 power law at the same amplitude as in the Planck 28.4 GHz map. (As presented in Fig. 3a of Planck 2015 Results XXV.)
2) CMB/free-free/Dust Nulled ILC at 28.4 GHz (Planck + WMAP) Linear combination of WMAP K, Ka, and Q band, and Planck 28.4, 44.1, 143 and 353 GHz maps (all at 1 degree resolution), with weights listed in column w_3 of Table 1 in Planck-2015-A25[7]. These weights exactly null the CMB, almost exactly null free-free emission, and null thermal dust emission to high accuracy except along the inner Galactic plane, where the brightness is uncertain by around 20% due to variation in the dust spectrum. The normalisation leaves a beta = -3 power law at the same amplitude as in the Planck 28.4 GHz map. (As presented in Fig. 3b of Planck-2015-A25[7].)
Lensing products 2013 data release
Lensing map
Here we present the minimum-variance (MV) lens reconstruction which forms the basis for the main results of Planck-2013-XVII[8]. This map is produced using a combination of the 143 and 217 GHz Planck maps on approximately 70% of the sky, and is the same map on which the Planck lensing likelihood is based.
We distribute:
PHIBAR
A (transfer-function convolved) map of the lensing potential, in NSIDE 2048 HEALPix RING format. It is obtained by convolving the lensing potential estimate $\hat{\phi}$ with the lensing response function $R_L^{\phi\phi}$. This map has been band-limited between multipoles $10 \le L \le 2048$.
This is a NSIDE = 2048 HEALPix map, containing the analysis mask used in the lens reconstruction. Note: the lensing map PHIBAR may take small but non-zero values inside the masked regions because it has been bandlimited.
RLPP
This column contains the response function $R_L^{\phi\phi}$.
NLPP
This column contains a sky-averaged estimate of the noise power spectrum of PHIBAR, $N_L^{\phi\phi}$. The noise is highly coloured. There is a dependence of the noise power spectrum on the local noise level of the map, discussed in Appendix A of Planck-2013-XVII[8]. Note that the noise power spectrum estimate here is not sufficiently accurate for a power spectrum analysis.
Also, the table below gives the lensing curl-mode power spectrum data used to produce Figure A2 of Planck-2013-XVII[8]:
'MV' curl reconstruction bandpowers from Fig A2 of Planck-2013-XVII[8]
$L$min $L$max ${\hat{C}_L}^{\psi\psi} (L(L+1))^2/(2\pi)$ $std({\hat{C}_L}^{\psi\psi}) (L(L+1))^2 /(2\pi)$
2 7 -13.6379 15.3409
8 20 6.0184 4.8881
21 39 -1.0675 3.0940
40 65 0.6135 1.8474
66 100 1.5030 1.2696
101 144 1.3760 0.9950
145 198 -1.2289 0.8286
199 263 1.1910 0.7001
264 338 -0.6567 0.6197
339 425 -0.8201 0.5235
426 525 -0.7581 0.4850
526 637 -0.3201 0.5134
638 762 -0.1589 0.4073
763 901 -0.6451 0.4044
902 1054 0.4910 0.3718
1055 1221 -0.2186 0.3702
1222 1404 -0.3295 0.4146
1405 1602 -0.3647 0.4703
1603 1816 -0.1060 0.5904
1817 2020 -0.7887 0.8507
Production process
The construction PHIBAR, RLPP and NLPP are described in detail in Sec. 2.1 of Planck-2013-XVII[8]. The response function $R_L^{\phi\phi}$ here is analogous to the the beam transfer function in a CMB temperature or polarization map. We have chosen to distribute this transfer-function convolved map rather than the normalized lens reconstruction as it is a significantly more localized function of the CMB temperature map from which it is derived, and therefore more useful for cross-correlation studies.
Inputs
This product is built from the 143 and 217 GHz Planck frequency maps, with 857GHz projected out as a dust template. The analysis mask is constructed from a combination of thresholding in the 857GHz map (to remove the regions which are most contaminated by Galactic dust) and the Type2 CO map (to reduce contamination from CO lines at 217GHz). This is joined with a compact object mask synthesized from several Planck source catalogues, including the ERCSC, SZ and PCCS . The reconstruction was performed using the fiducial beam window functions B(l) from the HFI RIMO . Details of the procedure used to produce a lensing estimate from these inputs are given in Planck-2013-XVII[8].
File names and format
A single file named
with two BINTABLE extensions containing the items described below.
For illustration, we show in the figures below the maps of the Wiener-filtered CMB lensing potential in Galactic coordinates using orthographic projection. The reconstruction was bandpass filtered to $L \in [10, 2048]$. Note that the lensing reconstruction, while highly statistically significant, is still noise dominated for every individual mode, and is at best $S/N \simeq 0.7$ around $L = 30$.
FITS file structure
1. EXTNAME = LENS-MAP
Column Name Data Type Units Description
PHIBAR Real*4 none Map of the lensing potential estimate, convolved with RLPP
MASK Int none Region over which the lensing potential is reconstructed
Keyword Data Type Value Description
PIXTYPE string HEALPIX
COORDSYS string GALACTIC Coordinate system
ORDERING string NESTED Healpix ordering
NSIDE Int*4 2048 Healpix Nside
FIRSTPIX Int*4 0
LASTPIX Int*4 50331647
2. EXTNAME = TransFun
Column Name Data Type Units Description
RLPP Real*4 none Response function
NLPP Real*4 none Sky-averaged noise power spectrum estimate
Keyword Data Type Value Description
L_MIN Int*4 0 First multipole
L_MAX Int*4 2048 Last multipole
1. Planck 2018 results. VIII. Lensing, Planck Collaboration, accepted by A&A, (2018).
2. Planck 2015 results. XV. Gravitational Lensing, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A15.
3. Planck 2015 results. XI. Diffuse component separation: CMB maps, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A9.
4. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A13.
5. Planck intermediate results. XLI. A map of lensing-induced B-modes, Planck Collaboration Int. XLI A&A, 596, A102, (2016).
6. Planck 2015 results. XXI. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A21.
7. Planck 2015 results. XXV. Diffuse low frequency Galactic foregrounds, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A25.
8. Planck 2013 results. XVII. Gravitational lensing by large-scale structure, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A17.
Cosmic Microwave background
(Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelation of a sphere, <ref name="Template:Gorski2005">HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere, K. M. Górski, E. Hivon, A. J. Banday, B. D. Wandelt, F. K. Hansen, M. Reinecke, M. Bartelmann, ApJ, 622, 759-771, (2005).
Flexible Image Transfer Specification
Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.13
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# §16.13 Appell Functions
The following four functions of two real or complex variables $x$ and $y$ cannot be expressed as a product of two $\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits$ functions, in general, but they satisfy partial differential equations that resemble the hypergeometric differential equation (15.10.1):
16.13.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{{F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta^{\prime};% \gamma;x,y\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{m,n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(\alpha\right)_{m+n}\left(\beta% \right)_{m}\left(\beta^{\prime}\right)_{n}}{\left(\gamma\right)_{m+n}m!n!}x^{m% }y^{n},$ $\max\left(|x|,|y|\right)<1$, Defines: $\mathop{{F_{1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta^{\prime};\gamma;x,y\right)$: first Appell function Symbols: $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.13.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 16.13.2 $\displaystyle\mathop{{F_{2}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta^{\prime};% \gamma,\gamma^{\prime};x,y\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{m,n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(\alpha\right)_{m+n}\left(\beta% \right)_{m}\left(\beta^{\prime}\right)_{n}}{\left(\gamma\right)_{m}\left(% \gamma^{\prime}\right)_{n}m!n!}x^{m}y^{n},$ $|x|+|y|<1$, Defines: $\mathop{{F_{2}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta^{\prime};\gamma,\gamma^{% \prime};x,y\right)$: second Appell function Symbols: $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.13.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 16.13.3 $\displaystyle\mathop{{F_{3}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha,\alpha^{\prime};\beta,% \beta^{\prime};\gamma;x,y\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{m,n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(\alpha\right)_{m}\left(\alpha^{% \prime}\right)_{n}\left(\beta\right)_{m}\left(\beta^{\prime}\right)_{n}}{\left% (\gamma\right)_{m+n}m!n!}x^{m}y^{n},$ $\max\left(|x|,|y|\right)<1$, Defines: $\mathop{{F_{3}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha,\alpha^{\prime};\beta,\beta^{\prime}% ;\gamma;x,y\right)$: third Appell function Symbols: $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.13.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 16.13.4 $\displaystyle\mathop{{F_{4}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma^{% \prime};x,y\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{m,n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(\alpha\right)_{m+n}\left(\beta% \right)_{m+n}}{\left(\gamma\right)_{m}\left(\gamma^{\prime}\right)_{n}m!n!}x^{% m}y^{n},$ $\sqrt{|x|}+\sqrt{|y|}<1$. Defines: $\mathop{{F_{4}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma^{\prime};x,y\right)$: fourth Appell function Symbols: $\left(a\right)_{n}$: Pochhammer’s symbol and $!$: factorial (as in $n!$) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/16.13.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
Here and elsewhere it is assumed that neither of the bottom parameters $\gamma$ and $\gamma^{\prime}$ is a nonpositive integer.
For large parameter asymptotics see López et al. (2013a, b), and Ferreira et al. (2013a, b).
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http://dergipark.gov.tr/eiji/issue/5136/69993
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## entrAssessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, NigeriaAssessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria
#### - Fasasi [1] , Yunus Adebunmi [2] , - Oyeniran [3] , - Saheed [4]
##### 259 531
This paper examined principals’ quality assurance strategies in secondary schools in Osun State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 10 male and 10 female principals, and 190 male and190 female teachers. ‘Secondary School Principal Quality Assurance Questionnaire’ (SSPQAQ) and ‘Students’ Academic Performance Checklist’ (SAPC) were used to collect data for the study. The instruments were validated, and test-retest method used to determine their reliabilities yielded 0.74 and 0.71 respectively. One main hypothesis and five operational hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study further showed that principals’ gender and school location had no significant impact on students’ academic performance. The implication of the findings is that ability of the principals to put in place strategies that would ensure quality in the production of school output is a critical factor in determining school effectiveness. It is against this background that the paper concludes that quality assurance is a function for all stakeholders within the school system. Because it is a management function, the principal should coordinate teachers and other staff members to see that their activities are geared towards ensuring quality in the schools. As part of quality assurance strategies, the principal should recognize the philosophy of education in all aspects of school activities
Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies, Students’ Academic Performance
• Babalola, J. B. (2004). Quality assurance and child friendly strategies for improving public school effectiveness and teacher performance in a democratic Nigeria. In E.O. Fagbamiye, J. B. Babalola, M. Fabunmi & A. O. Ayeni (Eds.) Management of primary and secondary education in Nigeria (pp. 303 - 312. Ibadan: NAEP.
• Berhanu, G. (2011). Factors affecting students’ quality of academic performance: Acase of secondary school level. Journal of Technology and Management. 7(11). Retrieved July 22nd 2013 from www.ips.gu.se
• Clement, K. A. (2010). Female leadership and school effectiveness in junior high schools in Ghana. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(6), 689 - 703.
• Digolo, O. D. (2003). Response to the paper entitled: Education Sector. Review: How far have we come since independence and what still needs to be done to meet the education needs of all Kenyans. Paper presented in Education conference. Nairobi: Government Press.
• Ekundayo, H. T. (2010). Administering secondary schools in Nigeria for quality output in the 21st century: the principals’ challenge. European Journal of Educational Studies, 2(3), 187-192.
• Eshiwani, G. S. (1993). Education in Kenya since independence. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers Ltd.
• Gogo, J.O. (2002). The impact of cost sharing on access, equity and quality of secondary
• Maseno University Kenya.
• Jaiyeoba, A. O. & Atanda, A. I. (2003). Community participation in the provision of facilities in secondary schools in Nigeria. Being a paper presented at the conference of
Bibtex @ { eiji69993, journal = {International Journal of Instruction}, issn = {1694-609X}, eissn = {1308-1470}, address = {İnönü Üniversitesi}, year = {2014}, volume = {7}, pages = { - }, doi = {}, title = {Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria}, key = {cite}, author = {Adebunmi, Yunus and Saheed, - and Oyeniran, - and Fasasi, -} } APA Fasasi, - , Adebunmi, Y , Oyeniran, - , Saheed, - . (2014). Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria. International Journal of Instruction, 7 (1), . Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/eiji/issue/5136/69993 MLA Fasasi, - , Adebunmi, Y , Oyeniran, - , Saheed, - . "Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria". International Journal of Instruction 7 (2014): Chicago Fasasi, - , Adebunmi, Y , Oyeniran, - , Saheed, - . "Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria". International Journal of Instruction 7 (2014): RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria AU - - Fasasi , Yunus Adebunmi , - Oyeniran , - Saheed Y1 - 2014 PY - 2014 N1 - DO - T2 - International Journal of Instruction JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - EP - VL - 7 IS - 1 SN - 1694-609X-1308-1470 M3 - UR - Y2 - 2018 ER - EndNote %0 International Journal of Instruction Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria %A - Fasasi , Yunus Adebunmi , - Oyeniran , - Saheed %T Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria %D 2014 %J International Journal of Instruction %P 1694-609X-1308-1470 %V 7 %N 1 %R %U ISNAD Fasasi, - , Adebunmi, Yunus , Oyeniran, - , Saheed, - . "Assessing Principals’ Quality Assurance Strategies in Osun State Secondary Schools, Nigeria". International Journal of Instruction 7 / 1 (Nisan 2014): -.
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# 2: Prime Numbers
$$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$
$$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$
Prime numbers, the building blocks of integers, have been studied extensively over the centuries. Being able to present an integer uniquely as product of primes is the main reason behind the whole theory of numbers and behind the interesting results in this theory. Many interesting theorems, applications and conjectures have been formulated based on the properties of prime numbers. In this chapter, we present methods to determine whether a number is prime or composite using an ancient Greek method invented by Eratosthenes. We also show that there are infinitely many prime numbers. We then proceed to show that every integer can be written uniquely as a product of primes. We introduce as well the concept of diophantine equations where integer solutions from given equations are determined using the greatest common divisor. We then mention the Prime Number theorem without giving a proof of course in addition to other conjectures and major results related to prime numbers.
### Contributors
• Dr. Wissam Raji, Ph.D., of the American University in Beirut. His work was selected by the Saylor Foundation’s Open Textbook Challenge for public release under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aiserles.arieh
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## Iserles, Arieh
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: iserles.arieh Published as: Iserles, Arieh; Iserles, A. Homepage: http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/na/people/Arieh/Arieh_Iserles/Arieh_Iserles.html External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · Google Scholar · ResearchGate · dblp · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 205 Publications since 1977, including 6 Books 50 Contributions as Editor · 1 Further Contribution Biographic References: 2 Publications Co-Authors: 76 Co-Authors with 141 Joint Publications 2,751 Co-Co-Authors
all top 5
### Co-Authors
111 single-authored 43 Nørsett, Syvert Paul 14 Condon, Marissa 12 Zanna, Antonella 11 Deaño, Alfredo 8 Gao, Jing 7 Buhmann, Martin Dietrich 7 Hairer, Ernst 6 Kropielnicka, Karolina 5 Bloch, Anthony Michael 5 Huybrechs, Daan 5 Saff, Edward Barry 5 Singh, Pranav 4 Böttcher, Albrecht 4 Cantero, María José 4 Liu, Yunkang 4 Webb, Marcus 3 Brunner, Hermann 3 Celledoni, Elena 3 Grudsky, Sergei Mikhailovich 3 Sanz-Serna, Jesús María 2 Bader, Philipp 2 Baxter, Brad J. C. 2 Budd, Christopher John 2 Calvo, M. P. 2 Fokas, Athanassios S. 2 Hochbruck, Marlis 2 Koch, Per Erik 2 Liu, Xiaoyan 2 Lubich, Christian 2 Paz Calvo, Mari 2 Powell, Michael James David 2 Strang, William Gilbert 2 Stuart, Andrew M. 2 Wang, Bin 2 Wu, Xinyuan 1 Adcock, Ben 1 Blanes, Sergio 1 Blatt, Hans-Peter 1 Brînzănescu, Vasile 1 Broomhead, David S. 1 Casas, Fernando 1 Celsus, Andrew F. 1 Davis, Philip J. 1 DeVore, Ronald A. 1 Engquist, Bjorn E. 1 Feldstein, Alan 1 Gautschi, Walter 1 Gilvey, Benjamin 1 Gómez-Ullate, David 1 Levi, Decio 1 Liu, Changying 1 Maczynski, Kornel 1 Marsden, Jerrold Eldon 1 Marthinsen, Arne 1 McLachlan, Robert I. 1 Munthe-Kaas, Hans Z. 1 Olver, Peter John 1 Olver, Sheehan Shakiban 1 Orel, Bojan 1 Peplow, Andrew T. 1 Quispel, Gilles Reinout Willem 1 Quispel, Reinout 1 Ramaswami, Geetha 1 Ramos, Alberto Gil Couto Pimentel 1 Rasmussen, Atgeirr Flø 1 Ratiu, Tudor Stefan 1 Smitheman, S. A. 1 Söderlind, Gustaf 1 Sofroniou, Mark 1 Süli, Endre E. 1 Tempesta, Piergiulio 1 Terjéki, József 1 Trevelyan, Jon 1 Tse, P. S. P. 1 Üsküplü Altınbaşak, Sevda 1 Williamson, R. A. 1 Winternitz, Pavel 1 Xu, Tao
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### Serials
40 Acta Numerica 24 IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 11 Mathematics of Computation 10 BIT 9 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 8 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 7 Applied Numerical Mathematics 6 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 6 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 4 Numerische Mathematik 4 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 3 Journal of Computational Physics 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Computational Mathematics 3 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 Annals of Numerical Mathematics 3 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 3 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Journal of Approximation Theory 2 Journal of Complexity 2 Constructive Approximation 2 Journal of Integral Equations and Applications 2 Numerical Algorithms 2 Advances in Computational Mathematics 2 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 2 Oberwolfach Reports 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 2 BIT. Nordisk Tidskrift for Informationsbehandling 2 London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 2 Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM) 1 Calcolo 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of Differential Equations 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Utilitas Mathematica 1 Bulletin of the Greek Mathematical Society 1 Physica D 1 COMPEL 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 CWI Quarterly 1 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 1 Bulletin. The Institute of Mathematics and its Applications 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 1 New Zealand Journal of Mathematics 1 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 1 The New York Journal of Mathematics 1 Methods and Applications of Analysis 1 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 1 European Mathematical Society Newsletter 1 LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 1 HERMIS-$$\mu\pi$$. Hellenic European Research on Mathematics and Informatics Science 1 Applied Mathematics and Mathematical Computation 1 CRM Proceedings & Lecture Notes 1 Statistics: Textbooks and Monographs 1 Science China. Mathematics 1 S$$\vec{\text{e}}$$MA Journal 1 Journal of Computational Dynamics 1 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 Other Titles in Applied Mathematics 1 Transactions of Mathematics and its Applications
all top 5
### Fields
202 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 78 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 53 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 41 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 28 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 26 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 23 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 19 Special functions (33-XX) 9 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 7 Integral equations (45-XX) 6 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Operator theory (47-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 3 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
194 Publications have been cited 2,634 times in 1,536 Documents Cited by Year
Lie-group methods. Zbl 1064.65147
Iserles, Arieh; Munthe-Kaas, Hans Z.; Nørsett, Syvert P.; Zanna, Antonella
2000
Efficient quadrature of highly oscillatory integrals using derivatives. Zbl 1145.65309
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2005
A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations. 2nd ed. Zbl 1171.65060
Iserles, Arieh
2009
On the generalized pantograph functional-differential equation. Zbl 0767.34054
Iserles, A.
1993
On the solution of lienar differential equations in Lie groups. Zbl 0958.65080
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
1999
On quadrature methods for highly oscillatory integrals and their implementation. Zbl 1076.65025
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
2004
On polynomials orthogonal with respect to certain Sobolev inner products. Zbl 0734.42016
Iserles, Arieh; Koch, P. E.; Nørsett, Syvert P.; Sanz-Serna, J. M.
1991
Stability of the discretized pantograph differential equation. Zbl 0774.34057
Buhmann, Martin; Iserles, Arieh
1993
Arbitrary-order trigonometric Fourier collocation methods for multi-frequency oscillatory systems. Zbl 1341.65029
Wang, Bin; Iserles, Arieh; Wu, Xinyuan
2016
On the numerical quadrature of highly-oscillating integrals. I: Fourier transforms. Zbl 1061.65149
Iserles, Arieh
2004
The pantograph equation in the complex plane. Zbl 0891.34072
Derfel, G.; Iserles, A.
1997
On neutral functional-differential equations with proportional delays. Zbl 0873.34066
Iserles, Arieh; Liu, Yunkang
1997
Geometric integration: Numerical solution of differential equations on manifolds. Zbl 0933.65142
Budd, C. J.; Iserles, A.
1999
Numerical solution of isospectral flows. Zbl 0907.65067
Calvo, Mari Paz; Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
1997
On the numerical quadrature of highly-oscillating integrals. II: Irregular oscillators. Zbl 1069.65148
Iserles, Arieh
2005
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. I: Modified Fourier expansions. Zbl 1221.65348
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2008
Quadrature methods for multivariate highly oscillatory integrals using derivatives. Zbl 1095.65019
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2006
On the theory of parallel Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0712.65071
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1990
Stability and dynamics of numerical methods for nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0686.65054
Iserles, A.
1990
On the implementation of the method of Magnus series for linear differential equations. Zbl 0933.65077
Iserles, A.; Marthinsen, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
1999
On the global error of discretization methods for highly-oscillatory ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1027.65107
Iserles, Arieh
2002
Approximating the exponential from a Lie algebra to a Lie group. Zbl 0956.65009
Celledoni, Elena; Iserles, Arieh
2000
Highly oscillatory quadrature: the story so far. Zbl 1119.65317
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.; Olver, S.
2006
Solving linear ordinary differential equations by exponentials of iterated commutators. Zbl 0562.65046
Iserles, A.
1984
Exact and discretized stability of the pantograph equation. Zbl 0880.65058
Iserles, Arieh
1997
Generalized leapfrog methods. Zbl 0637.65089
Iserles, A.
1986
The optimal accuracy of difference schemes. Zbl 0573.65071
Iserles, Arieh; Strang, Gilbert
1983
Stability and asymptotic stability of functional-differential equations. Zbl 0832.34080
Iserles, Arieh; Terjéki, József
1995
B-series methods cannot be volume-preserving. Zbl 1128.65054
Iserles, A.; Quispel, G. R. W.; Tse, P. S. P.
2007
Numerical analysis of delay differential equations with variable delays. Zbl 0828.65083
Iserles, Arieh
1994
Think globally, act locally: Solving highly-oscillatory ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1016.65050
Iserles, Arieh
2002
Methods for the approximation of the matrix exponential in a Lie-algebraic setting. Zbl 1009.65040
Celledoni, Elena; Iserles, Arieh
2001
Highly oscillatory problems. Zbl 1170.37002
2009
The spectral problem for a class of highly oscillatory Fredholm integral operators. Zbl 1185.45002
Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2010
Computing highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1400.65004
Deaño, Alfredo; Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh
2018
Orthogonality and approximation in a Sobolev space. Zbl 0749.41030
Iserles, Arieh; Sanz-Serna, J. M.; Koch, P. E.; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1990
A unified approach to spurious solutions introduced by time discretization. I: Basic theory. Zbl 0736.65050
Iserles, A.; Peplow, A. T.; Stuart, A. M.
1991
Preserving algebraic invariants with Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0969.65069
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2000
On pantograph integro-differential equations. Zbl 0816.45005
Iserles, Arieh; Liu, Yunkang
1994
On the dynamics of a discretized neutral equation. Zbl 0759.65056
Buhmann, M. D.; Iserles, A.
1992
Effective approximation for the semiclassical Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1302.65230
Bader, Philipp; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2014
Efficient computation of the matrix exponential by generalized polar decompositions. Zbl 1084.65040
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2005
Runge-Kutta methods for neutral differential equations. Zbl 0834.65061
Buhmann, M. D.; Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
1993
Runge-Kutta methods for orthogonal and isospectral flows. Zbl 0871.65074
Calvo, M. P.; Iserles, A.; Zanna, A.
1996
How large is the exponential of a banded matrix? Zbl 0968.22016
Iserles, Arieh
2000
On Cayley-transform methods for the discretization of Lie-group equations. Zbl 1014.65060
Iserles, A.
2001
Explicit Magnus expansions for nonlinear equations. Zbl 1095.65060
Casas, Fernando; Iserles, Arieh
2006
Order stars. Zbl 0743.65062
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1991
Qualitative numerical analysis of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0856.65082
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
1996
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. III: Multivariate expansions. Zbl 1188.65149
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2009
A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations. Zbl 0841.65001
Iserles, Arieh
1995
Expansions that grow on trees. Zbl 1126.34310
Iserles, Arieh
2002
On highly oscillatory problems arising in electronic engineering. Zbl 1172.78009
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2009
On transformations and zeros of polynomials. Zbl 0754.26007
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.; Saff, E. B.
1991
On nonlinear delay differential equations. Zbl 0804.34065
Iserles, A.
1994
A fast and simple algorithm for the computation of Legendre coefficients. Zbl 1211.33001
Iserles, Arieh
2011
On the theory of biorthogonal polynomials. Zbl 0662.42017
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1988
On second-order differential equations with highly oscillatory forcing terms. Zbl 1194.34019
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2010
Symmetric and arbitrarily high-order Birkhoff-Hermite time integrators and their long-time behaviour for solving nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations. Zbl 1380.65052
Liu, Changying; Iserles, Arieh; Wu, Xinyuan
2018
Equilibria of Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0693.65047
Hairer, E.; Iserles, A.; Sanz-Serna, J. M.
1990
Zeros of expansions in orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 0679.33007
Iserles, A.; Saff, E. B.
1989
Spirals. From Theodorus to chaos. With contributions by Walter Gautschi and Arieh Iserles. Zbl 0940.00002
Davis, Philip J.
1993
On the computation of highly oscillatory multivariate integrals with stationary points. Zbl 1106.65020
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
2006
Embedding of delay equations into an infinite-dimensional ODE system. Zbl 0817.34045
Feldstein, Alan; Iserles, Arieh; Levin, David
1995
On orthogonal polynomials transformed by the QR algorithm. Zbl 0764.65008
Buhmann, M. D.; Iserles, A.
1992
On the method of Neumann series for highly oscillatory equations. Zbl 1071.65099
Iserles, A.
2004
Order stars and a saturation theorem for first-order hyperbolics. Zbl 0493.65039
Iserles, Arieh
1982
The computation of the spectra of highly oscillatory Fredholm integral operators. Zbl 1238.65123
Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. IV: Accelerating convergence. Zbl 1218.65154
Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
Bi-orthogonality and zeros of transformed polynomials. Zbl 0636.42022
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1987
Unified approach to spurious solutions introduced by time discretization. II: BDF-like methods. Zbl 0760.65071
Iserles, A.; Stuart, A. M.
1992
Order stars and rational approximants to exp(z). Zbl 0674.65043
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1989
On the A-acceptability of rational approximations that interpolate the exponential function. Zbl 0472.41013
Iserles, A.; Powell, M. J. D.
1981
Zeros of transformed polynomials. Zbl 0698.33007
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
1990
On numerical methods for highly oscillatory problems in circuit simulation. Zbl 1183.78018
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh; Maczynski, Kornel; Xu, Tao
2009
Efficient methods for linear Schrödinger equation in the semiclassical regime with time-dependent potential. Zbl 1372.65280
Bader, Philipp; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2016
On systems of differential equations with extrinsic oscillation. Zbl 1207.65093
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2010
Spectral theory of large Wiener-Hopf operators with complex-symmetric kernels and rational symbols. Zbl 1227.47015
Böttcher, Albrecht; Grudsky, Sergei; Iserles, Arieh
2011
Approximately preserving symmetries in the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0939.65139
Iserles, Arieh; McLachlan, Robert; Zanna, Antonella
1999
Integro-differential equations and generalized hypergeometric functions. Zbl 0880.45005
Iserles, Arieh; Liu, Yunkang
1997
On the singular values and eigenvalues of the Fox-Li and related operators. Zbl 1233.47022
Böttcher, Albrecht; Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2010
A generalization of Filon-Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature for highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1380.65056
Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2017
Numerical analysis of functional equations with a variable delay. Zbl 0795.65048
Buhmann, M.; Iserles, A.
1992
The asymptotic behaviour of certain difference equations with proportional delays. Zbl 0808.39008
Iserles, A.
1994
Asymptotic expansion and quadrature of composite highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1213.65045
Iserles, Arieh; Levin, David
2011
Time symmetry and high-order Magnus methods. Zbl 0996.65071
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.; Rasmussen, A. F.
2001
Beyond the classical theory of computational ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0886.65073
Iserles, Arieh
1997
Barriers to stability. Zbl 0529.65058
Strang, Gilbert; Iserles, Arieh
1983
Composite exponential approximations. Zbl 0484.65050
Iserles, Arieh
1982
Explicit adaptive symplectic integrators for solving Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1266.37045
Blanes, Sergio; Iserles, Arieh
2012
Applications of Magnus expansions and pseudospectra to Markov processes. Zbl 1427.60167
Iserles, A.; Macnamara, S.
2019
On skew-symmetric differentiation matrices. Zbl 1288.65121
Iserles, Arieh
2014
Remarks on the behaviour of zeros of best approximating polynomials and rational functions. Zbl 0627.41009
Blatt, H.-P.; Iserles, A.; Saff, E. B.
1987
Bi-orthogonality in rational approximation. Zbl 0627.41011
Iserles, A.; Saff, E. B.
1987
Numerical stability in the presence of variable coefficients. Zbl 1347.65144
Hairer, Ernst; Iserles, Arieh
2016
Stability and accuracy of semi-discretized finite difference methods. Zbl 0553.65060
Iserles, A.; Williamson, R. A.
1984
Conservative methods for the Toda lattice equations. Zbl 0963.65130
Calvo, M. P.; Iserles, A.; Zanna, A.
1999
On an isospectral Lie-Poisson system and its Lie algebra. Zbl 1105.37033
Bloch, Anthony M.; Iserles, Arieh
2006
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. V: The equilateral triangle. Zbl 1219.65129
Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
Quadrature methods for stiff ordinary differential systems. Zbl 0477.65052
Iserles, A.
1981
Quadrature methods for highly oscillatory singular integrals. Zbl 1474.65056
Gao, Jing; Condon, Marissa; Iserles, Arieh; Gilvey, Benjamin; Trevelyan, Jon
2021
Fast computation of orthogonal systems with a skew-symmetric differentiation matrix. Zbl 07360989
Iserles, Arieh; Webb, Marcus
2021
A family of orthogonal rational functions and other orthogonal systems with a skew-Hermitian differentiation matrix. Zbl 1459.42006
Iserles, Arieh; Webb, Marcus
2020
Applications of Magnus expansions and pseudospectra to Markov processes. Zbl 1427.60167
Iserles, A.; Macnamara, S.
2019
Orthogonal systems with a skew-symmetric differentiation matrix. Zbl 1428.42048
Iserles, Arieh; Webb, Marcus
2019
Solving Schrödinger equation in semiclassical regime with highly oscillatory time-dependent potentials. Zbl 1416.81064
Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2019
Spectral computation of highly oscillatory integral equations in laser theory. Zbl 1452.65400
Gao, Jing; Condon, Marissa; Iserles, Arieh
2019
Solving the wave equation with multifrequency oscillations. Zbl 1434.65200
Condon, Marissa; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2019
Computing highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1400.65004
Deaño, Alfredo; Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh
2018
Symmetric and arbitrarily high-order Birkhoff-Hermite time integrators and their long-time behaviour for solving nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations. Zbl 1380.65052
Liu, Changying; Iserles, Arieh; Wu, Xinyuan
2018
Magnus-Lanczos methods with simplified commutators for the Schrödinger equation with a time-dependent potential. Zbl 1395.65102
Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2018
An adaptive Filon algorithm for highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1405.65028
Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2018
A generalization of Filon-Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature for highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1380.65056
Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2017
Error analysis of the extended filon-type method for highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1396.65081
Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2017
Banded, stable, skew-symmetric differentiation matrices of high order. Zbl 1433.65138
Hairer, Ernst; Iserles, Arieh
2017
Arbitrary-order trigonometric Fourier collocation methods for multi-frequency oscillatory systems. Zbl 1341.65029
Wang, Bin; Iserles, Arieh; Wu, Xinyuan
2016
Efficient methods for linear Schrödinger equation in the semiclassical regime with time-dependent potential. Zbl 1372.65280
Bader, Philipp; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2016
Numerical stability in the presence of variable coefficients. Zbl 1347.65144
Hairer, Ernst; Iserles, Arieh
2016
The joy and pain of skew symmetry. Zbl 1357.65151
Iserles, Arieh
2016
From orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle to functional equations via generating functions. Zbl 1335.42028
Cantero, María José; Iserles, Arieh
2016
On asymptotic expansion solvers for highly oscillatory semi-explicit DAEs. Zbl 1351.65055
Condon, Marissa; Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2016
The unified transform in polygonal domains via the explicit Fourier transform of Legendre polynomials. Zbl 1346.65061
Fokas, A. S.; Iserles, A.; Smitheman, S. A.
2015
Asymptotic solvers for ordinary differential equations with multiple frequencies. Zbl 1331.65095
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2015
Numerical solution of Sturm-Liouville problems via Fer streamers. Zbl 1331.65108
Ramos, Alberto Gil C. P.; Iserles, Arieh
2015
Effective approximation for the semiclassical Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1302.65230
Bader, Philipp; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina; Singh, Pranav
2014
On skew-symmetric differentiation matrices. Zbl 1288.65121
Iserles, Arieh
2014
Differential equations with general highly oscillatory forcing terms. Zbl 1371.34083
Condon, M.; Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
2014
Asymptotic solvers for second-order differential equation systems with multiple frequencies. Zbl 1311.65090
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Gao, Jing; Iserles, Arieh
2014
Dirichlet series for dynamical systems of first-order ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1291.37103
Wang, Bin; Iserles, Arieh
2014
Highly oscillatory diffusion-type equations. Zbl 1299.35011
Altınbaşak, Sevda Üsküplü; Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2013
Three stories of high oscillation. Zbl 1360.65189
Iserles, Arieh
2013
On expansions in orthogonal polynomials. Zbl 1277.42029
Cantero, María José; Iserles, Arieh
2013
Explicit adaptive symplectic integrators for solving Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1266.37045
Blanes, Sergio; Iserles, Arieh
2012
The Fox-Li operator as a test and a spur for Wiener-Hopf theory. Zbl 1317.47027
Böttcher, Albrecht; Grudsky, Sergei; Iserles, Arieh
2012
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. II: Expansions in Birkhoff series. Zbl 1364.65232
Adcock, Ben; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2012
Efficient computation of delay differential equations with highly oscillatory terms. Zbl 1270.65032
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh; Kropielnicka, Karolina
2012
On rapid computation of expansions in ultraspherical polynomials. Zbl 1241.42023
Cantero, María José; Iserles, Arieh
2012
First-order trace formulae for the iterates of the Fox-Li operator. Zbl 1270.47024
Böttcher, Albrecht; Grudsky, Sergei; Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh
2012
A fast and simple algorithm for the computation of Legendre coefficients. Zbl 1211.33001
Iserles, Arieh
2011
The computation of the spectra of highly oscillatory Fredholm integral operators. Zbl 1238.65123
Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. IV: Accelerating convergence. Zbl 1218.65154
Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
Spectral theory of large Wiener-Hopf operators with complex-symmetric kernels and rational symbols. Zbl 1227.47015
Böttcher, Albrecht; Grudsky, Sergei; Iserles, Arieh
2011
Asymptotic expansion and quadrature of composite highly oscillatory integrals. Zbl 1213.65045
Iserles, Arieh; Levin, David
2011
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. V: The equilateral triangle. Zbl 1219.65129
Huybrechs, Daan; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2011
Asymptotic solvers for oscillatory systems of differential equations. Zbl 1242.65132
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2011
Magnus expansions and beyond. Zbl 1291.65253
Iserles, Arieh
2011
Acta Numerica 1992. Reprint of the 1992 hardback ed. Zbl 1207.00045
2011
The spectral problem for a class of highly oscillatory Fredholm integral operators. Zbl 1185.45002
Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2010
On second-order differential equations with highly oscillatory forcing terms. Zbl 1194.34019
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2010
On systems of differential equations with extrinsic oscillation. Zbl 1207.65093
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2010
On the singular values and eigenvalues of the Fox-Li and related operators. Zbl 1233.47022
Böttcher, Albrecht; Brunner, Hermann; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2010
A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations. 2nd ed. Zbl 1171.65060
Iserles, Arieh
2009
Highly oscillatory problems. Zbl 1170.37002
2009
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. III: Multivariate expansions. Zbl 1188.65149
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2009
On highly oscillatory problems arising in electronic engineering. Zbl 1172.78009
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh
2009
On numerical methods for highly oscillatory problems in circuit simulation. Zbl 1183.78018
Condon, Marissa; Deaño, Alfredo; Iserles, Arieh; Maczynski, Kornel; Xu, Tao
2009
A class of integrable flows on the space of symmetric matrices. Zbl 1231.37030
Bloch, Anthony M.; Brînzănescu, Vasile; Iserles, Arieh; Marsden, Jerrold E.; Ratiu, Tudor S.
2009
From high oscillation to rapid approximation. I: Modified Fourier expansions. Zbl 1221.65348
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2008
B-series methods cannot be volume-preserving. Zbl 1128.65054
Iserles, A.; Quispel, G. R. W.; Tse, P. S. P.
2007
Quadrature methods for multivariate highly oscillatory integrals using derivatives. Zbl 1095.65019
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2006
Highly oscillatory quadrature: the story so far. Zbl 1119.65317
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.; Olver, S.
2006
Explicit Magnus expansions for nonlinear equations. Zbl 1095.65060
Casas, Fernando; Iserles, Arieh
2006
On the computation of highly oscillatory multivariate integrals with stationary points. Zbl 1106.65020
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
2006
On an isospectral Lie-Poisson system and its Lie algebra. Zbl 1105.37033
Bloch, Anthony M.; Iserles, Arieh
2006
Report 14/2006: Geometric Numerical Integration (March 19th – March 25th, 2006). Zbl 1109.65301
2006
Efficient quadrature of highly oscillatory integrals using derivatives. Zbl 1145.65309
Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.
2005
On the numerical quadrature of highly-oscillating integrals. II: Irregular oscillators. Zbl 1069.65148
Iserles, Arieh
2005
Efficient computation of the matrix exponential by generalized polar decompositions. Zbl 1084.65040
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2005
Commutators of skew-symmetric matrices. Zbl 1100.17004
Bloch, Anthony M.; Iserles, Arieh
2005
On the numerical analysis of rapid oscillation. Zbl 1080.65058
Iserles, A.
2005
Aspects of generalized double-bracket flows. Zbl 1085.34037
Bloch, A. M.; Iserles, A.
2005
On quadrature methods for highly oscillatory integrals and their implementation. Zbl 1076.65025
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
2004
On the numerical quadrature of highly-oscillating integrals. I: Fourier transforms. Zbl 1061.65149
Iserles, Arieh
2004
On the method of Neumann series for highly oscillatory equations. Zbl 1071.65099
Iserles, A.
2004
On the foundations of computational mathematics. Zbl 1060.65005
Baxter, B. J. C.; Iserles, A.
2003
On the global error of discretization methods for highly-oscillatory ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1027.65107
Iserles, Arieh
2002
Think globally, act locally: Solving highly-oscillatory ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1016.65050
Iserles, Arieh
2002
Expansions that grow on trees. Zbl 1126.34310
Iserles, Arieh
2002
On the discretization of double-bracket flows. Zbl 1019.65049
Iserles, Arieh
2002
Complexity theory for Lie-group solvers. Zbl 0996.65070
Celledoni, Elena; Iserles, Arieh; Nørsett, Syvert P.; Orel, Bojan
2002
Methods for the approximation of the matrix exponential in a Lie-algebraic setting. Zbl 1009.65040
Celledoni, Elena; Iserles, Arieh
2001
On Cayley-transform methods for the discretization of Lie-group equations. Zbl 1014.65060
Iserles, A.
2001
Time symmetry and high-order Magnus methods. Zbl 0996.65071
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.; Rasmussen, A. F.
2001
A Magnus expansion for the equation $$Y^{\prime} = AY - YB$$. Zbl 0979.34004
Iserles, Arieh
2001
Multistep methods on manifolds. Zbl 0974.65077
Iserles, Arieh
2001
Semi-explicit methods for isospectral flows. Zbl 0976.65110
Calvo, Mari Paz; Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2001
Numerical analysis in Lie groups. Zbl 0978.65057
Iserles, Arieh
2001
Acta Numerica 2001. Reprint of the Journal Acta Numerica 10 (2001). Zbl 1231.65007
2001
Lie-group methods. Zbl 1064.65147
Iserles, Arieh; Munthe-Kaas, Hans Z.; Nørsett, Syvert P.; Zanna, Antonella
2000
Approximating the exponential from a Lie algebra to a Lie group. Zbl 0956.65009
Celledoni, Elena; Iserles, Arieh
2000
Preserving algebraic invariants with Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0969.65069
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2000
How large is the exponential of a banded matrix? Zbl 0968.22016
Iserles, Arieh
2000
On the dimension of certain graded Lie algebras arising in geometric integration of differential equations. Zbl 1040.34011
Iserles, Arieh; Zanna, Antonella
2000
On the solution of lienar differential equations in Lie groups. Zbl 0958.65080
Iserles, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
1999
Geometric integration: Numerical solution of differential equations on manifolds. Zbl 0933.65142
Budd, C. J.; Iserles, A.
1999
On the implementation of the method of Magnus series for linear differential equations. Zbl 0933.65077
Iserles, A.; Marthinsen, A.; Nørsett, S. P.
1999
Approximately preserving symmetries in the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0939.65139
Iserles, Arieh; McLachlan, Robert; Zanna, Antonella
1999
Conservative methods for the Toda lattice equations. Zbl 0963.65130
Calvo, M. P.; Iserles, A.; Zanna, A.
1999
Geometric integration: numerical solution of differential equations on manifolds. Zbl 0929.00019
1999
Acta Numerica Vol. 8, 1999. Zbl 0921.00012
1999
...and 94 more Documents
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### Cited by 1,870 Authors
72 Iserles, Arieh 46 Marcellán Español, Francisco 35 Xiang, Shuhuang 31 Wu, Xinyuan 27 Wang, Bin 25 Blanes, Sergio 21 Nørsett, Syvert Paul 15 Casas, Fernando 15 Celledoni, Elena 15 Owren, Brynjulf 14 Chen, Ruyun 13 Brunner, Hermann 13 Moreno-Balcázar, Juan José 13 Sezer, Mehmet 13 Sheng, Qin 13 Zanna, Antonella 12 Huybrechs, Daan 12 Siraj-ul-Islam 12 van Brunt, Bruce 11 Kang, Hongchao 11 Leok, Melvin 11 Liu, Changying 11 Munthe-Kaas, Hans Z. 10 Bader, Philipp 10 Ebrahimi-Fard, Kurusch 10 Liu, Yunkang 10 Ma, Junjie 10 Quispel, Gilles Reinout Willem 10 Sharapudinov, Idris Idrisovich 9 Čermák, Jan 9 Condon, Marissa 9 Deaño, Alfredo 9 Fang, Yonglei 9 Gao, Jing 9 Piñar, Miguel A. 9 Wang, Haiyong 9 Wang, Wansheng 8 Liu, Mingzhu 8 Lopez, Luciano 8 Manchon, Dominique 8 Olver, Sheehan Shakiban 8 Pérez, Teresa E. 8 Ponsoda, Enrique 8 Zaman, Sakhi 7 Adcock, Ben 7 Huang, Chengming 7 McLachlan, Robert I. 7 Meijer, Henk G. 7 Politi, Tiziano 7 Shi, Wei 7 Xu, Yang 6 Böttcher, Albrecht 6 Butcher, John C. 6 Cieśliński, Jan L. 6 Fejzullahu, Bujar Xh. 6 Grudsky, Sergei Mikhailovich 6 Kropielnicka, Karolina 6 Li, Jianbing 6 Liu, Chein-Shan 6 Müller, Andreas 6 Ostapenko, Vladimir Viktorovich 6 Pinzón-Cortés, Natalia Camila 6 Rodríguez García, José Manuel 6 Wake, Graeme Charles 6 Wang, Tao 6 Wang, Xuesong 6 Wu, Qinghua 6 Xiao, Aiguo 6 Xu, Zhenhua 6 You, Xiong 5 Abdi, Ali 5 Area, Iván 5 Asheim, Andreas 5 Băleanu, Dumitru I. 5 Cai, Haotao 5 Godoy, Eduardo Paciência 5 Hashemi, Mir Sajjad 5 Jeltsch, Rolf 5 Jiang, Yaolin 5 Jimenez, Juan Carlos 5 Li, Jiyong 5 Liu, Kai 5 Mohamad, Sannay 5 Montijano, Juan Ignacio 5 Perdikaris, Paris G. 5 Rández, Luis 5 Ranga, A. Sri 5 Rossovskiĭ, Leonid Efimovich 5 Schratz, Katharina 5 Singh, Pranav 5 Sun, Jianqiang 5 Webb, Marcus 5 Xu, Yuesheng 5 Yang, Zhanwen 5 Zaheeruddin, M. 5 Zhao, Jingjun 4 Arnold, Anton 4 Arnold, Martin 4 Bakaryan, Tigran K. 4 Baker, Christopher Thomas Hale ...and 1,770 more Authors
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### Cited in 296 Serials
181 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 105 Applied Mathematics and Computation 83 Applied Numerical Mathematics 60 BIT 47 Journal of Computational Physics 44 Numerical Algorithms 36 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 35 Numerische Mathematik 34 Mathematics of Computation 33 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 31 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 26 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 25 Journal of Scientific Computing 23 Journal of Approximation Theory 17 Applied Mathematics Letters 17 Linear Algebra and its Applications 17 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 17 Advances in Computational Mathematics 15 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 14 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 13 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 13 Computational and Applied Mathematics 12 Journal of Mathematical Physics 10 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 9 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 9 Abstract and Applied Analysis 8 Calcolo 8 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 8 Physica D 8 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 8 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 8 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 8 Advances in Difference Equations 8 Journal of Computational Dynamics 7 Journal of Differential Equations 7 Systems & Control Letters 7 Journal of Complexity 7 Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 7 Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 7 Multibody System Dynamics 7 Nonlinear Dynamics 6 Computers and Fluids 6 Journal of the Franklin Institute 6 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 6 Constructive Approximation 6 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 6 The ANZIAM Journal 6 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 6 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 5 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 5 Automatica 5 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 5 Applied Mathematical Modelling 5 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 5 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 4 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 4 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 4 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. (English Edition) 4 Journal of Integral Equations and Applications 4 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 4 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 4 Journal of Nonlinear Science 4 Russian Mathematics 4 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 4 Doklady Mathematics 4 Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 Communications in Mathematical Physics 3 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 3 Journal of Mathematical Biology 3 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 3 The Annals of Applied Probability 3 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 3 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 3 ETNA. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis 3 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 3 LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 3 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 3 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 3 Advances in Mathematical Physics 3 Science China. Mathematics 3 Statistics and Computing 3 S$$\vec{\text{e}}$$MA Journal 3 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 3 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2 Acta Mechanica 2 Computer Physics Communications 2 International Journal of Control 2 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 Inverse Problems 2 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2 Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2 Journal of Statistical Physics 2 Letters in Mathematical Physics ...and 196 more Serials
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### Cited in 59 Fields
1,006 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 419 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 210 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 172 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 142 Special functions (33-XX) 141 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 134 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 83 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 81 Integral equations (45-XX) 60 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 59 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 54 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 48 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 42 Quantum theory (81-XX) 39 Operator theory (47-XX) 33 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 33 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 29 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 28 Real functions (26-XX) 27 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 26 Computer science (68-XX) 25 Differential geometry (53-XX) 23 Functional analysis (46-XX) 23 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 21 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 20 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 19 Combinatorics (05-XX) 19 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 17 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 17 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 16 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 15 Statistics (62-XX) 11 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 10 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 9 Number theory (11-XX) 9 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 8 History and biography (01-XX) 7 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 6 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 3 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 2 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Avershik.anatoli-m
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## Vershik, Anatoliĭ Moiseevich
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: vershik.anatoli-m Published as: Vershik, A. M.; Vershik, A.; Vershik, Anatoly; Vershik, Anatoly M.; Vershik, Anatolii M.; Vershik, Anatoli M.; Vershik, Anatol M.; Vershik, Anatolii; Vershik, Anatolij; Vershik, Anatoli; Vershik, A. M Homepage: http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/~vershik External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · ResearchGate · Math-Net.Ru · dblp · GND · IdRef · theses.fr
Documents Indexed: 373 Publications since 1958, including 2 Books 48 Contributions as Editor · 3 Further Contributions Biographic References: 3 Publications Co-Authors: 281 Co-Authors with 257 Joint Publications 7,136 Co-Co-Authors
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### Fields
103 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 80 Measure and integration (28-XX) 78 Combinatorics (05-XX) 76 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 63 History and biography (01-XX) 63 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 57 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 49 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 45 Functional analysis (46-XX) 28 Number theory (11-XX) 26 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 25 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 24 Operator theory (47-XX) 22 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 21 Computer science (68-XX) 20 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 20 Quantum theory (81-XX) 19 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 18 Differential geometry (53-XX) 18 General topology (54-XX) 15 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 15 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 14 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 11 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 8 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 8 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 7 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 7 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 5 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Geometry (51-XX) 3 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 3 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
284 Publications have been cited 3,065 times in 1,965 Documents Cited by Year
Random walks on discrete groups: Boundary and entropy. Zbl 0641.60009
Kaimanovich, V. A.; Vershik, A. M.
1983
Asymptotics of the Plancherel measure of the symmetric group and the limiting form of Young tableaux. Zbl 0406.05008
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1977
Statistical mechanics of combinatorial partitions, and their limit shapes. Zbl 0868.05004
Vershik, A. M.
1996
Nonholonomic dynamical systems, geometry of distributions and variational problems. Zbl 0797.58007
Vershik, A. M.; Gershkovich, V. Ya.
1987
A new approach to representation theory of symmetric groups. Zbl 0959.20014
Okounkov, Andrei; Vershik, Anatoly
1996
Asymptotic theory of characters of the symmetric group. Zbl 0507.20006
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1982
Characters and factor representations of the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 0534.20008
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1981
Asymptotics of maximal and typical dimensions of irreducible representations of a symmetric group. Zbl 0592.20015
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1985
Harmonic analysis on the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1057.43005
Kerov, Sergei; Olshanski, Grigori; Vershik, Anatoly
2004
Characters and factor representations of the infinite unitary group. Zbl 0524.22017
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1982
Representations of the group of diffeomorphisms. Zbl 0337.58003
Vershik, A. M.; Gel’fand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.
1975
Dynamic theory of growth in groups: Entropy, boundaries, examples. Zbl 0991.37005
Vershik, A. M.
2000
Harmonic analysis on the infinite symmetric group. A deformation of the regular representation. Zbl 0796.43005
Kerov, Serguei; Olshanski, Grigori; Vershik, Anatoli
1993
Limit measures arising in the asymptotic theory of symmetric groups. I. Zbl 0375.60007
Vershik, A. M.; Shmidt, A. A.
1977
Adic models of ergodic transformations, spectral theory, substitutions, and related topics. Zbl 0770.28013
Vershik, A. M.; Livshits, A. N.
1992
An infinite-dimensional analogue of the Lebesgue measure and distinguished properties of the gamma process. Zbl 0990.60053
Tsilevich, Natalia; Vershik, Anatoly; Yor, Marc
2001
$$C^*$$-algebras of irreversible dynamical systems. Zbl 1104.46037
Exel, R.; Vershik, A.
2006
The characters of the infinite symmetric group and probability properties of the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm. Zbl 0584.05004
Kerov, Sergei V.; Vershik, Anatol M.
1986
Ergodic unitarily invariant measures on the space of infinite Hermitian matrices. Zbl 0853.22016
Ol’shanskij, Grigorij; Vershik, Anatolij
1996
Decreasing sequences of measurable partitions and their applications. Zbl 0238.28011
Vershik, A. M.
1970
Totally nonfree actions and the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1294.37004
Vershik, A. M.
2012
Uniform algebraic approximation of shift and multiplication operators. Zbl 0484.47005
Vershik, A. M.
1981
Arithmetic construction of sofic partitions of hyperbolic toral automorphisms. Zbl 0915.58077
Kenyon, Richard; Vershik, Anatoly
1998
Long history of the Monge-Kantorovich transportation problem. Zbl 1284.01041
Vershik, A. M.
2013
Description of invariant measures for the actions of some infinite- dimensional groups. Zbl 0324.28014
Vershik, A. M.
1974
$$BC$$-type interpolation Macdonald polynomials and binomial formula for Koornwinder polynomials. Zbl 0941.17005
Okounkov, Andrei; Vershik, Anatoly
1998
Ergodic properties of the Erdős measure, the entropy of the goldenshift, and related problems. Zbl 0916.28012
Sidorov, Nikita; Vershik, Anatoly
1998
Nonfree actions of countable groups and their characters. Zbl 1279.37004
Vershik, A. M.
2011
Reduction of nonholonomic variation problems to isoperimetric ones and connections in principal bundles. Zbl 0734.49023
Vershik, A. M.; Granichina, O. A.
1991
Large deviations for integer partitions. Zbl 0972.60006
Dembo, A.; Vershik, A.; Zeitouni, O.
2000
Differential geometry and Lagrangian mechanics with constraints. Zbl 0243.70014
Vershik, A. M.; Faddeev, L. D.
1972
The universal Urysohn space, Gromov metric triples and random metrics on the natural numbers. Zbl 1005.53036
Vershik, A. M.
1998
Some isometry groups of the Urysohn space. Zbl 1108.54027
Cameron, P. J.; Vershik, A. M.
2006
Representations of the group $$\text{SL}(2, R)$$, where $$R$$ is a ring of functions. Zbl 0288.22005
Vershik, A. M.; Gel’fand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.
1973
A theorem on the Markov periodic approximation in ergodic theory. Zbl 0559.47006
Vershik, A. M.
1985
The Kantorovich metric: the initial history and little-known applications. Zbl 1090.28009
Vershik, A. M.
2006
The limit shape of convex lattice polygons and related topics. Zbl 0848.52004
Vershik, A. M.
1994
Does there exist a Lebesgue measure in the infinite-dimensional space? Zbl 1165.28003
Vershik, A. M.
2007
Lagrangian mechanics in invariant form. Zbl 0518.58015
Vershik, A. M.; Faddeev, L. D.
1975
Factorial representations of path groups. Zbl 0522.22013
Albeverio, Sergio; Høegh-Krohn, Raphael; Testard, Daniel; Vershik, A.
1983
Asymptotic behavior of the number of faces of random polyhedra and the neighborliness problem. Zbl 0791.52011
Vershik, A. M.; Sporyshev, P. V.
1992
The word and geodesic problems in free solvable groups. Zbl 1207.20026
Myasnikov, A.; Roman’kov, V.; Ushakov, A.; Vershik, A.
2010
Multivalued mappings with invariant measure (polymorphisms) and Markov operators. Zbl 0408.28014
Vershik, A. M.
1977
On the number of convex lattice polytopes. Zbl 0772.52010
Bárány, I.; Vershik, A. M.
1992
On an infinite-dimensional group over a finite field. Zbl 1089.22006
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1998
Locally semisimple algebras. Combinatorial theory and the $$K_ 0$$- functor. Zbl 0623.46036
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1987
The Grothendieck group of infinite symmetric group and symmetric functions (with the elements of the theory of $$K_ 0$$-functor of AF- algebras). Zbl 0723.20005
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1990
Linearly rigid metric spaces and the embedding problem. Zbl 1178.46016
Melleray, J.; Petrov, F. V.; Vershik, A. M.
2008
Random metric spaces and universality. Zbl 1065.60005
Vershik, A. M.
2003
Amenability and approximation of infinite groups. Zbl 0533.22007
Vershik, A.
1982
Nonholonomic problems and the theory of distributions. Zbl 0666.58004
Vershik, A. M.; Gershkovich, V. Ya.
1988
Statistical properties of locally free groups with applications to braid groups and growth of random heaps. Zbl 1010.20056
Vershik, A. M.; Nechaev, S.; Bikbov, R.
2000
Representations of the group $$\text{SL}(2, R)$$, where $$R$$ is a ring of functions. Zbl 0297.22003
Vershik, A. M.; Gel’fand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.
1973
Representations of the group of smooth mappings of a manifold $$X$$ into a compact Lie group. Zbl 0368.53034
Gelfand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.; Vershik, A. M.
1977
Geometry and dynamics of admissible metrics in measure spaces. Zbl 1261.37004
Vershik, Anatoly M.; Zatitskiy, Pavel B.; Petrov, Fedor V.
2013
Some characteristic properties of Gaussian stochastic processes. Zbl 0141.15203
Vershik, A. M.
1965
The theory of decreasing sequences of measurable partitions. Zbl 0853.28009
Vershik, A. M.
1994
The theorem about the periodic Markov approximation in ergodic theory. Zbl 0505.47006
Vershik, A. M.
1982
A new approach to the representation theory of symmetric groups. II. Zbl 1083.20502
Vershik, A. M.; Okoun’kov, A. Yu.
2005
The problem of describing central measures on the path spaces of graded graphs. Zbl 1370.37005
Vershik, A. M.
2014
Equipped graded graphs, projective limits of simplices, and their boundaries. Zbl 1323.05127
Vershik, A. M.
2015
The limit shape and fluctuations of random partitions of naturals with fixed number of summands. Zbl 0996.05006
Vershik, A.; Yakubovich, Yu.
2001
Polymorphisms, Markov processes, and quasi-similarity. Zbl 1115.37002
Vershik, A. M.
2005
Asymptotic combinatorics and algebraic analysis. Zbl 0843.05003
Vershik, Anatoly M.
1995
Continuum analogues of contragredient Lie algebras. (Lie algebras with a Cartan operator and nonlinear dynamical systems). Zbl 0691.17012
Savel’ev, M. V.; Vershik, A. M.
1989
Twisted Burnside theorem for type $$\text{II}_1$$ groups: an example. Zbl 1143.20026
Fel’shtyn, Alexander; Troitsky, Evgenij; Vershik, Anatoly
2006
Globalization of the partial isometries of metric spaces and local approximation of the group of isometries of Urysohn space. Zbl 1160.54020
Vershik, A. M.
2008
Bijective arithmetic codings of hyperbolic automorphisms of the $$2$$-torus, and binary quadratic forms. Zbl 0949.37023
Sidorov, N.; Vershik, A.
1998
Cohomology of groups in unitary representations, the neighborhood of the identity, and conditionally positive definite functions. Zbl 0528.43005
Vershik, A. M.; Karpushev, S. I.
1984
Dynamics of metrics in measure spaces and their asymptotic invariants. Zbl 1203.37020
Vershik, A. M.
2010
Intrinsic metric on graded graphs, standardness, and invariant measures. Zbl 1336.28014
Vershik, A. M.
2014
Irreducible representations of the group $$G^X$$ and cohomologies. Zbl 0299.22004
Vershik, A. M.; Gel’fand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.
1974
Fock factorizations and decompositions of the $$L^ 2$$ spaces over general Lévy processes. Zbl 1060.46056
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2003
Quasi-invariance du processus gamma et propriétés multiplicatives des distributions de Poisson-Dirichlet. (Quasi-invariance of the gamma process and multiplicative properties of the Poisson-Dirichlet measures.) Zbl 0938.60040
Tsilevich, Natalia; Vershik, Anatoly
1999
Classification of measurable functions of several variables and invariantly distributed random matrices. Zbl 1025.28010
Vershik, A. M.
2002
Limit measures arising in the asymptotic theory of symmetric groups. II. Zbl 0423.60009
Vershik, A. M.; Shmidt, A. A.
1978
A local limit theorem for random strict partitions. Zbl 0969.60034
Vershik, A. M.; Freĭman, G. A.; Yakubovich, Yu. V.
1999
Arithmetic isomorphism of hyperbolic toral automorphisms and sofic shifts. Zbl 0810.58031
Vershik, A. M.
1992
Nonholonomic manifolds and nilpotent analysis. Zbl 0693.53006
Gershkovich, V.; Vershik, A.
1988
Finite traces and representations of the group of infinite matrices over a finite field. Zbl 1286.22004
Gorin, Vadim; Kerov, Sergei; Vershik, Anatoly
2014
Frobenius-Schur functions (with an appendix by Vladimir Ivanov). Zbl 1051.05077
Olshanski, Grigori; Regev, Amitai; Vershik, Anatoly
2003
On the Markov-Krein identity and quasi-invariance of the gamma process. Zbl 1069.60046
Vershik, A.; Yor, M.; Tsilevich, N.
2001
Some remarks on the infinite-dimensional problems of linear programming. Zbl 0224.90041
Vershik, A. M.
1970
Representations of the group of functions taking values in a compact Lie group. Zbl 0449.22019
Gelfand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.; Vershik, A. M.
1980
Limit distribution of the energy of a quantum ideal gas from the viewpoint of the theory of partitions of natural numbers. Zbl 0927.60089
Vershik, A. M.
1997
Random walks on braid groups: Brownian bridges, complexity and statistics. Zbl 0901.60010
Nechaev, S. K.; Grosberg, A. Yu.; Vershik, A. M.
1996
Theorem on lacunary isomorphisms of monotonic sequences of partitions. Zbl 0186.20203
Vershik, A. M.
1968
Probability measures in infinite-dimensional spaces. Zbl 0248.60007
Vershik, A. M.; Sudakov, V. N.
1969
Characters and realizations of representations of an infinite-dimensional Hecke algebra, and knot invariants. Zbl 0716.20008
Vershik, A. M.; Kerov, S. V.
1989
Local stationary algebras. Zbl 0810.16015
Vershik, A. M.
1991
Cohomology of groups in unitary representations, neighbourhood of the unit and conditionally positive definite functions. Zbl 0513.43009
Vershik, A. M.; Karpushev, S. I.
1982
Many-valued measure-preserving mappings (polymorphisms) and Markovian operators. Zbl 0517.28016
Vershik, A. M.
1983
A commutative model of presentation of the group of flows $$SL(2,R)^ X$$ that is connected with a unipotent subgroup. Zbl 0536.22008
Vershik, A. M.; Gel’fand, I. M.; Graev, M. I.
1983
The theory of filtrations of subalgebras, standardness, and independence. Zbl 1370.05220
Vershik, A. M.
2017
The Pascal automorphism has a continuous spectrum. Zbl 1271.37007
Vershik, A. M.
2011
Examples of nonlinear continuous tensor products of measure spaces and non-Fock factorizations. Zbl 0912.46022
Tsirelson, B. S.; Vershik, A. M.
1998
Product of commuting spectral measures need not be countably additive. Zbl 0423.28008
Birman, M. Sh.; Vershik, A. M.; Solomyak, M. Z.
1979
Structure of the complementary series and special representations of the groups $$O(n,1)$$ and $$U(n,1)$$. Zbl 1148.22017
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2006
$$C^*$$-algebras associated with endomorphisms and polymorphisms of compact abelian groups. Zbl 1278.46050
Cuntz, Joachim; Vershik, Anatoly
2013
Convex rearrangements of random walks. (Réarrangements convexes des marches aléatoires.) Zbl 0903.60006
Davydov, Yu.; Vershik, A. M.
1998
Ergodicity and totality of partitions associated with the RSK correspondence. Zbl 1475.05171
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2021
A method of defining central and Gibbs measures and the ergodic method. Zbl 07424703
Vershik, A. M.
2021
Combinatorial encoding of Bernoulli schemes and the asymptotic behavior of Young tableaux. Zbl 1450.05098
Vershik, A. M.
2020
Three theorems on the uniqueness of the Plancherel measure from different viewpoints. Zbl 1436.20020
Vershik, A. M.
2019
Asymptotics of the partition of the cube into Weyl simplices and an encoding of a Bernoulli scheme. Zbl 1427.37033
Vershik, A. M.
2019
The absolute of finitely generated groups. I: Commutative (semi)groups. Zbl 1403.28014
Vershik, Anatoly M.; Malyutin, Andrei V.
2018
Infinite geodesics in the discrete Heisenberg group. Zbl 1393.37047
Vershik, A. M.; Malyutin, A. V.
2018
The absolute of finitely generated groups. II: The Laplacian and degenerate parts. Zbl 1483.20125
Vershik, A. M.; Malyutin, A. V.
2018
The theory of filtrations of subalgebras, standardness, and independence. Zbl 1370.05220
Vershik, A. M.
2017
On the relationship between combinatorial functions and representation theory. Zbl 1369.20013
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2017
Special representations of the Iwasawa subgroups of simple Lie groups. Zbl 1375.22010
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2017
Universal adic approximation, invariant measures and scaled entropy. Zbl 1382.37009
Vershik, Anatolii M.; Zatitskii, Pavel B.
2017
Equivalence of the Brownian and energy representations. Zbl 1360.22026
Albeverio, S.; Driver, B. K.; Gordina, Maria; Vershik, A. M.
2016
Cohomology of the Iwasawa subgroup of the group $$U(p,p)$$ in nonunitary representations. Zbl 1354.22019
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2016
Integration of virtually continuous functions over bistochastic measures and the trace formula for nuclear operators. Zbl 1345.28001
Vershik, A. M.; Zatitskiĭ, P. B.; Petrov, F. V.
2016
Smoothness and standardness in the theory of $$AF$$-algebras and in the problem on invariant measures. Zbl 1388.22004
Vershik, A.
2016
Asymptotic theory of path spaces of graded graphs and its applications. Zbl 1409.37051
Vershik, Anatoly M.
2016
Equipped graded graphs, projective limits of simplices, and their boundaries. Zbl 1323.05127
Vershik, A. M.
2015
Laplace operators on the cone of Radon measures. Zbl 1327.60105
Kondratiev, Yuri; Lytvynov, Eugene; Vershik, Anatoly
2015
Classification of finite metric spaces and combinatorics of convex polytopes. Zbl 1348.54021
Vershik, A. M.
2015
Phase transition in the exit boundary problem for random walks on groups. Zbl 1328.60117
Vershik, A. M.; Malyutin, A. V.
2015
Several remarks on Pascal automorphism and infinite ergodic theory. Zbl 1344.37012
Vershik, Anatoly M.
2015
The serpentine representation of the infinite symmetric group and the basic representation of the affine Lie algebra $$\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}_2}$$. Zbl 1319.20011
Tsilevich, Natalia V.; Vershik, Anatoly M.
2015
Standardness as an invariant formulation of independence. Zbl 1383.28001
Vershik, A. M.
2015
The problem of describing central measures on the path spaces of graded graphs. Zbl 1370.37005
Vershik, A. M.
2014
Intrinsic metric on graded graphs, standardness, and invariant measures. Zbl 1336.28014
Vershik, A. M.
2014
Finite traces and representations of the group of infinite matrices over a finite field. Zbl 1286.22004
Gorin, Vadim; Kerov, Sergei; Vershik, Anatoly
2014
Infinite-dimensional Schur-Weyl duality and the Coxeter-Laplace operator. Zbl 1306.20007
Tsilevich, N. V.; Vershik, A. M.
2014
Cohomology in nonunitary representations of semisimple Lie groups (the group $$U(2,2)$$). Zbl 1317.22011
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2014
A few snapshots from the work of Mikhail Gromov. Zbl 1317.01017
Burago, D.; Eliashberg, Y.; Bestvina, M.; Forstnerič, F.; Guth, L.; Nabutovsky, A.; Phillips, A.; Roe, J.; Vershik, A.
2014
Virtual continuity of measurable functions and its applications. Zbl 1320.28003
Vershik, A. M.; Zatitskiy, P. B.; Petrov, F. V.
2014
Nonsingular transformations of symmetric Lévy processes. Zbl 1317.60057
Vershik, A. M.; Smorodina, N. V.
2014
Two ways to define compatible metrics on the simplex of measures. Zbl 1319.46024
Vershik, A. M.
2014
Long history of the Monge-Kantorovich transportation problem. Zbl 1284.01041
Vershik, A. M.
2013
Geometry and dynamics of admissible metrics in measure spaces. Zbl 1261.37004
Vershik, Anatoly M.; Zatitskiy, Pavel B.; Petrov, Fedor V.
2013
$$C^*$$-algebras associated with endomorphisms and polymorphisms of compact abelian groups. Zbl 1278.46050
Cuntz, Joachim; Vershik, Anatoly
2013
Virtual continuity of measurable functions of several variables and embedding theorems. Zbl 1305.28004
Vershik, A. M.; Zatitskiy, P. B.; Petrov, F. V.
2013
On classification of measurable functions of several variables. Zbl 1388.28003
Vershik, A. M.
2013
Special representations of nilpotent Lie groups and the associated Poisson representations of current groups. Zbl 1298.22006
Vershik, Anatoly M.; Graev, Mark I.
2013
Totally nonfree actions and the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1294.37004
Vershik, A. M.
2012
Scaling entropy and automorphisms with pure point spectrum. Zbl 1251.37009
Vershik, A. M.
2012
The Poisson model of the Fock space and representations of current groups. Zbl 1256.81058
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2012
Special representations of the groups $$U(\infty,1)$$ and $$O(\infty,1)$$ and the associated representations of the current groups $$U(\infty,1)^X$$ and $$O(\infty,1)^X$$ in quasi-Poisson spaces. Zbl 1279.22032
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2012
Leonid Vital’evich Kantorovich (on the 100th anniversary of his birth). Zbl 1253.01043
Vershik, A. M.; Kutateladze, S. S.; Novikov, S. P.
2012
Nonfree actions of countable groups and their characters. Zbl 1279.37004
Vershik, A. M.
2011
The Pascal automorphism has a continuous spectrum. Zbl 1271.37007
Vershik, A. M.
2011
Description of the characters and factor representations of the infinite symmetric inverse semigroup. Zbl 1271.20072
Vershik, A. M.; Nikitin, P. P.
2011
The word and geodesic problems in free solvable groups. Zbl 1207.20026
Myasnikov, A.; Roman’kov, V.; Ushakov, A.; Vershik, A.
2010
Dynamics of metrics in measure spaces and their asymptotic invariants. Zbl 1203.37020
Vershik, A. M.
2010
Uncountable graphs and invariant measures on the set of universal countable graphs. Zbl 1209.05158
Petrov, Fedor; Vershik, Anatoly
2010
Numerical experiments in problems of asymptotic representation theory.. Zbl 1288.20012
Vershik, A.; Pavlov, D.
2010
Orbit theory, locally finite permutations and Morse arithmetic. Zbl 1217.37002
Vershik, A. M.
2010
Mikhail Shlemovich Birman (obituary). Zbl 1219.01025
Babich, V. M.; Buslaev, V. S.; Vershik, A. M.; Gindikin, S. G.; Kislyakov, S. V.; Laptev, A.; Marchenko, V. A.; Nikol’skii, N. K.; Pastur, L. A.; Plamenevskii, B. A.; Solomyak, M. Z.; Suslina, T. A.; Ural’tseva, N. N.; Faddeev, L. D.; Khavin, V. P.; Yafaev, D. R.
2010
Integral models of representations of the current groups of simple Lie groups. Zbl 1202.22019
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2009
The adic realization of the Morse transformation and the extension of its action to the solenoid. Zbl 1303.37004
Vershik, A. M.; Solomyak, B.
2009
Linearly rigid metric spaces and the embedding problem. Zbl 1178.46016
Melleray, J.; Petrov, F. V.; Vershik, A. M.
2008
Globalization of the partial isometries of metric spaces and local approximation of the group of isometries of Urysohn space. Zbl 1160.54020
Vershik, A. M.
2008
Scaled entropy of filtrations of $$\sigma$$-fields. Zbl 1161.28005
Vershik, A. M.; Gorbulsky, A. D.
2008
Integral models of representations of current groups. Zbl 1162.22019
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2008
Algebraic polymorphisms. Zbl 1154.37304
Schmidt, Klaus; Vershik, Anatoly
2008
Invariant measures for the continual Cartan subgroup. Zbl 1187.37007
Vershik, A. M.
2008
The behavior of the Laplace transform of the invariant measure on the hypersphere of high dimension. Zbl 1178.58010
Vershik, A. M.
2008
A new approach to the representation theory of the symmetric groups. IV: $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$-graded groups and algebras; projective representations of the group $$S_n$$. Zbl 1196.20017
Vershik, A. M.; Sergeev, A. N.
2008
The local stationary presentation of the alternating groups and the normal form. Zbl 1150.20001
Vershik, A.; Vsemirnov, M.
2008
Integral models of unitary representations of current groups with values in semidirect products. Zbl 1162.22020
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2008
Representation theory, dynamical systems, combinatorial methods. Part 16. (Теория представлений, динамические системы, комбинаторные методы. 16.) Zbl 1170.49302
2008
Boundaries of braid groups and the Markov-Ivanovsky normal form. Zbl 1155.60033
Vershik, A. M.; Malyutin, A. V.
2008
Does there exist a Lebesgue measure in the infinite-dimensional space? Zbl 1165.28003
Vershik, A. M.
2007
Induced representations of the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1153.20008
Tsilevich, N. V.; Vershik, A. M.
2007
Krein duality, positive 2-algebras, and the dilation of comultiplications. Zbl 1184.16034
Vershik, A. M.
2007
Induced representations of the infinite symmetric group and their spectral theory. Zbl 1327.20010
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2007
Markov measures on Young tableaux and induced representations of the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1155.20013
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2007
Representation theory, dynamical systems, combinatorial methods. Part 15. Transl. from the Russian. Zbl 1136.49301
2007
What is good for mathematics? Thoughts on the Clay Millennium Prizes. Zbl 1128.01314
Vershik, Anatoly
2007
$$C^*$$-algebras of irreversible dynamical systems. Zbl 1104.46037
Exel, R.; Vershik, A.
2006
Some isometry groups of the Urysohn space. Zbl 1108.54027
Cameron, P. J.; Vershik, A. M.
2006
The Kantorovich metric: the initial history and little-known applications. Zbl 1090.28009
Vershik, A. M.
2006
Twisted Burnside theorem for type $$\text{II}_1$$ groups: an example. Zbl 1143.20026
Fel’shtyn, Alexander; Troitsky, Evgenij; Vershik, Anatoly
2006
Structure of the complementary series and special representations of the groups $$O(n,1)$$ and $$U(n,1)$$. Zbl 1148.22017
Vershik, A. M.; Graev, M. I.
2006
On different models of representations of the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1149.20013
Tsilevich, N. V.; Vershik, A. M.
2006
Fluctuations of the maximal particle energy of the quantum ideal gas and random partitions. Zbl 1113.82010
Vershik, A.; Yakubovich, Yu.
2006
What does a generic Markov operator look like? Zbl 1173.47306
Vershik, A. M.
2006
Gelfand-Tsetlin algebras, expectations, inverse limits, Fourier analysis. Zbl 1101.22002
Vershik, A. M.
2006
Traces on infinite-dimensional Brauer algebras. Zbl 1137.20011
Nikitin, P. P.; Vershik, A. M.
2006
Compactness of the congruence group of measurable functions in several variables. Zbl 1127.28001
Vershik, A. M.; Haböck, U.
2006
Universality and randomness for the graphs and metric spaces. 2nd printing. Zbl 1134.05098
Vershik, A. M.
2006
A new approach to the representation theory of symmetric groups. II. Zbl 1083.20502
Vershik, A. M.; Okoun’kov, A. Yu.
2005
Polymorphisms, Markov processes, and quasi-similarity. Zbl 1115.37002
Vershik, A. M.
2005
The basic representation of the current group $$O(n,1)^X$$ in the $$L^2$$ space over the generalized Lebesgue measure. Zbl 1147.22013
Graev, M. I.; Vershik, A. M.
2005
Geometrical approach to the free solvable groups. Zbl 1104.20034
Vershik, A. M.; Dobrynin, S. V.
2005
A commutative model of a representation of the group $$O(n, 1)^{X}$$ and a generalized Lebesgue measure in the space of distributions. Zbl 1135.22018
Graev, M. I.; Vershik, A. M.
2005
On the Fourier transform on the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1078.43002
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2005
Harmonic analysis on the infinite symmetric group. Zbl 1057.43005
Kerov, Sergei; Olshanski, Grigori; Vershik, Anatoly
2004
Random and universal metric spaces. Zbl 1124.28012
Vershik, Anatoly M.
2004
Ol’ga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (obituary). Zbl 1062.01503
Arnol’d, V. I.; Birman, M. Sh.; Vershik, A. M.; et al.
2004
Random metric spaces and universality. Zbl 1065.60005
Vershik, A. M.
2003
Fock factorizations and decompositions of the $$L^ 2$$ spaces over general Lévy processes. Zbl 1060.46056
Vershik, A. M.; Tsilevich, N. V.
2003
Frobenius-Schur functions (with an appendix by Vladimir Ivanov). Zbl 1051.05077
Olshanski, Grigori; Regev, Amitai; Vershik, Anatoly
2003
Two lectures on the asymptotic representation theory and statistics of Young diagrams. Zbl 1035.05101
Vershik, A.
2003
Asymptotics of the uniform measure on simplices, and random compositions and partitions. Zbl 1081.60009
Vershik, A. M.; Yakubovich, Yu. V.
2003
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## FANDOM
10,503 Pages
In the archive 1 someone propose $$\omega_1^\text{DEF}$$ as the growth rate of Rayo(n). Can someone please explain me what is this ordinal? I didn't find anything about it :/ Fluoroantimonic Acid (talk) 11:06, June 13, 2015 (UTC)
This ordinal was defined as "the least ordinal undefinable in [some formal system here]", but the community came to the conclusion that it causes too much confusion, as this lead to many people thinking there exists the least undefinable ordinal, which is paradoxical concept. LittlePeng9 (talk) 11:11, June 13, 2015 (UTC)
Ok, thanks Fluoroantimonic Acid (talk) 11:20, June 13, 2015 (UTC)
The main reason it was removed is because it wasn't from any source. -- vel! 15:58, August 3, 2015 (UTC)
Fun fact: Rayo(n) and FOST(n) aren't exactly the same, because for Rayo(n) you don't directly have access to all FOST's alphabet (e.g. you can't use the "implies" symbol directly). Of course you don't really need these, Rayo's microlanguage has everything it needs, but it costs a little more symbols, so FOST(n) will often be a very, very little bigger than Rayo(n) for the same n. I would say that Rayo(n) < FOST(n) < Rayo(2*n) Fluoroantimonic Acid (talk) 13:19, August 3, 2015 (UTC)
I don't see how the definition of Rayo(n) allows use of the "implies" symbol. The definition of Sat clearly states what operators are allowed: ∈ = ¬ ∧ ∃. -- vel! 15:58, August 3, 2015 (UTC)
I think what he is saying is precisely that Rayo(n) doesn't allow it, but "implies" is part of FOST, so FOST(n) would have to allow it. LittlePeng9 (talk) 16:17, August 3, 2015 (UTC)
I don't see how "implies" is part of FOST either, if we have no precise definition of FOST at hand aside from Rayo's. I can argue that ordinal addition is a valid FOST operator since it can be defined in FOST. -- vel! 18:08, August 3, 2015 (UTC)
Did Rayo said the name "FOST"? Just wanna know. Also, I consider that as a first-order language it inherits all symbols of the first-order logic "framework" Fluoroantimonic Acid (talk) 16:46, August 10, 2015 (UTC)
"the smallest natural number that cannot be uniquely identified by a FOST expression of at most n symbols" The article says this is a trivial variation on Rayo's function. However, wouldn't this be much, much weaker, as Rayo's function cannot express all integers up to Rayo's number. This should be an approximately exponential growth rate, hardly uncomputable. Am I misunderstanding something? Maybe called Googology Noob (talk) 14:16, January 11, 2016 (UTC)
Fixed. Thanks. -- vel! 00:40, January 12, 2016 (UTC)
## Better Bounds
Did you know about Rayo(10^100) > 3.333E98? AarexWikia04 - 22:58, August 1, 2016 (UTC)
Really? Then how do we know it is more powerful than BB(10^100) for example? Or is it just that it grows quite slowly? Mush9 (talk) 20:58, November 20, 2016 (UTC)
Aarex's comment is like saying that Graham's number is bigger than 10^40. This is without a doubt true, but Graham's number is far larger than 10^40. Similarly, Rayo(10^100) is far larger than 3.333E98. As for how we know it is larger than BB(10^100), the idea is that we can define Turing machines and Busy Beaver function is relatively small number of characters (at most a few tens of thousands, I'd believe) and we can in FOST the number BB(10^101) in not many more characters. LittlePeng9 (talk) 21:49, November 20, 2016 (UTC)
## Axioms of FOST
Formal system consists of symbols, grammer, axioms and inference rules. FOST defines symbols, grammer, logical axioms and inference rules in the first order logic. However, non-logical axioms are not explicitly declared.
As the domain of discourse of FOST is a von Neumann universe, it is natural to assume that FOST uses ZFC. Is it correct? Then if we use ZFC + "there exists I0 cardinal", we have FOST-I0. FOST-I0 should be stronger than FOST, but how strong is it? Can we also make similar extention to FOOT? 🐟 Fish fish fish ... 🐠 20:36, August 9, 2016 (UTC)
If you want axioms to be relevant, you must be talking about what can be can be proven from those axioms - something like ZFC(n) = "the largest natural number m such that there is a FOST sentence phi of length n or less such that ZFC proves that m is the unique natural number to satisfy phi", or something similar. Such a function cannot significantly outgrow the Busy Beaver function: For each sentence phi, one can define a Turing machine that searches through all ZFC proofs and all m for a proof that phi is uniquely satisfied by m. Then with an oracle for the BB function (and therefore the halting function), we can define an oracle Turing machine that runs through the finitely many phi of n characters or less, picks out the ones that have ZFC proofs that phi is satisfied by some natural number, and finds the largest such natural number - this is ZFC(n).
So, to get significantly beyond the Busy Beaver function, we must abandoned provability in a recursively enumerable theory, and talk about truth in a particular model. For Rayo's function, we take the von Neumann universe V, and use FOST as the language of choice (as opposed to formal theory, which includes axioms that we are not worried about). Of course, to believe this works, we must be sufficiently Platonic to believe that V is well-specified. Deedlit11 (talk) 07:36, August 10, 2016 (UTC)
Oh, I see. I've been thinking that FOST is a kind of first-order logic, but actually it isn't, because it doesn't have axioms. As it is explained in the main text that FOST is a first-order logic, I will note in the text that FOST doesn't include axioms. 🐟 Fish fish fish ... 🐠 11:25, August 10, 2016 (UTC)
I do not know about the axioms of FOST. AarexWikia04 - 11:54, August 10, 2016 (UTC)
No, but basic functions like ZFC(n) = "The largest number F(n) such that there is a proof from the ZFC axioms that is Rayo-nameable in n symbols and proves that F is total" do work, and easily outgrow all functions provably total in ZFC, such as the Busy Beaver function, and oracles, diagonalised oracles, etc. In fact, T(n) = "The largest number F(n) such that there is a proof from [any consistent theory that extends T and whose axioms not in T are collectively Rayo-nameable in n symbols] that is Rayo-nameable in n symbols and proves that F is total" is even faster growing, and all we need to do is have T be strong enough to talk about finite ordinals (e.g. general set theory), and it beats all functions provably recursive in any extension of T with only finitely many extra axioms. Notably, this includes ZFC as we can finitely axiomise it with the one-sorted variant of NBG, and even ZFC + "There exists a strongly compact cardinal," as the latter is a first-order large cardinal axiom. ~εmli 23:03, August 14, 2016 (UTC)
Hmm, I suppose you are saying that ZFC proves the Busy Beaver function total because one can argue that there are some finite number of Turing machines that halt, and we are simply taking the maximum score of all such machines. In a similar sense, for any fast-growing function f whatsoever, we can define g(n) = f(n) if f(n) is defined, and g(n) = 0 otherwise; then ZFC (or presumably much weaker) will prove that g(n) is total, and if f(n) is total (with or without a proof) then g(n) = f(n).
But, I don't see how this is a "fix" for Rayo's function; the issue was that no r.e. consistent formal theory determined Rayo's function for all n, but the same is true for your ZFC(n). Yes, proofs are involved in the definition of ZFC(n), but that seems like a red herring. Deedlit11 (talk) 00:47, August 15, 2016 (UTC)
I disagree, as the proofs involved for the totality of the above ZFC function do not require selecting a specific model, whereas they do for Rayo's function. If what you say is the issue at hand, then I am solving a different problem. ~εmli 14:48, August 15, 2016 (UTC)
Anyway, Does not the Rayo's function have any axioms? I just thought Rayo's function doesn't have any axioms and the axioms to make a large number are arranged in the limited n symbols. However, ZFC or PA need the infinite symbols for define the axiom schemas. The axiom schema of specification or the axiom schema of replacement cannot be defined finite symbols of Rayo language. The mathematical induction in Peano also cannot be defined finite symbols. These schemas needs second order logic for their complete definition. Doesn't Rayo's function become week without these schemas? Koteitan (talk) 07:10, May 4, 2018 (UTC)
## Rayo's number isn't defined
Quoting a recent xkcd post:
Rayo's number is undefined. (Rayo's function is too, and basic extensions like Big Foot.)
For the values of Rayo's number to be defined, you have to work in a specific model (a specific set of first order axioms, which could be a rectification to the system, is not sufficient). For a simple example, suppose that we work in ZFC, and $$\beth_1 = \aleph_n$$ is independent of ZFC (proven, but we might be working in an extension) for each n, and the formula which is true for only n requires k symbols (k is likely only a few thousand).
Now, as this value is an upper bound for Rayo(k), suppose n, in the model we work in, is larger than that. Contradiction. Note that we've already proven that n is idependent, so either we assume that we can only go off provability in [theory], which is both weak (enumerate all proofs in the theory, assuming Rayo(n) is well defined) and dependent on the theory, or choose a model, which requires choosing a model based on a system where we have no axioms to go off of, which is completely arbitrary.
We can, of course, go one further by noting that the definition of a "natural number" may fail in a non-well founded theory and not fail in a well-founded one. Also, it is quite well known that all first-order theories that have an infinite model have infinitely many (at least one of each infinite cardinality), so even if we added restrictions so that we also have to make an axiomatic system, the idea (at the least, for first-order theories) is failed from the get-go.
Edited to add: Going back to the main point, for Rayo's function to be total, it needs to work in a system of absolute truths, as otherwise there exist sufficiently long formulas (length k and above) which may evaluate to any n (as the result is independent from the system), and this n may be larger than Rayo(k), making Rayo's function undefined for the values >=k. No such system of absolute truths can be formulated in first order logic excepting very basic ones: we either need a complete and consistent axiom system (which we can't have*, due to Gödel's incompleteness theorem), or a theory with a single model (which we can't have**, due to the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem).
If I had to suggest how to "fix" the function, I would say that R(n) is the largest number F(n), such that F can be proven total in a finitely-axiomisable (one-sorted) first-order theory which can be described with at most n symbols [in the way Rayo used]. This function grows faster than any function provably total in ZFC (using a finite axiomisation of the one-sorted variant of NBG), however this might not be the case for stronger theories or second-order theories.
*Unless the theory is very weak i.e. it does not incorporate Robinson Arithmetic.
**As the model must be infinite for our purposes, presumably. It may be possible to measure the size of very large finite models, however this does not seem to hold much promise, and better methods definitely exist. ~εmli 23:03, August 14, 2016 (UTC)
What you write is true; see my post in the section before this one. Rayo's number is meant to be defined for a specific model, namely the von Neumann universe V. If you take the position that truth in V is ambiguous, then Rayo's number will be undefined, as will BIG FOOT. It seems likely that Rayo is a Platonist; I know from talking with Wojowu that he (Wojowu) is quite Platonist. So for them their functions are well-defined, for many others they will not be.
Note that even the Busy Beaver function has this same problem; for any recursively enumerable consistent theory T, T cannot determine the Busy Beaver function beyond a particular point, which means there are models of the theory T which differ on the Busy Beaver function past a certain point. Deedlit11 (talk) 23:04, August 14, 2016 (UTC)
I would say that the busy beaver function doesn't have the same problem: it is everywhere defined (easily), and the truth of such depends on the theory; models don't come into the question. Rayo's function, on the other hand, cannot be proven within the theory without talking about the models, and if we merely restrict our knowledge to a theory, then (unlike BB) we can draw contradictions like shown above. ~εmli 14:48, August 15, 2016 (UTC)
## Values
Has anyone tried to get the first several values of Rayo's function? Rayo(1), Rayo(2), etc.?
Well, the first few values don't exist, as the first valid definition of a number is (¬∃2(2∈1)), which defines 0. So Rayo(n) doesn't exist for n<=9, and Rayo(10)=0. I think after that the next few values are also 0. Tomtom2357 (talk) 08:39, October 3, 2016 (UTC)
As Rayo(n) is defined as "the smallest nonnegative integer" greater than ..., Rayo(0)=0, because it is the smallest nonnegative integer. 🐟 Fish fish fish ... 🐠 04:13, October 4, 2016 (UTC)
Use now ¬∃2:2∈1. We don't need to parenthesize the ¬, nor to use 1 parenthesis pair instead of just a colon for existential quantifier. 80.98.179.160 15:43, December 22, 2017 (UTC)
So, do Rayo (7) exist and is it zero? Tetramur (talk) 10:20, May 28, 2019 (UTC)
It exists under a suitable axiom of second order logic. Maybe it is zero. On the other hand, $$\textrm{Rayo}(10)$$ is greater than $$0$$, because the $$\textrm{FOST}$$-formula $$\neg (\exists x_1(x_1 \in x_0))$$ names $$0$$.
EDIT: I mistook the syntax. The formula $$\neg (\exists x_1(x_1 \in x_0))$$ should be $$(\neg \exists x_2(x_2 \in x_1))$$.
p-adic 15:17, May 28, 2019 (UTC)
## Rayo's ordinal
Let's define $$\alpha$$ to be the first $$\alpha$$ so that $$f_\alpha(n)$$ can never be hot. Now I define first few terms of $$\alpha[n]$$:
$$\alpha[0] = 2+2=4$$
$$\alpha[1] = \text{minus 1, that's 3, quick maths}$$
$$\alpha[2] = \text{logarithm} = 44$$
$$\alpha[3] = \text{Scootnum}$$
$$\alpha[4] = \text{Ratnum}$$
$$\alpha[5] = \text{Oosnah}$$
$$\alpha[6] = \text{Smoke trees}$$
$$\alpha[7] = \text{integral}$$
$$\alpha[8] = \text{Quack quack quack}$$
$$\alpha[9] = \text{Asznee}$$
$$\alpha[10] = \text{Rice Krispie}$$
$$\alpha[11] = \text{Nose long like garden hose}$$
$$\alpha[12] = \text{No ketchup}$$
$$\alpha[13] = \text{Just sauce}$$
$$\alpha[14] = \text{Raw sauce}$$
$$\alpha[15] = \text{Fire, fire, fire in the booth}$$
Ya dun know any other terms of fundamental sequence of $$\alpha$$. 185.24.68.84 13:58, November 18, 2016 (UTC)
$$\alpha$$ is not well-defined. Also, whatever $$\alpha$$ would be, specifying 16 completely arbitrary ordinals doesn't specify the fundamental sequence in the slightest. $$\alpha$$, as long as it's limit, will have infinitely many fundamental sequences, yet you have made no progress towards specifying any single one. But since I know the community here at least a little, I suppose Aarex will come and and help you with this helpless task. LittlePeng9 (talk) 14:14, November 18, 2016 (UTC)
Replaced the whole thing with cooler terms Chronolegends (talk) 18:28, November 18, 2016 (UTC)
Replaced the whole thing with cooler commands. LittlePeng9 (talk) 20:04, November 18, 2016 (UTC)
Replaced the thing with even cooler terms, if I'm not too late. ArtismScrub (talk) 01:38, January 12, 2018 (UTC)
## How is it so strong?
How does the Rayo's function go beyond other uncomputable functions like the busy beaver function and xi function? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.104.162 (talkcontribs) 18:27, November 19, 2016 (UTC)
The basic idea is that you can define TMs and SKIO calculus in set theory (doing so is tedious, but possible). You can then iterate them and what not. LittlePeng9 (talk) 19:23, November 19, 2016 (UTC)
LittlePeng9 do you happen to know any webpages that have turing machines being defined and iterated by set theory? If you do then could you post those weblinks, so i could visit those webpages? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.104.162 (talkcontribs)
Wikipedia has a formal definition of Turing machines, but you seem to be asking about a definition in the language of set theory. I doubt anyone has ever done that, since it is an extremely tedious thing to do. The closest thing I can direct you to is this post, in which a description in a semi-formal language is given. Also, I give a description of a description (sic) of a specific Turing machine in FOST here.
As for iterating, what I meant is given a function f(n) defined in FOST (presumably as a set of ordered pairs), you can also define in FOST the function f(f(n)) (for example), and having done this for f=BB you beat BB(n). Calling this set of ordered tuples F, you can define f(f(n)) as a set of ordered tuples FF using (borrowing notation from here):
$$(x,y)\in FF\Leftrightarrow\exists A,B,z:x=\mathrm{car}(A)\land z = \mathrm{cdr}(A)\land z = \mathrm{car}(B)\land y = \mathrm{cdr}(B)\land A\in F\land B\in F$$. LittlePeng9 (talk) 20:37, November 20, 2016 (UTC)
What if I don't understand formal definitions? 109.236.81.168 20:44, November 20, 2016 (UTC)
Then that's your problem. Writing an informal definition into FOST is not possible without formalizing it. LittlePeng9 (talk) 21:43, November 20, 2016 (UTC)
Okay thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.107.103 (talkcontribs)
## Ordinals
How does Rayo's function go beyond large ordinals like, SVO, LVO, and BHO? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.83.217 (talkcontribs)
What does it mean that a function goes beyond an ordinal? LittlePeng9 (talk) 20:49, November 23, 2016 (UTC)
He means how the function grows faster than these ordinals applied to a nonnegative integer,using the fast-growing hierarchy.He just worded it badly,but you know what he meant by that,you just wanted it formaly.....,right?Boboris02 (talk) 20:58, November 23, 2016 (UTC)
I was just wondering whether they knew what they were talking about, or whether it's just yet another person throwing words around. LittlePeng9 (talk) 21:11, November 23, 2016 (UTC)
if he were to respond to it as it was, a precedent would be set that incorrect things are true, which could mess up the learning process for newcomers
now, for a proper answer: FGH_x(n) where x is a countable ordinal is computable, and Rayo(n)>BB(n)> all computable functions.Chronolegends (talk) 21:31, November 23, 2016 (UTC)
This isn't strictly correct: leaving aside the issue of having to specify fundamental sequences (which can be done in multiple reasonable ways), we can only possibly claim that $$f_\alpha(n)$$ is computable when $$\alpha$$ is computable (a.k.a. recursive) ordinal, but not necessarily when it's a larger countable ordinal. So once one replaces "countable" with "recursive", I'd agree. LittlePeng9 (talk) 21:40, November 23, 2016 (UTC)
I didn't know there were ways to make sequences for those, i guess i still have much research to do myself. That replacement does fix it, or one could also replace the whole phrase with " for x < ω1Ck " Chronolegends (talk) 07:04, November 24, 2016 (UTC)
So FOST is a language made up of symbols and you can use those symbols to define computable functions and non computable functions. You can then iterate those functions and go beyond those functions. Is this true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.104.199 (talkcontribs)
Yes, that's correct. LittlePeng9 (talk) 14:06, December 1, 2016 (UTC)
Is f(f(n)) an example of function iteration? Does f(n) represent all computable functions? How does n relate to f in f(n)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.56.14.33 (talkcontribs)
Yes, f(f(n)) is such an example. Function iteration simply means applying the same function to an argument multiple times; in this case, we apply the function f to n twice.
The notation f(n) can represent any function, not just computable ones. The letter f is a common notation for arbitrary function.
I'm not sure how to interpret the third question; in the setting we are considering, f is any function and n is any natural number, and a priori we don't consider any relation between them. Once we write f(n), we get a new number which is the value of the function f at n. LittlePeng9 (talk) 18:40, December 1, 2016 (UTC)
So n is like the limit of f (function)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.107.127 (talkcontribs)
n is just any number. LittlePeng9 (talk) 21:35, December 1, 2016 (UTC)
Okay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.110.254 (talkcontribs)
## Bytes
Are symbols the same as bytes? Do symbols represent bytes? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.110.254 (talkcontribs)
No and no. LittlePeng9 (talk) 08:41, December 2, 2016 (UTC)
## Microlanguage
What is a microlanguage? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.86.184 (talkcontribs)
Please remember to sign your posts. It isn't a meaningful term and it was coined for this article. It should probably be removed. -- vel! 19:37, December 3, 2016 (UTC)
## Surge in activity
We're getting a huge amount of traffic on this talk page and also for the busy beaver page. Did we get linked somewhere, or is it just one very persistent person? -- vel! 19:38, December 3, 2016 (UTC)
I want to ask a question about Rayo's function. How come the more symbols you use to define a number, the larger the number will be? For example, Rayo(30) is larger than Rayo(20), because it uses more symbols.
^
Because more symbols allow for a more complex output Chronolegends (talk) 22:19, December 6, 2016 (UTC)
I think a good way to understand it is to think about programs. The largest number that you can output using a C program (to pick a random language) of 100 characters or less will be less than the largest number that you can output with 110 characters or less, since you can take the winning 100 character C program and add 1 to the number, or square it, or run it through a function call more times or with a bigger argument. So the Busy Beaver for pretty much any programming language will keep getting bigger and bigger. You can think of FOST as something like a programming language, but it is more powerful. (It's not restricted to algorithms.) Deedlit11 (talk) 09:56, December 7, 2016 (UTC)
Could someone show me an example of tetration being defined in FOST?172.58.104.184 00:26, December 14, 2016 (UTC)
At the bottom of Vel's page on FOST, you can find implementations for Addition, Multiplication, and Exponentiation, and it shouldn't be too hard to see the pattern. Tetration would go like:
∀x,y,z: ((x, y), z) ∈ Tet ⇔ (x,y,z ∈ ω ∧ ((y = 0 ∧ z = 1) ∨ (∃a,b: Sa = y ∧ (z = apply(Exp, (x, b)) ∧ ((x, a), b) ∈ Tet)))
T = apply(Tet, (a, b))
although, now that I look at it, it doesn't look like Vel defines "apply" anywhere. Deedlit11 (talk) 10:10, December 14, 2016 (UTC)
The idea of using "apply" is to emphasize what set in the definition is the function being defined. Semiformally, apply(F,x) is the result of F(x), or more formally, the unique y such that (x,y) ∈ F. I guess it's not defined on the page because it is not the part of the actual definition of a function. LittlePeng9 (talk) 15:34, December 16, 2016 (UTC)
## FGH in FOST
Is anyone able to simulate the fast-growing hierachy in FOST? I don't quite see how ordinals could be included. Mush9 (talk) 14:02, December 16, 2016 (UTC)
This isn't a full answer, but rather an idea. There is a single formula in the language of FOST stating "$$\alpha$$ is an ordinal" (which can state, for example "$$\alpha$$ is a Transitive set and so is every element of $$\alpha$$"). We can then define FGH as a set $$F$$ of quadruples $$(n,m,\alpha,N)$$, where $$n,m,N$$ are natural numbers, $$\alpha$$ is an ordinal, and the tuple gives $$f_\alpha^m(n)=N$$. The rules of FGH would then be:
• $$(n,1,0,n+1)\in F$$,
• $$(n,m+1,\alpha,N)\in F$$ iff for some $$N'$$ $$(n,m,\alpha,N')\in F$$ and $$(N',1,\alpha,N)\in F$$,
• $$(n,1,\alpha+1,N)\in F$$ iff $$(n,n,\alpha,N)\in F$$,
• $$(n,1,\alpha,N)\in F$$ iff $$(n,1,\alpha[n],N)\in F$$.
Now, while its easy to see how one would formally translate the first three into FOST, fr=or the last one we have to actually define fundamental sequences in FOST. We again do it using a set of tuples: $$(\alpha,n,\beta)$$ meaning $$\alpha[n]=\beta$$. This is the difficult part, but here is how one might define it for ordinals up to $$\omega^\omega$$: we consider the set of infinite tuples $$(a_0,a_1,\dots)$$ of natural numbers, all but finitely many of which are zero, and we think of them as representing $$a_0\omega^0+a_1\omega^1+\dots$$. We can well-order this set by reverse lexicographical order (I think), and theorems on well-orders tell us there is a unique monotonic bijection between this set and $$\omega^\omega$$. Once we have this representation, it's quite straightforward to define their fundamental sequences.
For $$\omega^{\omega^\omega}$$ we can do something similar, but with lists of lists of natural numbers, and for $$\varepsilon_0$$ we can allow arbitrarily nested such lists. In general, the first step is to establish a bijection between an ordinal and certain set which is easier to work with, and define fundamental sequences with help of this set. The details are tedious and I am not going to provide all of them, but feel free to ask more specific questions. LittlePeng9 (talk) 15:59, December 16, 2016 (UTC)
What are characters in Kolmogorov Complexity and FOST? How do they relate?172.58.97.31 01:41, December 20, 2016 (UTC)
The notion of Kolmogorov Complexity is not actually tied to one specific language; the idea is that you pick your favorite suitable language, define Kolmogorov complexity based on that language, and the theorems of Algorithmic Information Theory will still apply, since they are generally phrased like "Given a formal theory T, there exists a constant L such such that for no string s can the statement K(s) >= L be proven in in T." Note that this theorem will not depend on specifics of the language that might change Kolmogorov complexity for a string up to some constant factor, and that is generally the case for theorems of AIT.
FOST contains
Boolean connectives (and, or, not, implies)
Quantifier symbols (there exists, for all)
Formatting symbols (parentheses)
an infinite collection of set variables
a special nonlogical symbol ∈, which means "is a member of"
The exact collection of symbols can vary so long as they are sufficiently expressive. In the main page you can find the symbols for Rayo's microlanguage, namely ∈,=,¬,∧,∃,(,), and the infinite collection of set variables. This is suffiently expressive to describe all the formulas of FOST. We can even cut that down to just ∃,∈,NOR, and the set variables, if I'm not mistaken. (equality can be defined, the Boolean operators can all be defined from NOR, and parentheses can be eliminated by using postfix or prefix notation.) Of course you need to stick to Rayo's version for the normal definition of Rayo's function.
For the question "how are they related," I think the natural answer is "not at all." Note that the natural function Kolmogorov(n) = "the largest natural number whose decimal representation has Kolmogorov complexity of n or less (in your favorite programming language)" is an obvious variant of the Busy Beaver function, and will be outpaced by Rayo's function. Deedlit11 (talk) 07:27, December 20, 2016 (UTC)
One could say that kolmogorov(n) is to (pick your favorite computer language) what Rayo(n) is to the Rayo microlanguage so i saw it as a quick way to convey the reason that Rayo(n) > Rayo(m) for n>m , but there is no actual relation beyond that.
Chronolegends (talk) 06:11, December 27, 2016 (UTC)
## Rayo + Von Neumann Hierachy?
If we want to include all sets as possible number outputs, we can call the von neumann hierachy our ordinal system. Therefore, we can define HRayo's function as: the smallest von neumann hierachy case in which the largest number defined in at most n symbols of FOST is an element of that case. Here, a case is just 0, 1, 2, ... in the Von Neumann Hierachy.
Would this work?
Mush9 (talk) 10:52, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
The von Neumann definition of ordinals and natural numbers is the normal definition of those things in terms of sets, and I imagine it is what Rayo assumed (for natural numbers) in his specification of Rayo's number. So yes, what you are suggesting would work, and is in fact how Rayo does work. Deedlit11 (talk) 11:44, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
Huh? I thought Rayo was talking about Von Neumann Ordinals, not the hierachy. Also, he mentions nothing of elements of the Von Neumann hierachy for, say, 987.
Mush9 (talk) 16:36, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
Your question makes very little sense to me. "If we want to include all sets as possible number outputs" - what? Most sets aren't numbers in any natural way. "...we can call the von neumann hierachy our ordinal system" - what do you mean by an "ordinal system"? "a case is just 0, 1, 2, ... in the Von Neumann Hierachy" - what does the ... represent here? All natural numbers? All ordinals? All sets? Note that every set is an element of (some level of) the von Neumann hierarchy. LittlePeng9 (talk) 17:18, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
What I mean to say is the following: Let's imagine A, the set of all sets. This set features all Von Neumann Ordinals. However, by defining Von Neumann Ordinals such that there are infinitely more sets which could be mapped to numbers, we limit our ability to define larger numbers. Note: When I say numbers, I refer to what sets map to. As for an "ordinal system", it was a term brought up by this article's explanation. I presume it to relate to the Von Neumann Ordinals, calling it a system. The ellipsis is indeed all natural numbers, but in the hierachy. This would lead to some sets. Your last statement is true, unless that was what to add. Hope that helps. Would be glad if you could verify Deedlit's last phrase is false - my entire perception of googology would shift if not. Mush9 (talk) 21:52, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
First thing first, there is no such thing as the set of all sets. More precisely - the collection of all sets is not itself a set, but rather an object called a proper class. It's not very important here though, at least I believe so.
I don't quite see where you are getting with the phrase "there are infinitely more sets which could be mapped to numbers". Why does it matter for Rayo's function? For Rayo's function we just care about formulas defining natural numbers, and we define "natural numbers" using von Neumann ordinals. In the page, "ordinal system" refers precisely to that - von Neumann's construction of ordinals.
"...all natural numbers, but in the hierachy." What do you mean? Are there any natural numbers outside von Neumann hierarchy?
As for Deedlit, he has admitted on the chat he has confused von Neumann hierarchy with von Neumann ordinals there. So in this regard you were right. LittlePeng9 (talk) 22:27, January 3, 2017 (UTC)
I'll read up on proper classes and so on, but my point is that we can name larger numbers since we apply FOST formulae to all sets, rather than just the von neumann ordinals. "...As for all natural numbers, but in the hierachy." - I meant a level of the hierachy by saying "case". The "but..." bit probably confused you Mush9 (talk) 00:35, January 4, 2017 (UTC)
We can apply FOST formulas to arbitrary sets. Who said we can't? LittlePeng9 (talk) 09:23, January 4, 2017 (UTC)
True. However, our 'largest natural number' at the end must be a von neumann ordinal, in Rayo's. In my theoretical extension, the number at the end can be any set, with its natural number rank largest of all defined variables. Mush9 (talk) 10:36, January 4, 2017 (UTC)
Ah, I think I see what you mean now - so you want to define your HRayo as the largest natural number which appears as a rank of some set definable with an at most $$n$$ symbol FOST formula? If so, then this is a valid extension, but isn't much stronger. Once we define a set $$A$$ in FOST, we can also define "the least ordinal $$\alpha$$ such that $$A\in V_\alpha$$", i.e. the rank of $$A$$, in FOST. With that we would have HRayo(n) < Rayo(n+c) for a constant c, probably on the order of a few thousands or even just few hundreds. LittlePeng9 (talk) 10:42, January 4, 2017 (UTC)
Okay, thanks. Mush9 (talk) 11:42, January 4, 2017 (UTC)
So computers and Turing machines output functions (computable functions) the same way functions (computable functions) output large numbers. Is this correct?172.58.111.19 12:40, January 11, 2017 (UTC)
No, generally computers and Turing machines implement functions. So you could have a function f(n) = n^2, and you could have a computer or Turing machine implement that function, so that for example you could input 5 into the computer and it would print 25. Now, you could have the output of a computer or Turing machine be a (suitably encoded) function of some sort; but when we talk about computable functions, for example, that refers to the functions that can be implemented by a computer/Turing machine, not outputted by. Deedlit11 (talk) 06:32, January 12, 2017 (UTC)
Is everything in the language of FOST considered a symbol? Such as, () parentheses and word abbreviations (Exp, Tet, Pen,...etc.)? Are the letters that make up those word abbreviations considered symbols (is each letter by it's self considered a single symbol)?172.58.107.83 21:44, January 31, 2017 (UTC)
Is each left parentheses ( and each right parentheses ), by it's self considered a single symbol in the language of FOST?172.58.107.83 21:49, January 31, 2017 (UTC)
Yes, each instance of ( and each instance of ) is considered to be one symbol. As for the earlier question, all of these symbols are indeed considered to be one symbol; we don't decompose them into letters. LittlePeng9 (talk) 10:11, February 1, 2017 (UTC)
Thanks for the info LittlePeng9.172.58.110.184 21:31, February 1, 2017 (UTC)
If you were to write or type Rayo's number in symbol form, would it be equivalent to writing or typing a Googolplex in full digit form? Just think about it, Rayo's number is defined using a Googol (10^100) symbols and a Googolplex has a Googol (10^100) + 1 number of digits.172.58.111.14 21:44, February 2, 2017 (UTC)
Yes, both would take roughly a googol symbols. Deedlit11 (talk) 07:17, February 3, 2017 (UTC)
Does anyone have that weblink where Rayo's function is extended to Hyper E-notation?172.58.110.130 19:49, February 5, 2017 (UTC)
## Erdős number of Agustín Rayo
What is the Erdős number of Agustín Rayo? And of Mariano Rajoy? --84.61.151.82 21:27, October 22, 2017 (UTC)
According to this source, Agustín Rayo has Erdős number 4. I don't think that Mariano Rajoy has finite Erdős number, but I am not sure. --84.61.151.82 19:25, October 23, 2017 (UTC)
WaxPlanck (talk) 19:47, November 21, 2017 (UTC) Whenever people say that Rayo’s number is uncomputable, I disagree because I think that it can be computed, but would need a *HELL* of a lot of time and memory.
Formally, you are right. Indeed, every natural number is computable - we can compute a number N using a Turing machine with N states. When saying that "a number is uncomputable", people usually refer purely to the fact that it is defined using an uncomputable function. LittlePeng9 (talk) 20:00, November 21, 2017 (UTC)
## Variable symbol
The article use variable symbols of the form 1, 2, 3, and so on, while they are usually used as constant symbols. Isn't this use of variable symbols confusing for those who do not know formal arguments? I think that it is better to replace 1 by x_1 or something like that so that it can be easier to understand. Does anyone has an opinion?
p-adic 03:45, February 5, 2020 (UTC)
The only one issue is that $$x_1$$ might be treated as two symbols: x and 1. Triakula (talk) 08:52, February 5, 2020 (UTC)
I see. Then it is good to explain how we count symbols following syntax in first order logic.
p-adic 09:09, February 5, 2020 (UTC)
## Axioms
If we're going to express Rayo's number formally, maybe it is good to write down some set of axioms which defines it explicitly? Triakula (talk) 12:12, February 6, 2020 (UTC)
You can read the issue on axioms here. Rayo has never specified axioms, and hence we can just guess Rayo's intension. I guess that it is some kind of a second order ZFC. At least, as the article explain, ZFC set theory is insufficient.
p-adic 12:46, February 6, 2020 (UTC)
So, if I'm correct, it's like BEAF - defined only by the intuition and there are uncountably many ways to well-define it... Then I think that we must not rely on Rayo's number in comparisons with other numbers. Triakula (talk) 12:53, February 6, 2020 (UTC)
Doesn't that make RAYO(n) ill-defined? Cefe origol (talk) 22:33, February 7, 2020 (UTC)
The point is that the defining formula of Rayo(n) is explicitly given, while that of BEAF is not. So for any sufficiently strong axiom (e.g. a second order ZFC), Rayo(n) can be uniquely defined in the theory. On the other hand, BEAF is not. I can never be uniquely defined in a consistent theory, as long as we fix its defining formula. There can be many candidates, because the description by Bowers does not characterise a single function. For example, we have several works using large cardinals. We naturally regard them as works in ZFC + suitable large cardinal axioms instead of ZFC even if no specific axiom is clarified. The lack of the declaration of axioms is not so serious here, because they work in any sufficiently strong theory. The situation is quite similar to it.
p-adic 00:04, February 8, 2020 (UTC)
## Existential quantifier
The article says:
"A formula "(∃xa(e))" means that we can modify the free occurrence of the ath variable in e so that the formula e is true.".
What's the precise meaning of "modify"? Can we substitute the value of the variable xa by any value of another variable in the assignment? Or by member of Von Neumann Universe? Or, maybe, by any ordinal?
— Best regards, Triakula 11:37, February 15, 2020 (UTC)
With respect to the canonical semantics of FOST in the definition of Rayo's function (formalised in second order set theory), it means that we can substitute x_a by some member of von Neumann universe so that the resulting formula (with parameters in V) will be true.
p-adic 12:03, February 15, 2020 (UTC)
But there are ordinals which aren't in form Vα. For example, ω+1 is not directly a member of von Neumann universe, right? But it is a member of Vω+1 (all countable ordinals). So can we have ω+1 in the variable assignment when using substitutions in existential quantifier? — Best regards, Triakula 18:59, February 15, 2020 (UTC)
Yes, it is a member of von Neumann universe. The relation $$\omega+1 \in V_{\omega+1}$$ implies that $$\omega+1$$ belongs to $$V$$. Similarly, every set (in particular, every ordinal) belongs to $$V$$ in ZFC set theory. Therefore every set can be used in an assignment for the quantifier.
p-adic 00:04, February 16, 2020 (UTC)
Okay, thank you. — Best regards, Triakula 07:49, February 16, 2020 (UTC)
I note that the original definition does not specify the axiom. If we work in a second order set theory in which axiom of regularity does not necessarily hold, then we need to rephrase "von Neumann universe" by "the class V of all sets". (Since we traditionally assume ZFC set thoery unless specified, I assumed it in the answer above.) If you do not want to assume such an axiom which is not declared in the original definition, then please rephrase it.
p-adic 08:05, February 16, 2020 (UTC)
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-02-26T11:57:21 |
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https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/5474/4899
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The problem of optimal range-only localisation of a single target is of considerable interest in two-dimensional search radar networking. For coping with this problem, a range-only target localisation method using synchronous measurements from radars is presented in the real ellipsoidal earth model. In the relevant radar localisation scenario, geometric relationships between the target and three radars were formed. A set of localisation equations was derived on range error in such a scenario. Using these equations, the localisation task has been formulated as a nonlinear weighted least squares problem that can be performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm to provide the optimal estimate of the target’s position. To avoid the double value solutions and to accelerate the convergence speed for the LM algorithm, the initial value was approximately given according to observations from two radars. In addition, the relative validity has been defined to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using two simulation experiments and a real-test experiment, and it has been found to possess higher localisation accuracy than the other conventional method.
Two-dimensional (2-D) search radar networking, which is generally utilised in the first line of air defence, has been widely applied in modern airspace control1-3. This fact generally has two reasons: on one hand, 2-D radars are cheaper than three-dimensional (3-D) radars; on the other, single 2-D radar can’t directly determine a target’s position since it is merely able to obtain the range and azimuth without the height of the target. Consequently, it is a valuable task-how to utilise the resources and measurements from multiple 2-D radars to estimate the position of a target. To simplify the description, all radars below denote two-dimensional search radars.
According to the type and working mode of sensors, the target localisation methods mainly form three categories: active localisation using range4-7, passive localisation using azimuth8-11, and combined localisation using both range and azimuth12-15. Moreover, three factors are often taken into consideration in radar networking4,12:
(a) A radar possesses higher precision in range than in azimuth since its emission lobes approximating to spindles have certain widths in the horizontal plane;
(b) Range error has less influence on localisation results than azimuth error in propagation; and
(c) A localisation dead area exists near the baseline between two radars while only two radars are employed to locate a target. For the above reasons, this research utilises three radars and their range for target localisation.
In the traditional localisation methods, only one assumption is given for simplifying the design procedures as one such assumption is, all radars are placed in the same horizontal plane and their north direction is consistent or parallel to each other by ignoring the earth’s curvature. However, these assumptions are often unsatisfied in big scenes due to the wide coverage of radar networks15. The other important information such as the types, performances, working modes, number and geometric distribution of radars are omitted, which is the important consideration in real localisation process. In addition, the least squares estimator and its modified approaches are often applied in various applications for target localisation problems5,7,11,13. Based on the above facts, a range-only target localisation method is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, the localisation model is established using range from three radars in the real ellipsoidal earth model, and the target localisation problem is formulated as a nonlinear weighted least squares problem through a set of localisation equations driven on range error. Then Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is applied to solve the localisation equations. At last, two simulation experiments and a real-date experiment were used to show both the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Figure 1. Target localisation model.
As shown in Fig. 1, n radars Ri (i = 1, 2,…,n) are placed at the corresponding geographical coordinates (Bi, Li, Hi) in the localisation model, where Bi, Li and Hi denote the longitude, latitude, and height coordinate respectively; and their observations zi = (ri, θi) are received simultaneously, where ri and θi denote the range and azimuth of the target T. Theoretically, n range spheres with each corresponding radius ri and its centre at the position Ri intersect at the point, the target’s position. Hence, at least three radars are required for range-only target localisation in this case. Therefore, three radars and their range information are applied to locate a target in this research.
Taking the earth curvature into consideration, the geographical coordinate (Bi, Li, Hi) of each radar should be converted into the geocentric coordinate (Xi, Yi, Zi):
$\left[\begin{array}{c}{X}_{i}\\ {Y}_{i}\\ {Z}_{i}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\left({N}_{i}+{H}_{i}\right)\mathrm{cos}{L}_{i}\mathrm{cos}{B}_{i}\\ \left({N}_{i}+{H}_{i}\right)\mathrm{cos}{L}_{i}\mathrm{sin}{B}_{i}\\ \left[{N}_{i}\left(1-{\rho }^{2}\right)+{H}_{i}\right]\mathrm{sin}{L}_{i}\end{array}\right]$(1)
where Re and re represent the long and short radii of the earth respectively, $\rho =\sqrt{1-\frac{{r}_{e}^{2}}{{R}_{e}^{2}}}$ is the earth eccentricity ratio, and
${N}_{i}={R}_{e}/\sqrt{1-{\rho }^{2}{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}{L}_{i}}$
Under the assume of radars with range error, a set of geometrical equations are derived according to the geometrical relationships between the target and three radars in the localisation model as follow:
${r}_{i}^{2}={\left(X-{X}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Y-{Y}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Z-{Z}_{i}\right)}^{2},i=1,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3$(2)
where X = (X, Y, Z) is the true geocentric coordinate of the target. In consideration of range error, Eqn (2) can be rewritten in the following formula:
${r}_{i}^{2}={\left(X-{X}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Y-{Y}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Z-{Z}_{i}\right)}^{2}+2{r}_{i}{v}_{i}-{v}_{i}^{2},i=1,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3$(3)
where vi is range error of the i th radar. Based on Eqn (3), the localisation equations are derived as follow:
${d}_{i}\left(X\right)={r}_{i}-\sqrt{{\left(X-{X}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Y-{Y}_{i}\right)}^{2}+{\left(Z-{Z}_{i}\right)}^{2},i=1,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}3}$(4)
Furthermore, one can define the objective function in consideration of different influence of each radar’s range error on localisation results as follow:
$F\left(X\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\left({d}_{i}\left(X\right)/{\sigma }_{i}\right)}^{2}$(5)
where σi denotes the standard deviation of range error on the ith radar. As a result, the localisation task can be formulated as a nonlinear weighted least squares problem to provide the optimal estimate such as the minimum value for F(X).
To overcome a nonlinear least square problem, many methods have been developed such as the Newton, Gauss-Newton, and LM algorithm. The LM algorithm has the advantages on both the local convergence property of the Gauss-Newton algorithm and the global convergence property of the gradient descent algorithm, and it is one of the most effective algorithms to solve a nonlinear least square problem with small margins13,16. As a result, the LM algorithm is applied to solve target localisation problems in the following.
3.1 LM Algorithm and the Initial Value of the Target’s Position
3.1.1 The LM algorithm for Solving the Localisation Equations
The optimal estimate for the target’s position is the value X while F(X) obtains its minimum value. To minimise F(X), the vector is defined as:
$d\left(X\right)={\left({d}_{1}\left(X\right),{d}_{2}\left(X\right),{d}_{3}\left(X\right)\right)}^{\text{T}}$(6)
Moreover, introducing the diagonal matrix Λ, whose main diagonal elements are ${\text{σ}}_{1}^{2}$, ${\text{σ}}_{2}^{2}$ and ${\text{σ}}_{3}^{2}$ respectively, the objective function (Eqn(5)) can be rewritten as:
$F\left(X\right)=d{\left(X\right)}^{\text{T}}{\Lambda }^{-1}d\left(X\right)$(7)
Then define the Jacobi matrix of d(X) at the point X = (X′, Y′, Z′):
$J\left(X\right)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial {d}_{1}\left(X\right)}{\partial X}& \frac{\partial {d}_{1}\left(X\right)}{\partial Y}& \frac{\partial {d}_{1}\left(X\right)}{\partial Z}\\ \frac{\partial {d}_{2}\left(X\right)}{\partial X}& \frac{\partial {d}_{2}\left(X\right)}{\partial Y}& \frac{\partial {d}_{2}\left(X\right)}{\partial Z}\\ \frac{\partial {d}_{3}\left(X\right)}{\partial X}& \frac{\partial {d}_{3}\left(X\right)}{\partial Y}& \frac{\partial {d}_{3}\left(X\right)}{\partial Z}\end{array}\right]$(8)
Given ${f}_{i}\left(X\right)={d}_{i}\left(X\right)/{\text{σ}}_{i}$, i = 1, 2, 3 and $f\left(X\right)={\left({f}_{1}\left(X\right),{f}_{2}\left(X\right),{f}_{3}\left(X\right)\right)}^{\text{T}}$ the gradient vector for F(X) can be obtained as:
$g\left(X\right)=2J{\left(X\right)}^{\text{T}}f\left(X\right)$(9)
The second derivative matrix (Hesse matrix) for F(X) is:
$G\left(X\right)-=2J{\left(X\right)}^{\text{T}}J\left(X\right)+2\sum _{i-1}^{3}{f}_{i}\left(X\right){\nabla }^{2}{f}_{i}\left(X\right)$(10)
Setting
$S\left(X\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{3}{f}_{i}\left(X\right){\nabla }^{2}{f}_{i}\left(X\right)$(11)
And substituting S (X) in Eqn (10), yields the following expression:
$G\left(X\right)=2J{\left(X\right)}^{\text{T}}J\left(X\right)+2S\left(X\right)$(12)
To solve Eqn (12) for X, the recursive formularies of the Newton algorithm11 is introduced:
$\left({J}_{k}^{\text{T}}{J}_{k}+{S}_{k}\right){\delta }_{K}=-{J}_{k}^{\text{T}}{f}_{k}$(13)
${X}_{k+1}={X}_{k}+{\delta }_{k}$(14)
where δk is the kth iterative step length. Due to the large computational complexity on Sk and the possible singularity on ${J}_{k}^{\text{T}}{J}_{k}$ in the Newton algorithm, Levenberg and Marquardt utilised the following Equ (15) to replace Eqn (13) for calculating δk 14:
$\left({J}_{k}^{\text{T}}{J}_{k}+{\mu }_{k}I\right){\delta }_{k}=-{J}_{k}^{\text{T}}{f}_{k}$(15)
where I stands for the unit matrix, and μk ≥ 0 refers to the control parameter in the iterative process. Consequently, Eqn (14) together with Eqn (15) is called the LM algorithm. The LM algorithm is applied in the proposed method to solve the localisation equations. As a result, the main design procedure of the proposed method is illustrated as Table 1.
Table 1. Design procedure by the proposed method
3.1.2 The Initial Value of the Target’s Position
To avoid double value solutions16 and accelerate the convergence speed for the LM algorithm, the initial value X0 for the proposed method, which is the approximate position of the target T, can be calculated according to the observations zi = (ri, θi) of two radars selected from three radars. Referring to Fig. 2, a local Cartesian coordinate system was constructed, where the position of the radar R1 is as the origin O and x axis is coincident or parallel to the north direction. The position of the radar R2 is denoted as A. In the coordinate system, T1 is the projection of the target T onto the plane xOy. Finally, the coordinate x0 = (x0, y0, z0) of the target T in the local Cartesian coordinate system can be calculated as:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{0}={r}_{0}\mathrm{sin}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{0}\right)\mathrm{cos}{\theta }_{1}/\mathrm{sin}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{1}\right)\hfill \\ {y}_{0}={r}_{0}\mathrm{sin}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{0}\right)\mathrm{sin}{\theta }_{1}/\mathrm{sin}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{1}\right)\hfill \\ {z}_{0}={\left[{r}_{1}^{2}-{r}_{0}^{2}{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{0}\right)/{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{1}\right)\right]}^{1/2}\hfill \end{array}$(16)
Figure 2. Approximate geometric relations of the target and two radars.
where r0 and θ0 are the magnitude and angle of the vector OA respectively. Consequently, the approximate geocentric coordinate X0 can be given by transforming x0 from the local coordinate system to the geocentric coordinate system.
3.2 Validity Analysis of the Proposed Method
The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)6,7,12 is the minimum mean square error (MMSE), which the unbiased estimators can reach, and it is normally used as a performance metric for localisation methods. In this paper, the localisation CRLB is driven, and the relative validity is defined as the ratio of MMSE of the proposed method to the CRLB for estimating its localisation results as below.
3.2.1 The CRLB on Localisation Results
Express Z = (X, Y, Z)T as the estimate of the target’s position and ΛZ as the likelihood function of the observation set Z = {ri, i = 1, 2, 3}, which is given as follow:
$\Lambda Z=p\left(Z|X\right)=\prod _{i=1}^{3}p\left({r}_{i}|X\right)$(17)
The CRLB on localisation results is determined in the following formula:
${P}_{CRLB}^{-1}=E{\left\{{\left[{\nabla }_{X}\mathrm{ln}\left(\Lambda Z\right)\right]}^{\text{T}}\left[{\nabla }_{X}\mathrm{ln}\left(\Lambda Z\right)\right]\right\}}_{X={X}_{true}}$(18)
where Xtrue is the true position of the target. The Gaussian density of the range ri is obtained by the following equation:
$p\left({r}_{i}|X\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\pi {\sigma }_{1}^{2}}\mathrm{exp}\left\{-\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{{\left({r}_{i}-{f}_{i}\left(X\right)\right)}^{2}}{{\sigma }_{i}^{2}}\right]\right\}$(19)
Then the logarithm likelihood function of the observation set Z can be expressed as:
$\mathrm{ln}\left(\Lambda Z\right)=-\frac{1}{2}\sum _{i=1}^{3}\left[\mathrm{ln}\left(2\pi {\sigma }_{i}^{2}\right)+\frac{{\left({r}_{i}-{f}_{i}\left(X\right)\right)}^{2}}{{\sigma }_{i}^{2}}\right]$(20)
By substitution of Eqn. (20) into Eqn. (18), PCLRB(X) is simplified as:
${P}_{CRLB}\left(X\right)={\left[{\left({J}^{\text{T}}{\Lambda }^{-1}J\right)}^{-1}\right]}_{X={X}_{true}}$(21)
Consequently, PCLRB(X) is used to calculate the relative validity of the proposed method.
3.2.2 Relative Validity Analysis of the Proposed Method
The relative validity of the proposed method can be defined as:
$R{E}^{CE}=E{\left(\stackrel{^}{X}-X\right)}^{2}/{P}_{CRLB}\left(X\right)$(22)
Here, $E{\left(\stackrel{^}{X}-X\right)}^{2}$ acts as the mean square error of the proposed method, and it can be approximately expressed as:
$E{\left(\stackrel{^}{X}-{X}_{true}\right)}^{2}\approx \frac{1}{M}\sum _{i=1}^{N}E{\left({\stackrel{^}{X}}_{i}-{X}_{true}\right)}^{2}$(23)
where M is the number of the Monte Carlo simulation runs, and ${\stackrel{^}{X}}_{i}$ is the estimate of the target’s position for the ith simulation.
Two simulation experiments and a real-test experiment were carried to estimate the performance of the proposed method in comparison with the least squared target localisation (LSTL) method in the paper7. All experiments were conducted using a computer with a dual-core CPU of Intel Pentium 4 2.93 GHz, 1 GB RAM. The program for each experiment was performed using the MathWorks MATLAB 2009a version software.
4.1 Two Simulation Experiments
The detection area, its longitude ranging from 119.0° to 120.0° and its latitude from 39.5° to 40.5°, is equally divided into 21*21 grids. Three radars locate at (119.0°, 39.5°, 0.0 km), (120.0°, 39.5°, 0.0 km) and (119.0°, 40.2°, 0.0 km) respectively. The standard deviation σr of each radar’s range error is 100 m. To intuitively reflect the localisation performance, geometrical dilution of precision (GDOP)17 was applied to describe the 3D geometric distribution of the localisation error:
$\text{GDOP=}\sqrt{{\sigma }_{X}^{2}+{\sigma }_{Y}^{2}+{\sigma }_{Z}^{2},}$(24)
where σX, σY and σZ are the standard deviations of location errors in direction of X, Y, and Z axes, respectively in the geocentric coordinate system.
Figures 3(a) and 3(b) provide the GDOP of both the proposed method and the CRLB, respectively. Fig. 4 shows the relative validity RECE of the proposed method according to Eqn. (22). As can be seen from Fig. 3, the GDOP of the proposed method is much closed to that of the CRLB. It can be seen from Fig. 4, the values of RECE range from 0.9 to 1.1. Based on the above facts, it verified that, the proposed method can approximate the localisation accuracy of the CRLB.
To compare the proposed method with the LSTL method, six target positions were located at the same longitude 119.5° and latitude 40.0° but for different heights ranging from 6 km to 16 km with equal intervals. Figure 5 shows the root mean-squared errors (RMSE) for the target’s position using two methods for 100 Monte Carlo simulation runs. As is seen from Fig. 5, the RMSE of the proposed method are smaller than the LSTL method. Therefore, due to range with higher precision than azimuth, the LM algorithm can provide good estimates for the target’s position through the establishment of the localisation equations using range in the real ellipsoidal earth model.
Figure 3. GDOP contours by two methods: (a) the proposed method and (b) the CRLB.
Figure 4. Relative validity RECE of the proposed method.
4.2 Real-test Experiment
The real-test experiment was evaluated using real-tracking data, which is generated from of three radars (ID=RI, RII, and RIII) listed in Table 2. The radars are stationed at (119.5150°, 31.75428°, 0.0 km), (119.9560°, 31.96631°, 0.0 km) and (119.5010°, 27.99498°, 0.0 km), respectively. Due to the restricted test condition, the true positions of the targets are unknown. The radar performance parameters are represented as follow: the maximum detection distance 230.0 km, range error 200.0 m and azimuth error 1°. Table 2 lists the localisation results by the proposed method. As can be seen from Table.2, the propose method has good performance in estimate accuracy on the targets’ positions. Therefore, it is verified that the proposed method is feasible to locate a target in real case.
Figure 5. Comparison of localisation error by two methods.
Table 2. Localisation results by the proposed method
In this paper, the characteristics and shortcomings of the traditional target localisation methods in 2-D search radar networking have been analysed. Due to range with higher precision than azimuth for two-dimensional radars, a range-only target localisation method is presented using synchronous measurements from three radars. Considering the real ellipsoid earth model, the equivalent geometric model is introduced in the proposed method. A set of localisation equations is derived on range error in such a scenario. Consequently, the target localisation problem is converted into a nonlinear weighted least squares problem. The LM algorithm is applied to solve the localisation equations and to estimate the target’s position. By giving the initial value approximately, the proposed method is able to avoid the value solutions and accelerate the convergence speed. Furthermore, it can approximate the localisation accuracy of the CRLB through the analysis of the relative validity defined. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and has high accuracy, while the real-test result illustrates that the proposed method is feasible.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61271107, 61301074), Key Project in the National Science & Technology Pillar Programme (2011BAH24B12), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Programme of Higher Education (20104408120001), Natural Science Foundation of Ministry of Education (S20120100 09417), Shenzhen Basic Research Project (JCYJ20140418095735618), and Defense Advance Research Fund Project (91400C8005001140C80340).
1. Hakl, H.; Davies, E. & Le Roux, W.H. Aircraft height estimation using 2-D radar. Def Sci. J., 2010, 60(1), 100-05. doi:10.14429/dsj.60.116
2. Fan, E.; Xie, W.X. & Liu, Z.X. Manoeuvring target tracking using fuzzy logic-based recursive least squares filter. Eurasip J. Adv. Sig. Pr., 2014, 2014(1), 1-9.
3. Fan, E.; Xie, W.X. & Liu, Z.X. Reliability-weighted nearest neighbour track association in sensor network. Sensor Let., 2014, 12(2), 319-24. doi:10.1166/sl.2014.3274
4. Yan, Z.H.; Deng, Y.X. & Gu, J.C. Three-dimension target positioning using multiple two-coordinate radar systems. J. Air Force Radar Aca. 2003, 17(2), 24-41.
5. Huang, Z. & Lu, J. Total least squares and equilibration algorithm for range difference location. Electron. Letters, 2004, 40(5), 121-22. doi:10.1049/el:20040241
6. Song, X.F.; Willett, P. & Zhou, S.L. On Fisher information reduction for range-only localization with imperfect detection. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Elect. Syst., 2012, 48(4), 3694-702. doi:10.1109/TAES.2012.6324762
7. Huang, X.J; Han, C.J. & Zhang, T. Three-dimension target location using range information measured by networking radar. Fire Cont. Command Cont., 2005, 30(Sup.), 121-23.
8. Bishop, A.N. & Anderon, B.D.O.; Fidan, B. & Pathirana, P.N. Bearing-only localization using geometrically constrained optimization. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 2009, 45(1), 308-20. doi:10.1109/TAES.2009.4805281
9. Iman, S.; Adrian, N.B. & Brian, D.O.A. Analysis of noise bearing-only network localization. IEEE Trans. Autom. Cont., 2013, 58(1), 247-22. doi:10.1109/TAC.2012.2206693
10. Wang, Z.; Luo, J.A. & Zhang, X.P. A novel location-penalized maximum likelihood estimator for bearing-only target localization. IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2012, 60(12), 6066-181.
11. Choi, K.H.; Ra, W.S.; Park, S.Y. & Park, J.B. Robust least squares approach to passive target localization using ultrasonic receiver array. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2014, 61(4), 1992-002. doi:10.1109/TIE.2013.2266076
12. Chen, J.C. & Ding, L.F. Optimum position finding algorithm for multistatic radars. J. Xidian Univ., 1999, 26(4), 397-400.
13. Liu, Q. & Sun, Z.K. Optimal location algorithms in 3D space with bistatic two coordinate radar. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2000, 22(3), 366-72.
14. Lei, Y.; Feng, X.X.; Zhu, C.B. & Li, S.S. Geometric locating fusion algorithm for 2D radar networking. Syst. Eng. Electron., 2011, 33(5), 1151-156.
15. Zhang, Y.; Liu, S.T. & Jia, Z.T. Localization using joint distance and angle information for 3D wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2012, 16(6), 809-11. doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2012.041112.112150
16. Liu, G.L. Nonlinear least squares and surveying adjustment. Survey Press, Beijing, 2002.
17. Levanon, N. Lowest GDOP in 2-D scenarios. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig., 2000, 147(3), 149-55. doi:10.1049/ip-rsn:20000322
Mr E. Fan received Bachelor Degree in Electronic Information Science and Technology from Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, in 2002 and Master Degree in Signal and Information Processing from Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, in 2006. Currently pursuing his PhD in Signal and Information Processing at Xidian University, Xi’an, China. His research interest include: Intelligent information processing and multisensor data fusion. Prof. W.X. Xie graduated from Xidian University, Xi’an. Currently working as I a Professor at College of Information f Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. His fields of interests include: intelligent information processing, fuzzy information processing, image processing, pattern recognition, etc. Prof. Z.X. Liu received the Bachelor Degree and Master Degree from Tianjin University, Tianjin, in 1985 and 1990, respectively, and PhD from Xidian University, Xi’an, in 2005. Currently working at the College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. His fields of interest include: Intelligent information processing, fuzzy information processing, and multisensor data fusion. Dr P.F. Li received his BS and MS from Air Defense Forces Command Academy, Zhengzhou, China, in 2004 and 2007, and PhD from Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, in 2010. He currently is a Lecturer at the Air Defense Forces Academy, Zhengzhou, China. His main research interests include: Data fusion, target tracking, and nonlinear estimation.
| 2020-02-27T20:12:05 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10022585-semileptonic-decays-excited-charmed-mesons-searching-new-physics
|
Semileptonic $B(s)$ decays to excited charmed mesons with $e$ , $μ$ , $τ$ and searching for new physics with $R(D**)$
Authors:
;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10022585
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Volume:
95
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2470-0010
Publisher:
American Physical Society
| 2023-01-29T16:17:36 |
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https://control.com/textbook/problem-solving-and-diagnostic-strategies/problem-solving-by-simplification/
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# Problem-solving by Simplification
## Chapter 7 - Problem-solving and Diagnostic Strategies in Control System Analysis
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is easier to analyze. Once a solution is found to the simplified problem, fresh ideas for attacking the original problem often become clear. This section will highlight multiple techniques for problem-simplification, as well as other useful techniques for problem-solving.
The first step, however, to problem simplification is to “give yourself the right” to alter the problem into a different form! Many students tend to avoid this, for fear of “getting off track” and losing sight of the original problem. What is needed is a spirit of adventure: a willingness and a confidence to explore the possibilities. Do not think you must solve exactly the problem that is given to you at first. Modify the problem, solve the simpler version of that problem, then apply the lessons and patterns obtained from that solution to the original (more complex) problem!
### Limiting cases
A powerful method for analyzing the effects of a change in some system is to consider the effects of “extreme” changes, which are often easier to visualize than subtle changes. Such “extreme” changes are examples of what is generally known in science as a limiting case: a special case of a more general rule or trend, possessing fewer possibilities. By virtue of the fact that limiting cases have fewer possibilities, applying a limiting case to a given problem generally simplifies that problem.
Consider, for example, this Wheatstone bridge circuit, where changes in the thermistor’s resistance (with temperature) affect the output voltage of the bridge:
A realistic question to ask of this circuit is, “what will happen to $$V_{out}$$ when the thermistor’s resistance increases?” If our only goal is to arrive at a qualitative answer (e.g. increase/decrease, positive/negative), we may simplify the problem by considering the effects of the thermistor failing completely open, because an “open” fault is nothing more than an extreme example (a limiting case) of a resistance increase.
If we perform this “thought experiment” on the bridge circuit, the circuit becomes simpler because we have eliminated one resistor (the thermistor):
With the thermistor eliminated from the circuit, we see that test point B has lost its connection to the negative terminal of the voltage source. This can only mean one thing for the potential at test point B: it will become more positive (less negative). If the bridge circuit happened to be balanced prior to the thermistor fault, $$V_{out}$$ will now be such that B is positive and A is negative by comparison.
Analyzing the results of this limiting case even further, we can see that resistor $$R_2$$ now carries zero current (thanks to the thermistor now being failed open), which means $$R_2$$ will now drop zero voltage. If $$R_2$$ drops no voltage at all, test point B must now be at the exact same potential as the positive terminal of the voltage source. This being the case, measuring $$V_{out}$$ between test points A and B will be equivalent to measuring voltage across $$R_1$$. Thus, the limiting case of $$V_{out}$$ for an increase in thermistor resistance is $$V_{R1}$$, with B positive and A negative.
Another realistic question to ask of this circuit is, “what will happen to $$V_{out}$$ when the thermistor’s resistance decreases?” Once again, the problem-solving technique of limiting cases helps us by transforming the four-resistor bridge circuit into a three-resistor bridge circuit. The limiting case of a resistance decrease would be a condition of no resistance: a shorted thermistor:
With the thermistor shorted in this “thought experiment,” we see that test point B now becomes electrically common with the negative terminal of the voltage source. This, of course, has the effect of making test point B as negative as it can possibly be. More specifically, by making test point B electrically common with the bottom node of the bridge, it makes $$V_{out}$$ equal to the voltage drop across $$R_3$$. Thus, the limiting case of $$V_{out}$$ for a decrease in thermistor resistance is $$V_{R3}$$, with A positive and B negative.
Let us consider another application of this problem-solving technique, this time to the analysis of a passive filter circuit:
If the type of filter circuit shown here were unknown (i.e. the student could not identify it as a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop filter circuit at first sight), the technique of limiting cases could be applied to determine its behavior. In this case, the limit to apply is one of frequency: we may perform “thought experiments” whereby we imagine the input frequency being extremely low, versus being extremely high.
We know that the reactance of an inductor is directly proportional to frequency ($$X_L = 2 \pi f L$$) and that the reactance of a capacitor is inversely proportional to frequency ($$X_C = {1 \over {2 \pi f C}}$$). Therefore, at an extremely low frequency ($$f =$$ 0 Hz), the inductor will act like a short while the capacitor acts like an open:
Likewise, at extremely high frequencies ($$f = \infty$$), the capacitor will act like a short while the inductor acts like an open:
From these two limiting-case “thought experiments” we may conclude that the filter circuit is neither a low-pass nor a high-pass, because it neither passes low-frequency signals nor high-frequency signals. We may also conclude that it is not a band-stop filter, because that would pass both low-frequency and high-frequency signals. This means it must be a band-pass filter, by eliminating the other three alternatives.
If we would wish to confirm the band-pass nature of this filter by a positive experimental result rather than merely by eliminating what it is not, we could perform one more limiting-case “thought experiment:” a condition where the signal frequency exactly equals the resonant frequency of the LC network ($$f = {1 \over 2 \pi \sqrt{LC}}$$). Here, we must recall the principle that a parallel LC network has infinite impedance at its resonant frequency:
In this “thought experiment” we see that the LC network will be completely “open” and allow 100% of the input signal to appear at the output terminals. Thus, it becomes clear that this passive circuit functions as a band-pass filter.
As with the Wheatstone bridge circuit, the value of limiting-case analysis is that it acts to simplify the system by effectively eliminating components (replacing them with “shorts” or “opens”). Even in non-electrical problems, limiting cases works the same by simplifying a system’s behavior so that it becomes easier to apprehend, and from these simplified cases we may usually determine behavioral trends of the system (e.g. which way it tends to respond as some variable increases or decreases).
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| 2020-05-29T23:29:34 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aburq.nicolas
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Burq, Nicolas
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Author ID: burq.nicolas Published as: Burq, N.; Burq, Nicolas External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 90 Publications since 1991, including 2 Books
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27 single-authored 21 Tzvetkov, Nikolay 15 Gerard, Patrick 11 Zuily, Claude 9 Alazard, Thomas 9 Zworski, Maciej 7 Planchon, Fabrice 5 Lebeau, Gilles 3 Thomann, Laurent 2 Hassell, Andrew 2 Stalker, John G. 2 Tahvildar-Zadeh, A. Shadi 1 Bony, Jean-François 1 Bourgain, Jean 1 Christianson, Hans 1 Dos Santos Ferreira, David 1 Ducomet, Bernard 1 Dyatlov, Semyon 1 Guillarmou, Colin 1 Hitrik, Michael 1 Joly, Romain 1 Krupchyk, Katya 1 Ramond, Thierry 1 Raugel, Geneviève 1 Schlag, Wilhelm 1 Schlenker, Jean-Marc 1 Ward, Rachel A. 1 Wunsch, Jared
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#### Serials
5 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 5 Séminaire Équations aux Dérivées Partielles 4 Communications in Mathematical Physics 4 Inventiones Mathematicae 3 American Journal of Mathematics 3 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 3 Mathematical Research Letters 2 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 2 Journal of Functional Analysis 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 2 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 2 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Mathematische Annalen 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 Asymptotic Analysis 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1 SIAM Review 1 Mémoires de la Société Mathématique de France. Nouvelle Série 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Journées Équations aux Dérivées Partielles (Saint-Jean-de-Monts) 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I. Mathématique 1 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 1 Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics 1 AMRX. Applied Mathematics Research eXpress 1 Astérisque 1 RIMS Kôkyûroku Bessatsu 1 Analysis & PDE 1 Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 1 Annales Henri Lebesgue
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#### Fields
81 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 20 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 17 Quantum theory (81-XX) 12 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 11 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 7 Operator theory (47-XX) 6 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 4 Differential geometry (53-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 3 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 3 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
74 Publications have been cited 1,760 times in 983 Documents Cited by Year
Strichartz inequalities and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds. Zbl 1067.58027
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Local energy decay of the wave equation in an exterior problem and without resonance in the neighborhood of the real line. Zbl 0918.35081
Burq, Nicolas
1998
Random data Cauchy theory for supercritical wave equations I: Local theory. Zbl 1156.35062
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2008
Strichartz estimates for the wave and Schrödinger equations with the inverse-square potential. Zbl 1030.35024
2003
A necessary and sufficient condition for the exact controllability of the wave equation. Zbl 0906.93008
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick
1997
Geometric control in the presence of a black box. Zbl 1050.35058
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2004
On the Cauchy problem for gravity water waves. Zbl 1308.35195
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2014
Random data Cauchy theory for supercritical wave equations. II. A global existence result. Zbl 1187.35233
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2008
Restrictions of the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions to submanifolds. Zbl 1131.35053
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2007
Strichartz estimates for the wave and Schrödinger equations with potentials of critical decay. Zbl 1084.35014
2004
Bilinear eigenfunction estimates and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on surfaces. Zbl 1092.35099
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2005
On the water-wave equations with surface tension. Zbl 1258.35043
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2011
An instability property of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $$S^d$$. Zbl 1003.35113
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2002
Lower bounds for shape resonances widths of long range Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1013.35019
Burq, Nicolas
2002
Semi-classical estimates for the resolvent in nontrapping geometries. Zbl 1161.81368
Burq, Nicolas
2002
On well-posedness for the Benjamin-Ono equation. Zbl 1148.35074
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2008
Multilinear eigenfunction estimates and global existence for the three dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Zbl 1116.35109
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2005
Global Strichartz estimates for nontrapping geometries: About an article by H. Smith and C. Sogge. Zbl 1026.35020
Burq, N.
2003
Exact controlability of waves in somewhat regular domains. Zbl 0892.93009
Burq, N.
1997
Probabilistic well-posedness for the cubic wave equation. Zbl 1295.35387
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2014
Long time dynamics for the one dimensional non linear Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1317.35226
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2013
Smoothing effect for Schrödinger boundary value problems. Zbl 1061.35024
Burq, N.
2004
On nonlinear Schrödinger equations in exterior domains. Zbl 1061.35126
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Global existence for energy critical waves in 3-D domains. Zbl 1204.35119
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles; Planchon, Fabrice
2008
Energy decay for damped wave equations on partially rectangular domains. Zbl 1122.35015
Burq, Nicolas; Hitrik, Michael
2007
Two singular dynamics of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a plane domain. Zbl 1044.35084
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2003
Microlocal defect measures, application to the Lamé system. Zbl 1043.35009
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2001
Strichartz estimates without loss on manifolds with hyperbolic trapped geodesics. Zbl 1206.58009
Burq, Nicolas; Guillarmou, Colin; Hassell, Andrew
2010
Invariant measure for a three dimensional nonlinear wave equation. Zbl 1134.35076
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2007
Bouncing ball modes and quantum chaos. Zbl 1072.81022
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2005
Control for Schrödinger operators on tori. Zbl 1281.35011
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2012
Strichartz estimates for water waves. Zbl 1260.35140
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2011
Semi-classical measures and defect measures. Zbl 0954.35102
Burq, Nicolas
1997
Cauchy theory for the gravity water waves system with non-localized initial data. Zbl 1339.35227
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2016
Resonance expansions in semi-classical propagation. Zbl 1042.81582
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2001
Global infinite energy solutions for the cubic wave equation. Zbl 1320.35217
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2015
Imperfect geometric control and overdamping for the damped wave equation. Zbl 1320.35062
Burq, Nicolas; Christianson, Hans
2015
Global existence for energy critical waves in 3-D domains: Neumann boundary conditions. Zbl 1184.35210
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2009
Probabilistic Sobolev embeddings and applications. Zbl 1296.46031
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2013
The water-wave equations: from Zakharov to Euler. Zbl 1273.35220
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2013
Remarks on the Gibbs measures for nonlinear dispersive equations. Zbl 1405.35193
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2018
Global solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on three-dimensional compact manifolds. Zbl 1180.35475
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2007
Control for Schrödinger operators on 2-tori: rough potentials. Zbl 1279.35016
Bourgain, Jean; Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2013
Smoothing and dispersive estimates for 1D Schrödinger equations with BV coefficients and applications. Zbl 1293.35264
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2006
Quantum ergodicity of boundary values of eigenfunctions: a control theory approach. Zbl 1069.58016
Burq, N.
2005
The Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a compact manifold. Zbl 1362.35282
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2003
Minoration de la résolvante dans le cas captif. Zbl 1206.35182
Bony, Jean-François; Burq, Nicolas; Ramond, Thierry
2010
Control of the plate equation in the presence of strictly convex obstacles. Zbl 0930.93007
Burq, Nicolas
1993
Strichartz estimates and the Cauchy problem for the gravity water waves equations. Zbl 1447.35001
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2018
Exponential decay for the damped wave equation in unbounded domains. Zbl 1351.35168
Burq, Nicolas; Joly, Romain
2016
Laplace eigenfunctions and damped wave equation on product manifolds. Zbl 1331.58033
Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2015
Instability for the semiclassical nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1133.35089
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2005
Multilinear estimates for the Laplace spectral projectors on compact manifolds. Zbl 1040.58011
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2004
Exact controlability for the wave equation in corner domains. Zbl 0937.35097
Burq, Nicolas; Schlenker, Jean-Marc
1998
Low regularity Cauchy theory for the water-waves problem: canals and wave pools. Zbl 1348.35277
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2013
Weighted eigenfunction estimates with applications to compressed sensing. Zbl 1262.41004
Burq, Nicolas; Dyatlov, Semyon; Ward, Rachel; Zworski, Maciej
2012
Large-time dynamics for the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1226.35072
Burq, Nicolas
2011
Burq, Nicolas; Hassell, Andrew; Wunsch, Jared
2007
The Benjamin-Ono equation in energy space. Zbl 1127.35302
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2006
The Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds. Zbl 1084.35086
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Strichartz estimates for the perturbations of the long-range Schrödinger operator. Zbl 1292.35188
Burq, Nicolas
2002
The Schrödinger equation on a compact manifold: Strichartz estimates and applications. Zbl 1043.58019
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2001
Contrôle de l’équation de Schrödinger en présence d’obstacles strictement convexes. Zbl 0768.93040
Burq, N.
1991
Rough controls for Schrödinger operators on 2-tori. Zbl 1421.35306
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2019
A stationary phase type estimate. Zbl 1364.35012
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2017
Concentration of Laplace eigenfunctions and stabilization of weakly damped wave equation. Zbl 1366.58011
Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2016
Control theory and high energy eigenfunctions. Zbl 1064.35120
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2004
Poles of diffraction at a corner. Zbl 0896.35099
Burq, Nicolas
1997
Micro-local approach to the control for the plates equation. Zbl 0785.49002
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
1992
Second microlocalization and stabilization of damped wave equations on tori. Zbl 1383.35008
Burq, Nicolas
2017
Probabilistic Sobolev embeddings, applications to eigenfunctions estimates. Zbl 1357.46024
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2014
Semiclassical measures for inhomogeneous Schrödinger equations on tori. Zbl 06272155
Burq, Nicolas
2013
From semiclassical Strichartz estimates to uniform $$L^p$$ resolvent estimates on compact manifolds. Zbl 1414.58013
Burq, Nicolas; Ferreira, David Dos Santos; Krupchyk, Katya
2018
Random data Cauchy theory for dispersive partial differential equations. Zbl 1230.35066
Burq, Nicolas
2011
Rough controls for Schrödinger operators on 2-tori. Zbl 1421.35306
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2019
Remarks on the Gibbs measures for nonlinear dispersive equations. Zbl 1405.35193
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2018
Strichartz estimates and the Cauchy problem for the gravity water waves equations. Zbl 1447.35001
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2018
From semiclassical Strichartz estimates to uniform $$L^p$$ resolvent estimates on compact manifolds. Zbl 1414.58013
Burq, Nicolas; Ferreira, David Dos Santos; Krupchyk, Katya
2018
A stationary phase type estimate. Zbl 1364.35012
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2017
Second microlocalization and stabilization of damped wave equations on tori. Zbl 1383.35008
Burq, Nicolas
2017
Cauchy theory for the gravity water waves system with non-localized initial data. Zbl 1339.35227
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2016
Exponential decay for the damped wave equation in unbounded domains. Zbl 1351.35168
Burq, Nicolas; Joly, Romain
2016
Concentration of Laplace eigenfunctions and stabilization of weakly damped wave equation. Zbl 1366.58011
Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2016
Global infinite energy solutions for the cubic wave equation. Zbl 1320.35217
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2015
Imperfect geometric control and overdamping for the damped wave equation. Zbl 1320.35062
Burq, Nicolas; Christianson, Hans
2015
Laplace eigenfunctions and damped wave equation on product manifolds. Zbl 1331.58033
Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2015
On the Cauchy problem for gravity water waves. Zbl 1308.35195
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2014
Probabilistic well-posedness for the cubic wave equation. Zbl 1295.35387
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2014
Probabilistic Sobolev embeddings, applications to eigenfunctions estimates. Zbl 1357.46024
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2014
Long time dynamics for the one dimensional non linear Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1317.35226
Burq, Nicolas; Thomann, Laurent; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2013
Probabilistic Sobolev embeddings and applications. Zbl 1296.46031
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2013
The water-wave equations: from Zakharov to Euler. Zbl 1273.35220
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2013
Control for Schrödinger operators on 2-tori: rough potentials. Zbl 1279.35016
Bourgain, Jean; Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2013
Low regularity Cauchy theory for the water-waves problem: canals and wave pools. Zbl 1348.35277
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2013
Semiclassical measures for inhomogeneous Schrödinger equations on tori. Zbl 06272155
Burq, Nicolas
2013
Control for Schrödinger operators on tori. Zbl 1281.35011
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2012
Weighted eigenfunction estimates with applications to compressed sensing. Zbl 1262.41004
Burq, Nicolas; Dyatlov, Semyon; Ward, Rachel; Zworski, Maciej
2012
On the water-wave equations with surface tension. Zbl 1258.35043
Alazard, T.; Burq, N.; Zuily, C.
2011
Strichartz estimates for water waves. Zbl 1260.35140
Alazard, Thomas; Burq, Nicolas; Zuily, Claude
2011
Large-time dynamics for the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1226.35072
Burq, Nicolas
2011
Random data Cauchy theory for dispersive partial differential equations. Zbl 1230.35066
Burq, Nicolas
2011
Strichartz estimates without loss on manifolds with hyperbolic trapped geodesics. Zbl 1206.58009
Burq, Nicolas; Guillarmou, Colin; Hassell, Andrew
2010
Minoration de la résolvante dans le cas captif. Zbl 1206.35182
Bony, Jean-François; Burq, Nicolas; Ramond, Thierry
2010
Global existence for energy critical waves in 3-D domains: Neumann boundary conditions. Zbl 1184.35210
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2009
Random data Cauchy theory for supercritical wave equations I: Local theory. Zbl 1156.35062
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2008
Random data Cauchy theory for supercritical wave equations. II. A global existence result. Zbl 1187.35233
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2008
On well-posedness for the Benjamin-Ono equation. Zbl 1148.35074
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2008
Global existence for energy critical waves in 3-D domains. Zbl 1204.35119
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles; Planchon, Fabrice
2008
Restrictions of the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions to submanifolds. Zbl 1131.35053
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2007
Energy decay for damped wave equations on partially rectangular domains. Zbl 1122.35015
Burq, Nicolas; Hitrik, Michael
2007
Invariant measure for a three dimensional nonlinear wave equation. Zbl 1134.35076
Burq, Nicolas; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2007
Global solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on three-dimensional compact manifolds. Zbl 1180.35475
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2007
Burq, Nicolas; Hassell, Andrew; Wunsch, Jared
2007
Smoothing and dispersive estimates for 1D Schrödinger equations with BV coefficients and applications. Zbl 1293.35264
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2006
The Benjamin-Ono equation in energy space. Zbl 1127.35302
Burq, Nicolas; Planchon, Fabrice
2006
Bilinear eigenfunction estimates and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on surfaces. Zbl 1092.35099
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2005
Multilinear eigenfunction estimates and global existence for the three dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Zbl 1116.35109
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2005
Bouncing ball modes and quantum chaos. Zbl 1072.81022
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2005
Quantum ergodicity of boundary values of eigenfunctions: a control theory approach. Zbl 1069.58016
Burq, N.
2005
Instability for the semiclassical nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1133.35089
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2005
Strichartz inequalities and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds. Zbl 1067.58027
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Geometric control in the presence of a black box. Zbl 1050.35058
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2004
Strichartz estimates for the wave and Schrödinger equations with potentials of critical decay. Zbl 1084.35014
2004
Smoothing effect for Schrödinger boundary value problems. Zbl 1061.35024
Burq, N.
2004
On nonlinear Schrödinger equations in exterior domains. Zbl 1061.35126
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Multilinear estimates for the Laplace spectral projectors on compact manifolds. Zbl 1040.58011
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2004
The Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds. Zbl 1084.35086
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2004
Control theory and high energy eigenfunctions. Zbl 1064.35120
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2004
Strichartz estimates for the wave and Schrödinger equations with the inverse-square potential. Zbl 1030.35024
2003
Global Strichartz estimates for nontrapping geometries: About an article by H. Smith and C. Sogge. Zbl 1026.35020
Burq, N.
2003
Two singular dynamics of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a plane domain. Zbl 1044.35084
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2003
The Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a compact manifold. Zbl 1362.35282
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2003
An instability property of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $$S^d$$. Zbl 1003.35113
Burq, N.; Gérard, P.; Tzvetkov, N.
2002
Lower bounds for shape resonances widths of long range Schrödinger operators. Zbl 1013.35019
Burq, Nicolas
2002
Semi-classical estimates for the resolvent in nontrapping geometries. Zbl 1161.81368
Burq, Nicolas
2002
Strichartz estimates for the perturbations of the long-range Schrödinger operator. Zbl 1292.35188
Burq, Nicolas
2002
Microlocal defect measures, application to the Lamé system. Zbl 1043.35009
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
2001
Resonance expansions in semi-classical propagation. Zbl 1042.81582
Burq, Nicolas; Zworski, Maciej
2001
The Schrödinger equation on a compact manifold: Strichartz estimates and applications. Zbl 1043.58019
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick; Tzvetkov, Nikolay
2001
Local energy decay of the wave equation in an exterior problem and without resonance in the neighborhood of the real line. Zbl 0918.35081
Burq, Nicolas
1998
Exact controlability for the wave equation in corner domains. Zbl 0937.35097
Burq, Nicolas; Schlenker, Jean-Marc
1998
A necessary and sufficient condition for the exact controllability of the wave equation. Zbl 0906.93008
Burq, Nicolas; Gérard, Patrick
1997
Exact controlability of waves in somewhat regular domains. Zbl 0892.93009
Burq, N.
1997
Semi-classical measures and defect measures. Zbl 0954.35102
Burq, Nicolas
1997
Poles of diffraction at a corner. Zbl 0896.35099
Burq, Nicolas
1997
Control of the plate equation in the presence of strictly convex obstacles. Zbl 0930.93007
Burq, Nicolas
1993
Micro-local approach to the control for the plates equation. Zbl 0785.49002
Burq, Nicolas; Lebeau, Gilles
1992
Contrôle de l’équation de Schrödinger en présence d’obstacles strictement convexes. Zbl 0768.93040
Burq, N.
1991
all top 5
#### Cited by 866 Authors
37 Tzvetkov, Nikolay 35 Burq, Nicolas 21 Oh, Tadahiro 18 Zuazua, Enrique 16 Alazard, Thomas 15 Christianson, Hans 15 Sogge, Christopher D. 14 Zworski, Maciej 13 Metcalfe, Jason L. 12 Carles, Rémi 12 Cavalcanti, Marcelo Moreira 12 Visciglia, Nicola 11 Gerard, Patrick 11 Ionescu, Alexandru D. 11 Léautaud, Matthieu 11 Mizutani, Haruya 10 Datchev, Kiril R. 10 de Suzzoni, Anne-Sophie 10 Galkowski, Jeffrey 10 Hassell, Andrew 10 Laurent, Camille 10 Thomann, Laurent 10 Zhang, Junyong 9 Bony, Jean-François 9 Bourgain, Jean 9 D’Ancona, Piero 9 Royer, Julien 9 Tacy, Melissa 9 Tataru, Daniel 9 Wunsch, Jared 9 Zheng, Jiqiang 8 Alabau-Boussouira, Fatiha 8 Ammari, Kais 8 Bouclet, Jean-Marc 8 Cacciafesta, Federico 8 Domingos Cavalcanti, Valéria Neves 8 Ervedoza, Sylvain 8 Fanelli, Luca 8 Linares, Felipe 8 Ponce, Gustavo 8 Toth, John Andrew 8 Vodev, Georgi 8 Wang, Yuzhao 7 Blair, Matthew D. 7 Feireisl, Eduard 7 Khenissi, Moez 7 Macià, Fabricio 7 Marzuola, Jeremy L. 7 Pausader, Benoît 7 Planchon, Fabrice 7 Pocovnicu, Oana 7 Privat, Yannick 7 Trélat, Emmanuel 6 Aloui, Lassaad 6 Guo, Zihua 6 Han, Xiaolong 6 Herr, Sebastian 6 Ibrahim, Slim 6 Kenig, Carlos Eduardo 6 Kukavica, Igor 6 Pierfelice, Vittoria 6 Salort, Delphine 6 Sohinger, Vedran 6 Spence, Euan A. 6 Staffilani, Gigliola 6 Tebou, Louis T. 6 Tucsnak, Marius 5 Alexandrova, Ivana 5 Banica, Valeria 5 Bulut, Aynur 5 Corrêa, Wellington José 5 Daoulatli, Moez 5 Dyatlov, Semyon 5 Ifrim, Mihaela 5 Lü, Qi 5 Masmoudi, Nader 5 Miao, Changxing 5 Murphy, Jason 5 Nonnenmacher, Stéphane 5 Petkov, Vesselin M. 5 Pusateri, Fabio 5 Raphael, Pierre 5 Rivière, Gabriel 5 Robbiano, Luc 5 Wang, Chengbo 5 Zelditch, Steve 5 Zheng, Bowen 5 Zuily, Claude 4 Brzeźniak, Zdzisław 4 Canzani, Yaiza 4 Casarino, Valentina 4 Dehman, Belhassen 4 Dinh, Van Duong 4 Fu, Xiaoyu 4 Georgiev, Vladimir S. 4 Germain, Pierre 4 Hani, Zaher 4 Ivanovici, Oana 4 Joly, Romain 4 Killip, Rowan ...and 766 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 152 Serials
64 Journal of Differential Equations 63 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 55 Journal of Functional Analysis 54 Communications in Mathematical Physics 29 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 28 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 27 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 27 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 27 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 24 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 20 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 19 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 18 Journal of Mathematical Physics 18 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 17 Advances in Mathematics 17 Mathematische Annalen 17 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 16 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 16 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 15 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 14 Duke Mathematical Journal 14 Annales Henri Poincaré 13 Inventiones Mathematicae 12 Analysis & PDE 10 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 10 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 10 Séminaire Laurent Schwartz. EDP et Applications 9 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 9 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 9 Journal of Spectral Theory 8 Nonlinearity 8 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 8 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 8 Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 7 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 7 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 6 Applicable Analysis 6 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 6 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 6 Science China. Mathematics 5 Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 5 Numerische Mathematik 5 Systems & Control Letters 5 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 5 Forum Mathematicum 5 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 5 Stochastic and Partial Differential Equations. Analysis and Computations 5 Annals of PDE 4 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 4 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 4 Probability Theory and Related Fields 4 Journal of Evolution Equations 4 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 4 Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 4 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 3 Inverse Problems 3 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 3 Potential Analysis 3 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 3 Mathematical Control and Related Fields 3 Pure and Applied Analysis 3 Annales Henri Lebesgue 3 Water Waves 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Israel Journal of Mathematics 2 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 2 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 2 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 Manuscripta Mathematica 2 Mathematische Nachrichten 2 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 2 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 2 Physica D 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Asymptotic Analysis 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 2 Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 2 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 2 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 2 Annales Mathématiques Blaise Pascal 2 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 2 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 2 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 2 Portugaliae Mathematica. Nova Série 2 Milan Journal of Mathematics 2 Evolution Equations and Control Theory 2 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Proceedings and Surveys 2 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Series B 1 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1 Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV) ...and 52 more Serials
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#### Cited in 44 Fields
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#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-03-09T00:39:20 |
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|
https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/Thousand
|
11,051 Pages
"Gootol" redirects here. It is not to be confused with gootrol or gooctol.
One thousand is a number equal to 1,000, or 103.[1] It is also equal to the square root of a million. The term came from Old English "þusend," from Proto-Germanic "thusundi", which was likely an indefinite number meaning "many".[2] A thousand is used as a base in the widely used -illion naming system, since all -illions are powers of a thousand.
One thousand sheets of paper is called a bundle.[3]
## Example
Below are one thousand copies of the letter A.
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
## In googology
In Greek-based number-naming systems, thousand is associated with SI prefix kilo-, and with SI prefix milli- in Latin systems.
Username5243 calls this number niloogol or gootol, and it's equal to 10[0]100 = 10[1]3 in Username5243's Array Notation.[6]
Nirvana Supermind calls this number zeroogol , and it's equal to Q<10,100> in Quick array notation[7].
## Currency-related use
Some currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the Swiss franc, have banknotes with this number in the denomination.
Some currencies, such as the Indonesian rupiah and the Paraguayan guaraní, have coins with this number in the denomination.
It is also the prize for correctly answering the first five questions in some national editions of the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in the respective local currency, and the prize for correctly answering the first six questions in the German game show Wer wird Millionär? in euros.
Furthermore, it is also the prize for correctly answering the first question in the Indian game show Kaun Banega Crorepati in Indian rupees.
## In other languages
Language(s) Name
Afrikaans duisend
Albanian mijë
Aragonese, Asturian, Breton, Catalan, Esperanto, Friulian, Galician, Ido, Mirandese, Novial, Portuguese, Spanish, Volapük, Welsh mil
Aromanian njilje
Azeri min
Basque mila
Cebuano, Tagalog libo
Corsican, French, Interlingua, Italian, Latin mille
Crimean Tatar miñ
Czech, Slovak tisíc
Danish tusind, tusinde
Dutch duizend
Estonian, Finnish tuhat
Faroese túsund
Fijian udolu
German tausend
Greenlandic tuusinti
Guaraní su
Hawaiian kaukani
Hungarian ezer
Icelandic þúsund
Indonesian, Malay ribu
Interlingue mill
Irish míle
Latvian tūkstotis
Lithuanian tūkstantis
Lojban kilto
Luxembourgish dausend
Maltese elf
Maore Comorian alifu
Maori mano
Northern Sami duhat
Norwegian, Swedish tusen
Occitan mil, mila
Polish tysiąc
Quechua waranqa
Romanian mie
Romansch milli
Sardinian mila, milla, milli, miza, mizi
Scottish Gaelic mìle
Sicilian middi, milli
Slovene tisoč
Sorbian tysac
Swahili elfu
Turkish bin
Turkmen müň
Uzbek ming
Vietnamese ngàn, nghìn
### Cyrillic alphabets
Language(s) Name
Bashkir, Tatar мең
Belarusian, Russian тысяча
Bulgarian хиляда
Chuvash пин
Kazakh мың
Khakas, Shor, Tuvan муң
Komi-Permyak, Udmurt сюрс
Kyrgyz миң
Macedonian илјада
Mongolian мянга
Old Church Slavonic тысѧща, тысѫща
Serbo-Croatian тисућа, хиљада
Tajik, Yagnobi ҳазор
Ukrainian тисяча
### Other alphabets
Language(s) Name
Ancient Greek χίλιοι
Armenian հազար
Georgian ათასი
Modern Greek χίλια
### Brahmic scripts
Language(s) Name
Bengali হাজার, সহস্র
Hindi हज़ार, सहस्र
Tamil ஆயிரம்
Thai พัน
### In CJK languages
Language(s) Name
Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja 千, 仟
Cantonese (yat1) cin1
Japanese せん (sen)
Korean 천 (cheon, ch’ŏn)
Mandarin qiān
### In RTL languages
Language(s) Name
Arabic أَلْف
Dhivehi ހާސް
Hebrew אֶלֶף
Kurdish ههزار
Ottoman Turkish بیك
Pashto زر
Persian هِزار
Urdu ہزار
Uyghur مىڭ
Yiddish טויזנט
## Approximations
Notation Lower bound Upper bound
Scientific notation $$1\times10^3$$
Arrow notation $$10\uparrow3$$
Steinhaus-Moser Notation 4[3] 5[3]
Copy notation 9[3] 10[2]
Chained arrow notation $$10\rightarrow3$$
Taro's multivariable Ackermann function A(3,7) A(3,8)
Pound-Star Notation #*(2)*7 #*(2)*8
PlantStar's Debut Notation [1] [2]
BEAF {10,3}
Hyper-E notation E3
Bashicu matrix system (0)[31] (0)[32]
Hyperfactorial array notation 6! 7!
Bird's array notation {10,3}
Strong array notation s(10,3)
Fast-growing hierarchy $$f_2(7)$$ $$f_2(8)$$
Hardy hierarchy $$H_{\omega^2}(7)$$ $$H_{\omega^2}(8)$$
Slow-growing hierarchy $$g_{\omega^3}(10)$$
## Sources
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2021-06-15T10:34:35 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classGapConductanceConstraint.html
|
GapConductanceConstraint Class Reference
This Constraint implements thermal contact using a "gap conductance" model in which the flux is represented by an independent "Lagrange multiplier" like variable. More...
#include <GapConductanceConstraint.h>
Inheritance diagram for GapConductanceConstraint:
[legend]
Public Member Functions
GapConductanceConstraint (const InputParameters ¶meters)
virtual ~GapConductanceConstraint ()
Protected Member Functions
virtual Real computeQpResidual ()
Computes the residual for the LM equation, lambda = (k/l)*(T^(1) - PT^(2)). More...
virtual Real computeQpResidualSide (Moose::ConstraintType res_type)
Computes the "lambda * (v^(1) - Pv^(2))" residual term in the primal equation. More...
virtual Real computeQpJacobian ()
Computes the Jacobian of the LM equation wrt lambda, i.e. More...
virtual Real computeQpJacobianSide (Moose::ConstraintJacobianType jac_type)
Handles Jacobian contributions for both the LM equation and the primal equation. More...
Protected Attributes
Real _k
Thermal conductivity of the gap medium (e.g. air). More...
Detailed Description
This Constraint implements thermal contact using a "gap conductance" model in which the flux is represented by an independent "Lagrange multiplier" like variable.
This formulation is not derived from a constrained optimization problem, so it is not a Lagrange multiplier formulation in the classic sense, but it does have the benefit of producing an improved approximation to the flux (better than simply differentiating the finite element solution) and is a systematic approach for accurately computing integrals on mismatched grids. For more information on this formulation, see the following references:
M. Gitterle, "A dual mortar formulation for finite deformation frictional contact problems including wear and thermal coupling," PhD thesis, Technische Universit"{a}t M"{u}nchen, Nov. 2012, https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1108639/1108639.pdf.
S. H"{u}eber and B. I. Wohlmuth, "Thermo-mechanical contact problems on non-matching meshes," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 198, pp. 1338–1350, Mar. 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2008.11.022.
S.~Falletta and B.~P. Lamichhane, "Mortar finite elements for a heat transfer problem on sliding meshes," Calcolo, vol. 46, pp. 131–148, June 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10092-009-0001-1}.
The PDF avaialable from http://tinyurl.com/gmmhbe9 explains the formulation in more detail. In the documentation below, we use the notation from the PDF above, and refer to the "primal" and "LM" equations, where primal refers to the heat transfer equation including the gap heat flux contribution, and "LM" refers to the equation for computing the flux, i.e. the Lagrange multiplier variable. Likewise, the term "primal variable" refers to the temperature variable.
Definition at line 55 of file GapConductanceConstraint.h.
◆ GapConductanceConstraint()
GapConductanceConstraint::GapConductanceConstraint ( const InputParameters & parameters )
Definition at line 28 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
29 : MortarConstraint(parameters), _k(getParam<Real>("k"))
30 {
31 }
Real _k
Thermal conductivity of the gap medium (e.g. air).
◆ ~GapConductanceConstraint()
GapConductanceConstraint::~GapConductanceConstraint ( )
virtual
Definition at line 33 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
33 {}
◆ computeQpJacobian()
Real GapConductanceConstraint::computeQpJacobian ( )
protectedvirtual
Computes the Jacobian of the LM equation wrt lambda, i.e.
both phi(j) and test(i) are from the LM space. This is simply a (negative) mass matrix contribution, due to the structure of the LM equation.
Definition at line 57 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
58 {
59 return -_phi[_j][_qp] * _test[_i][_qp];
60 }
◆ computeQpJacobianSide()
Real GapConductanceConstraint::computeQpJacobianSide ( Moose::ConstraintJacobianType jac_type )
protectedvirtual
Handles Jacobian contributions for both the LM equation and the primal equation.
The jac_type flag controls the type of contribution: Master/Master: LM equation Jacobian wrt to T^(1), phi(j) is primal basis, master side, test(i) is LM basis, master side. Master/Slave: LM equation Jacobian wrt T^(2), phi(j) is primal basis, slave side, test(i) is LM basis, slave side. Slave/Master: Primal equation Jacobian wrt lambda, phi(j) is the LM basis, test(i) is the primal basis, master side. Slave/Slave: Primal equation Jacobian wrt lambda, phi(j) is the LM basis, test(i) is the primal basis, slave side.
Definition at line 63 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
64 {
65 Real l = (_phys_points_master[_qp] - _phys_points_slave[_qp]).norm();
66 switch (jac_type)
67 {
68 case Moose::MasterMaster:
69 return (_k / l) * _phi[_j][_qp] * _test_master[_i][_qp];
70 case Moose::MasterSlave:
71 return -(_k / l) * _phi[_j][_qp] * _test_slave[_i][_qp];
72
73 case Moose::SlaveMaster:
74 return _phi[_j][_qp] * _test_master[_i][_qp];
75 case Moose::SlaveSlave:
76 return -_phi[_j][_qp] * _test_slave[_i][_qp];
77 default:
78 return 0;
79 }
80 }
Real _k
Thermal conductivity of the gap medium (e.g. air).
◆ computeQpResidual()
Real GapConductanceConstraint::computeQpResidual ( )
protectedvirtual
Computes the residual for the LM equation, lambda = (k/l)*(T^(1) - PT^(2)).
Definition at line 36 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
37 {
38 Real l = (_phys_points_master[_qp] - _phys_points_slave[_qp]).norm();
39 return (_k * (_u_master[_qp] - _u_slave[_qp]) / l - _lambda[_qp]) * _test[_i][_qp];
40 }
Real _k
Thermal conductivity of the gap medium (e.g. air).
◆ computeQpResidualSide()
Real GapConductanceConstraint::computeQpResidualSide ( Moose::ConstraintType res_type )
protectedvirtual
Computes the "lambda * (v^(1) - Pv^(2))" residual term in the primal equation.
The res_type flag controls whether the contribution from the master (1) or slave (2) test function is currently being computed.
Definition at line 43 of file GapConductanceConstraint.C.
44 {
45 switch (res_type)
46 {
47 case Moose::Master:
48 return _lambda[_qp] * _test_master[_i][_qp];
49 case Moose::Slave:
50 return -_lambda[_qp] * _test_slave[_i][_qp];
51 default:
52 return 0;
53 }
54 }
◆ _k
Real GapConductanceConstraint::_k
protected
Thermal conductivity of the gap medium (e.g. air).
Definition at line 98 of file GapConductanceConstraint.h.
Referenced by computeQpJacobianSide(), and computeQpResidual().
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
| 2019-04-22T18:38:38 |
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|
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcdss.2019072
|
Article Contents
Article Contents
# Major project risk assessment method based on BP neural network
• * Corresponding author: Shenghan Zhou
The first author is supported by NSFC grant 71501007, 71672006 and 71332003
• In order to prevent risks in major projects, it is of great importance to accurately assess risks in advance. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel major project risk assessment method with the BP neural network model. Firstly, we propose an index system for major project risk assessment, which is made up of four parts: 1) Schedule risk, 2) Cost risk, 3) Quality risk, and 4) Resource risk. Secondly, we propose a hybrid BP neural network and particle swarm optimization (PSO) model to evaluate risks in major projects. Especially, major project risk assessment results are achieved from the output layers of the BP neural network which is optimized by the PSO algorithm. In our proposed hybrid model, the fitness for each particle is computed through an optimal function, and then the particle can improve its velocity for the next cycle by searching the optimal value. Furthermore, this process should be repeated when the end condition is satisfied. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to evaluate risk level of major projects with high accuracy.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 58F15, 58F17; Secondary: 53C35.
Citation:
• Figure 1. Index system for major project risk assessment
Figure 2. Framework of the BP neural network
Figure 3. Calculation process of the BP neural network algorithm
Figure 4. Strucutre of the BP neural network for major project risk assessment
Figure 5. The trend of training error varying
Figure 6. Risk assessment results for different major projects
Figure 7. Error rates of risk assessment for different major projects
Table 1. Testing data of the major project risk assessment problem
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 A1 0.135 0.154 0.228 0.190 0.218 0.184 0.208 0.252 A2 0.145 0.216 0.195 0.221 0.140 0.287 0.210 0.243 A3 0.139 0.138 0.363 0.270 0.139 0.306 0.151 0.274 A4 0.427 0.520 0.599 0.582 0.633 0.618 0.535 0.587 A5 0.451 0.510 0.638 0.605 0.639 0.616 0.630 0.571 A6 0.156 0.210 0.493 0.167 0.305 0.393 0.219 0.289 A7 0.241 0.215 0.390 0.185 0.214 0.334 0.334 0.169 A8 0.371 0.319 0.343 0.208 0.179 0.397 0.380 0.356 A9 0.385 0.419 0.312 0.220 0.303 0.323 0.356 0.117 A10 0.250 0.325 0.383 0.259 0.249 0.366 0.258 0.269 A11 0.237 0.275 0.357 0.352 0.242 0.310 0.363 0.253 A12 0.339 0.349 0.325 0.333 0.321 0.328 0.309 0.329 A13 0.211 0.216 0.329 0.281 0.209 0.295 0.215 0.347 A14 0.341 0.379 0.307 0.330 0.280 0.332 0.247 0.374 A15 0.171 0.182 0.319 0.213 0.148 0.348 0.150 0.195 A16 0.122 0.139 0.577 0.483 0.128 0.481 0.372 0.474 A17 0.149 0.162 0.400 0.335 0.120 0.478 0.468 0.363 A18 0.164 0.225 0.320 0.284 0.212 0.351 0.332 0.398 A19 0.219 0.246 0.176 0.250 0.155 0.316 0.209 0.214 A20 0.124 0.225 0.239 0.135 0.130 0.309 0.209 0.302
Table 2. Risk scores from experts?opinion
Project S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Expert opinion 0.155 0.189 0.362 0.171 0.158 0.347 0.273 0.301
Table 3. Parameters of the propose BP neural network model
ID Parameter name Value 1 Number of hidden layer nodes 35 2 Transfer function type of hidden layer nodes logsig 3 Neuron excitation function of output layer purelin 4 Training function trainlm 5 Learning function learngdm 6 Maximum iteration number 550 7 Learning rate 0.00001 8 Momentum coefficient 0.94 9 Error rate of network training 0.0001
• [1] G. D. Bossart, P. Fair, A. M. Schaefer and J. S. Reif, Health and Environmental Risk Assessment Project for bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA, I. Infectious Diseases, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 125 (2017), 141-153. [2] P. Las Casas, S. M. Rezende and D. D. Ribeiro, Risk factors assessment for thrombosis in patients with cancer - research project of the federal university of minas gerais, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 14 (2016), 83-83. [3] X. M. Chen, T. L. Wang, M. M. Ding, J. Wang, J. Q. Chen and J. X. Yan, Analysis and prediction on the cutting process of constrained damping boring bars based on PSO-BP neural network model, Journal of Vibroengineering, 19 (2017), 878-893. [4] G. Y. He, C. Huang, L. Z. Guo, G. M. Sun and D. W. Zhang, Identification and adjustment of guide rail geometric errors based on BP neural network, Measurement Science Review, 17 (2017), 135-144. [5] C. L. Jiang, S. Q. Zhang, C. Zhang, H. P. Li and X. H. Ding, Modeling and predicting of MODIS leaf area index time series based on a hybrid. SARIMA and BP neural network method, Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 37 (2017), 189-193. [6] Y. T. Kuang, R. Singh, S. Singh and P. Singh, A novel macroeconomic forecasting model based on revised multimedia assisted BP neural network model and ant Colony algorithm, Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76 (2017), 18749-18770. [7] Z. K. Li and X. H. Zhao, BP artificial neural network based wave front correction for sensor-less free space optics communication, Optics Communications, 385 (2017), 219-228. [8] C. J. Liu, W. F. Ding, Z. Li and C. Y. Yang, Prediction of high-speed grinding temperature of titanium matrix composites using BP neural network based on PSO algorithm, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89 (2017), 2277-2285. [9] S. D. Liu, Z. S. Hou and C. K. Yin, Data-driven modeling for ugi gasification processes via an enhanced genetic bp neural network with link switches, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 27 (2016), 2718-2729. [10] T. H. Liu and S. L. Yin, An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm used for BP neural network and multimedia course-ware evaluation, Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76 (2017), 11961-11974. [11] C. Ma, L. Zhao, X. S. Mei, H. Shi and J. Yang, Thermal error compensation of high-speed spindle system based on a modified BP neural network, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89 (2017), 3071-3085. [12] D. L. Ma, T. Zhou, J. Chen, S. Qi, M. A. Shahzad and Z. J. Xiao, Supercritical water heat transfer coefficient prediction analysis based on BP neural network, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 320 (2017), 400-408. [13] C. Muriana and G. Vizzini, Project risk management: A deterministic quantitative technique for assessment and mitigation, International Journal of Project Management, 35 (2017), 320-340. [14] O. Okmen, Risk assessment for determining best design alternative in a state-owned irrigation project in Turkey, Ksce Journal of Civil Engineering, 20 (2016), 109-120. [15] C. Ou-Yang and W. L. Chen, Applying a risk assessment approach for cost analysis and decision-making: A case study for a basic design engineering project, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 40 (2017), 378-390. [16] J. S. Peng, Multi-objective optimization of vibration characteristics of steering systems based on GA-BP neural networks, Journal of Vibroengineering, 19 (2017), 3216-3229. [17] J. S. Reif, A. M. Schaefer, G. D. Bossart and P. A. Fair, Health and Environmental Risk Assessment Project for bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA, II. Environmental aspects, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 125 (2017), 155-166. [18] A. Salah and O. Moselhi, Risk identification and assessment for engineering procurement construction management projects using fuzzy set theory, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 43 (2016), 429-442. [19] G. L. Su, Human exercise physiology index evaluation method based on a BP neural network, Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28 (2017), 2112-2116. [20] A. X. Sun, X. Jin and Y. B. Chang, Research on the process optimization model of micro-clearance electrolysis-assisted laser machining based on BP neural network and ant colony, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 88 (2017), 3485-3498. [21] T. Tuvia, M. Kats, C. Aloezos, M. To, A. Ozdoba and L. Gallo, A quality improvement project focused on assessment of risk level of outpatient psychiatry patients, European Psychiatry, 41 (2017), S898-S898. [22] D. Y. Wang, H. Y. Luo, O. Grunder, Y. B. Lin and H. X. Guo, Multi-step ahead electricity price forecasting using a hybrid model based on two-layer decomposition technique and BP neural network optimized by firefly algorithm, Applied Energy, 190 (2017), 390-407. [23] F. Wang, H. Zhu, Y. P. Li and Y. F. Liu, Combined transmission laser spectrum of core-offset fiber and bp neural network for temperature sensing research, Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 36 (2016), 3732-3736. [24] J. Wang, Y. Q. Wen, Y. D. Gou, Z. Y. Ye and H. Chen, Fractional-order gradient descent learning of BP neural networks with Caputo derivative, Neural Networks, 89 (2017), 19-30. [25] J. D. Wang, K. J. Fang, W. J. Pang and J. W. Sun, Wind power interval prediction based on improved pso and bp neural network, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 12 (2017), 989-995. [26] W. Wang, X. D. Gu, L. Ma and S. S. Yan, Temperature error correction based on BP neural network in meteorological wireless sensor network, International Journal of Sensor Networks, 23 (2017), 265-278. [27] X. Wang, J. Zhu, F. B. Ma, C. H. Li, Y. P. Cai and Z. F. Yang, Bayesian network-based risk assessment for hazmat transportation on the middle route of the south-to-north water transfer project in china, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 30 (2016), 841-857. [28] S. B. Wu, J. X. Liu and Y. Yu, Prediction of cut size for pneumatic classification based on a back propagation (BP) neural network, Zkg International, 69 (2016), 64-71. [29] B. Xu, H. C. Dan and L. Li, Temperature prediction model of asphalt pavement in cold regions based on an improved BP neural network, Applied Thermal Engineering, 120 (2017), 568-580. [30] Z. You, J. Liu, J. Dai, W. Liu, W. Song, X. Wang and C. Zhang, BP neural network-based smog environment and the risk model of mood driving, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15 (2017), 1753-1763. [31] Q. W. Zhang, Personal credit risk assessment of bp neural network commercial banks based on PSO-GA algorithm optimization, Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28 (2017), 2580-2584. [32] X. M. Zhang, X. M. Zhao and N. Wu, Credit risk assessment model for cross-border e-commerce in a bp neural network based on PSO-GA, Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28 (2017), 411-414. [33] Z. H. Zhang, Y. Hu, C. Ma, J. H. Xu, S. G. Yuan and Z. Chen, Incentive-punitive risk function with interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy information for outsourced software project risk assessment, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 32 (2017), 3749-3760. [34] H. J. Zhao, S. G. Shi, H. Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang and Z. F. Xu, Calibration of AOTF-based 3D measurement system using multiplane model based on phase fringe and BP neural network, Optics Express, 25 (2017), 10413-10433. [35] X. B. Zhao, B. G. Hwang and Y. Gao, A fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach for risk assessment: A case of Singapore's green projects, Journal of Cleaner Production, 115 (2016), 203-213.
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Abunke.ulrich
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Bunke, Ulrich
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: bunke.ulrich Published as: Bunke, Ulrich; Bunke, U. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 78 Publications since 1990, including 5 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
22 single-authored 16 Schick, Thomas 12 Olbrich, Martin 6 Engel, Alexander 5 Kasprowski, Daniel 5 Winges, Christoph 4 Nikolaus, Thomas 4 Spitzweck, Markus 3 Tamme, Georg 2 Naumann, Niko 2 Schröder, Ingo 1 Banagl, Markus 1 Cisinski, Denis-Charles 1 Ebeling, Werner 1 Freed, Daniel Stuart 1 Gepner, David 1 Goette, Sebastian 1 Hirschmann, Tankred 1 Igusa, Kiyoshi 1 Joachim, Michael 1 Koch, Herbert 1 Kreck, Matthias 1 Kriele, Marcus 1 Ma, Xiaonan 1 Nonnenmacher, Stéphane 1 Park, Jinsung 1 Rumpf, Philipp 1 Schubert, Roman 1 Stolz, Stephan A. 1 Thom, Andreas Berthold 1 Völkl, Michael 1 Waldmüller, Reinhard 1 Weinberger, Shmuel 1 Wiethaup, Moritz 1 Willerton, Simon
all top 5
#### Serials
6 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 4 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 4 Oberwolfach Reports 3 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 2 Communications in Mathematical Physics 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Journal of Functional Analysis 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Mathematische Nachrichten 2 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 Theory and Applications of Categories 2 Geometry & Topology 2 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 2 Münster Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Geometry and Physics 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Differential Geometry 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 $$K$$-Theory 1 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 Annalen der Physik, VII. Folge 1 Annales Mathématiques Blaise Pascal 1 The New York Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Homology, Homotopy and Applications 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 1 Astérisque 1 Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1 Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures 1 Journal of Topology 1 Annals of $$K$$-Theory
all top 5
#### Fields
35 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 26 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 19 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 17 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 12 Differential geometry (53-XX) 11 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 9 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 7 Number theory (11-XX) 7 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 6 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 4 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 3 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
65 Publications have been cited 419 times in 279 Documents Cited by Year
A $$K$$-theoretic relative index theorem and Callias-type Dirac operators. Zbl 0835.58035
Bunke, Ulrich
1995
Uniqueness of smooth extensions of generalized cohomology theories. Zbl 1252.55002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2010
Smooth $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1202.19007
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2009
On the gluing problem for the $$\eta$$-invariant. Zbl 0821.58037
Bunke, Ulrich
1995
On the topology of $$T$$-duality. Zbl 1148.55009
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2005
Selberg zeta and theta functions. A differential operator approach. Zbl 0831.58001
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1995
Index theory, eta forms, and Deligne cohomology. Zbl 1181.58017
Bunke, Ulrich
2009
Differential cohomology theories as sheaves of spectra. Zbl 1341.57020
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas; Völkl, Michael
2016
Differential K-theory: a survey. Zbl 1245.19002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2012
The topology of T-duality for $$T^{n}$$-bundles. Zbl 1116.55007
Bunke, Ulrich; Rumpf, Philipp; Schick, Thomas
2006
Group cohomology and the singularities of the Selberg zeta function associated to a Kleinian group. Zbl 0969.11019
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1999
Relative index theory. Zbl 0762.58026
Bunke, Ulrich
1992
A geometric description of differential cohomology. Zbl 1200.55007
Bunke, Ulrich; Kreck, Matthias; Schick, Thomas
2010
String structures and trivialisations of a Pfaffian line bundle. Zbl 1238.58022
Bunke, Ulrich
2011
The spectrum of the Dirac operator on the hyperbolic space. Zbl 0803.58056
Bunke, Ulrich
1991
Gerbes and homotopy quantum field theories. Zbl 1054.57034
Bunke, Ulrich; Turner, Paul; Willerton, Simon
2004
Gamma-cohomology and the Selberg zeta function. Zbl 0851.22012
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1995
The wave kernel for the Laplacian on the classical locally symmetric spaces of rank one, theta functions, trace formulas and the Selberg zeta function. With an appendix by Andreas Juhl. Zbl 0832.53041
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1994
Index and secondary index theory for flat bundles with duality. Zbl 1073.58019
Bunke, Ulrich; Ma, Xiaonan
2004
The spectrum of Kleinian manifolds. Zbl 0966.43004
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2000
Resolutions of distribution globalizations of Harish-Chandra modules and cohomology. Zbl 1156.11320
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1998
Landweber exact formal group laws and smooth cohomology theories. Zbl 1181.55006
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Schröder, Ingo; Wiethaup, Moritz
2009
Fuchsian groups of the second kind and representations carried by the limit set. Zbl 0880.30035
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1997
On the spectral flow of families of Dirac operators with constant symbol. Zbl 0834.58037
Bunke, Ulrich
1994
Comparison of Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary. Zbl 0797.58084
Bunke, Ulrich
1993
Duality for topological abelian group stacks and $$T$$-duality. Zbl 1170.14001
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus; Thom, Andreas
2008
On quantum ergodicity for vector bundles. Zbl 1141.81011
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2006
The $$f$$-invariant and index theory. Zbl 1200.55021
Bunke, Ulrich; Naumann, Niko
2010
Differential orbifold $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1327.19012
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2013
Multiplicative differential algebraic $$K$$-theory and applications. Zbl 1375.19009
Bunke, Ulrich; Tamme, Georg
2016
Transgression of the index gerbe. Zbl 1021.58027
Bunke, Ulrich
2002
$$T$$-duality for non-free circle actions. Zbl 1125.55009
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2006
Chern classes on differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1207.19005
Bunke, Ulrich
2010
Periodic twisted cohomology and T-duality. Zbl 1245.55004
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2011
Regulators and cycle maps in higher-dimensional differential algebraic $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1333.19007
Bunke, Ulrich; Tamme, Georg
2015
Real secondary index theory. Zbl 1157.57018
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2008
Twisted differential cohomology. Zbl 1447.55005
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas
2019
Homotopy theory with bornological coarse spaces. Zbl 1457.19001
Bunke, Ulrich; Engel, Alexander
2020
Determinant bundles, boundaries, and surgery. Zbl 1084.58012
Bunke, Ulrich; Park, Jinsung
2004
Equivariant torsion and G-CW-complexes. Zbl 0929.57013
Bunke, Ulrich
1999
Classifying spaces and spectra representing the $$K$$-theory of a graded $$K$$-theory of a graded $$C^*$$-algebra. Zbl 1049.46050
Bunke, Ulrich; Joachim, Michael; Stolz, Stephan
2003
Twisted $$K$$-theory and TQFT. Zbl 1162.19300
Bunke, U.; Schröder, I.
2005
Equivariant higher analytic torsion and equivariant Euler characteristic. Zbl 0984.58021
Bunke, Ulrich
2000
Secondary invariants for string bordism and topological modular forms. Zbl 1308.57014
Bunke, Ulrich; Naumann, Niko
2014
On square integrability of mean curvature for surfaces with positive Gaussian curvature. Zbl 0754.53040
Bunke, Ulrich; Kriele, Marcus
1991
The index of the scattering operator on the positive spectral subspace. Zbl 0760.58045
Bunke, Ulrich; Hirschmann, Tankred
1992
Upper bounds of small eigenvalues of the Dirac operator and isometric immersions. Zbl 0698.53025
Bunke, Ulrich
1991
Towards the trace formula for convex-cocompact groups. Zbl 1291.22019
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2012
A universal coarse $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1435.19002
Bunke, Ulrich; Cisinski, Denis-Charles
2020
Cohomological properties of the canonical globalizations of Harish-Chandra modules. (Consequences of theorems of Kashiwara-Schmid, Casselman, and Schneider-Stuhler). Zbl 0890.22004
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1997
The $$\eta$$-form and a generalized Maslov index. Zbl 0920.58045
Bunke, Ulrich; Koch, Herbert
1998
Nonexistence of invariant distributions supported on the limit set. Zbl 1018.22008
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2002
Inertia and delocalized twisted cohomology. Zbl 1139.14002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2008
Orbifold index and equivariant $$K$$-homology. Zbl 1147.58020
Bunke, Ulrich
2007
Analysis on symmetric and locally symmetric spaces (multiplicities, cohomology and zeta functions). Zbl 1135.22011
Bunke, U.; Waldmüller, R.
2007
Working session with current theme: Twisted $$K$$-theory. Abstracts from the workshop held October 8–14, 2006. (Arbeitsgemeinschaft mit aktuellem Thema: Twisted $$K$$-theory.) Zbl 1177.19001
Bunke, Ulrich (ed.); Freed, Dan (ed.); Schick, Thomas (ed.)
2006
On the functoriality of Lott’s secondary analytic index. Zbl 1007.58017
Bunke, Ulrich
2002
Adams operations in smooth $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1209.19004
Bunke, Ulrich
2010
$$T$$-duality via gerby geometry and reductions. Zbl 1339.53026
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas
2015
Sheaf theory for stacks in manifolds and twisted cohomology for $$S^1$$-gerbes. Zbl 1149.14002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2007
Scattering theory for geometrically finite groups. Zbl 1154.43005
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2008
Homotopy theory with $$\ast$$-categories. Zbl 1423.18011
Bunke, Ulrich
2019
A regulator for smooth manifolds and an index theorem. Zbl 1426.19001
Bunke, Ulrich
2018
The Beilinson regulator is a map of ring spectra. Zbl 1400.14063
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas; Tamme, Georg
2018
Equivariant coarse homotopy theory and coarse algebraic K-homology. Zbl 1442.18023
Bunke, Ulrich; Engel, Alexander; Kasprowski, Daniel; Winges, Christoph
2020
Homotopy theory with bornological coarse spaces. Zbl 1457.19001
Bunke, Ulrich; Engel, Alexander
2020
A universal coarse $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1435.19002
Bunke, Ulrich; Cisinski, Denis-Charles
2020
Equivariant coarse homotopy theory and coarse algebraic K-homology. Zbl 1442.18023
Bunke, Ulrich; Engel, Alexander; Kasprowski, Daniel; Winges, Christoph
2020
Twisted differential cohomology. Zbl 1447.55005
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas
2019
Homotopy theory with $$\ast$$-categories. Zbl 1423.18011
Bunke, Ulrich
2019
A regulator for smooth manifolds and an index theorem. Zbl 1426.19001
Bunke, Ulrich
2018
The Beilinson regulator is a map of ring spectra. Zbl 1400.14063
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas; Tamme, Georg
2018
Differential cohomology theories as sheaves of spectra. Zbl 1341.57020
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas; Völkl, Michael
2016
Multiplicative differential algebraic $$K$$-theory and applications. Zbl 1375.19009
Bunke, Ulrich; Tamme, Georg
2016
Regulators and cycle maps in higher-dimensional differential algebraic $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1333.19007
Bunke, Ulrich; Tamme, Georg
2015
$$T$$-duality via gerby geometry and reductions. Zbl 1339.53026
Bunke, Ulrich; Nikolaus, Thomas
2015
Secondary invariants for string bordism and topological modular forms. Zbl 1308.57014
Bunke, Ulrich; Naumann, Niko
2014
Differential orbifold $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1327.19012
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2013
Differential K-theory: a survey. Zbl 1245.19002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2012
Towards the trace formula for convex-cocompact groups. Zbl 1291.22019
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2012
String structures and trivialisations of a Pfaffian line bundle. Zbl 1238.58022
Bunke, Ulrich
2011
Periodic twisted cohomology and T-duality. Zbl 1245.55004
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2011
Uniqueness of smooth extensions of generalized cohomology theories. Zbl 1252.55002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2010
A geometric description of differential cohomology. Zbl 1200.55007
Bunke, Ulrich; Kreck, Matthias; Schick, Thomas
2010
The $$f$$-invariant and index theory. Zbl 1200.55021
Bunke, Ulrich; Naumann, Niko
2010
Chern classes on differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1207.19005
Bunke, Ulrich
2010
Adams operations in smooth $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1209.19004
Bunke, Ulrich
2010
Smooth $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1202.19007
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2009
Index theory, eta forms, and Deligne cohomology. Zbl 1181.58017
Bunke, Ulrich
2009
Landweber exact formal group laws and smooth cohomology theories. Zbl 1181.55006
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Schröder, Ingo; Wiethaup, Moritz
2009
Duality for topological abelian group stacks and $$T$$-duality. Zbl 1170.14001
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus; Thom, Andreas
2008
Real secondary index theory. Zbl 1157.57018
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2008
Inertia and delocalized twisted cohomology. Zbl 1139.14002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2008
Scattering theory for geometrically finite groups. Zbl 1154.43005
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2008
Orbifold index and equivariant $$K$$-homology. Zbl 1147.58020
Bunke, Ulrich
2007
Analysis on symmetric and locally symmetric spaces (multiplicities, cohomology and zeta functions). Zbl 1135.22011
Bunke, U.; Waldmüller, R.
2007
Sheaf theory for stacks in manifolds and twisted cohomology for $$S^1$$-gerbes. Zbl 1149.14002
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas; Spitzweck, Markus
2007
The topology of T-duality for $$T^{n}$$-bundles. Zbl 1116.55007
Bunke, Ulrich; Rumpf, Philipp; Schick, Thomas
2006
On quantum ergodicity for vector bundles. Zbl 1141.81011
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2006
$$T$$-duality for non-free circle actions. Zbl 1125.55009
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2006
Working session with current theme: Twisted $$K$$-theory. Abstracts from the workshop held October 8–14, 2006. (Arbeitsgemeinschaft mit aktuellem Thema: Twisted $$K$$-theory.) Zbl 1177.19001
Bunke, Ulrich; Freed, Dan; Schick, Thomas
2006
On the topology of $$T$$-duality. Zbl 1148.55009
Bunke, Ulrich; Schick, Thomas
2005
Twisted $$K$$-theory and TQFT. Zbl 1162.19300
Bunke, U.; Schröder, I.
2005
Gerbes and homotopy quantum field theories. Zbl 1054.57034
Bunke, Ulrich; Turner, Paul; Willerton, Simon
2004
Index and secondary index theory for flat bundles with duality. Zbl 1073.58019
Bunke, Ulrich; Ma, Xiaonan
2004
Determinant bundles, boundaries, and surgery. Zbl 1084.58012
Bunke, Ulrich; Park, Jinsung
2004
Classifying spaces and spectra representing the $$K$$-theory of a graded $$K$$-theory of a graded $$C^*$$-algebra. Zbl 1049.46050
Bunke, Ulrich; Joachim, Michael; Stolz, Stephan
2003
Transgression of the index gerbe. Zbl 1021.58027
Bunke, Ulrich
2002
Nonexistence of invariant distributions supported on the limit set. Zbl 1018.22008
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2002
On the functoriality of Lott’s secondary analytic index. Zbl 1007.58017
Bunke, Ulrich
2002
The spectrum of Kleinian manifolds. Zbl 0966.43004
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
2000
Equivariant higher analytic torsion and equivariant Euler characteristic. Zbl 0984.58021
Bunke, Ulrich
2000
Group cohomology and the singularities of the Selberg zeta function associated to a Kleinian group. Zbl 0969.11019
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1999
Equivariant torsion and G-CW-complexes. Zbl 0929.57013
Bunke, Ulrich
1999
Resolutions of distribution globalizations of Harish-Chandra modules and cohomology. Zbl 1156.11320
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1998
The $$\eta$$-form and a generalized Maslov index. Zbl 0920.58045
Bunke, Ulrich; Koch, Herbert
1998
Fuchsian groups of the second kind and representations carried by the limit set. Zbl 0880.30035
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1997
Cohomological properties of the canonical globalizations of Harish-Chandra modules. (Consequences of theorems of Kashiwara-Schmid, Casselman, and Schneider-Stuhler). Zbl 0890.22004
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1997
A $$K$$-theoretic relative index theorem and Callias-type Dirac operators. Zbl 0835.58035
Bunke, Ulrich
1995
On the gluing problem for the $$\eta$$-invariant. Zbl 0821.58037
Bunke, Ulrich
1995
Selberg zeta and theta functions. A differential operator approach. Zbl 0831.58001
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1995
Gamma-cohomology and the Selberg zeta function. Zbl 0851.22012
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1995
The wave kernel for the Laplacian on the classical locally symmetric spaces of rank one, theta functions, trace formulas and the Selberg zeta function. With an appendix by Andreas Juhl. Zbl 0832.53041
Bunke, Ulrich; Olbrich, Martin
1994
On the spectral flow of families of Dirac operators with constant symbol. Zbl 0834.58037
Bunke, Ulrich
1994
Comparison of Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary. Zbl 0797.58084
Bunke, Ulrich
1993
Relative index theory. Zbl 0762.58026
Bunke, Ulrich
1992
The index of the scattering operator on the positive spectral subspace. Zbl 0760.58045
Bunke, Ulrich; Hirschmann, Tankred
1992
The spectrum of the Dirac operator on the hyperbolic space. Zbl 0803.58056
Bunke, Ulrich
1991
On square integrability of mean curvature for surfaces with positive Gaussian curvature. Zbl 0754.53040
Bunke, Ulrich; Kriele, Marcus
1991
Upper bounds of small eigenvalues of the Dirac operator and isometric immersions. Zbl 0698.53025
Bunke, Ulrich
1991
all top 5
#### Cited by 288 Authors
24 Bunke, Ulrich 12 Sati, Hisham 10 Mathai, Varghese 9 Park, Jinsung 7 Guillarmou, Colin 6 Grady, Daniel 6 Ho, Man-Ho 6 Schick, Thomas 6 Szabo, Richard J. 5 Braverman, Maxim 5 Carey, Alan L. 5 Ma, Xiaonan 5 Piazza, Paolo 5 Zhang, Weiping 4 Baraglia, David 4 Cecchini, Simone 4 Deitmar, Anton 4 Elmrabty, Adnane 4 Evslin, Jarah 4 Hochs, Peter 4 Liu, Bo 4 Nikolaus, Thomas 4 Pohl, Anke D. 4 Shi, Pengshuai 4 Sukochev, Fedor Anatol’evich 4 Wahl, Charlotte 4 Waldorf, Konrad 4 Xie, Zhizhang 4 Yu, Guoliang 3 Albin, Pierre 3 Bouwknegt, Peter G. 3 Bruggeman, Roelof Wichert 3 Bunk, Severin 3 Ebert, Johannes Felix 3 Freed, Daniel Stuart 3 Gesztesy, Fritz 3 Kirk, Paul A. 3 Lee, Yoonweon 3 Linshaw, Andrew Ross 3 Loya, Paul A. 3 Moroianu, Sergiu 3 Müller, Lukas 3 Pedon, Emmanuel 3 Pfaff, Jonathan 3 Valentino, Alessandro 3 Weich, Tobias 3 Wilson, Scott O. 2 Azzali, Sara 2 Carron, Gilles 2 Chen, Daguang 2 Cheung, Leung-Fu 2 Dai, Xianzhe 2 Dyatlov, Semyon 2 Engel, Alexander 2 Ferrari Ruffino, Fabio 2 Goette, Sebastian 2 Große, Nadine 2 Guillopé, Laurent 2 Guo, Hao 2 Hekmati, Pedram 2 Hilgert, Joachim 2 Hopkins, Michael Jerome 2 Kahle, Alexander 2 Kasprowski, Daniel 2 Kirsten, Klaus 2 Klassen, Eric Paul 2 Kottke, Chris 2 Küster, Benjamin 2 Leichtnam, Eric 2 Lesch, Matthias 2 Leung, Pui-Fai 2 Loizides, Yiannis 2 Lott, John 2 Mahanta, Snigdhayan 2 Minasian, Ruben 2 Murray, Michael K. 2 Naumann, Niko 2 Nazaikinskii, Vladimir E. 2 Olbrich, Martin 2 Park, Byungdo 2 Randal-Williams, Oscar 2 Rochon, Frédéric 2 Scholbach, Jakob 2 Schreiber, Urs 2 Song, Yanli 2 Spilioti, Polyxeni 2 Spitzweck, Markus 2 Strohmaier, Alexander 2 Tamme, Georg 2 Tomilov, Yuri 2 Tradler, Thomas 2 Wang, Bailing 2 Winges, Christoph 2 Wojciechowski, Krzysztof P. 2 Zeinalian, Mahmoud 1 Adam, Alexander 1 Aldana, Clara L. 1 Ammann, Bernd Eberhard 1 Anantharaman, Nalini 1 Aschieri, Paolo ...and 188 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 87 Serials
26 Communications in Mathematical Physics 21 Journal of Geometry and Physics 18 Advances in Mathematics 12 Journal of Functional Analysis 12 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 10 Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures 8 Mathematische Annalen 8 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 8 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 8 Geometry & Topology 6 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 4 Israel Journal of Mathematics 4 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 4 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 4 Duke Mathematical Journal 4 Inventiones Mathematicae 4 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 4 Journal of Topology and Analysis 3 Letters in Mathematical Physics 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Differential Geometry and its Applications 3 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 3 Annales Mathématiques Blaise Pascal 3 Journal of High Energy Physics 3 Journal of $$K$$-Theory 2 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Nuclear Physics. B 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Topology and its Applications 2 International Journal of Mathematics 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 2 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 2 Journal of Topology 2 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 2 Annals of $$K$$-Theory 1 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 1 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Functional Analysis and its Applications 1 Geometriae Dedicata 1 Journal of Number Theory 1 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 Results in Mathematics 1 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 $$K$$-Theory 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 1 Applied Categorical Structures 1 Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 The New York Journal of Mathematics 1 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 1 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 1 Theory and Applications of Categories 1 Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Documenta Mathematica 1 Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Annales Henri Poincaré 1 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Missouri Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie V 1 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 1 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 1 Annali dell’Università di Ferrara. Sezione VII. Scienze Matematiche 1 Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 1 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 São Paulo Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 Symmetry 1 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 1 Communications in Mathematics and Statistics 1 Arnold Mathematical Journal 1 Peking Mathematical Journal
all top 5
#### Cited in 30 Fields
157 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 84 Differential geometry (53-XX) 71 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 54 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 50 Quantum theory (81-XX) 41 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 29 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 28 Number theory (11-XX) 26 Functional analysis (46-XX) 22 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 18 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 17 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 14 Operator theory (47-XX) 11 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 8 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 8 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 6 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 4 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Agallagher.patrick-x
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Gallagher, Patrick X.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: gallagher.patrick-x Published as: Gallagher, P.; Gallagher, P. X.; Gallagher, Patrick; Gallagher, Patrick X. External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 50 Publications since 1962
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
44 single-authored 2 Montgomery, Hugh Lowell 1 Fujii, Akio 1 Kou, Rai 1 Lyu, Tairu 1 Mueller, Julia H. 1 Proulx, R. J. 1 Ramsey, L. Thomas 1 Taniguchi, Takashi 1 Tian, Fanglin 1 Wang, Feng 1 Watanabe, Kenji 1 Wells, Benjamin B. jun. 1 Yang, Chan-Shan 1 Zhang, Hai
all top 5
#### Serials
7 Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 Mathematika 3 Acta Arithmetica 3 Inventiones Mathematicae 3 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 2 Archiv der Mathematik 2 Journal of Algebra 2 Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Mathematical Notes 1 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Group Theory 1 Science 1 Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Proceedings. Series A. Indagationes Mathematicae
all top 5
#### Fields
20 Number theory (11-XX) 9 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
39 Publications have been cited 590 times in 531 Documents Cited by Year
A large sieve density estimate near $$\sigma = 1$$. Zbl 0219.10048
Gallagher, P. X.
1970
The large sieve. Zbl 0163.04401
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
The number of conjugacy classes in a finite group. Zbl 0221.20006
Gallagher, Patrick X.
1970
Group characters and normal Hall subgroups. Zbl 0114.25603
Gallagher, P. X.
1962
On the distribution of primes in short intervals. Zbl 0346.10024
Gallagher, P. X.
1976
Primes and powers of 2. Zbl 0305.10044
Gallagher, P. X.
1975
Metric simultaneous diophantine approximation. Zbl 0124.02902
Gallagher, P.
1962
Bombieri’s mean value theorem. Zbl 0174.08103
Gallagher, P. X.
1968
Approximation by reduced fractions. Zbl 0106.04106
Gallagher, Patrick
1962
Primes in progressions to prime-power modulus. Zbl 0246.10030
Gallagher, P. X.
1972
Pair correlation of zeros of the zeta function. Zbl 0565.10033
Gallagher, P. X.
1985
The large sieve and probabilistic Galois theory. Zbl 0279.10036
Gallagher, P. X.
1973
A larger sieve. Zbl 0231.10028
Gallagher, P. X.
1971
Metric simultaneous diophantine approximation. II. Zbl 0142.01504
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Group characters and commutators. Zbl 0129.01902
Gallagher, P. X.
1962
Some consequences of the Riemann hypothesis. Zbl 0444.10034
Gallagher, P. X.
1980
Primes and zeros in short intervals. Zbl 0396.10028
Gallagher, P. X.; Mueller, Julia H.
1978
The generation of the lower central series. Zbl 0134.26202
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Orthogonal and unitary invariants of families of subspaces. Zbl 0369.15001
Gallagher, P. X.; Proulx, R. J.
1977
Determinants of representations of finite groups. Zbl 0132.27306
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Functional equation for spherical functions on finite groups. Zbl 0317.43015
Gallagher, Patrick X.
1975
Group characters and Sylow subgroups. Zbl 0135.05502
Gallagher, P. X.
1964
Local mean value and density estimates for Dirichlet L-functions. Zbl 0311.10043
Gallagher, P. X.
1975
Sieving by prime powers. Zbl 0276.10026
Gallagher, P. X.
1974
Zeros of characters of finite groups. Zbl 0146.25503
Gallagher, P. X.
1966
Zeros of group characters. Zbl 0128.25602
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
A note on Burgess’s estimate. Zbl 1271.11085
Gallagher, P. X.; Montgomery, H. L.
2010
Some hybrid bounds for character sums and Dirichlet L-series. Zbl 0337.10026
Fujii, Akio; Gallagher, P. X.; Montgomery, H. L.
1976
Counting finite groups of given order. Zbl 0189.02304
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
Degrees, class sizes and divisors of character values. Zbl 1270.20003
Gallagher, Patrick X.
2012
Corrigendum: On the distribution of primes in short intervals. Zbl 0458.10029
Gallagher, P. X.
1981
Invariants for finite groups. Zbl 0412.20005
Gallagher, P. X.
1979
Non-real zeros of real entire functions. Zbl 0158.07002
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Some algebraic differential equations with few transcendental solutions. Zbl 1327.30031
Gallagher, P. X.
2015
A double sum over primes and zeros of the zeta-function. Zbl 0666.10025
Gallagher, P. X.
1989
Applications of Guinand’s formula. Zbl 0636.10033
Gallagher, P. X.
1987
The number of conjugacy classes in a finite group. Zbl 0257.20007
Gallagher, P. X.
1971
The conjugacy classes in a finite simple group. Zbl 0185.06103
Gallagher, P. X.
1969
On the p-subgroups of a finite group. Zbl 0178.02103
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
Some algebraic differential equations with few transcendental solutions. Zbl 1327.30031
Gallagher, P. X.
2015
Degrees, class sizes and divisors of character values. Zbl 1270.20003
Gallagher, Patrick X.
2012
A note on Burgess’s estimate. Zbl 1271.11085
Gallagher, P. X.; Montgomery, H. L.
2010
A double sum over primes and zeros of the zeta-function. Zbl 0666.10025
Gallagher, P. X.
1989
Applications of Guinand’s formula. Zbl 0636.10033
Gallagher, P. X.
1987
Pair correlation of zeros of the zeta function. Zbl 0565.10033
Gallagher, P. X.
1985
Corrigendum: On the distribution of primes in short intervals. Zbl 0458.10029
Gallagher, P. X.
1981
Some consequences of the Riemann hypothesis. Zbl 0444.10034
Gallagher, P. X.
1980
Invariants for finite groups. Zbl 0412.20005
Gallagher, P. X.
1979
Primes and zeros in short intervals. Zbl 0396.10028
Gallagher, P. X.; Mueller, Julia H.
1978
Orthogonal and unitary invariants of families of subspaces. Zbl 0369.15001
Gallagher, P. X.; Proulx, R. J.
1977
On the distribution of primes in short intervals. Zbl 0346.10024
Gallagher, P. X.
1976
Some hybrid bounds for character sums and Dirichlet L-series. Zbl 0337.10026
Fujii, Akio; Gallagher, P. X.; Montgomery, H. L.
1976
Primes and powers of 2. Zbl 0305.10044
Gallagher, P. X.
1975
Functional equation for spherical functions on finite groups. Zbl 0317.43015
Gallagher, Patrick X.
1975
Local mean value and density estimates for Dirichlet L-functions. Zbl 0311.10043
Gallagher, P. X.
1975
Sieving by prime powers. Zbl 0276.10026
Gallagher, P. X.
1974
The large sieve and probabilistic Galois theory. Zbl 0279.10036
Gallagher, P. X.
1973
Primes in progressions to prime-power modulus. Zbl 0246.10030
Gallagher, P. X.
1972
A larger sieve. Zbl 0231.10028
Gallagher, P. X.
1971
The number of conjugacy classes in a finite group. Zbl 0257.20007
Gallagher, P. X.
1971
A large sieve density estimate near $$\sigma = 1$$. Zbl 0219.10048
Gallagher, P. X.
1970
The number of conjugacy classes in a finite group. Zbl 0221.20006
Gallagher, Patrick X.
1970
The conjugacy classes in a finite simple group. Zbl 0185.06103
Gallagher, P. X.
1969
Bombieri’s mean value theorem. Zbl 0174.08103
Gallagher, P. X.
1968
The large sieve. Zbl 0163.04401
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
Counting finite groups of given order. Zbl 0189.02304
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
On the p-subgroups of a finite group. Zbl 0178.02103
Gallagher, P. X.
1967
Zeros of characters of finite groups. Zbl 0146.25503
Gallagher, P. X.
1966
Metric simultaneous diophantine approximation. II. Zbl 0142.01504
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
The generation of the lower central series. Zbl 0134.26202
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Determinants of representations of finite groups. Zbl 0132.27306
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Zeros of group characters. Zbl 0128.25602
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Non-real zeros of real entire functions. Zbl 0158.07002
Gallagher, P. X.
1965
Group characters and Sylow subgroups. Zbl 0135.05502
Gallagher, P. X.
1964
Group characters and normal Hall subgroups. Zbl 0114.25603
Gallagher, P. X.
1962
Metric simultaneous diophantine approximation. Zbl 0124.02902
Gallagher, P.
1962
Approximation by reduced fractions. Zbl 0106.04106
Gallagher, Patrick
1962
Group characters and commutators. Zbl 0129.01902
Gallagher, P. X.
1962
all top 5
#### Cited by 490 Authors
13 Pintz, Janos 11 Goldston, Daniel Alan 11 Wolke, Dieter 10 Liu, Ming-Chit 9 Bauer, Claus 9 Gallagher, Patrick X. 9 Guralnick, Robert Michael 9 Liu, Jianya 8 Haynes, Alan K. 8 Lu, Guangshi 7 Languasco, Alessandro 7 Maier, Helmut 7 Perelli, Alberto 7 Velani, Sanju L. 7 Zhao, Liangyi 6 Baier, Stephan 6 Carneiro, Emanuel 6 Elsholtz, Christian 6 Fujii, Akio 6 Motohashi, Yoichi 6 Shparlinski, Igor E. 6 Tao, Terence 6 Young, Matthew P. 6 Zaccagnini, Alessandro 5 Banks, William D. 5 Cai, Yingchun 5 Gonçalves, Felipe M. 5 Granville, Andrew James 5 Isaacs, I. Martin 5 Littmann, Friedrich 5 Maynard, James 5 Soundararajan, Kannan 5 Vaughan, Robert C. 5 Vera-López, Antonio 5 Yıldırım, Cem Yalçın 5 Zaharescu, Alexandru 4 Beresnevich, Victor V. 4 Chen, Xiaoyou 4 Erfanian, Ahmad 4 Freiberg, Tristan 4 Hussain, Mumtaz 4 Lewis, Mark L. 4 Liu, Zhixin 4 Montgomery, Hugh Lowell 4 Sárközy, András 4 Wang, Tianze 4 Zhan, Tao 3 Alkan, Emre 3 Avdispahić, Muharem 3 Bourgain, Jean 3 Chow, Sam 3 Dietmann, Rainer 3 Elliott, Peter D. T. A. 3 Ford, Kevin B. 3 Friedlander, John Benjamin 3 Ge, Wenxu 3 Harman, Glyn 3 Herzog, Marcel 3 Hildebrand, Adolf J. 3 Hinz, Jürgen G. 3 Iwaniec, Henryk 3 Levy, Dan 3 Li, Jinjiang 3 Lu, Jiakuan 3 Matomäki, Kaisa Sofia 3 Miller, Alexander R. 3 Navarro, Gabriel 3 Pollington, Andrew Douglas 3 Qu, Yan 3 Ramaré, Olivier 3 Rassias, Michael Th. 3 Rezaei, Rashid 3 Riese, Udo 3 Rohrlich, David E. 3 Schmid, Peter P. 3 Tang, Hengcai 3 Tenenbaum, Gérald 3 Thorner, Jesse 3 Tucker, Thomas W. 3 Warlimont, Richard 3 Zhang, Min 2 Bary-Soroker, Lior 2 Bhowmik, Gautami 2 Brüdern, Jörg 2 Bugeaud, Yann 2 Chamizo Lorente, Fernando 2 Cheer, Angela Y. 2 Chirre, Andrés 2 de la Bretèche, Régis 2 Ghosh, Anish 2 Graham, Sidney W. 2 Green, Ben Joseph 2 Hare, Kathryn E. 2 Harper, Adam J. 2 Heath-Brown, Roger 2 Hilano, Teluhiko 2 Hu, Liqun 2 Kaczorowski, Jerzy 2 Kaplan, Gil 2 Karpilovsky, Gregory ...and 390 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 120 Serials
52 Journal of Number Theory 33 Journal of Algebra 21 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 17 Mathematische Zeitschrift 15 Mathematische Annalen 15 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 14 Advances in Mathematics 14 Mathematika 13 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 13 International Journal of Number Theory 12 Monatshefte für Mathematik 10 The Ramanujan Journal 9 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 9 Archiv der Mathematik 9 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 9 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 8 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 8 Communications in Algebra 8 Duke Mathematical Journal 8 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 7 Israel Journal of Mathematics 7 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 7 Inventiones Mathematicae 7 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 6 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 6 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 5 Acta Mathematica 5 Compositio Mathematica 5 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 5 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 4 Mathematical Notes 4 Mathematics of Computation 4 Acta Arithmetica 4 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 4 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 4 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 4 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 4 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 4 Algebra & Number Theory 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 3 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 3 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Science in China. Series A 3 Linear Algebra and its Applications 3 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 2 Communications in Mathematical Physics 2 Discrete Applied Mathematics 2 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 2 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 2 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 2 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 2 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 2 Forum Mathematicum 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 2 Experimental Mathematics 2 Representation Theory 2 Journal of Group Theory 2 Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Science China. Mathematics 1 Mathematische Semesterberichte 1 Physics Reports 1 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 Algebra Universalis 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática 1 Calcolo 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 1 Publications Mathématiques 1 Journal of Approximation Theory 1 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Quaestiones Mathematicae 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 1 Journal of Symbolic Computation 1 Constructive Approximation 1 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 1 Séminaire de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux. Deuxième Série 1 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. New Series 1 Russian Mathematics 1 Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 1 Journal of Algebraic Geometry ...and 20 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 37 Fields
381 Number theory (11-XX) 116 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 18 Combinatorics (05-XX) 8 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 8 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 7 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 7 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 6 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 5 Functional analysis (46-XX) 5 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 5 Computer science (68-XX) 5 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 4 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 4 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Measure and integration (28-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-06-23T00:08:45 |
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https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Front_End
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If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join Navipedia as a registered user
Front End
Title Front End
Edited by GMV
Year of Publication 2011
A GNSS signal is captured through the receiver's antenna, and is fed to the front end section. The front end is then responsible for "preparing" the received signals for signal processing tasks, and many different implementations can achieve the desired results. As always, some requirement and trade-off analysis is needed when designing a front-end for GNSS receivers, depending on the application at hand. Figure 1 illustrates a typical front end structure in GNSS receivers.
Figure 1: Example of GNSS receiver's front end structure.
The frequency synthesizer (shown in Figure 1) provides the receiver with time and frequency reference for all the front end components. Such components, at front end architecture level, gather typical interconnected steps to process and convert a RF signal to a baseband digital signal:
• Filtering and amplification: these stages are necessary to ensure low noise and out-of-band rejection in the received signals, as well as amplification stages to compensate for transmission losses.
• Down-conversion: The front end is responsible for down-converting the signal, whether using direct conversion[1] techniques, to convert the RF spectrum directly to baseband, or heterodyning[2] approaches, where typically a multi-stage approach is used to shift the spectrum to intermediate frequencies (IF), with the appropriate band filtering, ultimately converting the IF signals to baseband[3].
• Quantization: The incoming signals are digitized through analog to digital converters[4] (ADC), ensuring that quantization errors and dynamic ranges are appropriate to accommodate the signal's characteristics.
• Automatic Gain Control: The automatic gain control[5] (AGC) stage is closely related to the down-conversion and quantization steps, and is responsible for adjusting the gain of the front end section in order to take benefit from the full dynamic range.
These operations and different stages in front end signal processing are described in the following sections.
Filtering and Amplification
Due to the GNSS signal's low power upon reception, there is usually a set of filtering and low-noise amplification stages after the antenna. Although the implementation itself varies between architectures and hardware realizations, the principle is the same: the signal is amplified, keeping the noise figure low and rejecting possible out-of-band interference. This can be achieved by alternating Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA) and filter stages. For more details on amplification, filtering and losses see the antenna section.
Down-conversion
The down-conversion stage's main objective is to convert the input signal from RF to IF and / or to baseband (possibly after a pre-amplification stage). This is achieved through signal mixing operations, such as homodyning and heterodyning, which consist in mixing two different frequency signals in order to shift the same information at two different frequencies, where one is the sum of the two frequencies mixed, and the other is their difference. The basis of the mixing process is the local oscillator (LO), which must be carefully chosen to avoid harmonics and image frequencies near IF. Examples of homodyne and heterodyne mixers are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Example of heterodyne (top) and homodyne (bottom) down-conversion.
Heterodyne implementations are the most common. There is typically a two-stage approach, where these multiple stages down-convert the signals to different IF, leading to large separation of image frequencies[6]. Furthermore, this multi-stage design allows for lower quality factor filters, where different trade-offs and fine tuning of derived architectures is more flexible (e.g. the superheterodyne approach). The success of heterodyning is mainly due to the fact that the resulting IF spectrum (lower frequencies than RF) allows for lower cost ADC stages, while using lower quality factor filters. Also, the multi-stage approach enables further filtering of out of band noise and interference, as well as rejection of unwanted frequency images.
For the case of homodyne mixers, there is only a single stage of signal down-conversion, and the local oscillator is tuned at RF. This approach is often referred to as direct conversion, since the mixing at RF converts the RF spectrum directly to baseband. Although an attractive solution, since it eliminates the need for intermediate filters like image frequency removal, direct conversion is challenging due to the need of filters with high quality factors (i.e. increased cost and performance). Another problem is that down-converting directly to baseband shifts harmonics close to zero, making them difficult to filter out.
One topic that is often introduced while discussing down-conversion is direct sampling. Direct RF sampling means exactly that: signals are sampled directly at RF, without down-conversion stages. Although this approach discards mixers and LO in the design, it also requires amplifiers and ADC to operate at RF. As technology goes, hardware components at RF level (around 1.2 GHz to 1.6 GHz) are impractical for mass market applications, for design and component costs. Despite the difficulty to design and implement direct sampling strategies, they have an important advantage of avoiding unwanted signals and errors related to LO mismatches, very common in heterodyne approaches. Also, direct sampling yields reduced sensitivity to clock jitter and noise folding, and the same front-end can be used for all GNSS signals.
Quantization and Sampling
Figure 3: Non-centered non uniform quantization (left) and centered uniform quantization (right).
In Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) there is an inherent quantization process, responsible for the output of a discrete digital signal. Different quantization methods, such as uniform, non-uniform, centered, or non-centered (if there is no zero level) can be used, depending on the noise characteristics, as illustrated in Figure 3.
Although most GNSS receivers use uniform quantization, some non-uniform quantization methods have been proposed showing advantages in the mitigation of Continuous Wave (CW) interference, like Amoroso[7] and DataFusion[8]. Adaptive quantization methods consist in adjusting the quantization levels based on the histogram of the output levels.
The choice of the quantization method and range depends on the noise characteristics. In GNSS receivers, the power levels of the input signals are low, so the ADC quantization sees only noise-like signals at the input.
Figure 4: Illustration of Nyquist theorem: Original signal (top), fs respects Nyyquist Theorem (middle) and aliasing effects when Nyquist theorem is not respected (bottom).
There is an optimal ratio between the maximum quantization threshold L, and the noise standard deviation $\sigma\,$, that minimizes SNR degradation at correlator output,[9]:
$k_{opt} = \frac{L}{\sigma}\,$
Regarding the number of bits to use, the signal degradation is about 1.5 dB when using 2-bit quantization, increasing to 3.5 dB when using 1-bit quantization[9]. For GNSS signals and receivers, however, these are quite affordable losses for decreasing the number of quantization bits. Although using 1-bit data also discards the need for an AGC (therefore simplifying the hardware), enabling gain control through an AGC system may still help in interference mitigation.
When the ADC samples the input signal (typically at a lower IF frequency after down-conversion), the sampling frequency $f_s,$ should be carefully chosen. In fact, for GNSS signals,$f_s,$ should not be a multiple of 1.023 MHz. As stated by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem[10], the sampling frequency $f_s\,$, needed to represent and reproduce the signal, is related to the one-sided baseband bandwidth $B,$ by:
$f_s \gt 2 B\,$
The signal centre frequency and spectrum is shifted and added $N,$ times over the full spectrum. The resulting replicas at $\pm N \times f_s$, must not overlap to avoid aliasing[11] effects. These sampling effects are illustrated in Figure 4.
Automatic Gain Control
The AGC section is an adaptive system, implemented as a feedback loop, to increase the dynamic range to control the quantization levels, and optimize the ratio $k\,$ between the quantization threshold and RMS noise (as described in the quantization section):
$k = \frac{L}{\sigma}\,$
For automatic gain control, different implementations can be used. The most common implementation is to adjust the signal gain depending on incoming signal levels (i.e. an estimate of the noise standard deviation, $\sigma\,$). This AGC mode operates completely in the analog domain. An alternative approach is to use the ADC output levels to adjust the AGC gain by preserving the Gaussian shape of ADC output samples, and mapping the ADC output power to ADC input power.
However, classical implementations of automatic gain control do not work well in the presence of continuous wave (CW) interference, and the SNR degradation is about 10 dB for a Jammer-to-Noise ratio (J/N) of 20 dB. To mitigate this effect, the quantization interval can be dynamically adjusted, or overquantization can be used to increase the AGC dynamic range. In the presence of pulsed interference, using additional quantization bits allows for techniques such as digital blanking to be implemented: the quantized value is compared to a threshold (which is often dynamic), and the samples that exceed the threshold are set to zero.
Signal Bandwidth
Besides electrical considerations, the GNSS receiver RF section (antenna and front end) must also take into account the signal structure in terms of spectrum and bandwidth, and should be selected in accordance with the envisaged usage and application.
New constellations and modulations bring different spectrum allocations and bandwidths. As an example, Table 2 illustrates GPS L1 and Galileo E1 bands (which share the same centre frequency), and some characteristic parameters of the incoming signals[12].
Table 2: GPS and Galileo L1/E1 civil signal bandwidth characteristics.
GPS L1 C/A (BPSK) Galileo E1 B/C (BOC) Galileo E1 B/C (CBOC)
Chip Rate [Mcps] 1.023 1.023 1.023 / 6.138
Primary Code Length [chips] 1023 4092 4092
Primary Code length [ms] 1 4 4
Symbol Rate [sps] 50 250 250
Centre Frequency [MHz] 1575.42
Receiver Reference Bandwidth [MHz] 4.092 8.184 24.552
For the GPS case, if a receiver only tracks the C/A code on L1, the antennas (and receiver) need to accommodate bandwidths of approximately 4.092 MHz for a near-optimal bandwidth usage. For Galileo E1 signals, however, due to signal design and spread spectrum properties, the bandwidth doubles. Of course, the more frequency content of the received satellite signals is processed, the better the accuracy performance will be, so a dual-constellation receiver for GPS L1 and Galileo E1 using only one antenna with the maximum bandwidth required would maximize the benefits from using signals from GPS and Galileo.
Dual-frequency receivers used dual-band antennas, and their front end bandwidth is dimensioned to the envisaged application, needed accuracy, and available technology. For example, a survey receiver will need larger bandwidths to achieve accurate results, whereas a low-cost receiver may only have an antenna/front end bandwidth of around 2 MHz, but still receive enough signal power to determine position with an accuracy within meters. Although the receiver’s antenna/front-end bandwidth is directly proportional to the accuracy required for the application, it is also directly proportional to the processing load and power consumption for portable solutions.
Latest works on the effect of bandwidth and quantization on the correlation losses of the receiver can be found in [13], [14].
From RF to Baseband
In terms of signal representation, the incoming GNSS signal can be written as (neglecting noise):
$s_{RF} (t) = \Re\{s(t)exp[j(2 \pi f_0t + \phi(t))]\}\,$
where
• $s(t)=s_I(t)+js_Q(t)\,$ is the complex signal to be transmitted.
• $f_0\,$ is the carrier frequency (e.g. L1) for CDMA and it is a sum of all frequencies for FDMA GLONASS signals.
• $\phi\,$ is the nominal but ambiguous carrier phase including Doppler frequency.
As an example, GPS L1 signal can be written as:
$s_{RF} (t) = A_Im_I(t)d(t)cos[2\pi f_0t+\phi(t)]-A_Qm_Q(t)d(t)sin[2\pi f_0t+\phi(t)]\,$
where:
• $A\,$ is the signal amplitude.
• $m(t)\,$ = ±1 and it includes the PRN code, navigation data (if applicable) and modulation information (e.g. subcarrier code for BOC modulations). For the case of GPS L1, $m_I(t)\,$ and $m_Q(t)\,$ are the C/A code and the P code, respectively.
• $d(t)\,$ is the navigation data. Note that in case no data is transmitted (e.g. pilot channels), this term is replaced by 1.
This received signal is then down-converted to an intermediate frequency:
$s_{IF} (t) = \Re\{s(t) exp[j(2 \pi f_{IF}t + \phi (t))]\}\,$
where $\phi (t)\,$ now includes receiver clock instabilities.
At this stage, the down-converted signal is sampled in the ADC and then mixed with both a local digital sinusoidal wave and a 90-degree shifted version of it. This mixing process converts the IF signal to baseband and preserves phase information:
$s_{BB} (t_k) = \Re\{s(t_k) exp[j\phi (t_k)]\}\,$
The signal is a complex quantity than can be written in its in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components as:
$s_{BB}(t_k)=\Re\{(s_I(t_k)+js_Q(t_k)) exp[j\phi (t_k)]\}\,$
Finally, the resulting baseband signal is fed to the baseband processing block in the receiver.
References
1. ^ http://www.gpsworld.com
| 2020-02-23T12:45:00 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/k-lauea-following-one-several-eruption-scenarios
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Kīlauea Following One of Several Eruption Scenarios
Release Date:
Now that lava flows have reached the ocean below Royal Gardens subdivision, the concern 7 months ago of lava pouring northeast from a new vent toward Pahoa and Hawaiian Beaches is, for now, abated.
A view of the new ocean entry. The lighter colored lava extending from the ocean entry to the large kipuka in the background (site of the Royal Gardens subdivision) shows the path that the lava took as it crossed the coastal plain.
(Public domain.)
The flows causing the concern last August were aa and were moving northeastward from the east rift zone for the first time since the early years of the Puu Oo eruption which began in 1983. The flows of concern essentially shut down soon after November, when lava was redirected to a new vent west of the open lava channel system. The new downhill direction was to the south, where pahoehoe flows have moved slowly, but steadily, ever since.
A collective sigh of relief was heard across the Puna District when the lava was directed on the eve of Thanksgiving Day 2007, and many who work and live in Puna continue to be thankful for the change in lava flow direction. As long as the active vent remains stable, with a continuous supply of lava, flows will continue moving southward from the east rift zone.
But as Kīlauea has shown many times since 1983, the vent location or orientation could change again, thereby altering the direction of lava flows once more and challenging scientists to assess possible future scenarios for island residents.
The current lava flows are following one of the scenarios scientists described in a report as a possible outcome of the new fissure vent that became active on July 21, 2007. The report, Lava Flow Hazard Assessment, as of August 2007, for Kīlauea East Rift Zone Eruptions, Hawaii Island, is available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1264/.
Three general scenarios were considered possible from the vent.
First, the new fissure could stop erupting. In this case, eruptive activity might revert back to Puu Oo or activity could stop altogether-that is, until Kīlauea erupted again somewhere else entirely.
Second, the fissure could continue to feed aa flows a short distance to the northeast; an increase in the supply of lava could allow them to move significantly farther than the 6 km (4 miles) they had traveled by the end of August. Also, a change in the vent might allow aa flows to move southeastward.
Third, pahoehoe flows could develop and travel all the way to the ocean toward the northeast, but "substantial changes in the configuration of the vent could allow flows to advance southeastward" (quote from the report).
Both the second and third have scenarios occurred. The vent has changed location and configuration, sending lava predominantly southward. A few aa flows initially traveled a short distance from the "Thanksgiving Eve Breakout", or TEB, vent, but most recently pahoehoe flows have poured from a series of low "rootless" shields. The new ocean entry is the product of a still-developing tube system that is delivering lava 11.5 km (7.5 miles) to the new ocean entry.
For the third scenario (long pahoehoe flows), scientists identified the likely flow paths pahoehoe lava would take from the vent to the ocean, based on the underlying topography. The flow paths were shown as lines on a map of the Puna District to indicate how lava would drain from its point of origin across the area.
When the vent changed location on Thanksgiving eve, lava eventually followed the forecasted flow paths indicated on the map.
This method of identifying lava flow paths is likely to be used much more in the future as new and more detailed digital elevation models (DEMS) of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes become available. Of course, lava flows change the topography, so subsequent flows may not follow the initial forecasts. In such cases new DEMS would need to be generated.
Scientists continue to work on improved methods of forecasting the direction and path ways of lava flows when a new vent becomes active.
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Volcano Activity Update
Kīlauea summit is neither inflating nor deflating. Seismic tremor levels at the summit are elevated to nearly moderate levels. Summit sulfur dioxide emission rates have remained elevated at more than four times background levels since early January 2008. Puu Oo continued to deflate. Earthquakes were located primarily beneath the general summit area, the southwest rift zone, and the south flank faults.
Lava from the 2007 Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) flow, erupting from fissure D of the July 21 eruption, continues to flow through what remains of the Royal Gardens subdivision. From the base of Royal Gardens, a narrow (100-200 yard wide) pahoehoe flow has traveled across the coastal plain over the past week on its march to the sea. On Tuesday evening, March 4, the flow crossed the gravel access road, and on Wednesday night, lava entered the ocean in the vicinity of Kapaahu.
The public should be aware that the ocean entry areas could collapse at any time, potentially generating large explosions in the process. The steam clouds rising from the entry areas are highly acidic and laced with glass particles. Do not venture onto the lava deltas and benches. Even the intervening beaches are susceptible to large waves suddenly generated during delta collapse; these beaches should be avoided. Check the County of Hawaii Civil Defense website for information on public access to the coastal plain and ocean entry.
This pahoehoe flow is being fed from the end of the rootless shield complex constructed southeast of the TEB vent since November.
An area of persistent breakouts on the northeast side of the shield complex also continues to produce small flows. These northeast-directed flows are restricted to a broad, flat area on the south side of Kupaianaha.
Weak incandescence has been intermittently observed in Puu Oo in the past week. As in years past, Puu Oo likely is serving as a large chimney, beneath which lava is briefly stored and substantially degassed on its way to the eruption site.
Vent areas are hazardous. Access to Puu Oo, TEB vent and rootless shields, in the Puu Kahaualea Natural Area Reserve, is closed (http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/chair/pio/HtmlNR/07-N076.htm).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates from the summit area have been substantially elevated at 2-4 times background values since early January. During these conditions, SO2 concentrations frequently exceed 1 ppm for half or more of Crater Rim Drive between Halemaumau parking lot and the southwest rift zone. SO2 concentrations exceed 20 ppm for approximately 200 m (650 ft) of the road between the Halemaumau parking lot and the south caldera pullout.
The increase in sulfur dioxide emission rates at the summit means that SO2 concentrations are much more likely to be at hazardous levels for visitor areas downwind of Halemaumau, especially during weak wind conditions or when winds blow from the south. Most people are sensitive to sulfur dioxide at these levels, especially children, individuals with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other breathing problems. Stay informed about SO2 concentrations in continuously monitored areas (Jaggar Museum and Kīlauea Visitor Center) by visiting the Kīlauea Visitor Center and the web at:
http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/havoalert.cfm. To minimize these potentially harmful effects, the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has closed all access to the southern half of Kīlauea caldera.
No earthquakes beneath Hawaii Island were reported felt within the past week.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. Two earthquakes were located beneath the summit. Extension between locations spanning the summit, indicating inflation, continues at steady, slow rates.
Visit our Web site for daily Kīlauea eruption updates and nearly real-time Hawaii earthquake information. Kīlauea daily update summaries are also available by phone at (808) 967-8862. skip past bottom navigational bar
| 2020-01-20T04:50:34 |
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|
https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/5758/4452
|
Design Optimization of Pixel Structure for α-Si based Uncooled Infrared Detector
In this paper authors present the design and simulation results achieved for pixel structure of amorphous Si (α-Si) based bolometer array. Most uncooled IR detectors in the world are based on VOx material. But this is not a standard material in IC technology and has many inherent disadvantages. The α-Si, an alternative material with high TCR is becoming as popular. However, large TCR values, in this material are achieved only in films of high resistivity. To achieve TCR value more than 2.5%/K, α-Si film resistivity is ~ 80 ohms-cm. This gives rise to very large pixel resistance of the order of 100 Mega ohms depending upon the design of the leg structure. This high pixel resistance causes very large noise and hence lower sensitivity. If leg width or membrane thickness is increased in order to reduce the pixel resistance, then this results in higher thermal conductance which also decreases sensitivity. To overcome this problem, pixel structure is so designed that within a pixel, only part of the electrical conduction is through α-Si and rest is through metal. Simulation using Coventorware software has been done to optimize pixel resistance as well as thermal conductance through legs so that maximum sensitivity could be obtained. Optimization is also carried out in order to reduce sensitivity of pixel resistance to variation in material resistivity.
Infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) that forms the heart of a thermal camera consists mainly of two devices:
(a) An IR sensor or detector array and
(b) A readout integrated circuit (ROIC) array.
An infrared (IR) detector senses the incoming IR radiation and converts the optical signal into the electrical signal while ROIC array processes and amplifies that electrical signal from the sensor array which is finally fed to the output video amplifier to produce image. IR detectors are basically of two types: cooled (based on photon detection) or uncooled (based on thermal detection). In photon detectors, incident IR power causes generation of charge carriers in the detector material which help in the detection process. However, for detection of IR wavelengths in the 8-14 micrometer range, photon detectors must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures to minimize thermally induced carriers. These detectors have very high quantum efficiency and very low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), but the material technology is often quite difficult. Further, requirement of cooling to cryogenic temperature results in increase of cost, power consumption, weight and size of the imaging system and also causes reliability problems. Uncooled infrared detectors, though less sensitive than cooled detectors, have become an excellent alternative to the cooled detectors and are commonly used in many commercial, industrial and military IR camera products.
In thermal detectors the incident radiation induces a change in temperature of the detector that causes a change in some physical characteristic of the detector element, be it mechanical, electrical, optical or otherwise. Since thermally generated electron-hole pairs do not interfere in the detection process, the impact of thermal noise is more controllable and room temperature operation of a thermal detector is possible. Microbolometer technology, at present, is leading among uncooled thermal sensors. The development of microbolometer based focal plane arrays, which rely on the temperature coefficient of resistance to sense temperature excursions, have enabled high-resolution thermal images to be obtained at room temperature. This significant advance brought infrared and long-wave imaging to a wide-range of applications for which cryogenic cooling requirements had earlier limited their utility. Without a cooling circuit in the system, uncooled IR thermal detectors are more rugged, less bulky, lightweight, easy to maintain and use less power than cooled detectors. Additionally, they can offer a wide spectral response The variable output of a light-sensitive device that is based on the color of the light it perceives. and longer periods of operation than the cooled photon detector.
As uncooled technology moved forward, vanadium oxide (VOx) was seen as the detector material of choice. This material is not a standard material in IC fabrication and hence increases cost of manufacturing. Secondly, since it is not a single material, compositional variation has to be controlled very precisely. This is very important as any composition variation will compromise uniformity which is a very important parameter for imaging. Amorphous silicon, a high TCR material has emerged as an alternative material. α-Si microbolometers developed using MEMS technology have all the advantages of silicon processing including cost and yield. Another benefit is high spatial uniformity as the composition of amorphous silicon presents negligible variations. A VOx microbolometer membrane is thicker than that of α-Si which is a disadvantage for detection at high frequency signal. Being inherently stiff, α-Si permits the construction of smaller bridging structures in the array. The smaller the bridge structure, the smaller the pixel and, therefore more elements can be built into a given array size. This bridging structure is also shorter and, thus, more resistant to vibration. α-Si microbolometers exhibit higher effective thermal insulation compared with VOx based devices due to thinner membranes. Another advantage of α-Si based bolometer is its predictable temperature behavior, a factor that contributes to easier sensor operation in changing ambient temperatures and its usefulness in low-power-consumption focal-plane arrays that save batteries when used in applications like handheld cameras. Thermal time constant ~ 30% to 40% lower than vanadium oxide sensors can be achieved in amorphous silicon (10 ms) thus enabling the design of faster sensors. However, the main disadvantage in using α-Si as detector material is its high resistance which gives rise to high noise and hence lower sensitivity.
In this paper we present the design and simulation results achieved for different structures of α-Si based bolometer pixel. A microbolometer pixel is composed of a thermometer integrated on a micro-bridge. This micro-bridge is supported by two legs anchored over the silicon substrate by metal studs, as shown in Fig.1. This micro-bridge is built on a sacrificial layer which is removed in a final step. The vacuum gap thus created works as a quarter wavelength cavity, which sets the detector spectral response maximum at a wavelength close to 10 μm. The incident IR radiation is absorbed and raises the temperature of the bolometer material. The output signal (voltage or current) is observed as a change in resistance due to the rise in its temperature. So for high sensitivity, the detector material needs to have a high temperature coefficient of resistance, i.e., its resistance should be a sensitive function of temperature. At the same time, the support structure is required to be designed to have excellent thermal isolation, that is, a very small value of thermal conductance, G and low noise to be able to extract a very low signal. To achieve good performance, a proper design is required to develop a microbolometer.
The micro-bridge consists of various layers. Si3N4 is used as support layer as well as for passivation. α-Si is the detector material which is sandwiched between two thin Si3N4 layers. A thin TiN layer with vacuum impedance matching is grown at
Figure 1. Structure of microbolometer pixel (a) top view taken7 and (b) cross-sectional view showing different layers of microbolometer membrane
the top so that due to quarter wave cavity below the membrane, almost entire IR radiation is absorbed within the membrane. This layer is also called absorber layer.
Performance of a bolometer pixel depends upon a number of material and design parameters. Certain figures of merit such as temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), responsivity (Rv) and detectivity (D*) have been defined to indicate the performance. The NETD and D* are figures of merit for sensitivity and thermal time constant shows how fast a detector responds. The responsivity Rv of an IR pixel is defined as the output signal (voltage or current) divided by the input radiant power falling on the pixel.
The analysis of thermal IR detectors begins by solving the heat flow equation that describes the temperature increase in terms of the incident radiant power following Wood’s1. If the incident power varies sinusoidally with frequency ω, then the heat flow equation describing the pixel is:
$C\frac{d\left(\Delta T\right)}{dt}+G\left(\Delta T\right)=\eta {P}_{0}\mathrm{exp}\left(j\omega t\right)$ (1)
where,
C - Heat capacity of the micro-bridge
G - Thermal conductance
Po- Amplitudes of modulated IR radiation power falling on pixel
η - Absorptivity of IR sensitive films
ΔT - Temperature increase of the sensitive area of the pixel
t - Time
This simplified equation assumes that the power dissipation in the sensitive area due to applied electrical bias can be neglected.
The solution of equation (1) is
$\Delta T=\frac{\eta {P}_{O}\mathrm{exp}\left(j\omega t\right)}{G+j\omega C}=\frac{\eta {P}_{O}}{G{\left(1+{\omega }^{2}{\tau }^{2}\right)}^{1/2}}$ (2)
where τ is the thermal response time defined as
(3)
For α-Si, the resistance varies with temperature asL
$\mathrm{R}\left(\mathrm{T}\right)={\mathrm{R}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}\left(\Delta \mathrm{E}/\mathrm{kT}\right)$ (4)
where ΔE is the activation energy, equal to half the bandgap Eg, and R0 is a constant. Temperature coefficient of resistance, TCR, of a-Si is given by
$\alpha =\frac{1}{R}\frac{dR}{dT}=-\frac{\Delta E}{k{T}^{2}}$ (5)
Let the output signal be the current Is, then
${I}_{S}={V}_{b}\Delta R/{R}^{2}={V}_{b}\alpha \Delta T/R$ (6)
where Vb is the bias voltage across the pixel. The temperature increase ΔT is given by Eqn (2). Thus the signal current is
${I}_{S}={V}_{b}\frac{\alpha \eta {P}_{0}}{\left[RG{\left(1+{\omega }^{2}{\tau }^{2}\right)}^{1}{2}}\right]}$ (7)
So that current responsivity (RI) is given by
${R}_{I}=\frac{{I}_{S}}{{P}_{0}}$ (8)
Voltage responsivity, RV = RI x R is given by
${R}_{V}={V}_{b}\frac{\alpha \eta }{G{\left(1+{\omega }^{2}{\tau }^{2}\right)}^{1}{2}}}$ (9)
Equation (8) shows that the responsivity is directly proportional to α and inversely proportional to the thermal conductance (G) associated with the heat loss mechanisms. We denote thermal conductance of support structure (legs) of the pixel by Gleg. Maximum heat conduction takes place through Gleg which depends upon leg dimensions and leg material. If Gleg is the conductivity of leg material and A and L are respectively its area and length, then Gleg is given by
${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{leg}}={\mathrm{g}}_{\mathrm{leg}}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{L}/$ (10)
From Fig. 1(b), it is evident that all layers of the membrane will contribute to heat loss as they provide parallel paths for heat conduction. Thermal conduction of each membrane layer in the leg is, thus, added to obtain the value of Gleg. Dependence of Gleg on leg length is plotted in Fig. 2 There are other sources of heat losses as well. For small changes in microbolometer temperature dT, the corresponding increments in the radiation power emitted from the microbolometer Prad = (2A) εσT4 can be written in terms of radiation thermal conductance (Grad):
${G}_{rad}=\frac{d}{dT}\left(2A\epsilon \sigma {T}^{4}\right)=4\left(2A\epsilon \sigma {T}^{3}\right)W/K$ (11)
Heat loss due to convection or conduction by air can be made very small by mounting sensor array in an evacuated package. There is another source of thermal conductance, Ge arising due to bias heating. For fixed bias voltage across the detector, bias heating may be written as Wh= V2/R, where R is the bolometer pixel resistance. This may be rewritten as Ge.ΔT = dWh/dT.ΔT= -V2/R.α.ΔT. Conductance Ge arises due to electrothermal feedback and is negative for constant voltage biasing. So total conductance.
(12)
May even become zero since TCR is –ve for α-Si. This may give rise to thermal runaway situation for very low values of Gleg or high voltage values. Variation of G with leg conductance is shown in Fig.3. Thermal runaway region is also shown. This region has to be avoided while designing α-Si bolometer.
Equation (2) is basic to thermal IR arrays. It describes the temperature increase of the resistive area of the pixel when radiation of power amplitude Po sinusoidally modulated with angular frequency ω falls on the sensitive area. The pixel temperature increases and decreases as the input radiant power rises and falls in an oscillatory manner. The transition between the low and high frequency regions is characterized by the thermal time constant, τ.
Another important parameter of thermal IR detector is, detectivity and is given by
(13)
where Δf is the detector noise bandwidth (Hz), Vn is the total detector noise (V) and A is the detector area. The other important measure of the performance of IR imaging system is NETD that is the difference in the temperatures of objects in a scene, which will produce a signal to noise ratio of one. It is given by
$NETD=\frac{4{F}^{2}{V}_{n}}{{\tau }_{O}A{R}_{V}{\left(\Delta P}{\Delta T}\right)}_{{\lambda }_{1}-{\lambda }_{2}}}$ (14)
where F is the focal ratio of the optics and τ0, is the transmittance of the optics, (ΔP/ΔT)λ12 is the change in power per unit area radiated by scene ( or black body) at temperature T, with respect to T measured within the spectral band from λ1 to λ2
Most dominant sources of noise in a-Si based bolometer are:
(a) 1/f Noise: This noise is very important for α-Si based detectors and is very much process dependent. It is modeled as :
${V}_{\frac{1}{f}}={V}_{b}\sqrt{{K}_{1/f}1n\left(\frac{1}{2{t}_{I}{f}_{1}}\right)}$ (15)
where K1/f is the 1/f noise constant and tI is the integration time. Upper frequency limit, f2 is taken as 1/2tI. Bandwidth is f2-f1
(b) Johnson Noise: Since pixel resistance is large in this case, a significant Johnson noise is also present in α-Si bolometer pixels. This noise is given by:
${V}_{J}=\sqrt{4KTR\left(\frac{1}{2{t}_{I}}-{f}_{1}\right)}$ (16)
(c) Temperature Noise: This noise is generally much smaller than 1/f noise and Johnson noise. It is given by
${V}_{temp}=\propto {V}_{b}\sqrt{\frac{K{T}^{2}}{C}}$ (17)
Total noise of the detector is obtained by adding individual noise terms in quadrature:
${V}_{n}=\sqrt{{V}_{1/f}^{2}+{V}_{J}^{2}+{V}_{temp}^{2}}$ (18)
In this work, we present the design and simulation results achieved for pixel structure of Amorphous Si (α-Si) based bolometer array. NETD is the fundamental performance parameter of a thermal imaging array. Lower the value of NETD, more sensitive is the detector. Another important parameter is its speed that depends upon thermal time constant, τ. If scene is changing rapidly, then high speed detectors, and hence low value of τ is required. Another important factor is uniformity of response of different pixels in an array which is achieved by lower sensitivity of NETD and τ to material properties.
Equations (8) to (17) show that to achieve low NETD, detector’s responsivity should be large and it should have low noise. Further, large responsivity value may be obtained by chosing detector material of large TCR value and high absorptivity for IR radiation. Also the pixel should be designed to have low thermal conductance, G and high fill factor. On the other hand, for faster detectors, τ = C/G should also be small. Thus thin membranes with low thermal mass and low G should be designed to achieve high sensitivity as well as speed. In fact, G is the most important factor that effects both sensitivity and speed of the detector. Moreover, its value may vary over a very large range depending upon design parameters. A thin TiN layer at the top is deposited for impedance matching with vacuum which along with quarter wave cavity enables to achieve absorptivity of more than 80% in the entire 8-14 µm region of the incident IR radiation2. Most important noise sources in semiconductor bolometer detectors are 1/f noise and Johnson noise. Both of these noise values are high for large resistance values of the pixel. It is found experimentally in α-Si films that high TCR values are achieved on high resistivity films3. In addition, assuming contact resistance ~ 0.1 Mohms in each contact means 0.2 MΩ of total contact resistance is added to the pixel resistance. NETD and thermal time constant that can be achieved for different pixel designs has been simulated for enabling one to determine the suitable design parameters. Table 1 shows values of various parameters used in the calculations.
A microbolometer pixel absorbs incident IR radiation, thereby increasing its temperature. The change in its resistance value is the measure of IR radiation absorbed by it. Thus, to
Table 1 . Parameter values used in the calculations.
maximize its sensitivity, it is important to reduce the loss of heat from the pixel. Maximum heat loss from the pixel occurs due to conduction through its legs which is governed by Gleg. Equation (10) shows that Gleg depends upon leg length, leg width and thermal conductivity and thickness of the constituent layers of the membrane. As thermal conductivity of various layers is constant, thus, leg structure is the most important parameter in design of bolometer pixel that controls pixel sensitivity. Minimum value of leg width is guided by process capability and large value is detrimental to high sensitivity, so leg width can not be varied too much. The requirement that maximum IR radiation has to be absorbed in the membrane in order to increase its temperature and large thickness is undesirable to obtain high speed (low value of τ), so thickness of various layers is also almost fixed. In present calculations, leg width is taken as 2 µm and thickness of various layers is taken as given in Table 1. The parameter that can be varied is leg length. Figure 2 shows dependence of leg thermal conductance and thermal time constant on leg length. It can be seen that as the leg length increases, Gleg decreases. This is expected as increase in leg length implies that the distance between the membrane and contact metal is increased. Thus thermal gradient is created over a larger length. Low thermal conductance is essential for achieving high sensitivity of the pixel. However, thermal time constant increases due to decrease of Gleg. Thus, some compromise has to be made depending upon desired value of sensitivity and speed of the detector. Thermal time constant may also be reduced by reducing membrane’s thermal mass. However, it should be thick enough to be resistant to vibrations depending upon the desired application.
Figure 2. Variation of thermal conductance of leg and thermal time constant as a function of leg length (L).
The parameter that is used in evaluation of NETD (Eqn. (14)) is thermal conductance (G). G can be calculated from Eqn. (12). It depends mainly upon Gleg, but also has significant dependence on R, the pixel resistance specially for low values of R. Variation of G with variation in Gleg and R is plotted in Fig. 3. For all values of R, G increases linearly with Gleg. However, G becomes negative in the region where both pixel resistance, R and Gleg have low values. This is the thermal runaway region which needs to be avoided for stable operation of the thermal
Figure 3. Dependence of total thermal conductance of the pixel on thermal conductance of the legs. Pixel resistance values in Mohms are indicated on each curve.
detector. While Gleg depends upon leg geometry and thermal conductivity of leg material layers; R depends upon membrane geometry and electrical resistivity of the membrane layers. For a particular resistance value, G is negative for very low values of Gleg or large values of leg length. As leg length is decreased, Gleg increases and G also increases. At a particular value it becomes zero. Let the value of leg length and leg thermal conductace where G becomes zero be denoted by L0 and Gleg0 respectively. As the resistance value is increased, L0 increases and Gleg0 decreases. Thus, a suitable combination of leg length and pixel resistance should be chosen to obtain desired value of thermal conductance.
Figure 4 has been plotted by evaluating NETD values using Eqns. (8), (11), and (15). Curves show dependence of NETD as function of leg length, L and pixel resistance, R. Thermal conductance of legs, Gleg is also shown at the top x-axis in the figure. For a particular R value, NETD decreases as the leg length increases. This is due to decrease in Gleg and hence increase in responsivity. However, when L becomes equal to L0, NETD is zero and it becomes negative if L is increased further. This is the region where bolometer operation is unstable. Thus, leg length should always be smaller than L0. As R is increased, L0 becomes larger and there is little chance of NETD becoming zero or negative. For a given leg length, NETD increases as R increases. In Fig. 4, a dashed line is drawn at NETD = 80 mK. If a microbolometer pixel is required to give NETD less than 80 mK, then leg length and resistance value of the pixel should be such be such that it lies between the two lines drawn at NETD equal to zero and NETD = 80 mK.
An α-Si film of resistivity 80 Ω-cm gives rise to pixel ( Fig. 5(a)) resistance of ~62 MΩ for leg length 15 µm and ~126 MΩ for leg length of 30 µm. It is clear from Fig. 4 that low NETD values cannot be achieved with such high resistance values. Thus, it is essential to either provide parallel current paths or current is allowed to flow partially through low resistive material in the membrane. Most of the pixel resistance contribution
Figure 4. NETD values that can be achieved for leg length (L) and pixel resistance (R). Leg thermal conductance corresponding to each L value is indicated on the top x-axis. R values, as indicated on each curve, are in Mohms.
is from the leg structure. Thus, current in the leg structure is generally made to flow through metal. Design should ensure that thermal conductance does not increase by this, otherwise NETD value will again rise. This has been achieved in modified pixel structure of Fig. 5(b) by shorting absorber TiN layer with α-Si in the leg region (see Fig. 1(b)) and partially in the membrane region so as to obtain pixel resistance ~2 MΩ for film resistivity of 80 MΩ. Grid-type and serpentine pixel membrane structures have been presented by Michel Vilain and Saint Georges de Commiers in patents4-6. These are shown in Figs. 5(c) and 5(d). To compare various pixel structures, we simulated pixel resistance as well as thermal conductance of all structures in Figs. 5(a) to 5(d). We have used Coventorware software for these simulations. Table 2 shows the results for different values of leg length. Film thicknesses and leg width are kept fixed for all the structures for comparison. For comparing different structures, let NETD < 80 mK is required for some application. A dashed line showing NETD = 80 mK is plotted in Fig. 4. Now an IR detector with resistance and thermal conductance values within the two dashed lines y = 0 and y = 80 mK is suitable for our purpose. 5th column in Table 2 is marked as ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ depending upon whether the pixel is suitable or not for the application. It can be noted that structures of Figs. 5(c) and 5(d) give NETD < 80 mK for L more than 20 µm and structure Fig. 5(d) gives low value of NETD for shortest values of L. Achieving high sensitivity at short leg lengths allows one to obtain more stable pixel as stress in the membrane is reduced. However, there is one flaw in the calculations. We have assumed same value of 1/f noise constant for all the structures. It is generally known that this parameter depends upon the α-Si material volume that is taking part in electrical conduction. Larger this volume, lesser is the 1/f noise. Since same thickness has been considered in all the structures, thus one with largest area will have the
Figure 5. (a) conventional structure (b) modified structure (c) grid structure (d) serpentine structure, are different pixel membrane structures considered in this work. Dark areas show regions where electrical conduction occurs through TiN while in light regions current flows through α-Si.
least noise. Column 6 of Table 2 shows the area of α-Si that is participating in electrical conduction. Grid structure of Fig. 5(c) has almost double the area as compared to serpentine structure of Fig. 5(d).
Yet another important issue in an IR detector array is sensitivity of pixel resistance to variation in α-Si film resistivity. Figure 6 shows pixel resistance variation with α-Si film resistivity for pixel structures of Figs. 5(b) to 5(d). It can be seen that pixel structure of Fig. 5(b) is most sensitive to variation in film resistivity. Hence, this structure can be used for imaging arrays only if it is possible to deposit α-Si films with very high uniformity in resistivity value.
Our analysis shows that pixel membrane structures of grid type and serpentine type (Figs. 5(c) and 5(d) respectively) are more appropriate for achieving high performance thermal imaging arrays. Leg dimensions need to be chosen depending
Figure 6. Pixel resistance variation with α-Si film resistivity for pixel structures of Figs 5(b) to 5(d).
Table 2 . Simulated valis the detector noise bandwidthues of parameters for pixel structures in Figures 5(a) - 5(d) for different leg lengths.
upon required values of NETD and τ and process capabilities. If deposition of α-Si film is controlled enough to give low 1/f noise such that this component is not dominating, then serpentine structure of Fig. 5(d) gives best NETD values. Otherwise grid structure of Fig. 5(c) may be more suitable as this structure has more area of α-Si that is participating in electrical conduction. So lower 1/f noise is expected in this structure
1. Wood, R.A. Monolithic silicon microbolometer arrays. In Semiconductors and Semimetals, 47, pp. 44-121, Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 1997.
2. Toy, M. Fatih. Uncooled infrared thermo-mechanical detector array: Design, fabrication and testing. Sensors and Actuators A, 2009, 156, 88–94.
3. Mottin, E. Uncooled amorphous silicon technology enhancement for 25 μm pixel pitch achievement. Infrared Technology and Applications XXVIII, SPIE, 2002, 4820.
4. Vilain, Michel & Georges, Saint de Commiers (FR). Bolometric detector, infrared detection device employing such a bolometric detector and process for fabricating this detector. Patent No. US 007138630B2, 21Nov., 2006.
5. Vilain, Michel & Georges, Saint de Commiers (FR), TBolometric detector, infrared detection device employing such a bolometric detector and process for fabricating this detector. Patent No. US 20050082481A1, 21 April, 2005.
6. Vilain, Michel & Georges, Saint de Commiers (FR), Device for detecting infrared radiation with bolometric detectors. Patent No. US 007288765 B2, 30 Oct.,2007.
7. Tissot, J.L. Uncooled microbolometer detectors: recent developments at ULIS. Opto-Electronics Review, 2006, 14(1), 25–32.
Ms Sudha Gupta received her MSc (Physics) from the University of Delhi, Delhi, in 1986. She joined Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi, in 1987 and worked on the development of cooled IR detectors and focal plane arrays. Presently she is working on un-cooled thermal detectors. She has authored or coauthored more than 25 research papers in national and international journals/conferences. Ms Anupriya Katiyar has completed BTech (Electronics and communication Engg) in 2008 from MMM Engg. College, Gorakhpur. Presently she is working as Scientist ‘B’ Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi. Her research area includes: design of amorphous-Si based microbolometer and photolithography for MEMS based Microbolometer ,RF MEMS switch and microaccelerometer. Dr R.K. Bhan received his MSc (Physics) from Kashmir University, Srinagar, in 1982 and PhD (Physics) from Delhi University in 1994. Presently he is working as Scientist at Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi where he is involved in Infrared Detector characterization and MEMS devices. His research interests include MOS physics, CCDs, IR detectors and FPAs. He has published more than 60 research papers in international journals. Dr R Muralidharan obtained his MSc (Physics) in 1975 from Madras and PhD from IISc, Bangalore in 1985. Presently working as Director of Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Delhi. His main area of work is MBE growth and characterisation of epitaxial layers for high electron mobility transistors and quantum dot devices. He is the recipient of -MRSI Medal 1989, Science Day Award-2003, and Technology Group Award of DRDO for Advancement in Material Growth using MBE.
| 2020-08-05T10:32:51 |
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https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/non-financial-corporate-credit-and-recessions-20210319.html
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March 19, 2021
### Non-Financial Corporate Credit and Recessions
The global financial crisis of 2008-09 (GFC) followed an extended period of growth in non-financial corporate (NFC) sector debt. NFC debt resumed its climb a few years after the GFC, and the pace of growth picked up in 2020, as firms took on debt to cover revenue lost during the pandemic or to build up precautionary liquidity buffers (Figure 1). For advanced economies, the aggregate ratio of non-financial corporate credit to nominal GDP (henceforth NFC credit) neared a historically-high level of 100 percent of GDP in 2020:Q2. A natural question is whether these high levels of NFC debt will heighten the severity of pandemic-related recessions.
##### Figure 1. Non-Financial Corporate Credit/GDP, Advanced Economies
In this note, we study whether high corporate credit levels increase the likelihood of recessions or the severity of recessions once they occur. While several studies have found a link between expansions in bank credit and financial crises (e.g., Schularick and Taylor 2012) or household debt and the severity of economic downturns (e.g., Mian et al. 2017 and Gomes et al. 2019), less is known about the relationship between NFC credit expansions and recessions.
We use 12 advanced economies in our analysis, listed in Table 1 along with summary statistics.2 Our data on NFC credit is from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). To measure credit growth we construct the NFC credit-to-GDP gap, which is the difference between the level of the NFC credit-to-GDP ratio and its trend.3 We define credit expansions as five or more consecutive quarters of positive changes in the NFC credit gap. Using this definition, we identify 50 credit expansions in our sample. The average length of the NFC credit expansions in our sample is about 18 quarters, and on average the credit gap increases by 10 percentage points over that time. Our recession dates are from Haver Analytics, which collects data reported by national authorities. Our sample includes 43 recessions with an average length of 7 quarters.4 Finally, to measure recession depth we use seasonally-adjusted real GDP data reported by Haver Analytics. On average, real GDP contracts about 2 percent during the recessions in our sample. Our sample period runs from 1952 to 2020:Q2, though for some countries the sample period is shorter because of data availability.
##### Table 1: Summary Statistics
Country Expansions* Recessions**
Number Average length (quarters) Average Change in Gap (ppts.) Number Average length (quarters) Average depth*** (%)
Austria 2 8.0 5.9 2 5.0 -2.3
Australia 5 18.8 11.7 2 6.0 -1.9
Canada 6 14.5 9.3 3 7.7 -3.3
France 6 13.2 6.8 6 6.3 -0.2
Germany 4 19.0 5.6 4 9.0 -2.0
Italy 3 32.7 13.8 3 10.0 -4.3
Japan 3 28.0 19.8 5 6.2 -2.7
Spain 3 13.7 12.6 1 23.0 -8.8
Sweden 4 20.8 20.2 2 9.0 -5.3
Switzerland 4 7.8 6.3 2 7.0 -1.8
United Kingdom 4 20.5 9.6 3 8.3 -2.9
United States 6 23.8 5.7 10 4.3 -1.7
Sample 50 18.3 10.1 43 7.0 -2.4
*Expansions are five or more quarters of positive changes in the NFC credit/GDP gap. Source: Bank for International Settlements, BIS Data Bank, https://dbsonline.bis.org/.
**Source: Haver Analytics.
***Depth is the percent decline in real GDP from the quarter before the start of the recession to the minimum value during the recession. Source: Haver Analytics.
#### NFC Credit Expansions Are Not Reliable Recession Predictors
We first investigate whether NFC credit expansions make recessions more likely. Of the 43 recessions in our sample, 26 start during credit expansions or within 6 months after the end of expansions. However, the global credit expansion and subsequent output contraction of the GFC accounts for a large share of these recessions.5 Excluding the GFC, about half of the recessions – 17 of the 32 non-GFC recessions in our sample – are associated with a credit expansion (Table 2).
##### Table 2: Recession Length and Depth Statistics
N Length* (quarters) Depth** (%) Mean Median Max Mean 43 7.0 6.0 23.0 -2.4 -1.5 -8.8 32 7.0 7.0 15.0 -1.4 -1.2 -5.2 17 6.8 6.0 14.0 -1.5 -1.5 -5.2
*Length is number of quarters from start to end of recession.
**Depth is the percent decline in real GDP from the quarter before the start of the recession to the minimum value during the recession.
***Recessions which begin during an expansion or within 6 months of the end of an expansion.
We use a logit model to assess whether the NFC credit gap is an effective predictor of recessions. The logit model specification is:
$$(1) \ \ \ \ logit(o^i_t) = \alpha^i_0 + \sum_{j=0}^k \beta^i_j{GAP}^i_{t-j} + \varepsilon^i_t,$$
where $p^i_t$ is the probability of a recession in country $i$, in year $t$, and $logit(o^i_t) = \ln(\frac{p^i_t}{1-p^i_t})$ is the log of the odds ratio, and $GAP$ is the NFC credit gap.6 We estimate the model for lags $k$ ranging between 0 (contemporaneous) and 12 quarters. The model captures cross-country predictive effects, in other words, whether credit gaps in a set of countries have implications for recessions in other countries.
To evaluate the model performance, we compute the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. The AUROC statistic indicates the ratio of true positives to false positives implied by the model. A model which always correctly predicts whether an economy will be in a recession has AUROC=1, while a model which has an equal number of true and false positives has AUROC=0.5.
Table 3 Panel A reports the AUROCs from the logit model. The AUROCs are all between 0.64 and 0.65 and the t-statistics in square brackets show that the null hypothesis that AUROC = 0.50 is rejected at the 1 percent level. These results suggest that the NFC credit gap-based model produce true positives 64 to 65 percent of the time, and false positives 35 to 36 percent of the time. In panel B we repeat the exercise on the sub-sample that excludes the GFC. The AUROCs are slightly lower than their full-sample counterparts, producing true positives between 62 and 65 percent of the time. So our model based on NFC credit gaps performs only modestly better than a coin flip, and thus is not a reliable predictor of recessions.
##### Table 3: Effectiveness of NFC Credit Gap in Predicting Recession Occurrence
Panel A: Full Sample
0 Lags 1 Lag 4 Lags 8 Lags 12 Lags 0.651 0.648 0.652 0.653 0.651 [9.220] [8.809] [9.108] [8.988] [8.506] 2137 2125 2089 2041 1993
Panel B: Excluding GFC
0 Lags 1 Lag 4 Lags 8 Lags 12 Lags 0.649 0.627 0.628 0.625 0.626 [7.433] [6.184] [6.368] [6.087] [5.920] 1561 1549 1513 1465 1417
Estimates of equation (1) in the text. The sample in Panel B ends in 2007.
Student’s -t statistics testing the null hypothesis of AUROC = 0.5 in square brackets.
#### NFC Credit Expansions Do Not Increase the Severity of Recessions
We next investigate whether recessions in the wake of NFC credit expansions are longer or deeper than other recessions. Excluding the GFC, the average length of recessions which occur during NFC credit expansions or within 6 months after the end of an expansion is 6.8 quarters, slightly less than the average recession length of 7.0 quarters (Table 2). Further, the average decline in real GDP in recessions associated with credit expansions is -1.5 percent, close to the sample average -1.4 percent. Therefore, on average, recessions following credit expansions are neither longer nor much deeper than other recessions. This is in contrast to Jordà, Schularick, and Taylor (2013) which finds a significant link between the intensity of bank credit expansions and the severity of subsequent recessions.
The two scatterplots in Figure 2 further illustrate the relationship between changes in the NFC credit gap and the length of recessions in Panel A, and depth in Panel B. The figures show the change in the gap during the three years before the start of each recession along the x-axis, and either the recession length or depth on the y-axis. Table 4 reports the results of OLS regressions fitted to these data, with the line estimates shown on the figures. Larger credit expansions as measured by the change in the NFC credit gap in the three years preceding the recession are associated with shorter recessions, as the regression slope is negative though not statistically significant. This is also true when we exclude the GFC from the sample. The regressions on recession depth show that in the full sample larger increases in the gap during the expansion are associated with slightly deeper recessions in the full sample.7 This result is driven by the GFC, however, as the slope is slightly positive when we exclude GFC observations. The results are robust to alternative definition of recessions based on business cycle turning points.8 In sum, our analysis suggests that recessions closely following credit expansions are not longer than other recessions, and that outside of the GFC the size of the credit expansion does not have a statistically significant effect on the severity of a subsequent recession.
##### Table 4: Recession Regression Results
Dependent Variable Independent Variable Sample Length 3-Yr $\Delta$ gap All Recessions Length 3-Yr $\Delta$ gap Excluding GFC Depth 3-Yr $\Delta$ gap All Recessions Depth 3-Yr $\Delta$ gap Excluding GFC
$\alpha$ 7.11** 6.98** -2.18** -1.35**
(0.61) (0.58) (0.38) (0.28)
$\beta$ -0.03 -0.02 -0.11* 0.004
(0.09) (0.10) (0.06) (0.05)
R2 0.003 0.001 0.086 0.000
N 43 32 43 32
Estimates of the model: ${Depvar}^i_t = \alpha + \beta {Indvar}^i_t + \varepsilon_t$.
See Table 1 for variable definitions. Standard errors in parentheses.
** and * indicate significance at the 1 percent and 5 percent levels, respectively.
Shifting the focus to all credit expansions, not just those closely followed by recessions, we examine what happens to output at the end of credit expansions. Of the 38 non-GFC credit expansions in our sample, half (19) have a recession occur during the expansion or within 6 months after the expansion ends (Table 5). So the GFC pattern where NFC expansions were followed by recessions does not hold more generally, as our data show that recessions are not an inevitable outcome of NFC expansions.
##### Table 5: NFC Credit Expansion Length and Gap Change Statistics
N Length* (quarters) Gap Change** (ppts) Mean Median Max Mean 50 18.3 16 45 10.0 8.6 36.5 38 18.8 16 45 9.2 8.1 25.3 19 19.6 16 42 7.5 7.5 20.4
*Length is number of quarters from start to end of the expansion.
**Gap change is the change in the NFC gap from the start to the end of the expansion.
***A recession begins during an expansion or within 6 months of the end of an expansion.
Digging deeper into the relationship between the size of expansions and future changes in output, the scatter plot in Figure 3 plots the size of each credit expansion against the change in real GDP over the year following the boom. Table 6 reports the coefficients from fitting an OLS regression through these data points. The slope of the regression line is positive but not statistically significant. Thus our analysis suggests the bigger NFC credit expansions do lot lead to greater real GDP declines – in fact, bigger booms may lead to bigger growth.
##### Table 6: Credit Expansion Regression Results
Dependent Variable Independent Variable Sample 1-Yr $\Delta$ GDP Expansion $\Delta$ gap All Credit Expansions 1-Yr $\Delta$ GDP Expansion $\Delta$ gap Excluding GFC
α 0.07 0.14
(1.24) (1.65)
β 0.08 0.07
(0.10) (0.15)
R2 0.012 0.007
N 50 38
Estimates of the model: ${Depvar}^i_t = \alpha + \beta {Indvar}^i_t + \varepsilon_t$.
See Table 1 for variable definitions. The dependent variable is the change in real GDP during the year following the end of the credit expansion. Standard errors in parentheses.
#### Implications for Pandemic-Related Recessions
Our analysis shows that NFC credit expansions are not reliable predictors of subsequent recessions, and do not make recessions longer or deeper if they occur. We find that only about half of recessions closely follow NFC credit expansions, and the opposite is also true – only about half of expansions are followed by recessions. In other words, the global aggregate credit expansion and subsequent recession which occurred during the GFC is not typical. An important implication of our results is that the record NFC debt levels arising from the 2020 global pandemic do not necessarily suggest that pandemic-driven recessions which are ongoing in many countries will be unusually severe. In fact, as shown in Figure 4, countries with larger NFC credit expansions through the second quarter of 2020 did not experience materially deeper recessions during the first several quarters of the pandemic-related shutdowns. As suggested in Mian et al. (2017) and Gomes et al. (2019) among others, increases in household debt, which grew only modestly through 2020:Q2, likely plays a more important role in recession severity.
#### References
Gomes, J., M., Grotteria, M., and Wachter, J., 2019. Foreseen Risks, NBER Working Paper No. 25277.
Harding, D., and A. Pagan, 2002. Dissecting the cycle: a methodological investigation. Journal of Monetary Economics 49 (2), 365-381.
Hodrick, R. J., Prescott, E. C., 1997. Postwar U.S. business cycles: An empirical investigation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 29 (1), 1–16.
Jordà, Ò., M. Schularick and A.M. Taylor, 2013. When Credit Bites Back. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Supplement to 45 (2), 3-28.
Mian, A., A. Sufi, and E. Verner, 2017. Household Debt and Business Cycles Worldwide, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(4), 1755–1817.
Schularick, M., Taylor, A. M., 2012. Credit booms gone bust: Monetary policy, leverage cycles, and financial crises, 1870-2008. American Economic Review 102 (2), 1029–1061.
1. We thank Noah Feldman, Jamil Rahman, and Jiwook Yoo for excellent research assistance. The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not indicate concurrence by other members of the staff or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Return to text
2. Country selection based on availability of NFC credit data. Return to text
3. We construct the NFC credit/GDP gaps using a Hodrick and Prescott (1996) filter with the smoothing parameter, λ, set equal to 400,000 to identify the trend and cyclical component in the NFC credit/GDP series published by the BIS. Return to text
4. We exclude the recession associated with German reunification. Return to text
5. Australia is the only country in our sample that did not experience a recession during the GFC. Return to text
6. The error terms, $\varepsilon^i_t$ are assumed to have i.i.d. standard normal distributions. Return to text
7. Real GDP does not contract in a number of recessions in our sample because the official recession dates in several countries take into account factors such as unemployment in addition to changes in real GDP. Return to text
8. Our results are nearly identical when we define recessions using the Bryen-Boschen procedure described by Harding and Pagan (2002), which identifies cyclical peaks and troughs of real output based on local maxima and minima. Return to text
| 2023-01-27T23:24:30 |
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|
http://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb20-134
|
SB20-134
# Estimate Of Non-fee Sources Of Cash Fund Revenue
Concerning the repeal of certain language used to determine cash fund revenue that is derived from non-fee sources when calculating the amount of uncommitted reserves in a cash fund at the end of a fiscal year.
Session:
2020 Regular Session
Subject:
State Government
Bill Summary
Current law limits the amount of uncommitted reserves that may remain in a cash fund at the end of any fiscal year. The definition of "uncommitted reserves" excludes revenue credited to a cash fund that is estimated to be derived from non-fee sources.
Current law further specifies that when calculating the estimated revenue from non-fee sources, the estimate is required to be an amount equal to the portion of total revenues received from non-fee sources in the prior fiscal year. This requirement and the phrase "prior fiscal year" are causing confusion among executive branch departments, and the requirement is not necessary for the proper administration of the statute. The act repeals the requirement that the estimate for non-fee revenue is equal to the portion of total revenues received from non-fee sources in the prior fiscal year.
(Note: This summary applies to this bill as enacted.)
| 2020-09-28T08:37:36 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classPorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.html
|
PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource Class Reference
Point source (or sink) that adds (removes) fluid at a constant mass flux rate for times between the specified start and end times. More...
#include <PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h>
Inheritance diagram for PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource:
[legend]
## Public Member Functions
PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource (const InputParameters ¶meters)
virtual Real computeQpResidual () override
## Protected Attributes
const Real _mass_flux
The constant mass flux (kg/s) More...
const Point _p
The location of the point source (sink) More...
const Real _start_time
The time at which the point source (sink) starts operating. More...
const Real _end_time
The time at which the point source (sink) stops operating. More...
## Detailed Description
Point source (or sink) that adds (removes) fluid at a constant mass flux rate for times between the specified start and end times.
If no start and end times are specified, the source (sink) starts at the start of the simulation and continues to act indefinitely
Definition at line 25 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h.
## ◆ PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource()
PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource ( const InputParameters & parameters )
Definition at line 32 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.C.
34 : DiracKernel(parameters),
35 _mass_flux(getParam<Real>("mass_flux")),
36 _p(getParam<Point>("point")),
37 _start_time(getParam<Real>("start_time")),
38 _end_time(getParam<Real>("end_time"))
39 {
40 // Sanity check to ensure that the end_time is greater than the start_time
41 if (_end_time <= _start_time)
42 mooseError(name(),
43 ": start time for PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource is ",
45 " but it must be less than end time ",
46 _end_time);
47 }
const Real _end_time
The time at which the point source (sink) stops operating.
const Real _start_time
The time at which the point source (sink) starts operating.
const Real _mass_flux
The constant mass flux (kg/s)
const Point _p
The location of the point source (sink)
const std::string name
Definition: Setup.h:22
## Member Function Documentation
overridevirtual
Definition at line 50 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.C.
51 {
53 }
const Point _p
The location of the point source (sink)
## ◆ computeQpResidual()
Real PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::computeQpResidual ( )
overridevirtual
There are six cases for the start and end time in relation to t-dt and t. If the interval (t-dt,t) is only partly but not fully within the (start,end) interval, then the mass_flux is scaled so that the total mass added (or removed) is correct
Definition at line 56 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.C.
57 {
58 Real factor = 0.0;
59
66 if (_t < _start_time || _t - _dt >= _end_time)
67 factor = 0.0;
68 else if (_t - _dt < _start_time)
69 {
70 if (_t <= _end_time)
71 factor = (_t - _start_time) / _dt;
72 else
73 factor = (_end_time - _start_time) / _dt;
74 }
75 else
76 {
77 if (_t <= _end_time)
78 factor = 1.0;
79 else
80 factor = (_end_time - (_t - _dt)) / _dt;
81 }
82
83 // Negative sign to make a positive mass_flux in the input file a source
84 return -_test[_i][_qp] * factor * _mass_flux;
85 }
const Real _end_time
The time at which the point source (sink) stops operating.
const Real _start_time
The time at which the point source (sink) starts operating.
const Real _mass_flux
The constant mass flux (kg/s)
## ◆ _end_time
const Real PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::_end_time
protected
The time at which the point source (sink) stops operating.
Definition at line 44 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h.
Referenced by computeQpResidual(), and PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource().
## ◆ _mass_flux
const Real PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::_mass_flux
protected
The constant mass flux (kg/s)
Definition at line 35 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h.
Referenced by computeQpResidual().
## ◆ _p
const Point PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::_p
protected
The location of the point source (sink)
Definition at line 38 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h.
## ◆ _start_time
const Real PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource::_start_time
protected
The time at which the point source (sink) starts operating.
Definition at line 41 of file PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource.h.
Referenced by computeQpResidual(), and PorousFlowSquarePulsePointSource().
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
| 2018-12-09T19:47:58 |
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|
http://finworld.wikidot.com/how-big-are-the-tax-benefits-of-debt
|
How Big Are The Tax Benefits Of Debt?
## Introduction
The question being asked here is “How do tax incentives affect firm value?” We know from our previous readings that there is a tax advantage to issuing debt rather than equity, because interest payments are deductible from taxable earnings. We would think that because of this, firms would lean much more heavily towards debt. What is the quantification of this benefit?
So what is the contribution of this paper? Graham states them directly: 1) quantifying the tax benefit by determining a tax function and then integrating to come up with the area under it, 2) use the tax function to determine how aggressive firms are in their use of debt, and 3) estimate how much firms could add to their value by increasing their debt level.
The third point is clearly the key contribution of the paper. To give away the end of the story in advance, Graham determines that firms are leaving a lot of money on the table. The typical firm could add 15.7% to its value by increasing its debt load (without adding any significant risk of distress).
## The Costs and Benefits of Debt
#### Estimating the Tax Costs and Benefits of Debt
The traditional way of calculating the net benefit of directing a dollar to investors as interest rather than equity is:
$(1-\tau _{\rm P})-(1-\tau _{\rm C})(1-\tau _{\rm E})$ Where
$\tau _{\rm P}$ = Personal Income Tax Rate
$\tau _{\rm C}$ = Corporate Tax Rate
$\tau _{\rm E}$ = Personal Capital Gains Tax Rate
Estimating marginal tax rate (MTR) for different levels of hypothetical debt levels as a % of the firms’ actual debt levels: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% (actual debt), 120%, 160%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, and 800%. To forecast earnings, Graham uses his 1996 model that states that earnings follow a pseudo-random walk with drift:
$\Delta EBIT_{\rm it}= \mu _{\rm i}+ \epsilon _{\rm it}$
Where $\mu _{\rm i}$ = the maximum of $\Delta EBIT_{\rm i}$ and zero and $\epsilon _{\rm it}$ is a normally dist. error with mean of zero and same variance as $\Delta EBIT$
To forecast earning for years t+1 through t+18, Graham draws 18 random values for ε and plugs them into the above equation. The tax bill is calculated using the standard corporate tax table for that year. Then $10,000 is added to earnings and the tax bill is recalculated. Then the difference between the two tax bills is divided by$10,000 yielding the marginal tax rate (MTR) for an additional dollar of earnings. This is done 50 times and then averaged for each firm, for each year of the study, in order to incorporate earnings uncertainty.
Graham estimates present value benefit at EOY1 for a firm by using historical data through year 1 to derive an interest deduction benefit function for EOY2 and integrates to find area under the curve (the benefit). Still using data through EOY1, projects the function for an additional year (through EOY3), and integrates to find the benefit. Integrate, rinse and repeat through 15 years.
#### Nontax Explanations of Debt Policy (Here are some of his variables)
Expected Costs of Financial Distress – Trade-off theory that firms are averse to debt when the expected costs of financial distress are high. Ex ante probability of distress measured by:
(EBIT + Sales + RE + Working Capital) / Total Assets
Investment Opportunities - Measured by Tobin’s q and approximated by:
(Preferred and Common Stock + LTD + Net Short-term Liabilities) / Total Assets
Cash Flows and Liquidity – Measured by quick ratio and current ratio.
Managerial Entrenchment and Private Benefits – uses 6 variables to measure
% of common shares owned by CEO
Vested options held by CEO as a % of common shares
Log of number of years as CEO
Log of number of directors
% of outside directors
% of common shares held by non-CEO board members
Product Market and Industry Effects
Industry concentration
Product uniqueness – uses SIC codes to identify industries with unique products (codes in range 340-400, i.e. chemical, computer, or aircraft)
Cash flow volatility – industry with cyclical cash flows
Other Factors that Affect Debt Policy
Financial flexibility – looks at acquisitions and capital expenditures
Informational asymmetry – do they pay dividends (non-dividend firms subject to large asymmetries.
Size – market value of firm and natural log of real sales
Asset collateral – PPE-to-assets
## Data and Measurement Issues – Data Source is COMPUSTAT
### Tax Variables
$\tau _{\rm E}$ = [d+(1-d)g$\alpha$]$\tau _{\rm P}$ (note: sample mean is 12%)
Where:
d=dividend payout ratio
g=proportion of long term capital gains that are taxable
∝ =benefit of deferring capital gains
$\tau _{\rm P}$ = (R$_{\rm taxable}$ - R$_{\rm taxfree}$)/R$_{\rm taxable}$
### Using the Kink in the Benefit Function to Infer How Aggressively Firms Use Debt
Table II (not included) – Relation Between the Kink in a Firm’s Tax Benefit Function and Standardized Kink. The mean value of the kink is 2.36, which indicates that the average firm could more than double their debt before hitting the downward sloping part of the tax benefit function. However this mean value has declined over time. In 1980, the average value of the kink is 3.1, compared to only 1.9 in the 90’s. This means that firms have become less conservative with regard to their debt policy over the sample time period.
## Empirical Evidence on the Tax-Reducing Benefit of Interest Deductions
### Firm-By-Firm Analysis of the Tax Benefits of Debt
Tobit Analysis to determine what types of firms have the largest tax benefits to debt. Large, liquid, profitable, collateralized firms with low expected distress costs and small research expenses.
## Using Benefit Curves to Examine the Cost of Debt
### Relating Benefit Curves to Measures of the Cost of Debt
Table V (not included) – Relation between the Kink in a Firm’s Tax Benefit Function and Firm Characteristics
Table VI – Tobit Regressions Using the Kink in the Benefit Function as Dependent Variable. Firms are conservative when they pay dividends, have owner’s equity, have large ROA, low expect distress costs, and no NOL (net operating loss). Ironically, these are also the firms with the lowest costs of debt. Regarding entrenchment, when he uses the full set of control variables, only the % of outside directors is significant (-0.351). So the evidence is weak that there is any effect of managerial entrenchment on debt conservatism.
### Persistence, the Peso Problem, and the Pecking Order of Possible Explanations of Debt Conservatism
Graham shows that debt conservatism is very persistent. Companies that start out as conservative in the study tend to remain conservative.
Peso Problem – Possibly firms are more cautious than necessary in order to prevent some huge disaster with very low probability.
Pecking Order – firms that are debt conservative should be even more conservative about issuing equity. The results of this analysis show the opposite. The higher the kink, the higher the relative use of equity, which is inconsistent with pecking order.
## Is Money Left on the Table?
Yes. Gross tax benefit from levering up to the kink is between 28% (1980) and 8% (1993) of the total value of the firm, with a mean of 15.7%. When personal tax penalty is netted out, we are left with 10% and 4.5%, respectively (with a mean of 7.5%). This is a highly significant amount of potential value that is being discarded.
## Conclusions
Firms are leaving money on the table, an average of 15.7% of their firm value. They could lever up safely to their kink without significantly increasing risk. Most could easily double their debt with no adverse effects. Either the incremental costs of debt are very large, or the firms must be using debt too conservatively. The most conservative firms are growth firms that produce unique products, as well as firms that are large, profitable and liquid.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2018-10-15T23:30:39 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/340/485/
|
Volume 340 - The 39th International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP2018) - Parallel: Detector
The LHCb RICH Upgrade
M.P. Blago* on behalf of the LHCb RICH Collaboration
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Published on: August 02, 2019
Abstract
The LHCb RICH detectors have been operating successfully since 2010 and proven to be an essential element of the experiment thanks to their excellent particle identification performance. During the Long Shutdown II of the LHC in 2019 - 2020, the two detectors will be upgraded in order to maintain their PID performance while operating at significantly increased luminosity, aiming to collect 5 $\text{fb}^{-1}$ per year. This will allow to greatly enhance the statistical precision of physics measurements and to advance the search for very rare B- and D-meson decays.
To cope with the challenges of the 40 MHz readout rate and increased occupancy the two detectors will undergo a major upgrade. The Hybrid Photon Detectors will be replaced by multi-anode PMTs together with new front-end electronics capable of reading out every bunch crossing of the LHC. Additionally, the optics of the upstream RICH detector will be modified. Following many tests with particle beams and simulations, the LHCb RICH Upgrade is now in its final stage. The current status of the upgrade will be presented.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.340.0485
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-08-04T09:06:08 |
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|
https://units.fandom.com/wiki/Comparison_of_temperature_scales?oldid=5653
|
340 Pages
Table of selected pointsEdit
The following table gives a comparison of the numerical value of temperatures on a number of different scales:
Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Rankine Delisle Newton Réaumur Rømer
Absolute zero 0 −273.15 −459.67 0 559.725 −90.14 −218.52 −135.90
Fahrenheit's ice/salt mixture 255.37 −17.78 0 459.67 176.67 −5.87 −14.22 −1.83
Water freezes (at standard pressure) 273.15 0 32 491.67 150 0 0 7.5
Average human body temperature
(See note below)
310.0 36.8 98.2 557.9 94.5 12.21 29.6 26.925
Water boils (at standard pressure) 373.15 100 212 671.67 0 33 80 60
Titanium melts 1941 1668 3034 3494 −2352 550 1334 883
The surface of the Sun 5800 5526 9980 10440 −8140 1823 4421 2909
Note: Normal human body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F. The commonly given value 98.6 °F is simply the exact conversion of 37 °C, and therefore has excess (invalid) precision. Some numbers in this table have been rounded off.
Formulas for conversionEdit
Given any two fixed points, the formula for conversion between any two scales in the table above can be determined. If two rows and two columns appar as:
Scale X Scale Y
Fixed point 1 a b
Fixed point 2 c d
the formula can be derived:
$(^\circ Y) = p(^\circ X) + q$
where
$p = {b - d \over a - c}$
and
$q = {ad - bc \over a - c}$.
Chart of conversions between the different temperature unitsEdit
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-09-29T07:05:51 |
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|
https://dlmf.nist.gov/19.23
|
# §19.23 Integral Representations
In (19.23.1)–(19.23.3) we assume $\Re y>0$ and $\Re z>0$.
19.23.1 $R_{F}\left(0,y,z\right)=\int_{0}^{\pi/2}(y{\cos}^{2}\theta+z{\sin}^{2}\theta)^% {-1/2}\mathrm{d}\theta,$
19.23.2 $R_{G}\left(0,y,z\right)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}(y{\cos}^{2}\theta+z{\sin}^% {2}\theta)^{1/2}\mathrm{d}\theta,$
19.23.3 $R_{D}\left(0,y,z\right)=3\int_{0}^{\pi/2}(y{\cos}^{2}\theta+z{\sin}^{2}\theta)% ^{-3/2}{\sin}^{2}\theta\mathrm{d}\theta.$
19.23.4 $R_{F}\left(0,y,z\right)=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}R_{C}\left(y,z{\cos}^{2}% \theta\right)\mathrm{d}\theta=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}R_{C}\left(y{\cosh% }^{2}t,z\right)\mathrm{d}t.$
19.23.5 $R_{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}R_{C}\left(x,y{\cos}^{2}% \theta+z{\sin}^{2}\theta\right)\mathrm{d}\theta,$ $\Re y>0$, $\Re z>0$,
19.23.6 $4\pi R_{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\int_{0}^{2\pi}\!\!\!\!\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{\sin% \theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi}{(x{\sin}^{2}\theta{\cos}^{2}\phi+y{\sin}% ^{2}\theta{\sin}^{2}\phi+z{\cos}^{2}\theta)^{1/2}},$
19.23.6_5 $R_{G}\left(x,y,z\right)=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\!\!\!\!\int_{0}^{\pi}% \left(x{\sin}^{2}\theta{\cos}^{2}\phi+y{\sin}^{2}\theta{\sin}^{2}\phi+z{\cos}^% {2}\theta\right)^{1/2}\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi,$ ⓘ Symbols: $R_{G}\left(\NVar{x},\NVar{y},\NVar{z}\right)$: symmetric elliptic integral of second kind, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\cos\NVar{z}$: cosine function, $\mathrm{d}\NVar{x}$: differential, $\int$: integral, $\sin\NVar{z}$: sine function and $\phi$: real or complex argument Referenced by: (19.16.3), (19.16.3), §19.16(i), §19.16(ii), §19.16(ii), §19.20(ii), §19.23, §19.23, Erratum (V1.1.0) for Rearrangement Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.23.E6_5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Rearrangement (effective with 1.1.0): This equation, which was originally (19.16.3), was moved here. See also: Annotations for §19.23 and Ch.19
where $x$, $y$, and $z$ have positive real parts—except that at most one of them may be 0.
In (19.23.8)–(19.23.10) one or more of the variables may be 0 if the integral converges. In (19.23.8) $n=2$, and in (19.23.9) $n=3$. Also, in (19.23.8) and (19.23.10) $\mathrm{B}$ denotes the beta function (§5.12).
19.23.7 Moved to (19.16.2_5). ⓘ Referenced by: (19.16.2_5), §19.16(i), §19.23, Erratum (V1.1.0) for Rearrangement Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.23.E7 Rearrangement (effective with 1.1.0): This equation has been moved to (19.16.2_5). See also: Annotations for §19.23 and Ch.19
19.23.8 $R_{-a}\left(\mathbf{b};\mathbf{z}\right)=\frac{2}{\mathrm{B}\left(b_{1},b_{2}% \right)}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}{(z_{1}{\cos}^{2}\theta+z_{2}{\sin}^{2}\theta)}^{-a}\*% (\cos\theta)^{2b_{1}-1}(\sin\theta)^{2b_{2}-1}\mathrm{d}\theta,$ $b_{1},b_{2}>0$; $\Re z_{1},\Re z_{2}>0$.
With $l_{1},l_{2},l_{3}$ denoting any permutation of $\sin\theta\cos\phi$, $\sin\theta\sin\phi$, $\cos\theta$,
19.23.9 $R_{-a}\left(\mathbf{b};\mathbf{z}\right)=\frac{4\Gamma\left(b_{1}+b_{2}+b_{3}% \right)}{\Gamma\left(b_{1}\right)\Gamma\left(b_{2}\right)\Gamma\left(b_{3}% \right)}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\!\!\!\!\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{3}z_{j}l_{j}% ^{2}\right)^{-a}\*\prod_{j=1}^{3}l_{j}^{2b_{j}-1}\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta% \mathrm{d}\phi,$ $b_{j}>0$, $\Re z_{j}>0$.
19.23.10 $R_{-a}\left(\mathbf{b};\mathbf{z}\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{B}\left(a,a^{\prime}% \right)}\int_{0}^{1}u^{a-1}(1-u)^{a^{\prime}-1}\*\prod_{j=1}^{n}(1-u+uz_{j})^{% -b_{j}}\mathrm{d}u,$ $a,a^{\prime}>0$; $a+a^{\prime}=\sum_{j=1}^{n}b_{j}$; $z_{j}\in\mathbb{C}\setminus(-\infty,0]$.
For generalizations of (19.23.6_5) and (19.23.8) see Carlson (1964, (6.2), (6.12), and (6.1)).
| 2021-12-03T00:35:20 |
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https://simeon.fandom.com/wiki/Manhattan_distance
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## Definition
Given a number set , the Manhattan distance is a function defined as
• .
• .
## Normalization
If is a bounded set, it is possible to normalize the difference dividing by the range of , then normalization is
that is the arithmetic mean of the normalized differences.
• If , .
• If , .
## Applications
• Numeric vectors (codes).
• Vectors of boolean features.
## References
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2021-03-07T18:02:42 |
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https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/migration-health-wp-html.html
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THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION ON
Partha Deb
Tamara Gurevich
ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES
Working Paper 2017–05–B
500 E Street SW
Washington, DC 20436
May 2017
This article is based on research for doctoral dissertation. Office of Economics working papers are the result of ongoing professional research of USITC Staff and are solely meant to represent the opinions and professional research of individual authors. These papers are not meant to represent in any way the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners. Working papers are circulated to promote the active exchange of ideas between USITC Staff and recognized experts outside the USITC and to promote professional development of Office Staff by encouraging outside professional critique of staff research. Please address all correspondence to [email protected].
The Effects of Internal Migration on Health of Adults in Indonesia
Partha Deb, Tamara Gurevich
Office of Economics Working Paper 2017–05–B
May, 2017
Abstract
In this paper we quantify effect of migration on health using a potential outcomes framework design that exploits exogenous impacts of floods on migration. We focus on six often-used measurements of physical and general health that are potentially modifiable over short periods of time. We construct a latent class model of the joint probabilities of the six health measures in which individuals are assumed to belong to one of a small number of (latent) health-types or classes. The class probabilities are modeled as being individual-specific. We estimate the model using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, an ongoing longitudinal survey of households and individuals in Indonesia. We find that migration last year has no effect on health, and that individuals who migrated two or more years ago as a result of a flood are 20 percent more likely to be in poor health than their non-migrant counterparts.
Partha Deb, Hunter College
[email protected]
Tamara Gurevich, USITC
[email protected]
### 1 Introduction
The United Nations estimates that in 2010 over 200 million people were living outside of their country of birth. Nearly four times as many people — almost 750 million — were internal migrants, relocating to other regions of their home country (UNDP, 2009). Lifetime internal migration estimates for developed countries show that some 255 million people live of outside their region of birth; nearly twice as many people — 505 million — migrated in the developing world (?). Furthermore, these numbers are expected to rise reflecting increases in future voluntary migration and involuntary displacement.
Migration has important implications for human development. On a macroeconomic level, integrating an increasing number of migrants may present social and economic challenges for governments and policy-makers in both developing and developed countries, however, the developing countries will face a greater difficulty since the number of migrants within developing countries is large and available resources are relatively scarce. Mohapatra et al. (2010) identify a number of social and economic challenges facing developing and developed countries as they try to integrate an ever increasing number of migrants. These include increased income inequality between migrant-sending and -receiving regions, higher burden on public services, stiffer job competition, and social tensions in migrant-receiving communities.
On the microeconomic side, individuals and households will likely encounter problems adopting to their new surroundings. Abbas and Varma (2014) discuss individual challenges, namely restricted access of recent migrants to housing, financial services and social programs. Further, the authors note that cultural and linguistic differences between sending and receiving regions may lead to harassment and political exclusion of migrants.
One important aspect of migrant well-being is migrants’ health. Good health is crucial for the ability to successfully adjust to new surroundings and become a productive member of society in a destination community. Therefore, if migrants have specialized health needs compared to natives at destination locations, understanding health consequences of migration is important to migrants, health professionals, and policy makers alike.
There is a long established, but relatively sparse literature on the effect of migration on health. This literature primarily addresses questions of post-migration adaptation and the role of remittances in health outcomes of migrants’ family members that remain in the origin communities. Only a handful of studies look at the effects of relocation on physical health of migrants. To a large extent this lack of scholarly research has to do with data limitations (Massey et al. (2010); Schenker et al. (2014)).
Studies that do focus on physical health usually look at a limited number of very specific measures of health and find that there are ambiguous effects of migration on health. Depending on measures (health outcomes) used, migration can have positive, negative or no effect on health at all. For example, in one paper, Lu (2010) finds that health of the same individuals may improve, deteriorate, or remain unchanged depending on how the author measures health.1
In addition, health selectivity of migrants — a hypothesis stating that individuals with higher initial stock of health are more likely to become migrants that is addressed in the healthy migrant literature — often masks potentially large negative effects of migration-correlated stressors, such as loss of familiar network, harsh working conditions, and environmental pressure on migrants’ physical health.2
Health status, however, is a complex conceptual construct. Its measurements are inherently multidimensional with broad classifications being along physical and mental health dimensions as well as biological measurement, physical impairment, and self-perceived status dimensions. Even within each of those dimensions, there are numerous measurements of health status, some substitutes, others complements for each other. Therefore, it is not surprising that the empirical evidence on the effects of migration on health is mixed.
Previous studies suggest several reasons why migration may lead to changes in migrants’ health. First, lack of familiarity with health systems in destination locations may result in limited access to health care services even in absence of legal restrictions, thus leading to health deterioration (Norredam2011). Second, health care professionals are often unaware of specific health needs of migrants, thus delaying proper diagnosis and treatment of migrant-specific ailments, which also adversely affects migrants’ health (Hansen and Donohoe2003). Lastly, stress associated with acculturation and adaptation to destination lifestyle often leads to uptake in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and unhealthy diet (Renzaho and Burns (2006); Bosdriesz et al. (2013)). On the other hand, increased income and wealth may have positive effect on migrants’ health (LaLonde and Topel (1997); McKenzie et al. (2006)).3
In this paper, we quantify the effect of migration on physical health. We account for potential selectivity of health in migration using a potential outcomes framework of Athey and Imbens (2006) to disentangle health-selectivity of migrants from causal effects of migration. We use data on six measurements of physical and general health that are potentially modifiable over short periods of time (e.g., less than five years). These variables are all included in the “Global Reference List of Core Health Indicators” published by the World Health Organization (2015), a universal list of indicators “prioritized by the global community to provide concise information on the health situation and trends, including responses at national and global levels”.4 These six measures have well defined clinical cutoffs and are widely used in epidemiological and health economics studies.
We depart from the existing literature on the effects of migration on health in the way we model health outcomes. In order to preserve the richness of health information available in the data and to allow for potential correlation among different measures of health of the same individual, we assign individuals to two health classes — “good” and “poor” health — using Grade of Membership framework of Manton and Woodbury (1982) that allows for estimation of probability an individual is “healthy” given the individual’s health measures as well as other individual, household, and community characteristics. In doing so, we are able to quantify the effect of migration on a more comprehensive measure of health.
We construct a latent class model of the joint probabilities of the six health measures in which individuals are assumed to belong to one of a small number of (latent) health-types or classes. Thus, our model acknowledges the commonalities of the measurements while allowing for potential substitutability. Each latent class is associated with a probability and these class probabilities sum to one over the latent classes. The class probabilities are modeled as being individual-specific; i.e., they are functions of individual characteristics. This latent class model is closely related to the Grade of Membership (GoM) model of Manton and Woodbury (1982).
While the GoM method is similar to other data reduction models, such as Factor Analysis, Principle Components Analysis, and Multiple Indicator, Multiple Cause, this method is non-parametric; it does not rely on underlying distributional assumptions regarding individuals’ health when assigning individuals into health classes. Furthermore, GoM method takes into account individual heterogeneity when assigning respondents into discrete groups. This methodology allows for partial membership along different health dimensions, constructing a proximity measure between an respondent and a pure health type. Since only few people can be classified as perfectly healthy or completely unhealthy, GoM methodology offers additional advantages over other data reduction models (Portrait et al.1999).
In order to reduce concerns about voluntary nature of migration, we incorporate recent local floods in potential outcomes framework of Athey and Imbens (2006) into our model. The vector of covariates in the class probability equation includes indicators for whether an individual migrated in the recent past, indicators for whether an individual was affected by a flood in the recent past, and interactions of migration and flood indicators. The coefficients on migration indicators account for possible self-selection into migration based on pre-migration health status. The indicators for floods account for possible health effects of exposure to floods. The interaction variables compare migrants who were pushed to migrate because of a recent flood to individuals who migrated from communities not affected by floods, and those who did not migrate at all. Thus, the coefficients on the interaction terms have a difference-in-difference interpretation (Athey and Imbens (2006); Puhani (2012)).
Confidence in the causal interpretation of the interaction of migration status and exposure to floods is based on two features of floods, combined with our focus on physical aspects of human health. First, conditional on geographic characteristics of each location, the timing of floods is essentially random. Second, while research indicates that there are some effects of floods on physical health of survivors, namely increase in diarrheal disease, mosquito-borne diseases, and upper respiratory infections, these effects are short lived (Ahern et al. (2005); Morgan et al. (2005)). Therefore, we can assume that floods don’t have a long lasting impact on individuals’ physical health. On the other hand, recent floods in origin communities do have an effect on subsequent migration probability (Kuhn2005).
We estimate our model using data from Indonesia. We select Indonesia because of its large population size, high rates of internal migration, geographic and social diversity, and high prevalence of flood events.5 We use the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), an ongoing longitudinal survey of households and individuals in Indonesia, representative of 83% of population of the country. Since its inception in 1993, this survey has been used in several hundred peer-reviewed papers.6 IFLS is unique in the way it treats migrants. It is designed to locate migrants following a move, thus greatly reducing migration-related sample attrition and allowing us to compare health of migrants and non-migrants. Most other surveys do not track down migrants, thus limiting researchers’ ability to investigate the effects of migration on health.
We find evidence that migration negatively affects health, and this effect becomes pronounced two or more years following a move. Migrating two or more years ago as a consequence of a flood increases the probability of being in poor health by 12 percentage points, an increase of nearly 20%, comparable to a loss of an average of five years of life.7 Migration a year ago has a small and statistically insignificant effect on the probability of being in poor health.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents background on Indonesia, an overview of the data, and summary statistics. Methodology is described in section 3. Section 4 presents results and section 5 concludes.
### 2 Background and Data
Indonesia, a former Dutch colony, is the fourth most populous country in the world, located in Southeast Asia.8 The country is an archipelago consisting of over 17,500 islands, of which about 6,000 are inhibited by some 300 ethnic groups speaking more than 700 different languages.
Indonesia is subdivided into 34 provinces and special regions consisting of regencies (Kabupaten). Each Kabupaten is further subdivided into districts (Kecamatan), which are further divided into villages and urban communities (Desa). Indonesia is a lower middle income country. GDP per capita, adjusted to purchasing power parity, is $5,200, which places Indonesia 158${}^{th}$ in the world countries’ rating. Almost 40% of the labor force is employed in agriculture, with agriculture share of GDP at 14%. Health care in Indonesia is provided by a combination of public and private clinics as well as NGOs. Until 2014 Indonesia did not have universal health coverage; individuals were left to purchase health insurance independently with a limited public provision for the poorest. Average life expectancy at birth between 1993 and 2007 was 67 years, total annual per capita health expenditure during the same period was around$25 US. Cardio-vascular diseases, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease account for nearly half of all death with stroke — the leading cause of death — claiming 21%.9. Hypertension and obesity are fairly common: 30% of Indonesians have raised blood pressure, over 25% are overweight or obese.10
Additionally, major health risks come from waterborne and vectorborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, dengue fever, and malaria. All of these diseases can, to some extent, be associated with recent floods (?). The most common natural hazards threatening inhabitants of Indonesian islands are floods, droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and forest fires.11 In addition, Indonesians are exposed to environmental issues of water and air pollution in urban areas, and smoke and haze from forest fires.
In this study, we use the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), a periodic panel survey administered by RAND. There are currently four waves available, spanning years 1993–2007. The sample spreads across 13 of 32 provinces in Indonesia, but represents about 83% of population at the survey onset. The 1993 wave has over 33,000 people living in 7,224 households in 312 sample communities. The sample grows to over 50,000 people in 13,536 households by 2007.12 Recontact rate in each wave of the the survey is over 90%.
The unique feature of this dataset is that it provides detailed retrospective migration histories for all respondents age 12 and older, as well as a very high precision of post-migration follow-ups. This greatly reduces attrition due to out-migration and allows us to investigate the effects of migration to communities that are not in the IFLS sample on post-migration health. Average migration rate of all respondents age 15 and older in the IFLS is 6.25%, which is nearly identical to the rate found by Gray et al. (2009) using different data sources from Indonesia.
We build a person-year panel, spanning all sixteen years of the survey. There are over 26,000 migration instances during the survey years, 1.2% of which are out of a community that has experienced a flood in the previous calendar year.13 We restrict our sample to adults of ages 15 to 65. Furthermore, once we take into account information on between sample year migrations and their relationship to flood events, we focus on the years of the last three waves of the survey for which we have exact measurements of health variables. This results in an unbalanced panel of over seventy thousand person-wave observations.
Health of respondents is measured only at survey years. Children of sample household and individuals that enter the sample between two waves do not have previous health measures. For this reason, and to avoid sample attrition, we use only one health measurement per respondent. The study design described below allows us to look at a “cross-section” of health outcomes and draw inferences regarding between-wave health changes using potential outcomes framework of Athey and Imbens (2006).
#### 2.1 Measurement of health variables
We construct six dichotomous measures of health based on body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin count, peak expiratory flow rate measuring lung capacity, health status as reported by the interviewer, and self-reported health status. We select cutoffs to distinguish normal health from poor health based on commonly used clinical values. Specifically, we classify individuals as overweight if their BMI is 25 $kg∕{m}^{2}$ or above.14 Almost 20% of total sample are individuals who are overweight or obese, as defined by BMI of at least 30 $kg∕{m}^{2}$. Hypertension is defined as per American Medical Association, with abnormal values of systolic blood pressure of at least 130, diastolic blood pressure of at least 90. Nearly half of the individuals in the sample have hypertension. Lung capacity depends on an individual’s gender, age, and height; functional deficiency is defined as having a lung capacity that is below 80% of group-specific normal function (Roberts and Mapel2012). 20% of sampled individuals have low lung capacity. Normal hemoglobin levels are gender specific. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that normal cutoffs are at least $12\phantom{\rule{3.26288pt}{0ex}}g∕dl$ for women and at least $13.5\phantom{\rule{3.26288pt}{0ex}}g∕dl$ for men. Nearly 30% of sampled individuals have low hemoglobin. Two additional measures are based on self-reported health status and on interviewers’ observations about the respondents. 12% of respondents say the are unhealthy, while interviewers report nearly 30% of respondents being less healthy than the comparison group. Summary statistics of these variables by survey year are shown in Table 2. In addition, Figure 1 shows rates of these poor health indicators by migrant status and exposure to floods.
#### 2.2 Measurement of migration and exposure to floods
We define two indicators of migration status – whether a person migrated in the year before the survey, and whether a person migrated two or more years before the survey. We also define two indicators of exposure to floods – whether a person was exposed to a flood two years prior to the survey, and whether a flood exposure occurred three or more years prior to the survey. The indicator for migration a year prior is interacted with exposure to a flood two years ago. The indicators for migration two or more years prior is interacted with exposure to a flood three or more years ago.
Figure 2 shows relationship between flood occurrences and flood-related migrations. Blue bars in both panels correspond to number of communities that experienced floods at any given year. In most years, 3–5% of sample communities experience a flood. The orange line in the left panel shows percent of all migrants that left a community that experienced a flood in the year prior to migration. For example, about 3% of all migrants in 1996 left a community that had a flood in 1995. The orange line in the right panel shows similar statistics, but for migrants leaving a community that experienced a flood two or more years prior to migration. There is a clear correlation between number of communities experiencing floods and percent of migrants leaving flood-affected communities a year later. This correlation is much weaker two or more years following a flood.15
#### 2.3 Other controls
Additional controls include socio-economic measures for individuals and households that are generally associated with migration: age, gender, level of education, marital status, and level of household wealth proxied by house ownership. We also include controls for original community location and other community characteristics: an indicator for urban and shore status of the community, its population size, distance to post office, and proportion of community population with access to telephones.
On average, migrants are younger and better educated than non-migrants. Migrants are more often male and not married, coming from households that are less likely to own a house. While there is virtually no difference between proportion of migrants and non-migrants in urban and shore locations, floods are somewhat more likely to hit urban areas and areas located on shores. Flood and non-flood communities are very similar along other dimensions. Tables 3 and 4 show these and other mean characteristics by migrant and flood status, and by survey year respectively.
### 3 Methods
#### 3.1 Treatment effects in nonlinear potential outcomes models
Consider a design in which there is a binary migration indicator $M$ (with $M=1$ denoting the treatment group), a binary flood indicator $F$ (with $F=1$ denoting exposure to a flood) and $X$ denoting a set of control covariates. Then, using the potential outcomes framework, Athey and Imbens (2006) show that under assumptions of flood exogeneity and potential migrant self-selectivity the treatment effect in a potential outcomes model can be written as
$\tau =E\left[{\pi }^{1}|F=1,M=1,X\right]-E\left[{\pi }^{0}|F=1,M=1,X\right],$
where ${\pi }^{1}$ and ${\pi }^{0}$ denote the potential outcomes with and without treatment respectively.16 Envision $\pi$ as a latent measure of the likelihood of poor health, determined by a latent class model described below. In a nonlinear model parameterized with a linear index of covariates and parameters such that
$E\left[\pi |F,M,X\right]=f\left({\beta }_{1}F+{\beta }_{2}M+{\beta }_{3}FM+X𝜃\right),$
Puhani (2012) shows that when $FM=0$,
$E\left[{\pi }^{0}|F=1,M=1,X\right]=f\left({\beta }_{1}+{\beta }_{2}+X𝜃\right)$
and
$E\left[{\pi }^{1}|F=1,M=1,X\right]=f\left({\beta }_{1}+{\beta }_{2}+{\beta }_{3}FM+X𝜃\right),$
when $FM=1$, so that the sign of $\tau$ is the same as the sign of ${\beta }_{3}$. Therefore, one can assess whether a treatment effect exists (and is statistically significant) by examining the coefficient on the interaction term in the regression specification, similar to treatment effect interpretation in difference-in-difference (DiD) models. In this framework, the treatment effect is given by
$\tau =f\left({\beta }_{1}F+{\beta }_{2}M+{\beta }_{3}FM+X𝜃\right)-f\left({\beta }_{1}+{\beta }_{2}+X𝜃\right).$
#### 3.2 A Latent Class Model
We begin with a set of observed outcomes that describe an underlying health concept. Each particular outcome is not sufficient to fully describe the underlying concept. However, taken together these variables can better summarize all available information about an individual’s unobserved health. The method adopted here is closely related to the Grade of Membership (GoM) model of Manton and Woodbury (1982) and is a nonparametric characterization of the latent construct. It allows for partial participation of an individual in each of the outcomes, recognizing that individuals can have different health conditions.
Following Portrait et al. (1999), consider a set of $K$ binary indicators, $\left\{{y}_{i1},{y}_{i2},...,{y}_{iK}\right\}$, that are the observed measurements of a common latent construct. Each of these measurements only partially characterizes the latent construct; in fact, all the the measurements, taken together, need not fully characterize the construct. ${y}_{ik}=1$ if a respondent $i$ has a condition $k$ and ${y}_{ik}=0$ otherwise. An individual that exhibits only symptoms of a single condition would be a “pure type”, using the language of the GoM model. We can measure the extent of proximity of each respondent to the pure types using weights that are constrained to fall between 0 and 1 and sum to 1 over all profiles; the respondents’ health conditions are then represented by a convex combination of the pure type profiles. Associated with each of these binary indicators is a probability that an individual $i$ exhibits symptoms of a health condition $k$, ${p}_{ik}=Pr\left({y}_{ik}=1\right)$ and the joint probability associated with a higher value of the latent construct is given by $\prod _{k=1}^{K}{p}_{ik}$.
A very general latent class model can be specified as follows. Suppose that there are $C$ classes (types) of individuals, with associated measurement probabilities given by ${p}_{cik}$ for $c=1,2,...,C$ and ${\pi }_{ci}$ is the probability that an individual $i$ belongs to class $c$ with $\sum _{c=1}^{C}{\pi }_{ci}=1$.
Assume that the measurement probabilities are constant across individuals in a given class, i.e., ${p}_{cik}={p}_{ck}$ and let
${\pi }_{ci}={\Lambda }_{M}\left({\beta }_{0c}+{\beta }_{1c}{F}_{i}+{\beta }_{2c}{M}_{i}+{\beta }_{3c}{F}_{i}{M}_{i}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}c\right)$
where ${\Lambda }_{M}$ denotes the multinomial logit function. Let $c=1$ be the baseline (omitted) category without loss of generality. Although this model is not completely general, it is considerably more parsimonious than the grade of membership model and gives us the ability to understand the determinants of the distribution of class probabilities within the context of the model.17
The contribution of an individual $i$ to the likelihood function is
${L}_{i}=\sum _{c=1}^{C}{\pi }_{ci}\prod _{k=1}^{K}{p}_{ck}$
and the overall log likelihood is
$lnL=\sum _{i=1}^{N}ln\left(\sum _{c=1}^{C}{\pi }_{ci}\prod _{k=1}^{K}{p}_{ck}\right)$
We estimate this model using maximum likelihood. Standard errors are adjusted for clustering at the household level.
#### 3.3 Specification of Model and Treatment Effects
To be more precise, we specify the class probability function as
$\begin{array}{c}{\pi }_{ci}={\Lambda }_{M}\left({\beta }_{0c}+{\beta }_{1c}{F}_{i}^{t-2}+{\beta }_{2c}{F}_{i}^{t-3}+{\beta }_{3c}{M}_{i}^{t-1}+{\beta }_{4c}{M}_{i}^{t-2}\right\\ +{\beta }_{5c}{F}_{i}^{t-2}{M}_{i}^{t-1}+{\beta }_{6c}{F}_{i}^{t-3}{M}_{i}^{t-2}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}c)\end{array}$
where ${M}_{i}^{t-1}=1$ denotes that migration occurred last year, ${M}_{i}^{t-2}=1$ denotes migration occurred two or more years ago (but after the previous wave of data collection), ${F}_{i}^{t-2}=1$ denotes that the individual was exposed to a flood two years ago, ${F}_{i}^{t-3}=1$ denotes that the individual was exposed to a flood three or more years ago. In our empirical analysis, we find that the distribution of health status can be adequately described with two latent classes, so ${\Lambda }_{M}$ specializes to a logit function $\Lambda$. The treatment effects, measured as changes in the probability of being in class 2 are given by
${\tau }_{1}=\Lambda \left({\beta }_{02}+{\beta }_{12}+{\beta }_{32}+{\beta }_{52}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}2\right)-\Lambda \left({\beta }_{02}+{\beta }_{12}+{\beta }_{32}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}2\right)$
and
${\tau }_{2}=\Lambda \left({\beta }_{02}+{\beta }_{22}+{\beta }_{42}+{\beta }_{62}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}2\right)-\Lambda \left({\beta }_{02}+{\beta }_{22}+{\beta }_{42}+{X}_{i}𝜃{}_{}2\right)$
#### 3.4 Mundlak fixed effects
In most nonlinear models, as in our latent class model, it is not possible to “sweep out” unobserved group-level characteristics using the usual fixed effects time differencing technique, a within transformation, as one would in the linear model and some nonlinear models. Mundlak (1978) and Chamberlain (1984) note that, in the linear regression model, the fixed-effects (within) estimator produces the same coefficients as an OLS estimator in which the set of regressors includes group-level means of all the individual-level covariates in the regression specification. Taking this idea, they suggest that including group-level means as covariates in nonlinear models could ameliorate confounding caused by group-level characteristics. Therefore, in order to control for group-level fixed effects, in addition to estimating a latent class model that includes no group-level controls, we estimate versions of the model with two sets of group-level covariates: first with household-level means, and second with region-level (Kabupaten) means.
#### 3.5 Alternative specifications
In order to compare our results to those in the previous literature, we estimate several alternative model specifications. First, we estimate a set of six potential outcomes logit specifications, one for each of the six binary health measures used in the latent class model. We then allow for correlation of various health measures for an individual, estimating a multivariate probit model with the same health measures. Last, but not least, we estimate a control function specification in order to control for migration selectivity.18
### 4 Results
Table 11 presents coefficients from the two class grade of membership model under a naive assumption that individuals do not self-select into migration based on their health. Since we assume no selection, we do not include flood terms and flood-migration interaction terms that are present in our main specification in order to ameliorate the selectivity problem. Standard errors are clustered on household level. The first column presents results of a specification that includes a full set of individual, household and community characteristics only. Second and third columns show results of specifications that include household- and region (Kabupaten)-level Mundlak terms respectively.
All individual-, household- and community-level controls shown in Table 11 have expected signs and significance. Older individuals are more likely to be in poor health as are residents of large and urban communities. Wealthier and more educated householders are more likely to be healthier. However, migration on its own is not a significant predictor of subsequent health. The estimated posterior probability of being in class 2 is slightly above 0.4, regardless of specification. The joint probability of being in poor health given membership in class 2 is almost 45 times that of the joint probability of being in poor health given membership in class 1. In addition, Figure 3 shows that each of the individual measures of poor health are more likely to be observed among individuals a posteriori assigned to class 2. Therefore, we label class 2 as “poor health”.
Table 12 presents coefficients and summary statistics of our main latent class model estimation. The first specification includes a full set of individual characteristics. The second and third specifications include household- and region (Kabupaten)-level Mundlak terms. As before, standard errors are clustered on household level. The estimated posterior probability of being in class 2 is approximately 0.4, regardless of specification. The joint probability of being in poor health given membership in class 2 is about 45 times that of the joint probability of being in poor health given membership in class 1. The coefficients on the interaction terms in Table 12 show that migration last year has no effect on health, and that individuals who migrated two or more years ago are significantly more likely to be in poor health as a result of the migration.
The top panel of Figure 4 shows the predicted probabilities for three groups, those who did not migrate because of a flood, those who migrated a year ago because of a flood and those who migrated two or more years ago because of a flood. The bottom panel shows the associated marginal effects of migration because of a flood. Migrating two or more years ago as a consequence of a flood increases the probability of being in poor health by 12 percentage points. Migration a year ago has a small and statistically insignificant effect on the probability on being in poor health.
We find no evidence of the healthy migrant effect. The coefficients on migration are, across the board, statistically insignificant and small. This finding is consistent with Rubalcava et al. (2008), who find limited evidence for health selection among Mexican migrants to the United States. There is, however, a substantial effect of recent floods on health. Individuals exposed to recent floods are more likely to be in poor health.
Turning to other covariates in the model, men, individuals with higher education and those who own a house are less likely to be in poor health. In contrast older people are more likely to be in poor health. Individuals who live in large towns and cities (Desa), and urban areas are more likely to be in poor health. These findings are consistent with results from literature on adult health.
#### 4.1 Robustness checks
Table 13 presents results of several robustness checks. All four specifications include region (Kabupaten)-level Mundlak terms and standard errors are clustered on household level. Column 1 presents specification that includes age-squared term. The results are as predicted by theory. Age-squared term is significant and the sign is opposite of that of the age term. Individual who migrated two or more years ago following a flood are more likely to be unhealthy. Floods last year positively affect the probability of being in poor health. Floods two or more years ago are significant at 10%. Males and wealthier individuals are less likely to be unhealthy, while older people and residents of large communities have lower probability of being in good health.
Column 2 of Table 13 shows results of specification that includes only adults between ages 20 and 65. All coefficients are similar in sign and significance to those presented in column 1. Column 3 of Table 13 presents results of estimation for adults ages 20 to 60 to check whether the results are driven by presence of elderly individuals in the sample. Results are across the board similar to those discussed before. Estimation of specification for females only is presented in column 4 of Table 13. Women who migrated two or more years ago as a result of a flood, those who are older and are residents of larger communities are more likely to be unhealthy.
Specification shown in Table 14 includes interaction terms of age with migration-flood interactions to control for possible differential effect of flood-induced migration on individuals of different ages. Migration following a flood does not affect the probability of being in poor health, however individuals who migrated two or more years ago following a flood are more likely to be in poor health. Floods a year ago have a positive and significant effect on probability of being in poor health. Males and younger respondents are more likely to be healthier, as are more educated and wealthier individuals. The interaction term is only significant for flood-induced migration that happened a year ago. Interaction two or more years after a flood-induced migration is not significant.
#### 4.2 Alternative specifications
##### 4.2.1 Logit specification
Table 5 presents key coefficients from a set of descriptive potential outcomes logit regressions for each of the six measures of poor health status. All specifications include a full set of individual characteristics. In addition, the specification in 6 includes household-level Mudlak terms; the specification in 7 includes region (Kabupaten)-level Mundlak terms. In all cases, standard errors are clustered on household level. The results show that there are small, sometimes positive and sometimes negative, and statistically insignificant treatment effects of migration last year. The coefficients on migration 2 or more years ago interacted with flood exposure are always positive and relatively large, but not statistically significant in most cases. Migration 2 or more years ago (interacted with flood exposure) makes hypertension significantly more likely. The consistent positive signs on the treatment coefficients on migration 2 or more years ago are suggestive, however, that migration may lead to poor health.
##### 4.2.2 Multivariate probit specification
Table 8 presents key coefficients from a set of multivariate probit regressions. As before, all specifications include a full set of individual characteristics. In addition, the specification in 9 includes household-level Mudlak terms; the specification in 10 includes region (Kabupaten)-level Mundlak terms and standard errors are clustered on household level. Results are similar to those from a set of logit regressions presented in Tables 57 and described above. Note that in addition to hypertension, now migration 2 or more years ago (interacted with flood exposure) significantly increases probability an individual has high BMI. The signs on the treatment coefficients on migration 2 or more years ago are still positive, again suggesting that migration may lead to poor health.
#### 4.3 Discussion
One possible channel that explains such deterioration of health is change in socio-economic surroundings of migrants. Khan and Kraemer (2014) state that migrants are more likely to smoke, which in turn can cause decreased lung capacity and other diseases generally associated with smoking. Change in diet is another channel that can adversely influence health. Renzaho and Burns (2006) show that migrants from sub-Saharan Africa to Australia increase consumption of takeaway food, e.g. Pizza Hut and McDonalds, and this increase in high-fat high-calorie consumption is generally associated with increase in body weight. Finally, impaired access to health care and lack of awareness of specialized health needs of migrants among health professionals lead to late diagnosis and inappropriate treatment of migrant-specific ailments (Hansen and Donohoe2003). More generally, literature on international migration show that health and health behavior of immigrants deteriorate with duration of stay abroad (Abdaido-Lanza et al. (2005); Lara et al. (2005)). Applied to domestic migrants, this would further explain cumulative negative effect of migration on health.
In order to shed some light on reasons why health of migrants deteriorates even though fewer people move following floods, we compare health of migrants and non-migrants by flood status, gender, age and other socio-economic characteristics. Figure 1 presents a break-down of rates of low health by migrant status and flood status. In addition, we run a series of t-tests to evaluate whether migrants and non-migrants, disaggregated by flood exposure status, have similar health outcomes.19 The results are presented in Tables 1520.
Column 1 of Tables 1520 presents results of the t-tests for equality of means of health indicators by migrant status. Looking at post-exposure health, migrants who moved following floods are no different from those who stayed in affected communities along all six health dimensions. However, those who were not exposed to floods differ in health outcomes by migrant status. Migrants are less likely to have high BMI, hypertension, low peak expiratory flow rate, and low hemoglobin.
We further disaggregate our sample to look at health outcomes of migrants and non-migrants by flood status and gender. The results of t-tests for the equality of means for male and female migrants and non-migrants potentially exposed to floods are presented in column 2 of Tables 1520. Health outcomes of migrants that have been exposed to floods do not vary by gender. However, there is gender difference among migrants that have not been exposed to floods. Men are less likely to be unhealthy along all dimensions except hypertension.
Column 3 of Tables 1520 shows results of t-tests for mean age difference of migrants that were exposed to floods and those that were not. While there is still no difference in health outcomes for the individuals that were exposed to floods, among the respondents that were not exposed, younger migrants are less likely to have high BMI and hypertension. One important observation is that among migrants that were not exposed to floods, younger individuals are less likely to report low self-rated health status. This could be interpreted as further evidence to support health selectivity in migration, underlining the importance of correcting for such selectivity.
Finally, we run one last series of t-tests, looking at migrant-sending summaries by household wealth, proxied here by ownership of a house. Individuals leaving wealthier households in presence of floods are no different in health outcomes from individuals leaving households that do not own their houses. However, in absence of floods, individuals leaving wealthier households are less likely to be overweight, but more likely to have low hemoglobin or appear to be less healthy to interviewers. One interpretation is that households that have higher wealth could afford to send out more migrants, even the ones that are on average less healthy. When households lose part of their wealth to floods, they can no longer send out migrants, thus rendering no difference in migrant-sending behavior among all households.
Overall, evidence presented above indicates that households and communities tend to send out fewer migrants following floods, in particular retaining younger, healthier men from wealthier households. The “labor-retention” hypothesis is one theory that would fit all these facts. Households and communities that typically send out migrants prefer to keep them at home to help with recovery efforts in the aftermath of floods, thus increasing labor demand for the exact individuals that would be most likely to move out in absence of floods.
### 5 Conclusions
This paper utilizes the GoM method to summarize health as a comprehensive measure that can be used to study the effects of migration on health. This method was designed by Manton and Woodbury (1982) for the purpose of categorizing complex multidimensional health concept, simultaneously identifying underlying dimensions of health and the degree to which individuals fit each of these dimensions. Using this method together with the IFLS data, we identify two broad health classes – good and poor health – and examine the effects of migration on probability of an individual belonging to poor health class.
We depart from the existing literature on migration and health by simultaneously addressing the issue of potential migrants’ selectivity on health and treating health as multidimensional, as opposed to looking into each health measure separately. We use data on six available measures of various aspects of health to characterize the underlying health concept. In doing so, we are able take into account the fact that an individual’s health cannot be described by a series of dichotomous outcomes.
We show that migration affects comprehensive health in an adverse way, and that the negative effects of migration on health accumulate over time. While migrants are as likely to be in poor health as non-migrants a year after a migration, two or more years later migrants are significantly more likely to be in worse health. Our findings align with several strands of literature on international migration and the subsequent health outcomes.
Migration is projected to increase in the coming decades in response, in part, to climate change (Drabo and Mbaye2011) and civil unrest, as is already evident in Europe and the Middle East. This will put increased pressure on health systems of destination locations, while subjecting an increasing number of people to migration-related health risks. Our results highlight the need for migrant-specific health policies that could help alleviate stress to health care systems of the receiving communities, and increase productivity and quality of life of migrant populations. Health care professionals need be made aware of migrant-specific maladies and appropriate testing and treatment procedures. Thus, the emphasis should be placed on further understanding of the causes of migrants’ health deterioration in order to reduce the health burden of migration.
Table 1: Top-8 Natural Disasters in Indonesia, 1993–2007
Disaster Number of Number of Number of Number of Total Number Total Damages Type Incidents Deaths Injured Homeless Affected in 000 \$U.S. Flood 62 2,985 1,795 25,235 4,690,805 2,268,276 Earthquake 45 174,367 152,613 1,397,288 5,331,126 8,830,676 Landslide 27 1,088 393 34,855 332,329 115,004 Epidemic 18 3,009 0 0 139,023 0 Volcano 16 102 139 0 134,031 0 Wildfire 8 243 470 0 3,034,470 9,315,800 Drought 2 672 0 0 1,080,000 89,000 Storm 2 4 0 0 3,715 0 Source: “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net - Universit Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium”
Table 2: Rates of Low Health by Year
1997 2000 2007 Overweight 16 17 24 Hypertension 59 44 41 Low Peak Expiratory Flow Rate 24 18 22 Low Hemoglobin 34 33 22 Low Interviewer-Rated Health 28 27 31 Low Respondent-Rated Health 11 12 13 % of total in each year
Table 3: Mean Characteristics by Migrant and Flood Status
Migrant Never migrant Flood Never flood migrated last year 0.210 0.000 0.025 0.043 migrated 2+ years ago 0.557 0.000 0.059 0.115 flood last year 0.026 0.043 0.215 0.000 flood 2+ years ago 0.052 0.078 0.396 0.000 male 0.493 0.456 0.438 0.468 age in years 32.489 36.424 37.348 35.308 no schooling 0.022 0.095 0.083 0.081 high school or higher education 0.558 0.368 0.375 0.410 married 0.488 0.514 0.554 0.499 owns a house 0.635 0.836 0.816 0.794 year is 2000 0.343 0.339 0.362 0.335 year is 2007 0.508 0.404 0.358 0.438 log(population in Desa) 8.687 8.620 8.687 8.621 proportion of households in Desa with phone 0.015 0.012 0.015 0.012 log(distance to post office) 1.789 1.794 1.743 1.804 Desa is urban 0.476 0.447 0.544 0.432 Desa is on the shore 0.140 0.152 0.213 0.136 $N$ 10,770 46,529 10,566 46,733
Table 4: Means Characteristics by Survey Year
1997 2000 2007 migrated last year 0.030 0.046 0.039 migrated 2+ years ago 0.042 0.119 0.128 flood last year 0.048 0.041 0.034 flood 2+ years ago 0.077 0.103 0.046 male 0.444 0.464 0.472 age in years 36.906 35.526 35.127 no school 0.128 0.088 0.049 high school or higher education 0.314 0.383 0.471 married 0.577 0.531 0.454 own a house 0.822 0.805 0.779 log(population in Desa) 8.555 8.682 8.637 proportion of households in Desa with phone 0.006 0.011 0.018 log(distance to post office) 1.156 2.587 1.512 Desa is urban 0.442 0.492 0.427 Desa is on the shore 0.131 0.142 0.167 $N$ 13,581 19,468 24,250
Table 5: Logit Regressions of Low Health Measures, no group-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year 0.098 -0.140 0.170 -0.004 -0.019 -0.062 (0.318) (0.262) (0.315) (0.288) (0.311) (0.404) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.239 0.480*** 0.249 0.226 0.105 0.022 (0.172) (0.140) (0.196) (0.138) (0.159) (0.202)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 6: Logit Regressions of Low Health Measures, household-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year -0.106 -0.132 0.202 0.055 -0.108 0.066 (0.317) (0.272) (0.299) (0.303) (0.314) (0.443) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.234 0.456*** 0.196 0.191 0.002 0.073 (0.154) (0.138) (0.187) (0.152) (0.175) (0.215)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 7: Logit Regressions of Low Health Measures, Kabupaten-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year 0.179 -0.169 0.036 -0.083 -0.215 0.025 (0.323) (0.263) (0.330) (0.296) (0.315) (0.411) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.247 0.435*** 0.231 0.237* 0.136 0.136 (0.169) (0.140) (0.203) (0.139) (0.169) (0.199)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 8: Multivariate Probit Regressions of Low Health Measures, no group-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year 0.024 -0.148 0.131 0.031 0.034 -0.082 (0.175) (0.162) (0.178) (0.162) (0.172) (0.215) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.168* 0.201** 0.075 0.054 -0.019 0.003 (0.088) (0.081) (0.082) (0.081) (0.172) (0.102)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 9: Multivariate Probit Regressions of Low Health Measures, household-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year -0.080 -0.067 0.146 0.053 -0.026 -0.019 (0.178) (0.168) (0.169) (0.172) (0.175) (0.230) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.118 0.096 0.022 0.035 -0.011 -0.040 (0.085) (0.079) (0.084) (0.092) (0.091) (0.105)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 10: Multivariate Probit Regressions of Low Health Measures, Kabupaten-level controls
overweight hypertension low low low intrvr low respdnt PEFR hemoglobin rating rating migrated with flood last year 0.061 -0.155 0.070 -0.083 -0.061 -0.012 (0.178) (0.165) (0.183) (0.296) (0.184) (0.216) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 0.016* 0.170** 0.043 0.060 0.091 -0.036 (0.090) (0.081) (0.084) (0.081) (0.095) (0.103)
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 11: Two-class Grade of Membership Model (1) (2) (3) migrated last year -0.093 -0.107 -0.087 (0.160) (0.161) (0.157) migrated 2+ years ago -0.041 -0.001 -0.066 (0.095) (0.097) (0.097) male -0.960*** -0.905*** -0.933*** (0.112) (0.112) (0.112) age in years 0.166*** 0.160*** 0.164*** (0.006) (0.007) (0.006) no schooling -0.085 0.213 0.054 (0.163) (0.174) (0.161) high school or higher education -0.181** -0.444*** -0.163** (0.085) (0.101) (0.083) married 0.077 0.120* 0.108* (0.063) (0.065) (0.064) owns a house -0.240*** -0.227*** -0.132* (0.073) (0.072) (0.075) year is 2000 -0.094 -0.079 -0.177** (0.079) (0.078) (0.086) year is 2007 0.950*** 1.012*** 0.877*** (0.079) (0.081) (0.086) log(population in Desa) 0.134*** 0.129** 0.185*** (0.052) (0.051) (0.067) proportion of households in Desa with phone 0.360 0.086 -0.558 (1.476) (1.451) (1.964) log(distance to post office) -0.010 -0.012 0.025 (0.030) (0.030) (0.037) Desa is urban 0.289*** 0.255*** -0.008 (0.094) (0.092) (0.135) Desa is on the shore 0.074 0.084 -0.007 (0.102) (0.101) (0.167) Mean posterior pr.: class 1 0.597 0.597 0.597 Mean posterior pr.: class 2 0.403 0.403 0.403 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 1 0.022 0.022 0.021 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 2 0.960 0.952 0.961 Group level controls None Household Kabupaten
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 12: Two-class Grade of Membership Model (1) (2) (3) migrated with flood last year 0.127 -0.229 0.144 (0.841) (0.800) (0.878) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 1.106** 1.088** 1.040** (0.470) (0.429) (0.460) migrated last year -0.078 -0.087 -0.093 (0.160) (0.164) (0.158) migrated 2+ years ago -0.082 -0.045 -0.104 (0.097) (0.098) (0.098) flood last year 0.520*** 0.335** 0.495*** (0.142) (0.165) (0.148) flood 2+ years ago 0.255** 0.077 0.189 (0.124) (0.128) (0.126) male -0.957*** -0.905*** -0.927*** (0.112) (0.113) (0.113) age in years 0.165*** 0.159*** 0.164*** (0.006) (0.007) (0.006) no schooling -0.088 0.201 0.044 (0.164) (0.174) (0.161) high school or higher education -0.185** -0.463*** -0.168** (0.086) (0.100) (0.083) married 0.072 0.114* 0.105 (0.063) (0.065) (0.064) owns a house -0.251*** -0.235*** -0.139* (0.073) (0.072) (0.075) year is 2000 -0.103 -0.081 -0.177** (0.078) (0.077) (0.086) year is 2007 0.967*** 1.031*** 0.887*** (0.079) (0.081) (0.086) log(population in Desa) 0.136*** 0.133*** 0.181*** (0.052) (0.051) (0.068) proportion of households in Desa with phone 0.432 -0.098 -0.335 (1.465) (1.447) (1.982) log(distance to post office) -0.012 -0.011 0.015 (0.030) (0.030) (0.037) Desa is urban 0.258*** 0.218** -0.007 (0.094) (0.093) (0.135) Desa is on the shore 0.040 0.029 -0.003 (0.101) (0.101) (0.166) Mean posterior pr.: class 1 0.597 0.597 0.597 Mean posterior pr.: class 2 0.403 0.403 0.403 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 1 0.022 0.021 0.021 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 2 0.962 0.953 0.963 Group level controls None Household Kabupaten
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 13: Two-class Grade of Membership Model (1) (2) (3) (4) migrated with flood last year 0.281 0.094 0.262 0.065 (0.906) (1.247) (1.007) (1.199) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 1.019** 0.990* 0.904* 1.104** (0.508) (0.559) (0.525) (0.531) migrated last year -0.107 -0.097 -0.114 0.020 (0.163) (0.209) (0.183) (0.171) migrated 2+ years ago -0.105 -0.180 -0.084 -0.275** (0.099) (0.123) (0.108) (0.116) flood last year 0.495*** 0.541*** 0.468*** 0.376** (0.144) (0.165) (0.152) (0.028) flood 2+ years ago 0.213 0.168 0.242 0.140 (0.123) (0.140) (0.130) (0.139) male -0.958*** -0.926*** -1.034*** (0.102) (0.132) (0.125) age in years 0.338*** 0.364*** 0.452*** 0.230*** (0.021) (0.029) (0.032) (0.028) age squared in years -0.002*** -0.02*** -0.004*** -0.002*** (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) no schooling -0.015 0.128 -0.113 -0.159 (0.136) (0.150) (0.149) (0.137) high school or higher education -0.065 -0.214** 0.053 -0.694*** (0.087) (0.103) (0.111) (0.093) married 0.033 -0.051 0.034 0.027 (0.061) (0.069) (0.066) (0.072) owns a house -0.131* -0.153* -0.124 -0.062 (0.077) (0.088) (0.084) (0.088) year is 2000 -0.126 -0.161* -0.019 -0.119 (0.080) (0.093) (0.087) (0.093) year is 2007 0.931*** 0.859*** 1.079*** 0.811*** (0.081) (0.095) (0.090) (0.093) log(population in Desa) 0.170*** 0.219*** 0.167** 0.175** (0.066) (0.082) (0.073) (0.074) proportion of households in Desa with phone -0.040 0.921 -0.608 -1.597 (2.060) (2.422) (2.245) (2.181) log(distance to post office) 0.009 0.025 -0.006 -0.001 (0.036) (0.042) (0.039) (0.042) Desa is urban -0.013 -0.155 -0.035 -0.088 (0.134) (0.157) (0.146) (0.148) Desa is on the shore -0.012 0.063 -0.018 0.146 (0.167) (0.192) (0.180) (0.194) Mean posterior pr.: class 1 0.618 0.634 0.637 0.606 Mean posterior pr.: class 2 0.382 0.366 0.363 0.394 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 1 0.023 0.039 0.034 0.040 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 2 1.014 1.234 0.917 1.385
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 14: Two-class Grade of Membership Model migrated with flood last year -23.074 (15.022) migrated with flood 2+ years ago 2.237* (1.247) migrated last year -0.091 (0.158) migrated 2+ years ago -0.114 (0.099) flood last year 0.497*** (0.148) flood 2+ years ago 0.195 (0.127) male -0.930*** (0.113) age in years 0.164*** (0.006) age squared in years -0.002*** (0.000) age in years w mf1 0.817* (0.459) age in years w mf2 -0.036 (0.033) no schooling 0.044 (0.161) high school or higher education -0.169** (0.084) married 0.106* (0.064) owns a house -0.142* (0.075) year is 2000 -0.179** (0.087) year is 2007 0.893*** (0.087) log(population in Desa) 0.174*** (0.068) proportion of households in Desa with phone -0.460 (2.005) log(distance to post office) 0.017 (0.037) Desa is urban 0.010 (0.136) Desa is on the shore -0.035 (0.166) Mean posterior pr.: class 1 0.597 Mean posterior pr.: class 2 0.403 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 1 0.021 Pr. poor health $×1000$: class 2 0.963
* $p<0$.1; ** $p<0$.05; *** $p<0$.01
Table 15: Differences in Overweight Status by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood 0.069 0.082 0.002 0.052 (0.043) (0.082) (0.004) (0.095) No Flood 0.020** 0.072*** 0.007*** 0.044*** (0.008) (0.016) (0.001) (0.017) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
Table 16: Differences in Hypertension Status by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood 0.026 -0.159 0.009 -0.029 (0.056) (0.111) (0.005) (0.119) No Flood 0.102*** -0.136*** 0.012*** 0.010 (0.010) (0.019) (0.001) (0.019) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
Table 17: Differences in Low Peak Expiratory Flow Rate by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood 0.023 0.009 -0.006 -0.001 (0.049) (0.098) (0.004) (0.105) No Flood 0.032*** 0.050*** 0.001 -0.005 (0.008) (0.016) (0.001) (0.016) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
Table 18: Differences in Hemoglobin Status by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood 0.012 0.179* 0.004 0.061 (0.052) (0.098) (0.005) (0.113) No Flood 0.054*** 0.152*** 0.001 -0.037** (0.009) (0.018) (0.001) (0.018) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
Table 19: Differences in Low Interviewer-Rated Health by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood 0.013 0.105 0.005 -0.096 (0.051) (0.099) (0.005) (0.103) No Flood 0.048*** 0.045** 0.001 -0.063*** (0.009) (0.018) (0.001) (0.018) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
Table 20: Differences in Low Respondent-Rated Health by Flood
Migrant${}^{†}$ Male${}^{‡}$ Age${}^{♭}$ Own house${}^{♮}$ Flood -0.051 -0.006 -0.005 0.055 (0.046) (0.093) (0.004) (0.102) No Flood -0.002 0.012 0.003*** 0.014 (0.007) (0.014) (0.001) (0.014) * p$<$ 0.1; ** p$<$ 0.05; *** p$<$ 0.01 $†$ Differences in means between non-migrants (0) and migrants (1) $‡$ Differences in means between female (0) and male (1), migrants only $♭$ Differences in mean age, migrants only $♮$ Differences in house ownership status, migrants only
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1Lu (2010) is just one example of many with similar approach and findings. See Kasl and Berkman (1983), McKay et al. (2003), Lassetter and Callister (2009), and Vearey and Wheeler (2010) for a comprehensive literature review.
2Pre-migration health selectivity is well documented in literature on “healthy migrant hypothesis”. For more recent examples, see Rubalcava et al. (2008) and Lu (2010).
3Also see Goldman et al. (2014) for extended discussion.
5An estimated 10% of population of Indonesia (about 23 million people) are internal migrants (? and Lu (2008)); floods are the most common natural disasters in Indonesia, accounting for 70% of all natural disasters (?).
8Here and further the background information on Indonesia is provided by the CIA World Fact Book last accessed on May 1, 2016 at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print/country/countrypdf_id.pdf
11EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database reports 62 major flood events in Indonesia during the period of 1993–2007. 4,690,805 individuals are estimated to have been affected by floods, with 2,985 dying as a result of a flood (0.064% of those affected). www.em-dat.net — Universit Catholique de Louvain — Brussels — Belgium.
12Sample grows because survey respondents marry partners that were initially out of sample. In addition, those sample household members who were under the age of 12 during initial sampling enter the following waves if old enough.
13Table 1 presents detailed summary of natural disasters affecting Indonesia between 1993 and 2007. Floods are the most common natural disasters, affecting most people and causing most damages excluding the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
14Only a small proportion of the sample is underweight; those individuals are included in the normal weight group.
15Correlation values are 0.67 for the left panel, 0.15 for the right panel.
16Consider a population in which individuals can be described as migrant and non-migrant types that could be affected by a flood. Then, look at health of migrants, compared to non-migrants, in absence of treatment, the floods. Assuming that the same would hold for those in treatment group had they not been affected by a flood, estimate the counterfactual outcome distribution for treated and compare the estimated counterfactual distribution to the actual distribution to tease out the effect of migration on subsequent health using floods to reduce concerns about migrant selectivity.
17The estimated mixing probabilities in the grade of membership model can be used as the dependent variable in an auxiliary regression analysis to understand its determinants but this approach has all of the inherent issues in multi-step modeling procedures.
18Control function method is less reliable than the DiD specification described above. Due to non-linearity of the second stage regression and issues of timing of migration relative to flood measures and health measures, this specification produces noisy estimates. The results of the control function specification are not significant, but are similar in direction and magnitude to those of the DiD specification. For this reason, the DiD method is preferred, since results of the two estimations are comparable. Results the control function specification are omitted to conserve space.
19We allow for variances to differ by group.
| 2019-07-17T10:29:36 |
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https://www.compadre.org/PICUP/exercises/exercise.cfm?I=261&A=HR
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This Exercise Set has been submitted for peer review, but it has not yet been accepted for publication in the PICUP collection.
What physics needs to be including in modeling a home run?
Developed by Fred Salsbury
This is a simplified version of a set of exercises I use in intermediate mechanics. The audience in mind are intro physics I students. The aim of this is for the students to figure out the importance of air resistance in modeling a typical home run in baseball. They will start from horizontal one-dimensional motion without air resistance or gravity up to modeling two-dimensional projectile motion with different models for air resistance.
Subject Area Mechanics First Year See how Euler's method works (Exercise 1 for 1D, 4 for 2D) Observe Newton's first law (Exercise 1) Observe the effect or lack thereof of a linear model of air resistance on a small object in one-dimension. (Exercise 2) Observe the effect of a quadratic model of air resistance on a small object. (Exercise 3) Model simple projectile motion in two-dimensions (Exercise 4) Determine the effects of different models of air resistance on projectile motion (Exercise 5,6) Determine if any of these models are reasonable for a home room (Exercise 1-6) Assess the role of varying approximations in modeling particle motion (Exercise 1-6)
##How to model a home run in baseball? The overall goal in this exercise set is to go through a set of approximations to see what physics needs to be included in modeling a typical home run in baseball. In these exercises you will: Go from the simplest approximation, purely horizontal motion without gravity or air resistance (Exercise 1), then add in different approximations to air resistance (Exercises 2 and 3), then move to two-dimensional projectile motion (Exercise 4) without air resistance but with gravity, and then adding in different approximations to air resistance (Exercise 5 and 6). You should at the end of these exercises be able to 1) visualize the motion of a particle using graphs 2) verify Newton's first law 3) model air resistance 4) use Euler's method to calculate motion from different force laws 5) appreciate the role of changing approximations in modeling particle motion #####Parameters and initial conditions for these exercises are: A typical home run is hit at 49.2 m/s at an angle of 28.0 degrees. A baseball is typically hit at 0.760 m above the ground, and you might as well consider the initial x position is 0.000 A typical baseball masses 0.148 kg and has a diameter of 0.0740 m. The drag coefficients are 0.000197 for linear drag and 0.160 for quadratic drag. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s^2. Not all of these parameters will be used in each exercise, but deciding which parameters need to be used in each exercise is part of the problem. ###Exercise 1 The simplest approximation to model the motion of our baseball is to neglect both gravity and air resistance and consider the baseball motion as purely horizontal. Hopefully, you realize these are horrible approximations.Because this is the first exercise, the instructions will be the most detailed. **Question: Why are these approximations bad?** **Instructions** Start by opening the spreadsheet with the code template. Now we will fill out the spreadsheet to model the motion of our baseball/. 1) Fill in the missing parameters in the spreadsheet. 2) Now, for the physics, remembering that we are neglecting both gravity and air resistance, enter in the acceleration at time 0. 3) To figure out how to propagate the motion of our baseball, we will use Euler's method. Euler's method says that we will consider the acceleration as constant over some timestep, dt, which for these exercises are set at 0.1 secs, and we integrate by adding up little changes in velocity and position. _To do this in practice:_ A) click the cell corresponding to time = 0.1 secs for the velocity (D12 if the spreadsheet has not been modified), and make a formula that says that velocity is the previous velocity plus the previous acceleration times dt. If the spreadsheet has not been modified, this should read =D11+E11*dt . B) do the same for the position, where the formula is the previous position plus the previous velocity times dt. If the spreadsheet has not been modified, this should read =C11+D11*dt . C) Propagate the motion using Euler's method for the entire time-length specified. This means copy the formulas for acceleration, velocity and position down to cells 4035. The easiest way to do this is to copy (cntl-C or command-C) the formula in E11, then go to cell E12 look for the name box on the upper left of your screen, type E12:E4035 in that box to select those cells, then paste (control-V or command-V). Then repeat for the velocity formulas from D12 to D13:D4035, and the position formulas from C12 to C13:C4035. **Congratulations!** you have now propagated the motion of our baseball while neglecting gravity and air resistance, and approximating it as purely horizontal. Now you have to check your plots. 4) Check and see if the axes of the plots for position and velocity cover the entire range of your data. If not, click on the plots, and change the horizontal and/or vertical axis options so that the bounds include your entire data. 5) Now interpret your results: **A) Is the velocity plot consistent with Newton's first law? Why or why not?** **B) Is the position plot consistent with the kinematics you have seen in class? Explain** **C) Is this a good approximation to a home run? Explain.** ###Exercise 2: In the previous exercise, we had you make many serious approximations that made Exercise 1, a horrible approximation to a home run. There are several ways you can start to lift these approximations and include more physics. Let's start by lifting the approximation of no air resistance. The question then arises as to how to model air resistance. There are two common approximations, both of which involve a drag coefficient that depends on the object and the fluid and the cross-sectional area of the object and either the velocity of the object or the square of the velocity of the object. (Since you are in one-dimension, you don't have to worry about vectors.) In this Exercise, the force due to air resistance is modeled simply as $F_{d}=-DAv$, where D is the drag coefficent, v is the velocity, and A is the cross-sectional surface area. A is calculated automatically from the diameter in the spreadsheet. **Question: What are the units of the linear drag coefficient?** The procedure for this exercise follows closely on the previous exercise. 1) Enter in the parameters and initial conditions (NB: the area is auto-calculated via a formula,so don't overwrite). 2) Use your new force law for air resistance to calculate the acceleration at zero time (use A for the cross-sectional area, and don't forget to use Newton's second law to convert from force to acceleration). 3) Copy the formula for acceleration for all time steps (NB: the numbers won't be correct yet because you haven't done the velocity propagation, but the formulas will be.) 4) propagate the velocity and position using Euler's method as in Exercise 1. **Congratulations! ** you have now propagated the motion of our baseball while neglecting gravity and with linear air resistance, and approximating it as purely horizontal. Now you have to check your plot again and make sure the axes cover the range of your data. 5) Now interpret your results: **A) Is the velocity plot consistent with having drag?** **B) Is this a good approximation to a home run? Explain** ###Exercise 3) In Exercise 2, you saw what happened if you approximated the forces on a baseball by just linear drag without gravity and you assumed just horizontal motion. In this exercise, you will replace linear drag with quadratic drag. The physics here is almost the same as in Exercise 2. The only difference is that the force law depends on a different drag coefficient and the velocity dependence is quadratic: $F_{d}=-DAv{^2}$ . **Question:What are the dimensions of the drag coefficient for air resistance modeled as quadratic in velocity?** The procedure for this exercise is very similar to exercise 2. 1) include the appropriate parameters and initial conditions (there should only be one difference from Exercise 2) 2) calculate the acceleration using a quadratic force law for air resistance for different timesteps 3) propagate velocity and position using Euler's method 4) make sure your plot axes include all the data. 5) Now interpret your results: **A) Is the velocity plot consistent with having air resistance?** **B) Compare the effects of quadratic and linear approximations to air resistance.** **C) Is this a good approximation to a home run? Explain** **D) Is it better or worse than linear approximation to air resistance. Explain.** ###Exercise 4) In the previous three exercises, you modeled a baseball's motion as purely horizontal and neglected the effect of gravity. Despite these serious approximations, you hopefully gained an appreciation of how easy it is to propagate a particle's motion given a force law, as well how different models of air resistance affected the motion of your baseball in one-dimension. In this Exercise, you will improve your model drastically by considering a home run as two-dimensional under the influence of gravity, but without air resistance. In exercises 5 and 6, you will combine modeling of gravity with air resistance; you might be able to hypothesize already which model will be the most accurate. The procedure is a slight generalization of what is found in Exercise 1. 1) include the appropriate parameters and initial conditions. Remember that there are initial positions now in both x and y. Also remember that 49.2 m/s is the speed of the baseball. You will need to convert to x and y components. Also remember that you will need to convert 28 degrees to radians 2) determine the acceleration in both x and y directions and propagate to all timesteps Don't over think this 3) propagate velocities and positions using Euler's method Remember there are two velocities and two positions, however, using Euler's method you propagate $v_{x}$ using $a_{x}$, $v_{y}$ using $a_{y}$, x using $v_{x}$ and y using $v_{y}$. 4) make sure your plot axes include all the data. 5) Now interpret your first results: **A) Note that y became very large and negative. What does this mean? Since this is not physically reasonable, what force have you neglected?** 6) Since y<0 is physically unrealistic, change your axes so that your x and y plots (height and range) only include times where y is >0. 7) Now that you are only including physically realistic results **B) Have you improved your modeling of a home run?** **C) What is the percent error? Don't use an absurd number of significant digits.** ###Exercise 5 In the last exercise, you modeled a home run as two-dimensional projectile motion without air resistance. In this exercise, you will add in air resistance modeled as linear in the velocity. 1) add the appropriate initial conditions and parameters, most will be the same as in Exercise 4. 2) modify the acceleration from exercise 4 to include air resistance that is linear in velocity for each timestep. $\vec{F_{d}}=-DA\vec{v}$ Since this is multi-dimensional motion, the velocity, $\vec{v}$ is a vector and must be divided into x and y components. 3) propagate velocities and positions using Euler's method 4) Since y<0 is physically unrealistic, change your axes so that your x and y plots (height and range) only include times where y is >0. 5) Now that you are only including physically realistic results **A) Does modeling air resistance as linear in the velocity change the results significantly from neglecting air resistance?** **B) What is the percent error? Don't use an absurd number of significant digits**. ###Exercise 6 You will now in this final exercise, model air resistance as quadratic in the velocity, similar to what you did in Exercise 3. However, since you are modeling a multi-dimensional system, you need to consider vectors and must be careful. A quadratic approximation to air resistance has the following form: $\vec{F_{d}}=-DAv{^2}\hat{v}$ . However, $v^{2}\hat{v} =v^{2}*\frac{(v_{x} \hat{x}+ v_{y}\hat{y})}{(v)}=v\(v_{x} \hat{x}+ v_{y}\hat{y})$. So that the force needs to include the speed v, but we can indeed break up the force into x and y componenets. 1) add the appropriate initial conditions and parameters, most will be the same as in Exercise 5. 2) modify the acceleration from exercise 5 to include drag that is quadratic in velocity for each timestep, recalling the discussion above about how to calculate the force due to the quadratic approximation to air resistance. 3) propagate velocities and positions using Euler's method 4) Make sure to also calculate the speed at each timestep so that the acceleration can be calculated correctly. 5) Since y<0 is physically unrealistic, change your axes so that your x and y plots (height and range) only include times where y is >0. 6) Now that you are only including physically realistic results **A) Does modeling air resistance as quadratic in the velocity change the results significantly from neglecting air resistance?** **B) What is the percent error? Don't use an absurd number of significant digits.**
### Credits and Licensing
The instructor materials are ©2017 Fred Salsbury.
The exercises are released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 license
| 2017-12-15T04:20:46 |
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|
https://docs.nersc.gov/programming/performance-debugging-tools/ddt/
|
# DDT¶
Distributed Debugging Tool (DDT), a major component of the tool 'Arm Forge' (formerly called Allinea Forge), is a parallel GUI debugger.
## Introduction¶
DDT is a parallel debugger which can be run with up to 8192 processors. It can be used to debug serial, OpenMP, MPI, Coarray Fortran (CAF), UPC (Unified Parallel C) codes.
Totalview users will find DDT has very similar functionality and an intuitive user interface. All of the primary parallel debugging features from Totalview are available with DDT.
The Arm Forge User Guide available from the Arm Forge web page or $ALLINEA_TOOLS_DOCDIR/userguide.pdf on Cori after loading an allinea-forge module is a good resource for learning more about some of the advanced DDT features. ## Change of Module Name¶ As we are now using the package manager called Spack to install Arm Forge, we have changed the module name from allineatools to allinea-forge, following the standard Spack package name. Although the old name will still work for some time, we encourage users to switch to the new name as the old modules will be phased out. Note also that software or tools installed with Spack go to the new installation location under /global/common/sw, instead of the previous location in /usr/common/software. Note that we will use the names, Arm Forge and Allinea Forge, interchangeably in this webpage. ## Loading the Arm Forge Module¶ To use DDT at NERSC, first load the allinea-forge module to set the correct environment settings: nersc$ module load allinea-forge
The old module name allineatools still works:
nersc$cc -g -O0 -o testDDT_ex testDDT.c ## Starting a Job with DDT¶ Running an X window GUI application can be painfully slow when it is launched from a remote system over internet. NERSC recommends to use the free NX software because the performance of the X Window-based DDT GUI can be greatly improved. Another way to cope with the problem is to use Arm Forge remote client, which will be discussed in the next section. You can also start Be sure to log in with an X window forwarding enabled. This could mean using the -X or -Y option to ssh. The -Y option often works better for macOS. $ ssh -Y [email protected]
After loading the allinea-forge module and compiling with the -g option, request an interactive session:
nersc$salloc -q interactive -N numNodes -C knl Then launch the debugger with either nersc$ ddt ./testDDT_ex
or
nersc$forge ./testDDT_ex where ./testDDT_ex is the name of your program to debug. The Arm Forge GUI will pop up, showing a start up menu for you to select what to do. For basic debugging choose the option 'RUN' with the 'arm DDT' tool. A user can also choose 'ATTACH' to attach DDT to an already running program, or 'OPEN CORE' to view a core dump file from a previous job. Then a submission window will appear with a prefilled path to the executable to debug. Select the number of processors on which to run and press run. To pass command line arguments to a program enter them in the 'srun arguments' box. ## Reverse Connect Using Remote Client¶ Note: Using the remote client of version 18.3 on a Mac can generate a segmentation fault. Arm provides remote clients for Windows, macOS and Linux that can run on your local desktop to connect via SSH to NERSC systems to debug, profile, edit and compile files directly on the remote NERSC machine. You can download the clients from Arm Forge download page and install on your laptop/desktop. Please note that the client version must be the same as the Arm Forge version that you're going to use on the NERSC machines. First, we need to configure the client for running a debugging session on a NERSC machine. Start the client, and select 'Configure...' in the 'Remote Launch' pull-down menu. That will open the 'Configure Remote Connections' window. Using the 'Add', 'Edit' and other buttons, create configuration for Cori, as shown in the following example. Make sure that you uncheck the 'Proxy through login node' box. The configuration settings should be as follows: For versions prior to 18.3: and Note In the Host Name field, we need enter two account entries for the Cray machines, one with the machine name itself and the other with one of its MOM nodes ([email protected] in the above example). Note Cori's MOM node names are cmom02 and cmom05. For the 'Remote Installation Directory', use the path for the default allinea-forge module. The value for the 'Remote Script' field should be exactly the same as shown above. The Remote Installation Directory and Remote Script values for Cori for the allinea-forge module are /global/common/sw/cray/cnl6/haswell/allinea-forge/default and /global/common/sw/cray/cnl6/haswell/allinea-forge/remote-init, respectively. To start a debugging session on a machine, you need to login to the corresponding machine. This chooses the configuration for the machine from the same 'Remote Launch' menu. You'll be prompted to enter the password even when you have set up passwordless connections by storing your ssh public key in NIM. Arm recommends to use the Reverse Connection method with the remote client. To do this, put aside the remote client window that you have been working with, and login to the corresponding machine from a window on your local machine, as you would normally do. Then, start an interactive batch session there, and run ddt with with the option --connect as follows: nersc$ ssh cori.nersc.gov
[snip]
nersc$salloc -N 1 -t 30:00 -p debug -C haswell [snip] nersc$ module load alline-forge
nersc$ddt --connect srun -n 24 ./jacobi_mpi The remote client will ask you whether to accept a Reverse Connect request. Click 'Accept'. The usual Run window will appear where you can change or set run configurations and debugging options. Click 'Run'. Now, you can start debugging in the remote client: ## Troubleshooting¶ If you are having trouble launching DDT try these steps. Make sure you have the most recent version of the system.config configuration file. The first time you run DDT, you pick up a master template which then gets stored locally in your home directory in ~/.allinea/${NERSC_HOST}/system.config where ${NERSC_HOST} is the machine name. If you are having problems launching DDT you could be using an older verion of the system.config file and you may want to remove the entire directory: nersc$ rm -rf ~/.allinea/${NERSC_HOST} Remove any stale processes that may have been left by DDT. nersc$ rm -rf $TMPDIR/allinea-$USER
In case of a font problem where every character is displayed as a square, please delete the .fontconfig directory in your home directory and restart ddt.
nersc$rm -rf ~/.fontconfig Make sure you are requesting an interactive batch session. NERSC has configured DDT to run from the interactive batch jobs. cori$ salloc -q interactive -N numNodes -C knl
Finally make sure you have compiled your code with -g. A large number of users who are having trouble running with parallel debuggers forget to compile their codes with debugging flags turned on.
## Basic Debugging Functionality¶
The DDT GUI interface should be intuitive to anyone who has used a parallel debugger like Totalview before. Users can set breakpoints, step through code, set watches, examine and change variables, dive into arrays, dereference pointers, view variables across processors, step through processors etc. Please see the Arm Forge User Guide if you have trouble with any of these basic features.
## Useful DDT Features¶
### Process Groups¶
With DDT, the user can easily change the debugger to focus on a single process or group of processes. If Focus on current Processor is chosen, then stepping through the code, setting a breakpoint etc will occur only for a given processor. If Focus on current Group is chosen then the entire group of processors will advance when stepping forward in a program and a breakpoint will be set for all processors in a group.
Similary, when Focus on current Thread is chosen, then all actions are for an OpenMP thread. DDT doesn't allow to create a thread group. However, one can click the Step Threads Together box to make all threads to move together inside a parallel region. In the image shown above, this box is grayed out simply because the code is not an OpenMP code.
A user can create new sub-groups of processors in several ways. One way is to click on the 'Create Group' button at the bottom of the 'Process Group Window'. Another way is to right-click in the 'Process Group Window' to create a group and then drag the desired processors to the group. Groups can also be created more efficiently using sub-groups from the 'Parallel Stack View' described below. The below image shows 3 different groups of processors, the default All group, a group with only a single master processor 'Master' and a group with the remaining 'Workers' processors.
### Parallel Stack View¶
A feature which should help users debug at high concurrencies is DDT's 'Parallel Stack View' window found in the lower left area, which allows the user to see the position of all processors in a code at the same time from the main window. A program is displayed as a branching tree with the number and location of each processor at each point. Instead of clicking through windows to determine where each processor has stopped, the 'Parallel Stack View' presents a quick overview which easily allows users to identify stray processes. Users can also create sub-groups of processors from a branch of the tree by right clicking on the branch. A new group will appear in the 'Process Group Window' at the top of the GUI.
## Memory Debugging¶
DDT has a memory debugging tool that can show heap memory usage across processors.
To access the memory debugging feature, you must first build your code for memory debugging. On Cori you have to follow certain steps. Below is a table showing steps for building a static executable using different compilers for memory debugging on Cori. The linking step is made of two parts. The first is to run in verbose mode using the -v flag to show all the linking steps taken. The second step is to rerun the last linker line after inserting some more options.
• GNU
nersc$ftn -g -c prog.f nersc$ ftn -v -o prog prog.o # -v to get the last linker line
Rerun the last linker line after inserting -zmuldefs right after the command and putting ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} just before -lc: nersc$ /opt/gcc/4.7.1/snos/libexec/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.7.1/collect2 -zmuldefs ... ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} -lc ... • Cray nersc$ ftn -g -c prog.f
nersc$ftn -v -o prog prog.o Do similarly as with GNU: nersc$ /opt/cray/cce/8.0.7/cray-binutils/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/ld -zmuldefs ... ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} -lc ... • Intel nersc$ ftn -g -c prog.f
nersc$ftn -v -o prog prog.o There are two locations to put ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} as there are two -lc's:
nersc$ld -zmuldefs ...${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} -lc ... ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} -lc ... Notes The example commands are shown for a Fortran case. cc and CC should be used for C and C++ codes. In case of a C++ code, ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOCXX} is to be used instead of ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC}. A simple script, static_linking_ddt_md, is provided in your $PATH to help you complete the somewhat complicated steps shown above.
nersc$module load allinea-forge nersc$ ftn -g -c prog.f
nersc$static_linking_ddt_md ftn -o prog prog.o # instead of 'ftn -o prog prog.o' nersc$ ls -l prog
-rwx------ 1 wyang wyang 6701908 2012-10-15 15:19 prog
You need to separate the compile and link stages. That is, you need to create *.o files using the -c compile flag first; otherwise, you can see the following message:
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find /scratch/scratchdirs/wyang/ifortnr7R21.o: No such file or directory
For multi-threaded codes, DDT_LINK_DMALLOCTH and DDT_LINK_DMALLOCTHCXX are used in place of DDT_LINK_DMALLOC and DDT_LINK_DMALLOCXX, respectively. Again, a utility script, static_linking_ddt_md_th, is provided to help with linking:
nersc$static_linking_ddt_md_th ftn -mp -o prog prog.o # instead of 'ftn -mp -o prog prog.o' ### Dynamic linking¶ The example is provided for a Fortran code case. Adjustments should be made for C and C++ codes as above. Again, in case of a C++ code, ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} must be repalced with ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOCXX}. • Cray nersc$ ftn -g -c prog.f
nersc$ftn -dyanmic -o prog prog.o${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} --Wl,--allow-multiple-definition
• GNU/Intel
nersc$ftn -g -c prog.f nersc$ ftn -dynamic -o prog.o ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOC} -zmuldefs For multi-threaded codes, ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOCTH} or ${DDT_LINK_DMALLOCTHCXX} should be used instead. Next, when DDT starts, you must click the 'Memory Debugging' checkbox in the DDT run menu that first comes up. To set detailed memory debugging options, click the 'Details...' button on the far right side, which will open the 'Memory Debugging Options' window. There you can set the heap debugging level, the number of guard pages before or after arrays (but not both) for detection of heap overflow or underflow in the program, etc. The default page size is 4 KB. When running ddt with a statically built code, please deselect the 'Preload the memory debugging library' item. Otherwise, ddt can hang indefinitely during startup on Cray machines. Also, leave the 'Preload ...' checkbox with a dynamically linked executable unchecked on the Cray machines if a C++ version of Arm Forge's dmalloc library was used (that is, when $DDT_LINK_DMALLOCXX or $DDT_LINK_DMALLOCTHCXX was used). Otherwise, ddt hangs during startup. ### Usage¶ Several features are enabled with memory debugging. Select 'Current Memory Usage' or 'Memory Statistics' under the 'Tools' menu. With the following buggy code that generates memory leaks: program memory_leaks !... Buggy code prepared by NERSC User Service Group for a debugging tutorial !... February, 2012 implicit none include 'mpif.h' integer, parameter :: n = 1000000 real val integer i, ierr call mpi_init(ierr) val = 0. do i=1,10 call sub_ok(val,n) end do do i=1,10 call sub_bad(val,n) end do do i=1,10 call sub_badx2(val,n) end do print *, val call mpi_finalize(ierr) end subroutine sub_ok(val,n) ! no memory leak integer n real val real, allocatable :: a(:) allocate (a(n)) call random_number(a) val = val + sum(a) ! deallocate(a) ! ok not to deallocate end subroutine sub_bad(val,n) ! memory leak of 4*n bytes per call integer n real val real, pointer :: a(:) allocate (a(n)) call random_number(a) val = val + sum(a) ! deallocate(a) ! not ok not to deallocate end subroutine sub_badx2(val,n) ! memory leak of 8*n bytes per call integer n real val real, pointer :: a(:) allocate (a(n)) call random_number(a) val = val + sum(a) allocate (a(n)) ! not ok to allocate again call random_number(a) val = val + sum(a) ! deallocate(a) ! not ok not to deallocate end You can easily see heap memory information (such as how much is being used, how much has been allocated, how much is freed, etc.), from which you can deduce where memory leaks occur. Below is a window shown when the 'Current Memory Usage' menu is selected: It displays current heap memory usage of the program and the routines where it is allocated. Clicking on a histogram bar on the right, you will see the 'Allocation Details' box on the left filled up with information about where the memory allocation was made. By clicking on one of the pointers in the 'Allocation Details' list you can get information mapped to source code: It shows how much It is known that memory debugging can fail with the error message 'A tree node closed prematurely. One or more proceses may be unusable.', especially with MPI_Bcast. A workaround is to disable 'store stack backtraces for memory allocations' option in the 'Enable Memory Debugging' setting. This problem will be fixed in the next release. ## Offline Debugging¶ Offline debugging is to run DDT in a command-line mode, without using GUI. This mode may be useful if all you want is to get tracepoint (a specified location in the code where requested values are printed) output or stack backtraces without directly interacting with DDT. This can be good for a "parameter study" where you want to check for an error condition for a range of a parameter value, which would become a tedious task if GUI is used. To run DDT in this mode, you submit a batch job using a batch script that looks like: nersc$ cat runit
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH ...
ddt --offline -o filename.html --np=4 myprogram arg1 ... # to get HTML output file
ddt --offline -o filename --np=4 myprogram arg1 ... # to get plain text output file
nersc\$ sbatch runit
Please note that we are using ddt -offline ... in place of srun or mpirun for launching an application. Output of the debugging session is saved in the specified file (filename.html or filename in the above example).
Some options can be used for the ddt command:
• --session=sessionfile: run using settings saved using the 'Save Session' option during a previous GUI run session
• --np=numTasks: run with numTasks (MPI) tasks
• --mem-debug: enable memory debugging
• --trace-at=LOCATION[,N:M,P],VAR1,VAR2,... [if CONDITION]: set a tracepoint at location LOCATION (given by either 'filename:linenumber' or functionname as in main.c:22 or myfunction), beginning recording after the N-th visit of each process to the location, and recording every M-th subsequent pass until it has been triggered P times; record the value of variable VAR1, VAR2, ...; the if clause allows to specify a boolean CONDITION that must be satisfied to trigger the tracepoint
• --break-at=LOCATION[,N:M:P] [if CONDITION]: set a breakpoint at a location using the format explained above; the stack back traces of pausing processes will be recorded at the breakpoint before they are then made to continue
An example using the following simple code is shown below:
program offline
!... Prepared for a debugger tutorial by NERSC
include 'mpif.h'
integer, parameter :: n = 24
real, allocatable :: a(:)
integer i, me
call mpi_init(ierr)
call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_world,me,ierr)
allocate (a(n))
call random_number(a)
do i=1,n
if (mod(i,2) == 1) call sub(i,n,a) ! 'sub' called when i=1,3,5,...
end do
print *, me, sum(a)
deallocate(a)
call mpi_finalize(ierr)
end
subroutine sub(i,n,a)
integer n, i, j
real a(n)
do j=1,n
a(j) = cos(a(j))
end do
end
The following is to set a tracepoint at the beginning of the routine sub where values of i and a(1) are to be printed; and to set a breakpoint at line 23, using the activation scheme of '5:3:2':
ddt --offline -o offline.html --np=4 --trace-at=sub,i,a$$1$$ --break-at=offline.f:23,5:3:2 ./offline
The output file is broken into three sections: 'Messages' (showing process activities such as startup and termination etc., as well as call backtrace at breakpoints), 'Tracepoints' (showing output from activated tracepoints), and 'Output' (program output).
## Introductory Video Tutorial¶
A video tutorial for how to use DDT can be found on vimeo.
| 2019-06-20T15:10:51 |
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http://www-theory.lbl.gov/wordpress/?event=zijun-zhou-stanford-university-gwdt-correspondence-for-local-gerby-curves-with-transversal-a_n-singularity
|
# Zijun Zhou (Stanford University), “GW/DT correspondence for local gerby curves with transversal A_n singularity”
Seminar Organizer
ABSTRACT: In this talk, I will discuss an ongoing joint project with Zhengyu Zong on the Gromov-Witten/Donaldson-Thomas correspondence for local gerby curves, as an orbifold generalization of the corresponding work on the smooth case by Bryan-Pandharipande and Okounkov-Pandharipande. By applying degeneration formulas, the correspondence can be reduced to the case of [C^2/Z_{n+1}] \times P^1, where the 3-point relative GW/DT invariants can be related to the quantum multiplication by divisors for Hilb([C^2/Z_{n+1}] and Sym([C^2/Z_{n+1}]). This is a crepant resolution counterpart to the work of Maulik-Oblomkov and Cheong-Gholampour.
| 2018-04-21T21:09:01 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2020.02.007
|
• •
### 国际资本约束与顺周期财政政策
• 出版日期:2020-02-25 发布日期:2020-03-10
### International Capital Constraints and Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy
Lin Feng & Deng Kebin
• Online:2020-02-25 Published:2020-03-10
Abstract: The Western mainstream regards the pro-cyclical fiscal policy as a suboptimal choice, which leads to the controversy of the fiscal pro-cyclicality in developing countries. This paper establishes a theoretical model to prove that the international capital constraints are an important cause of pro-cyclical fiscal policies in developing countries. Using the panel data from 125 developing countries in 1960 to 2016, the empirical evidence is robust and in line with theoretical expectations. The results show that developing countries tend to exhibit strong fiscal pro-cyclicality. It still holds true when corrected for potential endogeneity, and real GDP growth rate with weighted trade partners and real return rate of weighted US bonds are introduced as effective instrument variables. With 1 unit decline in sovereign credit rating, the fiscal procyclicality tends to increase by 5.83%. It suggests that international capital constraints caused by their inferior position in international capital markets play a crucial role in the adoption of pro-cyclical fiscal policies in developing countries. This paper enriches the discussion on the causes of fiscal pro-cyclicality in developing countries, and provides policy suggestions for deepening international cooperation and mutual assistance among developing countries.
| 2022-08-18T04:38:04 |
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|
https://bison.inl.gov/Documentation/source/materials/tensor_mechanics/U3Si2ThermalExpansionEigenstrain.aspx
|
Uvar element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-9d5f20ca-d76e-492c-ac1b-815b8590f8a0");katex.render("_3", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});Sivar element = document.getElementById("moose-equation-70743a16-74fe-4252-9e8e-ec74bc9cc863");katex.render("_2", element, {displayMode:false,throwOnError:false});Thermal Expansion Eigenstrain
Computes eigenstrain due to thermal expansion using a function that describes the instantaneous thermal expansion as a function of temperature for U3Si2 fuel.
Description
The U3Si2ThermalExpansionEigenstrain material class calculates the strain due to thermal expansion for USi fuel. The correlation from the USi handbook White (2017) describes the instantaneous linear thermal expansion coefficient (K) as a function of temperature:
For 273 K T 1473 K:
(1)
An incremental approach using the average coefficient of thermal expansion over the time step given the incremental temperature change is used for computing the thermal strain: (2)
where refers to the current time step and refers to the previous time step.
Example Input Syntax
[./thermal_eigenstrain]
type = U3Si2ThermalExpansionEigenstrain
block = 0
temperature = temp
stress_free_temperature = 300.0
eigenstrain_name = thermal_eigenstrain
[../]
(test/tests/tensor_mechanics/u3si2_eigenstrains/thermal_expansion/thermal_expansion.i)
The eigenstrain_name parameter value must also be set for the strain calculator, and an example parameter setting is shown below:
[./strain]
type = ComputeFiniteStrain
block = 0
eigenstrain_names = thermal_eigenstrain
[../]
(test/tests/tensor_mechanics/u3si2_eigenstrains/thermal_expansion/thermal_expansion.i)
Input Parameters
• stress_free_temperatureReference temperature at which there is no thermal expansion for thermal eigenstrain calculation
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Reference temperature at which there is no thermal expansion for thermal eigenstrain calculation
• eigenstrain_nameMaterial property name for the eigenstrain tensor computed by this model. IMPORTANT: The name of this property must also be provided to the strain calculator.
C++ Type:std::string
Description:Material property name for the eigenstrain tensor computed by this model. IMPORTANT: The name of this property must also be provided to the strain calculator.
Required Parameters
• computeTrueWhen false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the Material via MaterialPropertyInterface::getMaterial(). Non-computed Materials are not sorted for dependencies.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:When false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the Material via MaterialPropertyInterface::getMaterial(). Non-computed Materials are not sorted for dependencies.
• temperatureCoupled temperature
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Coupled temperature
• base_nameOptional parameter that allows the user to define multiple mechanics material systems on the same block, i.e. for multiple phases
C++ Type:std::string
Description:Optional parameter that allows the user to define multiple mechanics material systems on the same block, i.e. for multiple phases
• boundaryThe list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
• blockThe list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
Optional Parameters
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• seed0The seed for the master random number generator
Default:0
C++ Type:unsigned int
Description:The seed for the master random number generator
• implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
• constant_onNONEWhen ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped
Default:NONE
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Description:When ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped
• output_propertiesList of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:List of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
• outputsnone Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
Default:none
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
References
1. J. T. White. Issue draft U$_3$Si$_2$ fuel property handbook. Technical Report LA-UR-17-20609, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2017.[BibTeX]
| 2020-12-04T05:41:33 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?node=B179&home=sumtabB
|
${{\mathit \Omega}}$ BARYONS($\mathit S$ = $-3$, $\mathit I$ = 0) ${{\mathit \Omega}^{-}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ INSPIRE search
${{\boldsymbol \Omega}{(2012)}^{-}}$
$I(J^P)$ = $0(?^{-})$
Seen in ${{\mathit \Xi}^{0}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$ and ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ decays with a combined significance of 8.3 standard deviations.
${{\mathit \Omega}{(2012)}^{-}}$ MASS $2012.4 \pm0.9$ MeV
${{\mathit \Omega}{(2012)}^{-}}$ WIDTH $6.4 {}^{+3.0}_{-2.6}$ MeV
$\Gamma_{1}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}}{{\mathit K}}$ 403
$\Gamma_{2}$ ( ${{\mathit \Xi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) ${{\mathit K}}$ 245
$\Gamma_{3}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{0}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$ DEFINED AS 1 403
$\Gamma_{4}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ $0.83\pm{0.21}$ 392
$\Gamma_{5}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$ $<0.30$ CL=90% 245
$\Gamma_{6}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ $<0.21$ CL=90% 230
$\Gamma_{7}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ $<0.7$ CL=90% 226
$\Gamma_{8}$ ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$ $<0.08$ CL=90% 224
FOOTNOTES
| 2021-09-28T07:40:22 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-helps-map-critical-mineral-resources-nevada
|
November 16, 2022
RESTON, Va. — The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with Nevada and Oregon officials, announces more than $1.45 million has been awarded to conduct geologic mapping, airborne geophysical surveying and geochemical sampling in support of critical mineral resource studies. The funding will support an airborne electromagnetic survey of more than 32,000 km2 (12,500 mi2) in northern and central Nevada and parts of southern Oregon. In addition, a grant to the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology will support geologic mapping and geochemical analyses within McDermitt Caldera, which hosts some of the richest lithium deposits in the United States. Collectively, these data will help improve our understanding of critical mineral resources within the region, a key step in securing a reliable and sustainable supply of the critical minerals that power everything from household appliances and electronics to clean-energy technologies like batteries, electric vehicles, and wind turbines. The grants come from a$74 million investment allocated earlier this year to the USGS Mineral Resources Program’s Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI), provided through annual appropriations and investments from the Biden-Harris Administration’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Overall, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law is providing a \$510.7 million investment to the USGS to advance scientific innovation and map critical minerals.
The USGS will conduct airborne electromagnetic and magnetic surveys over several key areas within the Great Basin that have known or potential critical-mineral resources, including lithium, beryllium, tungsten and a wealth of other commodities. The airborne survey will be the largest flown in the region, covering extensive portions of Nevada, the top mineral-producing state in the nation.
“Combining airborne geophysics with geologic mapping makes for a powerful toolkit in resource mapping and assessment,” said Paul Bedrosian, one of the USGS research scientists leading the geophysical surveys. “These data provide a baseline for understanding the formation and distribution of mineral resources in the Great Basin, as well as improving our knowledge of groundwater, geothermal resources and seismic hazards.”
The Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology will additionally carry out geologic mapping for critical mineral commodities, most notably lithium, within the McDermitt Caldera that spans the Nevada/Oregon border. The geologic mapping efforts, which are managed through the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, will refine our understanding of the geology underlying areas of interest. In addition to helping identify mineral potential, these maps also support decisions about land use, provide information on water, energy and mineral resources and can help mitigate the impact of geologic hazards on communities.
“This project provides an important investment in geologic mapping and geophysical surveys that will enhance our understanding of critical minerals in Nevada and the broader Great Basin region,” said Jim Faulds, Nevada State Geologist and director of the NBMG. “The geologic mapping defines the geologic conditions at the Earth’s surface while the geophysical surveys allow us to peer into the subsurface. The Earth MRI program is a great example of how federal and state agencies can work closely together to address important societal needs of the nation.”
Airborne geophysical surveys flown as part of Earth MRI collect a combination of electromagnetic, magnetic, and radiometric data. Airborne electromagnetic surveys sense changes in the electrical conductivity of rocks which can be exploited to map stratigraphy, faults and alteration in three dimensions. This information allows scientists to identify locations of particular rocks that may be likely to host minerals of interest, as well as locate geothermal energy resources, groundwater resources, and potential earthquake hazards in the region. Magnetic data can tell us the amount of magnetic minerals, primarily magnetite, in exposed and deeply buried rocks.
The critical mineral commodities that are included in the research projects in Nevada and Oregon include:
• Aluminum: used in almost all sectors of the economy
• Arsenic: used in lumber preservatives, pesticides, and semi-conductors
• Antimony: used in lead-acid batteries and flame retardants
• Barite: used in hydrocarbon production
• Beryllium: used as an alloying agent in aerospace and defense industries
• Bismuth: used in medical and atomic research
• Cobalt: used in rechargeable batteries and superalloys
• Fluorspar: used in the manufacture of aluminum, cement, steel, gasoline, and fluorine chemicals
• Gallium: used for integrated circuits and optical devices like LEDs
• Germanium: used for fiber optics and night vision applications
• Graphite: used for lubricants, batteries, and fuel cells
• Lithium: used primarily for batteries
• Indium: mostly used in LCD screens
• Platinum group metals: used for catalytic agents
• Rare earth elements: primarily used in magnets and catalysts
• Tantalum: used in electronic components, mostly capacitors
• Tellurium: used in steelmaking and solar cells
• Tin: used as protective coatings and alloys for steel
• Tungsten: primarily used to make wear-resistant metals
• Vanadium: primarily used as alloying agent for iron and steel
Earth MRI is a partnership between the USGS and state geological surveys across America to modernize our understanding of the Nation’s fundamental geologic framework and mineral resources through new geologic maps, geophysical and topographic surveys, and geochemical sampling. The 2022 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law provided additional funding that has accelerated this new mapping in areas with potential for hosting critical mineral resources both still in the ground and in mine wastes.
| 2023-03-28T08:46:54 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S003MMR
|
# (${\boldsymbol g}_{{{\boldsymbol e}^{+}}}–{\boldsymbol g}_{{{\boldsymbol e}^{-}}}$) $/$ $\boldsymbol g_{{\mathrm {average}}}$ INSPIRE search
A test of $\mathit CPT$ invariance.
VALUE ($10^{-12}$) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$-0.5$ $\pm2.1$ 1
1987
MRS Penning trap
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$<12$ 95 2
1987
CNTR Assumes ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit e}^{+}}}$ = ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit e}^{-}}}$
$22$ $\pm64$
1981
MRS Penning trap
1 VANDYCK 1987 measured ($\mathit g_{−}/\mathit g_{+})-1$ and we converted it.
2 VASSERMAN 1987 measured ($\mathit g_{+}$ $−$ $\mathit g_{−})/({{\mathit g}}−$2). We multiplied by (${{\mathit g}}−2)/{{\mathit g}}$ = $1.2 \times 10^{-3}$.
Conservation Laws:
$\mathit CPT$ INVARIANCE
References:
VANDYCK 1987
PRL 59 26 New High Precision Comparison of Electron and Positron $\mathit g$ Factors
VASSERMAN 1987
PL B198 302 Comparison of the Electron and Positron Anomalous Magnetic Moments: Experiment 1987
SCHWINBERG 1981
PRL 47 1679 New Comparison of the Positron and Electron $\mathit g$ Factors
| 2019-03-20T05:07:49 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B000M&home=BXXX025
|
# ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1580)}}$ MASS INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ \approx1580}$ OUR ESTIMATE
$1583$ $\pm4$ 1
1976
DPWA Isospin-1 total $\sigma{}$
$1582$ $\pm4$ 2
1974
DPWA ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$
1 CARROLL 1976 sees a total-cross-section bump with ($\mathit J$+1/2) $\Gamma _{{\mathrm {el}}}$ $/$ $\Gamma _{{\mathrm {total}}}$ = 0.06.
2 The main effect observed by LITCHFIELD 1974 is in the ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ final state; the ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit N}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ couplings are estimated from a multichannel fit including total-cross-section data of LI 1973 .
References:
CARROLL 1976
PRL 37 806 Structures in ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ Nucleon Total Cross Sections below 1.1 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
LITCHFIELD 1974
PL 51B 509 Spin-Parity of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1580)}}$
| 2020-10-27T17:10:38 |
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|
http://www.schouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj07/20070515.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Tuesday, May 15, 2007
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
In Genesis, Chapter 2, we read:
"Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array." (Genesis 2:1)
Let us pray:
We know that we cannot compare our work here to Yours, O God. We would never presume to do so. But, there is no way-regrettably-that all the tasks which we wanted to achieve can possibly be completed this term. Truly, time is slipping away here in this 117th Session. That gives us all the more reason, dear Lord, to pray that You will energize this body, that You will fire hearts and wills and imaginations, that You will allow us all to use the time which remains this year to accomplish great good for this State and for her people. So lead each Senator that he or she may sense a renewed commitment to accomplish ends that are worthy and meaningful. In Your loving name we pray, dear Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 9, 2007
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.36, H. 3509 by a vote of 100 to 5:
(R36, H3509 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Whipper, Parks, Haley, Hodges, J.H. Neal, Bedingfield, F.N. Smith, Gullick, Pinson, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bingham, Bowen, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Ceips, Chalk, Chellis, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Hagood, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Moss, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Perry, Phillips, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Skelton, D.C. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Vick, Viers, Walker, Williams, Witherspoon, Young, Bowers, J.M. Neal, Loftis, Simrill, White, Mulvaney, Whitmire, Frye and Weeks: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 22 TO TITLE 31 TO ENACT THE "WILLIAM C. MESCHER LOCAL HOUSING TRUST FUND ENABLING ACT", TO MAKE CERTAIN FINDINGS BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, AND TO ALLOW A LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO CREATE AND OPERATE A "LOCAL HOUSING TRUST FUND" OR A "REGIONAL HOUSING TRUST FUND".
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
VETO OVERRIDDEN
(R36, H3509 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Whipper, Parks, Haley, Hodges, J.H. Neal, Bedingfield, F.N. Smith, Gullick, Pinson, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bingham, Bowen, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Ceips, Chalk, Chellis, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Hagood, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Moss, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Perry, Phillips, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Skelton, D.C. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Vick, Viers, Walker, Williams, Witherspoon, Young, Bowers, J.M. Neal, Loftis, Simrill, White, Mulvaney, Whitmire, Frye and Weeks: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 22 TO TITLE 31 TO ENACT THE "WILLIAM C. MESCHER LOCAL HOUSING TRUST FUND ENABLING ACT", TO MAKE CERTAIN FINDINGS BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, AND TO ALLOW A LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO CREATE AND OPERATE A "LOCAL HOUSING TRUST FUND" OR A "REGIONAL HOUSING TRUST FUND".
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
Senator ALEXANDER moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Anderson Cleary
Courson Cromer Fair
Ford Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin Matthews McConnell
McGill Moore O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Ritchie Ryberg
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Short Thomas Vaughn
Verdin Williams
Total--38
NAYS
Bryant
Total--1
The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Doctor of the Day
Senator COURSON introduced Dr. William H. Richardson of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator LAND, at 12:05 P.M., Senator DRUMMOND was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
At 1:00 P.M., Senator JACKSON requested a leave of absence beginning at 3:00 P.M. today and lasting until 11:00 A.M. Thursday morning.
Leave of Absence
At 1:00 P.M., Senator MALLOY requested a leave of absence beginning at 5:00 P.M. today and lasting until 11:00 A.M. Thursday morning.
Leave of Absence
At 1:00 P.M., Senator FORD requested a leave of absence beginning at 3:00 P.M. today and lasting until 11:00 A.M. Thursday morning.
Leave of Absence
At 1:05 P.M., Senator LEVENTIS requested a leave of absence beginning at 6:00 P.M. on Thursday and lasting until Tuesday of next week.
Leave of Absence
At 1:05 P.M., Senator SHORT requested a leave of absence beginning at 12:00 P.M. on Wednesday and lasting until Tuesday at Noon.
Leave of Absence
At 1:08 P.M., Senator RYBERG requested a leave of absence from 8:00 - 1:00 P.M. on Thursday.
Leave of Absence
At 1:10 P.M., Senator RANKIN requested a leave of absence beginning at 10:00 A.M. on Thursday lasting until Noon on Tuesday.
S. 718 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE X OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE STATE AND ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS TO HAVE BUDGET PROCESSES DESIGNED TO KEEP REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN BALANCE, THE LIMITATION ON STATE APPROPRIATIONS, AND THE LIMITATIONS ON STATE EMPLOYEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE EXISTING STATE SPENDING LIMITATION AND REQUIRE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO REPLACE IT BY A LAW PROVIDING A LIMIT ON STATE SPENDING FOR A FISCAL YEAR THAT EQUALS THE TOTAL OF STATE APPROPRIATIONS IN THE PRIOR YEAR INCREASED BY THE TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF INCREASES IN STATE PERSONAL INCOME AND STATE POPULATION IN THE MOST RECENT YEAR FOR WHICH THIS INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AND PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN ENACTING THIS LIMIT SHALL DEFINE THE APPROPRIATIONS TO WHICH THE LIMIT APPLIES, AND THE METHOD OF AND SOURCES FOR CALCULATING THE LIMIT.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator GROOMS was added as a co-sponsor of S. 718.
RECALLED
H. 4030 (Word version) -- Reps. McLeod, Leach, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Ceips, Chalk, Chellis, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, F.N. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DESIGNATE THE MONTH OF MAY, 2007, AS "MENTAL HEALTH MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO RAISE AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE NEED FOR APPROPRIATE AND ACCESSIBLE SERVICES FOR ALL PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS.
Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 3290 (Word version) -- Reps. Breeland, R. Brown, Mack, Miller, Scarborough, Stavrinakis and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO VOTING PRECINCTS IN CHARLESTON COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
There was no objection.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED AND COMMITTED
H. 3159 (Word version) -- Reps. Toole, Umphlett, Littlejohn, Huggins, Sandifer, Viers, Hamilton, G.R. Smith, Leach, Haskins, Cato, Shoopman, Bedingfield, Loftis and Lowe: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-210 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RELIGIOUS REFERENCES TO GOD, A DEITY, OR A HIGHER POWER OF ANY DENOMINATION OR RELIGION MAY BE USED IN APPROVED DISPLAYS, MONUMENTS, PLAQUES, OR SIMILAR FIXTURES IN STATE OR LOCAL PUBLIC AREAS, BUILDINGS, OR PLACES.
Senator LEATHERMAN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Finance and commit the Bill to the Committee on Judiciary.
There was no objection.
The Bill was committed to the Committee on Judiciary.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 753 (Word version) -- Senator Malloy: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND SHERMAN A. JAMES, PH.D., THE DUKE UNIVERSITY "SUSAN B. KING PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC POLICY STUDIES", FOR HIS OUTSTANDING WORK IN THE AREAS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, POVERTY AND PUBLIC POLICY, AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES, AND TO WELCOME HIM BACK TO SOUTH CAROLINA AS HE PRESENTS THE KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE SOUTH CAROLINA AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION'S "PRESERVING OUR PLACES IN HISTORY IN THE PEE DEE".
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 754 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 59-116-10 AND 59-116-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CAMPUS SECURITY DEPARTMENTS, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THESE PROVISIONS AND THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 116 OF TITLE 59 ONLY APPLY TO PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND NOT TO PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 755 (Word version) -- Senator Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 1, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE AUTHORITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO ASSESS TAXES AND FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT A REFERENDUM HELD BY A LOCAL GOVERNING BODY TO SEEK APPROVAL FOR A REVENUE RAISING MEASURE MUST BE HELD AT THE NEXT GENERAL ELECTION WHEN THE MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNING BODY ARE ELECTED.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 756 (Word version) -- Senator Bryant: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT, IN ANDERSON COUNTY, ANY REFERENDUM HELD BY A LOCAL TAXING AUTHORITY TO SEEK APPROVAL FOR AN INCREASE IN MILLAGE RATES, TO ISSUE BONDS, OR FOR ANY OTHER REVENUE RAISING MEASURE MUST BE HELD AT THE TIME AS THE NEXT GENERAL ELECTION WHEN MEMBERS OF THE TAXING AUTHORITY ARE ELECTED, EXCEPT THAT THE REFERENDUM MUST BE HELD AT THE NEXT CITY ELECTION WHEN CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS ARE ELECTED IF THE TAXING AUTHORITY SEEKING THE REVENUE RAISING MEASURE IS THE ANDERSON CITY COUNCIL.
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Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
S. 757 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE SAMUEL H. JONES FOR HIS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF INVALUABLE SERVICE TO THE STATE AND THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT FROM THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO WISH HIM SUCCESS IN HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 758 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEND MRS. ANN MARIE TAYLOR, SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER AT PINE TREE HILL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN KERSHAW COUNTY, FOR HER COMMITMENT TO PROVIDING QUALITY EDUCATION FOR THE CHILDREN OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO CONGRATULATE HER UPON BEING NAMED THE 2007 SOUTH CAROLINA TEACHER OF THE YEAR.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 759 (Word version) -- Senator Hawkins: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION CONGRATULATING THE HONORABLE JUSTICE E.C. BURNETT III UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT, THANKING HIM FOR HIS DEDICATION TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE, AND WISHING HIM WELL IN THE FUTURE.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 3319 (Word version) -- Reps. M. A. Pitts, Pinson and Parks: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 595 OF 1994, RELATING TO THE MANNER IN WHICH MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF GREENWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT 50 ARE ELECTED, SO AS TO CHANGE THE FILING PERIOD FROM SEPTEMBER TO AUGUST.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
H. 3880 (Word version) -- Reps. W. D. Smith, Hagood, Mitchell and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 56, TITLE 44, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BROWNFIELDS/VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM, SO AS TO REVISE THE LIABILITY PROTECTION PROVIDED TO PARTIES WHO ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF PROPERTY AND WHO SUBSEQUENTLY BECOME RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROPERTY; TO FURTHER SPECIFY THE SCOPE OF A COVENANT NOT TO SUE PROVIDED TO PARTIES WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF PROPERTY; TO SPECIFY THAT PROPERTY ON TO WHICH A RELEASE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS OCCURRED IS PROPERTY ELIGIBLE FOR PARTICIPATION IN THIS VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM; TO FURTHER SPECIFY THE CONTENTS OF A VOLUNTARY CLEANUP CONTRACT AND GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO REPORT TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THIS PROGRAM; AND TO CONFORM PROVISIONS IN THIS ARTICLE TO THE REVISIONS MADE PURSUANT TO THIS ACT.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
H. 3989 (Word version) -- Reps. Davenport, Haskins, Bedingfield, G. R. Smith, Ceips, Duncan, Littlejohn, Witherspoon, Agnew, Brantley, Chellis, Frye, Kelly, M. A. Pitts, Taylor, Young, Funderburk and Mulvaney: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE CONGRESS TO REPEAL OR DECLINE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "REAL ID ACT OF 2005" AND TO OPPOSE THE CREATION OF A FEDERAL NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION CARD.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4012 (Word version) -- Reps. Agnew and Gambrell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 28 IN ABBEVILLE COUNTY FROM THE MCCORMICK COUNTY LINE TO THE ANDERSON COUNTY LINE THE "173D AIRBORNE BRIGADE (SEP) SKY SOLDIERS MEMORIAL HIGHWAY VIETNAM 1965-1971" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "173D AIRBORNE BRIGADE (SEP) SKY SOLDIERS MEMORIAL HIGHWAY VIETNAM 1965-1971".
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
H. 4013 (Word version) -- Reps. Agnew and Gambrell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 72 IN ABBEVILLE COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH SECONDARY HIGHWAY S-1-139 TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 28 "SERGEANT DANNY WILSON AND CONSTABLE DONNIE OUZTS MEMORIAL HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "SERGEANT DANNY WILSON AND CONSTABLE DONNIE OUZTS MEMORIAL HIGHWAY".
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
H. 4015 (Word version) -- Rep. G. M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 39-5-38, RELATING TO DECEPTIVE OR MISLEADING ADVERTISEMENT OF A LIVE MUSICAL PERFORMANCE, SO AS TO DEFINE A SOUND RECORDING, AND TO PROVIDE CERTAIN EXEMPTIONS, REMEDIES, AND A FINE.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4028 (Word version) -- Reps. Mitchell, Whipper, Loftis, F. N. Smith, Allen, Davenport, Alexander, R. Brown, Mack and Spires: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO CHAPTER 117, TITLE 44 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE AND ESTABLISH THE PROCEDURES FOR ELECTRONIC PRESCRIPTION PROCESSING, INCLUDING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, CONTENTS OF THE PRESCRIPTION, ACCEPTABLE METHODS OF ELECTRONIC PRESCRIPTION TRANSMISSION, CRITERIA AND SAFEGUARDS FOR THE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT UTILIZED TO ELECTRONICALLY TRANSMIT THESE PRESCRIPTIONS, PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY, AND SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
H. 4029 (Word version) -- Rep. Barfield: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 114 OF 1959, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE HORRY COUNTY HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION, SO AS TO REVISE THE MANNER IN WHICH MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION ARE APPOINTED, TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR WHERE THE COMMISSION WILL MEET, AND TO REVISE OR DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
H. 4031 (Word version) -- Rep. Bales: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT THE INTERSECTION OF HAZELWOOD ROAD AND GARNERS FERRY ROAD IN RICHLAND COUNTY THE "JUDGE ROBERT BURNSIDE INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "JUDGE ROBERT BURNSIDE INTERCHANGE".
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 4036 (Word version) -- Reps. Ceips, Chalk, Hodges, Brantley and Herbkersman: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION AND THE GOVERNOR TO TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION TO ADDRESS THE CRISIS IN BEAUFORT COUNTY RESULTING FROM THE TEMPORARY CLOSURE OF THE J. E. MCTEER BRIDGE FOLLOWING THE ACCIDENTAL DAMAGING OF THE BRIDGE.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 9, 2007
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3466 (Word version) -- Reps. Umphlett, Hinson, E.H. Pitts, Haley, Ballentine, Huggins, Vick, Agnew, Anderson, Battle, Bingham, R. Brown, Cato, Ceips, Chellis, Cobb-Hunter, Dantzler, Duncan, Funderburk, Hagood, Harvin, Herbkersman, Jefferson, Jennings, Knight, Limehouse, Lowe, Mahaffey, Merrill, Miller, Ott, Owens, Parks, Pinson, M.A. Pitts, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Spires, Stavrinakis, Taylor, White, Whitmire, Williams, Toole, Bowen, Gullick, Hodges and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 49, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO WATER, WATER RESOURCES, AND DRAINAGE, BY ADDING CHAPTER 30 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PUBLIC WATERS NUISANCE ABATEMENT ACT" WHICH PERMITS THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO REMOVE OR REQUIRE THE REMOVAL OF CERTAIN STRUCTURES FROM THE PUBLIC WATERS OF THIS STATE UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION, TO PROVIDE FOR AUTHORITY OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND A MUNICIPALITY OR COUNTY TO DECLARE THESE STRUCTURES NUISANCES AND REQUIRE THEIR REMOVAL, AND TO PROVIDE, FURTHER, FOR A CIVIL ACTION BY A PRIVATE CITIZEN.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 9, 2007
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it insists upon the amendments proposed by the House to:
S. 139 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-224, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MOTOR HOMES WHICH QUALIFY AS A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE FOR PURPOSES OF AD VALOREM PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO INCLUDE TRAILERS USED FOR CAMPING AND RECREATIONAL TRAVEL PULLED BY A MOTOR VEHICLE.
asks for a Committee of Conference, and has appointed Reps. Cotty, J. H. Neal and Limehouse to the committee on the part of the House.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bill was read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 588 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Lourie, Rankin, Land and Ritchie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTIONS 38-71-1345, 38-71-1355, 38-71-1365, AND 38-71-1445 SO AS TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESTRICTIONS OF A SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE, AND PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE AND OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD SHALL SUBMIT A REPORT TO THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY JANUARY 1, 2010, ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE IN EXPANDING THE AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR SMALL EMPLOYERS; AND BY AMENDING SECTIONS 38-71-1320, 38-71-1330, 38-71-1340, AND 38-71-1350, RELATING TO SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH INSURANCE AVAILABILITY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT SMALL EMPLOYERS MAY FORM A COOPERATIVE FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROVIDING HEALTH INSURANCE TO THEIR EMPLOYEES, PROVIDE FOR THE DEFINITION OF "HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE", AND PROVIDE FOR THE GROUP SIZE FOR A HEALTH GROUP COOPERATIVE.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 12:24 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
S. 218 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 25 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE COMPACT, TO NAME THE COMPACT THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE COMPACT INSTEAD OF THE SOUTHERN REGIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE COMPACT; TO AMEND ARTICLE 4, CHAPTER 1, TITLE 25, RELATING TO THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DIVISION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DIVISION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING AN INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE GOVERNOR SHALL DEVELOP AND COORDINATE AN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES CERTAIN PROVISIONS AND PROCEDURES.
MINORITY REPORT REMOVED
COMMITTEE AMENDMENT AMENDED AND ADOPTED
READ THE SECOND TIME
S. 214 (Word version) -- Senators Hawkins and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-67-420 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE EXTENT OF SCHOOL-RELATED TRANSPORTATION TO BE PROVIDED TO STUDENTS BY THE STATE, TO REDUCE THE AREA FOR WHICH THE STATE ASSUMES NO OBLIGATION TO TRANSPORT ANY CHILD TO OR FROM SCHOOL FROM WITHIN ONE AND ONE-HALF MILES OF THE SCHOOL HE ATTENDS TO ONE-HALF OF A MILE.
Senator CLEARY asked unanimous consent to remove his name from the minority report.
There was no objection and the minority report was removed.
Senator HAYES asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
Senators CLEARY and KNOTTS proposed the following amendment (214R002.REC), which was adopted:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, SECTION 2, page [214-2], by striking lines 4 through 5 and inserting:
/ secondary students to or from school. /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [214-3], by striking SECTIONS 5 and 6 in their entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 5. Section 59-67-270 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-270. (A)(1) All publicly owned or leased school buses, including buses owned or leased by a public school district, must be inspected annually in compliance with the State Department of Education annual school bus inspection program. The State Department of Education shall assist in this requirement by providing the training and certification of a limited number of personnel designated by a school district to perform the inspection, providing the inspection manuals and forms, and supplying the inspection certificate stickers for the school buses. The State Department of Education's assistance must be free of charge.
(2) All privately owned vehicles designed and used to transport ten or more preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare must be inspected annually. Inspections for these privately owned vehicles must comply with applicable federal inspection requirements. A copy of the vehicle inspection report must be kept on these vehicles at all times.
(3) The owner or lessee of a school bus shall be solely responsible for the implementation and accountability of school bus inspections.
(B) All school buses shall be are subject to inspection at any time or place by officers of the State Highway Patrol Transport Police or inspection forces. No A school bus shall may not continue in operation in the transportation of pupils students when the annual inspection is more than twelve months old or the school bus is found to be unsafe after any inspection until the unsafe conditions disclosed by such the inspection shall have been corrected."
SECTION 6. Section 59-67-420 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-420. (A) The State, acting through the State Board of Education, assumes no obligation to transport any child student to or from school who lives within one and one-half mile miles of the school he attends, nor to provide transportation services extending within a one-half three-tenths of a mile radius walking distance of the residence of any child student, nor to furnish transportation for any child student who attends a grade in a school outside the pupil's district school attendance zone in which the student resides when the same grade is taught in an appropriate school that is located within the school district in which the pupil lives student resides. The State shall bear the cost of transporting pupils students to regularly organized instructional classes in the district or school attendance area for which state-required school credit is given must be borne by the State. The cost of transportation for new programs conducted by the school districts must be borne by the school district until such time as the program is approved by the State Board of Education and adequate funding for the cost of transportation for the programs is arranged. The State is not responsible for any additional transportation that is not authorized by state law or regulation.
(B) The State may assume the obligation of transporting students living within one and one-half mile miles of their schools and within a one-half three-tenths of a mile radius walking distance of their residences when it is for the health and safety of the children students where hazardous traffic conditions are involved, provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. In these cases, the local school district may shall apply in writing to the State Department of Education for the department State to assume the financial responsibility for this transportation, for the health and safety of the children involved provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation. In its application, local school districts shall assign priority to its requests for transportation on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children subject to hazardous conditions receiving the highest priorities. After examining the request, the state department shall render a decision on each application based on the location of the schools in relation to students' homes, the traffic patterns on adjacent roads, the existence of sidewalks, children's ages, and other factors considered pertinent. The state department shall not approve local district applications that have not assigned priority on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children receiving highest priority. Highway and railroad traffic hazardous criteria must be established by the school district governing body and must address the safety of the walk zone as it relates to the location of the school to the student's residence, the traffic patterns, speeds and volume on roadways and railroads, the existence of sidewalks or other walk paths, the student's age, available crossing control systems and personnel, and other factors considered pertinent. The districts shall weigh the need for state hazardous transportation funds by giving priority to students who are least familiar with traffic movement and the complexity of the traffic hazards. The Department of Education shall equitably allocate appropriated funds to the district for hazardous transportation services, provided funds are appropriated by the General Assembly for this purpose. The department shall receive each district's applications for transportation within a hazardous area and apply these against the district's allocation until available funds are exhausted. When available state funds are exhausted, the remaining costs are the responsibility of the respective district, if the local school district has elected to assume this obligation. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district shall be required to assume this obligation.
(C) Regardless of the provisions of the first paragraph of this section Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), the State shall transport and bear the cost of transporting five-year old four-year-old children students attending public school kindergarten programs to their residences at the conclusion of a morning kindergarten child development session and from their residences to an afternoon kindergarten child development session.
(D) The State shall provide school transportation service as closely and safely as practicable, to the residence of each unescorted student who is eligible to receive state funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in a full-day four-year-old child development program or kindergarten through the second grade, provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The State shall provide school transportation service within two-tenths of a mile of each unescorted student's residence who is eligible to receive state funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in third through fifth grade provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The special provisions of unescorted students in child development through fifth grade are limited to service documented in the annual route plan. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation. Any unescorted stop made pursuant to this subsection is deemed in compliance with any applicable regulation.
(E) An unescorted student is defined as a student who has no adult or responsible older person available to accompany him to or from the school bus stop for the purpose of providing protection and guidance. Parents or guardians may be considered unavailable for escort if they make application to, meet the unescorted criteria established by, and are granted approval by the school district governing body. The extent and level of service for students will be established and implemented by each individual school district to assure that the most efficient, safe, and timely service possible is provided. To insure equitable distribution of available funds, the State Department of Education must approve the school district criteria associated with the distribution of funds as provided in this subsection. The criteria may consider parents and guardians who are nonambulatory, who are caretakers for a person requiring their undivided attention, or for other similar circumstances.
(F) The State shall provide to the local school district the number of school buses required to accommodate all students identified as eligible for transport with state funds under the provisions of Section 59-67-420." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senators HAYES and CLEARY explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (NBD\11508AC07), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-105. (A) A student may not ride continuously on a state-owned school bus for more than ninety minutes. With the approval of the Department of Education, the ninety-minute maximum ride time may be exceeded when the area's geography requires longer than average highway travel because of a circuitous or meandering road network, extremely low population density, or waterway barriers. The ninety-minute maximum ride time may be exceeded when attendance zones are multidistrict or countywide.
(B) The Department of Education annually shall assure that state-owned school buses are routed in the most efficient manner and shall require that they are operated only on adequately maintained and safe public and private accessible highways and streets."
SECTION 2. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-108. (A) Only a person who has been certified by the State Board of Education may drive a school bus, as defined in Section 59-67-10, when transporting preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare.
(B) Any person transporting ten or more preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare in a vehicle with enabled traffic control devices must receive training as to the proper operation of these traffic control devices."
SECTION 3. Article 3, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-415. Parents or guardians are responsible for the safety, conduct, and the timely arrival of their children to, from, and at the designated school bus stop before the arrival of the school bus for pick up and transport to school and the timely departure of the child after the school bus leaves the designated school bus stop after transporting the children from school. For purposes of this section, the phrase 'arrival of the school bus' includes the time that the school bus assigned to the school bus stop activates the required pedestrian safety devices, stops, and loads or unloads students until the school bus deactivates all pedestrian safety devices."
SECTION 4. Section 59-67-100 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-100. Sufficient seating space shall must be provided so far as practicable for each passenger transported inside each school bus, no an aisle in the school bus shall must not be less than twelve inches in width and all seats shall must be securely fastened to the floor or body of the vehicle. All pupils students must be within the body of the bus at all times while the bus is in motion. They shall not be permitted to ride on the running boards or in Students are not permitted any other place outside the bus, nor shall they be permitted to and may not ride with heads or arms protruding through open windows. Commencing with the 1974-75 school year, the number of pupils transported on a school bus shall not exceed by more than ten percent the manufacturer's rated seating capacity of such bus; and by the school year 1975-76, seating space shall be provided for each pupil transported. The number of students assigned to a school bus must not be greater than the manufacturer certified seating capacity, and all passengers transported must have adequate seating area to comply with the occupant protection performance standards required in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Provided, however, that a limited number of standees excess passengers on regular routes may be permitted until the bus routes can be adjusted to accommodate the overload but not to exceed twenty school days."
SECTION 5. Section 59-67-270 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-270. (A)(1) All publicly owned or leased school buses, including buses owned or leased by a public school district, must be inspected annually in compliance with the State Department of Education annual school bus inspection program.
(2) All privately owned vehicles designed and used to transport ten or more preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare must be inspected annually. Inspections for these privately owned vehicles must comply with applicable federal inspection requirements. A copy of the vehicle inspection report must be kept on these vehicles at all times.
(B) All school buses shall be are subject to inspection at any time or place by officers of the State Highway Patrol Transport Police or inspection forces. No A school bus shall may not continue in operation in the transportation of pupils students when the annual inspection is more than twelve months old or the school bus is found to be unsafe after any inspection until the unsafe conditions disclosed by such the inspection shall have been corrected."
SECTION 6. Section 59-67-420 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-420. (A) The State, acting through the State Board of Education, assumes no obligation to transport any child student to or from school who lives within one and one-half miles of the school he attends, nor to provide transportation services extending within a one-half mile radius of the residence of any child student, nor to furnish transportation for any child student who attends a grade in a school outside the pupil's district school attendance zone in which the student resides when the same grade is taught in an appropriate school that is located within the school district in which the pupil lives student resides. The State shall bear the cost of transporting pupils students to regularly organized instructional classes in the district or school attendance area for which state-required school credit is given must be borne by the State. The cost of transportation for new programs conducted by the school districts must be borne by the school district until such time as the program is approved by the State Board of Education and adequate funding for the cost of transportation for the programs is arranged. The State is not responsible for any additional transportation that is not authorized by state law or regulation.
(B) The State may assume the obligation of transporting students living within one and one-half miles of their schools and within a one-half mile radius of their residences when it is for the health and safety of the children students where hazardous traffic conditions are involved provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. In these cases, the local school district may shall apply in writing to the State Department of Education for the department State to assume the financial responsibility for this transportation for the health and safety of the children involved provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation. In its application, local school districts shall assign priority to its requests for transportation on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children subject to hazardous conditions receiving the highest priorities. After examining the request, the state department shall render a decision on each application based on the location of the schools in relation to students' homes, the traffic patterns on adjacent roads, the existence of sidewalks, children's ages, and other factors considered pertinent. The state department shall not approve local district applications that have not assigned priority on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children receiving highest priority. Highway and railroad traffic hazardous criteria must be established by the school district governing body and must respond to the safety of the walk zone as it relates to the location of the school to the student's residence, the traffic patterns, speeds and volume on roadways and railroads, the existence of sidewalks or other walk paths, the student's age, available crossing control systems and personnel, and other factors considered pertinent. The districts shall weigh the need for the state hazardous transportation funds by giving priority to students who are least familiar with traffic movement and the complexity of the traffic hazards. The Department of Education shall equitably allocate appropriated funds to the district for hazardous transportation services provided funds are appropriated by the General Assembly for this purpose. The department shall receive each district's applications for transportation within a hazardous area and apply these against the district's allocation until available funds are exhausted. When available state funds are exhausted, the remaining costs are the responsibility of the respective district if the local school district has elected to assume this obligation.
(C) Regardless of the provisions of the first paragraph of this section Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), the State shall transport and bear the cost of transporting five-year old four-year-old children students attending public school kindergarten programs to their residences at the conclusion of a morning kindergarten child development session and from their residences to an afternoon kindergarten child development session.
(D) The State shall provide school transportation service to and from the residence of each unescorted student who is eligible to receive state-funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in a full-day four-year-old child development program or kindergarten through the second grade provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The State shall provide school transportation service within two-tenths of a mile of each unescorted student who is eligible to receive state-funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in third through fifth grade provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The special provisions of unescorted students in child development through fifth grade are limited to service documented in the annual route plan. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation.
(E) An unescorted student is defined as a student who has no adult or responsible older person available to accompany him to or from the school bus stop for the purpose of providing protection and guidance. Parents or guardians may be considered unavailable for escort and exempt from the provisions of Section 59-67-415 if they make application to, meet the unescorted criteria established by, and are granted approval by the school district governing body. These criteria must be approved by the State Department of Education. The criteria shall consider parents and guardians who are nonambulatory, a caretaker for a child under the age of one year or another person requiring their undivided attention, or for other similar circumstances.
(F) The State shall provide to the local school district the number of school buses required to accommodate all students identified as eligible for transport with state funds under the provisions of Section 59-67-420."
SECTION 7. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-580. (A) With funds appropriated by the General Assembly for school bus purchases, the State Board of Education shall implement a school bus replacement cycle to replace approximately one-fifteenth of the fleet each year with new school buses, resulting in a complete replacement of the fleet every fifteen years. These funds must not be used for school bus maintenance or fuel.
(B) With funds appropriated by the General Assembly for transportation grant programs, the department shall establish a grant program to fund transportation of students to alternate public schools including, but not limited to, vocational second and third choice schools, magnet schools, montessori schools, international baccalaureate schools, and English as a second language schools. Those districts having alternate public schools may apply to the department for grant funds to pay for the additional cost of transporting students to these schools. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly for this purpose, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation."
SECTION 8. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-585. The State Department of Education, when feasible, shall utilize biodiesel fuel as an energy source to power the state school bus fleet."
SECTION 9. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-300. State-owned school buses must be parked overnight and during the school day in a location that is central to the area in which the school buses are operated. The Department of Education shall grant a waiver to the requirements of this section if a waiver is requested by the district superintendent in compliance with Department of Education policies."
SECTION 10. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
The committee amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
MINORITY REPORT REMOVED
COMMITTEE AMENDMENT TABLED
AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME
H. 3161 (Word version) -- Reps. Walker, Mahaffey, Herbkersman, Cotty, Hagood, Scarborough and Stavrinakis: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-67-105 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE MAXIMUM SCHOOL BUS RIDE TIME OF EACH STUDENT AND ROUTING EFFICIENCY FOR EACH SCHOOL BUS; BY ADDING SECTION 59-67-108 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR REQUIRED SCHOOL BUS DRIVER CERTIFICATION TRAINING; BY ADDING SECTION 59-67-415 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT PARENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SAFETY, CONDUCT, AND TIMELY ARRIVAL OF THEIR CHILDREN TO, FROM, AND AT THE SCHOOL BUS STOP; TO AMEND SECTION 59-67-100, RELATING TO SCHOOL BUS SEATING SPACE AND STUDENTS ASSIGNED TO A SCHOOL BUS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS ASSIGNED TO A SCHOOL BUS MUST NOT BE GREATER THAN THE MANUFACTURER CERTIFIED SEATING CAPACITY AND PROVIDE THAT ALL PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED MUST HAVE ADEQUATE SEATING AREA TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN STANDARDS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-67-270, RELATING TO INSPECTION OF BUSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL BUSES MUST BE INSPECTED AT LEAST ONCE ANNUALLY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 59-67-420, RELATING TO TRANSPORTATION TO BE PROVIDED TO STUDENTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE SHALL BEAR THE COST OF TRANSPORTING STUDENTS WHEN THE TRANSPORTATION IS AUTHORIZED BY STATE LAW OR REGULATION, PROVIDE THAT THE STATE MAY ASSUME THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TRANSPORTING STUDENTS WHO LIVE WITHIN A CERTAIN DISTANCE OF THE SCHOOL WHEN HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS ARE INVOLVED, PROVIDE THAT THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SHALL ESTABLISH HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC CRITERIA, PROVIDE FOR HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC FUNDS, PROVIDE THAT THE STATE SHALL PROVIDE TRANSPORTATION TO AND FROM THE RESIDENCE OF EACH UNESCORTED STUDENT PURSUANT TO CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES AND DEFINE UNESCORTED STUDENT.
Senator CLEARY asked unanimous consent to remove his name from the minority report.
There was no objection and the minority report was removed.
Senator HAYES asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (NBD\11486AC07), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by deleting Section 59-67-420(E) and inserting:
/(E) An unescorted student is defined as a student who has no adult or responsible older person available to accompany him to or from the school bus stop for the purpose of providing protection and guidance. Parents or guardians may be considered unavailable for escort and exempt from the provisions of Section 59-67-415 if they make application to, meet the unescorted criteria established by, and are granted approval by the school district governing body. These criteria must be approved by the State Department of Education. The criteria shall consider parents and guardians who are nonambulatory, a caretaker for a child under the age of one year or another person requiring their undivided attention, or for other similar circumstances./
Amend the bill, further, Section 59-67-420, page 6, immediately after line 37 by inserting:
/(F) The State shall provide to the local school district the number of school buses required to accommodate all students identified as eligible for transport with state funds in the provisions of Section 59-67-420. /
Amend the bill, further, by deleting Section 59-67-300 on page 7 and inserting:
/Section 59-67-300. State-owned school buses must be parked overnight and during the school day in a location that is central to the area in which the school buses are operated. The Department of Education shall grant a waiver to the requirements of this section if a waiver is requested by the district superintendent and in compliance with Department of Education policy./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, the committee amendment was tabled.
Senators CLEARY, HAYES, and KNOTTS proposed the following amendment (3161R004.REC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-105. (A) A student may not ride continuously on a state-owned school bus for more than ninety minutes. With the approval of the Department of Education, the ninety-minute maximum ride time may be exceeded when the area's geography requires longer than average highway travel because of a circuitous or meandering road network, extremely low population density, or waterway barriers. The ninety-minute maximum ride time may be exceeded when attendance zones are multidistrict or countywide.
(B) The Department of Education annually shall assure that state-owned school buses are routed in the most efficient manner and shall require that they are operated only on adequately maintained and safe public and private accessible highways and streets."
SECTION 2. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-108. (A) Only a person who has been certified by the State Board of Education may drive a school bus, as defined in Section 59-67-10, when transporting preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school.
(B) Any person transporting ten or more preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare in a vehicle with enabled traffic control devices must receive training as to the proper operation of these traffic control devices."
SECTION 3. Article 3, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-415. Parents or guardians are responsible for the safety, conduct, and the timely arrival of their children to, from, and at the designated school bus stop before the arrival of the school bus for pick up and transport to school and the timely departure of the child after the school bus leaves the designated school bus stop after transporting the children from school. For purposes of this section, the phrase 'arrival of the school bus' includes the time that the school bus assigned to the school bus stop activates the required pedestrian safety devices, stops, and loads or unloads students until the school bus deactivates all pedestrian safety devices."
SECTION 4. Section 59-67-100 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-100. Sufficient seating space shall must be provided so far as practicable for each passenger transported inside each school bus, no an aisle in the school bus shall must not be less than twelve inches in width and all seats shall must be securely fastened to the floor or body of the vehicle. All pupils students must be within the body of the bus at all times while the bus is in motion. They shall not be permitted to ride on the running boards or in Students are not permitted any other place outside the bus, nor shall they be permitted to and may not ride with heads or arms protruding through open windows. Commencing with the 1974-75 school year, the number of pupils transported on a school bus shall not exceed by more than ten percent the manufacturer's rated seating capacity of such bus; and by the school year 1975-76, seating space shall be provided for each pupil transported. The number of students assigned to a school bus must not be greater than the manufacturer certified seating capacity, and all passengers transported must have adequate seating area to comply with the occupant protection performance standards required in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Provided, however, that a limited number of standees excess passengers on regular routes may be permitted until the bus routes can be adjusted to accommodate the overload but not to exceed twenty school days."
SECTION 5. Section 59-67-270 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-270. (A)(1) All publicly owned or leased school buses, including buses owned or leased by a public school district, must be inspected annually in compliance with the State Department of Education annual school bus inspection program. The State Department of Education shall assist in this requirement by providing the training and certification of a limited number of personnel designated by a school district to perform the inspection, providing the inspection manuals and forms, and supplying the inspection certificate stickers for the school buses. The State Department of Education's assistance must be free of charge.
(2) All privately owned vehicles designed and used to transport ten or more preprimary, primary, or secondary students to or from school, school-related activities, or childcare must be inspected annually. Inspections for these privately owned vehicles must comply with applicable federal inspection requirements. A copy of the vehicle inspection report must be kept on these vehicles at all times.
(3) The owner or lessee of a school bus shall be solely responsible for the implementation and accountability of school bus inspections.
(B) All school buses shall be are subject to inspection at any time or place by officers of the State Highway Patrol Transport Police or inspection forces. No A school bus shall may not continue in operation in the transportation of pupils students when the annual inspection is more than twelve months old or the school bus is found to be unsafe after any inspection until the unsafe conditions disclosed by such the inspection shall have been corrected."
SECTION 6. Section 59-67-420 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 59-67-420. (A) The State, acting through the State Board of Education, assumes no obligation to transport any child student to or from school who lives within one and one-half mile miles of the school he attends, nor to provide transportation services extending within a one-half three-tenths of a mile radius walking distance of the residence of any child student, nor to furnish transportation for any child student who attends a grade in a school outside the pupil's district school attendance zone in which the student resides when the same grade is taught in an appropriate school that is located within the school district in which the pupil lives student resides. The State shall bear the cost of transporting pupils students to regularly organized instructional classes in the district or school attendance area for which state-required school credit is given must be borne by the State. The cost of transportation for new programs conducted by the school districts must be borne by the school district until such time as the program is approved by the State Board of Education and adequate funding for the cost of transportation for the programs is arranged. The State is not responsible for any additional transportation that is not authorized by state law or regulation.
(B) The State may assume the obligation of transporting students living within one and one-half mile miles of their schools and within a one-half three-tenths of a mile radius walking distance of their residences when it is for the health and safety of the children students where hazardous traffic conditions are involved, provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. In these cases, the local school district may shall apply in writing to the State Department of Education for the department State to assume the financial responsibility for this transportation, for the health and safety of the children involved provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation. In its application, local school districts shall assign priority to its requests for transportation on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children subject to hazardous conditions receiving the highest priorities. After examining the request, the state department shall render a decision on each application based on the location of the schools in relation to students' homes, the traffic patterns on adjacent roads, the existence of sidewalks, children's ages, and other factors considered pertinent. The state department shall not approve local district applications that have not assigned priority on the basis of children's ages, with the youngest children receiving highest priority. Highway and railroad traffic hazardous criteria must be established by the school district governing body and must address the safety of the walk zone as it relates to the location of the school to the student's residence, the traffic patterns, speeds and volume on roadways and railroads, the existence of sidewalks or other walk paths, the student's age, available crossing control systems and personnel, and other factors considered pertinent. The districts shall weigh the need for state hazardous transportation funds by giving priority to students who are least familiar with traffic movement and the complexity of the traffic hazards. The Department of Education shall equitably allocate appropriated funds to the district for hazardous transportation services, provided funds are appropriated by the General Assembly for this purpose. The department shall receive each district's applications for transportation within a hazardous area and apply these against the district's allocation until available funds are exhausted. When available state funds are exhausted, the remaining costs are the responsibility of the respective district, if the local school district has elected to assume this obligation. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district shall be required to assume this obligation.
(C) Regardless of the provisions of the first paragraph of this section Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), the State shall transport and bear the cost of transporting five-year old four-year-old children students attending public school kindergarten programs to their residences at the conclusion of a morning kindergarten child development session and from their residences to an afternoon kindergarten child development session.
(D) The State shall provide school transportation service as closely and safely as practicable, to the residence of each unescorted student who is eligible to receive state funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in a full-day four-year-old child development program or kindergarten through the second grade, provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The State shall provide school transportation service within two-tenths of a mile of each unescorted student's residence who is eligible to receive state-funded school transportation service and who is enrolled in third through fifth grade provided funds are appropriated annually by the General Assembly for this purpose. The special provisions of unescorted students in child development through fifth grade are limited to service documented in the annual route plan. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation. Any unescorted stop made pursuant to this subsection is deemed in compliance with any applicable regulation.
(E) An unescorted student is defined as a student who has no adult or responsible older person available to accompany him to or from the school bus stop for the purpose of providing protection and guidance. Parents or guardians may be considered unavailable for escort if they make application to, meet the unescorted criteria established by, and are granted approval by the school district governing body. The extent and level of service for students will be established and implemented by each individual school district to assure that the most efficient, safe, and timely service possible is provided. To insure equitable distribution of available funds, the State Department of Education must approve the school district criteria associated with the distribution of funds as provided in this subsection. The criteria may consider parents and guardians who are nonambulatory, who are caretakers for a person requiring their undivided attention, or for other similar circumstances.
(F) The State shall provide to the local school district the number of school buses required to accommodate all students identified as eligible for transport with state funds under the provisions of Section 59-67-420.
SECTION 7. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-580. (A) With funds appropriated by the General Assembly for school bus purchases, the State Board of Education shall implement a school bus replacement cycle to replace approximately one-fifteenth of the fleet each year with new school buses, resulting in a complete replacement of the fleet every fifteen years. These funds must not be used for school bus maintenance or fuel.
(B) With funds appropriated by the General Assembly for transportation grant programs, the department shall establish a grant program to fund transportation of students to alternate public schools including, but not limited to, vocational second and third choice schools, magnet schools, montessori schools, international baccalaureate schools, and English as a second language schools. Those districts having alternate public schools may apply to the department for grant funds to pay for the additional cost of transporting students to these schools. If funds are not appropriated by the General Assembly for this purpose, then neither the State nor a local school district is required to assume this obligation."
SECTION 8. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-585. The State Department of Education, when feasible, shall utilize biodiesel fuel as an energy source to power the state school bus fleet."
SECTION 9. Article 1, Chapter 67, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 59-67-300. State-owned school buses must be parked overnight and during the school day in a location that is central to the area in which the school buses are operated. The Department of Education shall grant a waiver to the requirements of this section if a waiver is requested by the district superintendent in compliance with Department of Education policies."
SECTION 10. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME
H. 3833 (Word version) -- Reps. Moss, Littlejohn and Phillips: A BILL TO REVISE THE DATE FOR ELECTIONS FOR THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT 1, THE FILING PERIOD, AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THE RESULTS OF THE ELECTIONS ARE DETERMINED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator PEELER proposed the following amendment (DKA\3315DW07), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. (A) Notwithstanding another provision of law, the Board of Trustees of Cherokee County School District 1 and the Board of Commissioners of Public Works of the City of Gaffney must be elected at the same time as the governing body of the City of Gaffney in the manner as provided by law with runoff elections, if required, two weeks later.
(B) The results of the elections provided for in subsection (A) must be determined by the nonpartisan election and runoff election method prescribed in Section 5-15-62 of the 1976 Code.
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator PEELER explained the amendment.
The amendment was adopted.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3833--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, H. 3833 was ordered to receive a third reading on Wednesday, May 16, 2007.
OBJECTION
S. 638 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Fair, Bryant, Vaughn, Hawkins, Alexander, Grooms, Sheheen, Setzler, Cromer, McConnell, Land, Verdin, Peeler, Hayes, Ritchie, Anderson, Thomas, Scott, Martin, Knotts and Ryberg: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-1-160 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC PRAYER AND INVOCATION ACT" TO ALLOW A GOVERNING BODY OF A STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO ADOPT, BY ORDINANCE OR RESOLUTION, A POLICY THAT PRESERVES THE TRADITION OF SOLEMNIZING PUBLIC PROCEEDINGS BY ALLOWING FOR AN OPENING INVOCATION USING ONE OF THREE METHODS AND TO DEFINE "PUBLIC INVOCATION" AND "DELIBERATIVE PUBLIC BODY".
Senator HUTTO objected to further consideration of the Bill.
OBJECTION
H. 3267 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Cotty, Delleney, McLeod, Simrill and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 14-5-610, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DIVISION OF THE STATE INTO SIXTEEN JUDICIAL CIRCUITS AND ADDITIONAL AT-LARGE JUDGES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF AT-LARGE CIRCUIT COURT JUDGES FROM THIRTEEN TO SIXTEEN; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-1410, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FAMILY COURT JUDGES ELECTED FROM EACH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF FAMILY COURT JUDGES BY ADDING THREE AT-LARGE JUDGES.
Senator HUTTO objected to further consideration of the Bill.
OBJECTION
H. 3427 (Word version) -- Reps. Whipper, Cobb-Hunter, Jennings, Mack, F.N. Smith, J.R. Smith, Weeks, Gullick, Mulvaney, Hamilton, G.R. Smith, Bedingfield and Haskins: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 20-1-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT COMMON LAW MARRIAGE IN THE STATE MAY NOT BE RECOGNIZED ON AND AFTER JANUARY 1, 2008, AND TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A COMMON LAW MARRIAGE EXISTING AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2007; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 20-1-360 RELATING TO THE VALIDITY OF A MARRIAGE CONTRACTED WITHOUT THE ISSUANCE OF A LICENSE.
Senator RANKIN objected to further consideration of the Bill.
CARRIED OVER
H. 3355 (Word version) -- Reps. Delleney, Mulvaney, Bedingfield, Shoopman, Leach, Gullick, Duncan, Hamilton, Kelly, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Talley, Walker, Haskins, Simrill, Vick, Owens, Viers, Loftis, G.M. Smith, Toole, G.R. Smith, Pinson and Bingham: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-41-330, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PREREQUISITES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ABORTION, INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED, CERTIFICATION, WAITING PERIOD, SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR MINORS OR MENTALLY INCOMPETENT PERSONS, RETENTION OF RECORDS, AND UNAVAILABILITY OF RECORDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PHYSICIAN WHO IS TO PERFORM THE ABORTION MUST VERIFY THE PROBABLE GESTATIONAL AGE OF THE EMBRYO OR FETUS BY USING AN OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND, TO PROVIDE THAT THE IMAGES USED TO VERIFY THE PROBABLE GESTATIONAL AGE MUST BE REVIEWED WITH THE WOMAN SEEKING THE ABORTION, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE WOMAN SEEKING THE ABORTION MUST CERTIFY IN WRITING BEFORE THE ABORTION IS PERFORMED THAT SHE HAS REVIEWED THE ULTRASOUND IMAGES.
On motion of Senator FAIR, with unanimous consent, the Bill was carried over.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
HAVING DISPENSED WITH THE MOTION PERIOD, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE.
CONSIDERATION INTERRUPTED
S. 355 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Richardson, Verdin, Campsen and Vaughn: A BILL TO PROVIDE FOR THE RESTRUCTURING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
The House returned the Bill with amendments.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of Amendment No. 1 (355R058.GFM) proposed by Senators McCONNELL, GROOMS and CAMPSEN and previously printed in the Journal of Tuesday, May 1, 2007.
Senator LAND argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Objection
Senator MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion that, when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet tomorrow at 1:00 P.M.
Senator KNOTTS objected.
Senator LAND argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed that, when the Senate stands adjourned, it stand adjourned to meet tomorrow at 1:00 P.M.
Senator LAND argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, consideration was interrupted by adjournment, with Senator LAND retaining the floor.
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of the Honorable Rolly Warren Jacobs, 60, Family Court Judge for the 5th Judicial Circuit comprising Kershaw and Richland Counties
At 1:30 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate adjourned to meet tomorrow at 1:00 P.M.
* * *
This web page was last updated on Monday, June 22, 2009 at 2:02 P.M.
| 2013-05-23T21:24:55 |
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http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/R-10%20?code=se:59_3_1&pointInTime=20210107
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### R-10 - Act respecting the Government and Public Employees Retirement Plan
59.3.1. The spouse of an employee referred to in the first or second paragraph of section 59.1 may, upon the death of the employee, obtain that the reimbursement of the amount referred to in the said section or, as the case may be, in section 59.2 be cancelled provided the spouse applies therefor to Retraite Québec before the amount is received. In such a case, the employee’s application for reimbursement is deemed never to have been made.
1995, c. 46, s. 9; 2015, c. 20, s. 61.
59.3.1. The spouse of an employee referred to in the first or second paragraph of section 59.1 may, upon the death of the employee, obtain that the reimbursement of the amount referred to in the said section or, as the case may be, in section 59.2 be cancelled provided the spouse applies therefor to the Commission before the amount is received. In such a case, the employee’s application for reimbursement is deemed never to have been made.
1995, c. 46, s. 9.
| 2021-02-28T04:46:51 |
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https://wiki.bnl.gov/eic/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/6228
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# Changes
, 14:49, 30 March 2017
Line 37: Line 37:
=== Normalization Procedure for Rate Estimates ===
=== Normalization Procedure for Rate Estimates ===
In order to get a realistic estimate of the expected rates due to the beam-gas background, the yields extracted from the thus produced simulations need to be normalized. The factors that must be known for the normalization include the level of vacuum (or the gas density), the cross section for the p+A interaction, and the proton current in the machine. The beam-gas collisions is essentially a fixed target collision with a proton hitting a "fixed" gas molecule. The luminosity for this can be estimated from $L = \Phi \rho l$, where L is the luminosity, Φ is the proton flux (obtained by the beam current), ρ is the (transverse) gas density, and l is the longitudinal length of the gas. Then the rate can be obtained by multiplying the luminosity by the cross section of the interaction. This rate can then be used as a scaling factor to the generated per event yields from the previous section. Then these rates can be compared to the expected rates from physics events to get a feeling for how bad the impact of the background will be on the measurement.
In order to get a realistic estimate of the expected rates due to the beam-gas background, the yields extracted from the thus produced simulations need to be normalized. The factors that must be known for the normalization include the level of vacuum (or the gas density), the cross section for the p+A interaction, and the proton current in the machine. The beam-gas collisions is essentially a fixed target collision with a proton hitting a "fixed" gas molecule. The luminosity for this can be estimated from $L = \Phi \rho l$, where L is the luminosity, Φ is the proton flux (obtained by the beam current), ρ is the (transverse) gas density, and l is the longitudinal length of the gas. Then the rate can be obtained by multiplying the luminosity by the cross section of the interaction. This rate can then be used as a scaling factor to the generated per event yields from the previous section. Then these rates can be compared to the expected rates from physics events to get a feeling for how bad the impact of the background will be on the measurement.
+
+
<BR>
+
+
The macro '''/direct/eic+u/rmpetti/workarea/backgroundStudies/beamGas/macros/makeStoBplots.C''' will produce plots overlaying the expected rate of background in the detector with rate of DIS physics events in the detector as a function of the particle energy. In addition to taking the output TTrees from the background simulation, the macro will also take in EICTrees produced from a physics Monte Carlo generator (for example PYTHIA), which will also be normalized from the expected luminosity that will be delivered by the machine design multiplied by the cross section.
154
edits
| 2022-12-02T03:39:20 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action;jsessionid=D38476B256AF9D3B63DEE510A1F7BD16?node=S029GB&init=0
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# Searches for Goldstone Bosons (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) INSPIRE search
(Including Horizontal Bosons and Majorons.) Limits are for branching ratios.
VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$<9 \times 10^{-6}$ 90 1
2015
TWST ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ , Familon
2
2013
COSM Majoron dark matter decay
3
2007
RVUE Meson, ${{\mathit \ell}}$ decays to Majoron
4
1998
THEO ${{\mathit H}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ , ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ , Majoron
5
1991
Electron quasi-magnetic interaction
$<3.3 \times 10^{-2}$ 95 6
1990 E
ARG ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<1.8 \times 10^{-2}$ 95 6
1990 E
ARG ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<6.4 \times 10^{-9}$ 90 7
1990
B787 ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<1.4 \times 10^{-5}$ 90 8
1988
CNTR ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<1.1 \times 10^{-9}$ 90 9
1988
CBOX ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
10
1988
ASTR Sun, Majoron
11
1988
ASTR Majoron, SN 1987A
$<5 \times 10^{-6}$ 90 12
1988
CNTR ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ , Majoron
$<1.3 \times 10^{-9}$ 90 13
1987
CNTR ${{\mathit \mu}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<3 \times 10^{-4}$ 90 14
1986 B
RVUE ${{\mathit \mu}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<1 \times 10^{-10}$ 90 15
1986
SPEC ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
$<2.6 \times 10^{-6}$ 90 16
1986
SPEC ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
17
1985
MRK3 ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ . Familon
18
1983
COSM ${{\mathit \nu}}$ (hvy) $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \nu}}$ (light) ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$
1 BAYES 2015 limits are the average over ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = $13 - 80$ MeV for the isotropic decay distribution of positrons. See their Fig. 4 and Table II for the mass-dependent limits as well as the dependence on the decay anisotropy. In particular, they find a limit $<$ $58 \times 10^{-6}$ at 90$\%$ CL for massless familons and for the same asymmetry as normal muon decay, a case not covered by JODIDIO 1986 .
2 LATTANZI 2013 use WMAP 9 year data as well as X-ray and ${{\mathit \gamma}}$-ray observations to derive limits on decaying majoron dark matter. A limit on the decay width $\Gamma\mathrm {( {{\mathit X}^{0}} \rightarrow {{\mathit \nu}} {{\overline{\mathit \nu}}} )}$ $<$ $6.4 \times 10^{-19}$ s${}^{-1}$ at 95$\%$ CL is found if majorons make up all of the dark matter.
3 LESSA 2007 consider decays of the form Meson $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ Majoron and ${{\mathit \ell}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ Majoron and use existing data to derive limits on the neutrino-Majoron Yukawa couplings $\mathit g_{ {{\mathit \alpha}} {{\mathit \beta}} }$ (${{\mathit \alpha}}$, ${{\mathit \beta}}$ ${{\mathit \mu}}$ ,${{\mathit \tau}}$). Their best limits are $\vert \mathit g_{ {{\mathit e}} {{\mathit \alpha}} }$ $\vert ^2<$ $5.5 \times 10^{-6}$, $\vert \mathit g_{ {{\mathit \mu}} {{\mathit \alpha}} }$ $\vert ^2<$ $4.5 \times 10^{-5}$, $\vert \mathit g_{ {{\mathit \tau}} {{\mathit \alpha}} }$ $\vert ^2<$ $5.5 \times 10^{-2}$ at CL = 90$\%$.
4 DIAZ 1998 studied models of spontaneously broken lepton number with both singlet and triplet Higgses. They obtain limits on the parameter space from invisible decay ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit H}^{0}}{{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit H}^{0}}$ with ${{\mathit H}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ .
5 BOBRAKOV 1991 searched for anomalous magnetic interactions between polarized electrons expected from the exchange of a massless pseudoscalar boson (arion). A limit $\mathit x{}^{2}_{{{\mathit e}}}$ $<$ $2 \times 10^{-4}$ (95$\%$CL) is found for the effective anomalous magneton parametrized as $\mathit x_{{{\mathit e}}}(\mathit G_{\mathit F}/8{{\mathit \pi}}\sqrt {2 }){}^{1/2}$.
6 ALBRECHT 1990E limits are for B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ )/B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ ). Valid for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $<$ 100 MeV. The limits rise to $7.1\%$ (for ${{\mathit \mu}}$), $5.0\%$ (for ${{\mathit e}}$) for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 500 MeV.
7 ATIYA 1990 limit is for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 0. The limit B $<$ $1 \times 10^{-8}$ holds for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $<$ 95 MeV. For the reduction of the limit due to finite lifetime of ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$, see their Fig.$~$3.
8 BALKE 1988 limits are for B( ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ ). Valid for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $<$ 80 MeV and ${\mathit \tau}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $>$ $10^{-8}$ sec.
9 BOLTON 1988 limit corresponds to $\mathit F$ $>$ $3.1 \times 10^{9}$ GeV, which does not depend on the chirality property of the coupling.
10 CHANDA 1988 find ${{\mathit v}_{{T}}}$ $<$ 10 MeV for the weak-triplet Higgs vacuum expectation value in Gelmini-Roncadelli model, and ${{\mathit v}_{{S}}}$ $>$ $5.8 \times 10^{6}$ GeV in the singlet Majoron model.
11 CHOI 1988 used the observed neutrino flux from the supernova SN$~$1987A to exclude the neutrino Majoron Yukawa coupling $\mathit h$ in the range $2 \times 10^{-5}$ $<$ $\mathit h$ $<$ $3 \times 10^{-4}$ for the interaction $\mathit L_{{\mathrm {int}}}$ = ${1\over 2}\mathit ih{{\overline{\mathit \psi}}}{}^{\mathit c}_{\nu }\gamma _{5}{{\mathit \psi}_{{\nu}}}\phi _{{\mathrm {X}}}$. For several families of neutrinos, the limit applies for ($\Sigma \mathit h{}^{4}_{\mathit i}){}^{1/4}$.
12 PICCIOTTO 1988 limit applies when ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $<$ 55 MeV and ${\mathit \tau}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ $>$ 2ns, and it decreases to $4 \times 10^{-7}$ at ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 125 MeV, beyond which no limit is obtained.
13 GOLDMAN 1987 limit corresponds to $\mathit F$ $>$ $2.9 \times 10^{9}$ GeV for the family symmetry breaking scale from the Lagrangian $\mathit L_{{\mathrm {int}}}$ = (1/$\mathit F){{\overline{\mathit \psi}}_{{\mu}}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{}^{{{\mathit \mu}}}$ ($\mathit a+\mathit b{{\mathit \gamma}_{{5}}}$) ${{\mathit \psi}_{{e}}}\partial{}_{{{\mathit \mu}}}{{\mathit \phi}}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ with $\mathit a{}^{2}+\mathit b{}^{2}$ = 1. This is not as sensitive as the limit $\mathit F$ $>9.9 \times 10^{9}$ GeV derived from the search for ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ by JODIDIO 1986 , but does not depend on the chirality property of the coupling.
14 Limits are for $\Gamma\mathrm {( {{\mathit \mu}} \rightarrow {{\mathit e}} {{\mathit X}^{0}} )}/\Gamma\mathrm {( {{\mathit \mu}} \rightarrow {{\mathit e}} {{\mathit \nu}} {{\overline{\mathit \nu}}} )}$. Valid when ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 0$-$93.4, 98.1$-$103.5 MeV.
15 EICHLER 1986 looked for ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ followed by ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ . Limits on the branching fraction depend on the mass and and lifetime of ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$. The quoted limits are valid when ${\mathit \tau}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}{ {}\lesssim{} }3. \times 10^{-10}~$s if the decays are kinematically allowed.
16 JODIDIO 1986 corresponds to $\mathit F$ $>9.9 \times 10^{9}$ GeV for the family symmetry breaking scale with the parity-conserving effective Lagrangian $\mathit L_{{\mathrm {int}}}$ = (1/$\mathit F$) ${{\overline{\mathit \psi}}_{{\mu}}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{}^{{{\mathit \mu}}}{{\mathit \psi}_{{e}}}\partial{}{}^{{{\mathit \mu}}}\phi _{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$.
17 BALTRUSAITIS 1985 search for light Goldstone boson(${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) of broken U(1). CL = 95$\%$ limits are B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ )$/$B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) $<$0.125 and B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}$ )$/$B( ${{\mathit \tau}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) $<$0.04. Inferred limit for the symmetry breaking scale is $\mathit m$ $>$3000 TeV.
18 The primordial heavy neutrino must decay into ${{\mathit \nu}}$ and familon, $\mathit f_{\mathit A}$, early so that the red-shifted decay products are below critical density, see their table. In addition, ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\mathit f_{\mathit A}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}$ $\mathit f_{\mathit A}$ are unseen. Combining these excludes ${\mathit m}_{\mathrm {heavy {{\mathit \nu}}}}$ between $5 \times 10^{-5}$ and $5 \times 10^{-4}$ MeV (${{\mathit \mu}}$ decay) and ${\mathit m}_{\mathrm {heavy {{\mathit \nu}}}}$ between $5 \times 10^{-5}$ and 0.1 MeV (${{\mathit K}}$-decay).
References:
BAYES 2015
PR D91 052020 Search for Two Body Muon Decay Signals
LATTANZI 2013
PR D88 063528 Updated CMB, X- and Gamma-Ray Constraints on Majoron Dark Matter
LESSA 2007
PR D75 094001 Revising Limits on Neutrino-Majoron Couplings
DIAZ 1998
NP B527 44 Seesaw Majoron Model of Neutrino Mass and Novel Signals in Higgs Boson Production at LEP
BOBRAKOV 1991
JETPL 53 294 An Experimental Limit on the Existence of the Electron Quasimagnetic (Arion) Interaction
ALBRECHT 1990E
PL B246 278 Determination of the Michel Parameter in ${{\mathit \tau}}$ Decay
ATIYA 1990
PRL 64 21 Search for the Decay ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$
BALKE 1988
PR D37 587 Precise Measurement of the Asymmetry Parameter $\delta$ in Muon Decay
BOLTON 1988
PR D38 2077 Search for Rare Muon Decays with the Crystal Box Detector
CHANDA 1988
PR D37 2714 Astrophysical Constraints on Axion and Majoron Couplings
CHOI 1988
PR D37 3225 Constraints on the Majoron Interactions from the Supernova SN1987a
PICCIOTTO 1988
PR D37 1131 Search for Majoron Production and Other Process Associated with ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ Decay
GOLDMAN 1987
PR D36 1543 Light Boson Emission in the Decay of ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$
BRYMAN 1986B
PRL 57 2787 Exotic Muon Decay ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit X}}$
EICHLER 1986
PL B175 101 Limits for Short Lived Neutral Particle Emitted in ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ or ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ Decay
JODIDIO 1986
PR D34 1967 Search for Right Handed Currents in Muon Decay
BALTRUSAITIS 1985
PRL 55 1842 Tau Leptonic Branching Ratios and a Search for Goldstone Decay
DICUS 1983
PR D28 1778 Upper Bound on the Decay Constant of Familons
| 2017-11-23T10:57:25 |
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|
https://cs.overleaf.com/articles/forces-primer/rgtvpjrkyvfp
|
# Forces Primer
Author
David DeMuth, Jr.
View Count
3440
License
Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
AbstractSolving the physics problems you are presented with in an introductory course become easier if each time you sit down to solve a problem, you follow a generalized problem-solving strategy that includes sketching pictures.
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https://dakota.sandia.gov/sites/default/files/docs/6.17.0-release/user-html/usingdakota/advanced/parallelcomputing.html
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# Parallel Computing
## Overview
This chapter describes the various parallel computing capabilities provided by Dakota. We begin with a high-level summary.
Dakota has been designed to exploit a wide range of parallel computing resources such as those found in a desktop multiprocessor workstation, a network of workstations, or a massively parallel computing platform. This parallel computing capability is a critical technology for rendering real-world engineering design problems computationally tractable. Dakota employs the concept of multilevel parallelism, which takes simultaneous advantage of opportunities for parallel execution from multiple sources:
Parallel Simulation Codes: Dakota works equally well with both serial and parallel simulation codes.
Concurrent Execution of Analyses within a Function Evaluation: Some engineering design applications call for the use of multiple simulation code executions (different disciplinary codes, the same code for different load cases or environments, etc.) in order to evaluate a single response data set (e.g., objective functions and constraints) for a single set of parameters. If these simulation code executions are independent (or if coupling is enforced at a higher level), Dakota can perform them concurrently.
Concurrent Execution of Function Evaluations within an Iterator: Many Dakota methods provide opportunities for the concurrent evaluation of response data sets for different parameter sets. Whenever there exists a set of function evaluations that are independent, Dakota can perform them in parallel.
Note
The term function evaluation is used broadly to mean any individual data request from an iterative algorithm
Concurrent Execution of Sub-Iterators within a Meta-iterator or Nested Model: The advanced methods described on the Advanced Methods page are examples of meta-iterators, and the advanced model recursions described on the Advanced Models page all utilize nested models. Both of these cases generate sets of iterator subproblems that can be executed concurrently. For example, the Pareto-set and multi-start strategies generate sets of optimization subproblems. Similarly, optimization under uncertainty generates sets of uncertainty quantification subproblems. Whenever these subproblems are independent, Dakota can perform them in parallel.
It is important to recognize that these four parallelism sources can be combined recursively. For example, a meta-iterator can schedule and manage concurrent iterators, each of which may manage concurrent function evaluations, each of which may manage concurrent analyses, each of which may execute on multiple processors. Moreover, more than one source of sub-iteration concurrency can be exploited when combining meta-iteration and nested model sources. In an extreme example, defining the Pareto frontier for mixed-integer nonlinear programming under mixed aleatory-epistemic uncertainty might exploit up to four levels of nested sub-iterator concurrency in addition to available levels from function evaluation concurrency, analysis concurrency, and simulation parallelism. The majority of application scenarios, however, will employ one to two levels of parallelism.
Navigating the body of this chapter: The range of capabilities is extensive and can be daunting at first; therefore, this chapter takes an incremental approach in first describing the simplest single-level parallel computing models using asynchronous local, message passing, and hybrid approaches. More advanced uses of Dakota can build on this foundation to exploit multiple levels of parallelism.
The chapter concludes with a discussion of using Dakota with applications that run as independent MPI processes (parallel application tiling, for example on a large compute cluster). This last section is a good quick start for interfacing Dakota to your parallel (or serial) application on a cluster.
### Categorization of parallelism
To understand the parallel computing possibilities, it is instructive to first categorize the opportunities for exploiting parallelism into four main areas [EH98], consisting of coarse-grained and fine-grained parallelism opportunities within algorithms and their function evaluations:
1. Algorithmic coarse-grained parallelism: This parallelism involves the concurrent execution of independent function evaluations, where a “function evaluation” is defined as a data request from an algorithm (which may involve value, gradient, and Hessian data from multiple objective and constraint functions). This concept can also be extended to the concurrent execution of multiple “iterators” within a “meta-iterator.” Examples of algorithms containing coarse-grained parallelism include:
• Gradient-based algorithms: finite difference gradient evaluations, speculative optimization, parallel line search.
• Nongradient-based algorithms: genetic algorithms (GAs), pattern search (PS), Monte Carlo sampling.
• Approximate methods: design of computer experiments for building surrogate models.
• Concurrent sub-iteration: optimization under uncertainty, branch and bound, multi-start local search, Pareto set optimization, island-model GAs.
2. Algorithmic fine-grained parallelism: This involves computing the basic computational steps of an optimization algorithm (i.e., the internal linear algebra) in parallel. This is primarily of interest in large-scale optimization problems and simultaneous analysis and design (SAND).
3. Function evaluation coarse-grained parallelism: This involves concurrent computation of separable parts of a single function evaluation. This parallelism can be exploited when the evaluation of the response data set requires multiple independent simulations (e.g. multiple loading cases or operational environments) or multiple dependent analyses where the coupling is applied at the optimizer level (e.g., multiple disciplines in the individual discipline feasible formulation [DL94]).
4. Function evaluation fine-grained parallelism: This involves parallelization of the solution steps within a single analysis code. Support for massively parallel simulation continues to grow in areas of nonlinear mechanics, structural dynamics, heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics, shock physics, and many others.
By definition, coarse-grained parallelism requires very little inter-processor communication and is therefore “embarrassingly parallel,” meaning that there is little loss in parallel efficiency due to communication as the number of processors increases. However, it is often the case that there are not enough separable computations on each algorithm cycle to utilize the thousands of processors available on massively parallel machines. For example, a thermal safety application [EHB+96] demonstrated this limitation with a pattern search optimization in which the maximum speedup exploiting only coarse-grained algorithmic parallelism was shown to be limited by the size of the design problem (coordinate pattern search has at most $$2n$$ independent evaluations per cycle for $$n$$ design variables).
Fine-grained parallelism, on the other hand, involves much more communication among processors and care must be taken to avoid the case of inefficient machine utilization in which the communication demands among processors outstrip the amount of actual computational work to be performed. For example, a chemically-reacting flow application [EH98] illustrated this limitation for a simulation of fixed size in which it was shown that, while simulation run time did monotonically decrease with increasing number of processors, the relative parallel efficiency $$\hat{E}$$ of the computation for fixed model size decreased rapidly (from $$\hat{E} \approx 0.8$$ at 64 processors to $$\hat{E} \approx 0.4$$ at 512 processors). This was due to the fact that the total amount of computation was approximately fixed, whereas the communication demands were increasing rapidly with increasing numbers of processors. Therefore, there is a practical limit on the number of processors that can be employed for fine-grained parallel simulation of a particular model size, and only for extreme model sizes can thousands of processors be efficiently utilized in studies exploiting fine-grained parallelism alone.
These limitations point us to the exploitation of multiple levels of parallelism, in particular the combination of coarse-grained and fine-grained approaches. This will allow us to execute fine-grained parallel simulations on sets of processors where they are most efficient and then replicate this efficiency with many coarse-grained instances involving one or more levels of nested job scheduling.
### Parallel Dakota algorithms
In Dakota, the following parallel algorithms, comprised of iterators and meta-iterators, provide support for coarse-grained algorithmic parallelism. Note that, even if a particular algorithm is serial in terms of its data request concurrency, other concurrency sources (e.g., function evaluation coarse-grained and fine-grained parallelism) may still be available.
#### Parallel iterators
• Gradient-based optimizers: CONMIN, DOT, NLPQL, NPSOL, and OPT++ can all exploit parallelism through the use of Dakota’s native finite differencing routine (selected with in the responses specification), which will perform concurrent evaluations for each of the parameter offsets. For $$n$$ variables, forward differences result in an $$n+1$$ concurrency and central differences result in a $$2n+1$$ concurrency. In addition, CONMIN, DOT, and OPT++ can use speculative gradient techniques [BSS88] to obtain better parallel load balancing. By speculating that the gradient information associated with a given line search point will be used later and computing the gradient information in parallel at the same time as the function values, the concurrency during the gradient evaluation and line search phases can be balanced. NPSOL does not use speculative gradients since this approach is superseded by NPSOL’s gradient-based line search in user-supplied derivative mode. NLPQL also supports a distributed line search capability for generating concurrency [Sch04]. Finally, finite-difference Newton algorithms can exploit additional concurrency in numerically evaluating Hessian matrices.
• Nongradient-based optimizers: HOPSPACK, JEGA methods, and most SCOLIB methods support parallelism. HOPSPACK and SCOLIB methods exploit parallelism through the use of Dakota’s concurrent function evaluations; however, there are some limitations on the levels of concurrency and asynchrony that can be exploited. These are detailed in the Dakota Reference Manual. Serial SCOLIB methods include Solis-Wets (coliny_solis_wets) and certain exploratory_moves options (adaptive_pattern and multi_step) in pattern search (coliny_pattern_search). OPT++ PDS and NCSU DIRECT are also currently serial due to incompatibilities in Dakota and OPT++/NCSU parallelism models. Finally, and support dynamic job queues managed with nonblocking synchronization.
• Least squares methods: in an identical manner to the gradient-based optimizers, NL2SOL, NLSSOL, and Gauss-Newton can exploit parallelism through the use of Dakota’s native finite differencing routine. In addition, NL2SOL and Gauss-Newton can use speculative gradient techniques to obtain better parallel load balancing. NLSSOL does not use speculative gradients since this approach is superseded by NLSSOL’s gradient-based line search in user-supplied derivative mode.
• Surrogate-based minimizers: surrogate_based_local, surrogate_based_global, and efficient_global all support parallelism in the initial surrogate construction, but subsequent concurrency varies. In the case of efficient_global, available concurrency depends on batch_size. In the case of surrogate_based_local, only a single point is generated per subsequent cycle, but derivative concurrency for numerical gradient or Hessian evaluations may be available. And in the case of surrogate_based_global, multiple points may be generated on each subsequent cycle, depending on the multipoint return capability of specific minimizers.
• Parameter studies: all parameter study methods (vector, list, centered, and multidim) support parallelism. These methods avoid internal synchronization points, so all evaluations are available for concurrent execution.
• Design of experiments: all dace (grid, random, oas, lhs, oa_lhs, box_behnken, and central_composite), fsu_quasi_mc (halton and hammersley), fsu_cvt, and psuade_moat methods support parallelism.
• Uncertainty quantification: all nondeterministic methods (sampling, reliability, stochastic expansion, and epistemic) support parallelism. In the case of gradient-based methods (local_reliability, local_interval_est) parallelism can be exploited through the use of Dakota’s native finite differencing routine for computing gradients. In the case of many global methods (e.g., global_reliability, global_interval_est, polynomial_chaos) initial surrogate construction is highly parallel, but any subsequent (adaptive) refinement may have greater concurrency restrictions (including a single point per refinement cycle in some cases).
Certain advanced methods support concurrency in multiple iterator executions. Currently, the methods which can exploit this level of parallelism are:
• Hybrid minimization: when the sequential hybrid transfers multiple solution points between methods, single-point minimizers will be executed concurrently using each of the transferred solution points.
• Pareto-set optimization: a meta-iterator for multiobjective optimization using the simple weighted-sum approach for computing sets of points on the Pareto front of nondominated solutions.
• Multi-start iteration: a meta-iterator for executing multiple instances of an iterator from different starting points.
The hybrid minimization case will display varying levels of iterator concurrency based on differing support of multipoint solution input/output between iterators; however, the use of multiple parallel configurations among the iterator sequence should prevent parallel inefficiencies. On the other hand, pareto-set and multi-start have a fixed set of jobs to perform and should exhibit good load balancing.
#### Parallel models
Parallelism support in model is an important issue for advanced model recursions such as surrogate-based minimization, optimization under uncertainty, and mixed aleatory-epistemic UQ (see the Advanced Method and Advanced Model pages). Support is as follows:
• Single model: parallelism is managed as specified in the model’s associated interface instance.
• Recast model: most parallelism is forwarded on to the sub-model. An exception to this is finite differencing in the presence of variable scaling. Since it is desirable to perform offsets in the scaled space (and avoid minimum step size tolerances), this parallelism is not forwarded to the sub-model, instead being enacted at the recast level.
• Data fit surrogate model: parallelism is supported in the construction of global surrogate models via the concurrent evaluation of points generated by design of experiments methods. Local and multipoint approximations evaluate only a single point at a time, so concurrency is available only from any numerical differencing required for gradient and Hessian data. Since the top-level iterator is interfaced only with the (inexpensive) surrogate, no parallelism is exploited there. Load balancing can be an important issue when performing evaluations to (adaptively) update existing surrogate models.
• Hierarchical surrogate model: parallelism is supported for the low or the high fidelity models, and in some contexts, for both models at the same time. In the multifidelity optimization context, the optimizer is interfaced only with the low-fidelity model, and the high-fidelity model is used only for verifications and correction updating. For this case, the algorithmic coarse-grained parallelism supported by the optimizer is enacted on the low fidelity model and the only parallelism available for high fidelity executions arises from any numerical differencing required for high-fidelity gradient and Hessian data. In contexts that compute model discrepancies, such as multifidelity UQ, the algorithmic concurrency involves evaluation of both low and high fidelity models, so parallel schedulers can exploit simultaneous concurrency for both models.
• Nested model: concurrent executions of the optional interface and concurrent executions of the sub-iterator are supported and are synchronized in succession. Currently, synchronization is blocking (all concurrent evaluations are completed before new batches are scheduled); nonblocking schedulers (see Single-level parallelism) may be supported in time. Nested model concurrency and meta-iterator concurrency (Advanced methods) may be combined within an arbitrary number of levels of recursion. Primary clients for this capability include optimization under uncertainty and mixed aleatory-epistemic UQ.
## Single-level parallelism
Dakota’s parallel facilities support a broad range of computing hardware, from custom massively parallel supercomputers on the high end, to clusters and networks of workstations in the middle range, to desktop multiprocessors on the low end. Given the reduced scale in the middle to low ranges, it is more common to exploit only one of the levels of parallelism; however, this can still be quite effective in reducing the time to obtain a solution. Three single-level parallelism models will be discussed, and are depicted in Fig. 59:
• asynchronous local: Dakota executes on a single processor, but launches multiple jobs concurrently using asynchronous job launching techniques.
• message passing: Dakota executes in parallel using message passing to communicate between processors. A single job is launched per processor using synchronous job launching techniques.
• hybrid: a combination of message passing and asynchronous local. Dakota executes in parallel across multiple processors and launches concurrent jobs on each processor.
In each of these cases, jobs are executing concurrently and must be collected in some manner for return to an algorithm. Blocking and nonblocking approaches are provided for this, where the blocking approach is used in most cases:
• blocking synchronization: all jobs in the queue are completed before exiting the scheduler and returning the set of results to the algorithm. The job queue fills and then empties completely, which provides a synchronization point for the algorithm.
• nonblocking synchronization: the job queue is dynamic, with jobs entering and leaving continuously. There are no defined synchronization points for the algorithm, which requires specialized algorithm logic. Sometimes referred to as “fully asynchronous” algorithms, these currently include coliny_pattern_search, asynch_pattern_search, and efficient_global with the nonblocking option.
Given these job management capabilities, it is worth noting that the popular term “asynchronous” can be ambiguous when used in isolation. In particular, it can be important to qualify whether one is referring to “asynchronous job launch” (synonymous with any of the three concurrent job launch approaches described above) or “asynchronous job recovery” (synonymous with the latter nonblocking job synchronization approach).
### Asynchronous Local Parallelism
This section describes software components which manage simulation invocations local to a processor. These invocations may be either synchronous (i.e., blocking) or asynchronous (i.e., nonblocking). Synchronous evaluations proceed one at a time with the evaluation running to completion before control is returned to Dakota. Asynchronous evaluations are initiated such that control is returned to Dakota immediately, prior to evaluation completion, thereby allowing the initiation of additional evaluations which will execute concurrently.
The synchronous local invocation capabilities are used in two contexts: (1) by themselves to provide serial execution on a single processor, and (2) in combination with Dakota’s message-passing schedulers to provide function evaluations local to each processor. Similarly, the asynchronous local invocation capabilities are used in two contexts: (1) by themselves to launch concurrent jobs from a single processor that rely on external means (e.g., operating system, job queues) for assignment to other processors, and (2) in combination with Dakota’s message-passing schedulers to provide a hybrid parallelism. Thus, Dakota supports any of the four combinations of synchronous or asynchronous local combined with message passing or without.
Asynchronous local schedulers may be used for managing concurrent function evaluations requested by an iterator or for managing concurrent analyses within each function evaluation. The former iterator/evaluation concurrency supports either blocking (all jobs in the queue must be completed by the scheduler) or nonblocking (dynamic job queue may shrink or expand) synchronization, where blocking synchronization is used by most iterators and nonblocking synchronization is used by fully asynchronous algorithms such as asynch_pattern_search, coliny_pattern_search, and efficient_global with the nonblocking option. The latter evaluation/analysis concurrency is restricted to blocking synchronization. The “Asynchronous Local” column in Table 14 summarizes these capabilities.
Dakota supports three local simulation invocation approaches based on the direct function, system call, and fork simulation interfaces. For each of these cases, an input filter, one or more analysis drivers, and an output filter make up the interface, as described in Simulation Interface Components.
#### Direct function synchronization
The direct function capability may be used synchronously. Synchronous operation of the direct function simulation interface involves a standard procedure call to the input filter, if present, followed by calls to one or more simulations, followed by a call to the output filter, if present (refer to Simulation Interface Components for additional details and examples). Each of these components must be linked as functions within Dakota. Control does not return to the calling code until the evaluation is completed and the response object has been populated.
Asynchronous operation will be supported in the future and will involve the use of multithreading (e.g., POSIX threads) to accomplish multiple simultaneous simulations. When spawning a thread (e.g., using pthread_create), control returns to the calling code after the simulation is initiated. In this way, multiple threads can be created simultaneously. An array of responses corresponding to the multiple threads of execution would then be recovered in a synchronize operation (e.g., using pthread_join).
#### System call synchronization
The system call capability may be used synchronously or asynchronously. In both cases, the system utility from the standard C library is used. Synchronous operation of the system call simulation interface involves spawning the system call (containing the filters and analysis drivers bound together with parentheses and semi-colons) in the foreground. Control does not return to the calling code until the simulation is completed and the response file has been written. In this case, the possibility of a race condition (see below) does not exist and any errors during response recovery will cause an immediate abort of the Dakota process.
Note
Detection of the string “fail” is not a response recovery error; see Simulation Failure Capturing.
Asynchronous operation involves spawning the system call in the background, continuing with other tasks (e.g., spawning other system calls), periodically checking for process completion, and finally retrieving the results. An array of responses corresponding to the multiple system calls is recovered in a synchronize operation.
In this synchronize operation, completion of a function evaluation is detected by testing for the existence of the evaluation’s results file using the stat utility [KR88]. Care must be taken when using asynchronous system calls since they are prone to the race condition in which the results file passes the existence test but the recording of the function evaluation results in the file is incomplete. In this case, the read operation performed by Dakota will result in an error due to an incomplete data set. In order to address this problem, Dakota contains exception handling which allows for a fixed number of response read failures per asynchronous system call evaluation. The number of allowed failures must have a limit, so that an actual response format error (unrelated to the race condition) will eventually abort the system. Therefore, to reduce the possibility of exceeding the limit on allowable read failures, the user’s interface should minimize the amount of time an incomplete results file exists in the directory where its status is being tested. This can be accomplished through two approaches: (1) delay the creation of the results file until the simulation computations are complete and all of the response data is ready to be written to the results file, or (2) perform the simulation computations in a subdirectory, and as a last step, move the completed results file into the main working directory where its existence is being queried.
If concurrent simulations are executing in a shared disk space, then care must be taken to maintain independence of the simulations. In particular, the parameters and results files used to communicate between Dakota and the simulation, as well as any other files used by this simulation, must be protected from other files of the same name used by the other concurrent simulations. With respect to the parameters and results files, these files may be made unique through the use of the file_tag option (e.g., params.in.1, results.out.1) or the default temporary file option (e.g., /var/tmp/aaa0b2Mfv). However, if additional simulation files must be protected (e.g., model.i, model.o, model.g, model.e), then an effective approach is to create a tagged working subdirectory for each simulation instance. The Interfaces page provides an example system call interface that demonstrates both the use of tagged working directories and the relocation of completed results files to avoid the race condition.
#### Fork synchronization
The fork capability is quite similar to the system call; however, it has the advantage that asynchronous fork invocations can avoid the results file race condition that may occur with asynchronous system calls (See the Interfaces page discussion on choosing between fork and system). The fork interface invokes the filters and analysis drivers using the fork and exec family of functions, and completion of these processes is detected using the wait family of functions. Since wait is based on a process id handle rather than a file existence test, an incomplete results file is not an issue.
Depending on the platform, the fork simulation interface executes either a vfork or a fork call. These calls generate a new child process with its own UNIX process identification number, which functions as a copy of the parent process (dakota). The execvp function is then called by the child process, causing it to be replaced by the analysis driver or filter. For synchronous operation, the parent dakota process then awaits completion of the forked child process through a blocking call to waitpid. On most platforms, the fork/exec procedure is efficient since it operates in a copy-on-write mode, and no copy of the parent is actually created. Instead, the parents address space is borrowed until the exec function is called.
The fork/exec behavior for asynchronous operation is similar to that for synchronous operation, the only difference being that dakota invokes multiple simulations through the fork/exec procedure prior to recovering response results for these jobs using the wait function. The combined use of fork/exec and wait functions in asynchronous mode allows the scheduling of a specified number of concurrent function evaluations and/or concurrent analyses.
#### Asynchronous Local Example
The test file dakota/share/dakota/test/dakota_dace.in computes 49 orthogonal array samples, which may be evaluated concurrently using parallel computing. When executing Dakota with this input file on a single processor, the following execution syntax may be used:
dakota -i dakota_dace.in
For serial execution (the default), the interface specification within dakota_dace.in would appear similar to
interface,
system
analysis_driver = 'text_book'
which results in function evaluation output similar to the following (for output set to quiet mode):
>>>>> Running dace iterator.
DACE method = 12 Samples = 49 Symbols = 7 Seed (user-specified) = 5
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 1
------------------------------
text_book /tmp/fileia6gVb /tmp/filedDo5MH
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 2
------------------------------
text_book /tmp/fileyfkQGd /tmp/fileAbmBAJ
<snip>
<<<<< Iterator dace completed.
where it is evident that each function evaluation is being performed sequentially.
For parallel execution using asynchronous local approaches, the Dakota execution syntax is unchanged as Dakota is still launched on a single processor. However, the interface specification is augmented to include the asynchronous keyword with optional concurrency limiter to indicate that multiple analysis_driver instances will be executed concurrently:
interface,
system asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 4
analysis_driver = 'text_book'
which results in output excerpts similar to the following:
>>>>> Running dace iterator.
DACE method = 12 Samples = 49 Symbols = 7 Seed (user-specified) = 5
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 1
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 1 added to I1 queue)
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 2
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 2 added to I1 queue)
<snip>
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 49
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 49 added to I1 queue)
Blocking synchronize of 49 asynchronous evaluations
First pass: initiating 4 local asynchronous jobs
Initiating I1 evaluation 1
text_book /tmp/fileuLcfBp /tmp/file6XIhpm &
Initiating I1 evaluation 2
text_book /tmp/fileeC29dj /tmp/fileIdA22f &
Initiating I1 evaluation 3
text_book /tmp/fileuhCESc /tmp/fileajLgI9 &
Initiating I1 evaluation 4
text_book /tmp/filevJHMy6 /tmp/fileHFKip3 &
Second pass: scheduling 45 remaining local asynchronous jobs
Waiting on completed jobs
I1 evaluation 1 has completed
I1 evaluation 2 has completed
I1 evaluation 3 has completed
Initiating I1 evaluation 5
text_book /tmp/fileISsjh0 /tmp/fileSaek9W &
Initiating I1 evaluation 6
text_book /tmp/filefN271T /tmp/fileSNYVUQ &
Initiating I1 evaluation 7
text_book /tmp/filebAQaON /tmp/fileaMPpHK &
I1 evaluation 49 has completed
<snip>
<<<<< Iterator dace completed.
where it is evident that each of the 49 jobs is first queued and then a blocking synchronization is performed. This synchronization uses a simple scheduler that initiates 4 jobs and then replaces completing jobs with new ones until all 49 are complete.
The default job concurrency for asynchronous local parallelism is all that is available from the algorithm (49 in this case), which could be too many for the computational resources or their usage policies. The concurrency level specification (4 in this case) instructs the scheduler to keep 4 jobs running concurrently, which would be appropriate for, e.g., a dual-processor dual-core workstation. In this case, it is the operating system’s responsibility to assign the concurrent text_book jobs to available processors/cores. Specifying greater concurrency than that supported by the hardware will result in additional context switching within a multitasking operating system and will generally degrade performance. Note however that, in this example, there are a total of 5 processes running, one for Dakota and four for the concurrent function evaluations. Since the Dakota process checks periodically for job completion and sleeps in between checks, it is relatively lightweight and does not require a dedicated processor.
#### Local evaluation scheduling options
The default behavior for asynchronous local parallelism is for Dakota to dispatch the next evaluation the local queue when one completes (and can optionally be specified by local_evaluation_scheduling dynamic. In some cases, the simulation code interface benefits from knowing which job number will replace a completed job. This includes some modes of application tiling with certain MPI implementations, where sending a job to the correct subset of available processors is done with relative node scheduling. The keywords local_evaluation_scheduling static forces this behavior, so a completed evaluation will be replaced with one congruent modulo the evaluation concurrency. For example, with 6 concurrent jobs, eval number 2 will be replaced with eval number 8. Examples of this usage can be seen in dakota/share/dakota/examples/parallelism.
### Message Passing Parallelism
Dakota uses a “single program-multiple data” (SPMD) parallel programming model. It uses message-passing routines from the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard [GLS94][SOHL+96] to communicate data between processors. The SPMD designation simply denotes that the same Dakota executable is loaded on all processors during the parallel invocation. This differs from the MPMD model (“multiple program-multiple data”) which would have the Dakota executable on one or more processors communicating directly with simulator executables on other processors. The MPMD model has some advantages, but heterogeneous executable loads are not supported by all parallel environments. Moreover, the MPMD model requires simulation code intrusion on the same order as conversion to a subroutine, so subroutine conversion (see Developing a Direct Simulation Interface) in a direct-linked SPMD model is preferred.
#### Partitioning
A level of message passing parallelism can use either of two processor partitioning models:
• Dedicated master: a single processor is dedicated to scheduling operations and the remaining processors are split into server partitions.
• Peer partition: all processors are allocated to server partitions and the loss of a processor to scheduling is avoided.
These models are depicted in Fig. 60. The peer partition is desirable since it utilizes all processors for computation; however, it requires either the use of sophisticated mechanisms for distributed scheduling or a problem for which static scheduling of concurrent work performs well (see Scheduling below). If neither of these characteristics is present, then use of the dedicated master partition supports a dynamic scheduling which assures that server idleness is minimized.
#### Scheduling
The following scheduling approaches are available within a level of message passing parallelism:
• Dynamic scheduling: in the dedicated master model, the master processor manages a single processing queue and maintains a prescribed number of jobs (usually one) active on each slave. Once a slave server has completed a job and returned its results, the master assigns the next job to this slave. Thus, the job assignment on the master adapts to the job completion speed on the slaves. This provides a simple dynamic scheduler in that heterogeneous processor speeds and/or job durations are naturally handled, provided there are sufficient instances scheduled through the servers to balance the variation. In the case of a peer partition, dynamic schedulers can also be employed, provided that peer 1 can employ nonblocking synchronization of its local evaluations. This allows it to balance its local work with servicing job assignments and returns from the other peers.
• Static scheduling: if scheduling is statically determined at start-up, then no master processor is needed to direct traffic and a peer partitioning approach is applicable. If the static schedule is a good one (ideal conditions), then this approach will have superior performance. However, heterogeneity, when not known a priori, can very quickly degrade performance since there is no mechanism to adapt.
Message passing schedulers may be used for managing concurrent sub-iterator executions within a meta-iterator, concurrent evaluations within an iterator, or concurrent analyses within an evaluation. In the former and latter cases, the message passing scheduler is currently restricted to blocking synchronization, in that all jobs in the queue are completed before exiting the scheduler and returning the set of results to the algorithm. Nonblocking message-passing scheduling is supported for the iterator–evaluation concurrency level in support of fully asynchronous algorithms (e.g., asynch_pattern_search, coliny_pattern_search, and efficient_global) that avoid synchronization points that can harm scaling.
Message passing is also used within a fine-grained parallel simulation code, although this is separate from Dakota’s capabilities (Dakota may, at most, pass a communicator partition to the simulation). The “Message Passing” column in Table 14 summarizes these capabilities.
#### Message Passing Example
Revisiting the test file dakota_dace.in, Dakota will now compute the 49 orthogonal array samples using a message passing approach. In this case, a parallel launch utility is used to execute Dakota across multiple processors using syntax similar to the following:
mpirun -np 5 -machinefile machines dakota -i dakota_dace.in
Since the asynchronous local parallelism will not be used, the interface specification does not include the asynchronous keyword and would appear similar to:
interface,
system
analysis_driver = 'text_book'
The relevant excerpts from the Dakota output for a dedicated master partition and dynamic schedule, the default when the maximum concurrency (49) exceeds the available capacity (5), would appear similar to the following:
Running MPI Dakota executable in parallel on 5 processors.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DAKOTA parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 5 1 peer
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1 (1 dakota, 0 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>> Executing environment.
>>>>> Running dace iterator.
DACE method = 12 Samples = 49 Symbols = 7 Seed (user-specified) = 5
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 1
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 1 added to I1 queue)
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 2
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 2 added to I1 queue)
<snip>
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 49
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 49 added to I1 queue)
Blocking synchronize of 49 asynchronous evaluations
Peer dynamic schedule: first pass assigning 4 jobs among 4 remote peers
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 1 to peer 2
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 2 to peer 3
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 3 to peer 4
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 4 to peer 5
Peer dynamic schedule: first pass launching 1 local jobs
Initiating I1 evaluation 5
text_book /tmp/file5LRsBu /tmp/fileT2mS65 &
Peer dynamic schedule: second pass scheduling 44 remaining jobs
Initiating I1 evaluation 5
text_book /tmp/file5LRsBu /tmp/fileT2mS65 &
Peer dynamic schedule: second pass scheduling 44 remaining jobs
I1 evaluation 5 has completed
Initiating I1 evaluation 6
text_book /tmp/fileZJaODH /tmp/filewoUJaj &
I1 evaluation 2 has returned from peer server 3
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 7 to peer 3
I1 evaluation 4 has returned from peer server 5
<snip>
I1 evaluation 46 has returned from peer server 2
I1 evaluation 49 has returned from peer server 5
<<<<< Function evaluation summary (I1): 49 total (49 new, 0 duplicate)
<<<<< Iterator dace completed.
where it is evident that each of the 49 jobs is first queued and then a blocking synchronization is performed. This synchronization uses a dynamic scheduler that initiates five jobs, one on each of five evaluation servers, and then replaces completing jobs with new ones until all 49 are complete. It is important to note that job execution local to each of the four servers is synchronous.
### Hybrid Parallelism
The asynchronous local approaches described in the Asynchronous Local Parallelism section can be considered to rely on external scheduling mechanisms, since it is generally the operating system or some external queue/load sharing software that allocates jobs to processors. Conversely, the message-passing approaches described in Message Passing Parallelism rely on internal scheduling mechanisms to distribute work among processors. These two approaches provide building blocks which can be combined in a variety of ways to manage parallelism at multiple levels. At one extreme, Dakota can execute on a single processor and rely completely on external means to map all jobs to processors (i.e., using asynchronous local approaches). At the other extreme, Dakota can execute on many processors and manage all levels of parallelism, including the parallel simulations, using completely internal approaches (i.e., using message passing at all levels as in Fig. 63). While all-internal or all-external approaches are common cases, many additional approaches exist between the two extremes in which some parallelism is managed internally and some is managed externally.
These combined approaches are referred to as hybrid parallelism, since the internal distribution of work based on message-passing is being combined with external allocation using asynchronous local approaches.
Note
The term “hybrid parallelism” is often used to describe the combination of MPI message passing and OpenMP shared memory parallelism models. This can be considered to be a special case of the meaning here, as OpenMP is based on threads, which is analagous to asynchronous local usage of the direct simulation interface.
Fig. 59 depicts the asynchronous local, message-passing, and hybrid approaches for a dedicated-master partition. Approaches (b) and (c) both use MPI message-passing to distribute work from the master to the slaves, and approaches (a) and (c) both manage asynchronous jobs local to a processor. The hybrid approach (c) can be seen to be a combination of (a) and (b) since jobs are being internally distributed to slave servers through message-passing and each slave server is managing multiple concurrent jobs using an asynchronous local approach. From a different perspective, one could consider (a) and (b) to be special cases within the range of configurations supported by (c). The hybrid approach is useful for supercomputers that maintain a service/compute node distinction and for supercomputers or networks of workstations that involve clusters of symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs). In the service/compute node case, concurrent multiprocessor simulations are launched into the compute nodes from the service node partition. While an asynchronous local approach from a single service node would be sufficient, spreading the application load by running Dakota in parallel across multiple service nodes results in better performance . If the number of concurrent jobs to be managed in the compute partition exceeds the number of available service nodes, then hybrid parallelism is the preferred approach. In the case of a cluster of SMPs (or network of multiprocessor workstations), message-passing can be used to communicate between SMPs, and asynchronous local approaches can be used within an SMP. Hybrid parallelism can again result in improved performance, since the total number of Dakota MPI processes is reduced in comparison to a pure message-passing approach over all processors.
Hybrid schedulers may be used for managing concurrent evaluations within an iterator or concurrent analyses within an evaluation. In the former case, blocking or nonblocking synchronization can be used, whereas the latter case is restricted to blocking synchronization. The “Hybrid” column in Table 14 summarizes these capabilities.
#### Hybrid Example
Revisiting the test file dakota_dace.in, Dakota will now compute the 49 orthogonal array samples using a hybrid approach. As for the message passing case, a parallel launch utility is used to execute Dakota across multiple processors:
mpirun -np 5 -machinefile machines dakota -i dakota_dace.in
Since the asynchronous local parallelism will also be used, the interface specification includes the asynchronous keyword and appears similar to
interface,
system asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 2
analysis_driver = 'text_book'
In the hybrid case, the specification of the desired concurrency level must be included, since the default is no longer all available (as it is for asynchronous local parallelism). Rather the default is to employ message passing parallelism, and hybrid parallelism is only available through the specification of asynchronous concurrency greater than one.
The relevant excerpts of the Dakota output for a peer partition and dynamic schedule , the default when the maximum concurrency (49) exceeds the maximum available capacity (10), would appear similar to the following:
Running MPI Dakota executable in parallel on 5 processors.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DAKOTA parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 5 1 peer
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1 (1 dakota, 0 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>> Executing environment.
>>>>> Running dace iterator.
DACE method = 12 Samples = 49 Symbols = 7 Seed (user-specified) = 5
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 1
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 1 added to I1 queue)
------------------------------
Begin I1 Evaluation 2
------------------------------
(Asynchronous job 2 added to I1 queue)
<snip>
Blocking synchronize of 49 asynchronous evaluations
Peer dynamic schedule: first pass assigning 8 jobs among 4 remote peers
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 1 to peer 2
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 2 to peer 3
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 3 to peer 4
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 4 to peer 5
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 6 to peer 2
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 7 to peer 3
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 8 to peer 4
Peer 1 assigning I1 evaluation 9 to peer 5
Peer dynamic schedule: first pass launching 2 local jobs
Initiating I1 evaluation 5
text_book /tmp/fileJU1Ez2 /tmp/fileVGZzEX &
Initiating I1 evaluation 10
text_book /tmp/fileKfUgKS /tmp/fileMgZXPN &
Peer dynamic schedule: second pass scheduling 39 remaining jobs
<snip>
I1 evaluation 49 has completed
I1 evaluation 43 has returned from peer server 2
I1 evaluation 44 has returned from peer server 3
I1 evaluation 48 has returned from peer server 4
I1 evaluation 47 has returned from peer server 2
I1 evaluation 45 has returned from peer server 3
<<<<< Function evaluation summary (I1): 49 total (49 new, 0 duplicate)
<<<<< Iterator dace completed.
where it is evident that each of the 49 jobs is first queued and then a blocking synchronization is performed. This synchronization uses a dynamic scheduler that initiates ten jobs, two on each of five evaluation servers, and then replaces completing jobs with new ones until all 49 are complete. It is important to note that job execution local to each of the four servers is asynchronous.
## Multilevel parallelism
Parallel computing resources within the Department of Energy national laboratories continue to rapidly grow. In order to harness the power of these machines for performing design, uncertainty quantification, and other systems analyses, parallel algorithms are needed which are scalable to thousands of processors.
Dakota supports an open-ended number of levels of nested parallelism which, as described in the Overview above, can be categorized into three types of concurrent job scheduling and four types of parallelism: (a) concurrent iterators within a meta-iterator (scheduled by Dakota), (b) concurrent function evaluations within each iterator (scheduled by Dakota), (c) concurrent analyses within each function evaluation (scheduled by Dakota), and (d) multiprocessor analyses (work distributed by a parallel analysis code). In combination, these parallelism levels can minimize efficiency losses and achieve near linear scaling on MP computers. Types (a) and (b) are classified as algorithmic coarse-grained parallelism, type (c) is function evaluation coarse-grained parallelism, and type (d) is function evaluation fine-grained parallelism (see Categorization of parallelism). Algorithmic fine-grained parallelism is not currently supported in Dakota, although this picture is rapidly evolving.
A particular application may support one or more of these parallelism types, and Dakota provides for convenient selection and combination of multiple levels. If multiple types of parallelism can be exploited, then the question may arise as to how the amount of parallelism at each level should be selected so as to maximize the overall parallel efficiency of the study. For performance analysis of multilevel parallelism formulations and detailed discussion of these issues, refer to . In many cases, the user may simply employ Dakota’s automatic parallelism configuration facilities, which implement the recommendations from the aforementioned paper.
Fig. 61 and Fig. 62 show typical fixed-size scaling performance using a modified version of the extended textbook problem. Three levels of parallelism (concurrent evaluations within an iterator, concurrent analyses within each evaluation, and multiprocessor analyses) are exercised within a modest partition of processors (circa year 2000). Despite the use of a fixed problem size and the presence of some idleness within the scheduling at multiple levels, the efficiency is still reasonably high. Greater efficiencies are obtainable for scaled speedup studies (or for larger problems in fixed-size studies) and for problems optimized for minimal scheduler idleness (by, e.g., managing all concurrency in as few scheduling levels as possible). Note that speedup and efficiency are measured relative to the case of a single instance of a multiprocessor analysis, since it was desired to investigate the effectiveness of the Dakota schedulers independent from the efficiency of the parallel analysis.
### Asynchronous Local Parallelism
In most cases, the use of asynchronous local parallelism is the termination point for multilevel parallelism, in that any level of parallelism lower than an asynchronous local level will be serialized (see discussion in the following section Hybrid Parallelism). The exception to this rule is reforking of forked processes for concurrent analyses within forked evaluations. In this case, a new process is created using fork for one of several concurrent evaluations; however, the new process is not replaced immediately using exec. Rather, the new process is reforked to create additional child processes for executing concurrent analyses within each concurrent evaluation process. This capability is not supported by system calls and provides one of the key advantages to using fork over system.
### Message Passing Parallelism
#### Partitioning of levels
Dakota uses MPI communicators to identify groups of processors. The global MPI_COMM_WORLD communicator provides the total set of processors allocated to the Dakota run. MPI_COMM_WORLD can be partitioned into new intra-communicators which each define a set of processors to be used for a multiprocessor server. Each of these servers may be further partitioned to nest one level of parallelism within the next. At the lowest parallelism level, these intra-communicators can be passed into a simulation for use as the simulation’s computational context, provided that the simulation has been designed, or can be modified, to be modular on a communicator (i.e., it does not assume ownership of MPI_COMM_WORLD). New intra-communicators are created with the MPI_Comm_split routine, and in order to send messages between these intra-communicators, new inter-communicators are created with calls to MPI_Intercomm_create.
Multiple parallel configurations (containing a set of communicator partitions) are allocated for use in studies with multiple iterators and models (e.g., 16 servers of 64 processors each could be used for iteration on a lower fidelity model, followed by two servers of 512 processors each for subsequent iteration on a higher fidelity model), and can be alternated at run time. Each of the parallel configurations are allocated at object construction time and are reported at the beginning of the Dakota output.
Each tier within Dakota’s nested parallelism hierarchy can use the dedicated master and peer partition approaches described above in the Partitioning section. To recursively partition the subcommunicators of Fig. 60, COMM1/2/3 in the dedicated master or peer partition case would be further subdivided using the appropriate partitioning model for the next lower level of parallelism.
#### Scheduling within levels
Dakota is designed to allow the freedom to configure each parallelism level with either the dedicated master partition/dynamic scheduling combination or the peer partition/static scheduling combination. In addition, the iterator-evaluation level supports a peer partition/dynamic scheduling option, and certain external libraries may provide custom options.
As an example, Fig. 63 shows a case in which a branch and bound meta-iterator employs peer partition/distributed scheduling at level 1, each optimizer partition employs concurrent function evaluations in a dedicated master partition/dynamic scheduling model at level 2, and each function evaluation partition employs concurrent multiprocessor analyses in a peer partition/static scheduling model at level 3. In this case, MPI_COMM_WORLD is subdivided into $$optCOMM1/2/3/.../\tau_{1}$$, each $$optCOMM$$ is further subdivided into $$evalCOMM0$$ (master) and $$evalCOMM1/2/3/.../\tau_{2}$$ (slaves), and each slave $$evalCOMM$$ is further subdivided into $$analysisCOMM1/2/3/.../\tau_{3}$$. Logic for selecting the $$\tau_i$$ that maximize overall efficiency is discussed in .
### Hybrid Parallelism
Hybrid parallelism approaches can take several forms when used in the multilevel parallel context. A conceptual boundary can be considered to exist for which all parallelism above the boundary is managed internally using message-passing and all parallelism below the boundary is managed externally using asynchronous local approaches. Hybrid parallelism approaches can then be categorized based on whether this boundary between internal and external management occurs within a parallelism level (intra-level) or between two parallelism levels (inter-level). In the intra-level case, the jobs for the parallelism level containing the boundary are scheduled using a hybrid scheduler, in which a capacity multiplier is used for the number of jobs to assign to each server. Each server is then responsible for concurrently executing its capacity of jobs using an asynchronous local approach. In the inter-level case, one level of parallelism manages its parallelism internally using a message-passing approach and the next lower level of parallelism manages its parallelism externally using an asynchronous local approach. That is, the jobs for the higher level of parallelism are scheduled using a standard message-passing scheduler, in which a single job is assigned to each server. However, each of these jobs has multiple components, as managed by the next lower level of parallelism, and each server is responsible for executing these sub-components concurrently using an asynchronous local approach.
For example, consider a multiprocessor Dakota run which involves an iterator scheduling a set of concurrent function evaluations across a cluster of SMPs. A hybrid parallelism approach will be applied in which message-passing parallelism is used between SMPs and asynchronous local parallelism is used within each SMP. In the hybrid intra-level case, multiple function evaluations would be scheduled to each SMP, as dictated by the capacity of the SMPs, and each SMP would manage its own set of concurrent function evaluations using an asynchronous local approach. Any lower levels of parallelism would be serialized. In the hybrid inter-level case, the function evaluations would be scheduled one per SMP, and the analysis components within each of these evaluations would be executed concurrently using asynchronous local approaches within the SMP. Thus, the distinction can be viewed as whether the concurrent jobs on each server in Fig. 59 reflect the same level of parallelism as that being scheduled by the master (intra-level) or one level of parallelism below that being scheduled by the master (inter-level).
## Capability Summary
Table 14 shows a matrix of the supported job management approaches for each of the parallelism levels, with supported simulation interfaces and synchronization approaches shown in parentheses. The concurrent iterator and multiprocessor analysis parallelism levels can only be managed with message-passing approaches. In the former case, this is due to the fact that a separate process or thread for an iterator is not currently supported. The latter case reflects a finer point on the definition of external parallelism management. While a multiprocessor analysis can most certainly be launched (e.g., using mpirun/yod) from one of Dakota’s analysis drivers, resulting in a parallel analysis external to Dakota (which is consistent with asynchronous local and hybrid approaches), this parallelism is not visible to Dakota and therefore does not qualify as parallelism that Dakota manages (and therefore is not included in Table 14). The concurrent evaluation and analysis levels can be managed either with message-passing, asynchronous local, or hybrid techniques, with the exceptions that the direct interface does not support asynchronous operations (asynchronous local or hybrid) at either of these levels and the system call interface does not support asynchronous operations (asynchronous local or hybrid) at the concurrent analysis level. The direct interface restrictions are present since multithreading in not yet supported and the system call interface restrictions result from the inability to manage concurrent analyses within a nonblocking function evaluation system call. Finally, nonblocking synchronization is only supported at the concurrent function evaluation level, although it spans asynchronous local, message passing, and hybrid parallelism options.
Table 14 Support of job management approaches within parallelism levels. Shown in parentheses are supported simulation interfaces and supported synchronization approaches.
Parallelism Level
Asynchronous Local
Message Passing
Hybrid
concurrent iterators within a meta-iterator or nested model
X
(blocking synch)
concurrent function evaluations within an iterator
X
(system, fork)
(blocking, nonblocking)
X
(system, fork, direct) (blocking, nonblocking)
X
(system, fork)
(blocking, nonblocking)
concurrent analyses within a function evaluation
X
(fork only)
(blocking synch)
X
(system, fork, direct)
(blocking synch)
X
(fork only)
(blocking synch)
fine-grained parallel analysis
X
## Running a Parallel Dakota Job
Single-level parallelism provides a few examples of serial and parallel execution of Dakota using asynchronous local, message passing, and hybrid approaches to single-level parallelism. The following sections provides a more complete discussion of the parallel execution syntax and available specification controls.
### Single-processor execution
The command for running Dakota on a single-processor and exploiting asynchronous local parallelism is the same as for running Dakota on a single-processor for a serial study, e.g.:
dakota -i dakota.in > dakota.out
See Dakota Beginner’s tutorial for additional information on single-processor command syntax.
### Multiprocessor execution
Running a Dakota job on multiple processors requires the use of an executable loading facility such as mpirun, mpiexec, poe, or yod. On a network of workstations, the mpirun script is commonly used to initiate a parallel Dakota job, e.g.:
mpirun -np 12 dakota -i dakota.in > dakota.out
mpirun -machinefile machines -np 12 dakota -i dakota.in > dakota.out
where both examples specify the use of 12 processors, the former selecting them from a default system resources file and the latter specifying particular machines in a machine file (see [GL96] for details).
On a massively parallel computer, the familiar mpirun/mpiexec options may be replaced with other launch scripts as dictated by the particular software stack, e.g.:
yod -sz 512 dakota -i dakota.in > dakota.out
In each of these cases, MPI command line arguments are used by MPI (extracted first in the call to MPI_Init) and Dakota command line arguments are used by Dakota (extracted second by Dakota’s command line handler).
Finally, when running on computer resources that employ NQS/PBS batch schedulers, the single-processor dakota command syntax or the multiprocessor mpirun command syntax might be contained within an executable script file which is submitted to the batch queue. For example, a command
qsub -l size=512 run_dakota
could be submitted to a PBS queue for execution. The NQS syntax is similar:
qsub -q snl -lP 512 -lT 6:00:00 run_dakota
These commands allocate 512 compute nodes for the study, and execute the run_dakota script on a service node. If this script contains a single-processor dakota command, then Dakota will execute on a single service node from which it can launch parallel simulations into the compute nodes using analysis drivers that contain yod commands (any yod executions occurring at any level underneath the run_dakota script are mapped to the 512 compute node allocation). If the script submitted to qsub contains a multiprocessor mpirun command, then Dakota will execute across multiple service nodes so that it can spread the application load in either a message-passing or hybrid parallelism approach. Again, analysis drivers containing yod commands would be responsible for utilizing the 512 compute nodes. And, finally, if the script submitted to qsub contains a yod of the dakota executable, then Dakota will execute directly on the compute nodes and manage all of the parallelism internally (note that a yod of this type without a qsub would be mapped to the interactive partition, rather than to the batch partition).
Not all supercomputers employ the same model for service/compute partitions or provide the same support for tiling of concurrent multiprocessor simulations within a single NQS/PBS allocation. For this reason, templates for parallel job configuration are being catalogued within dakota/share/dakota/examples/parallelism (in the software distributions) that are intended to provide guidance for individual machine idiosyncrasies.
Dakota relies on hints from the runtime environment and command line arguments to detect when it has been launched in parallel. Due to the large number of HPC vendors and MPI implementations, parallel launch is not always detected properly. A parallel launch is indicated by the status message
Running MPI Dakota executable in parallel on N processors.
which is written to the console near the beginning of the Dakota run.
Beginning with release 6.5, if Dakota incorrectly detects a parallel launch, automatic detection can be overriden by setting the environment variable DAKOTA_RUN_PARALLEL. If the first character is set to 1, t, or T, Dakota will configure itself to run in parallel. If the variable exists but is set to anything else, Dakota will configure itself to run in serial mode.
## Specifying Parallelism
Given an allotment of processors, Dakota contains logic based on the theoretical work in to automatically determine an efficient parallel configuration, consisting of partitioning and scheduling selections for each of the parallelism levels. This logic accounts for problem size, the concurrency supported by particular iterative algorithms, and any user inputs or overrides.
Concurrency is pushed up for most parallelism levels. That is, available processors will be assigned to concurrency at the higher parallelism levels first as we partition from the top down. If more processors are available than needed for concurrency at a level, then the server size is increased to support concurrency in the next lower level of parallelism. This process is continued until all available processors have been assigned. These assignments can be overridden by the user by specifying a number of servers, processors per server, or both, for the concurrent iterator, evaluation, and analysis parallelism levels. For example, if it is desired to parallelize concurrent analyses within each function evaluation, then an evaluation_servers override would serialize the concurrent function evaluations level and ensure processor availability for concurrent analyses.
The exception to this push up of concurrency occurs for concurrent-iterator parallelism levels, since iterator executions tend to have high variability in duration whenever they utilize feedback of results. For these levels, concurrency is pushed down since it is generally best to serialize the levels with the highest job variation and exploit concurrency elsewhere.
Partition type (master or peer) may also be specified for each level, and peer scheduling type (dynamic or static) may be specified at the level of evaluation concurrency. However, these selections may be overridden by Dakota if they are inconsistent with the number of user-requested servers, processors per server, and available processors.
In the following sections, the user inputs and overrides are described, followed by specification examples for single and multi-processor Dakota executions.
### The interface specification
Specifying parallelism within an interface can involve the use of the asynchronous, evaluation_concurrency, and asynchronous, analysis_concurrency keywords to specify concurrency local to a processor (i.e., asynchronous local parallelism). This specification has dual uses:
• When running Dakota on a single-processor, the asynchronous keyword specifies the use of asynchronous invocations local to the processor (these jobs then rely on external means to be allocated to other processors). The default behavior is to simultaneously launch all function evaluations available from the iterator as well as all available analyses within each function evaluation. In some cases, the default behavior can overload a machine or violate a usage policy, resulting in the need to limit the number of concurrent jobs using the evaluation_concurrency and analysis_concurrency specifications.
• When executing Dakota across multiple processors and managing jobs with a message-passing scheduler, the asynchronous keyword specifies the use of asynchronous invocations local to each server processor, resulting in a hybrid parallelism approach. In this case, the default behavior is one job per server, which must be overridden with an evaluation_concurrency specification and/or an analysis_concurrency specification. When a hybrid parallelism approach is specified, the capacity of the servers (used in the automatic configuration logic) is defined as the number of servers times the number of asynchronous jobs per server.
In both cases, the scheduling of local evaluations is dynamic by default, but may be explicitly selected or overriden using local_evaluation_scheduling dynamic static
In addition, evaluation_servers, processors_per_evaluation, and evaluation_scheduling keywords can be used to override the automatic parallel configuration for concurrent function evaluations. Evaluation scheduling may be selected to be master or peer, where the latter must be further specified to be dynamic or static.
To override the automatic parallelism configuration for concurrent analyses, the analysis_servers and analysis_scheduling keywords may be specified, and the processors_per_analysis keyword can be used to override the automatic parallelism configuration for the size of multiprocessor analyses used in a direct function simulation interface. Scheduling options for this level include master or peer, where the latter is static (no dynamic peer option supported).
### The meta-iterator and nested model specifications
To specify concurrency in sub-iterator executions within meta-iterators (such as sequential) and nested models (such as sub_method_pointer), the iterator_servers, processors_per_iterator, and iterator_scheduling keywords are used to override the automatic parallelism configuration. For this level, the available scheduling options are master or peer, where the latter is static (no dynamic peer option supported). See the method and model commands specification in the Keyword Reference for additional details.
### Single-processor Dakota specification
Specifying a single-processor Dakota job that exploits parallelism through asynchronous local approaches (see Fig. 59a) requires inclusion of the asynchronous keyword in the interface specification. Once the input file is defined, single-processor Dakota jobs are executed using the command syntax described previously in Single-processor execution.
#### Example 1
For example, the following specification runs an NPSOL optimization which will perform asynchronous finite differencing:
method,
npsol_sqp
variables,
continuous_design = 5
initial_point 0.2 0.05 0.08 0.2 0.2
lower_bounds 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.1
upper_bounds 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
interface,
system,
asynchronous
analysis_drivers = 'text_book'
responses,
num_objective_functions = 1
num_nonlinear_inequality_constraints = 2
interval_type central
method_source dakota
no_hessians
Note that method_source dakota selects Dakota’s internal finite differencing routine so that the concurrency in finite difference offsets can be exploited. In this case, central differencing has been selected and 11 function evaluations (one at the current point plus two offsets in each of five variables) can be performed simultaneously for each NPSOL response request. These 11 evaluations will be launched with system calls in the background and presumably assigned to additional processors through the operating system of a multiprocessor compute server or other comparable method. The concurrency specification may be included if it is necessary to limit the maximum number of simultaneous evaluations. For example, if a maximum of six compute processors were available, the command
evaluation_concurrency = 6
could be added to the asynchronous specification within the interface keyword from the preceding example.
#### Example 2
If, in addition, multiple analyses can be executed concurrently within a function evaluation (e.g., from multiple load cases or disciplinary analyses that must be evaluated to compute the response data set), then an input specification similar to the following could be used:
method,
npsol_sqp
variables,
continuous_design = 5
initial_point 0.2 0.05 0.08 0.2 0.2
lower_bounds 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.1
upper_bounds 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
interface,
fork
asynchronous
evaluation_concurrency = 6
analysis_concurrency = 3
analysis_drivers = 'text_book1' 'text_book2' 'text_book3'
responses,
num_objective_functions = 1
num_nonlinear_inequality_constraints = 2
method_source dakota
interval_type central
no_hessians
In this case, the default concurrency with just an asynchronous specification would be all 11 function evaluations and all 3 analyses, which can be limited by the and specifications. The input file above limits the function evaluation concurrency, but not the analysis concurrency (a specification of 3 is the default in this case and could be omitted). Changing the input to evaluation_concurrency = 1 would serialize the function evaluations, and changing the input to analysis_concurrency = 1 would serialize the analyses.
### Multiprocessor Dakota specification
In multiprocessor executions, server evaluations are synchronous (Fig. 59a) by default and the asynchronous keyword is only used if a hybrid parallelism approach (Fig. 59c) is desired. Multiprocessor Dakota jobs are executed using the command syntax described previously in Multiprocessor execution
#### Example 3
To run Example 1 using a message-passing approach, the asynchronous keyword would be removed (since the servers will execute their evaluations synchronously), resulting in the following interface specification:
interface,
system,
analysis_drivers = 'text_book'
Running Dakota on 4 processors (syntax: mpirun -np 4 dakota -i dakota.in) would result in the following parallel configuration report from the Dakota output:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 4 1 peer
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1 (1 dakota, 0 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this case, a peer partition and dynamic scheduling algorithm are automatically selected for the concurrent evaluations. If a dedicated master is desired instead, then this logic could be overriden by adding:
interface,
system,
evaluation_scheduling master
analysis_drivers = 'text_book'
Running Dakota again on 4 processors (syntax: mpirun -np 4 dakota -i dakota.in) would now result in this parallel configuration report:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 3 1 ded. master
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1 (1 dakota, 0 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now the 11 jobs will be dynamically distributed among 3 slave servers, under the control of 1 dedicated master.
As a related example, consider the case where each of the workstations used in the parallel execution has multiple processors. In this case, a hybrid parallelism approach which combines message-passing parallelism with asynchronous local parallelism (see Fig. 59c) would be a good choice. To specify hybrid parallelism, one uses the same asynchronous specification as was used for the single-processor examples, e.g.:
interface,
system
asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 3
analysis_drivers = text_book'
With 3 function evaluations concurrent on each server, the capacity of a 4 processor Dakota execution (syntax: mpirun -np 4 dakota -i dakota.in) has increased to 12 evaluations. Since all 11 jobs can now be scheduled in a single pass, a peer static scheduler is sufficient.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 4 1 peer
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#### Example 4
To run Example 2 using a message-passing approach, the asynchronous specification is again removed:
interface,
fork
analysis_drivers = text_book1' text_book2' text_book3'
Running this example on 6 processors (syntax: mpirun -np 6 dakota -i dakota.in) would result in the following parallel configuration report:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 6 1 peer
concurrent analyses 1 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
in which all of the processors have been assigned to support evaluation concurrency due to the “push up” automatic configuration logic. To assign some of the available processors to the concurrent analysis level, the following input could be used:
interface,
fork
analysis_drivers = text_book1' text_book2' text_book3'
evaluation_scheduling peer static
evaluation_servers = 2
which results in the following 2-level parallel configuration:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 2 3 peer
concurrent analyses 3 1 peer
multiprocessor analysis 1 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The six processors available have been split into two evaluation servers of three processors each, where the three processors in each evaluation server manage the three analyses, one per processor. Note that without the scheduling override, a dedicated master partition at the evaluation level would have been chosen automatically, dividing the six available processors into one evaluation server with three processors and another with two.
Next, consider the following 3-level parallel case, in which text_book1, text_book2, and text_book3 from the previous examples now execute on two processors each. In this case, the processors_per_analysis keyword is added and the fork interface is changed to a direct interface since the fine-grained parallelism of the three simulations is managed internally:
interface,
direct
analysis_drivers = text_book1' text_book2' text_book3'
evaluation_scheduling peer static
evaluation_servers = 2
processors_per_analysis = 2
This results in the following parallel configuration for a 12 processor Dakota run (syntax: mpirun -np 12 dakota -i dakota.in):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent evaluations 2 6 peer
concurrent analyses 3 2 peer
multiprocessor analysis 2 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 3 (2 dakota, 1 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
An important point to recognize is that, since each of the parallel configuration inputs has been tied to the interface specification up to this point, these parallel configurations can be reallocated for each interface in a multi-iterator/multi-model study. For example, a Dakota execution on 40 processors might involve the following two interface specifications:
interface,
direct,
id_interface = 'COARSE'
analysis_driver = 'sim1'
evaluation_scheduling peer dynamic
processors_per_analysis = 5
interface,
direct,
id_interface = 'FINE'
analysis_driver = 'sim2'
evaluation_scheduling peer dynamic
processors_per_analysis = 10
for which the coarse model would employ 8 evaluation servers of 5 processors each and the fine model would employ 4 evaluation servers of 10 processors each.
Next, consider the following 4-level parallel case that employs the Pareto set optimization meta-iterator. In this case, iterator_servers and iterator_scheduling peer requests are included in the method specification:
method,
pareto_set
iterator_servers = 2
iterator_scheduling peer
opt_method_pointer = 'NLP'
random_weight_sets = 4
Adding this pareto_set method specification to the input file from the previous 12 processor example results in the following parallel configuration for a 24 processor Dakota run (syntax: mpirun -np 24 dakota -i dakota.in):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent iterators 2 12 peer
concurrent evaluations 2 6 peer
concurrent analyses 3 2 peer
multiprocessor analysis 2 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 4 (3 dakota, 1 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that for this example, the parallel configuration is written to the file dakota.out.1 because of the use of concurrent iterators.
#### Example 5
As a final example, consider a multi-start optimization conducted on 384 processors. A job of this size must be submitted to the batch queue, using syntax similar to:
qsub -q snl -lP 384 -lT 6:00:00 run_dakota
where the run_dakota script appears as
#!/bin/sh
cd /scratch/<some_workdir>
yod -sz 384 dakota -i dakota.in > dakota.out
the interface specifications from the dakota.in input file appears as
interface,
direct,
analysis_drivers = 'text_book1' 'text_book2' 'text_book3'
evaluation_servers = 8
evaluation_scheduling peer dynamic
processors_per_analysis = 2
and finally, an additional method section is added
method,
multi_start
method_pointer = 'CPS'
iterator_servers = 8
random_starts = 8
The resulting parallel configuration is reported as
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dakota parallel configuration:
Level num_servers procs_per_server partition
----- ----------- ---------------- ---------
concurrent iterators 8 48 peer
concurrent evaluations 8 6 peer
concurrent analyses 3 2 peer
multiprocessor analysis 2 N/A N/A
Total parallelism levels = 4 (3 dakota, 1 analysis)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since the concurrency at each of the nested levels has a multiplicative effect on the number of processors that can be utilized, it is easy to see how large numbers of processors can be put to effective use in reducing the time to reach a solution, even when, as in this example, the concurrency per level is relatively low.
## Application Parallelism Use Cases
This section describes several common use cases for running Dakota on parallel computing clusters with various combinations of Dakota and application parallelism. In three of the four cases addressed, the application launched by Dakota is assumed MPI-enabled and run as an independent parallel process.
The examples/parallelism/ folder in the Dakota installation includes examples of the use cases. In all four, Dakota performs a vector parameter on the textbook test function. The application executed for serial demonstration is the text_book example driver, and for parallel execution, a modified version named text_book_simple_par. Both are located in Dakota’s share/dakota/test/ folder. Dakota uses its fork interface to launch interface scripts written either in Bash or Python, which include mock pre-processing to prepare application input, application execution in serial or parallel, and post-processing of application results to return to Dakota.
The combinations of Dakota and application parallelism are summarized in Table 15. In each case, $$M$$ denotes the total number of processors (or MPI tasks) allocated and $$N$$ denotes the number of processors used by a single application analysis. For most scenarios, Cases 1–3, where Dakota and the application jobs run within a single cluster processor allocation (queued job), are preferred. However for particularly long-running or large jobs, or platforms that not supporting the first scheduling modes, Case 4 may be most appropriate.
Table 15 Application Parallelism Use Cases
Case
Name
Dakota
Application
Notes
1
Massively Serial
parallel
serial
$$M$$ simultaneous application instances, each $$N=1$$ processor
2
Sequential Parallel
serial
parallel
1 simultaneous application instance on $$N$$ processors
3
Evaluation Tiling
serial
parallel
$$M/N$$ simultaneous $$N$$ processor jobs
4
Evaluation Submission
serial
parallel
submit expensive $$N$$ processor application jobs to a scheduler (e.g., qsub)
Relevant example files for each case are included in directories dakota/share/dakota/examples/parallelism/ with the Dakota distribution. These typically include a PBS or SLURM job submission script to launch the Dakota study, a Dakota input file, and a driver script.
### Case 1: Massively Serial — Multiple serial analysis jobs
In this case, Dakota will launch multiple simultaneous single processor application runs (an embarrassingly parallel model). Dakota is run in parallel, making this example an elaboration of the message-passing single-level parallel mode. Specifically in this example, Dakota is run in parallel with $$M=6$$ processors (pbs_submission):
mpiexec -n 6 dakota dakota_pstudy.in
and will launch $$M$$ simultaneous analysis jobs, and as each job completes, another will be launched, until all jobs are complete.
• If the analysis is extremely fast, performance may be improved by launching multiple evaluation jobs local to each Dakota MPI process, specifying
asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = [2 or more]
As discussed in Hybrid Parallelism, combining MPI and local (asynchronous) parallelism in this way is an example of hybrid parallelism.
• Conversely, if the analysis has large memory requirements, Dakota may be launched on fewer than the total number of available cores, which has the effect of increasing the memory available to each MPI task. This is known as undersubscription. In this case, the simulation may still be able to take advantage of thread-based parallelism technologies such as OpenMP. Users are advised to consult their HPC’s documentation or user support to determine how to control the number of MPI tasks launched per compute node.
• Hybrid parallelism is another way to reduce Dakota’s memory footprint. Dakota may be launched in parallel using one MPI task per node and configured to run multiple evaluations concurrently on each node using local parallelism. Suppose it is desired to run 160 concurrent evaluations, and the compute nodes each have 16 processors. The job script should reserve 10 nodes, assign one MPI task per node, and to run Dakota using 10 tasks. The interface section of the Dakota input file should contain:
asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 16
Note: The MPI standard does not support nested calls to MPI_Init. Although some MPI implementations are tolerant of nested calls and work as naively expected, it is not possible generally to launch an MPI-enabled user simulation in parallel beneath Dakota running in parallel. This restriction includes launching parallelized user simulations on one core (i.e. mpiexec -n 1).
### Case 2: Sequential Parallel — One parallel analysis job at a time
This case is relevant for multi-processor analysis jobs, typically where the analysis is expensive (i.e., is long-running or sufficient processors are not available to run more than one simultaneous analysis). Note that for extremely long-running parallel jobs, Case 4 (Evaluation Submission) below may be more appropriate.
In this case, Dakota runs in serial
dakota dakota_pstudy.in
and the driver script launches the application with mpiexec -n K, where $$K \leq M$$, to launch the application code within the processor allocation:
mpiexec -n 6 text_book_par application.in application.out
### Case 3: Evaluation Tiling — Multiple simultaneous parallel analysis jobs
In this case, the nodes or processors (or MPI tasks) of a single job are partitioned into equally-sized tiles. The number of MPI tasks in each tile is $$N$$, the number needed to run the parallel application, and so there are a total of $$M/N$$ tiles, where $$M$$ is the total number of MPI tasks in the allocation. Dakota, which is run serially by the job script, asynchronously launches evaluations, each of which runs a parallel application on an available tile.
It is up to the user to ensure consistency among the number of nodes in the allocation, the number of processors (or MPI tasks) per node, Dakota’s evaluation_concurrency, and the number of processors (or MPI tasks) per parallel application run. For instance, suppose it is desired to perform 10 concurrent runs of a parallel application, each requiring 32 processors. The compute nodes each have 16 processors. The job script must reserve 2 nodes per application run ($$32/16$$) for a total of $$2 \cdot 10 = 20$$ nodes. Dakota’s evaluation_concurrency must be set to 10.
Under ideal circumstances, as Dakota concurrently launches evaluations of the user’s parallel application, the cluster workload manager (e.g. SLURM, PBS) performs load balancing and ensures that the runs “land” on idle resources. In this situation, the Dakota-application interface script is relatively simple; in the execution phase, the application is run using the appropriate parallel launcher (e.g. srun), specifying the number of MPI tasks to use.
However, if load balancing is not automatically handled by the workload manager, and the user does nothing to manage tiling, then all the evaluations may land on the first few nodes, leaving the rest idle and severly degrading performance. Clearly, care must be taken to ensure that evaluations are tiled correctly.
Whether correct evaluation tiling occurs automatically can depend intimately on how the HPC adminstrators configured the workload manager and MPI. Users are advised to perform small-scale experiments to determine whether performance is as expected, and/or to contact their system administrator for guidance.
Dakota provides a few examples and tools to help users orchestrate placement of parallel applications on available resources when the resource manager does not. They are explained in the following sections.
A related consideration is the memory usage of Dakota itself. If the user’s application is memory intensive, it may be desirable to reserve a node or a portion of a node for Dakota to prevent it from degrading the performance of evaluations. It is necessary in this case to determine where the job script, and hence Dakota, is run. Consulting the workload manager’s documenation or the HPC’s system administrator is advised.
#### Mpiexec server mode
Mpiexec (http://www.osc.edu/ pw/mpiexec/) works in concert with MPICH implementations, extending mpirun to run jobs in a PBS environment with additional features. It offers a background server option which can be used to tile multiple MPI jobs within a single parallel resource allocation. (Note that with MPICH, there is a difference between mpirun and mpiexec, unlike with OpenMPI, where both are typically aliases for orterun.) See the example in Case3-EvaluationTiling/MPICH.
In this case, an mpiexec server process is started and backgrounded to service application requests for processors; Dakota runs in serial (pbs_submission):
mpiexec -server &
dakota dakota_pstudy.in
and asynchronously launches $$M/N=3$$ evaluations (dakota_pstudy.in):
interface
fork
asynchronous evaluation_concurrency = 3
analysis_driver = 'text_book_par_driver'
The simulator script calls mpiexec -n 2 to run the analysis in parallel and the mpiexec server assigns a subset of the available processors to the particular MPI task (text_book_par):
mpiexec -n 2 text_book_simple_par application.in application.out
An error will result if more application tasks are launched than the processor allocation permits. An error may result if the application does not exit cleanly. At present similar capability is not supported by OpenMPI, although a daemon mode similar to Mpiexec has been proposed.
#### Relative node scheduling
This Evaluation Tiling variant uses OpenMPI 1.3.3 or newer. It leverages Dakota’s option together with integer arithmetic to schedule each evaluation on the right subset of the processor allocation. A Bash-based example is provided in Case3-EvaluationTiling/OpenMPI. Similar approaches work with some AIX/POE installations as well.
The mpitile utility, released with Dakota 6.6, transparently manages construction of relative node lists when using the OpenMPI command mpirun and the SLURM workload manager. mpitile resides in the Dakota bin/ folder and is a wrapper for mpirun. It uses a file locking mechanism to support dynamic scheduling of evaluations but also has a –static option. Using the –dedicated-master option, either an entire NODE or a TILE can be reserved for Dakota. Running mpitile with the –help option provides a basic description of its options. The script text_book_mpitile_dynamic.sh in the OpenMPI example folder demonstrates usage of mpitile.
mpitile is based on the Python module dakota.interfacing.parallel, also released with Dakota 6.6. Interface scripts written in Python may benefit from using its API directly. An example is located at Case3-EvaluationTiling/OpenMPI/text_book_di_dynamic.py. The dakota Python package is located in dakota/share/dakota/Python/, which users should add to the environment variable PYTHONPATH.
#### Machinefile management
This Evaluation Tiling variant applies when the application must be compiled with OpenMPI or another MPI implementation that does not support a server mode for job tiling, but does support the use of machine files specifying the resources on which to run the application job. A set of scripts are used to manage the partitioning of the $$M$$ processor allocation into tiles contain $$N$$ processors. Each tile has an associated machines file consisting of a unique subset of the assigned resources. Note that this will not work with early OpenMPI versions with some resource managers (e.g., OpenMPI 1.2 with Torque), where machinefiles, even if a proper subset of \$PBS_NODEFILE, are ignored. This will however work with OpenMPI 1.3 and newer. See the example in Case3-EvaluationTiling/MachinefileMgmt.
In this case the pbs_submission script defines variables specifying how to create a separate node file for each job and sets up a set of nodefiles for use by each evaluation. As when using relative node lists, Dakota runs in serial and uses asynchronous evaluation concurrency to launch the jobs. The interface script text_book_par_driver contains logic to lock a node file for the application run and return it when complete. As each job completes, the next is scheduled.
### Case 4: Evaluation Submission — Parallel analysis jobs submitted to a queue
This case describes running Dakota to submit parallel jobs to a batch queue. This option is likely only useful when the cost of an individual analysis evaluation is high (such that the job requires far too many processors or hours to run all the evaluations) and there is no feedback to Dakota required to generate subsequent evaluation points. So this scenario is likely more relevant for sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification than optimization.
In the first pass, Dakota runs (likely interactively) in serial on a login node or other node capable of job submission:
dakota dakota_pstudy.in
For each evaluation, the simulator script (text_book_par_driver) will generate a pbs_submission script and submit it to the scheduler. Dummy results are returned to Dakota which will exit when all jobs have been scheduled.
In the second pass, when analysis is complete, the analysis driver is changed to post_process and Dakota is executed on a login node to collect the results of the study.
| 2023-04-02T05:33:41 |
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|
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/default.htm
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FEDS Notes are articles in which Board economists offer their own views and present analysis on a range of topics in economics and finance. These articles are shorter and less technically oriented than FEDS Working Papers
We estimate that sixty percent of American families have liquid savings of less than three months of their own expenses, and nearly one-quarter have less than $400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2275 The Effects of the Ability-to-Repay / Qualified Mortgage Rule on Mortgage Lending In this note, we use a unique set of mortgage applications and locks data from January 2013 through September 2018 to examine the effects of the ATR/QM rule on mortgage lending and mortgage pricing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2296 Intercorporate Equity Holdings in the Financial Accounts of the United States Joseph Briggs and Hannah Hall This FEDS Note details these changes and highlights the new data on intercorporate equity investments available in the Financial Accounts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2281 Do Marketplace Lending Platforms Offer Lower Rates to Consumers? This note analyzes interest rates of loans from the two largest P2P platforms, Lending Club and Prosper, to observe their potential benefits to borrowers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2268 Optimal Monetary Policy in a DSGE Model with Attenuated Forward Guidance Effects In this article, we explore the implications of attenuating the power of forward guidance for the optimal conduct of forward guidance policy in a quantitative DSGE model of the U.S. economy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2264 The Relationship between Macroeconomic Overheating and Financial Vulnerability: A Quantitative Exploration In this note, we explore the link between indicators of financial imbalances and macroeconomic performance, focusing on the experience of the United States. In an accompanying note, The Relationship between Macroeconomic Overheating and Financial Vulnerability: A Narrative Investigation, we follow a narrative approach to review historical episodes of significant financial imbalances and examine whether these episodes were linked to macroeconomic overheating. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2254 The Relationship between Macroeconomic Overheating and Financial Vulnerability: A Narrative Investigation In this note, we follow a narrative approach to review historical episodes of significant financial imbalances and examine whether these episodes were linked to macroeconomic overheating. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2253 Accounting for Reinsurance Transactions in the Financial Accounts of the United States The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations grows by$249 billion to reflect the value of policies that were previously missing from the Financial Accounts of the United States (Financial Accounts). Businesses also capture $81 billion from previously missing policies. The rest of the world (ROW) sector loses$130 billion on net because they are the reinsurer for many of the policies that are newly recorded. This note describes these changes and their associated effects in more detail.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2271
How Can We Measure the Value of a Home? Comparing Model-Based Estimates with Owner-Occupant Estimates
In this note, we assess whether AVM estimates or owner valuations are better at approximating the market value of a home.
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A New Measure of Housing Wealth in the Financial Accounts of the United States
Hannah Hall, Eric Nielsen, and Kamila Sommer
This note introduces a new method for measuring the aggregate value of own-use residential real estate in the United States from 2001 to present.
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Unlocking the Treasury Market through TRACE
Doug Brain, Michiel De Pooter, Dobrislav Dobrev, Michael Fleming, Pete Johansson, Collin Jones, Frank Keane, Michael Puglia, Liza Reiderman, Tony Rodrigues, and Or Shachar
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2251
A Wealthless Recovery? Asset Ownership and the Uneven Recovery from the Great Recession
Lisa Dettling, Joanne Hsu and Elizabeth Llanes
Data from the Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances indicate that although total household wealth has fully recovered from the Great Recession, there has been only modest growth for the vast majority of families since 2010, and most families have not recovered to pre-recession wealth levels. This uneven recovery is explained by declines in home and stock ownership, which have shown little signs of reversing; thus, these disparities appear poised to persist.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2249
An Estimate of the Long-Term Neutral Rate of Interest
This note proposes a new measure of the high-frequency equilibrium interest rate, one that falls naturally out of a common textbook notion of the economy’s equilibrium interest rate--and which is rooted in one particularly simple and well-known model.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2227
U.S. Corporations' Repatriation of Offshore Profits
We investigate how companies with large holdings of cash abroad have used those funds following the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which eliminated prior tax disincentives on the repatriation of foreign earnings.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2239
The Monetary Policy Response to Uncertain Inflation Persistence
This FEDS Note considers the implications of uncertainty regarding the persistence of inflation for the conduct of monetary policy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2247
The Branch Puzzle: Why Are there Still Bank Branches?
We provide evidence that the persistence of the large number of local bank branches across the country may be due to the fact that both depositors and small businesses continue to value local bank branches.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2206
SOMA's Unrealized Loss: What does it mean?
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2234
Are Income and Credit Scores Highly Correlated?
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To the best of our knowledge, statistical analysis on the relationship between income and credit scores using proper data remains scant. Using a unique proprietary data set, this note attempts to fill the gap in our understanding of this relationship.
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Simulating the Macroeconomic Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policies
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Gender-Related Differences in Credit Use and Credit Scores
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2199
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2169
On the Benefits of Universal Banks: Concurrent Lending and Corporate Bond Underwriting
In this note, we explore whether "universal banks" provide value to firms through their ability to provide both lending and underwriting services.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2143
Mobile Banking: A Closer Look at Survey Measures
This note presents new estimates of mobile banking use in 2017, as well as insights on types of users and their behaviors.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2163
Help Wanted: Evaluating Labor Shortages in Manufacturing
In this note, we examine the extent of labor shortages for the manufacturing sector.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2164
A Not-So-Great Recovery in Consumption: What is holding back household spending?
Historically, aggregate consumption has closely tracked disposable personal income, government transfers, and household net wealth. In this note, we show that this empirical relationship has broken down in recent years and explore potential explanations for why consumers--at least in the aggregate--may not be spending in line with recent income and wealth gains.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2159
Kimberly Bayard, Emin Dinlersoz (U.S. Census Bureau), Timothy Dunne (University of Notre Dame), John Haltiwanger (University of Maryland), Javier Miranda (U.S. Census Bureau), and John Stevens
New businesses play an important role in overall economic activity. They account for a sizable share of job creation, and they provide a key source of innovation that contributes to overall productivity growth.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2166
Predicting Recession Probabilities Using the Slope of the Yield Curve
Peter Johansson (Federal Reserve Bank of New York) and Andrew Meldrum
In this FEDS Note, we examine the predictions of various models and recent surveys of the probability of a recession in the near term.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2146
Some Characteristics of the Decline in Manufacturing Capacity Utilization
Justin Pierce and Emily Wisniewski
In this note, we provide several observations regarding trends in manufacturing capacity utilization rates using data from the Federal Reserve Board and the Census Bureau.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2162
Interest on Reserves and Arbitrage in Post-Crisis Money Markets
Thomas Keating and Marco Macchiavelli
In this note, we use confidential, daily data on wholesale unsecured borrowing and reserve balances to empirically document several salient features of IOR arbitrage trades.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2136
Student Loan Debt and Aggregate Consumption Growth
Although student debt service is undoubtedly a source of severe financial strain for some individuals, in this discussion we show that the direct effect of increased student debt service on aggregate consumption growth is likely small.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2127
From Income to Consumption Inequality? Looking through the Lens of Motor Vehicle Purchases
In this note, we assess the pattern of consumption inequality using an alternative data source--namely, new motor vehicle purchases.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2132
Household Debt-to-Income Ratios in the Enhanced Financial Accounts
Michael Ahn, Mike Batty, and Ralf R. Meisenzahl
This note describes new data on household debt-to-income ratios (DTI) that is being provided in interactive maps as part of the Enhanced Financial Accounts (EFA).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2138
Fiscal implications of the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet Normalization
Michele Cavallo, Marco Del Negro (Federal Reserve Bank of New York), W. Scott Frame (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta), Jamie Grasing (University of Maryland), Benjamin Malin (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis), and Carlo Rosa
This Note summarizes analysis conducted in our recent FEDS working paper that seeks to understand the fiscal implications of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet normalization program.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2126
Do national account statistics underestimate US real output growth?
Matteo Barigozzi (London School of Economics) and Matteo Luciani
In this note, we introduce a new estimate of GDO obtained from a Non-Stationary Dynamic Factor model estimated on a large dataset of US macroeconomic indicators.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2116
Recent Trends in Small Business Lending and the Community Reinvestment Act
In this note, we analyze data on small business loan originations collected under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) to document heterogeneity in the recovery in small business lending since the financial crisis.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2122
Disclaimer: FEDS Notes are articles in which Board economists offer their own views and present analysis on a range of topics in economics and finance. These articles are shorter and less technically oriented than FEDS Working Papers.
| 2018-11-21T02:01:38 |
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|
http://algebra2014.wikidot.com/hw7-problem-2
|
Hw7 Problem 2
Return to Homework 7, Glossary, Theorems
### Problem 2
Write the following permutations as (a) a product of disjoint cycles; (b) a product of transpositions
(a) $(1235)(413)$
(b) $(13256)(23)(46512)$
(c) $(12)(13)(23)(142)$
Solution
(a) $\begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3&4&5&6\\ 5&3&4&2&1&6\end{pmatrix}$ Hence, the products are $(15)(234)$ and $(15)(24)(23)$.
(b) $\begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3&4&5&6\\ 2&4&5&1&3&6\end{pmatrix}$ Hence, the products are $(124)(35)$ and $(14)(12)(35)$.
(c) $\begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3&4\\ 4&3&1&2\end{pmatrix}$ Hence, the products are $(1423)$ and $(13)(12)(14)$.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2022-05-29T04:37:49 |
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|
https://digital.cic.gba.gob.ar/items/788249d7-ee30-4683-b760-cf5b53257756
|
Artículo
#### Electron-lattice coupling in congruent Co-doped $latexLiNbO_{3} : Cr ^ { 3+} : ZnO$ crystal
| | |
###### Resumen
The importance of the role of the ion-lattice coupling in determining the energy levels of $latex Cr^{3+}$ ions in congruent $latex LiNbO _ {3}$ crystals doped with 2.9% of ZnO is demonstrated in this paper. The Racah parameters: $latex B = 533 cm^{-1 }$, $latex C = 3244 cm^{-1}$ and the crystal-field intensity $latex Dq = 1527 cm^{-1}$ were determined and the Tanabe-Sugano diagram was constructed. The characteristics of the absorption and the emission spectra of $latex Cr^{3+}$ ions in these crystals can be explained in terms of the configurational-coordinate diagram in the harmonic approximation, with good agreement obtained. The Huang-Rhys parameter $latex S = 6.86$ and the lattice phonon energy $latex \hbar \omega = 343 cm ^{-1}$ are also reported in this work.
###### Palabras clave
ion-lattice coupling
Racah parameters
crystal-field intensity
Tanabe-Sugano diagram
Huang-Rhys parameter
chromium(III)
Lithium niobate
Zinc oxide
Esta obra se publica con la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (BY 4.0)
| 2022-08-16T10:38:54 |
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|
https://publications.iitm.ac.in/publication/quantum-correlated-measurements-of-d-0-k-s-0-0-and-consequences
|
X
Quantum-correlated measurements of D 0 → K S 0 π + π − π 0 and consequences for the determination of γ
P. K. Resmi,
Published in Sissa Medialab Srl
2016
Volume: 2016-November
Abstract
Quantum-correlated measurements of the decay D 0 → K S 0 π + π − π 0 are performed with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 818 pb − 1 collected at the ψ(3770) resonance by the CLEO-c detector. Preliminary results are presented for the CP-even fraction F + and the strong-phase differences of this decay. The value of F + is measured to be 0.246 ± 0.018. The strong-phase differences are measured in different regions of K S 0 π + π − π 0 phase space by binning around the intermediate resonances present. The potential sensitivity of the results for determining the CKM angle γ from B ± → D(K S 0 π + π − π 0 )K ± decays using data collected by the Belle detector is also shown. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons
| 2022-06-28T21:46:46 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=G033M
|
graviton MASS INSPIRE search
Van Dam and Veltman (VANDAM 1970 ), Iwasaki (IWASAKI 1970 ), and Zakharov (ZAKHAROV 1970 ) almost simultanously showed that $\ldots$ there is a discrete difference between the theory with zero-mass and a theory with finite mass, no matter how small as compared to all external momenta.'' The resolution of this "vDVZ discontinuity" has to do with whether the linear approximation is valid. De Rham $\mathit et\mathit al.$ (DE-RHAM 2011 ) have shown that nonlinear effects not captured in their linear treatment can give rise to a screening mechanism, allowing for massive gravity theories. See also GOLDHABER 2010 and DE-RHAM 2017 and references therein. Experimental limits have been set based on a Yukawa potential or signal dispersion. $\mathit h_{0}$ is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km$~$s${}^{-1}~$Mpc${}^{-1}$.
The following conversions are useful: 1 eV = $1.783 \times 10^{-33}$ g = $1.957 \times 10^{-6}{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit e}}}$; $ƛ_{C}$ = ($1.973 \times 10^{-7}$ m)${\times }$(1 eV/${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit g}}}$).
VALUE (eV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{<6 \times 10^{-32}}$ 1
2004
YUKA Weak gravitational lensing
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$<7 \times 10^{-23}$ 2
2017
DISP Combined dispersion limit from three BH mergers
$<1.2 \times 10^{-22}$ 2
2016
DISP Combined dispersion limit from two BH mergers
$<5 \times 10^{-23}$ 3
2013
Spinning black holes bounds
$<4 \times 10^{-25}$ 4
2008
Graviton phase velocity fluctuations
$<6 \times 10^{-32}$ 5
2005
YUKA Solar System observations
$<9.0 \times 10^{-34}$ 6
2004
From $\Omega _{tot}$ value assuming RTG
$>6 \times 10^{-34}$ 7
2003
Horizon scales
$<8 \times 10^{-20}$ 8, 9
2002
DISP Binary pulsar orbital period decrease
10, 9
1991
Binary pulsar PSR 1913$+$16
$<7 \times 10^{-23}$
1988
YUKA Solar system planetary astrometric data
$<2 \times 10^{-29} \mathit h{}^{-1}_{0}$
1974
Rich clusters
$<7 \times 10^{-28}$
1973
Galaxy
$<8 \times 10^{4}$
1973
2${{\mathit \gamma}}$ decay
1 CHOUDHURY 2004 concludes from a study of weak-lensing data that masses heavier than about the inverse of 100 Mpc seem to be ruled out if the gravitation field has the Yukawa form.
2 ABBOTT 2016 and ABBOTT 2017 assumed a dispersion relation for gravitational waves modified relative to GR.
3 BRITO 2013 explore massive graviton (spin-2) fluctuations around rotating black holes.
4 BASKARAN 2008 consider fluctuations in pulsar timing due to photon interactions (surfing'') with background gravitational waves.
5 GRUZINOV 2005 uses the DGP model (DVALI 2000 ) showing that non-perturbative effects restore continuity with Einstein's equations as the gravition mass approaches 0, then bases his limit on Solar System observations.
6 GERSHTEIN 2004 use non-Einstein field relativistic theory of gravity (RTG), with a massive graviton, to obtain the 95$\%$ CL mass limit implied by the value of $\Omega _{tot}$ = $1.02$ $\pm0.02$ current at the time of publication.
7 DVALI 2003 suggest scale of horizon distance via DGP model (DVALI 2000 ). For a horizon distance of $3 \times 10^{26}$ m (about age of Universe/$\mathit c$; GOLDHABER 2010 ) this graviton mass limit is implied.
8 FINN 2002 analyze the orbital decay rates of PSR$~$B1913+16 and PSR$~$B1534+12 with a possible graviton mass as a parameter. The combined frequentist mass limit is at 90$\%$CL.
9 As of 2014, limits on dP/dt are now about 0.1$\%$ (see T. Damour, Experimental tests of gravitational theory,'' in this $\mathit Review$).
10 DAMOUR 1991 is an analysis of the orbital period change in binary pulsar PSR$~1913+$16, and confirms the general relativity prediction to $0.8\%$. The theoretical importance of the [rate of orbital period decay] measurement has long been recognized as a direct confirmation that the gravitational interaction propagates with velocity $\mathit c$ (which is the immediate cause of the appearance of a damping force in the binary pulsar system) and thereby as a test of the existence of gravitational radiation and of its quadrupolar nature.'' TAYLOR 1993 adds that orbital parameter studies now agree with general relativity to $0.5\%$, and set limits on the level of scalar contribution in the context of a family of tensor [spin$~$2]-biscalar theories.
References:
ABBOTT 2017
PRL 118 221101 GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2
ABBOTT 2016
PRL 116 061102 Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
BRITO 2013
PR D88 023514 Massive Spin-2 Fields on Black Hole Spacetimes: Instability of the Schwarzschild and Kerr Solutions and Bounds on the Graviton Mass
PR D78 044018 Limits on the Speed of Gravitational Waves from Pulsar Timing
GRUZINOV 2005
NAST 10 311 On the Graviton Mass
CHOUDHURY 2004
ASP 21 559 Probing Large Distance Higher Dimensional Gravity from Lensing Data
GERSHTEIN 2004
PAN 67 1596 Graviton Mass, Quintessence and Oscillatory Character of the Universe Evolution
DVALI 2003
PR D68 024012 The Accelerated Universe and the Moon
FINN 2002
PR D65 044022 Bounding the Mass of the Graviton using Binary Pulsar Observations
DAMOUR 1991
APJ 366 501 On the Orbital Period Change of the Binary Pulsar PSR B1913+16
PRL 61 1159 Model Independent Constraints on Possible Modifications of Newtonian Gravity
GOLDHABER 1974
PR D9 1119 Mass of the Graviton
HARE 1973
CJP 51 431 Mass of the Graviton
TAYLOR 1993
NAT 355 132 Experimental Constraints on Strong Field Relativistic Gravity
ABBOTT 2017L
NAT 551 85 A Gravitational-wave Standard Siren Measurement of the Hubble Constant
GOLDHABER 2010
RMP 82 939 Photon and Graviton Mass Limits
DVALI 2000
PL B485 208 4D Gravity on a Brane in 5D Minkowski Space
VANDAM 1970
NP B22 397 Massive and Mass-Less Yang-Mills and Gravitational Fields
IWASAKI 1970
PR D2 2255 Consistency Condition for Propagators
ZAKHAROV 1970
JETPL 12 312 Linearized Gravitation Theory and the Graviton Mass
DE-RHAM 2017
RMP 89 025004 Graviton Mass Bounds
DE-RHAM 2011
PRL 106 231101 Resummation of Massive Gravity
| 2019-02-22T16:16:56 |
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|
https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/Bremner-Macleod_numbers
|
11,052 Pages
Bremner-Macleod numbers are the smallest positive integer solutions $$(a,b,c)$$ of the following Diophantine equation:
$$\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}=N$$ where $$N$$ is a positive integer. The equation and the sizes of its solutions were discussed by Andrew Bremner and Allan Macleod.[1]
## Size
For all odd $$N$$ and some even $$N$$, the equation has no positive integer solutions.
The Bremner-Macleod number for $$N=4$$ is (a,b,c) =
(154476802108746166441951315019919837485664325669565431700026634898253202035277999,
36875131794129999827197811565225474825492979968971970996283137471637224634055579,
4373612677928697257861252602371390152816537558161613618621437993378423467772036)
For $$N=6$$ it is
(20260869859883222379931520298326390700152988332214525711323500132179943287700005601210288797153868533207131302477269470450828233936557,
2250324022012683866886426461942494811141200084921223218461967377588564477616220767789632257358521952443049813799712386367623925971447,
1218343242702905855792264237868803223073090298310121297526752830558323845503910071851999217959704024280699759290559009162035102974023)
For $$N=10$$ it is
(4862378745380642626737318101484977637219057323564658907686653339599714454790559130946320953938197181210525554039710122136086190642013402927952831079021210585653078786813279351784906397934209,
269103113846520710198086599018316928810831097261381335767926880507079911347095440987749703663156874995907158014866846058485318408629957749519665987782327830143454337518378955846463785600977,
221855981602380704196804518854316541759883857932028285581812549404634844243737502744011549757448453135493556098964216532950604590733853450272184987603430882682754171300742698179931849310347)
For $$N\le200$$, the amounts of digits in $$\max\{a,b,c\}$$ are shown below:
N # digits
4 81
6 134
10 190
12 2707
14 1876
16 414
18 10323
24 33644
28 81853
32 14836
38 1584369
42 886344
46 198771
48 418086
58 244860
60 9188
66 215532
76 23662
82 85465
92 252817
102 625533
112 935970
116 112519
126 196670
130 8572242
132 3607937
136 26942
146 259164
156 12046628
158 15097279
162 1265063
178 398605460
182 2828781
184 20770896
186 5442988
196 11323026
198 726373
200 71225279
For $$N=896$$, $$a$$ has more than 2.187 trillion digits.
## Sources
1. Andrew Bremner and Allan Macleod, An unusual cubic representation problem
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2021-06-22T16:35:00 |
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|
https://runescape.fandom.com/wiki/Calculator:Disassembly_by_material/Seren
|
## FANDOM
44,133 Pages
This page is currently under construction.The information contained within should not be considered fully accurate and/or complete.
This is a list of all tradeable items that can give Seren components with the effective cost per Seren component. As this is a 'rare'/'special' material, it is received independently of the item's junk chance, so only one effective cost column is required.
Notes
• The formula used to calculate cost per material is $item quantity \times GE price \div material quantity$
• As mentioned above, rare/special components are received independent of junk chance, so that does not factor in to the cost
• Once special chances are more reliably known, they will be incorporated into the calculator
• GE prices may be inaccurate - we can't really do anything about that
• Untradeable items are excluded, with some exceptions
Total results: 18
ItemNumber of
Seren
ChanceJunkPrice eachBuy limitEffective cost
Crystal body1Unknown%23.0%550,6202?
Crystal boots1Unknown%23.0%315,6212?
Crystal bow1Unknown%23.0%326,6412?
Crystal chakram1Unknown%23.0%159,2182?
Crystal dagger1Unknown%23.0%185,7912?
Crystal deflector1Unknown%23.0%153,5382?
Crystal gloves1Unknown%23.0%299,8255?
Crystal halberd1Unknown%23.0%333,4762?
Crystal helm1Unknown%23.0%313,7642?
Crystal legs1Unknown%23.0%567,9322?
Crystal orb1Unknown%23.0%170,1522?
Crystal shield1Unknown%23.0%149,6472?
Crystal staff1Unknown%23.0%301,1212?
Crystal wand1Unknown%23.0%167,1112?
Crystal ward1Unknown%23.0%154,5312?
Nightmare gauntlets3Unknown%1.0%34,015,5121?
Off-hand crystal chakram1Unknown%23.0%150,3142?
Off-hand crystal dagger1Unknown%23.0%162,9572?
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-06-05T14:05:11 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.13
|
# §33.13 Complex Variable and Parameters
The functions , , and may be extended to noninteger values of by generalizing , and supplementing (33.6.5) by a formula derived from (33.2.8) with expanded via (13.2.42).
These functions may also be continued analytically to complex values of , , and . The quantities , , and , given by (33.2.6), (33.2.10), and (33.4.1), respectively, must be defined consistently so that
and
For further information see Dzieciol et al. (1999), Thompson and Barnett (1986), and Humblet (1984).
| 2014-03-11T13:45:05 |
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|
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/macroeconomic-news-and-stock-prices-over-the-fomc-cycle-accessible-20201014.htm
|
### Macroeconomic news and stock prices over the FOMC cycle, Accessible Data
##### Figure 1. Evolution of sources over time.
Shows the evolution of the number of macro releases (sources) that we include in our two indexes, and their sum, over time. As it is evident in the figure, the set of macro news sources increased steadily from 2000 to 2013, and has remained relatively consistent since.
As is evident in the figure, the set of macro news sources increased steadily from 2000 to 2013, and has remained relatively consistent since.
Source: Bloomberg Finance LP, Bloomberg Terminals (Open, Anywhere, and Disaster Recovery Licenses); and Bloomberg Finance LP, Bloomberg Per Security Data License.
##### Figure 2. News indexes over time.
Shows our news indexes and the Citigroup US Economic Surprise Index (CESI) over time, plotted against the average of daily return of the S&P500. In particular, we show the 8-FOMC moving average of our indexes and the CESI. We aggregate the daily activity news index $ani$, price news index $pni$, and CESI as the mean over the inter-FOMC period, then scale each variable to a mean of zero and standard deviation of one. We take the 8-period moving average here to reflect the average number of FOMC meetings for each year, smoothing out seasonal fluctuations. The left axis shows the standard deviation of each index, and the right axis shows the corresponding smoothed average daily return of the S&P 500 over the intermeeting period, in percent. While ani shows a clear positive correlation with the S&P500 returns, pni shows a negative correlation. CESI looks like having a positive correlation but not as strong as ani.
This figure plots the 8-FOMC moving average of our two macro news indexes and the CESI for US. We aggregate the daily $ani$ and $pni$ as the mean surprise over the inter-FOMC period and CESI as the average daily change over the same period, then scale each variable to a mean of zero and standard deviation of one. We take the 8-period moving average here to reflect the average number of FOMC meetings for each year, smoothing out seasonal fluctuations. The left axis shows the standard deviation of each index, and the right axis shows the corresponding smoothed average daily return of the S&P 500 over the intermeeting period, in percent (dashed line).
The shaded bars indicate periods of business recession as defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research: December 2007–June 2009 and February 2020.
Source: Bloomberg Finance LP, Bloomberg Terminals (Open, Anywhere, and Disaster Recovery Licenses); and Bloomberg Finance LP, Bloomberg Per Security Data License.
These scatterplots show the relationships between the average daily inter-FOMC S&P 500 returns and the average daily standardized activity news index, price news index, and CESI. The thick black line shows the predicted values from a univariate regression on each. The standardized $ani$ has a coefficient of 0.06 with significance at the 1% level and an R2 of 17%; the standardized $pni$ has a coefficient of -0.02, with significance at the 1% level and an R2 of 3%; and the CESI has a coefficient of 0.02, with no statistical significance and an R2 of 2%.
| 2022-01-19T20:05:39 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10311424-intrinsic-local-symmetry-breaking-nominally-cubic-paraelectric-batio3
|
Intrinsic local symmetry-breaking in nominally cubic paraelectric BaTiO3
Whereas low-temperature ferroelectrics have a well-understood ordered spatial dipole arrangement, the fate of these dipoles in paraelectric phases remains poorly understood. Using density functional theory (DFT), we find that unlike the case in conventional non-polar ABO3 compounds illustrated here for cubic BaZrO3, the origin of the distribution of the B site off-centering in cubic paraelectric such as BaTiO3 is an intrinsic, energy stabilizing symmetry breaking. Minimizing the internal energy E of a constrained cubic phase already reveals the formation of a distribution of intrinsic local displacements that (i) mimic the symmetries of the low-temperature phases, while (ii) being the precursors of what finite temperature DFT Molecular Dynamics finds as thermal motifs. The implications of such symmetry breaking on the microscopic structures and anomalous properties in these kinds of PE materials are discussed.
Authors:
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10311424
Journal Name:
ArXivorg
ISSN:
2331-8422
Strong electronic interactions can drive a system into a state with a symmetry breaking. Lattice frustration or competing interactions tend to prevent symmetry breaking, leading to quantum disordered phases. In spin systems frustration can produce a spin liquid state. Frustration of a charge degree of freedom also can result in various exotic states, however, experimental data on these effects is scarce. In this work we demonstrate how in a Mott insulator on a weakly anisotropic triangular lattice a charge ordered state melts on cooling down to low temperatures. Raman scattering spectroscopy finds that$$\kappa$$$\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$${}_{2}$$${}_{2}$Hg(SCN)$${}_{2}$$${}_{2}$Cl enters an insulating “dipole solid” state at$$T=30\,{\mathrm{K}}$$$T=30\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}K$, but below$$T=15\,{\mathrm{K}}$$$T=15\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}K$the order melts, while preserving the insulating energy gap. Based on these observations, we suggest a phase diagram relevant to other quantum paraelectric materials.
| 2023-02-02T02:47:28 |
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|
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/A-6.002,%20r.%201?code=se:31_1_5r3&pointInTime=20200924
|
### A-6.002, r. 1 - Regulation respecting fiscal administration
31.1.5R3. For the purposes of the withholding provided for in the second paragraph of section 30.1 or the allocation provided for in section 31.1.1 of the Act, the Minister sends to the body or its agent, as the case may be, the following information in the case of a person other than a natural person:
(1) the information described in subparagraphs 1, 3 and 4 of the first paragraph of section 31.1.5R1;
(2) the reference attributed by the Minister;
(3) the amount to be withheld or sent to the Minister, as the case may be.
If an amount is to be withheld or allocated to the payment of the debt of a natural person, the Minister sends the following information:
(1) the information described in subparagraphs 1 and 4 of the second paragraph of section 31.1.5R1;
(2) the information referred to in subparagraphs 2 and 3 of the first paragraph;
(3) the user number assigned by the Minister.
O.C. 748-94, s. 4; O.C. 1216-97, s. 55 and 56; O.C. 1223-2005, s. 7.
| 2021-07-29T16:15:31 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M085M&home=sumtabM
|
# ${{\boldsymbol X}{(1835)}}$ MASS INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 1826.5 {}^{+13.0}_{-3.4}}$ OUR AVERAGE
$1825.3$ $\pm2.4$ ${}^{+17.3}_{-2.4}$ 1
2016 J
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
$1844$ $\pm9$ ${}^{+16}_{-25}$
2015 T
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \eta}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$1839$ $\pm26$ $\pm26$ 2
2018 I
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \phi}{(1020)}}$
$1909.5$ $\pm15.9$ ${}^{+9.4}_{-27.5}$ 3
2016 J
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
$1842.2$ $\pm4.2$ ${}^{+7.1}_{-2.6}$ 0.6k
2013 U
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$3 ( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$)
$1832$ ${}^{+19}_{-5}$ $\pm26$ 4
2012 D
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
$1836.5$ $\pm3.0$ ${}^{+5.6}_{-2.1}$ 4265 5
2011 C
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
$1877.3$ $\pm6.3$ ${}^{+3.4}_{-7.4}$ 6
2011 J
BES3 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}$ ( ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ )
$1837$ ${}^{+10}_{-12}$ ${}^{+9}_{-7}$ 231 7, 8
2010
CLEO ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
$1833.7$ $\pm6.1$ $\pm2.7$ 264
2005 R
BES2 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
$1831$ $\pm7$ 9, 8
2005 R
BES2 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
$1859$ ${}^{+3}_{-10}$ ${}^{+5}_{-25}$ 8
2003 F
BES2 ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
1 From a fit of the measured ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$ lineshape that accounts for the abrupt distortion observed at the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ threshold through interference with a second previously unseen narrow resonance near 1870 MeV. The fit uses Breit-Wigner functions for the signal shapes and includes known backgrounds and contributors.
2 From a fit to ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \phi}}$ invariant mass. Angular analysis consistent with $\mathit J{}^{PC} = 0{}^{-+}$. Other $\mathit J{}^{PC}$ not excluded.
3 Pole mass from a fit of the measured ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$ lineshape to a Flatte formula that accounts for the abrupt distortion observed at the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ threshold; the fit also includes known backgrounds and contributors, as well as an $\mathit ad~hoc$ Breit-Wigner function (M $\approx{}$ 1919 MeV; $\Gamma$ $\approx{}$ 51 MeV) that is required for a good fit.
4 From the fit including final state interaction effects in isospin 0 ${\mathit S}{\mathrm -wave}$ according to SIBIRTSEV 2005A. Supersedes ABLIKIM 2010G.
5 From a fit of the ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$ mass distribution to a combination of ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit f}_{{1}}{(1510)}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ , and two unconfirmed states ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}{(2120)}}$ , and ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}{(2370)}}$ , for ${{\mathit M}}$( ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ) $<$ 2.8 GeV, and accounting for backgrounds from non-${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$ events and ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$ .
6 The selected process is ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit a}_{{0}}{(980)}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ . This state may be due also to ${{\mathit \eta}_{{2}}{(1870)}}$ or to a combination of ${{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}_{{2}}{(1870)}}$.
7 From a fit of the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ mass distribution to a combination of ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ , ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit R}}$ with ${{\mathit M}}({{\mathit R}}$) = 2100 MeV and ${{\mathit \Gamma}}({{\mathit R}}$) = 160 MeV, and ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ phase space, for ${{\mathit M}}$( ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ) $<$ 2.85 GeV.
8 Evidence for a threshold enhancement in the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ mass spectrum was also reported by ABE 2002K, AUBERT,B 2005L, and WANG 2005A in ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit K}^{+}}$ , WANG 2005A in ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ , ABE 2002W in ${{\overline{\mathit B}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit D}^{0}}$ , DEL-AMO-SANCHEZ 2012 in ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}}$ (${{\mathit D}^{*}}$) ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ (${{\mathit \pi}}$), and WEI 2008 in ${{\mathit B}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ decays. Not seen by ATHAR 2006 in ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(1S)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ .
9 From the fit including final state interaction effects in isospin 0 ${\mathit S}{\mathrm -wave}$ according to SIBIRTSEV 2005A. Systematic errors not estimated.
References:
ABLIKIM 2018I
PR D97 051101 Study of $\eta(1475)$ and $X(1835)$ in radiative $J/\psi$ decays to $\gamma \phi$
ABLIKIM 2016J
PRL 117 042002 Observation of an Anomalous line Shape of the ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Mass Spectrum Near the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Mass Threshold in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
ABLIKIM 2015T
PRL 115 091803 Observation and Spin-Parity Determination of the ${{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit K}_S^0}$ ${{\mathit \eta}}$
ABLIKIM 2013U
PR D88 091502 Observation of a Structure at 1.84 GeV/$\mathit c{}^{2}$ in the 3(${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$) Mass Spectrum in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$3( ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$) Decays
ABLIKIM 2012D
PRL 108 112003 Spin-Parity Analysis of ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Mass Threshold Structure in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ and ${{\mathit \psi}{(3686)}}$ Radiative Decays
ABLIKIM 2011J
PRL 107 182001 ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Resonant Structure Around 1.8 GeV/$\mathit c{}^{2}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}{(1405)}}$ in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$
ABLIKIM 2011C
PRL 106 072002 Confirmation of the ${{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ and Observation of the Resonances ${{\mathit X}{(2120)}}$ and ${{\mathit X}{(2370)}}$ in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
ALEXANDER 2010
PR D82 092002 Study of ${{\mathit \psi}{(2S)}}$ Decays to ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$, ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$, and ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$, and Search for ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Threshold Enhancements
ABLIKIM 2005R
PRL 95 262001 Observation of a Resonance ${{\mathit X}{(1835)}}$ in ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$
BAI 2003F
PRL 91 022001 Observation of a near Threshold Enhancement in the ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Mass Spectrum from Radiative ${{\mathit J / \psi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Decays
| 2019-12-08T15:39:27 |
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|
https://math.animations.fossee.in/contents/calculus-of-several-variables/the-geometry-of-planes-and-curves/space-curves---an-introduction-to-coordinates-in-3d
|
# Definition
If $x$, $y$ and $z$ are continuous functions of a variable $t$ on a given interval, then the equations, $$x = f(t)\qquad y = g(t)\qquad z = h(t)$$ are called parametric equations, where $t$ is called the parameter. The set of points $(x, y, z)$, obtained as $t$ varies over an interval is called the parametric curve or space curve (in 3D).
# Motivation
Space curves are trajectories in a 3D coordinate system that typically represent the motion of a particle with respect to time. Space curves can also be expressed in terms of a parameter, say, time $t$, which may be very informative of the instantaneous aspects of the motion of a particle in three-dimensional space, such as its position and acceleration, curvature and twists.
Space curves or simply, curves in space are functions that generate a point in space or, a vector, for every single-valued input (some parameter, say, $t$).
# Bird's Eye View
Consider the equation of a cycloid. Non-parametrically, the first half of the first hump of the cycloid is given by $$x = a\cos^{-1}({1 - \frac{y}{a}}) - \sqrt{2ay - y^{2}}$$This equation implies that the cycloid is the set of all points $(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2$ that satisfy the above equation, for a given $a$. Representing the same equation parametrically, we get $$x = a(t - \sin{t})\quad y = a(1 - \cos{t})$$ Here, both the $x$ and the $y$ coordinates that satisfy the equation are expressed in terms of a parameter, $t \in \mathbb{R}$. Plugging in different values of $t$, we obtain the corresponding value of $(x,y)$ that lie on the cycloid. A more suitable interpretation of this parametric representation would be that it represents the motion of a particle along the cycloid as a function of time. When the equation of a curve is written in terms of a parameter, and the parameter's value is varied in a given interval called the parameter interval, the expected curve is traced out.
For each instant of time $t$, we can obtain the position of the particle, and as we assign values to $t$ in some real interval, we can see the path of a cycloid being traced out, literally, as time passes. Since the motion of a particle is expressed in terms of a parameter, $t$, we can differentiate the curve to find acceleration, curvature, arc length between two points and so on.
The following animations trace out the path of an ellipse and a helix respectively. Notice how the path of the curve is traced out as the parameter is varied.
0
0
Figure 1: Ellipse as a parametric curve
0
Figure 2: Helix as a space curve
# Context of the Definition
### Coordinates in 3D
Before delving into space curves, it is important to understand the 3D framework in which the curve would be sketched out. A Cartesian coordinate system in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ is formed by the origin and a basis consisting of three mutually perpendicular vectors. These vectors define the three coordinate axes: the $x$ axis (known as abscissa axis), the $y$ axis (known as ordinate axis) and the $z$ axis (known as applicate axis).
Conventionally, this 3D framework is right-handed, wherein the thumb is directed along the positive $Z$-axis and the curl of the fingers depict motion from the $X$-axis to the $Y$-axis. From the top view, with the $Z$-axis pointing at you, this system appears to be counter-clockwise in nature.
The coordinates of any point in space are determined by three real numbers: $x$ $y$, $z$. For instance, the point $(1, 3, 2)$ represents a point in space that is away from the origin by $1$ unit along the $x$-axis, $3$ units along the $y$-axis and $2$ units along the $z$-axis
0
0
Figure 3: Coordinates in 3D
## Now about those Space Curves ...
Consider the definition of a space curve. We see that, for any given value of $t$, we obtain an $x$, $y$ and $z$ value, the coordinates of a point lying on the space curve. Therefore, the single real input, $t$ produces a vector $(x,y,z)$, thereby lending the name vector-valued function. A vector-valued function is of the form $\overrightarrow{r{t}} = \left\langle f(t), g(t), h(t) \right\rangle$ where $f, g, h$ are real-valued functions of the parameter $t$. The path traced by a vector-valued function of such type is called a space curve.
Consider the following rectangular coordinate equation given by $$\cos^{-1}{\frac{x}{a}} + \sin^{-1}{\frac{y}{a}} = \frac{2z}{c}$$ It is not immediately obvious how the plot of such a curve will look with a mere first glance. This is where parameterization becomes handy. The parametric equation of a helix is $$x = a \cos{t} \quad y = a \sin{t} \quad z = ct$$ As can be seen in Figure 2: as $t$ varies from $-\pi$ to $+\pi$, the curve is traced out. Parametrization in this case helps simplify the equation and makes the visualization process easirt.
Sketching parametric curves can be done by eliminating the parameter, depending on the curve. Generally, one should exercise caution while plotting the points per various values of the parameter $t$, as the handful of points plotted may exclude details of the curve passing between any two points (as it is obviously not possible to plot all the points of the curve for the given range of the parameter!).
Naturally, the first question which comes to mind while sketching a parametric curve by eliminating the parameter is: How do we eliminate the parameter $t$?
• Find the parameter $t$ in terms of one of the variables.
• Substitute this value for $t$ in the other equation containing $t$
In mathematical terms, if $x = f(t)$ and $y = g(t)$ then we eliminate the parameter by setting $t = f^{-1}(x)$ and then using this value of $t$ inside $g(t)$ as $y = g(f^{-1}(x))$ However, this is not the most efficient way to eliminate the parameter. Why?
• Correctly graphing $g(f^{-1}(x))$ can get more tedious than graphing the original parametric equations
• The parameter may not always be solvable in terms of a single variable; in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ for example
What we can do, however, is use various substitutions / trigonometric identities to eliminate the parameter. Note that we must find the limits enforced on $x$, $y$ and $z$ by the parametric curve to determine which portion of the algebraic curve is actually sketched via the parametric equations.
Consider the example of the following parametric equation:
$\quad x = \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}\cos\theta \quad y = \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}\sin\theta \quad z = u$ in the parameter interval $-1 \leq \sin\theta, \cos\theta \leq 1$
$\hspace{0.25cm} -1 \leq \sin\theta, \cos\theta \leq 1 \\ \implies -\sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}} \leq \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}\cos\theta, \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}\sin\theta \leq \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}$
$\hspace{0.1cm}\implies -\sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}} \leq x,y \leq \sqrt{r^{2} - u^{2}}$
Hence, $x^{2} + y^{2} = 2(r^{2} - u^{2})$ which is the parametric equation of a circle.
Hence, $x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2} = 2r^{2} - u^{2}$, $u$ being a parameter.
0
0
Figure 4: Parametric circle to a sphere
Let us take another example.
A cone's parametric equations are given by: $$x = t \cos(t) \quad y = t \sin(t) \quad z = t$$
Eliminating the parameter $t$, we get: $$z^{2} = x^{2} + y^{2}$$
In the video given below, notice how the curve obtained describes the surface of the given cone.
1
2
Figure 5: Cone as a space curve
# Applications
• The parameter can be used to represent something useful and hence provide additional information about the graph.
• Kinematics: to describe the path of an object
• Computer-aided Design (CAD): advantageous over non-parametric equations, especially for geometric transformations
# History
In 1749, D'Alembert submitted a memoir for a competition of the Berlin Academy on the resistance of fluids, involving three-dimensional fluid dynamics, which had only been a one-dimensional theory up to this point. Also, the upside-down model of churches by Antonio Gaudi was one of the earliest examples of parametric design.
# Pause and Ponder
• Which of the creations/inventions around you would've been created with a perspective of parametric design?
• Which softwares other than CAD use the concept of parametric equations for ease in operation?
• How would a parametric equation with more than one parameter be represented?
# References
[1] https://colalg.math.csusb.edu/~devel/precalcdemo/param/src/param.html
[2] http://www.it.hiof.no/~borres/j3d/math/param/p-param.html#maparam24
[3] https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-02sc-multivariable-calculus-fall-2010/1.-vectors-and-matrices/part-c-parametric-equations-for-curves/session-17-general-parametric-equations-the-cycloid/MIT18_02SC_notes_9.pdf
### Images
[4] Figure 3 has been generated using draw.io
[1] https://www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/goa/mallinnus/curves/curves.html
[2] https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs283/fa10/lectures/283-lecture19.pdf
[3] http://web.cs.iastate.edu/~cs577/handouts/curves.pdf
[4] https://www.math.miami.edu/~galloway/dgnotes/chpt2.pdf
3
Contributor: Mentor & Editor: Verified by: Approved On:
The following notes and their corrosponding animations were created by the above-mentioned contributor and are freely avilable under CC (by SA) licence. The source code for the said animations is avilable on GitHub and is licenced under the MIT licence.
The work under this website is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License CC BY-SA
| 2021-04-14T05:45:34 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/398/089/
|
Volume 398 - The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2021) - T01: Astroparticle and Gravitational Waves
Mass composition modelling at sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
J. Olivares Schneider, J. Hoefken Zink and J.L. Bazo Alba*
Full text: Not available
Abstract
Extragalactic sources are thought to be the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays detected at Earth. In this work, we explore energy-dependent mass compositions of these sources taking a subset of the VCV catalog for distances with z$\leq$0.6. We use a power-law spectrum with an exponential cutoff to model individual sources above $10^{18.7}$ eV. To be more realistic we use the individual distance and radio flux weight of the sources, while sharing other properties as the power law index, Z-dependent rigidity cut and nuclei fraction. We propagate the different nuclei using CRPropa and search for the best stable parameters that fit the features of the spectrum measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. We show that the mass composition at the sources tends to have lighter nuclei, with H and He having the greatest contributions. The power law index found is $2 \pm 0.1$ and the rigidity cutoff $10^{21 \pm 0.3}$ eV.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2022-01-22T08:44:17 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/pair_fep_soft.html
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# pair_style morse/soft command
## Syntax
pair_style style args
• style = lj/cut/soft or lj/cut/coul/cut/soft or lj/cut/coul/long/soft or lj/cut/tip4p/long/soft or lj/charmm/coul/long/soft or lj/class2/soft or lj/class2/coul/cut/soft or lj/class2/coul/long/soft or coul/cut/soft or coul/long/soft or tip4p/long/soft or morse/soft
• args = list of arguments for a particular style
lj/cut/soft args = n alpha_lj cutoff
n, alpha_LJ = parameters of soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for Lennard-Jones interactions (distance units)
lj/cut/coul/cut/soft args = n alpha_LJ alpha_C cutoff (cutoff2)
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance units)
cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional) (distance units)
lj/cut/coul/long/soft args = n alpha_LJ alpha_C cutoff
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance units)
cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional) (distance units)
lj/cut/tip4p/long/soft args = otype htype btype atype qdist n alpha_LJ alpha_C cutoff (cutoff2)
otype,htype = atom types for TIP4P O and H
btype,atype = bond and angle types for TIP4P waters
qdist = distance from O atom to massless charge (distance units)
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance units)
cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional) (distance units)
lj/charmm/coul/long/soft args = n alpha_LJ alpha_C inner outer (cutoff)
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
inner, outer = global switching cutoffs for LJ (and Coulombic if only 5 args)
cutoff = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional, outer is Coulombic cutoff if only 5 args)
lj/class2/soft args = n alpha_lj cutoff
n, alpha_LJ = parameters of soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for Lennard-Jones interactions (distance units)
lj/class2/coul/cut/soft args = n alpha_LJ alpha_C cutoff (cutoff2)
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance units)
cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional) (distance units)
lj/class2/coul/long/soft args = n alpha_LJ alpha_C cutoff (cutoff2)
n, alpha_LJ, alpha_C = parameters of soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance units)
cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic (optional) (distance units)
coul/cut/soft args = n alpha_C cutoff
n, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for Coulomb interactions (distance units)
coul/long/soft args = n alpha_C cutoff
n, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for Coulomb interactions (distance units)
tip4p/long/soft args = otype htype btype atype qdist n alpha_C cutoff
otype,htype = atom types for TIP4P O and H
btype,atype = bond and angle types for TIP4P waters
qdist = distance from O atom to massless charge (distance units)
n, alpha_C = parameters of the soft-core potential
cutoff = global cutoff for Coulomb interactions (distance units)
morse/soft args = n lf cutoff
n = soft-core parameter
lf = transformation range is lf < lambda < 1
cutoff = global cutoff for Morse interactions (distance units)
## Examples
pair_style lj/cut/soft 2.0 0.5 9.5
pair_coeff * * 0.28 3.1 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 1.0 9.5
pair_style lj/cut/coul/cut/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5
pair_style lj/cut/coul/cut/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5 9.5
pair_coeff * * 0.28 3.1 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.5 10.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.5 10.0 9.5
pair_style lj/cut/coul/long/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5
pair_style lj/cut/coul/long/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5 9.5
pair_coeff * * 0.28 3.1 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.0 10.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.0 10.0 9.5
pair_style lj/cut/tip4p/long/soft 1 2 7 8 0.15 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.8
pair_style lj/cut/tip4p/long/soft 1 2 7 8 0.15 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.8 9.5
pair_coeff * * 0.155 3.1536 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.155 3.1536 1.0 9.5
pair_style lj/charmm/coul/long 2.0 0.5 10.0 8.0 10.0
pair_style lj/charmm/coul/long 2.0 0.5 10.0 8.0 10.0 9.0
pair_coeff * * 0.28 3.1 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 1.0 0.14 3.1
pair_style lj/class2/coul/long/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5
pair_style lj/class2/coul/long/soft 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.5 9.5
pair_coeff * * 0.28 3.1 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.0 10.0
pair_coeff 1 1 0.28 3.1 0.0 10.0 9.5
pair_style coul/long/soft 1.0 10.0 9.5
pair_coeff * * 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 1.0 9.5
pair_style tip4p/long/soft 1 2 7 8 0.15 2.0 0.5 10.0 9.8
pair_coeff * * 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 1.0 9.5
pair_style morse/soft 4 0.9 10.0
pair_coeff * * 100.0 2.0 1.5 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 100.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 3.0
## Description
These pair styles have a soft repulsive core, tunable by a parameter lambda, in order to avoid singularities during free energy calculations when sites are created or annihilated (Beutler). When lambda tends to 0 the pair interaction vanishes with a soft repulsive core. When lambda tends to 1, the pair interaction approaches the normal, non-soft potential. These pair styles are suited for “alchemical” free energy calculations using the fix adapt/fep and compute fep commands.
The lj/cut/soft style and related sub-styles compute the 12-6 Lennard-Jones and Coulomb potentials modified by a soft core, with the functional form
The lj/class2/soft style is a 9-6 potential with the exponent of the denominator of the first term in brackets taking the value 1.5 instead of 2 (other details differ, see the form of the potential in pair_class2).
Coulomb interactions can also be damped with a soft core at short distance,
In the Coulomb part C is an energy-conversion constant, q_i and q_j are the charges on the 2 atoms, and epsilon is the dielectric constant which can be set by the dielectric command.
The coefficient lambda is an activation parameter. When lambda = 1 the pair potential is identical to a Lennard-Jones term or a Coulomb term or a combination of both. When lambda = 0 the interactions are deactivated. The transition between these two extrema is smoothed by a soft repulsive core in order to avoid singularities in potential energy and forces when sites are created or annihilated and can overlap (Beutler).
The parameters n, alpha_LJ and alpha_C are set in the pair_style command, before the cutoffs. Usual choices for the exponent are n = 2 or n = 1. For the remaining coefficients alpha_LJ = 0.5 and alpha_C = 10 Angstrom^2 are appropriate choices. Plots of the 12/6 LJ and Coulomb terms are shown below, for lambda ranging from 1 to 0 every 0.1.
For the lj/cut/coul/cut/soft or lj/cut/coul/long/soft pair styles, as well as for the equivalent class2 versions, the following coefficients must be defined for each pair of atoms types via the pair_coeff command as in the examples above, or in the data file or restart files read by the read_data or read_restart commands, or by mixing as described below:
• epsilon (energy units)
• sigma (distance units)
• lambda (activation parameter, between 0 and 1)
• cutoff1 (distance units)
• cutoff2 (distance units)
The latter two coefficients are optional. If not specified, the global LJ and Coulombic cutoffs specified in the pair_style command are used. If only one cutoff is specified, it is used as the cutoff for both LJ and Coulombic interactions for this type pair. If both coefficients are specified, they are used as the LJ and Coulombic cutoffs for this type pair. You cannot specify 2 cutoffs for style lj/cut/soft, since it has no Coulombic terms. For the coul/cut/soft and coul/long/soft only lambda and the optional cutoff2 are to be specified.
Style lj/cut/tip4p/long/soft implements a soft-core version of the TIP4P water model. The usage of the TIP4P pair style is documented in the pair_lj styles. In the soft version the parameters n, alpha_LJ and alpha_C are set in the pair_style command, after the specific parameters of the TIP4P water model and before the cutoffs. The activation parameter lambda is supplied as an argument of the pair_coeff command, after epsilon and sigma and before the optional cutoffs.
Style lj/charmm/coul/long/soft implements a soft-core version of the modified 12-6 LJ potential used in CHARMM and documented in the pair_lj_charmm style. In the soft version the parameters n, alpha_LJ and alpha_C are set in the pair_style command, before the global cutoffs. The activation parameter lambda is introduced as an argument of the pair_coeff command, after epsilon and sigma and before the optional eps14 and sigma14.
Style lj/class2/soft implements a soft-core version of the 9-6 potential in pair_class2. In the soft version the parameters n, alpha_LJ and alpha_C are set in the pair_style command, before the global cutoffs. The activation parameter lambda is introduced as an argument of the the pair_coeff command, after epsilon and sigma and before the optional cutoffs.
The coul/cut/soft, coul/long/soft and tip4p/long/soft sub-styles are designed to be combined with other pair potentials via the pair_style hybrid/overlay command. This is because they have no repulsive core. Hence, if used by themselves, there will be no repulsion to keep two oppositely charged particles from overlapping each other. In this case, if lambda = 1, a singularity may occur. These sub-styles are suitable to represent charges embedded in the Lennard-Jones radius of another site (for example hydrogen atoms in several water models).
Note
When using the soft-core Coulomb potentials with long-range solvers (coul/long/soft, lj/cut/coul/long/soft, etc.) in a free energy calculation in which sites holding electrostatic charges are being created or annihilated (using fix adapt/fep and compute fep) it is important to adapt both the lambda activation parameter (from 0 to 1, or the reverse) and the value of the charge (from 0 to its final value, or the reverse). This ensures that long-range electrostatic terms (kspace) are correct. It is not necessary to use soft-core Coulomb potentials if the van der Waals site is present during the free-energy route, thus avoiding overlap of the charges. Examples are provided in the LAMMPS source directory tree, under examples/USER/fep.
Note
To avoid division by zero do not set sigma = 0 in the lj/cut/soft and related styles; use the lambda parameter instead to activate/deactivate interactions, or use epsilon = 0 and sigma = 1. Alternatively, when sites do not interact though the Lennard-Jones term the coul/long/soft or similar sub-style can be used via the pair_style hybrid/overlay command.
The morse/soft variant modifies the pair_morse style at short range to have a soft core. The functional form differs from that of the lj/soft styles, and is instead given by:
The morse/soft style requires the following pair coefficients:
• D0 (energy units)
• alpha (1/distance units)
• r0 (distance units)
• lambda (unitless, between 0.0 and 1.0)
• cutoff (distance units)
The last coefficient is optional. If not specified, the global morse cutoff is used.
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Speed packages doc page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See the Speed packages doc page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
Mixing, shift, tail correction, restart info:
The different versions of the lj/cut/soft pair styles support mixing. For atom type pairs I,J and I != J, the epsilon and sigma coefficients and cutoff distance for these pair style can be mixed. The default mix value is geometric for 12-6 styles.
The mixing rule for epsilon and sigma for lj/class2/soft 9-6 potentials is to use the sixthpower formulas. The pair_modify mix setting is thus ignored for class2 potentials for epsilon and sigma. However it is still followed for mixing the cutoff distance. See the pair_modify command for details.
The morse/soft pair style does not support mixing. Thus, coefficients for all LJ pairs must be specified explicitly.
All of the pair styles with soft core support the pair_modify shift option for the energy of the Lennard-Jones portion of the pair interaction.
The different versions of the lj/cut/soft pair styles support the pair_modify tail option for adding a long-range tail correction to the energy and pressure for the Lennard-Jones portion of the pair interaction.
Note
The analytical form of the tail corrections for energy and pressure used in the lj/cut/soft potentials are approximate, being identical to that of the corresponding non-soft potentials scaled by a factor lambda^n. The errors due to this approximation should be negligible. For example, for a cutoff of 2.5 sigma this approximation leads to maximum relative errors in tail corrections of the order of 1e-4 for energy and virial (alpha_LJ = 0.5, n = 2). The error vanishes when lambda approaches 0 or 1. Note that these are the errors affecting the long-range tail (itself a correction to the interaction energy) which includes other approximations, namely that the system is homogeneous (local density equal the average density) beyond the cutoff.
The morse/soft pair style does not support the pair_modify tail option for adding long-range tail corrections to energy and pressure.
All of these pair styles write information to binary restart files, so pair_style and pair_coeff commands do not need to be specified in an input script that reads a restart file.
## Restrictions
The pair styles with soft core are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with the USER-FEP package. The long versions also require the KSPACE package to be installed. The soft tip4p versions also require the MOLECULE package to be installed. These styles are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info.
| 2019-06-20T01:29:44 |
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|
http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/pages/quant-resemblance-latexml.html
|
# Resemblance among relatives
## Introduction
Just as individuals may differ from one another in phenotype because they have different genotypes, because they developed in different environments, or both, relatives may resemble one another more than they resemble other members of the population because they have similar genotypes, because they developed in similar environments, or both. In an experimental situation, typically try to randomize individuals across environments. If we are successful, any tendency for relatives to resemble one another more than non-relatives must be due to similarities in their genotypes.
Using this insight, we can develop a statistical technique that allows us to determine how much of the variance among individuals in phenotype is a result of genetic variance and how much is due to environmental variance. Remember, we can only ask about how much of the variability is due to genetic differences, and we can only do so in a particular environment and with a particular set of genotypes, and we can only do it when we randomize genotypes across environments.
## An outline of the approach
The basic approach to the analysis is either to use a linear regression of offspring phenotype on parental phenotype, which as we’ll see estimates $h^{2}_{n}$, or to use a nested analysis of variance. One of the most complete designs is a full-sib, half-sib design in which each male sires offspring from several dams but each dam mates with only one sire.
The offspring of a single dam are full-sibs (they are nested within dams). Differences among the offspring of dams indicates that there are differences in maternal “genotype” in the trait being measured.11 1 Assuming that we’ve randomized siblings across environments. If we haven’t, siblings may resemble one another because of similarities in the environment they experienced, too.
The offspring of different dams mated to a single sire are half-sibs. Differences among the offspring of sires indicates that thee are differences in paternal “genotype” in the trait being measured.22 2 You’ll see the reason for the quotes around genotype in this paragraph and the last a little later. It’s a little more complex than what I’ve suggested.
As we’ll see, this design has the advantage that it allows both additive and dominance components of the genetic variance to be estimated. It has the additional advantage that we don’t have to assume that the distribution of environments in the offspring generation is the same as it was in the parental generation. To use the regression approach to estimate heritability, we have to assume that the distribution of environmental effects is the same in parental and offspring generations.
## The gory details
OK, so I’ve given you the basic idea. Where does it come from, and how does it work? Funny you should ask. The whole approach is based on calculations of the degree to which different relatives resemble one another. For these purposes we’re going to continue our focus on phenotypes influenced by one locus with two alleles, and we’ll do the calculations in detail only for half sib families. We start with something that may look vaguely familiar.33 3 Remember our mother-offspring combinations with Zoarces viviparus? Take a look at Table 1.
Note also that the probabilities in Table 1 are appropriate only if the progeny are from half-sib families. If the progeny are from full-sib families, we must specify the frequency of each of the nine possible matings (keeping track of the genotype of both mother and father) and the offspring that each will produce.44 4 To check your understanding of all of this, you might want to try to produce the appropriate table.
### Covariance of two random variables
Let $p_{xy}$ be the probability that random variable $X$ takes the value $x$ and random variable $Y$ takes the value $y$. Then the covariance between $X$ and $Y$ is:
$\mbox{Cov}(X,Y)=\sum p_{xy}(x-\mu_{x})(y-\mu_{y})\quad,$
where $\mu_{x}$ is the mean of $X$ and $\mu_{y}$ is the mean of $Y$. The covariance between two random variables is a measure of how much they vary together — covary. If the covariance is large and positive, they tend to vary in the same way. Positive deviations from the mean in one are associated with positive deviations from the mean in the other, and negative deviations are similarly associated. If the covariance is large and negative, they tend to vary in opposite ways. Positive deviations from the mean in one variable are associated with negative deviations in the other, and vice versa. If the covariance is small, it means there isn’t a strong tendency for deviations from the mean in one variable to be associated with deviations in the other.
### Covariance between half-siblings
Here’s how we can calculate the covariance between half-siblings: First, imagine selecting huge number of half-sibs pairs at random. The phenotype of the first half-sib in the pair is a random variable (call it $S_{1}$), as is the phenotype of the second (call it $S_{2}$). The mean of $S_{1}$ is just the mean phenotype in all the progeny taken together, $\bar{x}$. Similarly, the mean of $S_{2}$ is just $\bar{x}$.55 5 The reasoning here gets a little tricky, since the mean of different half-sib families may be different. Think about it this way. We picked this particular half-sib family at random from among all half-sib families in the population. It takes a bit of algebra to show it, but the mean phenotype of a randomly chosen half-sib family is $\bar{x}$, meaning that $\bar{x}$ is the mean phenotype for both $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$. They’re part of the same family, so they share the same family mean. Now with one locus, two alleles we have three possible phenotypes: $x_{11}$ (corresponding to the genotype $A_{1}A_{1}$), $x_{12}$ (corresponding to the genotype $A_{1}A_{2}$), and $x_{22}$ (corresponding to the genotype $A_{2}A_{2}$). So all we need to do to calculate the covariance between half-sibs is to write down all possible pairs of phenotypes and the frequency with which they will occur in our sample of randomly chosen half-sibs based on the frequenices in Table 1 above and the frequency of maternal genotypes. It’s actually a bit easier to keep track of it all if we write down the frequency of each maternal genotype and the frequency with which each possible phenotypic combination will occur in her progeny.
$\displaystyle\mbox{Cov}(S_{1},S_{2})$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle p^{2}[p^{2}(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})^{2}+2pq(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})(x_{12}-{% \bar{x}})+q^{2}(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})^{2}]$ $\displaystyle+2pq[{1\over 4}p^{2}(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})^{2}+{1\over 2}p(x_{11}-{% \bar{x}})(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})+{1\over 2}pq(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})(x_{22}-{\bar{x}})$ $\displaystyle\ \ +{1\over 4}(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})^{2}+{1\over 2}q(x_{12}-{\bar{x}% })(x_{22}-{\bar{x}})+{1\over 4}q^{2}(x_{22}-{\bar{x}})^{2}]$ $\displaystyle+q^{2}[p^{2}(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})^{2}+2pq(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})+q^{2}(x_% {22}-{\bar{x}})]$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ p^{2}[p(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})+q(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})]^{2}$ $\displaystyle+2pq[{1\over 2}p(x_{11}-{\bar{x}})+{1\over 2}q(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})+% {1\over 2}p(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})+{1\over 2}q(x_{22}-{\bar{x}})]^{2}$ $\displaystyle+q^{2}[p(x_{12}-{\bar{x}})+q(x_{22}-{\bar{x}})]^{2}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ p^{2}[px_{11}+qx_{12}-{\bar{x}}]^{2}$ $\displaystyle+2pq\left[{1\over 2}(px_{11}+qx_{12}-{\bar{x}})+{1\over 2}(px_{12% }+qx_{22}-{\bar{x}})\right]^{2}$ $\displaystyle+q^{2}[px_{12}+qx_{22}-{\bar{x}}]^{2}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ p^{2}\left[\alpha_{1}-{{\bar{x}}\over 2}\right]^{2}+2pq\left[{1% \over 2}(\alpha_{1}-{{\bar{x}}\over 2})+{1\over 2}(\alpha_{2}-{{\bar{x}}\over 2% })\right]^{2}+q^{2}\left[\alpha_{2}-{{\bar{x}}\over 2}\right]^{2}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ p^{2}\left[{1\over 2}(2\alpha_{1}-{\bar{x}})\right]^{2}+2pq% \left[{1\over 2}(\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2}-{\bar{x}})\right]^{2}+q^{2}\left[{1% \over 2}(2\alpha_{2}-{\bar{x}})\right]^{2}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1\over 4}\right)\left[p^{2}(2\alpha_{1}-{\bar{x}})^{2}+2pq% [(\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2}-{\bar{x}})]^{2}+q^{2}(2\alpha_{2}-{\bar{x}})^{2}\right]$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1\over 4}\right)V_{a}$
### A numerical example
Now we’ll return to an example we saw earlier (Table 2). This set of genotypes and phenotypes may look familiar. It is the same one we encountered earlier when we calculated additive and dominance components of variance. Let’s assume that $p=0.4$. Then we know that
$\displaystyle\bar{x}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 54.4$ $\displaystyle V_{a}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 1505.28$ $\displaystyle V_{d}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 207.36\quad.$
We can also calculate the numerical version of Table 1, which you’ll find in Table 3.
So now we can follow the same approach we did before and calculate the numerical value of the covariance between half-sibs in this example:
$\displaystyle\mbox{Cov}(S_{1},S_{2})$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ [(0.4)^{2}(0.16)+(0.2)^{2}(0.48)](100-54.4)^{2}$ $\displaystyle+[(0.6)^{2}(0.16)+(0.5)^{2}(0.48)+(0.4)^{2}(0.36)](80-54.4)^{2}$ $\displaystyle+[(0.3)^{2}(0.48)+(0.6)^{2}(0.36)](0-54.4)^{2}$ $\displaystyle+2[(0.4)(0.6)(0.16)+(0.2)(0.5)(0.48)](100-54.4)(80-54.4)$ $\displaystyle+2(0.2)(0.3)(0.48)(100-54.4)(0-54.4)$ $\displaystyle+2[(0.5)(0.3)(0.48)+(0.4)(0.6)(0.36)](80-54.4)(0-54.4)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ 376.32$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\ \left({1\over 4}\right)1505.28\quad.$
### Covariances among relatives
Well, if we can do this sort of calculation for half-sibs, you can probably guess that it’s also possible to do it for other relatives. I won’t go through all of the calculations, but the results for common forms of relationship are summarized in Table 4
## Estimating heritability
Galton introduced the term regression to describe the inheritance of height in humans. He noted that there is a tendency for adult offspring of tall parents to be tall and of short parents to be short, but he also noted that offspring tended to be less extreme than the parents.66 6 It’s worth noting that Galton is often “credited” with establishing the field of eugenics. He was a proponent of encouraging the “best” people to marry one another to “improve” the human race. There is a building at University College London named in his honor, the Galton Laboratory. The University is considering changing its name (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6466845/UCL-rename-buildings-honouring-Sir-Francis-Galton-known-father-eugenics.html). He described this as a “regression to mediocrity,” and statisticians adopted the term to describe a standard technique for describing the functional relationship between two variables.
### Regression analysis
Measure the parents. Regress the offspring phenotype on: (1) the phenotype of one parent or (2) the mean of the parental parental phenotypes. In either case, the covariance between the parental phenotype and the offspring genotype is $\left({1\over 2}\right)V_{a}$. Now the regression coefficient between one parent and offspring, $b_{P\rightarrow O}$, is
$\displaystyle b_{P\rightarrow O}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\frac{\mbox{Cov}_{PO}}{\mbox{Var}(P)}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle{\left({1\over 2}\right)V_{a}\over V_{p}}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1\over 2}\right)h^{2}_{N}\quad.$
In short, the slope of the regression line is equal to one-half the narrow sense heritability. In the regression of offspring on mid-parent value,
$\displaystyle\mbox{Var}(MP)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\mbox{Var}\left(\frac{M+F}{2}\right)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}\mbox{Var}(M+F)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}\left(Var(M)+Var(F)\right)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}\left(2V_{p}\right)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}V_{p}\quad.$
Thus, $b_{MP\rightarrow O}=\frac{1}{2}V_{a}/\frac{1}{2}V_{p}=h^{2}_{N}$. In short, the slope of the regression line is equal to the narrow sense heritability.
### Sib analysis
Mate a number of males (sires) with a number of females (dams). Each sire is mated to more than one dam, but each dam mates only with one sire. Do an analysis of variance on the phenotype in the progeny, treating sire and dam as main effects. The result is shown in Table 5.
Now we need some way to relate the variance components ($\sigma^{2}_{W}$, $\sigma^{2}_{D}$, and $\sigma^{2}_{S}$) to $V_{a}$, $V_{d}$, and $V_{e}$.77 7 $\sigma^{2}_{W}$, $\sigma^{2}_{D}$, and $\sigma^{2}_{S}$ are often referred to as the observational components of variance, because they are estimated from observations we make on phenotypic variation. $V_{a}$, $V_{d}$, and $V_{e}$ are often referred to as the causal components of variance, because they represent the gentic and environmental influences on trait expression. How do we do that? Well,
$V_{p}=\sigma^{2}_{T}=\sigma^{2}_{S}+\sigma^{2}_{D}+\sigma^{2}_{W}\quad.$
$\sigma^{2}_{S}$ estimates the variance among the means of the half-sib familes fathered by each of the different sires or, equivalently, the covariance among half-sibs.88 8 To see why consider this is so, consider the following: The mean genotypic value of half-sib families with an $A_{1}A_{1}$ mother is $px_{11}+qx_{12}$; with an $A_{1}A_{2}$ mother, $px_{11}/2+qx_{12}/2+px_{12}/2+qx_{22}/2$; with an $A_{2}A_{2}$ mother, $px_{12}+qx_{22}$. The equation for the variance among these means is identical to the equation for the covariance among half-sibs.
$\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{S}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\mbox{Cov}_{HS}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)V_{a}\quad.$
Now consider the within progeny component of the variance, $\sigma^{2}_{W}$. In general, it can be shown that any among group variance component is equal to the covariance among the members within the groups.99 9 With $x_{ij}=a_{i}+\epsilon_{ij}$, where $a_{i}$ is the mean group effect and $\epsilon_{ij}$ is random effect on individual $j$ in group $i$ (with mean 0), $Cov(x_{ij},x_{ik})=E(a_{i}+\epsilon_{ij}-\mu)(a_{i}+\epsilon_{ik}-\mu)=E((a_{i% }-\mu^{2})+a_{i}(\epsilon_{ij}+\epsilon_{ik})+\epsilon_{ij}\epsilon_{ik})=Var(A)$. Thus, a within group component of the variance is equal to the total variance minus the covariance within groups. In this case,
$\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{W}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle V_{p}-\mbox{Cov}_{FS}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle V_{a}+V_{d}+V_{e}-\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)V_{a}+\left(% \frac{1}{4}\right)V_{d}\right]$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)V_{a}+\left({3\over 4}\right)V_{d}+V_{e}\quad.$
There remains only $\sigma^{2}_{D}$. Now $\sigma^{2}_{W}=V_{p}-Cov_{FS}$, $\sigma^{2}_{S}=Cov_{HS}$, and $\sigma^{2}_{T}=V_{p}$. Thus,
$\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{D}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{T}-\sigma^{2}_{S}-\sigma^{2}_{W}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle V_{p}-\mbox{Cov}_{HS}-(V_{p}-\mbox{Cov}_{FS})$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\mbox{Cov}_{FS}-\mbox{Cov}_{HS}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left[\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)V_{a}+\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)V_{d}% \right]-\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)V_{a}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)V_{a}+\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)V_{d}\quad.$
So if we rearrange these equations, we can express the genetic components of the phenotypic variance, the causal components of variance, as simple functions of the observational components of variance:
$\displaystyle V_{a}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 4\sigma^{2}_{S}$ $\displaystyle V_{d}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 4(\sigma^{2}_{D}-\sigma^{2}_{S})$ $\displaystyle V_{e}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{W}-3\sigma^{2}_{D}+\sigma^{2}_{S}\quad.$
Furthermore, the narrow-sense heritability is given by
$h^{2}_{N}=\frac{4\sigma^{2}_{s}}{\sigma^{2}_{S}+\sigma^{2}_{D}+\sigma^{2}_{W}}\quad.$
### An example: body weight in female mice
The analysis involves 719 offspring from 74 sires and 192 dams, each with one litter. The offspring were spread over 4 generations, and the analysis is performed as a nested ANOVA with the genetic analysis nested within generations. An additional complication is that the design was unbalanced, i.e., unequal numbers of progeny were measured in each sibship. As a result the degrees of freedom don’t work out to be quite as simple as what I showed you.1010 10 What did you expect from real data? This example is extracted from Falconer and Mackay, pp. 169–170. See the book for details. The results are summarized in Table 6.
Using the expressions for the composition of the mean square we obtain
$\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{W}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle MS_{W}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 2.19$ $\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{D}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1\over k}\right)(MS_{D}-\sigma^{2}_{W})$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 2.47$ $\displaystyle\sigma^{2}_{S}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1\over dk^{\prime}}\right)(MS_{S}-\sigma^{2}_{W}-k^{\prime% }\sigma^{2}_{D})$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 0.48\quad.$
Thus,
$\displaystyle V_{p}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 5.14$ $\displaystyle V_{a}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 1.92$ $\displaystyle V_{d}+V_{e}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 3.22$ $\displaystyle V_{d}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle(0.00\hbox{---}1.64)$ $\displaystyle V_{e}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle(1.58\hbox{---}3.22)$
Why didn’t I give a definite number for $V_{d}$ after my big spiel above about how we can estimate it from a full-sib crossing design? Two reasons. First, if you plug the estimates for $\sigma^{2}_{D}$ and $\sigma^{2}_{S}$ into the formula above for $V_{d}$ you get $V_{d}=7.96,V_{e}=-4.74$, which is clearly impossible since $V_{d}$ has to be less than $V_{p}$ and $V_{e}$ has to be greater than zero. It’s a variance. Second, the experimental design confounds two sources of resemblance among full siblings: (1) genetic covariance and (2) environmental covariance. The full-sib families were all raised by the same mother in the same pen. Hence, we don’t know to what extent their resemblance is due to a common natal environment.1111 11 Notice that this doesn’t affect our analysis of half-sib families, i.e., the progeny of different sires, since each father was bred with several females If we assume $V_{d}=0$, we can estimate the amount of variance accounted for by exposure to a common natal environment, $V_{Ec}=1.99$, and by environmental variation within sibships, $V_{Ew}=1.23$.1212 12 See Falconer for details. Similarly, if we assume $V_{Ew}=0$, then $V_{d}=1.64$ and $V_{Ec}=1.58$. In any case, we can estimate the narrow sense heritability as
$\displaystyle h^{2}_{N}$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle\left({1.92\over 5.14}\right)$ $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle 0.37\quad.$
## Creative Commons License
These notes are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| 2020-08-10T11:14:42 |
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https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Acentric_factor
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# Acentric factor
The acentric factor ω is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be very useful in the description of matter.[1] It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single & pure components. The other state description parameters are molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume (or critical compressibility). The acentric factor is said to be a measure of the non-sphericity (centricity) of molecules.[2] As it increases, the vapor curve is "pulled" down, resulting in higher boiling points.
It is defined as:
${\displaystyle \omega =-\log _{10}(p_{r}^{\rm {sat}})-1,{\rm {\ at\ }}T_{r}=0.7}$.
where ${\displaystyle T_{r}={\frac {T}{T_{c}}}}$ is the reduced temperature, ${\displaystyle p_{r}^{\rm {sat}}={\frac {p^{\rm {sat}}}{p_{c}}}}$ is the reduced saturation vapor pressure.
For many monatomic fluids
${\displaystyle p_{r}^{\rm {sat}}{\rm {\ at\ }}T_{r}=0.7}$,
is close to 0.1, therefore ${\displaystyle \omega \to 0}$. In many cases, ${\displaystyle T_{r}=0.7}$ lies above the boiling temperature of liquids at atmosphere pressure.
Values of ω can be determined for any fluid from accurate experimental vapor pressure data. Preferably, these data should first be regressed against a vapor pressure equation, like ln(P) = A + B/T +C*ln(T) + D*T^6. (In this regression, a careful check for erroneous vapor pressure measurements must be made, preferably using a log(P) vs. 1/T graph, and any obviously incorrect or dubious values should be discarded. The regression should then be re-run with the remaining good values until a good fit is obtained.) Using the known critical temperature, Tc, vapor pressure at Tr=0.7 can then be used in the defining equation, above, to estimate acentric factor.
The definition of ω gives essentially zero for the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon. ${\displaystyle \omega }$ is very close to zero for other spherical molecules.[2] Values of ω ≤ -1 correspond to vapor pressures above the critical pressure, and are non-physical.
By definition, a van der Waals fluid has a critical compressibility of 3/8 and an acentric factor of about −0.302024, indicating a small ultra-spherical molecule. A Redlich-Kwong fluid has a critical compressibility of 1/3 and an acentric factor of about 0.058280, close to nitrogen; without the temperature dependence of its attractive term, its acentric factor would be only -0.293572.
## Values of some common gases
Molecule Acentric Factor[3] Acetone 0.304[4] Acetylene 0.187 Ammonia 0.253 Argon 0.000 Carbon Dioxide 0.228 Decane 0.484 Ethanol 0.644[4] Helium -0.390 Hydrogen -0.220 Krypton 0.000 Methanol 0.556[4] Neon 0.000 Nitrogen 0.040 Nitrous Oxide 0.142 Oxygen 0.022 Xenon 0.000
## References
1. Adewumi, Michael. "Acentric Factor and Corresponding States". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
2. Saville, G. (2006). "ACENTRIC FACTOR". A-to-Z Guide to Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, and Fluids Engineering. doi:10.1615/AtoZ.a.acentric_factor.
3. Yaws, Carl L. (2001). Matheson Gas Data Book. McGraw-Hill.
4. Reid, R.C.; Prausnitz, J.M.; Poling, B.E. The Properties of Gases and Liquids (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070517991.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
| 2021-01-20T13:00:41 |
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The Energy Storage System Safety and Reliability Forum at PNNL brought together more than 120 energy storage experts from the U.S. Department of Energy, the national laboratories, utilities, industry and academia.
| 2020-08-09T08:08:20 |
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.41
|
# §10.41 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Order
## §10.41(ii) Uniform Expansions for Real Variable
As through positive real values,
uniformly for . Here
10.41.7
10.41.8
where the branches assume their principal values. Also, and are polynomials in of degree , given by , and
10.41.9
.
For ,
10.41.10
10.41.11
For , , , see Bickley et al. (1952, p. xxxv).
For numerical tables of and the coefficients , , see Olver (1962, pp. 43–51).
## §10.41(iii) Uniform Expansions for Complex Variable
The expansions (10.41.3)–(10.41.6) also hold uniformly in the sector , with the branches of the fractional powers in (10.41.3)–(10.41.8) extended by continuity from the positive real -axis.
Figures 10.41.1 and 10.41.2 show corresponding points of the mapping of the -plane and the -plane. The curve in the -plane is the upper boundary of the domain depicted in Figure 10.20.3 and rotated through an angle . Thus is the point , where is given by (10.20.18).
For derivations of the results in this subsection, and also error bounds, see Olver (1997b, pp. 374–378). For extensions of the regions of validity in the -plane and extensions to complex values of see Olver (1997b, pp. 378–382).
Figure 10.41.1: -plane. Symbols: : nonnegative integer, : complex variable, : points, : point, : point, : point, : points and : points Referenced by: §10.41(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.41.F1 Encodings: pdf, png Figure 10.41.2: -plane. Symbols: Referenced by: §10.41(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.41.F2 Encodings: pdf, png
For expansions in inverse factorial series see Dunster et al. (1993).
## §10.41(iv) Double Asymptotic Properties
In the case of (10.41.13) with positive real values of the result is a consequence of the error bounds given in Olver (1997b, pp. 377–378). Then by expanding the quantities , , and , , and rearranging, we arrive at an expansion of the right-hand side of (10.41.13) in powers of . Moreover, because of the uniqueness property of asymptotic expansions (§2.1(iii)) this expansion must agree with (10.40.2), with replaced by , up to and including the term in . It also enjoys the same sector of validity.
To establish (10.41.12) we substitute into (10.34.3), with and replaced by , by means of (10.41.13) observing that when is large the effect of replacing by is to replace , , and by , , and , respectively.
## §10.41(v) Double Asymptotic Properties (Continued)
Similar analysis can be developed for the uniform asymptotic expansions in terms of Airy functions given in §10.20. We first prove that for the expansions (10.20.6) for the Hankel functions and the -asymptotic property applies when , respectively. This is a consequence of the error bounds associated with these expansions. We then extend the validity of this property from to in the sector in the case of , and to in the sector in the case of . This is done by re-expansion with the aid of (10.20.10), (10.20.11), and §10.41(ii), followed by comparison with (10.17.5) and (10.17.6), with replaced by . Lastly, we substitute into (10.4.4), again with replaced by . The final results are:
as in , or equivalently as in , for fixed and fixed .
It needs to be noted that the results (10.41.14) and (10.41.15) do not apply when or equivalently . This is because and , do not form an asymptotic scale (§2.1(v)) as ; see Olver (1997b, pp. 422–425).
| 2013-12-12T06:59:48 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S010AFB&home=MXXX020
|
# A$_{FB}({{\boldsymbol K}}{}^{\pm{}}_{{{\boldsymbol \pi}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} }$) = ${\Gamma\mathrm {(cos({{\boldsymbol \theta}}_{ {{\boldsymbol K}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} })>0)}−\Gamma\mathrm {(cos({{\boldsymbol \theta}}_{ {{\boldsymbol K}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} })<0)}\over \Gamma\mathrm {(cos({{\boldsymbol \theta}}_{ {{\boldsymbol K}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} })>0)}+\Gamma\mathrm {(cos({{\boldsymbol \theta}}_{ {{\boldsymbol K}} {{\boldsymbol \mu}} })<0)}}$ INSPIRE search
VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN
$\bf{<0.023}$ 90 1
2011 A
NA48
1 BATLEY 2011A gives a corresponding value of the asymmetry A$_{FB}$ = $-0.024$ $\pm0.018$.
References:
BATLEY 2011A
PL B697 107 New Measurement of the ${{\mathit K}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ Decay
| 2020-10-22T21:50:54 |
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https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34909/
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Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
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36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory
22-28 July 2018
Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
EST timezone
Axial U(1) symmetry and Dirac spectra in high-temperature phase of $N_f=2$ lattice QCD
Jul 24, 2018, 2:00 PM
20m
Centennial (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center)
Centennial
Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824
Nonzero Temperature and Density
Speaker
Dr Kei Suzuki (KEK)
Description
We investigate the axial $U(1)$ symmetry in the phase above the critical temperature in $N_f=2$ lattice QCD, where the ensembles are generated with Mobius domain-wall fermions, and the overlap/domain-wall reweighting is applied. We show the $U(1)_A$ susceptibility extracted from the spectra of the overlap Dirac eigenmodes and discuss its temperature, quark-mass, and spatial volume dependence. The behavior of $U(1)_A$ susceptibility is compared with that of topological susceptibility and their relation is discussed.
Primary author
Dr Kei Suzuki (KEK)
Co-authors
Dr Guido Cossu (The University of Edinburgh) Prof. Hidenori Fukaya (Osaka University) Dr Shoji Hashimoto (KEK) Prof. Sinya Aoki (YITP) Yasumichi Aoki (KEK)
Slides
| 2021-06-15T15:24:38 |
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https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/uncertainties-around-algae-biofuel
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July 19, 2019
Web Feature
## The Uncertainties Around Algae for Biofuel
PNNL researchers develop new model for analyzing biocrude yield and economics
Andrea Starr | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Could algae one day replace crude oil as the raw material for what goes into our gas tanks? The answer depends, in large part, on economics.
One method for converting algae to biocrude—a process called hydrothermal liquefaction—is showing promise in laboratories. But uncertainties remain about just how much biocrude the technique might yield, and whether that fuel could compete on price with conventional ones at the pump.
Researchers at PNNL have developed a model that predicts outcomes from the algae HTL process in a way that mirrors commercial reality much more closely than previous analyses.
"Similar studies on algae HTL yields have been done, but they were based on lab benchtop experiments," said Yuan Jiang, a chemical engineer at PNNL and a lead author of the paper. "Those configurations are quite different from a commercial-scale plant."
The researchers found that two factors—algae composition and capital investment—are the biggest drivers of economic uncertainties about the process. In their analysis, algae with more lipids correlated with lower prices.
"Lipid content is key to predicting the yield of biocrude production," Jiang said. The higher the lipids, the analysis found, the higher the yield of biocrude, which can help lower the price. Yet the biocrude price range that emerged from the simulation was still high: between $5 and$16 per gasoline-gallon equivalent due to the uncertainties in algae production cost.
The team’s paper, "Techno-economic uncertainty quantification of algal-derived biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction," was published in the May 2019 issue of Algal Research. The work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office.
Read more on DOE's website.
Published: July 19, 2019
### PNNL Research Team
Yuan Jiang
Susanne B. Jones
Yunhua Zhu
Lesley Snowden-Swan
Andrew J. Schmidt
Justin M. Billing
Daniel Anderson
| 2019-10-23T07:41:14 |
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ayau.shing-tung
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Yau, Shing-Tung
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: yau.shing-tung Published as: Yau, Shing-Tung; Yau, S.-T.; Yau, Shing Tung; Yau, S. T.; Yau, Shingtung; Yau, Shing-tung; Yau, Sing-Tung Homepage: http://doctoryau.com External Links: MacTutor · MGP · Wikidata · Google Scholar · Math-Net.Ru · dblp · GND · IdRef Awards: Fields Medal (1982) · Wolf Prize (2010)
Documents Indexed: 666 Publications since 1970, including 133 Books Biographic References: 19 Publications
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
119 single-authored 43 Lian, Bong H. 38 Liu, Kefeng 34 Ji, Lizhen 24 Jerison, David S. 23 Gu, Xianfeng 22 Wang, Mu-Tao 21 Schoen, Richard Melvin 19 Smoller, Joel Alan 18 Chen, PoNing 17 Chung Graham, Fan-Rong King 16 Finster, Felix 16 Grigor’yan, Alexander Asaturovich 16 Stanley, Richard Peter 15 Cheng, Shiu-Yuen 14 Jost, Jürgen 14 Lin, Yong 14 Mazur, Barry 14 Schmid, Wilfried 14 Zeng, Wei 13 Yang, Lo 13 Yau, Stephen Shing-Toung 12 Hosono, Shinobu 12 Lui, Lok Ming 12 Mrowka, Tomasz S. 11 Li, Peter 11 Lin, Wen-Wei 11 Tseng, Li-Sheng 10 Cao, Huai-Dong 10 Gu, Xianfeng David 10 Luo, Feng 10 Sun, Xiaofeng 9 Huang, An 9 Meeks, William Hamilton III 9 Muranov, Yuriĭ Vladimirovich 9 Zaslow, Eric 8 Fu, Jixiang 8 Kamran, Niky 8 Li, Jun 8 Singer, Isadore M. 8 Wang, Yalin 7 Gu, David Xianfeng 7 Kisin, Mark 7 Klemm, Albrecht 7 Xie, Dan 7 Yau, Horng-Tzer 7 Yueh, Mei-Heng 7 Zheng, Fangyang 6 Bieri, Lydia 6 Lin, Hai 6 Liu, Chien-Hao 6 Lusztig, George 6 Nadis, Steve 6 Papadopoulos, Athanase 6 Siu, Yum-Tong 6 Wu, Damin 5 Chan, Tony Fan-Cheong 5 Collins, Tristan Clifford 5 Dai, Junfei 5 Jaffe, Arthur Michael 5 Miller, Warner Allen 5 Oguiso, Keiji 5 Poon, Yat Sun 5 Seidel, Paul 5 Tian, Gang 5 Xu, Hao 4 Alsing, Paul M. 4 Becker, Melanie 4 Bott, Raoul Harry 4 Esole, Mboyo 4 Greene, Robert Everist 4 Hübsch, Tristan 4 Jin, Miao 4 Leung, Naichung Conan 4 Lippner, Gábor 4 Liu, Chiu-Chu Melissa 4 Luo, Wei 4 Roan, Shih-shyr 4 Sheshmani, Artan 4 Theisen, Stefan J. 4 Uhlenbeck, Karen Keskulla 4 Wang, Juven 4 Wang, Ye-Kai 3 Alim, Murad 3 Au, Thomas Kwok-Keung 3 Bauer, Frank 3 Chen, Bingyi 3 de Jong, Aise Johan 3 Gao, Peng 3 Greene, Brian R. 3 Haghighat, Babak 3 Huang, Weiqiang 3 Jacob, Adam 3 Lawson, Herbert Blaine jun. 3 Li, Si 3 Li, Tiexiang 3 Lin, Chang-Shou 3 Martelli, Dario 3 Movasati, Hossein 3 Ng, Kung-Fu 3 Ray, Shannon ...and 211 more Co-Authors
all top 5
#### Serials
45 Communications in Mathematical Physics 25 Advanced Lectures in Mathematics (ALM) 21 Communications in Analysis and Geometry 21 Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 16 Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly 16 Surveys in Differential Geometry 15 Journal of Differential Geometry 15 ICCM Notices 14 Communications in Information and Systems 14 AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Mathematics 12 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 12 The Asian Journal of Mathematics 11 American Journal of Mathematics 11 Inventiones Mathematicae 11 Mathematische Annalen 10 Nuclear Physics. B 10 Mathematical Research Letters 7 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 7 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 6 Advances in Mathematics 6 Topology 6 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 5 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 5 Journal of Scientific Computing 5 Surveys in Differential Geometry. Supplement to the Journal of Differential Geometry 5 Communications in Number Theory and Physics 4 Acta Mathematica 4 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 4 Science in China. Series A 4 Methods and Applications of Analysis 4 Journal of High Energy Physics 4 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 3 Classical and Quantum Gravity 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 3 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 3 Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 Homology, Homotopy and Applications 3 Annales Henri Poincaré 2 Modern Physics Letters A 2 International Journal of Modern Physics A 2 Physics Letters. B 2 Compositio Mathematica 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 2 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 2 Computer Aided Geometric Design 2 Annals of Physics 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Nuclear Physics, B, Proceedings Supplements 2 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 2 International Journal of Modern Physics D 2 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 2 Physical Review Letters 2 SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 2 Geometry, Imaging and Computing 2 Harvard University Center of Mathematical Sciences and Applications Series in Mathematics (CSMA) 1 International Journal of Modern Physics B 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Letters in Mathematical Physics 1 Physics Letters. A 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Journal of Graph Theory 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 The Mathematics Student 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 Numerische Mathematik 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 1 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 1 Topology and its Applications 1 Advances in Applied Mathematics 1 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 Forum Mathematicum 1 CAD. Computer-Aided Design 1 Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 1 Random Structures & Algorithms 1 L’Enseignement Mathématique. 2e Série 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. New Series 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 International Journal of Computer Vision 1 ETNA. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems ...and 23 more Serials
all top 5
#### Fields
310 Differential geometry (53-XX) 188 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 143 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 126 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 118 Quantum theory (81-XX) 105 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 88 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 70 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 50 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 47 History and biography (01-XX) 41 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 36 Combinatorics (05-XX) 27 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 27 Computer science (68-XX) 25 Number theory (11-XX) 23 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 22 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 18 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 16 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 12 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 11 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 9 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 9 Special functions (33-XX) 9 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 7 Potential theory (31-XX) 7 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 6 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 6 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 5 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 5 Mathematics education (97-XX) 4 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Operator theory (47-XX) 4 Geometry (51-XX) 4 Statistics (62-XX) 4 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 3 General topology (54-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 2 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
412 Publications have been cited 11,912 times in 7,878 Documents Cited by Year
On the Ricci curvature of a compact Kähler manifold and the complex Monge-Ampère equation. I. Zbl 0369.53059
Yau, Shing-Tung
1978
On the parabolic kernel of the Schrödinger operator. Zbl 0611.58045
Li, Peter; Yau, Shing Tung
1986
Harmonic functions on complete Riemannian manifolds. Zbl 0291.31002
Yau, Shing-tung
1975
Lectures on differential geometry. Zbl 0830.53001
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1994
Differential equations on Riemannian manifolds and their geometric applications. Zbl 0312.53031
Cheng, S. Y.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1975
On the proof of the positive mass conjecture in general relativity. Zbl 0405.53045
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1979
Some function-theoretic properties of complete Riemannian manifold and their applications to geometry. Zbl 0335.53041
Yau, Shing-Tung
1976
Mirror symmetry is $$T$$-duality. Zbl 0896.14024
Strominger, A.; Yau, S.-T.; Zaslow, E.
1996
Maximal space-like hypersurfaces in the Lorentz-Minkowski spaces. Zbl 0352.53021
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1976
On the existence of Hermitian-Yang-Mills connections in stable vector bundles. Zbl 0615.58045
Uhlenbeck, K.; Yau, S. T.
1986
Calabi’s conjecture and some new results in algebraic geometry. Zbl 0355.32028
Yau, Shing-Tung
1977
Conformally flat manifolds, Kleinian groups and scalar curvature. Zbl 0658.53038
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1988
On the existence of a complete Kähler metric on non-compact complex manifolds and the regularity of Fefferman’s equation. Zbl 0506.53031
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1980
On the Schrödinger equation and the eigenvalue problem. Zbl 0554.35029
Li, Peter; Yau, Shing-Tung
1983
Hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature. Zbl 0349.53041
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1977
A general Schwarz lemma for Kähler manifolds. Zbl 0424.53040
Yau, Shing-Tung
1978
Existence of incompressible minimal surfaces and the topology of three dimensional manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature. Zbl 0431.53051
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1979
Proof of the positive mass theorem. II. Zbl 0494.53028
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1981
A new conformal invariant and its applications to the Willmore conjecture and the first eigenvalue of compact surfaces. Zbl 0503.53042
Li, Peter; Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
On the structure of manifolds with positive scalar curvature. Zbl 0423.53032
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1979
Submanifolds with constant mean curvature. I. Zbl 0304.53041
Yau, Shing-Tung
1974
Curvature estimates for minimal hypersurfaces. Zbl 0323.53039
Schoen, Richard; Simon, Leon; Yau, Shing-Tung
1975
Sasaki-Einstein manifolds and volume minimisation. Zbl 1161.53029
Martelli, Dario; Sparks, James; Yau, Shing-Tung
2008
On the regularity of the Monge-Ampère equation $$\text{det}(\partial^2u/\partial x_1\partial x_j)=F(x,u)$$. Zbl 0347.35019
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1977
The geometric dual of $$a$$-maximisation for toric Sasaki-Einstein manifolds. Zbl 1190.53041
Martelli, Dario; Sparks, James; Yau, Shing-Tung
2006
Mirror symmetry, mirror map and applications to Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces. Zbl 0814.53056
Hosono, S.; Klemm, A.; Theisen, S.; Yau, S.-T.
1995
Complete affine hypersurfaces. I: The completeness of affine metrics. Zbl 0623.53002
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1986
Stringy cosmic strings and noncompact Calabi-Yau manifolds. Zbl 0744.53045
Greene, B. R.; Shapere, A.; Vafa, C.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1990
Compact Kähler manifolds of positive bisectional curvature. Zbl 0442.53056
Siu, Yum-Tong; Yau, Shing-Tung
1980
On the regularity of the solution of the $$n$$-dimensional Minkowski problem. Zbl 0363.53030
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1976
Harmonic maps and the topology of stable hypersurfaces and manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature. Zbl 0361.53040
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1976
Calabi-Yau four-folds for $$M$$- and $$F$$-theory compactifications. Zbl 0920.14016
Klemm, A.; Lian, B.; Roan, S.-S.; Yau, S.-T.
1998
Embedded minimal surfaces, exotic spheres, and manifolds with positive Ricci curvature. Zbl 0521.53007
Meeks, William H. III; Simon, Leon; Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
A lower bound for the heat kernel. Zbl 0481.35003
Cheeger, Jeff; Yau, Shing-Tung
1981
Lectures on harmonic maps. Zbl 0886.53004
Schoen, R.; Yau, S.-T.
1997
On the upper estimate of the heat kernel of a complete Riemannian manifold. Zbl 0484.53035
Cheng, Siu Yuen; Li, Peter; Yau, Shing-Tung
1981
Mirror principle. I. Zbl 0953.14026
Lian, Bong H.; Liu, Kefeng; Yau, Shing-Tung
1997
Local mirror symmetry: Calculations and interpretations. Zbl 0976.32012
Chiang, T.-M.; Klemm, A.; Yau, S.-T.; Zaslow, E.
1999
Isoperimetric constants and the first eigenvalue of a compact Riemannian manifold. Zbl 0325.53039
Yau, Shing-Tung
1975
The existence of embedded minimal surfaces and the problem of uniqueness. Zbl 0479.49026
Meeks, William H. III; Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
Open problems in geometry. Zbl 0801.53001
Yau, Shing Tung
1993
Kähler-Einstein metrics on complex surfaces with $$C_ 1>0$$. Zbl 0631.53052
Tian, Gang; Yau, Shing Tung
1987
Topology of three dimensional manifolds and the embedding problems in minimal surface theory. Zbl 0458.57007
Meeks, William H. III; Yau, Shing-Tung
1980
On univalent harmonic maps between surfaces. Zbl 0388.58005
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1978
Eigenvalues of the Laplacian of compact Riemann surfaces and minimal submanifolds. Zbl 0446.58017
Yang, Paul C.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1980
Ricci curvature and eigenvalue estimate on locally finite graphs. Zbl 1232.31003
Lin, Yong; Yau, Shing-Tung
2010
Complete Kähler manifolds with zero Ricci curvature. I. Zbl 0719.53041
Tian, G.; Yau, Shing Tung
1990
Small resolutions of SU(5)-models in F-theory. Zbl 1447.81171
Esole, Mboyo; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Complete Kähler manifolds with zero Ricci curvature. II. Zbl 0766.53053
Tian, Gang; Yau, Shing Tung
1991
Li-Yau inequality on graphs. Zbl 1323.35189
Bauer, Frank; Horn, Paul; Lin, Yong; Lippner, Gabor; Mangoubi, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
The classical Plateau problem and the topology of three-dimensional manifolds. The embedding of the solution given by Douglas-Morrey and an analytic proof of Dehn’s lemma. Zbl 0489.57002
Meeks, William H. III; Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
The theory of superstring with flux on non-Kähler manifolds and the complex Monge-Ampère equation. Zbl 1141.53036
Fu, Ji-Xiang; Yau, Shing-Tung
2008
Definition of center of mass for isolated physical systems and unique foliations by stable spheres with constant mean curvature. Zbl 0858.53071
Huisken, Gerhard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1996
On the heat kernel of a complete Riemannian manifold. Zbl 0405.35025
Yau, Shing-Tung
1978
Compact manifolds of nonpositive curvature. Zbl 0266.53035
Lawson, H. Blaine jun.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1972
Compact group actions and the topology of manifolds with non-positive curvature. Zbl 0424.58012
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1979
On the curvature of compact Hermitian manifolds. Zbl 0299.53039
Yau, Shing-Tung
1974
Problem section of the seminar in differential geometry at Tokyo. Zbl 0479.53001
Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
Canonical metrics on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. I. Zbl 1078.30038
Liu, Kefeng; Sun, Xiaofeng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2004
An estimate of the gap of the first two eigenvalues in the Schrödinger operator. Zbl 0603.35070
Singer, I. M.; Wong, Bun; Yau, Shing-Tung; Yau, Stephen S.-T.
1985
Obstructions to the existence of Sasaki-Einstein metrics. Zbl 1149.53026
Gauntlett, Jerome P.; Martelli, Dario; Sparks, James; Yau, Shing-Tung
2007
Seminar on differential geometry. Zbl 0471.00020
Yau, Shing-Tung (ed.)
1982
Ricci curvature of graphs. Zbl 1237.05204
Lin, Yong; Lu, Linyuan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2011
Connectedness of the boundary in the AdS/CFT correspondence. Zbl 0978.53085
Witten, Edward; Yau, S.-T.
1999
Submanifolds with constant mean curvature. II. Zbl 0304.53042
Yau, Shing-Tung
1975
Special Lagrangians, stable bundles and mean curvature flow. Zbl 1115.53054
Thomas, R. P.; Yau, S.-T.
2002
Decay of solutions of the wave equation in the Kerr geometry. Zbl 1194.83015
Finster, F.; Kamran, N.; Smoller, J.; Yau, S.-T.
2006
BPS states, string duality, and nodal curves on $$K3$$. Zbl 0964.81521
Yau, Shing-Tung; Zaslow, Eric
1996
The existence of supersymmetric string theory with torsion. Zbl 1102.53052
Li, Jun; Yau, Shingtung
2005
A nonlinear elliptic system for maps from Hermitian to Riemannian manifolds and rigidity theorems in Hermitian geometry. Zbl 0806.53064
Jost, Jürgen; Yau, Shing-Tung
1993
The existence of a black hole due to condensation of matter. Zbl 0541.53054
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1983
Anomaly cancellation and smooth non-Kähler solutions in heterotic string theory. Zbl 1192.81312
Becker, Katrin; Becker, Melanie; Fu, Ji-Xiang; Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2006
Mirror symmetry, mirror map and applications to complete intersection Calabi-Yau spaces. Zbl 1020.32508
Hosono, S.; Klemm, A.; Theisen, S.; Yau, S.-T.
1995
Positivity of quasilocal mass. Zbl 1267.83028
Liu, Chiu-Chu Melissa; Yau, Shing-Tung
2003
Isometric embeddings into the Minkowski space and new quasi-local mass. Zbl 1195.53039
Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2009
Heat equations on minimal submanifolds and their applications. Zbl 0575.53038
Cheng, Shiu-Yuen; Li, Peter; Yau, Shing-Tung
1984
Upper bound for the first eigenvalue of algebraic submanifolds. Zbl 0814.53040
Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre; Li, Peter; Yau, Shing Tung
1994
A note on our previous paper: On the existence of Hermitian Yang-Mills connections in stable vector bundles. Zbl 0678.58041
Uhlenbeck, K.; Yau, S. T.
1989
Smooth static solutions of the Einstein/Yang-Mills equations. Zbl 0755.53061
Smoller, Joel A.; Wassermann, Arthur G.; Yau, S.-T.; McLeod, J. B.
1991
Canonical metrics on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. II. Zbl 1086.32011
Liu, Kefeng; Sun, Xiaofeng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2005
Discrete Green’s functions. Zbl 0963.65120
Chung, Fan; Yau, S.-T.
2000
The Poincaré-Lelong equation on complete Kähler manifolds. Zbl 0531.32007
Mok, Ngaiming; Siu, Yum-Tong; Yau, Shing-Tung
1981
The energy and the linear momentum of space-times in general relativity. Zbl 0934.83031
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing Tung
1981
Taming symplectic forms and the Calabi-Yau equation. Zbl 1153.53054
Tosatti, Valentino; Weinkove, Ben; Yau, Shing-Tung
2008
Cohomology and Hodge theory on symplectic manifolds. I. Zbl 1275.53079
Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2012
Nonlinear analysis in geometry. Zbl 0631.53002
Yau, Shing Tung
1987
From special Lagrangian to Hermitian-Yang-Mills via Fourier-Mukai transform. Zbl 1033.53044
Leung, Naichung Conan; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zaslow, Eric
2000
Logarithmic Harnack inequalities. Zbl 0880.58026
Chung, F. R. K.; Yau, S.-T.
1996
Complete Kähler manifolds with nonpositive curvature of faster than quadratic decay. Zbl 0358.32006
Siu, Yum-Tong; Yau, Shing-Tung
1977
The equivariant Dehn’s lemma and loop theorem. Zbl 0469.57005
Meeks, William H. III; Yau, Shing-Tung
1981
Essays on mirror manifolds. Zbl 0816.00010
Yau, Shing-Tung (ed.)
1992
Scalar curvature, non-abelian group actions, and the degree of symmetry of exotic spheres. Zbl 0297.57016
Lawson, H. Blaine jun.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1974
Mirror symmetry, mirror map and applications to complete intersection Calabi-Yau spaces. Zbl 0908.32008
Hosono, S.; Klemm, A.; Theisen, S.; Yau, S. T.
1995
Estimates of eigenvalues of a compact Riemannian manifold. Zbl 0441.58014
Li, Peter; Yau, Shing-Tung
1980
Arithmetic properties of mirror map and quantum coupling. Zbl 0867.14017
Lian, Bong H.; Yau, Shing-Tung
1996
Balanced metrics on non-Kähler Calabi-Yau threefolds. Zbl 1264.32020
Fu, Jixiang; Li, Jun; Yau, Shing-Tung
2012
GKZ-generalized hypergeometric systems in mirror symmetry of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces. Zbl 0870.14028
Hosono, S.; Lian, B. H.; Yau, S.-T.
1996
Graph homotopy and Graham homotopy. Zbl 0990.05120
Chen, Beifang; Yau, Shing-Tung; Yeh, Yeong-Nan
2001
Complete three dimensional manifolds with positive Ricci curvature and scalar curvature. Zbl 0481.53036
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing-Tung
1982
Three dimensional canonical singularity and five dimensional $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ SCFT. Zbl 1380.81416
Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Moment maps, nonlinear PDE and stability in mirror symmetry. I: Geodesics. Zbl 1469.58007
Collins, Tristan C.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2021
Localized Donaldson-Thomas theory of surfaces. Zbl 1442.14175
Gholampour, Amin; Sheshmani, Artan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
$$(1,1)$$ forms with specified Lagrangian phase: a priori estimates and algebraic obstructions. Zbl 1442.14124
Collins, Tristan C.; Jacob, Adam; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Nested Hilbert schemes on surfaces: virtual fundamental class. Zbl 1437.14054
Gholampour, Amin; Sheshmani, Artan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Invariant metrics on negatively pinched complete Kähler manifolds. Zbl 07171893
Wu, Damin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Existence of solutions to mean field equations on graphs. Zbl 1447.35338
Huang, An; Lin, Yong; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Quasi-local energy with respect to de Sitter/anti-de Sitter reference. Zbl 1467.53020
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Path complexes and their homologies. Zbl 1448.05171
Grigor’yan, A. A.; Lin, Yong; Muranov, Yu. V.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2020
Li-Yau inequality for unbounded Laplacian on graphs. Zbl 1428.35651
Gong, Chao; Lin, Yong; Liu, Shuang; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
Volume doubling, Poincaré inequality and Gaussian heat kernel estimate for non-negatively curved graphs. Zbl 1432.35213
Horn, Paul; Lin, Yong; Liu, Shuang; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
A novel stretch energy minimization algorithm for equiareal parameterizations. Zbl 1417.65112
Yueh, Mei-Heng; Lin, Wen-Wei; Wu, Chin-Tien; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
Poisson metrics on flat vector bundles over non-compact curves. Zbl 1422.53057
Collins, Tristan C.; Jacob, Adam; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
A geometric view of optimal transportation and generative model. Zbl 1430.49050
Lei, Na; Su, Kehua; Cui, Li; Yau, Shing-Tung; Gu, Xianfeng David
2019
Quantum statistics and spacetime topology: quantum surgery formulas. Zbl 1427.81059
Wang, Juven; Wen, Xiao-Gang; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
Seiberg-Witten differential via primitive forms. Zbl 1412.81166
Li, Si; Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
iSIRA: integrated shift-invert residual Arnoldi method for graph Laplacian matrices from big data. Zbl 1452.65067
Huang, Wei-Qiang; Lin, Wen-Wei; Lu, Henry Horng-Shing; Yau, Shing-Tung
2019
ADE string chains and mirror symmetry. Zbl 1384.81125
Haghighat, Babak; Yan, Wenbin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
The deformed Hermitian-Yang-Mills equation in geometry and physics. Zbl 1421.35300
Collins, Tristan C.; Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
D-type fiber-base duality. Zbl 1398.83108
Haghighat, Babak; Kim, Joonho; Yan, Wenbin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
On the path homology theory of digraphs and Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms. Zbl 1391.05125
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Jimenez, Rolando; Muranov, Yuri; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Quasi-local energy with respect to a static spacetime. Zbl 1400.83003
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Wang, Ye-Kai; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Calabi-Yau volumes and reflexive polytopes. Zbl 1404.14050
He, Yang-Hui; Seong, Rak-Kyeong; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Path homology theory of multigraphs and quivers. Zbl 1404.55010
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Muranov, Yuri; Vershinin, Vladimir; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Evaluating small sphere limit of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy. Zbl 1390.83052
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
On the existence of Hermitian Yang-Mills connections in stable vector bundles. Zbl 1415.32019
Uhlenbeck, Karen; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Complete Kähler-Einstein metrics under certain holomorphic covering and examples. (Métriques complètes de Kähler-Einstein sous certains revêtements holomorphes et exemples.) Zbl 1426.32012
Wu, Damin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2018
Three dimensional canonical singularity and five dimensional $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ SCFT. Zbl 1380.81416
Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
A special Lagrangian type equation for holomorphic line bundles. Zbl 1375.32045
2017
Sharp Davies-Gaffney-Grigor’yan lemma on graphs. Zbl 06774925
Bauer, Frank; Hua, Bobo; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Braiding statistics and link invariants of bosonic/fermionic topological quantum matter in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions. Zbl 1370.81157
Putrov, Pavel; Wang, Juven; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
An efficient energy minimization for conformal parameterizations. Zbl 1380.65049
Yueh, Mei-Heng; Lin, Wen-Wei; Wu, Chin-Tien; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Pretty good quantum state transfer in symmetric spin networks via magnetic field. Zbl 1382.81049
Kempton, Mark; Lippner, Gabor; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
4d $$\mathcal{N} = 2$$ SCFT and singularity theory. II: Complete intersection. Zbl 1366.81256
Chen, Bingyi; Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung; Yau, Stephen S.-T.; Zuo, Huaiqing
2017
Calabi-Yau modular forms in limit: elliptic fibrations. Zbl 1421.14009
Haghighat, Babak; Movasati, Hossein; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
$$4d\; \mathcal{N} = 2$$ SCFT from complete intersection singularity. Zbl 1384.81139
Wang, Yifan; Xie, Dan; Yau, Stephen S.-T.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Homologies of digraphs and Künneth formulas. Zbl 1381.05062
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Muranov, Yuri; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Curvatures of moduli space of curves and applications. Zbl 1388.53077
Liu, Kefeng; Sun, Xiaofeng; Yang, Xiaokui; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
A strong Harnack inequality for graphs. Zbl 1378.05119
Chung, Fan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Quasi-local mass at the null infinity of the Vaidya spacetime. Zbl 1380.83078
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
String-Math 2015. Proceedings of the conference, Tsinghua Sanya International Mathematics Forum in Sanya, China, December 31, 2015 – January 4, 2016. Zbl 1381.14004
Li, Si; Lian, Bong H.; Song, Wei; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Nonexistence for complete Kähler-Einstein metrics on some noncompact manifolds. Zbl 1382.32017
Gao, Peng; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhou, Wubin
2017
The rest mass of an asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime. Zbl 1367.83010
Chen, Po-Ning; Hung, Pei-Ken; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2017
Singularities and gauge theory phases. II. Zbl 1428.81124
Esole, Mboyo; Shao, Shu-Heng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Negative holomorphic curvature and positive canonical bundle. Zbl 1357.53085
Wu, Damin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
A remark on our paper “negative holomorphic curvature and positive canonical bundle”. Zbl 1373.53100
Wu, Damin; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Variational principles for Minkowski type problems, discrete optimal transport, and discrete Monge-Ampère equations. Zbl 1339.49039
Gu, Xianfeng; Luo, Feng; Sun, Jian; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Cohomology and Hodge theory on symplectic manifolds. III. Zbl 1353.53085
Tsai, Chung-Jun; Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Heterotic string compactification and new vector bundles. Zbl 1342.81450
Lin, Hai; Wu, Baosen; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Airy equation for the topological string partition function in a scaling limit. Zbl 1338.81305
Alim, Murad; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhou, Jie
2016
Gauss-Manin connection in disguise: Calabi-Yau threefolds. Zbl 1348.14103
Alim, Murad; Movasati, Hossein; Scheidegger, Emanuel; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
On the validity of the definition of angular momentum in general relativity. Zbl 1335.83006
Chen, Po-Ning; Huang, Lan-Hsuan; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Quasilocal angular momentum and center of mass in general relativity. Zbl 1355.83004
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
On a cohomology of digraphs and Hochschild cohomology. Zbl 1353.05056
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Muranov, Yuri; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
On complete constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics with Poincaré-Mok-Yau asymptotic property. Zbl 1345.53077
Fu, Jixiang; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhou, Wubin
2016
Chain integral solutions to tautological systems. Zbl 1364.14031
Huang, An; Lian, Bong H.; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhu, Xinwen
2016
Conserved quantities on asymptotically hyperbolic initial data sets. Zbl 1367.83011
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Semicontinuity of 4d $$\mathcal{N}=2$$ spectrum under renormalization group flow. Zbl 1388.81896
Xie, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
From Riemann and Kodaira to modern developments on complex manifolds. Zbl 1354.53004
Yau, Shing-Tung
2016
Li-Yau inequality on graphs. Zbl 1323.35189
Bauer, Frank; Horn, Paul; Lin, Yong; Lippner, Gabor; Mangoubi, Dan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
$$D_5$$ elliptic fibrations: non-Kodaira fibers and new orientifold limits of F-theory. Zbl 1333.81329
Esole, Mboyo; Fullwood, James; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Singularities and gauge theory phases. Zbl 1428.81123
Esole, Mboyo; Shao, Shu-Heng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Invariant solutions to the Strominger system on complex Lie groups and their quotients. Zbl 1319.32022
Fei, Teng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Spanning trees and random walks on weighted graphs. Zbl 1307.05207
Chang, Xiao; Xu, Hao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Davies-Gaffney-Grigor’yan Lemma on graphs. Zbl 1342.58013
Bauer, Frank; Hua, Bobo; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Non-Kähler SYZ mirror symmetry. Zbl 1328.53108
Lau, Siu-Cheong; Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Conserved quantities in general relativity: from the quasi-local level to spatial infinity. Zbl 1319.83011
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Convergence of an iterative algorithm for Teichmüller maps via harmonic energy optimization. Zbl 1320.30040
Lui, Lok Ming; Gu, Xianfeng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Cohomology of digraphs and (undirected) graphs. Zbl 1329.05132
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Lin, Yong; Muranov, Yuri; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
On the pseudonorm project of birational classification of algebraic varieties. Zbl 1322.14033
Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Gravitational waves and their memory in general relativity. Zbl 1339.83004
Bieri, Lydia; Garfinkle, David; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Time-dependent Hermite-Galerkin spectral method and its applications. Zbl 1410.65398
Luo, Xue; Yau, Shing-Tung; Yau, Stephen S.-T.
2015
Extremal bundles on Calabi-Yau threefolds. Zbl 1328.14068
Gao, Peng; He, Yang-Hui; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Complete cscK metrics on the local models of the conifold transition. Zbl 1316.32017
Fu, Jixiang; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhou, Wubin
2015
Accelerating black holes, spin-$$\frac{3}{2}$$ fields and $$C$$-metric. Zbl 1310.83021
Lin, Hai; Saifullah, K.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2015
Harnack inequalities for graphs with non-negative Ricci curvature. Zbl 1309.05117
Chung, Fan; Lin, Yong; Yau, S.-T.
2014
Special polynomial rings, quasi modular forms and duality of topological strings. Zbl 1314.14081
Alim, Murad; Scheidegger, Emanuel; Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhou, Jie
2014
Teichmüller mapping (T-map) and its applications to landmark matching registration. (Teichmuller mapping (T-map) and its applications to landmark matching registration.) Zbl 1296.65028
Lui, Lok Ming; Lam, Ka Chun; Yau, Shing-Tung; Gu, Xianfeng
2014
Generalized cohomologies and supersymmetry. Zbl 1288.81125
Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Homotopy theory for digraphs. Zbl 1312.05063
Grigor’yan, Alexander; Lin, Yong; Muranov, Yuri; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Ricci-flat graphs with girth at least five. Zbl 1308.05038
Lin, Yong; Lu, Linyuan; Yau, S.-T.
2014
Simplicial Ricci flow. Zbl 1295.53076
Miller, Warner A.; McDonald, Jonathan R.; Alsing, Paul M.; Gu, David X.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Minimizing properties of critical points of quasi-local energy. Zbl 1294.83020
Chen, Po-Ning; Wang, Mu-Tao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Graphs associated with simplicial complexes. Zbl 1297.05269
Grigor’yan, A.; Muranov, Yu. V.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Building blocks for generalized heterotic/F-theory duality. Zbl 1308.81147
Heckman, Jonathan J.; Lin, Hai; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
An explicit formula of hitting times for random walks on graphs. Zbl 1306.05228
Xu, Hao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
A novel symmetric skew-Hamiltonian isotropic Lanczos algorithm for spectral conformal parameterizations. Zbl 1315.65036
Huang, Wei-Qiang; Gu, Xianfeng David; Lin, Wen-Wei; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
On the holonomic rank problem. Zbl 1318.32027
Bloch, Spencer; Huang, An; Lian, Bong H.; Srinivas, Vasudevan; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
The geometry on smooth toroidal compactifications of Siegel varieties. Zbl 1307.14066
Yau, Shing-Tung; Zhang, Yi
2014
High performance computing for spherical conformal and Riemann mappings. Zbl 1314.30011
Huang, Wei-Qiang; Gu, Xianfeng David; Huang, Tsung-Ming; Lin, Song-Sun; Lin, Wen-Wei; Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Selected expository works of Shing-Tung Yau with commentary. Volume II. Zbl 1401.01046
Yau, Shing-Tung
2014
Small resolutions of SU(5)-models in F-theory. Zbl 1447.81171
Esole, Mboyo; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Discrete Green’s functions and random walks on graphs. Zbl 1256.05225
Xu, Hao; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Quantum tunneling from three-dimensional black holes. Zbl 1331.81118
Ejaz, Asiya; Gohar, H.; Lin, Hai; Saifullah, K.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
On exotic sphere fibrations, topological phases, and edge states in physical systems. Zbl 1277.81092
Lin, Hai; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Period integrals of CY and general type complete intersections. Zbl 1276.32004
Lian, Bong H.; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Periodic integrals and tautological systems. Zbl 1272.14033
Lian, Bong H.; Song, Ruifang; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Open problems in differential geometry. Zbl 1302.53003
Yau, Shing-Tung; Ma, Hui; Tsai, Chung-Jun; Wang, Mu-Tao; Zhao, En-Tao
2013
Visualization of 2-dimensional Ricci flow. Zbl 1287.53058
Dai, Junfei; Luo, Wei; Zhang, Min; Gu, Xianfeng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2013
Teichmüller shape descriptor and its application to Alzheimer’s disease study. Zbl 1304.92074
Zeng, Wei; Shi, Rui; Wang, Yalin; Yau, Shing-Tung; Gu, Xianfeng; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
2013
Cohomology and Hodge theory on symplectic manifolds. I. Zbl 1275.53079
Tseng, Li-Sheng; Yau, Shing-Tung
2012
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#### Cited by 6,089 Authors
132 Yau, Shing-Tung 112 de Lima, Henrique F. 49 Biswas, Indranil 43 Velásquez, Marco Antonio Lázaro 41 Jost, Jürgen 38 Tian, Gang 37 Rigoli, Marco 34 Grigor’yan, Alexander Asaturovich 32 Alías, Luis J. 31 Klemm, Albrecht 31 Tam, Luen-Fai 31 Xu, Hongwei 30 Romero, Alfonso 29 Chen, Xiuxiong 29 Dos Santos, Fábio Reis 29 Rubio, Rafael María 29 Vafa, Cumrun 28 Aquino, Cicero Pedro 28 Zhang, Xi 26 Li, Haizhong 26 Morrison, David R. 25 Cheng, Qingming 25 Schäfer-Nameki, Sakura 24 Hua, Bobo 23 Miao, Pengzi 23 Tosatti, Valentino 22 Schoen, Richard Melvin 21 Liu, Kefeng 21 Meeks, William Hamilton III 21 Sparks, James 21 Weinkove, Ben 20 Bao, Jiguang 20 Katz, Sheldon 20 Li, Jiayu 20 Ma, Li 20 Xia, Changyu 19 Grimm, Thomas W. 19 Huang, Guangyue 19 Lin, Yong 19 Martelli, Dario 19 Setti, Alberto G. 19 Smoller, Joel Alan 19 Wang, Mu-Tao 19 Yang, Xiao-Kui 18 Khuri, Marcus A. 18 Lui, Lok Ming 18 McInnes, Brett 18 Taylor, Washington IV 18 Verbitsky, Misha 17 Futaki, Akito 17 LeBrun, Claude R. 17 Li, Peter 17 Li, YanYan 17 Ni, Lei 17 Rodríguez García, José Manuel 17 Song, Jian 17 Wang, Qiaoling 17 Wei, Guoxin 17 Wu, Jiayong 17 Xin, Yuanlong 17 Zhu, Xiaohua 16 Braun, Andreas P. 16 Finster, Felix 16 Li, An-Min 16 Pigola, Stefano 16 Shi, Yuguang 16 Stepanov, Sergeĭ Evgen’evich 16 Wang, Guofang 16 Weigand, Timo 15 Aledo, Juan Ángel 15 Anderson, Michael T. 15 Angella, Daniele 15 Galloway, Gregory J. 15 Lin, Hezi 15 Ugarte, Luis 15 Wang, Linfeng 15 Xiao, Jie 14 Alarcón, Antonio 14 Colding, Tobias Holck 14 El Soufi, Ahmad 14 Lu, Zhiqin 14 Mariño, Marcos 14 Minasian, Ruben 14 Mok, Ngaiming 14 Bessa, Gregório Pacelli 14 Vezzoni, Luigi 14 Wang, Feng-Yu 14 Zhang, Xiao 14 Zheng, Fangyang 13 Anderson, Lara B. 13 Arroja Neves, André 13 Boyer, Charles P. 13 Cao, Huai-Dong 13 Donnelly, Harold 13 Gu, Xianfeng 13 Guedj, Vincent 13 Li, Chi 13 Liu, Chiu-Chu Melissa 13 Münch, Florentin 13 Peternell, Thomas Martin ...and 5,989 more Authors
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#### Cited in 476 Serials
398 Journal of High Energy Physics 301 Communications in Mathematical Physics 269 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 269 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 256 Mathematische Annalen 253 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 235 Advances in Mathematics 219 Nuclear Physics. B 202 Mathematische Zeitschrift 196 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 193 Journal of Geometry and Physics 177 Inventiones Mathematicae 154 Journal of Functional Analysis 142 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 142 Duke Mathematical Journal 140 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 138 Differential Geometry and its Applications 112 Journal of Mathematical Physics 99 Geometriae Dedicata 94 Manuscripta Mathematica 86 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 79 International Journal of Mathematics 75 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 73 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 71 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 68 Geometry & Topology 63 Journal of Differential Equations 61 Science China. Mathematics 59 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 58 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 57 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 55 General Relativity and Gravitation 54 Compositio Mathematica 53 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 53 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 52 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 51 Annales Henri Poincaré 46 Results in Mathematics 45 Potential Analysis 43 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 40 Archiv der Mathematik 39 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 38 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 37 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 35 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 34 International Journal of Modern Physics A 34 Letters in Mathematical Physics 33 Acta Mathematica 31 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 29 Topology and its Applications 28 Monatshefte für Mathematik 27 Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series 26 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 25 Israel Journal of Mathematics 25 Mathematical Notes 25 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 25 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 24 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 24 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 24 Science in China. Series A 24 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 23 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 23 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 23 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 22 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 21 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 21 Fortschritte der Physik 21 Publications Mathématiques 21 Kodai Mathematical Journal 21 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 21 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 21 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 20 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 19 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 19 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 19 Journal of Scientific Computing 17 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 17 The Annals of Probability 17 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 17 Physical Review Letters 16 Classical and Quantum Gravity 16 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 16 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 16 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 15 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 15 Mathematische Nachrichten 15 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 15 Applied Mathematics. Series B (English Edition) 15 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 14 Discrete Mathematics 14 Journal of Differential Geometry 14 Complex Manifolds 13 Arkiv för Matematik 13 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 13 Living Reviews in Relativity 13 Analysis & PDE 13 Communications in Mathematics and Statistics 12 Modern Physics Letters A 12 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 12 Glasgow Mathematical Journal ...and 376 more Serials
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#### Cited in 62 Fields
4,291 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1,628 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1,516 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1,296 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1,176 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 962 Quantum theory (81-XX) 945 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 437 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 237 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 203 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 197 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 196 Combinatorics (05-XX) 175 Potential theory (31-XX) 133 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 133 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 122 Operator theory (47-XX) 91 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 89 Functional analysis (46-XX) 83 Number theory (11-XX) 81 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 75 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 74 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 71 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 64 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 46 Computer science (68-XX) 42 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 40 Real functions (26-XX) 39 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 39 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 37 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 37 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 36 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 36 Special functions (33-XX) 35 Measure and integration (28-XX) 29 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 28 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 28 Geometry (51-XX) 25 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 25 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 23 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 22 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 21 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 19 Statistics (62-XX) 16 History and biography (01-XX) 16 General topology (54-XX) 16 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 16 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 15 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 13 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 12 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 10 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 9 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 8 Integral equations (45-XX) 4 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 2 Geophysics (86-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-10-23T01:37:22 |
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|
https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/infrared-cryogenic-blackbody-broadband-calibration
|
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# Infrared cryogenic blackbody broadband calibration
## Summary
The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) requires all test facilities to have their blackbodies calibrated at the NIST Low Background Infrared (LBIR) facility. The infrared test chambers for MDA are equipped with blackbody sources with pinhole apertures to emulate point sources in space. The NIST LBIR facility provides radiometric calibrations of these blackbodies so that various government test facilities as well as contractor facilities for MDA have a common NIST traceability.
## Description
The broadband chamber and the spectral calibration chamber at the LBIR facility are used for calibrating the customer cryogenic blackbodies. These chambers are cooled by closed cycle helium gas at 20 K to provide a background equivalent to space. The absolute cryogenic radiometers (ACRs) in these chambers measure absolute optical power. These measurements combined with the physical dimensions of the various components in the optical geometry are the basis of the calibration.
The schematic above depicts the relevant aspects of the calibration of such blackbodies. The blackbody illuminates a precision aperture of area A1 through which radiation passes to the limiting aperture of area A2 of the ACR input. Radiant power measurements (in watts) are acquired by the ACR for all of the blackbody's various temperature settings and converted to radiance temperatures. Assuming a Lambertian blackbody, the radiance temperature is determined from the following equation deduced from the Stefan-Boltzmann law:
$$T=\left[\frac{E_0}{A_1F_1\sigma_M}\right]^{1/4}$$
where
$$F_1=\frac{1}{2}\left[z-\left[z^2-4x^2y^2\right]^{1/2}\right]$$
and
$$x=\frac{r_2}{R},\:y=\frac{R}{r_1},\:z=1+\left[1+x^2\right]y^2$$
In the above equations, r1 is the radius of the blackbody aperture, r2 is the radius of the ACR defining aperture, R is the distance between the apertures, A1 is the area of the blackbody aperture, E0 is the power, and σ M = 5.67051 x 10-12 W cm-2 K-4 . Because diffraction is introduced by the pinhole apertures, the power, E0, measured by the ACR is corrected. Calculation of the diffraction correction is based on the geometry of the calibration setup.
The calibration report provides the customer with the total radiant power measured at the ACR aperture and the corresponding deduced blackbody radiometric temperature. In general, the blackbody may have many apertures on a wheel and the measurements are done for each aperture and are reported for each of the requested blackbody apertures and the blackbody control temperature settings. A thorough analysis of the Type A and Type B uncertainties in the reported results are also provided. A typical blackbody calibration is described in the article listed below under Selected Publications, "Cryogenic blackbody calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Low background infrared (LBIR) facility."
## Major Accomplishments
The LBIR facility has been providing blackbody calibrations to customers for the last 25 years. The calibrations are performed as special tests based on customer requirements. The current customers are: Raytheon Missiles and Defense for the GM and AB programs, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory for the AB program, and Arnold Engineering Development Complex for the GM program.
Created January 28, 2010, Updated June 2, 2021
| 2022-08-20T02:27:46 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Adehghan.mehdi
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: dehghan.mehdi Published as: Deghan, Mehdi; Dehghan, M.; Dehghan, Mehdi Homepage: https://aut.ac.ir/cv/2123/Mehdi%20Dehghan%20Takht%20Fooladi External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ORCID · dblp
Documents Indexed: 561 Publications since 1993
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#### Serials
76 Applied Mathematics and Computation 47 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 44 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 36 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 34 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 Applied Numerical Mathematics 22 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 21 Applied Mathematical Modelling 19 Computer Physics Communications 18 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 18 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 15 Journal of Vibration and Control 12 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 12 Numerical Algorithms 10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 10 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 9 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 7 Computational and Applied Mathematics 7 Physica Scripta 6 Journal of Computational Physics 6 Kybernetes 6 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 5 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 5 Computational Mechanics 5 International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 4 Applied Mathematics Letters 4 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 4 CMES. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 3 Physics Letters. A 3 Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 Nonlinear Dynamics 2 Applicable Analysis 2 Computers and Electrical Engineering 2 International Journal of Engineering Science 2 International Journal of Systems Science 2 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 2 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 2 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 2 Numerical Mathematics: Theory, Methods and Applications 1 International Journal of Modern Physics B 1 IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 1 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 International Journal of Solids and Structures 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Zhurnal Vychislitel’noĭ Matematiki i Matematicheskoĭ Fiziki 1 Computing 1 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 1 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Operations Research Letters 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 1 Journal of Scientific Computing 1 Pattern Recognition 1 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 1 Pattern Recognition Letters 1 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 1 Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin 1 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 1 ELA. The Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 1 Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 1 Far East Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 International Journal of Numerical Modelling 1 International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 1 Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 1 Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete & Impulsive Systems. Series A. Mathematical Analysis 1 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 1 Acta Mathematica Scientia. Series B. (English Edition) 1 Journal of Numerical Mathematics 1 Journal of Concrete and Applicable Mathematics 1 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 1 Applied and Computational Mathematics 1 Computational Methods for Differential Equations
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#### Fields
465 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 234 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 46 Integral equations (45-XX) 41 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 37 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 36 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 34 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 30 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 21 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 17 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 16 Real functions (26-XX) 14 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 11 Special functions (33-XX) 9 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 9 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 8 Computer science (68-XX) 8 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 7 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 7 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 6 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 6 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 6 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 4 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 4 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 2 Geophysics (86-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
500 Publications have been cited 10,903 times in 3,708 Documents Cited by Year
A new operational matrix for solving fractional-order differential equations. Zbl 1189.65151
2010
Finite difference procedures for solving a problem arising in modeling and design of certain optoelectronic devices. Zbl 1089.65085
Dehghan, Mehdi
2006
A numerical method for solution of the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation using the radial basis functions. Zbl 1155.65379
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2008
Solving nonlinear fractional partial differential equations using the homotopy analysis method. Zbl 1185.65187
Dehghan, Mehdi; Manafian, Jalil; Saadatmandi, Abbas
2010
Numerical solution of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation using radial basis functions. Zbl 1168.65398
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2009
On the convergence of He’s variational iteration method. Zbl 1120.65112
Tatari, Mehdi; Dehghan, Mehdi
2007
Solution of delay differential equations via a homotopy perturbation method. Zbl 1145.34353
Shakeri, Fatemeh; Dehghan, Mehdi
2008
On the solution of an initial-boundary value problem that combines Neumann and integral condition for the wave equation. Zbl 1059.65072
Dehghan, Mehdi
2005
The general coupled matrix equations over generalized bisymmetric matrices. Zbl 1187.65042
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2010
An iterative algorithm for the reflexive solutions of the generalized coupled Sylvester matrix equations and its optimal approximation. Zbl 1154.65023
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2008
The one-dimensional heat equation subject to a boundary integral specification. Zbl 1139.35352
Dehghan, Mehdi
2007
Parameter determination in a partial differential equation from the overspecified data. Zbl 1080.35174
Dehghan, M.
2005
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional sine-Gordon solitons via a local weak meshless technique based on the radial point interpolation method (RPIM). Zbl 1205.65267
Dehghan, Mehdi; Ghesmati, Arezou
2010
A tau approach for solution of the space fractional diffusion equation. Zbl 1228.65203
2011
An iterative method for solving the generalized coupled Sylvester matrix equations over generalized bisymmetric matrices. Zbl 1185.65054
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2010
On generalized moving least squares and diffuse derivatives. Zbl 1252.65037
Mirzaei, Davoud; Schaback, Robert; Dehghan, Mehdi
2012
Efficient techniques for the second-order parabolic equation subject to nonlocal specifications. Zbl 1063.65079
Dehghan, Mehdi
2005
The sinc-Legendre collocation method for a class of fractional convection-diffusion equations with variable coefficients. Zbl 1250.65121
2012
A numerical method for solving the hyperbolic telegraph equation. Zbl 1145.65078
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2008
A meshless based method for solution of integral equations. Zbl 1202.65174
Mirzaei, Davoud; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
A computational study of the one-dimensional parabolic equation subject to nonclassical boundary specifications. Zbl 1084.65099
Dehghan, Mehdi
2006
Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method for the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow through pipe with arbitrary wall conductivity. Zbl 1159.76034
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mirzaei, Davoud
2009
A numerical method for two-dimensional Schrödinger equation using collocation and radial basis functions. Zbl 1126.65092
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2007
Analysis of an iterative algorithm to solve the generalized coupled Sylvester matrix equations. Zbl 1227.65037
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2011
Numerical solution of the Klein-Gordon equation via He’s variational iteration method. Zbl 1179.81064
Shakeri, Fatemeh; Dehghan, Mehdi
2008
Solution of the second-order one-dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equation by using the dual reciprocity boundary integral equation (DRBIE) method. Zbl 1244.65137
Dehghan, Mehdi; Ghesmati, Arezou
2010
Inverse problem of diffusion equation by He’s homotopy perturbation method. Zbl 1110.35354
Shakeri, Fatemeh; Dehghan, Mehdi
2007
An approximation algorithm for the solution of the nonlinear Lane-Emden type equations arising in astrophysics using Hermite functions collocation method. Zbl 1216.65098
Parand, K.; Dehghan, Mehdi; Rezaei, A. R.; Ghaderi, S. M.
2010
On the solution of the non-local parabolic partial differential equations via radial basis functions. Zbl 1168.65403
Tatari, Mehdi; Dehghan, Mehdi
2009
The use of the decomposition procedure of Adomian for solving a delay differential equation arising in electrodynamics. Zbl 1159.78319
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shakeri, Fatemeh
2008
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hamidi, Asgar; Shakourifar, Mohammad
2007
Numerical solution of hyperbolic telegraph equation using the Chebyshev tau method. Zbl 1186.65136
2010
A high-order and unconditionally stable scheme for the modified anomalous fractional sub-diffusion equation with a nonlinear source term. Zbl 1287.65064
Mohebbi, Akbar; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Dehghan, Mehdi
2013
The construction of operational matrix of fractional derivatives using B-spline functions. Zbl 1276.65015
Lakestani, Mehrdad; Dehghan, Mehdi; Irandoust-Pakchin, Safar
2012
A numerical technique for solving fractional optimal control problems. Zbl 1228.65109
Lotfi, A.; Dehghan, Mehdi; Yousefi, S. A.
2011
The use of a meshless technique based on collocation and radial basis functions for solving the time fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation arising in quantum mechanics. Zbl 1352.65397
Mohebbi, Akbar; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Dehghan, Mehdi
2013
A compact split-step finite difference method for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equations with constant and variable coefficients. Zbl 1206.65207
Dehghan, Mehdi; Taleei, Ameneh
2010
Rational Legendre pseudospectral approach for solving nonlinear differential equations of Lane-Emden type. Zbl 1177.65100
Parand, K.; Shahini, M.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2009
Solution of a partial differential equation subject to temperature overspecification by He’s homotopy perturbation method. Zbl 1117.35326
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shakeri, Fatemeh
2007
A method for solving partial differential equations via radial basis functions: application to the heat equation. Zbl 1244.80024
Tatari, Mehdi; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
An iterative algorithm for solving a pair of matrix equations $$AYB=E$$, $$CYD=F$$ over generalized centro-symmetric matrices. Zbl 1165.15301
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2008
An inverse problem of finding a source parameter in a semilinear parabolic equation. Zbl 0995.65098
Dehghan, Mehdi
2001
Combination of meshless local weak and strong (MLWS) forms to solve the two-dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equation. Zbl 1244.65147
Dehghan, Mehdi; Ghesmati, Arezou
2010
A not-a-knot meshless method using radial basis functions and predictor-corrector scheme to the numerical solution of improved Boussinesq equation. Zbl 1426.76569
Shokri, Ali; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method for the generalized two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1244.65139
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mirzaei, Davoud
2008
Finite iterative algorithms for the reflexive and anti-reflexive solutions of the matrix equation $$A_1X_1B_1+A_2X_2B_2=C$$. Zbl 1171.15310
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2009
Application of He’s homotopy perturbation method for non-linear system of second-order boundary value problems. Zbl 1162.34307
Saadatmandi, Abbas; Dehghan, Mehdi; Eftekhari, Ali
2009
Identification of a time-dependent coefficient in a partial differential equation subject to an extra measurement. Zbl 1069.65104
Dehghan, Mehdi
2005
Variational iteration method for solving a generalized pantograph equation. Zbl 1189.65172
2009
A moving least square reproducing polynomial meshless method. Zbl 1284.65137
Salehi, Rezvan; Dehghan, Mehdi
2013
The numerical solution of the non-linear integro-differential equations based on the meshless method. Zbl 1243.65154
Dehghan, Mehdi; Salehi, Rezvan
2012
Numerical solution of the system of second-order boundary value problems using the local radial basis functions based differential quadrature collocation method. Zbl 1426.65113
2013
The solution of linear and nonlinear systems of Volterra functional equations using Adomian-Padé technique. Zbl 1197.65223
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shakourifar, Mohammad; Hamidi, Asgar
2009
Determination of a control parameter in a one-dimensional parabolic equation using the method of radial basis functions. Zbl 1137.65408
Dehghan, Mehdi; Tatari, Mehdi
2006
The numerical solution of nonlinear high dimensional generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers equation via the meshless method of radial basis functions. Zbl 1369.65126
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2014
Application of the collocation method for solving nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations. Zbl 1296.65106
Eslahchi, M. R.; Dehghan, Mehdi; Parvizi, M.
2014
Two high-order numerical algorithms for solving the multi-term time fractional diffusion-wave equations. Zbl 1321.65129
Dehghan, Mehdi; Safarpoor, Mansour; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa
2015
Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) approximation to the two dimensional sine-Gordon equation. Zbl 1183.65113
Mirzaei, Davoud; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
High order implicit collocation method for the solution of two-dimensional linear hyperbolic equation. Zbl 1156.65087
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mohebbi, Akbar
2009
He’s variational iteration method for computing a control parameter in a semi-linear inverse parabolic equation. Zbl 1131.65084
Tatari, Mehdi; Dehghan, Mehdi
2007
The use of He’s variational iteration method for solving the telegraph and fractional telegraph equations. Zbl 1210.65173
Dehghan, Mehdi; Yousefi, S. A.; Lotfi, A.
2011
High-order compact solution of the one-dimensional heat and advection-diffusion equations. Zbl 1201.65183
Mohebbi, Akbar; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
Application of semi-analytic methods for the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equation, which models the transmission of nerve impulses. Zbl 1196.35025
Dehghan, Mehdi; Heris, Jalil Manafian; Saadatmandi, Abbas
2010
A numerical method for KdV equation using collocation and radial basis functions. Zbl 1185.76832
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2007
The dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) for two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation. Zbl 1169.76401
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mirzaei, Davoud
2008
Solution of a model describing biological species living together using the variational iteration method. Zbl 1156.92332
Shakeri, Fatemeh; Dehghan, Mehdi
2008
Solution of a partial integro-differential equation arising from viscoelasticity. Zbl 1087.65119
Dehghan, Mehdi
2006
An implicit RBF meshless approach for solving the time fractional nonlinear sine-Gordon and Klein-Gordon equations. Zbl 1403.65082
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
Numerical solution to the unsteady two-dimensional Schrödinger equation using meshless local boundary integral equation method. Zbl 1195.81007
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mirzaei, Davoud
2008
Application of He’s variational iteration method for solving the Cauchy reaction-diffusion problem. Zbl 1135.65381
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shakeri, Fatemeh
2008
The solitary wave solution of coupled Klein-Gordon-Zakharov equations via two different numerical methods. Zbl 1344.82041
2013
Identifying an unknown function in a parabolic equation with overspecified data via He’s variational iteration method. Zbl 1152.35390
Dehghan, Mehdi; Tatari, Mehdi
2008
The use of Adomian decomposition method for solving problems in calculus of variations. Zbl 1200.65050
Dehghan, Mehdi; Tatari, Mehdi
2006
Computational methods for solving fully fuzzy linear systems. Zbl 1101.65040
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hashemi, Behnam; Ghatee, Mehdi
2006
Iterative solution of fuzzy linear systems. Zbl 1137.65336
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hashemi, Behnam
2006
A meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for the time-dependent Maxwell equations. Zbl 1293.65128
Dehghan, Mehdi; Salehi, Rezvan
2014
A meshless method for solving nonlinear two-dimensional integral equations of the second kind on non-rectangular domains using radial basis functions with error analysis. Zbl 1255.65233
Assari, Pouria; Adibi, Hojatollah; Dehghan, Mehdi
2013
A meshless method using radial basis functions for the numerical solution of two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. Zbl 1357.65202
Shokri, Ali; Dehghan, Mehdi
2012
Application of the dual reciprocity boundary integral equation technique to solve the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. Zbl 1219.65104
Dehghan, Mehdi; Ghesmati, Arezou
2010
Solution of a nonlinear time-delay model in biology via semi-analytical approaches. Zbl 1219.65062
Dehghan, Mehdi; Salehi, Rezvan
2010
Weighted finite difference techniques for the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. Zbl 1034.65069
Dehghan, Mehdi
2004
Numerical solution of the delay differential equations of pantograph type via Chebyshev polynomials. Zbl 1266.65115
Sedaghat, S.; Ordokhani, Y.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2012
High-order solution of one-dimensional sine-Gordon equation using compact finite difference and DIRKN methods. Zbl 1190.65126
Mohebbi, Akbar; Dehghan, Mehdi
2010
The use of compact boundary value method for the solution of two-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Zbl 1159.65081
Mohebbi, Akbar; Dehghan, Mehdi
2009
Numerical solution of the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation. Zbl 1038.65074
Dehghan, Mehdi
2004
The numerical solution of the second Painlevé equation. Zbl 1172.65037
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shakeri, Fatemeh
2009
The use of Chebyshev cardinal functions for solution of the second-order one-dimensional telegraph equation. Zbl 1169.65102
2009
High order compact solution of the one-space-dimensional linear hyperbolic equation. Zbl 1151.65071
Mohebbi, Akbar; Dehghan, Mehdi
2008
Fourth-order techniques for identifying a control parameter in the parabolic equations. Zbl 1211.65120
Dehghan, Mehdi
2002
Determination of a control parameter in the two-dimensional diffusion equation. Zbl 0982.65103
Dehghan, Mehdi
2001
The spectral collocation method with three different bases for solving a nonlinear partial differential equation arising in modeling of nonlinear waves. Zbl 1219.65106
2011
A meshless method for numerical solution of a linear hyperbolic equation with variable coefficients in two space dimensions. Zbl 1159.65084
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shokri, Ali
2009
A Legendre collocation method for fractional integro-differential equations. Zbl 1271.65157
2011
The solitary wave solution of the two-dimensional regularized long-wave equation in fluids and plasmas. Zbl 1263.76047
Dehghan, Mehdi; Salehi, Rezvan
2011
Fourth-order compact solution of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. Zbl 1180.65114
Dehghan, Mehdi; Mohebbi, Akbar; Asgari, Zohreh
2009
Determination of a control function in three-dimensional parabolic equations. Zbl 1014.65097
Dehghan, Mehdi
2003
Numerical solution of a class of fractional optimal control problems via the Legendre orthonormal basis combined with the operational matrix and the Gauss quadrature rule. Zbl 1286.49030
Lotfi, A.; Yousefi, S. A.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2013
Determination of a control function in three-dimensional parabolic equations by Legendre pseudospectral method. Zbl 1252.65161
Shamsi, M.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2012
Solution of the fully fuzzy linear systems using iterative techniques. Zbl 1144.65021
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hashemi, Behnam; Ghatee, Mehdi
2007
The use of interpolating element-free Galerkin technique for solving 2D generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers and regularized long-wave equations on non-rectangular domains with error estimate. Zbl 1315.65086
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
Investigation of the Oldroyd model as a generalized incompressible Navier-Stokes equation via the interpolating stabilized element free Galerkin technique. Zbl 1444.76083
2020
Analysis and application of the interpolating element free Galerkin (IEFG) method to simulate the prevention of groundwater contamination with application in fluid flow. Zbl 1433.65233
2020
Reduced order modeling of time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with variable density based on a local radial basis functions-finite difference (LRBF-FD) technique and the POD/DEIM method. Zbl 1442.65287
2020
Crank-Nicolson/Galerkin spectral method for solving two-dimensional time-space distributed-order weakly singular integro-partial differential equation. Zbl 1435.65170
Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Dehghan, Mehdi; Zhou, Yong
2020
Direct meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (DMLPG) method for time-fractional fourth-order reaction-diffusion problem on complex domains. Zbl 1443.65188
2020
A direct meshless local collocation method for solving stochastic Cahn-Hilliard-Cook and stochastic Swift-Hohenberg equations. Zbl 1404.65207
2019
Error analysis and numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equation based on the interpolating element free Galerkin (IEFG) method. Zbl 1412.65070
2019
The reproducing kernel particle Petrov-Galerkin method for solving two-dimensional nonstationary incompressible Boussinesq equations. Zbl 07110343
2019
Numerical and analytical investigations for neutral delay fractional damped diffusion-wave equation based on the stabilized interpolating element free Galerkin (IEFG) method. Zbl 1428.65073
2019
Error estimate of finite element/finite difference technique for solution of two-dimensional weakly singular integro-partial differential equation with space and time fractional derivatives. Zbl 1419.65015
2019
A meshless local discrete Galerkin (MLDG) scheme for numerically solving two-dimensional nonlinear Volterra integral equations. Zbl 1429.65308
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2019
A generalized modified Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting (GMHSS) method for solving complex Sylvester matrix equation. Zbl 1429.65085
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shirilord, Akbar
2019
A multilevel Monte Carlo finite element method for the stochastic Cahn-Hilliard-Cook Equation. Zbl 07119146
2019
Two-dimensional simulation of the damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation via radial basis function-generated finite difference scheme combined with an exponential time discretization. Zbl 07110385
2019
Simulation of the phase field Cahn-Hilliard and tumor growth models via a numerical scheme: element-free Galerkin method. Zbl 1440.74428
2019
DMLPG method for numerical simulation of soliton collisions in multi-dimensional coupled damped nonlinear Schrödinger system which arises from Bose-Einstein condensates. Zbl 1429.65229
2019
The double-step scale splitting method for solving complex Sylvester matrix equation. Zbl 07101783
Dehghan, Mehdi; Shirilord, Akbar
2019
A meshless local Galerkin method for solving Volterra integral equations deduced from nonlinear fractional differential equations using the moving least squares technique. Zbl 1417.65220
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2019
Numerical simulation and error estimation of the time-dependent Allen-Cahn equation on surfaces with radial basis functions. Zbl 1426.65149
Mohammadi, Vahid; Mirzaei, Davoud; Dehghan, Mehdi
2019
An efficient technique based on finite difference/finite element method for solution of two-dimensional space/multi-time fractional Bloch-Torrey equations. Zbl 1395.65074
2018
A finite difference/finite element technique with error estimate for space fractional tempered diffusion-wave equation. Zbl 1415.65224
2018
A Legendre spectral element method (SEM) based on the modified bases for solving neutral delay distributed-order fractional damped diffusion-wave equation. Zbl 1395.65098
2018
An upwind local radial basis functions-differential quadrature (RBF-DQ) method with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) approach for solving compressible Euler equation. Zbl 1403.65109
2018
Solving a class of nonlinear boundary integral equations based on the meshless local discrete Galerkin (MLDG) method. Zbl 1377.65158
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
Numerical solution of 2D Navier-Stokes equation discretized via boundary elements method and finite difference approximation. Zbl 1403.76102
Sedaghatjoo, Zeynab; Dehghan, Mehdi; Hosseinzadeh, Hossein
2018
A meshless Galerkin scheme for the approximate solution of nonlinear logarithmic boundary integral equations utilizing radial basis functions. Zbl 1380.65395
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
A combination of proper orthogonal decomposition-discrete empirical interpolation method (POD-DEIM) and meshless local RBF-DQ approach for prevention of groundwater contamination. Zbl 1409.76095
2018
The two-grid interpolating element free Galerkin (TG-IEFG) method for solving Rosenau-regularized long wave (RRLW) equation with error analysis. Zbl 1395.65133
2018
A new approach to improve the order of approximation of the Bernstein operators: theory and applications. Zbl 1388.41002
Khosravian-Arab, Hassan; Dehghan, Mehdi; Eslahchi, M. R.
2018
Variational multiscale element-free Galerkin method combined with the moving Kriging interpolation for solving some partial differential equations with discontinuous solutions. Zbl 1404.65084
2018
A reduced proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) element free Galerkin (POD-EFG) method to simulate two-dimensional solute transport problems and error estimate. Zbl 1380.65255
2018
Solution of multi-dimensional Klein-Gordon-Zakharov and Schrödinger/Gross-Pitaevskii equations via local radial basis functions-differential quadrature (RBF-DQ) technique on non-rectangular computational domains. Zbl 1403.78037
2018
On a new family of radial basis functions: mathematical analysis and applications to option pricing. Zbl 1372.65283
Kazemi, Seyed-Mohammad-Mahdi; Dehghan, Mehdi; Foroush Bastani, Ali
2018
The approximate solution of nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind using radial basis functions. Zbl 1446.65205
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
A stable boundary elements method for magnetohydrodynamic channel flows at high Hartmann numbers. Zbl 1388.76192
Sedaghatjoo, Zeynab; Dehghan, Mehdi; Hosseinzadeh, Hossein
2018
Fully spectral collocation method for nonlinear parabolic partial integro-differential equations. Zbl 1377.65169
2018
Error analysis of a meshless weak form method based on radial point interpolation technique for Sivashinsky equation arising in the alloy solidification problem. Zbl 1371.41024
2018
An element-free Galerkin meshless method for simulating the behavior of cancer cell invasion of surrounding tissue. Zbl 07167922
Dehghan, Mehdi; Narimani, Niusha
2018
Approximation of continuous surface differential operators with the generalized moving least-squares (GMLS) method for solving reaction-diffusion equation. Zbl 1413.65381
Dehghan, Mehdi; Narimani, Niusha
2018
Modal spectral element method in curvilinear domains. Zbl 1393.65034
2018
A $$hk$$ mortar spectral element method for the $$p$$-Laplacian equation. Zbl 1434.65298
Sabouri, Mania; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
The smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for solving generalized variable coefficient Schrödinger equation and Schrödinger-Boussinesq system. Zbl 1424.65201
Karamali, Gholamreza; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
A local Galerkin integral equation method for solving integro-differential equations arising in oscillating magnetic fields. Zbl 1397.78010
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
Application of finite difference method of lines on the heat equation. Zbl 1390.65072
Kazem, Saeed; Dehghan, Mehdi
2018
An improved meshless method for solving two-dimensional distributed order time-fractional diffusion-wave equation with error estimate. Zbl 1412.65131
2017
The meshless local collocation method for solving multi-dimensional Cahn-Hilliard, Swift-Hohenberg and phase field crystal equations. Zbl 1403.74285
2017
Fourth-order numerical method for the space-time tempered fractional diffusion-wave equation. Zbl 1375.65173
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Deng, Weihua
2017
Spectral analysis and multigrid preconditioners for two-dimensional space-fractional diffusion equations. Zbl 1380.65240
Moghaderi, Hamid; Dehghan, Mehdi; Donatelli, Marco; Mazza, Mariarosa
2017
Spectral element technique for nonlinear fractional evolution equation, stability and convergence analysis. Zbl 1368.65261
2017
The use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) meshless RBF-FD technique to simulate the shallow water equations. Zbl 1380.65301
2017
Fractional spectral and pseudo-spectral methods in unbounded domains: theory and applications. Zbl 1415.65177
Khosravian-Arab, Hassan; Dehghan, Mehdi; Eslahchi, M. R.
2017
A numerical scheme based on radial basis function finite difference (RBF-FD) technique for solving the high-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations using an explicit time discretization: Runge-Kutta method. Zbl 1411.65108
2017
Element free Galerkin approach based on the reproducing kernel particle method for solving 2D fractional Tricomi-type equation with Robin boundary condition. Zbl 1412.65138
2017
A meshless discrete collocation method for the numerical solution of singular-logarithmic boundary integral equations utilizing radial basis functions. Zbl 1426.65206
Assari, Pouria; Dehghan, Mehdi
2017
Two meshless procedures: moving Kriging interpolation and element-free Galerkin for fractional PDEs. Zbl 1369.65121
2017
Asymptotic expansion of solutions to the Black-Scholes equation arising from American option pricing near the expiry. Zbl 1352.91034
Kazemi, Seyed-Mohammad-Mahdi; Dehghan, Mehdi; Foroush Bastani, Ali
2017
Generalized product-type methods based on bi-conjugate gradient (GPBiCG) for solving shifted linear systems. Zbl 1383.65025
2017
Mixed two-grid finite difference methods for solving one-dimensional and two-dimensional Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations. Zbl 1380.65168
2017
An adaptive meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method based on a posteriori error estimation for the boundary layer problems. Zbl 1353.65121
Kamranian, Maryam; Dehghan, Mehdi; Tatari, Mehdi
2017
Error analysis of method of lines (MOL) via generalized interpolating moving least squares (GIMLS) approximation. Zbl 1366.65083
2017
Generalized Bessel functions: theory and their applications. Zbl 1381.33009
Khosravian-Arab, Hassan; Dehghan, Mehdi; Eslahchi, M. R.
2017
On uniqueness of numerical solution of boundary integral equations with 3-times monotone radial kernels. Zbl 1352.65595
Sedaghatjoo, Zeynab; Dehghan, Mehdi; Hosseinzadeh, Hossein
2017
Analysis of a meshless method for the time fractional diffusion-wave equation. Zbl 1352.65298
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2016
Analysis of the element free Galerkin (EFG) method for solving fractional cable equation with Dirichlet boundary condition. Zbl 1348.65141
2016
A numerical scheme for the solution of a class of fractional variational and optimal control problems using the modified Jacobi polynomials. Zbl 1365.26005
Dehghan, Mehdi; Hamedi, Ehsan-Allah; Khosravian-Arab, Hassan
2016
Analysis of two methods based on Galerkin weak form for fractional diffusion-wave: meshless interpolating element free Galerkin (IEFG) and finite element methods. Zbl 1403.65068
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2016
The dual reciprocity boundary elements method for the linear and nonlinear two-dimensional time-fractional partial differential equations. Zbl 1347.65182
Dehghan, Mehdi; Safarpoor, Mansour
2016
The numerical simulation of the phase field crystal (PFC) and modified phase field crystal (MPFC) models via global and local meshless methods. Zbl 1423.76321
2016
The use of element free Galerkin method based on moving Kriging and radial point interpolation techniques for solving some types of Turing models. Zbl 1403.65067
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2016
Numerical study of three-dimensional Turing patterns using a meshless method based on moving Kriging element free Galerkin (EFG) approach. Zbl 1359.65199
2016
Variational multiscale element free Galerkin (VMEFG) and local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) methods for solving two-dimensional Brusselator reaction-diffusion system with and without cross-diffusion. Zbl 1425.65108
2016
Remediation of contaminated groundwater by meshless local weak forms. Zbl 1368.76035
2016
Legendre spectral element method for solving time fractional modified anomalous sub-diffusion equation. Zbl 07159582
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2016
The dual reciprocity boundary integral equation technique to solve a class of the linear and nonlinear fractional partial differential equations. Zbl 1342.65224
Dehghan, Mehdi; Safarpoor, Mansour
2016
A meshless method based on the dual reciprocity method for one-dimensional stochastic partial differential equations. Zbl 1337.65010
2016
Distributed optimal control of the viscous Burgers equation via a Legendre pseudo-spectral approach. Zbl 1344.49053
Sabeh, Z.; Shamsi, M.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2016
Numerical solution of a non-classical two-phase Stefan problem via radial basis function (RBF) collocation methods. Zbl 1403.80037
Dehghan, Mehdi; Najafi, Mahboubeh
2016
Parametric AE-solution sets to the parametric linear systems with multiple right-hand sides and parametric matrix equation $$A(p)X=B(p)$$. Zbl 1356.65113
2016
A fast and efficient two-grid method for solving $$d$$-dimensional Poisson equations. Zbl 1342.65226
Moghaderi, Hamid; Dehghan, Mehdi; Hajarian, Masoud
2016
Proper orthogonal decomposition variational multiscale element free Galerkin (POD-VMEFG) meshless method for solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. Zbl 1439.76060
2016
Two numerical meshless techniques based on radial basis functions (RBFs) and the method of generalized moving least squares (GMLS) for simulation of coupled Klein-Gordon-Schrödinger (KGS) equations. Zbl 1443.65240
2016
Two high-order numerical algorithms for solving the multi-term time fractional diffusion-wave equations. Zbl 1321.65129
Dehghan, Mehdi; Safarpoor, Mansour; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa
2015
An implicit RBF meshless approach for solving the time fractional nonlinear sine-Gordon and Klein-Gordon equations. Zbl 1403.65082
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
The use of interpolating element-free Galerkin technique for solving 2D generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers and regularized long-wave equations on non-rectangular domains with error estimate. Zbl 1315.65086
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
Error estimate for the numerical solution of fractional reaction-subdiffusion process based on a meshless method. Zbl 1305.65211
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
The numerical solution of Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equation in one, two and three-dimensions via globally radial basis functions (GRBFs) and RBFs-differential quadrature (RBFs-DQ) methods. Zbl 1403.65085
2015
Fractional Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems in unbounded domains: theory and applications. Zbl 1352.65202
Khosravian-Arab, Hassan; Dehghan, Mehdi; Eslahchi, M. R.
2015
Numerical solution of fractional advection-diffusion equation with a nonlinear source term. Zbl 1319.35290
Parvizi, M.; Eslahchi, M. R.; Dehghan, Mehdi
2015
A meshless technique based on the local radial basis functions collocation method for solving parabolic-parabolic Patlak-Keller-Segel chemotaxis model. Zbl 1403.65084
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
The modified dual reciprocity boundary elements method and its application for solving stochastic partial differential equations. Zbl 1403.65192
2015
Meshless simulation of stochastic advection-diffusion equations based on radial basis functions. Zbl 1403.65086
2015
Numerical solution of stochastic elliptic partial differential equations using the meshless method of radial basis functions. Zbl 1403.65152
2015
The use of radial basis functions (RBFs) collocation and RBF-QR methods for solving the coupled nonlinear sine-Gordon equations. Zbl 1403.65092
2015
The numerical solution of the two-dimensional sinh-Gordon equation via three meshless methods. Zbl 1403.65083
Dehghan, Mehdi; Abbaszadeh, Mostafa; Mohebbi, Akbar
2015
A spectral element method using the modal basis and its application in solving second-order nonlinear partial differential equations. Zbl 1307.65138
2015
A multigrid compact finite difference method for solving the one-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation. Zbl 1335.35219
2015
An efficient meshfree point collocation moving least squares method to solve the interface problems with nonhomogeneous jump conditions. Zbl 1326.65165
Taleei, Ameneh; Dehghan, Mehdi
2015
Chebyshev polynomials and best approximation of some classes of functions. Zbl 1323.41027
Eslahchi, Mohammad R.; Dehghan, Mehdi; Amani, Sanaz
2015
A meshless numerical procedure for solving fractional reaction subdiffusion model via a new combination of alternating direction implicit (ADI) approach and interpolating element free Galerkin (EFG) method. Zbl 1443.65189
2015
Symmetrical weighted essentially non-oscillatory-flux limiter schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Zbl 1342.65172
Abedian, Rooholah; Adibi, Hojatollah; Dehghan, Mehdi
2015
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#### Cited in 298 Serials
413 Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 176 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 169 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 157 Applied Mathematical Modelling 117 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 113 Applied Numerical Mathematics 92 Computational and Applied Mathematics 90 Numerical Algorithms 85 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 83 Abstract and Applied Analysis 82 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 76 Advances in Difference Equations 74 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 64 Journal of Computational Physics 59 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 55 Applied Mathematics Letters 55 International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics 47 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 46 Computer Physics Communications 44 Journal of Applied Mathematics 43 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 41 Nonlinear Dynamics 39 International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 37 Journal of Scientific Computing 35 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 33 Journal of the Franklin Institute 29 Journal of Vibration and Control 25 International Journal of Computational Methods 24 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 23 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 22 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 21 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 20 Applicable Analysis 20 Mathematical Sciences 19 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 19 S$$\vec{\text{e}}$$MA Journal 18 Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 18 Advances in Mathematical Physics 17 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 16 Soft Computing 16 Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis 15 International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 14 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 13 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology. Transaction A: Science 13 Computational Methods for Differential Equations 12 International Journal of Biomathematics 11 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 11 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 11 Calcolo 11 Computational Mathematics and Modeling 11 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 11 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 11 Boundary Value Problems 10 Computers and Fluids 10 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 10 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 10 Computational Mechanics 10 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 10 Mathematics 9 Physics Letters. A 9 Advances in Computational Mathematics 9 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 9 Applications and Applied Mathematics 9 International Journal of Differential Equations 9 Symmetry 9 Asian Journal of Control 8 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 8 Complexity 8 Tbilisi Mathematical Journal 7 BIT 7 Information Sciences 7 Meccanica 7 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 7 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 7 Nonlinear Analysis. Modelling and Control 7 Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 6 International Journal of Control 6 Journal of Mathematical Physics 6 Kybernetes 6 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 6 Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 6 Sādhanā 6 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 6 Afrika Matematika 5 International Journal of Modern Physics B 5 Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 5 Linear Algebra and its Applications 5 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 5 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 5 Differential Equations 5 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 5 Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 5 International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 5 Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática. Terceira Série 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series S 5 Advances in Fuzzy Systems 5 Science China. Mathematics 5 Journal of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Informatics 5 Journal of Linear and Topological Algebra ...and 198 more Serials
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#### Cited in 51 Fields
2,730 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1,530 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 515 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 331 Integral equations (45-XX) 280 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 253 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 224 Real functions (26-XX) 156 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 154 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 135 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 132 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 127 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 111 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 100 Special functions (33-XX) 73 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 57 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 56 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 54 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 50 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 49 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 44 Operator theory (47-XX) 33 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 31 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 26 Computer science (68-XX) 24 Functional analysis (46-XX) 23 Quantum theory (81-XX) 18 Number theory (11-XX) 18 Statistics (62-XX) 17 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 16 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 13 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 12 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 11 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 10 Geophysics (86-XX) 9 Combinatorics (05-XX) 7 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 7 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 7 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 5 Mathematics education (97-XX) 4 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 3 Measure and integration (28-XX) 3 Potential theory (31-XX) 3 General topology (54-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX)
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The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-24T00:34:08 |
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|
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2007.2007.1021
|
Article Contents
Article Contents
# Periodic orbits of tritrophic slow-fast system and double homoclinic bifurcations
• The biological models - particularly the ecological ones - must be understood through the bifurcations they undergo as the parameters vary. However, the transition between two dynamical behaviours of a same system for diverse values of parameters may be sometimes quite involved. For instance, the analysis of the non generic motions near the transition states is the first step to understand fully the bifurcations occurring in complex dynamics.
In this article, we address the question to describe and explain a double bursting behaviour occuring for a tritrophic slow–fast system. We focus therefore on the appearance of a double homoclinic bifurcation of the fast subsystem as the predator death rate parameter evolves.
The first part of this article introduces the slow–fast system which extends Lotka–Volterra dynamics by adding a superpredator. The second part displays the analysis of singular points and bifurcations undergone by fast dynamics. The third part is devoted to the flow analysis near the homoclinic points. Finally, the fourth part is concerned with the main results about the existence of periodic orbits of different periods as the two homoclinic orbits are close enough to each other.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Prim: 34C05, 34C25, 34C26, 34C37; Second: 92D25.
Citation:
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license
## Other Articles By Authors
• on this site
• on Google Scholar
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| 2023-03-22T03:34:55 |
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|
https://c51.lbl.gov/~walkloud/0nubb/science
|
#### Double Beta Decay and the Fundamental Symmetries of the Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the most successful theories ever developed. (see the wikipedia entry or for more technical detail, reviews from the Particle Data Group). It describes almost all of the known fundamental particles that make up the universe and governs the way they have interacted with each other since nearly the beginning of time. Tantalizing evidence, however, exists for physics beyond the Standard Model that the theory cannot account for. Dark matter, which seems to control the universe's large-scale structure, is an example of a form of matter whose nature is unknown and therefore not described by the Standard Model.
The known particles and interactions of the Standard Model are constrained by a set of symmetries that the universe has thus far been observed to obey. However, our current universe presents certain puzzles that seem to require that some of these symmetries be violated. One of the biggest unanswered questions in physics is, "Why does the universe contain matter at all?" One of the Fundamental Symmetries of the Standard Model, called charge-conjugation/parity symmetry (or CP for short) insists that matter and anti-matter should be present in nearly equal parts. If this were true, however, then early on in the history of the universe matter and antimatter would have collided and annihilated to produce a universe of pure radiation (photons). The presence of matter in our current universe seems to indicate that, at least at some point in our history, the symmetry between matter and anti-matter was broken. The excess of matter over antimatter early on is reflected in the "primordial baryon-to-photon ratio," measured to be $6.10\pm0.04\times10^{-10}$; that is, there is one excess proton or neuturon for roughly every one billion photons. While this excess is very small, it is still more than a thousand times larger than one would predict from the Standard Model alone.
##### Neutrinoless Double Beta-Decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$)
One way that CP symmetry may be violated is through one of nature's most elusive particles, the neutrino. It is still unknown whether the anti-neutrino --- the antimatter partner of the neutrino --- even exists. If it does not, then it is also-called Majorana particle, and may have helped produce an abundance of matter in the early universe. Majorana neutrinos would also leave an unmistakable signature in experiments involving huge amounts of nuclear material that search for neutrinoless double-beta decay, a special nuclear decay process. Ordinary beta decay, which is very common, produces both an electron and a neutrino as a nucleus changes its identity. A free neutron, for example, beta decays in about 10 minutes on average to a proton (a hydrogen nucleus), creating an electron and an anti-neutrino in the process. (If that anti-neutrino is the same as a neutrino, then it is a Majorana particle). Neutrinoless double-beta decay, which is much rarer, involves the occurrence of two simultaneous beta decays within a nucleus with no resulting anti-neutrinos, something that is possible only if the neutrino is its own anti-particle --- a Majorana particle ---and can annihilate with itself.
Experiments world-wide have so far been unable to detect any neutrinoless double-beta decay, indicating that larger experiments with tons of nuclear material may be necessary. While these next-generation experiments are being planned and built, theorists are working hard to better understand the complex nuclear processes behind the decay in order to help guide experimentalists and gain as much information as possible about what lies beyond the Standard Model if and when a decay is observed. The extremely difficult calculations needed to reach a better understanding require that physicists in different research areas collaborate in order to understand the physics of very short distances (fundamental particles) and very large distances (big experiments with tons of nuclear material). Our collaboration is working hard to reach this understanding.
##### Electric Dipole Moments
Another place to look for clues when trying to understand the excess of matter over antimatter is in electric dipole moments (EDMs) of atoms and smaller particles. An electric dipole moment is an asymmetry in the distribution of charge inside objects. Any theory that explains the matter excess (through the violation of CP symmetry) also produces EDMs in elementary particles and the objects they make up. We already know that the Standard Model violates CP symmetry, but at levels that are too low to explain the observed matter excess. There ought to be another source of CP violation that the Standard Model doesn't account for, and it ought to produce measurable EDMs. The experiments that look for EDMs are smaller than their double-beta-decay counterparts, but just as important.
Once again, however, understanding the results of these experiments requires theoretical progress. How does CP violation work its way from elementary particles, such as quarks, to create EDMs for protons, neutrons, nuclei, and atoms? If we are to understand the significance of a measured EDM for the matter-antimatter problem, we will need to understand the particle, nuclear, and atomic physics that plays a role in EDM experiments. Here too, the theorists that make up our collaboration are working together to achieve that understanding.
##### Other Symmetry Tests (hadronic parity violation, cold neutron decays, etc.)
Even within the Standard Model, some fundamental symmetries are violated. An example is "parity" symmetry, between left and right, or clockwise and counterclockwise. It turns out, for example, that neutrons, which can spin either clockwise or counterclockwise when viewed from head on, must be spinning clockwise in order to undergo beta decay. This violation of parity symmetry is one of the keystones of the Standard Model. The force that act breaks this symmetry is called "weak" because it has much less of an effect than the "strong force" between quarks and gluons, holding atomic nuclei together.
The problem with the weak force is that we don't fully understand how it behaves inside a nucleus, where its effects are small but important in some experiments that seek to reveal physics beyond the Standard Model. The problem doesn't arise in beta decay but it does in experiments that measure the interaction of nuclei with the electrons in atoms. The way parity violation is transmitted from an atom's nucleus to its electrons is similar to the way CP violation in the nucleus produces atomic EDMs. (The P in CP, by way is the same parity we're talking about here). Until we understand the simpler Standard-Model physics that violates parity, it will be hard to have confidence in our predictions of atomic EDMs coming from beyond the Standard Model. Parity symmetry is another area in which our collaboration of theorists is working hard.
| 2018-06-19T02:46:12 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10130282-search-displaced-vertices-oppositely-charged-leptons-from-decays-long-lived-particles-pp-collisions-tev-atlas-detector
|
Search for displaced vertices of oppositely charged leptons from decays of long-lived particles in pp collisions at $s=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
| 2022-11-26T15:34:29 |
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|
https://cs.overleaf.com/articles/the-volume-of-n-balls/kjrmwmtrqsdk
|
# THE VOLUME OF n-BALLS
Author
Cerbi Ritchey
License
Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
AbstractOur goal is to derive a formula for the volume of n-dimensional balls in Rn.
| 2021-04-12T18:35:22 |
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|
https://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/manual/modules/LaTeXML_Package.html
|
LaTeXML::Package
Support for package implementations and document customization.
Synopsis
This package defines and exports most of the procedures users will need to customize or extend LaTeXML. The LaTeXML implementation of some package might look something like the following, but see the installed LaTeXML/Package directory for realistic examples.
package LaTeXML::Package::pool; # to put new subs & variables in common pool
use LaTeXML::Package; # to load these definitions
use strict; # good style
use warnings;
#
RequirePackage(’anotherpackage’);
#
# A simple macro, just like in TeX
DefMacro(’\thesection’, ’\thechapter.\roman{section}’);
#
# A constructor defines how a control sequence generates XML:
DefConstructor(’\thanks{}’, "<ltx:thanks>#1</ltx:thanks>");
#
# And a simple environment ...
DefEnvironment(’{abstract}’,’<abstract>#body</abstract>’);
#
# A math symbol \Real to stand for the Reals:
DefMath(’\Real’, "\x{211D}", role=>’ID’);
#
# Or a semantic floor:
DefMath(’\floor{}’,’\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor’);
#
# More esoteric ...
# Use a RelaxNG schema
RelaxNGSchema("MySchema");
# Or use a special DocType if you have to:
# DocType("rootelement",
# prefix=>"http://whatever/");
#
# Allow sometag elements to be automatically closed if needed
Tag(’prefix:sometag’, autoClose=>1);
#
# Don’t forget this, so perl knows the package loaded.
1;
Description
This module provides a large set of utilities and declarations that are useful for writing ‘bindings’: LaTeXML-specific implementations of a set of control sequences such as would be defined in a LaTeX style or class file. They are also useful for controlling and customization of LaTeXML’s processing. See the See also section, below, for additional lower-level modules imported & re-exported.
To a limited extent (and currently only when explicitly enabled), LaTeXML can process the raw TeX code found in style files. However, to preserve document structure and semantics, as well as for efficiency, it is usually necessary to supply a LaTeXML-specific ‘binding’ for style and class files. For example, a binding mypackage.sty.ltxml would encode LaTeXML-specific implementations of all the control sequences in mypackage.sty so that $\backslash$usepackage{mypackage} would work. Similarly for myclass.cls.ltxml. Additionally, document-specific bindings can be supplied: before processing a TeX source file, eg mydoc.tex, LaTeXML will automatically include the definitions and settings in mydoc.latexml. These .ltxml and .latexml files should be placed LaTeXML’s searchpaths, where will find them: either in the current directory or in a directory given to the –path option, or possibly added to the variable SEARCHPATHS).
Since LaTeXML mimics TeX, a familiarity with TeX’s processing model is critical. LaTeXML models: catcodes and tokens (See LaTeXML::Core::Token, LaTeXML::Core::Tokens) which are extracted from the plain source text characters by the LaTeXML::Core::Mouth; Macros, which are expanded within the LaTeXML::Core::Gullet; and Primitives, which are digested within the LaTeXML::Core::Stomach to produce LaTeXML::Core::Box, LaTeXML::Core::List. A key additional feature is the Constructors: when digested they generate a LaTeXML::Core::Whatsit which, upon absorbtion by LaTeXML::Core::Document, inserts text or XML fragments in the final document tree.
DefMacro options are
scope=>scope,
locked=>boolean
mathactive=>boolean
specifies a definition that will only be expanded in math mode; the control sequence must be a single character.
Examples:
DefMacro(’\thefootnote’,’\arabic{footnote}’);
DefMacro(’\today’,sub { ExplodeText(today()); });
DefMacroI(cs, paramlist, expansion, %options);
Internal form of DefMacro where the control sequence and parameter list have already been separated; useful for definitions from within code. Also, slightly more efficient for macros with no arguments (use undef for paramlist), and useful for obscure cases like defining $\backslash$begin{something*} as a Macro.
Conditionals
DefConditional(prototype, test, %options);
Defines a conditional for prototype; a control sequence that is processed during macro expansion time (in the LaTeXML::Core::Gullet). A conditional corresponds to a TeX $\backslash$if. If the test is undef, a $\backslash$newif type of conditional is defined, which is controlled with control sequences like $\backslash$footrue and $\backslash$foofalse. Otherwise the test should be code($gullet,@args) (with the control sequence’s arguments) that is called at expand time to determine the condition. Depending on whether the result of that evaluation returns a true or false value (in the usual Perl sense), the result of the expansion is either the first or else code following, in the usual TeX sense. DefConditional options are scope=>scope, locked=>boolean skipper=>code($gullet)
This option is only used to define $\backslash$ifcase.
Example:
DefConditional(’\ifmmode’,sub {
LookupValue(’IN_MATH’); });
DefConditionalI(cs, paramlist, test, %options);
Internal form of DefConditional where the control sequence and parameter list have already been parsed; useful for definitions from within code. Also, slightly more efficient for conditinal with no arguments (use undef for paramlist).
IfCondition($ifcs,@args) IfCondition allows you to test a conditional from within perl. Thus something like if(IfCondition(’$\backslash$ifmmode’)){ domath } else { dotext } might be equivalent to TeX’s $\backslash$ifmmode domath $\backslash$else dotext $\backslash$fi. Primitives DefPrimitive(prototype, replacement, %options); Defines a primitive control sequence; a primitive is processed during digestion (in the LaTeXML::Core::Stomach), after macro expansion but before Construction time. Primitive control sequences generate Boxes or Lists, generally containing basic Unicode content, rather than structured XML. Primitive control sequences are also executed for side effect during digestion, effecting changes to the LaTeXML::Core::State. The replacement can be a string used as the text content of a Box to be created (using the current font). Alternatively replacement can be code($stomach,@args) (with the control sequence’s arguments) which is invoked at digestion time, probably for side-effect, but returning Boxes or Lists or nothing. replacement may also be undef, which contributes nothing to the document, but does record the TeX code that created it.
DefPrimitive options are
scope=>scope,
locked=>boolean
mode=> (’text’ | ’display_math’ | ’inline_math’)
Changes to this mode during digestion.
font=>{%fontspec}
Specifies the font to use (see Fonts). If the font change is to only apply to material generated within this command, you would also use <bounded=1>>; otherwise, the font will remain in effect afterwards as for a font switching command.
bounded=>boolean
If true, TeX grouping (ie. {}) is enforced around this invocation.
requireMath=>boolean,
forbidMath=>boolean
specifies whether the given constructor can only appear, or cannot appear, in math mode.
beforeDigest=>code($stomach) supplies a hook to execute during digestion just before the main part of the primitive is executed (and before any arguments have been read). The code should either return nothing (return;) or a list of digested items (Box’s,List,Whatsit). It can thus change the State and/or add to the digested output. afterDigest=>code($stomach)
supplies a hook to execute during digestion just after the main part of the primitive ie executed. it should either return nothing (return;) or digested items. It can thus change the State and/or add to the digested output.
isPrefix=>boolean
indicates whether this is a prefix type of command; This is only used for the special TeX assignment prefixes, like $\backslash$global.
Example:
DefPrimitive(’\begingroup’,sub { $_[0]->begingroup; }); DefPrimitiveI(cs, paramlist, code($stomach,@args), %options);
Internal form of DefPrimitive where the control sequence and parameter list have already been separated; useful for definitions from within code.
Registers
DefRegister(prototype, value, %options);
Defines a register with value as the initial value (a Number, Dimension, Glue, MuGlue or Tokens — I haven’t handled Box’s yet). Usually, the prototype is just the control sequence, but registers are also handled by prototypes like $\backslash$count{Number}. DefRegister arranges that the register value can be accessed when a numeric, dimension, … value is being read, and also defines the control sequence for assignment.
Options are
specifies if it is not allowed to change this value.
getter=>code(@args),
setter=>code($value,@args) By default value is stored in the State’s Value table under a name concatenating the control sequence and argument values. These options allow other means of fetching and storing the value. Example: DefRegister(’\pretolerance’,Number(100)); DefRegisterI(cs, paramlist, value, %options); Internal form of DefRegister where the control sequence and parameter list have already been parsed; useful for definitions from within code. Constructors DefConstructor(prototype,$replacement, %options);
The Constructor is where LaTeXML really starts getting interesting; invoking the control sequence will generate an arbitrary XML fragment in the document tree. More specifically: during digestion, the arguments will be read and digested, creating a LaTeXML::Core::Whatsit to represent the object. During absorbtion by the LaTeXML::Core::Document, the Whatsit will generate the XML fragment according to replacement. The replacement can be code($document,@args,%properties) which is called during document absorbtion to create the appropriate XML (See the methods of LaTeXML::Core::Document). More conveniently, replacement can be an pattern: simply a bit of XML as a string with certain substitutions to be made. The substitutions are of the following forms: #1, #2 ... #name These are replaced by the corresponding argument (for #1) or property (for #name) stored with the Whatsit. Each are turned into a string when it appears as in an attribute position, or recursively processed when it appears as content. &function(@args) Another form of substituted value is prefixed with & which invokes a function. For example, &func(#1) would invoke the function func on the first argument to the control sequence; what it returns will be inserted into the document. ?test(pattern) or ?test(ifpattern)(elsepattern) Patterns can be conditionallized using this form. The test is any of the above expressions (eg. #1), considered true if the result is non-empty. Thus ?#1(<foo/>) would add the empty element foo if the first argument were given. ^ If the constuctor begins with ^, the XML fragment is allowed to float up to a parent node that is allowed to contain it, according to the Document Type. The Whatsit property font is defined by default. Additional properties body and trailer are defined when captureBody is true, or for environments. By using$whatsit->setProperty(key=>$value); within afterDigest, or by using the properties option, other properties can be added. DefConstructor options are scope=>scope, locked=>boolean mode=>mode, font=>{%fontspec}, bounded=>boolean, requireMath=>boolean, forbidMath=>boolean These options are the same as for Primitives reversion=>texstringcode($whatsit,#1,#2,...)
specifies the reversion of the invocation back into TeX tokens (if the default reversion is not appropriate). The textstring string can include #1, #2… The code is called with the $whatsit and digested arguments and must return a list of Token’s. alias=>control_sequence provides a control sequence to be used in the reversion instead of the one defined in the prototype. This is a convenient alternative for reversion when a ’public’ command conditionally expands into an internal one, but the reversion should be for the public command. sizer=>stringcode($whatsit)
specifies how to compute (approximate) the displayed size of the object, if that size is ever needed (typically needed for graphics generation). If a string is given, it should contain only a sequence of #1 or #name to access arguments and properties of the Whatsit: the size is computed from these items layed out side-by-side. If code is given, it should return the three Dimensions (width, height and depth). If neither is given, and the reversion specification is of suitible format, it will be used for the sizer.
properties=>{%properties} | code($stomach,#1,#2...) supplies additional properties to be set on the generated Whatsit. In the first form, the values can be of any type, but if a value is a code references, it takes the same args ($stomach,#1,#2,…) and should return the value; it is executed before creating the Whatsit. In the second form, the code should return a hash of properties.
beforeDigest=>code($stomach) supplies a hook to execute during digestion just before the Whatsit is created. The code should either return nothing (return;) or a list of digested items (Box’s,List,Whatsit). It can thus change the State and/or add to the digested output. afterDigest=>code($stomach,$whatsit) supplies a hook to execute during digestion just after the Whatsit is created (and so the Whatsit already has its arguments and properties). It should either return nothing (return;) or digested items. It can thus change the State, modify the Whatsit, and/or add to the digested output. beforeConstruct=>code($document,$whatsit) supplies a hook to execute before constructing the XML (generated by replacement). afterConstruct=>code($document,$whatsit) Supplies code to execute after constructing the XML. captureBody=>booleanToken if true, arbitrary following material will be accumulated into a ‘body’ until the current grouping level is reverted, or till the Token is encountered if the option is a Token. This body is available as the body property of the Whatsit. This is used by environments and math. nargs=>nargs This gives a number of args for cases where it can’t be infered directly from the prototype (eg. when more args are explicitly read by hooks). DefConstructorI(cs, paramlist, replacement, %options); Internal form of DefConstructor where the control sequence and parameter list have already been separated; useful for definitions from within code. DefMath(prototype, tex, %options); A common shorthand constructor; it defines a control sequence that creates a mathematical object, such as a symbol, function or operator application. The options given can effectively create semantic macros that contribute to the eventual parsing of mathematical content. In particular, it generates an XMDual using the replacement tex for the presentation. The content information is drawn from the name and options DefMath accepts the options: scope=>scope, locked=>boolean font=>{%fontspec}, reversion=>reversion, alias=>cs, sizer=>sizer, properties=>properties, beforeDigest=>code($stomach),
afterDigest=>code($stomach,$whatsit),
These options are the same as for Constructors
name=>name
gives a name attribute for the object
omcd=>cdname
gives the OpenMath content dictionary that name is from.
role=>grammatical_role
adds a grammatical role attribute to the object; this specifies the grammatical role that the object plays in surrounding expressions. This direly needs documentation!
mathstyle=>(’display’ | ’text’ | ’script’ | ’scriptscript’)
Controls whether the this object will be presented in a specific mathstyle, or according to the current setting of mathstyle.
scriptpos=>(’mid’ | ’post’)
Controls the positioning of any sub and super-scripts relative to this object; whether they be stacked over or under it, or whether they will appear in the usual position. TeX.pool defines a function doScriptpos() which is useful for operators like $\backslash$sum in that it sets to mid position when in displaystyle, otherwise post.
stretchy=>boolean
Whether or not the object is stretchy when displayed.
operator_role=>grammatical_role,
operator_scriptpos=>boolean,
operator_stretchy=>boolean
These three are similar to role, scriptpos and stretchy, but are used in unusual cases. These apply to the given attributes to the operator token in the content branch.
nogroup=>boolean
Normally, these commands are digested with an implicit grouping around them, localizing changes to fonts, etc; noggroup=>1 inhibits this.
Example:
DefMath(’\infty’,"\x{221E}",
role=>’ID’, meaning=>’infinity’);
DefMathI(cs, paramlist, tex, %options);
Internal form of DefMath where the control sequence and parameter list have already been separated; useful for definitions from within code.
Environments
DefEnvironment(prototype, replacement, %options);
Defines an Environment that generates a specific XML fragment. replacement is of the same form as for DefConstructor, but will generally include reference to the #body property. Upon encountering a $\backslash$begin{env}: the mode is switched, if needed, else a new group is opened; then the environment name is noted; the beforeDigest hook is run. Then the Whatsit representing the begin command (but ultimately the whole environment) is created and the afterDigestBegin hook is run. Next, the body will be digested and collected until the balancing $\backslash$end{env}. Then, any afterDigest hook is run, the environment is ended, finally the mode is ended or the group is closed. The body and $\backslash$end{env} whatsit are added to the $\backslash$begin{env}’s whatsit as body and trailer, respectively.
DefEnvironment takes the following options:
scope=>scope,
locked=>boolean
mode=>mode,
font=>{%fontspec}
requireMath=>boolean,
forbidMath=>boolean,
These options are the same as for Primitives
reversion=>reversion,
alias=>cs,
sizer=>sizer,
properties=>properties,
nargs=>nargs
These options are the same as for DefConstructor
beforeDigest=>code($stomach) This hook is similar to that for DefConstructor, but it applies to the $\backslash$begin{environment} control sequence. afterDigestBegin=>code($stomach,$whatsit) This hook is similar to DefConstructor’s afterDigest but it applies to the $\backslash$begin{environment} control sequence. The Whatsit is the one for the beginning control sequence, but represents the environment as a whole. Note that although the arguments and properties are present in the Whatsit, the body of the environment is not yet available! beforeDigestEnd=>code($stomach)
This hook is similar to DefConstructor’s beforeDigest but it applies to the $\backslash$end{environment} control sequence.
afterDigest=>code($stomach,$whatsit)
This hook is simlar to DefConstructor’s afterDigest but it applies to the $\backslash$end{environment} control sequence. Note, however that the Whatsit is only for the ending control sequence, not the Whatsit for the environment as a whole.
afterDigestBody=>code($stomach,$whatsit)
This option supplies a hook to be executed during digestion after the ending control sequence has been digested (and all the 4 other digestion hook have executed) and after the body of the environment has been obtained. The Whatsit is the (useful) one representing the whole environment, and it now does have the body and trailer available, stored as a properties.
Example:
DefConstructor(’\emph{}’,
"<ltx:emph>#1</ltx:emph", mode=>’text’);
DefEnvironmentI(name, paramlist, replacement, %options);
Internal form of DefEnvironment where the control sequence and parameter list have already been separated; useful for definitions from within code.
Inputing Content and Definitions
FindFile(name, %options);
Find an appropriate file with the given name in the current directories in SEARCHPATHS. If a file ending with .ltxml is found, it will be preferred.
Note that if the name starts with a recognized protocol (currently one of (literal|http|https|ftp)) followed by a colon, the name is returned, as is, and no search for files is carried out.
The options are:
type=>type
specifies the file type. If not set, it will search for both name.tex and name.
noltxml=>1
inhibits searching for a LaTeXML binding (name.type.ltxml) to use instead of the file itself.
notex=>1
inhibits searching for raw tex version of the file. That is, it will only search for the LaTeXML binding.
InputContent(request, %options);
InputContent is used for cases when the file (or data) is plain TeX material that is expected to contribute content to the document (as opposed to pure definitions). A Mouth is opened onto the file, and subsequent reading and/or digestion will pull Tokens from that Mouth until it is exhausted, or closed.
In some circumstances it may be useful to provide a string containing the TeX material explicitly, rather than referencing a file. In this case, the literal pseudo-protocal may be used:
InputContent(’literal:\textit{Hey}’);
If a file named $request.latexml exists, it will be read in as if it were a latexml binding file, before processing. This can be used for adhoc customization of the conversion of specific files, without modifying the source, or creating more elaborate bindings. The only option to InputContent is: noerror=>boolean Inhibits signalling an error if no appropriate file is found. Input(request); Input is analogous to LaTeX’s $\backslash$input, and is used in cases where it isn’t completely clear whether content or definitions is expected. Once a file is found, the approach specified by InputContent or InputDefinitions is used, depending on which type of file is found. InputDefinitions(request, %options); InputDefinitions is used for loading definitions, ie. various macros, settings, etc, rather than document content; it can be used to load LaTeXML’s binding files, or for reading in raw TeX definitions or style files. It reads and processes the material completely before returning, even in the case of TeX definitions. This procedure optionally supports the conventions used for standard LaTeX packages and classes (see RequirePackage and LoadClass). Options for InputDefinitions are: type=>type the file type to search for. noltxml=>boolean inhibits searching for a LaTeXML binding; only raw TeX files will be sought and loaded. notex=>boolean inhibits searching for raw TeX files, only a LaTeXML binding will be sought and loaded. noerror=>boolean inhibits reporting an error if no appropriate file is found. The following options are primarily useful when InputDefinitions is supporting standard LaTeX package and class loading. withoptions=>boolean indicates whether to pass in any options from the calling class or package. handleoptions=>boolean indicates whether options processing should be handled. options=>[...] specifies a list of options (in the ’package options’ sense) to be passed (possibly in addition to any provided by the calling class or package). after=>tokenscode($gullet)
provides tokens or code to be processed by a name.type-h@@k macro.
as_class=>boolean
fishy option that indicates that this definitions file should be treated as if it were defining a class; typically shows up in latex compatibility mode, or AMSTeX.
A handy method to use most of the TeX distribution’s raw TeX definitions for a package, but override only a few with LaTeXML bindings is by defining a binding file, say tikz.sty.ltxml, to contain
InputDefinitions(’tikz’, type => ’sty’, noltxml => 1);
which would find and read in tizk.sty, and then follow it by a couple of strategic LaTeXML definitions, DefMacro, etc.
Class and Packages
RequirePackage(package, %options);
Finds and loads a package implementation (usually package.sty.ltxml, unless noltxml is specified)for the requested package. It returns the pathname of the loaded package. The options are:
type=>type
specifies the file type (default sty.
options=>[...]
specifies a list of package options.
noltxml=>boolean
inhibits searching for the LaTeXML binding for the file (ie. name.type.ltxml
notex=>1
inhibits searching for raw tex version of the file. That is, it will only search for the LaTeXML binding.
Finds and loads a class definition (usually class.cls.ltxml). It returns the pathname of the loaded class. The only option is
options=>[...]
specifies a list of class options.
Loads a pool file (usually pool.pool.ltxml), one of the top-level definition files, such as TeX, LaTeX or AMSTeX. It returns the pathname of the loaded file.
DeclareOption(option, tokensstringcode($stomach)); Declares an option for the current package or class. The 2nd argument can be a string (which will be tokenized and expanded) or tokens (which will be macro expanded), to provide the value for the option, or it can be a code reference which is treated as a primitive for side-effect. If a package or class wants to accomodate options, it should start with one or more DeclareOptions, followed by ProcessOptions(). PassOptions(name, ext, @options); Causes the given @options (strings) to be passed to the package (if ext is sty) or class (if ext is cls) named by name. ProcessOptions(%options); Processes the options that have been passed to the current package or class in a fashion similar to LaTeX. The only option (to ProcessOptions is inorder=>boolean indicating whehter the (package) options are processed in the order they were used, like ProcessOptions*. ExecuteOptions(@options); Process the options given explicitly in @options. AtBeginDocument(@stuff); Arranges for @stuff to be carried out after the preamble, at the beginning of the document. @stuff should typically be macro-level stuff, but carried out for side effect; it should be tokens, tokens lists, strings (which will be tokenized), or code($gullet) which would yeild tokens to be expanded.
This operation is useful for style files loaded with --preload or document specific customization files (ie. ending with .latexml); normally the contents would be executed before LaTeX and other style files are loaded and thus can be overridden by them. By deferring the evaluation to begin-document time, these contents can override those style files. This is likely to only be meaningful for LaTeX documents.
AtEndDocument(@stuff)
Arranges for @stuff to be carried out just before $\backslash$$\backslash$end{document}. These tokens can be used for side effect, or any content they generate will appear as the last children of the document.
Counters and IDs
NewCounter(ctr, within, %options);
Defines a new counter, like LaTeX’s $\backslash$newcounter, but extended. It defines a counter that can be used to generate reference numbers, and defines $\backslash$thectr, etc. It also defines an ”uncounter” which can be used to generate ID’s (xml:id) for unnumbered objects. ctr is the name of the counter. If defined, within is the name of another counter which, when incremented, will cause this counter to be reset. The options are
idprefix=>string
Specifies a prefix to be used to generate ID’s when using this counter
nested
Not sure that this is even sane.
$num = CounterValue($ctr);
Fetches the value associated with the counter $ctr.$tokens = StepCounter($ctr); Analog of $\backslash$stepcounter, steps the counter and returns the expansion of $\backslash$the$ctr. Usually you should use RefStepCounter($ctr) instead.$keys = RefStepCounter($ctr); Analog of $\backslash$refstepcounter, steps the counter and returns a hash containing the keys refnum=$refnum, id=>$id>. This makes it suitable for use in a properties option to constructors. The id is generated in parallel with the reference number to assist debugging.$keys = RefStepID($ctr); Like to RefStepCounter, but only steps the ”uncounter”, and returns only the id; This is useful for unnumbered cases of objects that normally get both a refnum and id. ResetCounter($ctr);
Resets the counter $ctr to zero. GenerateID($document,$node,$whatsit,$prefix); Generates an ID for nodes during the construction phase, useful for cases where the counter based scheme is inappropriate. The calling pattern makes it appropriate for use in Tag, as in Tag(’ltx:para’,afterClose=>sub { GenerateID(@_,’p’); }) If$node doesn’t already have an xml:id set, it computes an appropriate id by concatenating the xml:id of the closest ancestor with an id (if any), the prefix (if any) and a unique counter.
Document Model
Constructors define how TeX markup will generate XML fragments, but the Document Model is used to control exactly how those fragments are assembled.
Tag(tag, %properties);
Declares properties of elements with the name tag. Note that Tag can set or add properties to any element from any binding file, unlike the properties set on control by DefPrimtive, DefConstructor, etc.. And, since the properties are recorded in the current Model, they are not subject to TeX grouping; once set, they remain in effect until changed or the end of the document.
The tag can be specified in one of three forms:
prefix:name matches specific name in specific namespace
prefix:* matches any tag in the specific namespace;
* matches any tag in any namespace.
There are two kinds of properties:
Scalar properties
For scalar properties, only a single value is returned for a given element. When the property is looked up, each of the above forms is considered (the specific element name, the namespace, and all elements); the first defined value is returned.
The recognized scalar properties are:
autoOpen=>boolean
Specifies whether tag can be automatically opened if needed to insert an element that can only be contained by tag. This property can help match the more SGML-like LaTeX to XML.
autoClose=>boolean
Specifies whether this tag can be automatically closed if needed to close an ancestor node, or insert an element into an ancestor. This property can help match the more SGML-like LaTeX to XML.
Code properties
These properties provide a bit of code to be run at the times of certain events associated with an element. All the code bits that match a given element will be run, and since they can be added by any binding file, and be specified in a random orders, a little bit of extra control is desirable.
Firstly, any early codes are run (eg afterOpen:early), then any normal codes (without modifier) are run, and finally any late codes are run (eg. afterOpen:late).
Within each of those groups, the codes assigned for an element’s specific name are run first, then those assigned for its package and finally the generic one (*); that is, the most specific codes are run first.
When code properties are accumulated by Tag for normal or late events, the code is appended to the end of the current list (if there were any previous codes added); for early event, the code is prepended.
The recognized code properties are:
afterOpen=>code($document,$box)
Provides code to be run whenever a node with this tag is opened. It is called with the document being constructed, and the initiating digested object as arguments. It is called after the node has been created, and after any initial attributes due to the constructor (passed to openElement) are added.
afterOpen:early or afterOpen:late can be used in place of afterOpen; these will be run as a group bfore, or after (respectively) the unmodified blocks.
afterClose=>code($document,$box)
Provides code to be run whenever a node with this tag is closed. It is called with the document being constructed, and the initiating digested object as arguments.
afterClose:early or afterClose:late can be used in place of afterClose; these will be run as a group bfore, or after (respectively) the unmodified blocks.
RelaxNGSchema(schemaname);
Specifies the schema to use for determining document model. You can leave off the extension; it will look for schemaname.rng (and maybe eventually, .rnc if that is ever implemented).
RegisterNamespace(prefix, URL);
Declares the prefix to be associated with the given URL. These prefixes may be used in ltxml files, particularly for constructors, xpath expressions, etc. They are not necessarily the same as the prefixes that will be used in the generated document Use the prefix #default for the default, non-prefixed, namespace. (See RegisterDocumentNamespace, as well as DocType or RelaxNGSchema).
RegisterDocumentNamespace(prefix, URL);
Declares the prefix to be associated with the given URL used within the generated XML. They are not necessarily the same as the prefixes used in code (RegisterNamespace). This function is less rarely needed, as the namespace declarations are generally obtained from the DTD or Schema themselves Use the prefix #default for the default, non-prefixed, namespace. (See DocType or RelaxNGSchema).
DocType(rootelement, publicid, systemid, %namespaces);
Declares the expected rootelement, the public and system ID’s of the document type to be used in the final document. The hash %namespaces specifies the namespaces prefixes that are expected to be found in the DTD, along with each associated namespace URI. Use the prefix #default for the default namespace (ie. the namespace of non-prefixed elements in the DTD).
The prefixes defined for the DTD may be different from the prefixes used in implementation CODE (eg. in ltxml files; see RegisterNamespace). The generated document will use the namespaces and prefixes defined for the DTD.
Document Rewriting
During document construction, as each node gets closed, the text content gets simplfied. We’ll call it applying ligatures, for lack of a better name.
DefLigature(regexp, %options);
Apply the regular expression (given as a string: ”/fa/fa/” since it will be converted internally to a true regexp), to the text content. The only option is fontTest=>code($font); if given, then the substitution is applied only when fontTest returns true. Predefined Ligatures combine sequences of ”.” or single-quotes into appropriate Unicode characters. DefMathLigature($string=$replacment,%options);> A Math Ligature typically combines a sequence of math tokens (XMTok) into a single one. A simple example is DefMathLigature(":=" => ":=", role => ’RELOP’, meaning => ’assign’); replaces the two tokens for colon and equals by a token representing assignment. The options are those characterising an XMTok, namely: role, meaning and name. For more complex cases (recognizing numbers, for example), you may supply a function matcher=CODE($document,$node)>, which is passed the current document and the last math node in the sequence. It should examine$node and any preceding nodes (using previousSibling) and return a list of ($n,$string,%attributes) to replace the $n nodes by a new one with text content being$string content and the given attributes. If no replacement is called for, CODE should return undef.
After document construction, various rewriting and augmenting of the document can take place.
DefRewrite(%specification);
DefMathRewrite(%specification);
These two declarations define document rewrite rules that are applied to the document tree after it has been constructed, but before math parsing, or any other postprocessing, is done. The %specification consists of a sequence of key/value pairs with the initial specs successively narrowing the selection of document nodes, and the remaining specs indicating how to modify or replace the selected nodes.
The following select portions of the document:
label=>label
Selects the part of the document with label=$label scope=>scope The scope could be ”label:foo” or ”section:1.2.3” or something similar. These select a subtree labelled ’foo’, or a section with reference number ”1.2.3” xpath=>xpath Select those nodes matching an explicit xpath expression. match=>tex Selects nodes that look like what the processing of tex would produce. regexp=>regexp Selects text nodes that match the regular expression. The following act upon the selected node: attributes=>hashref Adds the attributes given in the hash reference to the node. replace=>replacement Interprets replacement as TeX code to generate nodes that will replace the selected nodes. Mid-Level support$tokens = Expand($tokens); Expands the given$tokens according to current definitions.
$boxes = Digest($tokens);
Processes and digestes the $tokens. Any arguments needed by control sequences in$tokens must be contained within the $tokens itself. @tokens = Invocation($cs,@args);
Constructs a sequence of tokens that would invoke the token $cs on the arguments. RawTeX(’... tex code ...’); RawTeX is a convenience function for including chunks of raw TeX (or LaTeX) code in a Package implementation. It is useful for copying portions of the normal implementation that can be handled simply using macros and primitives. Let($token1,$token2); Gives$token1 the same ‘meaning’ (definition) as $token2; like TeX’s $\backslash$let. StartSemiVerbatim(); ... ; EndSemiVerbatim(); Disable disable most TeX catcodes.$tokens = Tokenize($string); Tokenizes the$string using the standard catcodes, returning a LaTeXML::Core::Tokens.
$tokens = TokenizeInternal($string);
Tokenizes the $string according to the internal cattable (where @ is a letter), returning a LaTeXML::Core::Tokens. Argument Readers ReadParameters($gullet,$spec); Reads from$gullet the tokens corresponding to $spec (a Parameters object). DefParameterType(type, code($gullet,@values), %options);
Defines a new Parameter type, type, with code for its reader.
Options are:
reversion=>code($arg,@values); This code is responsible for converting a previously parsed argument back into a sequence of Token’s. optional=>boolean whether it is an error if no matching input is found. novalue=>boolean whether the value returned should contribute to argument lists, or simply be passed over. semiverbatim=>boolean whether the catcode table should be modified before reading tokens. <DefColumnType(proto, expansion); Defines a new column type for tabular and arrays. proto is the prototype for the pattern, analogous to the pattern used for other definitions, except that macro being defined is a single character. The expansion is a string specifying what it should expand into, typically more verbose column specification. Access to State$value = LookupValue($name); Lookup the current value associated with the the string$name.
AssignValue($name,$value,$scope); Assign$value to be associated with the the string $name, according to the given scoping rule. Values are also used to specify most configuration parameters (which can therefor also be scoped). The recognized configuration parameters are: VERBOSITY : the level of verbosity for debugging output, with 0 being default. STRICT : whether errors (eg. undefined macros) are fatal. INCLUDE_COMMENTS : whether to preserve comments in the source, and to add occasional line number comments. (Default true). PRESERVE_NEWLINES : whether newlines in the source should be preserved (not 100% TeX-like). By default this is true. SEARCHPATHS : a list of directories to search for sources, implementations, etc. PushValue($name,@values);
This function, along with the next three are like AssignValue, but maintain a global list of values. PushValue pushes the provided values onto the end of a list. The data stored for $name is global and must be a LIST reference; it is created if needed. UnshiftValue($name,@values);
Similar to PushValue, but pushes a value onto the front of the list. The data stored for $name is global and must be a LIST reference; it is created if needed. PopValue($name);
Removes and returns the value on the end of the list named by $name. The data stored for$name is global and must be a LIST reference. Returns undef if there is no data in the list.
ShiftValue($name); Removes and returns the first value in the list named by$name. The data stored for $name is global and must be a LIST reference. Returns undef if there is no data in the list. LookupMapping($name,$key); This function maintains a hash association named by$name. It returns the value associated with $key within that mapping. The data stored for$name is global and must be a HASH reference. Returns undef if there is no data associated with $key in the mapping, or the mapping is not (yet) defined. AssignMapping($name,$key,$value);
This function associates $value with$key within the mapping named by $name. The data stored for$name is global and must be a HASH reference; it is created if needed.
$value = LookupCatcode($char);
Lookup the current catcode associated with the the character $char. AssignCatcode($char,$catcode,$scope);
Set $char to have the given$catcode, with the assignment made according to the given scoping rule.
This method is also used to specify whether a given character is active in math mode, by using math:$char for the character, and using a value of 1 to specify that it is active.$meaning = LookupMeaning($token); Looks up the current meaning of the given$token which may be a Definition, another token, or the token itself if it has not otherwise been defined.
$defn = LookupDefinition($token);
Looks up the current definition, if any, of the $token. InstallDefinition($defn);
Install the Definition $defn into$STATE under its control sequence.
XEquals($token1,$token2)
Tests whether the two tokens are equal in the sense that they are either equal tokens, or if defined, have the same definition.
Fonts
MergeFont(%fontspec);
Set the current font by merging the font style attributes with the current font. The %fontspec specifies the properties of the desired font. Likely values include (the values aren’t required to be in this set):
family : serif, sansserif, typewriter, caligraphic,
fraktur, script
series : medium, bold
shape : upright, italic, slanted, smallcaps
size : tiny, footnote, small, normal, large,
Large, LARGE, huge, Huge
color : any named color, default is black
Some families will only be used in math. This function returns nothing so it can be easily used in beforeDigest, afterDigest.
DeclareFontMap($name,$map,%options);
Declares a font map for the encoding $name. The map$map is an array of 128 or 256 entries, each element is either a unicode string for the representation of that codepoint, or undef if that codepoint is not supported by this encoding. The only option currently is family used because some fonts (notably cmr!) have different glyphs in some font families, such as family=’typewriter’>.
FontDecode($code,$encoding,$implicit); Returns the unicode string representing the given codepoint$code (an integer) in the given font encoding $encoding. If$encoding is undefined, the usual case, the current font encoding and font family is used for the lookup. Explicit decoding is used when $\backslash$$\backslash$char or similar are invoked ($implicit is false), and the codepoint must be represented in the fontmap, otherwise undef is returned. Implicit decoding (ie.$implicit is true) occurs within the Stomach when a Token’s content is being digested and converted to a Box; in that case only the lower 128 codepoints are converted; all codepoints above 128 are assumed to already be Unicode.
The font map for $encoding is automatically loaded if it has not already been loaded. FontDecodeString($string,$encoding,$implicit);
Returns the unicode string resulting from decoding the individual characters in $string according to FontDecode, above. LoadFontMap($encoding);
DefColor($name,$color,$scope); Associates the$name with the given $color (a color object), with the given scoping. DefColorModel($model,$coremodel,$tocore,$fromcore); Defines a color model$model that is derived from the core color model $coremodel. The two functions$tocore and $fromcore convert a color object in that model to the core model, or from the core model to the derived model. Core models are rgb, cmy, cmyk, hsb and gray. Low-level Functions CleanID($id);
Cleans an $id of disallowed characters, trimming space. CleanLabel($label,$prefix); Cleans a$label of disallowed characters, trimming space. The prefix $prefix is prepended (or LABEL, if none given). CleanIndexKey($key);
Cleans an index key, so it can be used as an ID.
CleanBibKey($key); Cleans a bibliographic citation key, so it can be used as an ID. CleanURL($url);
Cleans a url.
UTF($code); Generates a UTF character, handy for the the 8 bit characters. For example, UTF(0xA0) generates the non-breaking space. @tokens = roman($number);
Formats the $number in (lowercase) roman numerals, returning a list of the tokens. @tokens = Roman($number);
Formats the \$number in (uppercase) roman numerals, returning a list of the tokens.
| 2019-08-25T08:16:38 |
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|
https://rpm.physics.lbl.gov/event/nathan-jurek-u-oxford-observation-of-cp-violation-in-charm-decays-and-more-charming-topics/
|
• This event has passed.
# Nathan Jurek (U. Oxford) "Observation of CP violation in charm decays (and more charming topics)"
## June 6, 2019 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Precision measurements of the violation of charge-parity (CP) symmetry are crucial for testing the Standard Model and are sensitive probes for new physics contributions. While CP violation has been well-established by several different experiments in the decays of mesons containing strange and bottom quarks, searches for CP violation in the decays of charm mesons had until recently come up empty-handed. Thanks to its unprecedentedly large samples of charm mesons, the LHCb collaboration has succeeded in observing CP violation in the charm sector for the first time via a time-integrated analysis of D0→K−K+ and D0→π−π+ decays. These results will be presented, along with recent time-dependent measurements which help constrain additional sources of CP violation in neutral charm mesons. Finally, projections of future prospects in charm physics will be given.
## Details
Date:
June 6, 2019
Time:
4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
## Venue
50A-5132 (Sessler Conference Room)
50A-5132
| 2022-08-09T10:59:30 |
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|
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj10/20100331.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
118th Session, 2009-2010
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
"Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that easily entangles, and let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us." (Hebrews 12:1)
Bow with me as we pray, won't you?
Merciful God, pardon us while we pause briefly to catch our breath. The race we find ourselves in--to accomplish good during this session, to serve the people of this State faithfully and well--it is indeed a demanding, taxing race. Yet, as did those people of old, we also hear the encouraging cheers from that cloud of witnesses represented by many of the portraits which hang on the walls of this Chamber, and we are encouraged as we struggle on. May these Senators themselves continue charging ahead, dear God, drawing strength from You. In Your loving name we pray, O Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
REGULATION WITHDRAWN AND RESUBMITTED
Document No. 4107
Agency: Department of Health and Environmental Control
Chapter: 61
Statutory Authority: 1976 Code Sections 44-1-60 and 44-93-10 et seq.
SUBJECT: Infectious Waste Management Regulations
Received by Lieutenant Governor January 28, 2010
Referred to Medical Affairs Committee
Legislative Review Expiration May 28, 2010
Withdrawn and resubmitted March 30, 2010
Doctor of the Day
Senators LOURIE and McGILL introduced Dr. Tommy Rowland of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator MARTIN, at 11:05 A.M., Senator COURSON was granted a leave of absence until 1:30 P.M.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, at 11:05 A.M., Senator CAMPSEN was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
At 1:45 P.M., Senator FAIR requested a leave of absence beginning at 5:00 P.M. this evening and lasting until 10:00 A.M. in the morning.
Point of Quorum
At 11:14 A.M., Senator SETZLER made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator LARRY MARTIN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Cleary
Courson Cromer Davis
Elliott Fair Ford
Grooms Hayes Hutto
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Rose
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Sheheen Shoopman Thomas
Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Recorded Presence
Senators COLEMAN, COURSON, LOURIE, JACKSON and REESE recorded their presence subsequent to the Call of the Senate.
S. 134 (Word version) Sen. Shane Martin
S. 735 (Word version) Sen. Mulvaney
RECALLED
S. 1328 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Land: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-2330, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MANUFACTURER LICENSE PLATES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO INCREASE FROM FOUR TO FIVE HUNDRED THE NUMBER OF THESE PLATES THAT MAY BE ISSUED TO A MANUFACTURER AND TO INCREASE FROM TEN TO TWENTY DAYS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE DAYS THAT VEHICLES WITH THESE PLATES MAY BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH CIVIC AND SPORTING EVENTS.
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Transportation.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
S. 1330 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Land: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT IN 2011 AND 2012, THE ANNUAL FEE FOR THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURER STANDARD LICENSE PLATE FOR VEHICLES IN SUCH MANUFACTURER'S EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PROGRAM AND FOR THE TESTING, DISTRIBUTION, EVALUATION, AND PROMOTION OF ITS VEHICLES IS SIX HUNDRED NINETY-NINE DOLLARS, TO PROVIDE THAT TWENTY DOLLARS OF EACH FEE IS CREDITED TO THE GENERAL FUND OF THE STATE AND THE BALANCE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE ENTIRE FEE AMOUNT BE CREDITED TO THE GENERAL FUND OF THE STATE FOR NONRESIDENT PARTICIPANTS IN THE EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PROGRAM.
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1332 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE MRS. INEZ MELVINA MCKENZIE DRAYTON OF JASPER COUNTY ON THE OCCASION OF HER ONE HUNDREDTH BIRTHDAY, AND TO WISH HER A JOYOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION AND CONTINUED HEALTH AND HAPPINESS.
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S. 1333 (Word version) -- Senator Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3385, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO REFUNDABLE STATE INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX CREDIT DEFINITIONS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "STUDENT" TO INCLUDE PALMETTO FELLOWS AND LIFE SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 1334 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 7 TO CHAPTER 35, TITLE 43 SO AS TO ESTABLISH FINANCIAL ABUSE OF A PERSON SIXTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER OR A VULNERABLE ADULT OR A HANDICAPPED PERSON AS A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION; TO DEFINE FINANCIAL ABUSE GENERALLY AS TAKING REAL OR PERSONAL PROPERTY FROM SUCH A PERSON FOR A WRONGFUL USE, WITH INTENT TO DEFRAUD, OR BY UNDUE INFLUENCE OR WHEN SUCH A PERSON LACKS CAPACITY; TO SPECIFY CONDUCT THAT IS DEEMED TO BE FINANCIAL ABUSE; TO AUTHORIZE THE AWARDING OF ATTORNEY'S FEES AND COSTS; AND TO ESTABLISH A FOUR-YEAR STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.
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Read the first time and referred to the General Committee.
S. 1335 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 2, TITLE 32 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CONTRACTS AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY, BY ADDING SECTION 32-2-20 TO RENDER INEFFECTIVE CLAUSES IN CONTRACTS THAT ALLOW FOR ESCALATION OF THE AMOUNT OF CONSIDERATION PRICE, OR VALUE AGREED TO PURSUANT TO THE TERMS OF THE CONTRACT.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 1336 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 2, TITLE 32 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CONTRACTS AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY, BY ADDING SECTION 32-2-20 TO RENDER INEFFECTIVE CLAUSES IN CONTRACTS THAT ALLOW FOR ESCALATION OF THE AMOUNT OF CONSIDERATION PRICE, OR VALUE AGREED TO PURSUANT TO THE TERMS OF THE CONTRACT UNLESS THE CLAUSE IS CONTAINED IN A WRITTEN CONTRACT AND IS CONSPICUOUSLY STATED IN AT A LEAST FOURTEEN FONT SIZE WITH ALL LETTERS CAPITALIZED.
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Senator ELLIOTT spoke on the Bill.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 1337 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION CONGRATULATING THE SALUDA RIVER CLUB ON RECEIVING THE BALA AWARD FROM THE NATIONAL HOME BUILDERS ASSOCIATION.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 1338 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 432 OF 1947, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM, ITS CREATION, BOARD, POWERS, AND DUTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES MAY ESTABLISH A POLICE DEPARTMENT, EMPLOY POLICE AND SECURITY OFFICERS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE POLICE DEPARTMENT'S DUTIES, RESPONSIBILITIES, POWERS, FUNCTIONS, AND JURISDICTION.
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Senator FAIR spoke on the Bill.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
S. 1339 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 11 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PUBLIC FINANCE, BY ADDING CHAPTER 55 TO ESTABLISH THE "I-85 CHEROKEE-SPARTANBURG CORRIDOR AUTHORITY ACT" AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMPOSITION, DUTIES, AND POWERS OF THE AUTHORITY.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 285 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Bright: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-10 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CIVIL JURISDICTION OF MAGISTRATES, TO INCREASE THE CIVIL JURISDICTION TO FIFTEEN THOUSAND DOLLARS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 912 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-22-950 OF THE 1976 CODE, AS ADDED BY ACT 36 OF 2009, RELATING TO PROCEDURES FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL CHARGES WHICH HAVE BROUGHT IN SUMMARY COURT, TO REMOVE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE COMPLETED EXPUNGEMENT ORDER BE FILED WITH THE CLERK OF COURT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a majority favorable with amendment and Senator HUTTO a minority unfavorable report on:
S. 980 (Word version) -- Senators Bright, S. Martin and Bryant: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE I OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, BY ADDING SECTION 25 TO PREEMPT ANY FEDERAL LAW OR RULE THAT RESTRICTS A PERSON'S CHOICE OF PRIVATE HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS OR THE RIGHT TO PAY FOR MEDICAL SERVICES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a majority favorable with amendment and Senator HUTTO a minority unfavorable report on:
S. 987 (Word version) -- Senators Rose, S. Martin and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 38 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 38-1-40 TO ENACT THE "FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN HEALTH CARE ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT CITIZENS OF THIS STATE HAVE THE RIGHT TO PURCHASE PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MAY NOT REQUIRE ANY PERSON TO PURCHASE HEALTH CARE INSURANCE, AND TO REQUIRE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL TO CHALLENGE THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ANY HEALTH CARE PLAN MANDATED BY CONGRESS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a majority favorable and Senator KNOTTS a minority unfavorable report on:
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1184 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, McConnell, Ford and Pinckney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-430 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE MAKING OF FALSE REPORTS OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ON A SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT FALSE REPORT MADE WITH BAD FAITH, IF A CIVIL LAWSUIT IS FILED, THE COURT MAY AWARD APPROPRIATE RELIEF AS PERMITTED BY STATE LAW AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA RULES OF COURT; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 7 OF TITLE 63 OF THE 1976 CODE, SO AS TO ADD SECTION 63-7-435, TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE DEPARTMENT DETERMINES THAT AN ALLEGATION OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT IS UNFOUNDED, THE PERSON WRONGFULLY ALLEGED TO HAVE PERPETRATED THE ABUSE OR NEGLECT MAY PETITION THE COURT TO RELEASE THE IDENTITY OF THE MAKER OF THE WRONGFUL COMPLAINT, TO PROVIDE THAT NO PETITION MAY BE FILED AGAINST ANYONE WHO IS REQUIRED TO REPORT ABUSE AND NEGLECT PURSUANT TO SECTION 63-7-310, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE COURT SHALL ORDER THE RELEASE OF THE NAME OF THE MAKER OF THE WRONGFUL ALLEGATION, IF THE REPORT WAS MADE MALICIOUSLY OR IN BAD FAITH.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 1185 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, Ford, Pinckney, McConnell, Rose and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 8 ENTITLED THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FAMILY LAW MEDIATION ACT", SO AS TO MANDATE MEDIATION IN ALL DOMESTIC RELATIONS ACTIONS IN FAMILY COURT; TO PROVIDE FOR DEFINITIONS OF MEDIATION AND MEDIATOR; TO PROVIDE FOR AUTOMATIC EXCEPTIONS WHERE MEDIATION IS NOT REQUIRED; TO INCLUDE CONTEMPT ACTIONS, CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT PROCEEDINGS, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES ADULT PROTECTIVE SERVICES CASES, CASES WHERE THERE HAS BEEN A FINDING OF ABUSE OR NEGLECT, JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS, UNCONTESTED ISSUES, ACTIONS WHERE PARTIES AGREE TO VOLUNTARY MEDIATION, AND THE ENTRY OF DIVORCE OR SEPARATE MAINTENANCE DECREES; TO PROVIDE CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE MEDIATION MAY BE WAIVED BY THE FAMILY COURT; TO INCLUDE GEOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS, INCAPACITY OF ONE OR MORE PARTIES, INCOMPETENCE OF ONE OR MORE PARTIES, CASES WHERE INVOLVING ABUSE OR NEGLECT OCCURRING MORE THAN ONE YEAR FROM THE HEARING, CASES INVOLVING SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY ONE OR MORE PARTIES; TO PROVIDE THAT MEDIATION MUST OCCUR BETWEEN NINETY AND ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY DAYS AFTER THE FILING OF THE ACTION; AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO FINAL HEARING IN A DOMESTIC RELATIONS ACTION SHALL BE SCHEDULED UNTIL MEDIATION IS COMPLETED IN THE MATTER, UNLESS IT IS EXEMPTED OR EXCEPTED FROM MEDIATION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 1188 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, McConnell, Ford, Pinckney, Rose and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE, BY ADDING CHAPTER 6 ENTITLED THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FAMILY COURT HEARING OFFICER ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR VOLUNTEER FAMILY COURT HEARING OFFICERS APPOINTED BY THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT AND WHO ARE PROTECTED PURSUANT TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA TORT CLAIMS ACT; TO PROVIDE THAT HEARING OFFICERS MUST BE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA BAR IN GOOD STANDING WITH A MINIMUM OF TEN YEARS OF FAMILY COURT EXPERIENCE; TO PROVIDE THAT RETIRED JUDGES, EXCEPT SUMMARY COURT JUDGES, MAY BE APPOINTED AS HEARING OFFICERS ABSENT TEN YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN FAMILY COURT MATTERS, TO REQUIRE HEARING OFFICERS TO RECEIVE AT LEAST SIX HOURS OF FAMILY LAW CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION EVERY YEAR; TO PROVIDE THAT HEARING OFFICERS MAY BE ASSIGNED TO ALL UNCONTESTED DOMESTIC RELATIONS MATTERS, THAT THEY MAY MAKE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FAMILY COURT JUDGE ON UNIFORM INTERSTATE FAMILY SUPPORT ACT ACTIONS, THAT THEY MAY BE ASSIGNED MOTION HEARINGS FOR TEMPORARY RELIEF IN DOMESTIC RELATIONS MATTERS, WITH THE CONSENT OF THE PARTIES, AND MAY MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS OF FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW TO THE FAMILY COURT JUDGES, THAT THE CHIEF JUSTICE MUST ISSUE DIRECTIVES CONCERNING OTHER TYPES OF CASES THAT MAY BE ASSIGNED ONLY TO RETIRED JUDGE HEARING OFFICERS, TO PROVIDE A LIST OF TYPES OF CASES THAT MAY BE ASSIGNED, THAT THE CLERK OF COURT SHALL MAINTAIN A FAMILY COURT HEARING OFFICER DOCKET, THAT HEARING OFFICERS SHALL HAVE THE SAME AUTHORITY AS A FAMILY COURT JUDGE TO ADMINISTER OATHS, PRESERVE AND ENFORCE ORDER IN THE COURT, HOLD PERSONS IN CONTEMPT AND SANCTION THEM, EXAMINE WITNESSES, ISSUE BENCH WARRANTS, ISSUE ORDERS AND RULINGS ON MOTIONS, ACT AS A FINDER OF FACT AND LAW, TAKE MINORS AND VULNERABLE ADULTS INTO EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CUSTODY, TO ISSUE TEMPORARY ORDERS RELATING TO EQUITABLE DIVISION OF MARITAL PROPERTY, CHILD SUPPORT, CUSTODY, VISITATION, ATTORNEY'S FEES, DISCOVERY, AND RESTRAINING ORDERS, AND TO APPOINT GUARDIANS AD LITEM AS APPROPRIATE; TO PROVIDE THAT MATTERS DIRECTLY APPEALABLE TO THE SUPREME COURT ARE NOT SUBJECT TO REFERRAL TO A HEARING OFFICER, TO PROVIDE THAT PROCEEDINGS SHALL BE HELD IN THE COUNTY OF APPROPRIATE VENUE UNLESS THE PARTIES CONSENT TO ANOTHER COUNTY; TO PROVIDE THAT ORDERS ISSUED BY RETIRED JUDGE HEARING OFFICERS SHALL BE CONSIDERED FINAL AND SHALL BE APPEALED DIRECTLY TO THE COURT OF APPEALS; TO PROVIDE THAT ORDERS ISSUED BY OTHER HEARING OFFICERS ARE SUBJECT TO REVIEW BY A FAMILY COURT JUDGE; TO PROVIDE THAT HEARING OFFICERS ARE NOT BARRED FROM THE PRACTICE OF LAW IN FAMILY COURT; TO PROVIDE THAT THE FAMILY COURT RULES APPLY IN PROCEEDINGS BEFORE HEARING OFFICERS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT HEARING OFFICERS SHALL RECEIVE CREDIT FOR COURT APPOINTMENTS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 1243 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROHIBITION OF THE RELEASE OF INFORMATION UNTIL FINAL DISPOSITION OF AN ETHICS INVESTIGATION AND REQUIRE THAT THE INFORMATION MAY NOT BE RELEASED UNTIL A FINDING OF PROBABLE CAUSE HAS BEEN MADE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3536 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-5-130, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE QUALIFICATIONS OF CORONERS, SO AS TO INCREASE THOSE QUALIFICATIONS BY REQUIRING THOSE PERSONS WITH HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMAS TO ALSO HAVE AT LEAST SIX YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD, BY REQUIRING THOSE PERSONS WITH A TWO YEAR ASSOCIATE DEGREE TO ALSO HAVE FOUR YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD, AND BY REQUIRING THOSE PERSONS WITH A FOUR YEAR BACCALAUREATE DEGREE TO ALSO HAVE AT LEAST TWO YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD; AND TO REQUIRE THAT A CANDIDATE FOR CORONER FILE A SWORN AFFIDAVIT WITH THE COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE PERSON'S POLITICAL PARTY UNDER SPECIFIED TIME FRAMES, TO PROVIDE FOR THE FILING OF THE AFFIDAVIT BY PETITION CANDIDATES, AND TO DELINEATE THE INFORMATION THAT THE AFFIDAVIT MUST CONTAIN.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3845 (Word version) -- Reps. T.R. Young, Allen and Kelly: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-1000, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TIME FOR A MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL AND APPEAL IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE TIME PERIOD IN WHICH A MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL MAY BE MADE FROM FIVE TO TEN DAYS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
HOUSE BILLS RETURNED
The following House Bills were read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments:
H. 4511 (Word version) -- Reps. Clyburn, Harrison, Wylie, Bales, Brantley, Cobb-Hunter, Ott, Hosey, Hodges, Battle, Whipper, Alexander, Gilliard, Kennedy, Skelton, Jefferson, Merrill, Frye, King, Anderson, J.R. Smith, McEachern, Mitchell, Rice, A.D. Young, J.H. Neal, Allen, Hardwick, Williams, Harrell, Clemmons, G.M. Smith, Vick, Bingham, Branham, H.B. Brown, R.L. Brown, Cooper, Dillard, Duncan, Gunn, Hart, Hayes, Hearn, Littlejohn, V.S. Moss, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Rutherford, Thompson, Weeks, White, Willis, T.R. Young and Loftis: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 50 TO TITLE 11 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ACT", TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AUTHORITY, AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS GOVERNANCE, POWERS, AND DUTIES; TO AUTHORIZE THE AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO A MUNICIPALITY, COUNTY, SPECIAL PURPOSE OR PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, AND A PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSION TO FINANCE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES; TO ALLOW STATE APPROPRIATIONS, GRANTS, LOAN REPAYMENTS, AND OTHER AVAILABLE AMOUNTS TO BE CREDITED TO THE FUND OF THE AUTHORITY; TO AUTHORIZE LENDING TO AND BORROWING BY ELIGIBLE ENTITIES THROUGH THE AUTHORITY.
H. 4511--Recorded Vote
Senator BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill.
H. 4511--Recorded Vote
Senator RYBERG desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
H. 4248 (Word version) -- Reps. Horne, Allison, Daning, Long, Littlejohn, Wylie, Gunn, Ballentine, Clemmons and Loftis: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-19-115 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SUBSTITUTE TEACHER HIRED BY A LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT TO UNDERGO A CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCH, TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO DEVELOP A WRITTEN POLICY ON THE CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCH, TO PROVIDE WHAT THE POLICY MUST INCLUDE, AND TO REQUIRE THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION TO PROVIDE TRAINING TO APPROPRIATE SCHOOL DISTRICT PERSONNEL; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-115, RELATING TO FEES FOR CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCHES, SO AS TO FIX THE FEE AT EIGHT DOLLARS FOR CERTAIN SCHOOL DISTRICT EMPLOYEES.
H. 4248--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
The following Bills and Joint Resolution were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 950 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 5-37-20, 5-37-35, 5-37-40, AS AMENDED, 5-37-50, AS AMENDED, AND 5-37-100, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, ALL RELATING TO THE MUNICIPAL IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT ACT, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT AN EASEMENT FOR MAINTENANCE IN CHANNELS, CANALS, OR WATERWAYS IS SUFFICIENT PROPERTY INTEREST TO PROCEED WITH AN ASSESSED DISTRICT; TO AUTHORIZE SOME PORTION OF THE BONDS ISSUED TO FUND ASSESSMENTS MAY BE BACKED BY THE TAXING POWER OF A MUNICIPALITY; AND TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION OF AN OWNER OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY TO BE REQUIRED TO CONSENT TO INCLUSION IN AN IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT WHEN THE SOLE IMPROVEMENTS ARE THE WIDENING AND DREDGING OF CANALS.
Senator ELLIOTT asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
S. 950--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill.
S. 613 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-71-732 SO AS TO REQUIRE HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE, INCLUDING COVERAGE UNDER THE STATE HEALTH PLAN, FOR AN INSURED WHO PARTICIPATES IN AN APPROVED CANCER CLINICAL TRIAL.
S. 613--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
S. 134 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen, Verdin, Fair, Campsen and S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-1-435 SO AS TO ENACT THE "RELIGIOUS VIEWPOINTS ANTIDISCRIMINATION ACT", WHICH PROHIBITS A SCHOOL DISTRICT FROM DISCRIMINATING AGAINST A STUDENT BASED ON RELIGIOUS VIEWPOINT, ALLOWS A STUDENT TO EXPRESS HIS RELIGIOUS VIEWPOINT, ALLOWS A STUDENT TO EXPRESS HIS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN HOMEWORK AND CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS, AND ALLOWS STUDENTS TO ORGANIZE AND PARTICIPATE IN RELIGIOUS STUDENT GATHERINGS TO THE SAME EXTENT AS SECULAR NONCURRICULAR GROUPS.
S. 134--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
S. 953 (Word version) -- Senator Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-19-117 SO AS TO REQUIRE AN INDIVIDUAL HIRED BY A SCHOOL DISTRICT TO SERVE IN ANY CAPACITY IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL WHICH REQUIRES DIRECT INTERACTION WITH STUDENTS TO UNDERGO A CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCH, TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO DEVELOP A WRITTEN POLICY ON THE CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCH, TO PROVIDE WHAT THE POLICY MUST INCLUDE, AND TO REQUIRE THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION TO PROVIDE TRAINING TO APPROPRIATE SCHOOL DISTRICT PERSONNEL; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-115, RELATING TO FEES FOR CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCHES, SO AS TO FIX THE FEE AT EIGHT DOLLARS FOR CERTAIN SCHOOL DISTRICT EMPLOYEES.
S. 953--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
S. 1312 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL AREAS OF CERTIFICATION, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4117, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
S. 1312--Recorded Vote
Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
H. 4514 (Word version) -- Rep. Cooper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-44-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAX SIMPLIFICATION ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "TERMINATION DATE"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-590, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO TREATMENT OF "S" CORPORATIONS FOR TAX PURPOSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF INCOME TAXES PAID BY RESIDENT AND NONRESIDENT SHAREHOLDERS OF CERTAIN "S" CORPORATIONS MUST BE DEPOSITED INTO A SPECIAL FUND AND DISTRIBUTED BY THE COORDINATING COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS GRANTS FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS, WHICH DIRECTLY SUPPORT THE PROJECTS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR GUIDELINES TO ADMINISTER THE FUND AND APPLICATIONS FOR THE GRANTS.
Senator O'DELL explained the Bill.
Recorded Vote
Senators DAVIS, MULVANEY, VERDIN and SHOOPMAN desired to be recorded as voting against the second reading of the Bill.
OBJECTION
S. 1268 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Scott and Williams: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-127-20 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, TO REMOVE TWO AT-LARGE SEATS AND REPLACE THEM WITH TWO SEATS TO BE ELECTED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY NATIONAL ALUMNI ASSOCIATION.
Senator HUTTO objected.
H. 4244 (Word version) -- Rep. Limehouse: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-130-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SO AS TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL TRUSTEE TO BE APPOINTED BY THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON ALUMNI ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS, TO SET HIS TERM, AND TO PROVIDE CRITERIA FOR HIS SELECTION.
Senator HUTTO objected.
CARRIED OVER
S. 642 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Ford and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 31, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 56, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-5-3890 TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN MAY NOT OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE USING A CELL PHONE OR OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE AND TO PROVIDE FOR PENALTIES AND EXCEPTIONS.
On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over.
S. 314 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 14 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MISDEMEANOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES AND NONTRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-240, TO IMPOSE AN ADDITIONAL FIVE DOLLAR SURCHARGE ON ALL FINES, FORFEITURES, ESCHEATMENTS, OR OTHER MONETARY PENALTIES FOR MISDEMEANOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES OR FOR NONTRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE SURCHARGE SHALL BE USED TO FUND TRAINING AT THE SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY.
On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Bill was carried over.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE ADJOURNED DEBATE.
CARRIED OVER
S. 1 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Peeler, Leatherman, Sheheen, Rose, Courson, Elliott, Massey, Hayes, Davis, Bright, Campsen, Campbell, L. Martin, Knotts, Alexander, S. Martin, Shoopman and Rankin: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE X OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE STATE AND ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS TO HAVE BUDGET PROCESSES DESIGNED TO KEEP REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN BALANCE, THE LIMITATION ON STATE APPROPRIATIONS, AND THE LIMITATIONS ON STATE EMPLOYEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE EXISTING STATE SPENDING LIMITATION AND REQUIRE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO REPLACE IT BY A LAW IMPOSING AN ANNUAL LIMIT ON THE APPROPRIATION OF STATE GENERAL FUND REVENUES BY ADJUSTING SUCH REVENUES BY A ROLLING TEN-YEAR AVERAGE IN ANNUAL CHANGES IN GENERAL FUND REVENUES; TO ALLOW THE CREATION OF A BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED ALL GENERAL FUND REVENUES IN EXCESS OF THE ANNUAL LIMIT; AND TO PROVIDE BY GENERAL LAW FOR THE APPROPRIATIONS TO WHICH THE LIMIT APPLIES, THE METHOD OF AND SOURCES FOR CALCULATING THE LIMIT; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISBURSEMENTS FROM THE BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the third reading of the Joint Resolution.
On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Joint Resolution was carried over.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED
CONSIDERATION INTERRUPTED
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
Senator ALEXANDER, subcommittee chairman, was recognized to explain the Bill.
Amendment No. P-1A
Senators ALEXANDER, SHEHEEN and FORD proposed the following Amendment No. P-1A (3584FIN009.TCA), which was substituted by Amendment No. P-1B:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3584-1], by striking line 34 and inserting:
/ "Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [3584-2], 3 through 6 and inserting:
/ cancer research;
(2) five million dollars to the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(A);
(3) the revenue of five hundredths of a cent of the surtax on each cigarette to the Department of Agriculture to cause the marketing and branding of South Carolina agricultural crops or produce as being grown in South Carolina when offered for sale in retail establishments and to assist in relief from natural disasters affecting state-grown crops;
(4) the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(B). /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 3 and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The trust fund must transfer five million dollars annually to the Department of Health and Environmental Control to administer a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program.
(B) There is created the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The fund may be appropriated solely for the restoration and maintenance of effort of the Medicaid program as structured at the time this act takes effect. The fund is not intended to be used to expand any component of the existing Medicaid program." /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 4 and inserting:
/ SECTION 4. In May or June of 2010, neither a wholesaler, distributor, or a retailer of cigarettes may purchase more cigarettes in any one month in an amount that exceeds one hundred ten percent of the average monthly amount of cigarettes purchased in the same three months of the previous calendar year. In examining aggregate business license tax revenue data, if the Department of Revenue determines that the revenue collected in May or June of 2010 exceeds one hundred ten percent of the amount collected during the same two months of the previous calendar year, the business license tax audit division of the department shall conduct an audit of random wholesalers, distributors, and retailers to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section. Any violation of this section shall result in a civil fine equal to five times the amount of tax owed on the purchased cigarettes that caused the wholesaler, distributor, or retailer to exceed one hundred ten percent of the amount purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year. /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by deleting SECTION 6.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the amendment.
Objection
Senator SHOOPMAN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to amend the perfecting amendment.
Senator LEVENTIS objected.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the amendment.
RECESS
At 12:30 P.M., with Senator ALEXANDER retaining the floor, on motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business until 1:30 P.M.
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, consideration was interrupted by the recess.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 1:51 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore.
RETURNED TO THE STATUS OF SPECIAL ORDER
The Senate resumed consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of Amendment No. P-1A (3584FIN009.TCA) proposed by Senators ALEXANDER, SHEHEEN and FORD. P-1A was substituted with Amendment No. P-1B, which was adopted.
Senator ALEXANDER resumed explaining the amendment.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Objection
Senator ALEXANDER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to perfect the amendment.
Senator LEVENTIS objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to perfect the amendment.
There was no objection.
Amendment No. P-1B
Senators ALEXANDER, SHEHEEN and FORD proposed the following Amendment No. P-1B (3584R009.TCA), which was adopted:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3584-1], by striking line 34 and inserting:
/ "Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [3584-2], 3 through 6 and inserting:
/ cancer research;
(2) five million dollars to the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(A);
(3) the revenue of five hundredths of a cent of the surtax on each cigarette to the Department of Agriculture to cause the marketing and branding of South Carolina agricultural crops or produce as being grown in South Carolina when offered for sale in retail establishments and to assist in relief from natural disasters affecting state-grown crops;
(4) the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(B). /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 3 and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The trust fund must transfer five million dollars annually to the Department of Health and Environmental Control to administer a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program.
(B) There is created the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The fund may be appropriated solely for the restoration and maintenance of effort of the Medicaid program as structured at the time this act takes effect. The fund is not intended to be used to expand any component of the existing Medicaid program." /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by deleting SECTIONS 4 and 6.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator ALEXANDER moved that the amendment be adopted.
Senator CLEARY moved that the amendment be adopted.
Recorded Vote
Senators McCONNELL and ROSE desired to be recorded as voting against the adoption of Amendment No. P-1B.
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and ROSE
We voted against Amendment No. P-1B because the amendment would direct money away from the provision of health services to the Department of Agriculture. We believe that if we are going to increase the tax on cigarettes because of the expenses of smoking on our health care system, then the money should go to health care and smoking cessation efforts. However, this amendment would spend it for non-health care expenses. For that reason and because we believe that beginning to use the tax money for other reasons will open Pandora's box.
Statement by Senator ALEXANDER
I had included the Cigarette Stockpiling Provision in H. 3584 at a level 110% of the previous year's purchasing.
However, to move the Bill forward for passage, it was evident to me that this section needed to be removed even with a reduction of $12 million fiscal impact to the Bill (a one-time revenue loss of$12 million).
There is no question that I would prefer to have the Stockpiling Provision included in the Bill. But, at the end of the day, the legislation was approved and that was my ultimate goal to reduce smoking.
Senator LAND asked unanimous consent to substitute Amendment No. P-8 for Amendment No. P-2B.
There was no objection.
Amendment No. P-8
Senators LEATHERMAN, LAND, ELLIOTT, PINCKNEY, LOURIE, NICHOLSON, McGILL, MATTHEWS, SHEHEEN, WILLIAMS and FORD proposed the following Amendment No. P-8 (3584R007.HKL), which was adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, SECTION 1, Section 12-21-625 by adding a new item to subsection (B) after item (3) to read:
/ ( ) upon creation of the I-95 Corridor Authority, three million five hundred thousand dollars to the I-95 Corridor Authority for a grant program for infrastructure improvements along the I-95 Corridor. Any grant awarded pursuant to this subitem shall be matched on a two to one basis by the grant recipient; and /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LAND explained the amendment.
Senator LAND moved that the amendment be adopted.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 35; Nays 10
AYES
Anderson Bryant Campbell
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Davis Elliott
Fair Ford Grooms
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Matthews McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Pinckney Rankin
Reese Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Shoopman
Verdin Williams
Total--35
NAYS
Alexander Bright Knotts
Martin, Shane Massey McConnell
Mulvaney Peeler Rose
Thomas
Total--10
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and ROSE
We voted against Amendment P-8 for these reasons. First, the cigarette tax should be used for health care costs and smoking cessation initiatives. This is neither and must be funded before either of these get anything. Money has already been diverted to the Department of Agriculture for an advertising campaign. This adds another expenditure which is not related to the purpose of raising the tax. We will not vote to divert money to non-health care expenditures.
Objection
Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up for immediate consideration Amendment No. P-10.
Senator SHEHEEN objected.
Amendment No. P-3
Senators CLEARY, LEVENTIS and LAND proposed the following Amendment No. P-3 (3584FIN008.REC), which was substituted with Amendment No. P3A, but not adopted:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3584-1], by striking line 36 and inserting:
/ to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to four and one-half /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [3584-2], by striking lines 3 through 6 and inserting:
/ cancer research;
(2) one hundred million dollars of the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Healthcare Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230;
(3) eighty-five million dollars of the remaining annual revenue shall be credited to the State Department of Education to fund any deficit for National Board Certification Incentives, including fringe benefits associated with receiving the incentives. Any revenue that is not needed to fully fund the National Board Certification Incentive program, shall be deposited in a separate account within the department to fulfill the State's annual obligation to the program in any year in which the program is not fully funded. Earnings and interest on this account must be credited to it and any balance in the account at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the account in the succeeding fiscal year.
If the revenue generated by this section generates more than one hundred ninety million, the remaining annual revenue shall be divided evenly between subitems (2) and (3). If the revenue generated by this section generates less than one hundred ninety million, the amounts credited pursuant to subitems (2) and (3) shall be reduced by a pro-rata percentage. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the amendment.
Objection
Senator ROSE asked unanimous consent to make a motion to perfect the amendment.
Senator SETZLER objected.
On motion of Senator CLEARY, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. P-3A was substituted for Amendment No. P-3 as follows:
Amendment No. P-3A
Senators CLEARY, LEVENTIS and LAND proposed the following Amendment No. P-3A (3584R013.REC), which was not adopted:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3584-1], by striking line 36 and inserting:
/ to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to four and one-half /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [3584-2], by striking lines 3 through 6 and inserting:
/ cancer research;
(2) one hundred million dollars of the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Healthcare Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230;
(3) eighty-five million dollars of the remaining annual revenue shall be credited to the State Department of Education to fund any deficit for National Board Certification Incentives, including fringe benefits associated with receiving the incentives. Any revenue that is not needed to fully fund the National Board Certification Incentive program, shall be deposited in the Education Improvement Act account. Earnings and interest on this account must be credited to it and any balance in the account at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the account in the succeeding fiscal year.
If the revenue generated by this section generates more than one hundred ninety million, the remaining annual revenue shall be divided evenly between subitems (2) and (3). If the revenue generated by this section generates less than one hundred ninety million, the amounts credited pursuant to subitems (2) and (3) shall be reduced by a pro-rata percentage. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the amendment.
Senator CLEARY moved that the amendment be adopted.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 18; Nays 26
AYES
Cleary Coleman Elliott
Ford Hutto Jackson
Land Leventis Lourie
Malloy Matthews McGill
Nicholson Pinckney Reese
Scott Sheheen Williams
Total--18
NAYS
Alexander Bright Bryant
Campbell Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Grooms
Hayes Knotts Leatherman
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
McConnell Mulvaney O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Rose
Ryberg Setzler Shoopman
Thomas Verdin
Total--26
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and ROSE
We voted against Amendment No. P-3A because the money is being diverted to a non-health care expense.
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted "no" on Amendment No. P-3A because it increases taxes on one group of society to pay for recurring core government services with dwindling tax resources. Education is an important core government service that should be taken care of in the budget on its own. Until we determine true needs and how to fund education consistently, we will continue to find piecemeal funding solutions that don't truly fix the problem. The proponents of the cigarette tax want to decrease smoking and state that an increased cigarette tax will in fact do that - thus setting up a decreased revenue stream. I campaigned to vote against a cigarette tax increase and this is just another example of how government wants to tax anything it can and use the money as soon as possible without considering the long term effects.
Amendment No. P-4A
Senator BRIGHT proposed the following Amendment No. P-4A (BBM\9695AB10), which was tabled:
Amend the report, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1, beginning on page 3584-1 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010 there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection.
(C) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the credit of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited to a fund in the State Treasury separate and distinct from the general fund and all other funds titled the 'Agricultural Real Property Tax Credit Fund'. Revenues in this fund must be distributed by the State Treasurer to the county treasurer of each county in the proportion that acreage in the county classified as agricultural real property pursuant to Section 12-43-220(d) is of such acreage statewide as calculated by the Office of Research and Statistics of the State Budget and Control Board in consultation with the Department of Revenue. The amount distributed to each county must be used to provide a credit against the property tax liability on each separate parcel of agricultural real property in the county classified pursuant to Section 12-43-220(d) calculated by multiplying a fraction in which the numerator is the acreage of the separate parcel of agricultural real property and the denominator is the total acreage of such property in the county by the total distribution to the county from the Agricultural Real Property Tax Credit Fund. The credit may not exceed the total property tax liability on the parcel and excess credit must be remitted to the State Treasurer on the schedule prescribed by the State Treasurer and credited to a special account with the Agricultural Real Property Tax Credit Fund which carries forward in that account to the succeeding fiscal year from which the balance in this account must be appropriated by the General Assembly in the annual general appropriations act to the Judicial Department." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRIGHT explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 15
AYES
Alexander Campbell Cleary
Coleman Elliott Fair
Hayes Hutto Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McConnell
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Rose
Setzler Sheheen Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Bright Bryant Courson
Cromer Davis Grooms
Jackson Massey Mulvaney
Peeler Reese Scott
Shoopman Thomas Verdin
Total--15
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and ROSE
We voted to table Amendment No. P-4A because it is using the cigarette tax for a non-health care expenditure.
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted to table Amendment No. P-4A because it is using a declining revenue source for a recurring expense.
Amendment No. P-5
Senators BRYANT, DAVIS, MULVANEY and BRIGHT proposed the following Amendment No. P-5 (3584FIN016.KLB), which was tabled:
Amend the committee amendment as and if amended, SECTION 1, by striking Section 12-21-625(A) and (B) and inserting:
/ (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited to the general fund of the State. /
Amend the committee amendment further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read:
/ SECTION ___. Section 12-6-510(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(A) For taxable years beginning after 1994, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520:
Not over $2,220 2.5 percent of taxable income Over$2,220 but not over $4,440$56 plus 3 percent of the excess over
$2,220; Over$4,440 but not over $6,660$123 plus 4 percent of the excess over $4,440; Over$6,660 but not over $8,880$212 plus 5 percent of the excess of
$6,660; Over$8,880 but not over $11,100$323 plus 6 percent of the excess over
$8,880; Over$11,100 $456 plus 7 6.75 percent of the excess over$11,100. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by deleting SECTION 3.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator BRIGHT spoke on the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 29; Nays 15
AYES
Alexander Campbell Cleary
Coleman Cromer Elliott
Ford Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Matthews McConnell McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Pinckney
Rankin Scott Setzler
Sheheen Williams
Total--29
NAYS
Bright Bryant Courson
Davis Fair Grooms
Massey Mulvaney Peeler
Reese Rose Ryberg
Shoopman Thomas Verdin
Total--15
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and SHANE MARTIN
While we agree with reducing the income tax of individuals and small businesses, we do not agree with the method attempted here. It would try to give a permanent tax cut with a tax that is designed to diminish over time. Even though this is an admirable goal, it is bad economic policy. For that reason, we had to vote against Amendment No. P-5. Building a beautiful tax house on an eroding foundation like the cigarette tax means that house will fall soon.
RECESS
At 4:45 P.M., on motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate receded from business subject to the Call of the Chair.
At 5:16 P.M., the Senate resumed.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 5:16 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
Amendment No. P-7
Senator MASSEY proposed the following Amendment No. P-7 (3584R008.ASM), which was tabled:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, SECTION 1, by striking Section 12-21-625(A) and inserting:
/ (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER spoke on the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 29; Nays 15
AYES
Alexander Cleary Coleman
Courson Elliott Fair
Ford Hayes Hutto
Jackson Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Matthews
McConnell McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rose Scott Setzler
Sheheen Williams
Total--29
NAYS
Bright Bryant Campbell
Cromer Davis Grooms
Knotts Massey Mulvaney
Rankin Reese Ryberg
Shoopman Thomas Verdin
Total--15
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted to table the proposed amendment to remain consistent in my efforts not to increase taxes!
Amendment No. P-9
Senator SHEHEEN proposed the following Amendment No. P-9 (3584SHELOURPERFECTING), which was tabled:
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to six and thirty-five-one-hundredths cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited as follows:
(1) five million dollars to the Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center to be used for tobacco-related cancer research;
(2) each year, five million dollars to the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230;
(3) the revenue of five hundredths of a cent of the surtax on each cigarette to the Department of Agriculture to cause the marketing and branding of South Carolina agricultural crops or produce as being grown in South Carolina when offered for sale in retail establishments and to assist in relief from natural disasters affecting state-grown crops;
(4) three-million-five-hundred-thousand dollars annually to the I-95 Corridor Authority to be used towards fulfilling the purposes of the Authority; and
(5) the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited equally into:
(a) the Medicaid Reserve Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-240; and
(b) the State Department of Education to be distributed to school districts through the Education Finance Act formula.
(C) For all purposes of reporting, payment, collection, and enforcement, the surtax imposed by this section is deemed to be imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620.
(D) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1)." /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 3 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. There is created in the State Treasury the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The trust fund must transfer five million dollars annually to the Department of Health and Environmental Control to administer a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program.
Section 11-11-240. "There is created in the State Treasury the Medicaid Reserve Fund, which is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. The Department of Health and Human Services may use the Fund to offset operating deficits of the Medicaid program." /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 4 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 4. In May or June of 2010, neither a wholesaler, distributor, or a retailer of cigarettes may purchase more cigarettes in any one month in an amount that exceeds one hundred ten percent of the average monthly amount of cigarettes purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year. In examining aggregate business license tax revenue data, if the Department of Revenue determines that the revenue collected in May or June of 2010 exceeds one hundred ten percent of the amount collected during the same two months of the previous calendar year, the business license tax audit division of the department shall conduct an audit of random wholesalers, distributors, and retailers to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section. Any violation of this section shall result in a civil fine equal to five times the amount of tax owed on the purchased cigarettes that caused the wholesaler, distributor, or retailer to exceed one hundred ten percent of the amount purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year. /
Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [3584-3] after line 25 by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read:
/ SECTION . Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Chapter 54
I-95 Corridor Authority Act
Section 11-54-5. This chapter may be cited as the 'I-95 Corridor Authority Act'.
Section 11-54-10. There is established the I-95 Corridor Authority. The Authority must:
(1) carry out economic development and educational improvement activities which, in the opinion of the Authority, will improve the economic conditions in its member counties;
(2) oversee the implementation of the recommendations contained in the I-95 Corridor Human Needs Assessment published in December 2009; and
(3) report to the General Assembly, at least annually, on the progress made related to its charge, any modification of the laws of this State needed to allow the Authority to better fulfill its charge, programs, and operations.
Section 11-54-15. The Authority is a public body, politic and corporate, and an agency of the State and may:
(1) adopt bylaws, procedures, and regulations for the directors, officers, and employees and for implementation and operation of the programs authorized by this act;
(2) sue and be sued in its own name;
(3) enter into such contracts, agreements, and instruments and make such offers to contract with such persons, partnerships, firms, corporations, agencies, or entities, whether public or private, considered desirable in the furtherance of its purpose;
(4) acquire by purchase, donation, exchange, or otherwise, hold, improve, mortgage, pledge, or otherwise, encumber, manage, lease, convey, transfer, or dispose of any real or personal property, whether tangible or intangible, together with such rights and privileges as may be incidental and appurtenant thereto. To the extent that administrative funds are involved, the Authority must comply with the provisions of the South Carolina Consolidated Procurement Code. To the extent that the liability of the Authority is limited to program funds, any such acquisition or disposition may be pursuant to public or private sale upon such terms and conditions as the Authority may approve in accordance with prudent business practices;
(5) appoint officers, agents, employees, and consultants, prescribe their duties, and fix their compensation; and
(6) participate in and cooperate with any agency or instrumentality of the United States and with any agency or political subdivision of this State in the administration of any of the programs authorized by this act.
Section 11-54-20. The member counties of the Authority consist of all counties that:
(1) are contiguous with I-95; or
(2)(a) have some point which is located within thirty miles of I-95, and
(b) had total population of under forty thousand as calculated by the 2000 census.
Section 11-54-25. (A) The Authority is governed by a board of directors that is composed of nineteen members. The members must be appointed as follows:
(1) three members appointed by the senators whose districts include the member counties;
(2) three members appointed by the representatives whose districts include the member counties;
(3) one member, to serve as chairman, appointed by the senators and representatives whose districts include the member counties, with each senator and representative casting a vote weighted to be proportional to the percentage of the member counties' total population they represent;
(4) one member, appointed by the Senate Finance Committee Chairman;
(5) one member, appointed by the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee;
(6) one member, appointed by the senators whose districts include the member counties, who is a president of a technical college located in a member county;
(7) one member, appointed by the representatives whose districts include the member counties, who is a president of a technical collage located in a member county;
(8) the President of Francis Marion University, or his designee;
(9) the President of South Carolina State University, or his designee; and
(10) six nonvoting members, one appointed by each individual Regional Council of Government that cover the member counties.
No two members designated in items (1) through (5) may reside in the same county. All members designated in items (1) through (5) must have sufficient experience in the fields of education, economic development, or business management to deem them qualified as determined by the appointing senators, representatives, or Chairman.
(B) Except as provided in subsection (C), members must serve a five-year term. Any vacancy on the Authority must be filled in the same manner as the original appointment. Members of the Authority shall serve without mileage, per diem, and subsistence. (C) Initial appointments to the Authority shall be made within sixty days of the enactment of this section. Two of the members appointed pursuant to item (A)(1), one of the members appointed pursuant to item (A)(2), and the members appointed pursuant to (A)(4) and (A)(5) must serve an initial term of two years. The appointing authorities must designate in their initial appointments if the term of the member chosen is to be two or five years.
(D) The initial meeting of the Authority shall be convened by the chairman as soon as practical after the initial appointments are made. Business of the Authority may only be conducted when a quorum is present. A quorum consists of a majority of members appointed pursuant to (A)(1-9).
Section 11-54-30. (A) The Authority shall receive state funds as appropriated by the General Assembly.
(B) In addition to funding sources listed in subsection (A), the Authority is authorized to solicit and accept private and public donations, grants, gifts, and federal funds. All funds received by the Authority, regardless of their source, are to be held and accounted for by the State Treasure in a separate account to be known as the 'I-95 Corridor Authority Fund'. This fund is separate and distinct from all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. Disbursements from the Authority Fund must only be made upon the signature of the chairmen of the board of directors, or a designee of the board, upon written warrants of the Comptroller General drawn on the state treasurer to the payee designated in the requisition.
(C) The Authority must distribute funds throughout the member counties as grants, in a manner which fulfills the charge in Section 11-54-10. The Authority must create guidelines to govern the selection of recipients of grants and the distribution of grant funds. Any grants awarded must be matched at a two-to-one ratio by the grant reciepient.
(D) The Authority must be audited annually by the State Auditor or by an independent certified public accounting firm approved by the State Auditor.
Section 11-54-35. The authority, in consultation with the South Carolina Research Authority, shall develop a process by which the I-95 Corridor Authority may execute recommendations of the I-95 Corridor Human Needs Assessment regarding technology-based economic development, including, but not limited to, test and deployment of bio-technology to remediate brown-fields, crop and algae development for bio-fuels, water purification and freshwater aquaculture, and agricultural waste-to energy applications. The authority may hire the South Carolina Research Authority to execute the recommendations."/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator SHEHEEN explained the amendment.
Senator LARRY MARTIN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-11
Senators MULVANEY, BRYANT, BRIGHT and DAVIS proposed the following Amendment No. P-11 (BBM\9693AB10), which was tabled:
Amend the report, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1, beginning on page 3584-1 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010 there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited to the general fund of the State and used to offset revenue not collected as a result of the enactment of the South Carolina Business and Investment Opportunity Tax Act.
(C) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection." /
Amend further, as and if amended, beginning on page 3584-3, by striking all after SECTION 2 and inserting:
/ SECTION 3. A. This section may be cited as the "South Carolina Business and Investment Opportunity Tax Act."
B. Section 12-6-1150 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 387 of 2000, is further amended to read:
"Section 12-6-1150. (A) Individuals, estates, and trusts are allowed a deduction from South Carolina taxable income equal to forty-four one hundred percent of net capital gain recognized in this State during a taxable year. In the case of estates and trusts, the deduction is applicable only to income taxed to the estate or trust or individual beneficiaries and not income passed through to nonindividual beneficiaries.
(B)(1) South Carolina income includes capital gains and losses from partnerships and 'S' Corporations.
(2) Net capital gain is as defined in Internal Revenue Code, Section 1222 and related sections."
C. The amendments to Sections 12-6-545 and 12-6-1150 of the 1976 Code as amended in this subsection apply for taxable years beginning after 2009.
SECTION 4. In May or June of 2010, neither a wholesaler, distributor, or a retailer of cigarettes may purchase more cigarettes in any one month in an amount that exceeds one hundred ten percent of the average monthly amount of cigarettes purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year. In examining aggregate business license tax revenue data, if the Department of Revenue determines that the revenue collected in May or June of 2010 exceeds one hundred ten percent of the amount collected during the same two months of the previous calendar year, the business license tax audit division of the department shall conduct an audit of random wholesalers, distributors, and retailers to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section. Any violation of this section shall result in a civil penalty equal to five times the amount of tax owed on the purchased cigarettes that caused the wholesaler, distributor, or retailer to exceed one hundred ten percent of the amount purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year.
SECTION 5. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MULVANEY explained the amendment.
Senator LEVENTIS argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator LEVENTIS moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 32; Nays 11
AYES
Alexander Campbell Cleary
Coleman Cromer Elliott
Ford Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McConnell
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Rose Scott Setzler
Sheheen Williams
Total--32
NAYS
Bright Bryant Courson
Davis Grooms Mulvaney
Peeler Ryberg Shoopman
Thomas Verdin
Total--11
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senators McCONNELL and ROSE
We voted to table Amendment No. P-11 because it is using the cigarette tax for a non-health care expenditure.
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
While I support the efforts to eliminate the capital gains tax, I have to remain consistent with my voting on this issue. We would, once again, be relying on a declining revenue source to support recurring costs. I will be supporting Senator Mulvaney in his efforts to get a stand-alone bill to eliminate the capital gains tax. I still maintain that we need to list the core government services that need to be taxpayer funded and how the taxpayer is willing to fund those core government services consistently. Until we accomplish this, we will continue to have temporary, piecemeal funding solutions that will have to be changed every time we have a "budget crisis."
Amendment No. P-13
Senators KNOTTS, SETZLER, COURSON and CROMER proposed the following Amendment No. P-13 (3584R012.JMK), which was not adopted:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, SECTION 1, Section 12-21-625 by adding a new item to subsection (B) after item (3) to read:
/ ( ) fifteen million dollars to complete the John Hardee freeway extension to Interstate 26, with an interchange; and /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator KNOTTS explained the amendment.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 13; Nays 31
AYES
Courson Cromer Davis
Ford Grooms Jackson
Knotts Lourie Reese
Scott Setzler Shoopman
Verdin
Total--13
NAYS
Alexander Bright Bryant
Campbell Cleary Coleman
Elliott Fair Hayes
Hutto Land Leatherman
Leventis Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Rose
Ryberg Sheheen Thomas
Williams
Total--31
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted against Amendment No. P-13 because, once again, we are opening the government cookie jar and funding pork projects with other people's money. The supporters of the cigarette tax want to send the money to health related issues. This is another example of fiscal irresponsibility.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 5:58 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Amendment No. P-15
Senator MASSEY proposed the following Amendment No. P-15 (3584R015.ASM), which was tabled:
Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, SECTION 1, Section 12-21-625 by adding a new item to subsection (B) after item (3) to read:
/ ( ) six million dollars to the South Carolina Judicial Department/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
Senator McCONNELL argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator McCONNELL moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 3
AYES
Alexander Bright Campbell
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Elliott Ford
Grooms Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
McConnell McGill Mulvaney
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Rose Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Shoopman
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--39
NAYS
Bryant Davis Massey
Total--3
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senator FAIR
Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye."
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted to table this amendment because we need to fund a branch of government in our budget, not on the back of a segment of the population. Everyone benefits from a funded court system and we should fund it accordingly. This would be a terrible way to fund our Judicial Department. I have remained consistent today with ALL of my votes on the cigarette tax issue.
The question then was the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (3584FIN001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2009, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to two and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited as follows:
(1) five million dollars to the Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center to be used for tobacco-related cancer research; and
(2) the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Healthcare Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230.
(C) For all purposes of reporting, payment, collection, and enforcement, the surtax imposed by this section is deemed to be imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620.
(D) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1)."
SECTION 2. Section 12-21-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 12-21-620. (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid in respect to the articles containing tobacco enumerated in this section the following amounts:
(1) upon all cigarettes made of tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, three and one-half mills on each cigarette;
(2) upon all tobacco products, as defined in Section 12-21-800, five percent of the manufacturer's price.
Manufacturer's price as used in this section is the established price at which a manufacturer sells to a wholesaler.
(B) As used in this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection."
SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. There is created the South Carolina Healthcare Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year."
SECTION 4. In May or June of 2009, neither a wholesaler, distributor, or a retailer of cigarettes may purchase more cigarettes in any one month in an amount that exceeds one hundred ten percent of the average monthly amount of cigarettes purchased in the same three months of the previous calendar year. In examining aggregate business license tax revenue data, if the Department of Revenue determines that the revenue collected in May or June of 2009 exceeds one hundred ten percent of the amount collected during the same two months of the previous calendar year, the business license tax audit division of the department shall conduct an audit of random wholesalers, distributors, and retailers to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section. Any violation of this section shall result in a civil fine equal to five times the amount of tax owed on the purchased cigarettes that caused the wholesaler, distributor, or retailer to exceed one hundred ten percent of the amount purchased in the same two months of the previous calendar year.
SECTION 5. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor.
SECTION 6. (A) The General Assembly recognizes that the federal government is in the process of developing a program to substantially increase access to healthcare to all individuals. As a result of the federal government's anticipated action, the General Assembly finds that it is necessary to impose the additional surtax provided by Section 12-21-625, as added by this act, on a provisional basis pending the federal expansion of healthcare.
(B) Unless extended prior to the date of repeal imposed by this subsection by a concurrent resolution adopted by each house of the General Assembly strictly for this purpose that references this act, the surtax imposed by Section 12-21-625, as added by this act, is repealed effective June 30, 2010. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 26; Nays 17
AYES
Alexander Campbell Coleman
Cromer Elliott Ford
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Matthews McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Sheheen Williams
Total--26
NAYS
Bright Bryant Cleary
Courson Davis Grooms
Knotts Martin, Shane Massey
McConnell Mulvaney Peeler
Rose Ryberg Shoopman
Thomas Verdin
Total--17
The committee amendment was adopted, as perfected.
Statement by Senator FAIR
Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye."
Amendment No. 7
Senators MASSEY, SHOOPMAN, DAVIS, ALEXANDER and ROSE proposed the following Amendment No. 7 (3584R005.ASM), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 3, by striking Section 11-11-230(A) and inserting:
/ (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The trust fund must transfer five million dollars annually to the Department of Health and Environmental Control to administer a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program. The funds must not be appropriated for any other purpose and the Department of Health and Environmental Control may not use the funds for any purposes other than administering a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved that the amendment be adopted.
Amendment No. 8
Senators SHOOPMAN, MASSEY, DAVIS and ROSE proposed the following Amendment No. 8 (3584R004.ASM), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 3, by striking Section 11-11-230(B) and inserting:
/ (B) There is created the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The fund may only be appropriated for the restoration and maintenance of effort of the Medicaid program as structured at the time this act takes effect, and must not be appropriated for any other purpose. The fund must not be used to expand any component of the existing Medicaid program."/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
Senator MASSEY moved that the amendment be adopted.
Amendment No. 11
Senators BRIGHT, DAVIS and MULVANEY proposed the following Amendment No. 11 (3584FIN013.LB), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited to the Manufactured Property Tax Relief Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230.
(C) For all purposes of reporting, payment, collection, and enforcement, the surtax imposed by this section is deemed to be imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620.
(D) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1)."
SECTION 2. Section 12-21-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 12-21-620. (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid in respect to the articles containing tobacco enumerated in this section the following amounts:
(1) upon all cigarettes made of tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, three and one-half mills on each cigarette;
(2) upon all tobacco products, as defined in Section 12-21-800, five percent of the manufacturer's price.
Manufacturer's price as used in this section is the established price at which a manufacturer sells to a wholesaler.
(B) As used in this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection."
SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Manufactured Property Tax Relief Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year.
(B) For property tax years beginning with 2011, the State Treasurer shall establish a Manufactured Property Tax Relief Credit. The credit must be based on the amount of revenue from the additional surtax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-625 collected during the prior calendar year and the property tax collected on manufacturing property pursuant to Section 12-43-220(a)(1) during the prior calendar year. The credit must be set by dividing the total amount of manufacturing property tax revenue collected by one hundred thousand dollars and then dividing the total amount of cigarette tax revenue collected by this amount. The amount determined is the amount that must be credited to each one hundred thousand dollars of assessed value of manufacturing property. The credit must be established prior to July first of the applicable tax year and the State Treasurer must inform each county assessor of the credit amount. Each county assessor must credit each taxpayer paying property tax on manufacturing property the appropriate amount based on the amount of the credit and the assessed value of the property taxed. Each tax bill must conspicuously display the amount the taxpayer's bill was reduced by the credit. Upon application by a county assessor, the state treasurer shall remit the amount credited to taxpayers in the county. Each assessor must make application prior to December first of the tax year and the state treasurer must remit the reimbursement prior to the first penalty date for the payment of property taxes for the tax year."
SECTION 4. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRIGHT explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 28; Nays 13
AYES
Alexander Campbell Coleman
Cromer Elliott Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McConnell
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Williams
Total--28
NAYS
Bright Bryant Courson
Davis Grooms Massey
Mulvaney Peeler Rose
Ryberg Shoopman Thomas
Verdin
Total--13
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senator FAIR
Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye."
Statement by Senator McCONNELL
I voted to table Amendment No. 11 because it is using the cigarette tax for a non-health care expenditure.
Amendment No. 12
Senator BRIGHT proposed the following Amendment No. 12 (3584FIN014.LB), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to one and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited to the Commercial and Rental Property Tax Relief Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230.
(C) For all purposes of reporting, payment, collection, and enforcement, the surtax imposed by this section is deemed to be imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620.
(D) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1)."
SECTION 2. Section 12-21-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 12-21-620. (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid in respect to the articles containing tobacco enumerated in this section the following amounts:
(1) upon all cigarettes made of tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, three and one-half mills on each cigarette;
(2) upon all tobacco products, as defined in Section 12-21-800, five percent of the manufacturer's price.
Manufacturer's price as used in this section is the established price at which a manufacturer sells to a wholesaler.
(B) As used in this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection."
SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Commercial and Rental Property Tax Relief Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year.
(B) For property tax years beginning with 2011, the State Treasurer shall establish a Commercial and Rental Property Tax Relief Fund Credit. The credit must be based on the amount of revenue from the additional surtax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-625 collected during the prior calendar year and the property tax collected on commercial and rental property pursuant to Section 12-43-220(e) during the prior calendar year. The credit must be set by dividing the total amount of commercial and rental property tax revenue collected by one hundred thousand dollars and then dividing the total amount of cigarette tax revenue collected by this amount. The amount determined is the amount that must be credited to each one hundred thousand dollars of assessed value of commercial and rental property. The credit must be established prior to July first of the applicable tax year and the State Treasurer must inform each county assessor of the credit amount. Each county assessor must credit each taxpayer paying property tax on commercial or rental property the appropriate amount based on the amount of the credit and the assessed value of the property taxed. Each tax bill must conspicuously display the amount the taxpayer's bill was reduced by the credit. Upon application by a county assessor, the state treasurer shall remit the amount credited to taxpayers in the county. Each assessor must make application prior to December first of the tax year and the state treasurer must remit the reimbursement prior to the first penalty date for the payment of property taxes for the tax year."
SECTION 4. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRIGHT explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 28; Nays 13
AYES
Alexander Campbell Coleman
Cromer Elliott Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Matthews McConnell
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Williams
Total--28
NAYS
Bright Bryant Courson
Davis Grooms Massey
Mulvaney Peeler Rose
Ryberg Shoopman Thomas
Verdin
Total--13
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senator FAIR
Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye."
Statement by Senator McCONNELL
I voted to table Amendment No. 12 because it is using the cigarette tax for a non-health care expenditure.
Amendment No. 13
Senator GROOMS proposed the following Amendment No. 13 (3584R016.LKG), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, Section 12-21-625(B), by adding a new subitem after (3) and inserting:
/ ( ) fifteen millions dollars, for fiscal year 2011-2012 only, to the South Carolina Aeronautics Commission to fund grants pursuant to the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund. This amount shall be repaid to the Medicaid Reserve Fund pursuant to Chapter 19, Title 55.
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding two appropriately numbered SECTIONS to read:
/ SECTION ___. Title 55 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"CHAPTER 19
Air Service Incentive and Development Fund
Section 55-19-10. (A) There is established within the South Carolina Aeronautics Commission a fund which shall be known and referred to as the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund and which shall be administered by the commission. The General Assembly in the annual general appropriations act or in other acts may provide or appropriate monies for the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund. All expenditures from the fund shall be for a program to provide more air flight options, more competition for air travel and more affordable air fares for this State, including regional airports.
(B) The monies credited to the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund shall be disbursed as a grant by the commission to regional economic development organizations, local governing bodies, or the governing bodies of airports and shall be used for the development and implementation of a program to provide more air flight options, more competition for air travel, and more affordable air fares for this State. Each grant shall be matched by monies from the grantee or the local jurisdiction in which it is located, on the basis of at least twenty-five percent from the grantee or the local jurisdiction in which it is located with the remainder from the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund.
(C) Annually, before November fifteenth, beginning one year after the effective date of this chapter, the commission shall evaluate and present a report on the effectiveness of this program to the House Ways and Means Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, and the Joint Transportation Review Committee which shall include a detailed summary of the expenditures from the fund and local matching monies received under the program and the results obtained for such expenditures.
(D) Any monies remaining in the Air Service Incentive and Development Fund at the end of any fiscal year must be carried forward from fiscal year to fiscal year and earnings of the fund shall remain part of the fund.
Section 55-19-20. The commission shall accept grant applications from the governing bodies of regional economic development organizations, local governing bodies, or the governing bodies of airports to accomplish the purposes of the program in accordance with the following guidelines:
(1) proposals shall specify how the program will provide more flight options, more competition for air travel, and more affordable air fares for the people of the State of South Carolina. An applicant shall demonstrate that due diligence has been conducted with respect to a proposal for funding. Due diligence must be documented with an analysis of feasibility from a professional air service consultant or a letter of intent from a commercial scheduled air carrier;
(2) proposals shall specify the amount of funding requested through the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund and indicate the source of the local match;
(3) proposals shall specify how the applicant will document the effectiveness of funding received under this program;
(4) proposals shall specify how expenditures and results from this program and local matching monies will be reported; and
(5) proposals shall specify how grant monies will be repaid to the State.
Section 55-19-30. (A) Grants from the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund must be considered and may be awarded in accordance with the purposes of the program, which are more flight options, more competition for air travel, and more affordable air fares for this State. Selection criteria include the following:
(1) More air flight options including:
(a) number of scheduled, nonstop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both;
(b) number of scheduled, one-stop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both;
(c) number of connecting cities by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both;
(2) More competition for air travel including:
(a) number of scheduled, nonstop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both, served by two or more airlines;
(b) number of scheduled, one-stop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both, served by two or more airlines;
(c) average airfare for scheduled, connecting flights in terms of origin and destination passengers;
(3) More affordable air fares for South Carolina including:
(a) average airfare for scheduled, round-trip, nonstop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both;
(b) average airfare for scheduled, round-trip, one-stop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic destinations;
(c) average airfare for scheduled, round-trip, one-stop flights by commercial scheduled passenger air carriers to domestic or international destinations, or both.
(B) In making awards, the commission must give:
(1) highest priority to maintaining affordable airfares;
(2) high priority to publicly traded network carriers; and
(3) due consideration to the method of repayment, the likelihood of timely repayment, and the amount of the local match.
Section 55-19-40. (A) In any fiscal year following Fiscal Year 2010-2011 in which the annual aircraft property tax revenues collected pursuant to Article 19, Chapter 37, Title 12, exceed five million two hundred thousand dollars, the revenues in excess of five million two hundred thousand dollars shall be used to repay the Medicaid Reserve Fund instead of being paid into the State General Fund. The money must be repaid together with interest calculated by the State Treasurer's Office in an amount determined to approximate investment earnings that otherwise may have been realized on the monies.
(B) If there are no outstanding loans pursuant to this section or any and all loans entered pursuant to this section have been fully repaid, in any fiscal year in which annual aircraft property tax revenues collected pursuant to Article 19, Chapter 37, Title 12, exceed five million two hundred thousand dollars, the revenues in excess of five million two hundred thousand dollars shall be paid into the South Carolina Air Services Incentive and Development Fund instead of being paid into the State General Fund.
Section 55-19-50. (A) The commission may not award a grant from the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund without the opportunity for review by the Joint Transportation Review Committee.
(B) Prior to awarding a grant, the commission shall file with the review committee a copy of the grant application and a written statement that identifies:
(1) the reasons the grant should be made;
(2) the manner and time within which the grant is to be repaid; and
(3) a detailed analysis of the selection criteria utilized by the commission and the manner in which those criteria are expected to achieve with the purposes of the program.
(C) Within forty-five days after the review committee receives the grant application and statement, the review committee may hold a public hearing concerning the proposed grant and, whether or not a public hearing is held, shall issue a report to the commission. The report shall include any recommendations approved by the committee.
(1) If the review committee's report does not contain any recommended changes, the commission may award the grant.
(2) If the review committee's report contains recommendations, the commission shall review the recommendations and may work with the grant applicant to revise the application in light of the recommendations and file a revised application with the review committee.
(3) Following its review of the review committee's report, the commission may resubmit the initial application for reconsideration or a revised application for consideration.
(a) If the commission resubmits the initial application with no changes as recommended by the review committee, the commission shall include with the resubmitted application correspondence stating the reasons why the recommendations were not adopted. The review committee may hold additional hearings and issue additional reports at its discretion. Not earlier than forty-five days after the filing of any correspondence and resubmitting the initial application with the committee, the commission may award the grant based on the initial application.
(b) If the commission submits a revised application that contains one or more, but not all, of the changes recommended by the review committee, the commission shall include with the application correspondence stating the reasons why the recommendations were not adopted. The review committee may hold additional hearings and issue additional reports at its discretion. Not earlier than forty-five days after the filing of any correspondence and revised application with the committee, the commission may award the grant based on the revised application.
(c) If the commission submits a revised application that incorporates all of the changes recommended by the review committee, the commission may award the grant following the review committee's consideration of, and report concerning, the revised application.
(D) In the event that the commission determines that the review process required by this section would result in frustrating the purposes of this program, the commission may award a grant. Any grant awarded pursuant to this subsection must contain a provision that the grant is subject to review by the review committee, and the terms, conditions, or amount of the grant are subject to change based on any recommendations made by the review committee.
(E) To carry out their respective duties, the commission and the review committee shall work in consultation and cooperation with the Budget and Control Board."
SECTION ___. Section 57-1-730 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered new item to read:
"( ) provide oversight of the South Carolina Air Service Incentive and Development Fund pursuant to Section 55-19-50." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator GROOMS explained the amendment.
Senator ALEXANDER argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 33; Nays 8
AYES
Alexander Bright Coleman
Courson Cromer Elliott
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McConnell McGill
Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Reese
Rose Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Williams
Total--33
NAYS
Bryant Campbell Davis
Grooms Peeler Shoopman
Thomas Verdin
Total--8
The amendment was laid on the table.
Statement by Senator FAIR
Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye."
Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN
I voted to table this amendment to remain consistent with my voting today. I support the efforts to bring low cost carriers to the State and to help our manufacturers. I will support Senator GROOMS in his efforts to get H.4343 passed and help bring low cost carriers to the Upstate. However, I cannot allow this effort to be supported with a declining revenue source.
Clerk's Conforming Amendment
The following Clerk's Conforming Amendment incorporated all adopted amendments to H. 3584 and was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Article 5, Chapter 21, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-21-625. (A) Effective July 1, 2010, there is imposed a surtax on cigarettes subject to the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620(1) in an amount equal to two and one-half cents on each cigarette.
(B) Notwithstanding another provision of law providing for the crediting of the revenues of license or other taxes, the revenue of the surtax imposed pursuant to this section must be credited as follows:
(1) five million dollars annually to the Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center to be used for tobacco-related cancer research;
(2) five million dollars annually to the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(A);
(3) the revenue of five hundredths of a cent of the surtax on each cigarette annually to the Department of Agriculture to cause the marketing and branding of South Carolina agricultural crops or produce as being grown in South Carolina when offered for sale in retail establishments and to assist in relief from natural disasters affecting state-grown crops;
(4) upon creation of the I-95 Corridor Authority, three million five hundred thousand dollars annually to the I-95 Corridor Authority for a grant program for infrastructure improvements along the I-95 Corridor. Any grant awarded pursuant to this subitem shall be matched on a two-to-one basis by the grant recipient; and
(5) the remaining annual revenue shall be deposited in the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund created pursuant to Section 11-11-230(B).
(C) For all purposes of reporting, payment, collection, and enforcement, the surtax imposed by this section is deemed to be imposed pursuant to Section 12-21-620.
(D) For purposes of this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1)."
SECTION 2. Section 12-21-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 12-21-620. (A) There shall be levied, assessed, collected, and paid in respect to the articles containing tobacco enumerated in this section the following amounts:
(1) upon all cigarettes made of tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, three and one-half mills on each cigarette;
(2) upon all tobacco products, as defined in Section 12-21-800, five percent of the manufacturer's price.
Manufacturer's price as used in this section is the established price at which a manufacturer sells to a wholesaler.
(B) As used in this section, 'cigarette' means:
(1) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco wrapped in paper or in any substance other than a tobacco leaf; or
(2) any roll for smoking containing tobacco or any substitute for tobacco, wrapped in any substance, weighing three pounds per thousand or less, however labeled or named, which because of its appearance, size, type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging, pricing, marketing, or labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a cigarette described in item (1) of this subsection."
SECTION 3. Article 1, Chapter 11, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 11-11-230. (A) There is created in the State Treasury the Smoking Prevention and Cessation Trust Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The trust fund must transfer five million dollars annually to the Department of Health and Environmental Control to administer a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program. The funds must not be appropriated for any other purpose and the Department of Health and Environmental Control may not use the funds for any purposes other than administering a statewide smoking prevention and cessation program.
(B) There is created the South Carolina Medicaid Reserve Fund. This fund is separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds. Earnings and interest on this fund must be credited to it and any balance in this fund at the end of a fiscal year carries forward in the fund in the succeeding fiscal year. The fund may only be appropriated for the restoration and maintenance of effort of the Medicaid program as structured at the time this act takes effect, and must not be appropriated for any other purpose. The fund must not be used to expand any component of the existing Medicaid program."
SECTION 4. Except where otherwise provided, this act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator KNOTTS spoke on the Bill.
Senator GROOMS spoke on the Bill.
Senator ROSE spoke on the Bill.
Remarks by Senator GROOMS
Senator KNOTTS from Lexington made a comment a minute ago that, unfortunately, is all too true. This Senate is all about getting what you can for your people, not getting what is best for the State of South Carolina, but getting what is best for your people. If I can't get something for me, you are not getting anything for you. Too many times we play this game. Too many times the people of South Carolina suffer because we have got to chisel a little bit off here, chisel a little bit off there -- somebody is objecting, although they agree with the Bill -- we have got to give them something. We have got to give them that piece of bacon because, man, bacon tastes good, especially in springtime in South Carolina.
We have a Bill that would be beneficial for everybody in South Carolina. Everyone would get an equal shot at it. But, you know why we are not getting it? Because there is a group of legislators in the midlands that say we've got to get a guarantee for ours, or you aren't getting yours. That bothers me. When a Senator puts up an amendment to this tobacco Bill that we just passed, asking for $25 million for a single interchange and he gets eighteen votes, and when I am trying to do something for the entire State of South Carolina and we get eight, it just proves that the statement from the Senator of Lexington is true, "The only thing this Senate is about is getting what you can get for your people. Because if we can get what is good for us back home, then it doesn't matter what happens in other Senate districts. It doesn't matter what happens in other school districts. It doesn't matter what happens in other parts of the State. As long as I'm getting mine, the heck with you!" That is probably why education spending is so out of whack. What are we spending now? Is it about twelve-and-a-half thousand dollars per child on average? But did you know that that number varies? It is about$7,800 up to almost $16,000. Do you know why? Because there are a couple of Senators that are very happy with what they are getting in their districts and could care less about what is happening in other folks' districts. It's not about South Carolina, it is all about me. I am not saying that it is not important to look out for the folks that elected you; it is extremely important. But, sometimes you have got to consider what is best for the entire State. The Bible talks about this -- talks about the body being a whole. What good is a hand separated from the rest of the body? What good is a foot separated from the body? What good is a county separated from the rest of the State? It does not do those folks in that particular county that have been left out for way too long -- doesn't do them a whole heck of a lot of good. But when we look at South Carolina as a whole, when we try to adopt policy that is best for the entire State, we all win. We all do a little bit better. It pains me, when good legislation doesn't pass because, "I'm not getting mine." I saw that today; it did not taste too good. We have this Bill right now, this tobacco tax; we are the lowest in the nation, no doubt. In years past, I have supported even putting the cigarette tax up to a dollar a pack. But I did it in the overall scheme of tax restructuring. You know why that did not pass back then? You know why we didn't equalize school funding back then? Because there were a couple of Senators who analyzed it really close and they were looking at their school districts and realized that, "I'm getting it pretty good compared to everybody else and that is all that matters. The heck with what happens 5 years, 10 years, 20 years down the road. Right now, my numbers are looking better than my neighbors, so, I am voting against it." Sometimes we need to take a step back and understand that we are only here for a little while. But, there are a lot of people that will be here long after us. There have been men that have served in this body whose portraits are on these walls all around us; there are a couple of folks that I remember. I see Senator THURMOND, Senator DENNIS, Senator DRUMMOND -- fine men. I see Senator HOLLAND is up there; I see Senator J. VERNE SMITH. Some of these other fellows that served in here, I don't know their names. Probably, you all do not either. But, they were here. The decisions they made really affect our lives today. And the decisions that we make today, affect the lives of those that will be here 25, 50, and 100 years from now. But too many times, we get caught up on what can I bring home today. Too many times we get caught up on what can I bring home right now. That's part of the problem we have got with our budget. We create unsustainable spending; we create unsustainable expectations; we are talking about trying to institute some spending caps to level off those peaks -- to be able to put some of those peaks in the valleys so that things are sustainable. You know, in conservation terms, Senator from Sumter, it is about sustainability. Is our Medicaid spending on any type of sustainable track right now? Does anybody in this Senate Chamber believe that we will be able to sustain long-term, the types of programs we envision happening because of this new cigarette tax? Spread across the State, it will provide some folks with some much needed insurance, but long-term, what is it going to do? How is it going to help this State in the long-term? We are trading tomorrow for today. We are trading what we have no right to. We are trading what belongs to our children. Not with just this Bill, but many other things. I'm a little keyed up right now about not getting something out of the Senate that would benefit the entire State and I appreciate you all letting me vent a little bit. I do not intend in holding this Bill up; I was just disappointed in the action that some members took today when other Senators are willing to look out for other parts of the State; the rest of them turned their back on us. I have a long memory. Thank you. On motion of Senator BRIGHT, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator GROOMS, were ordered printed in the Journal. Remarks by Senator ROSE Members of the Senate, I'll be brief. I am afraid that we've missed an important opportunity because of how our Senate has voted regarding increasing the tax on cigarettes. I think that if every member of the Senate were polled, virtually every Senator would agree that our cigarette tax is too low and needs to be raised, and that increased cigarette taxes should be spent on health care. That is our common denominator. It looks to me that it's virtually certain that we're going to lose the opportunity to accomplish that common goal, because of our lack of restraint, by piling on other things we know are going to cause the Governor to veto this Bill, H. 3584, and because the veto probably will be sustained. There's something wrong with our system here when we know at least some things -- the end results -- that we can agree on, but we can't attain those things because of our process. And what's particularly upsetting to me is the strong impression I have that some people deliberately voted to put things on this Bill to kill it. In other words, it wasn't added really because some wanted it on the Bill, but judging by some comments I've heard, it was in order to sabotage it. I don't feel like the interests of the people are served by that process. I am afraid we've missed an opportunity. I hope people will think about what we could have accomplished if we would have just stuck with what we commonly agreed with instead of pushing the outer limits with extraneous add-ons. Thank you. Remarks by Senator KNOTTS I'm not going to be very long; I just want to make sure that everybody out there knows exactly where I have been on this Bill. I could have voted for a 30 cents tax increase on cigarettes with it going to Medicaid for, medical and one cent for farmers. I could have voted for the one cent for farmers because it hurts the farmer. I possibly could have voted for a 50 cents sales tax on cigarettes if it all went for medical and one cent for the farmer. I've been consistent with my voting and whenever they started putting other things in it other than what I had agreed to for the past two or three years--I cannot go along with that. I cannot vote for this Bill. I know it's going to pass, but also I'm going to tell you now, when it gets vetoed--if it gets vetoed, I'm going to vote with the Governor to sustain his veto. I was one of those Senators who voted a few minutes ago when we got 18 votes. Gentlemen, that was the veto vote. Putting things on the cigarette tax that are not going for Medicaid or medical--we have essentially killed the Bill for the year, hopefully. I do not believe in taxing one segment of society to benefit another segment. If we go down that road and start picking and choosing who we are going to tax to benefit other people, we are going to be taking South Carolina down a trail that we do not want to go down, because who are we going to pick next? Right now, we're picking the smokers. We had amendments up here for lowering the income tax. I would love it if we just wanted to lower it. But to use a tax on a group of citizens to benefit the upper echelon with tax deduction is wrong. There was talk about doing away with the boat tax. Why should a person who smokes pay for me to reduce my taxes on a boat? That's not right, people. Whenever we get to reality, we are going to find out that this Bill is not doing what the people of South Carolina want it to do. As much I wanted to vote while ago to put some money for education, I could not. I've got schools in my district that are going to have to cut jobs and cut classes, but it's not right to throw that in on the cigarette tax. Cigarettes, when you smoke, cause health problems. I admire people who were able to get things in it, and I don't mind their efforts. I commend you on being able to be successful. See that's what the Senate and the House are all about, being able to get what you can get for your people. I tried to get what I could get for my people when everything started being added in by putting up an amendment for the John Hardee Freeway. I didn't really want to vote on that one but it was my amendment. I started to vote against it but it wasn't going to pass any way I saw it. I'll tell you one thing--let's not go down the road picking and choosing certain segments of society to reduce the taxes on other segments of society. Because who is going to be next? We're going to go down that trail and we are going to pick and choose one and one day the people we choose might be one of you. And you're going to be sitting there saying, "Why me?" I don't smoke, never have smoked and I don't have anybody in my family that smokes, but I do feel and I strongly feel that if we're going to put a tax on smokers, it should go to smokers for the benefit of their medical conditions. It should benefit those people who are hurt by it and that is the farmer who is going to be growing less tobacco. There are some justifications for some of the things that went on today and everybody had their own little justification. My justification is I'm not going to vote for this Bill because it's got in it things I feel in my opinion shouldn't be in it. And so, therefore, I'm not going to belabor the vote. I could stand here half the night but the result is going to be the result and a good warrior knows when he's been defeated. He just backs up and replenishes. This is a battle we fought here today. This is not the end of the war. The end of the war is going to be that veto vote. And I certainly hope that the Governor sticks to his guns like I stuck to my guns and continues to say that he's not going to support a Bill that's not revenue neutral. Just like I won't support a Bill that doesn't go for Medicaid. And I've got friends on both sides and it's not anything against any of you. You have your views and we've got to get this thing out, but I don't think we've accomplished anything today. I think that we are going to go out of here and go home and we are going to say we've done something. But this was just a battle and you don't win the war by one battle. Because when it goes back to the House, they'll put the 30 cents tax on and they'll have it going for medical and I'll vote for that if that happens. But anyway, thank you for listening to me and I hope all of you get to go home and have a good night's rest and tell the people in your districts what we have accomplished and what we're going to be doing. I'm going to tell them what I've been telling them for three years. I'm going to tell them about my consistency in not voting for a tax on a segment of society to benefit another segment of society. Thank you. On motion of Senator SHANE MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senators ROSE and KNOTTS, were ordered printed in the Journal. Senator GROOMS moved to recommit the Bill to the Committee on Finance. Senator SCOTT moved to table the motion to recommit. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 25; Nays 16 AYES Alexander Campbell Coleman Cromer Elliott Hayes Hutto Jackson Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Matthews McGill Nicholson O'Dell Pinckney Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--25 NAYS Bright Bryant Courson Davis Grooms Knotts Martin, Shane Massey McConnell Mulvaney Peeler Rose Ryberg Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--16 The motion to recommit the Bill was tabled. Statement by Senator FAIR Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye." At 7:25 P.M., Senator GROOMS moved that the Senate stand in recess for one hour. Senator SETZLER moved to table the motion to recede. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 31; Nays 10 AYES Alexander Campbell Coleman Courson Cromer Elliott Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--31 NAYS Bright Bryant Davis Grooms Martin, Shane Mulvaney Rose Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--10 The motion to recede was tabled. Statement by Senator FAIR Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye." Senator GROOMS moved to continue the Bill. Senator LOURIE moved to table the motion to continue. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 29; Nays 13 AYES Alexander Campbell Coleman Cromer Elliott Ford Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Matthews McConnell McGill Nicholson O'Dell Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--29 NAYS Bright Bryant Courson Davis Grooms Martin, Shane Massey Mulvaney Peeler Ryberg Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--13 The motion to continue the Bill was laid on the table. Statement by Senator FAIR Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye." Objection Senator FORD asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up H. 3161 for immediate consideration. Senator RYBERG objected. Senator GROOMS moved that the Senate stand adjourned. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 7; Nays 35 AYES Bright Bryant Davis Grooms Matthews Thomas Verdin Total--7 NAYS Alexander Campbell Coleman Courson Cromer Elliott Ford Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Williams Total--35 The Senate refused to adjourn. Statement by Senator FAIR Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "no." Senator GROOMS was recognized to speak on the Bill. Objection With Senator GROOMS retaining the floor, Senator FORD asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up H. 3161 for immediate consideration. Senator RYBERG objected. Senator GROOMS spoke on the Bill. There being no further amendments, the question then was the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 26; Nays 16 AYES Alexander Campbell Coleman Cromer Elliott Ford Hayes Hutto Jackson Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Matthews McGill Nicholson O'Dell Pinckney Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--26 NAYS Bright Bryant Courson Davis Grooms Knotts Martin, Shane Massey McConnell Mulvaney Peeler Rose Ryberg Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--16 There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. Statement by Senator FAIR Had I been present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken, I would have voted "aye." The Bill was returned to the status of Special Order. Statement by Senator SHANE MARTIN I voted against ALL amendments and NO to the entire Bill (H.3584) dealing with the cigarette tax increase. The goal of the proponents of this tax increase was to get people to quit smoking and to use the revenue for healthcare issues. I am sympathetic to, and agree with, getting our children not to smoke. I certainly don't want my children or any other child to touch a cigarette. However, this Bill was amended from the start to send money to areas other than healthcare right off of the bat. The government cookie jar was opened to fund an I-95 infrastructure fund and other folks tried to stick their hand in the cookie jar to get money for their district. The Bill was ultimately amended to give$3.5 million to the I-95 infrastructure fund, farmers, and advertisers before even sending a dime to health care issues. The I-95 project also will give 1 state dollar to every 2 dollars of grant money given to this project, thus creating an never-ending state government obligation. This spending increase cannot be sustained and core, recurring expenses are expected to be funded with a declining revenue source.
I signed a NO new tax pledge and campaigned against the cigarette tax increase and have remained consistent with my voting today and kept my campaign promises. Until this General Assembly lays out the needs of this State and determines what core government services should be taxpayer funded and how the taxpayer is willing to fund the services consistently, we will continue to have piecemeal solutions that will only be temporary until we have the next budget crisis and have to find other piecemeal solutions. Fundamental reform is what this State needs to insure that our core government services are funded consistently.
Senator McCONNELL moved that the Senate revert to the Motion Period.
THE SENATE REVERTED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
H. 3161 (Word version) -- Rep. Harrison: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-660, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS WITHIN THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS TO EMPLOY CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL AND SUPPORT STAFF; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2952, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE FILING FEE TO REQUEST AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FILING FEE FROM ONE HUNDRED FIFTY TO TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS AND PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FILING FEE FUNDS COLLECTED.
Senator McCONNELL moved that the Bill be made a Special Order.
The Bill was made Special Order.
Senator McCONNELL moved that, when the Senate stands adjourned on Wednesday, March 31, 2010, the Senate would stand adjourned to meet on Thursday, April 1, 2010, subject to the times and limitations set forth in Rule 1B;
and, further, when the Senate adjourns on Thursday, April 1, 2010, the Senate would stand adjourned to meet on Monday, April 5, 2010, under the provisions of Rule 1 for the purpose of taking up local matters and uncontested matters which have previously received unanimous consent to be taken up;
and, further, when the Senate stands adjourned on Monday, April 5, 2009, the Senate will stand adjourned to meet on Tuesday, April 6, 2010, Wednesday, April 7, 2010, and Thursday, April 8, 2010, subject to the times and limitations set forth in Rule 1B;
and, further, when the Senate stands adjourned on Thursday, April 8, 2010, it will stand adjourned to meet on Friday, April 9, 2010, under the provisions of Rule 1 for the purpose of taking up local matters and uncontested matters which have previously received unanimous consent to be taken up;
and, further, when the Senate stands adjourned on Friday, April 9, 2010, the Senate will stand adjourned to meet in Statewide Session on Tuesday, April 13, 2010, at 12:00 Noon.
On motion of Senator MATTHEWS, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mrs. Rola Mae Green of Reevesville, S.C. Mrs. Green was predeceased by her husband of 61 years, Bishop Lun Green. Mrs. Green was a devoted mother of three daughters, Fannie, Patricia and Joyce, and was a doting grandmother of 15, great-grandmother of 24 and great-great-grandmother of 11.
and
| 2014-12-19T01:35:15 |
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|
http://newvillagegirlsacademy.org/math/?page_id=1184
|
# 2.6 – Similar Triangles
## Objectives
• Define similar as it relates to geometric figures and list the key characteristics of similar triangles (congruent angles and proportional sides).
• Dilate geometric figures to determine if they are similar.
• Use correct notation to indicate similarity.
• Calculate the scale factor of triangles by setting up ratios of corresponding sides.
## Key Terms
• Dilate – To change the size but not the shape of a geometric figure.
• The dilated figure is similar to the original but is not congruent to it.
• A dilation stretches or shrinks the original figure by a certain scale factor in relation to a point called the center of dilation
• The center of dilation is the point from which the scale factor between the original image points and dilation points is determined.
• In a dilation, segments that go through the center of dilation remain unchanged and segments that do not will become stretched.
• Proportional – Having equal ratios.
• Ratio – A comparison that shows the relative size of one quantity with respect to another.
• The ratio a to b is often written with a colon (a:b) or as a fraction (a/b).
• Scale Factor – The ratio of the lengths of corresponding sides in similar figures.
• In a dilation, this is the factor by which the original figure is multiplied.
• Multiply by a proper fraction (a number smaller than 1) to compress (shrink, or make smaller)
• Multiply by a number larger than 1 to enlarge (grow, get make bigger)
• Whole numbers and decimals work, as long as the value is > 1
• Similar – Having exactly the same shape.
• When figures are similar, corresponding angles are equal (congruent) in measure and corresponding sides are proportional in length.
• The symbol ~ means “is similar to.”
• Notation: $\Delta ABC \sim \Delta DEF$
• Similar Triangles – Triangles that have exactly the same shape.
• Their corresponding angles are equal (congruent)
• Their corresponding sides are proportional in length (same ratio).
## Notes
Similar Triangles
• Similar Triangles
• Triangles have equal (congruent) angle measures, but may not have congruent side measures.
• Triangles have proportional side measures
• ALL congruent triangles are similar
• SOME similar triangles are congruent
• The ratios of all three pairs of corresponding sides are equal
• The corresponding angles are equal (congruent)
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
• Determining Similarity
• Are the side lengths proportional?
• Do the fractions reduce down to the same value?
• Are all three angle measures equal (congruent)?
• If you answer yes to all of these questions, then you have similar triangles!
Dilating Triangles
• Dilating Triangles will compress (shrink) or enlarge (grow) them, without changing the shape
• If a triangle gets bigger, the scale factor is > 1 (greater than 1)
• If a triangle gets smaller, the scale factor is < 1 (less than 1, which is a fraction)
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
Scale Factor
• To Determine Scale Factor
• Step 1: List ALL of the corresponding sides of a triangle
• If the first triangle gets larger (grows, or enlarges), put the corresponding sides of the larger triangle top of the fraction (numerator) and put the corresponding sides of the smaller triangle on the bottom of the fraction (denominator)
• If the first triangle gets smaller (compresses, or shrinks), put the corresponding sides of the smaller triangle top of the fraction (numerator) and put the corresponding sides of the larger triangle on the bottom of the fraction (denominator)
• Step 2: Reduce the fraction
• Did the triangles enlarge (grow) or compress (shrink) from the 1st to the 2nd?
• Is the result larger than 1 or smaller than 1?
• If the triangles compress (shrink), the fraction should be less than 1
• If the triangles enlarge (grow), the fraction should be greater than 1
Examples
• Example of Dilation (Compression)
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
• Example of Similar Triangles, NOT Congruent
• All angles measures of the 1st triangle are equal (congruent) to all angle measures on the 2nd triangle
• $\frac{8}{16}=\frac{10}{20}=\frac{6}{12}$
• The ratio for all three triangles is reduced to $\frac{1}{2}$
• The first triangle is 1/2 the size of the second one
• The dilation has doubled from the first triangle to the 2nd
• So, the scale factor = 2 (because the triangle got larger)
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
• Example of Similar Triangles that ARE Congruent
• All angles measures of the 1st triangle are equal (congruent) to all angle measures on the 2nd triangle
• All side lengths of the 1st triangle are congruent to all side lengths on the 2nd triangle (shown with hashmarks)
• The triangle side lengths have a proportional ration of 1:1
• Written as a fraction $\frac{1}{1}$ or just 1.
• The scale factor = 1
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
• Example of Finding the Scale Factor
• What is the scale factor of $\Delta ABC \sim \Delta DEF$?
Image Copyright: Apex Learning
• The triangles dilate larger (enlarge or grow), so:
• $\frac{Large}{Small}$
• $\frac{\overline{EF}}{\overline{BC}}=\frac{\overline{AB}}{\overline{DE}}=\frac{\overline{DF}}{\overline{AC}}$
• $\frac{48}{6}=\frac{48}{6}=\frac{32}{4}$
• Reduce the fractions:
• They all equal $\frac{8}{1}=8$
• Scale Factor = 8
• Lesson Video – Dilation & Scale
• Click icon in the bottom right to view in “Full Screen” mode
[ All images are licensed under Creative Commons unless otherwise stated. ]
| 2017-03-25T15:39:05 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/19348/contributions/186324/
|
Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
# Neutrino 2020
June 22, 2020 to July 2, 2020
US/Central timezone
## Comparison of optical potential for nucleons and $\Delta$ resonances for electron and neutrino scattering on nuclear targets
Not scheduled
10m
Poster
### Speakers
Prof. Arie Bodek (University of Rochester) Mr Tejin Cai (University of Rochester)
### Description
Precise modeling of neutrino interactions on nuclear targets is essential for neutrino oscillations experiments. The modeling of the energy of final state particles in quasielastic (QE) scattering and resonance production on bound nucleons requires knowledge of both the removal energy of the initial state bound nucleon as well as the Coulomb and nuclear optical potentials for final state leptons and hadrons. We extract the values of the nuclear optical potential for final state nucleons ($U_{opt}^{QE}$) from inclusive electron scattering data on nuclear targets in the QE region and compare to theoretical calculations by Cooper eta. al. We also extract for the first time values of the nuclear optical potential for a $\Delta(1232)$ resonance in the final state ($U^\Delta_{opt}$). We find that $U^\Delta_{opt}$ is more negative than $U_{opt}^{QE}$.
### Mini-abstract
We extract values of the optical potential for nucleons and $\Delta$ resonances in the final state.
### Primary author
Prof. Arie Bodek (University of Rochester)
### Co-author
Mr Tejin Cai (University of Rochester)
### Presentation Materials
Neutrino_2020_Bodek_Cai_36x48_poster.pdf Neutrino_2020_Bodek_Cai_36x48_poster.pptx zoom_0_Bodek_Abstract_143.mp4
| 2021-11-27T18:13:04 |
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|
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section4/eda4282.htm
|
1. Exploratory Data Analysis
1.4. EDA Case Studies
1.4.2. Case Studies
1.4.2.8. Heat Flow Meter 1
## Graphical Output and Interpretation
Goal The goal of this analysis is threefold:
1. Determine if the univariate model:
$$Y_{i} = C + E_{i}$$
is appropriate and valid.
2. Determine if the typical underlying assumptions for an "in control" measurement process are valid. These assumptions are:
1. random drawings;
2. from a fixed distribution;
3. with the distribution having a fixed location; and
4. the distribution having a fixed scale.
3. Determine if the confidence interval
$$\bar{Y} \pm 2s/\sqrt{N}$$
is appropriate and valid where s is the standard deviation of the original data.
4-Plot of Data
Interpretation The assumptions are addressed by the graphics shown above:
1. The run sequence plot (upper left) indicates that the data do not have any significant shifts in location or scale over time.
2. The lag plot (upper right) does not indicate any non-random pattern in the data.
3. The histogram (lower left) shows that the data are reasonably symmetric, there does not appear to be significant outliers in the tails, and it seems reasonable to assume that the data are from approximately a normal distribution.
4. The normal probability plot (lower right) verifies that an assumption of normality is in fact reasonable.
Individual Plots Although it is generally unnecessary, the plots can be generated individually to give more detail.
Run Sequence Plot
Lag Plot
Histogram (with overlaid Normal PDF)
Normal Probability Plot
| 2017-04-28T12:12:53 |
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|
http://adriann.github.io/programming_problems.html
|
Whenever I’m TA for a introductory CS class where students learn some programming language, I have trouble coming up with good exercises. Problems from Project Euler and the like are usually much too difficult for beginners, especially if they don’t have a strong background in mathematics.
This page is a collection of progressively more difficult exercises that are suitable for people who just started learning. It will be extended as I come up with new exercises. Except for the GUI questions, exercises are generally algorithmic and should be solvable without learning any libraries. The difficulty of the exercises of course somewhat depends on the programming language you use. The List exercises for example are more complicated in languages like C that don’t have build-in support for lists.
I suppose they are also useful, although much easier, whenever an experienced person wants to learn a new language.
This guide has been translated to Chinese by Fidel Yi. Simple Programming Problems in Chinese
## Before you begin
Learning to program means learning how to solve problems using code. Conceptually it is not very difficult to write a program that solves a problem that you can solve yourself. The skill you need to acquire is thinking very precisely about how you solve the problem and breaking it down into steps that are so simple that a computer can execute them. I encourage you to first solve a few instances of a problem by hand and think about what you did to find the solution. For example if the task is sorting lists, sort some short lists yourself. A reasonable method would be to find the smallest element, write it down and cross it out of the original list and repeat this process until you have sorted the whole list. Then you have to teach the computer 1) how to find the smallest element, 2) how to write it down, 3) how to cross it out, and wrap this in a loop. Then continue this task breakdown process until you’re confident you know how to write the necessary program.
To make good progress in your programming task, you need to test your work as early and as thoroughly as possible. Everybody makes mistakes while programming and finding mistakes in programs consumes a very large part of a programmer’s work-day. Finding a problem in a small and easy piece of code is much simpler than trying to spot it in a large program. This is why you should try to test each sub task you identified during your task-breakdown by itself. Only after you’re confident that each part works as you expect you can attempt to plug them together. Make sure you test the complete program as well, errors can creep in in the way the different parts interact. You should try to automate your tests. The easier it is to test your program, the freer you are in experimenting with changes.
The last important point is how you express your thoughts as code. In the same way that you can express the same argument in different ways in a normal English essay, you can express the same problem-solving method in different ways in code. Try for brevity. The lines that you don’t write are the lines where you can be sure that the don’t have bugs. Don’t be afraid to Google for idiomatic ways of doing the things you’d like to do (after you tried doing them yourself!). Remember that you don’t write the program for the computer, you write it for other humans (maybe a future you!). Choose names that explain things, add comments where these names don’t suffice. Never comment on what the code is doing, only write comments that explain why.
// This function checks whether a number is even
def f(x):
// compute x modulo 2 and check whether it is zero
if modulo(x,2) == 0:
// the number is even
return True
else:
// the number is odd
return False
The exact same idea is much easier to understand if you write it like this:
def is_divisible(number, divisor):
return modulo(number, divisor) == 0
def is_even(number):
return is_divisible(number, 2)
Better naming and a better task breakdown make the comments obsolete. Revise your code just as you would revise an essay. Sketch, write, delete, reformulate, ask others what they think. Repeat until only the crispest possible expression of your idea remains. Revisit code you’ve written a while ago to see whether you can improve it with things you’ve learned since.
## Elementary
1. Write a program that prints ‘Hello World’ to the screen.
2. Write a program that asks the user for her name and greets her with her name.
3. Modify the previous program such that only the users Alice and Bob are greeted with their names.
4. Write a program that asks the user for a number n and prints the sum of the numbers 1 to n
5. Modify the previous program such that only multiples of three or five are considered in the sum, e.g. 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15 for n=17
6. Write a program that asks the user for a number n and gives him the possibility to choose between computing the sum and computing the product of 1,…,n.
7. Write a program that prints a multiplication table for numbers up to 12.
8. Write a program that prints all prime numbers. (Note: if your programming language does not support arbitrary size numbers, printing all primes up to the largest number you can easily represent is fine too.)
9. Write a guessing game where the user has to guess a secret number. After every guess the program tells the user whether their number was too large or too small. At the end the number of tries needed should be printed. I counts only as one try if they input the same number multiple times consecutively.
10. Write a program that prints the next 20 leap years.
11. Write a program that computes $4\cdot \sum_{k=1}^{10^6} \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{2k-1} = 4\cdot(1-1/3+1/5-1/7+1/9-1/11\ldots).$
## Lists, Strings
If your language of choice doesn’t have a build in list and/or string type (e.g. you use C), these exercises should also be solvable for arrays. However, some solutions are very different between an array-based list (like C++’s vector) and a pointer based list (like C++’s list), at least if you care about the efficiency of your code. So you might want to either find a library, or investigate how to implement your own linked list if your language doesn’t have it.
1. Write a function that returns the largest element in a list.
2. Write function that reverses a list, preferably in place.
3. Write a function that checks whether an element occurs in a list.
4. Write a function that returns the elements on odd positions in a list.
5. Write a function that computes the running total of a list.
6. Write a function that tests whether a string is a palindrome.
7. Write three functions that compute the sum of the numbers in a list: using a for-loop, a while-loop and recursion. (Subject to availability of these constructs in your language of choice.)
8. Write a function on_all that applies a function to every element of a list. Use it to print the first twenty perfect squares (a natural number $n$ is a perfect square if it can be written as $n=m*m$ for some other natural number $m$. $1,4,9,16,25$ are the first 5).
9. Write a function that concatenates two lists. [a,b,c], [1,2,3][a,b,c,1,2,3]
10. Write a function that combines two lists by alternatingly taking elements, e.g. [a,b,c], [1,2,3][a,1,b,2,c,3].
11. Write a function that merges two sorted lists into a new sorted list. [1,4,6],[2,3,5][1,2,3,4,5,6]. You can do this quicker than concatenating them followed by a sort.
12. Write a function that rotates a list by k elements. For example [1,2,3,4,5,6] rotated by two becomes [3,4,5,6,1,2]. Try solving this without creating a copy of the list. How many swap or move operations do you need?
13. Write a function that computes the list of the first 100 Fibonacci numbers.
14. Write a function that takes a number and returns a list of its digits.
15. Write functions that add, subtract, and multiply two numbers in their digit-list representation (and return a new digit list). If you’re ambitious you can implement Karatsuba multiplication. Try different bases. What is the best base if you care about speed? If you couldn’t completely solve the prime number exercise above due to the lack of large numbers in your language, you can now use your own library for this task.
16. Write a function that takes a list of numbers, a starting base b1 and a target base b2 and interprets the list as a number in base b1 and converts it into a number in base b2 (in the form of a list-of-digits).
17. Implement the following sorting algorithms: Selection sort, Insertion sort, Merge sort, Quick sort, Stooge Sort. Check Wikipedia for descriptions.
18. Implement binary search.
19. Write a function that takes a list of strings an prints them, one per line, in a rectangular frame. For example the list ["Hello", "World", "in", "a", "frame"] gets printed as:
*********
* Hello *
* World *
* in *
* a *
* frame *
*********
20. Write function that translates a text to Pig Latin and back. English is translated to Pig Latin by taking the first letter of every word, moving it to the end of the word and adding ‘ay’. “The quick brown fox” becomes “Hetay uickqay rownbay oxfay”.
## Intermediate
1. Write a program that outputs all possibilities to put + or - or nothing between the numbers 1,2,…,9 (in this order) such that the result is 100. For example 1 + 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 + 6 + 78 + 9 = 100.
2. Write a program that takes the duration of a year (in fractional days) for an imaginary planet as an input and produces a leap-year rule that minimizes the difference to the planet’s solar year.
3. Implement a data structure for graphs that allows modification (insertion, deletion). It should be possible to store values at edges and nodes. It might be easiest to use a dictionary of (node, edgelist) to do this.
4. Write a function that generates a DOT representation of a graph.
5. Write a program that automatically generates essays for you.
1. Using a sample text, create a directed (multi-)graph where the words of a text are nodes and there is a directed edge between u and v if u is followed by v in your sample text. Multiple occurrences lead to multiple edges.
2. Do a random walk on this graph: Starting from an arbitrary node choose a random successor. If no successor exists, choose another random node.
6. Write a program that automatically converts English text to Morse code and vice versa.
7. Write a program that finds the longest palindromic substring of a given string. Try to be as efficient as possible!
8. Think of a good interface for a list. What operations do you typically need? You might want to investigate the list interface in your language and in some other popular languages for inspiration.
9. Implement your list interface using a fixed chunk of memory, say an array of size 100. If the user wants to add more stuff to your list than fits in your memory you should produce some kind of error, for example you can throw an exception if your language supports that.
10. Improve your previous implementation such that an arbitrary number of elements can be stored in your list. You can for example allocate bigger and bigger chunks of memory as your list grows, copy the old elements over and release the old storage. You should probably also release this memory eventually if your list shrinks enough not to need it anymore. Think about how much bigger the new chunk of memory should be so that your performance won’t be killed by allocations. Increasing the size by 1 element for example is a bad idea.
11. If you chose your growth right in the previous problem, you typically won’t allocate very often. However, adding to a big list sometimes consumes considerable time. That might be problematic in some applications. Instead try allocating new chunks of memory for new items. So when your list is full and the user wants to add something, allocate a new chunk of 100 elements instead of copying all elements over to a new large chunk. Think about where to do the book-keeping about which chunks you have. Different book keeping strategies can quite dramatically change the performance characteristics of your list.
12. Implement a binary heap. Once using a list as the base data structure and once by implementing a pointer-linked binary tree. Use it for implementing heap-sort.
13. Implement an unbalanced binary search tree.
14. Implement a balanced binary search tree of your choice. I like (a,b)-trees best.
15. Compare the performance of insertion, deletion and search on your unbalanced search tree with your balanced search tree and a sorted list. Think about good input sequences. If you implemented an (a,b)-tree, think about good values of a and b.
1. Given two strings, write a program that efficiently finds the longest common subsequence.
2. Given an array with numbers, write a program that efficiently answers queries of the form: “Which is the nearest larger value for the number at position i?”, where distance is the difference in array indices. For example in the array [1,4,3,2,5,7], the nearest larger value for 4 is 5. After linear time preprocessing you should be able to answer queries in constant time.
3. Given two strings, write a program that outputs the shortest sequence of character insertions and deletions that turn one string into the other.
4. Write a function that multiplies two matrices together. Make it as efficient as you can and compare the performance to a polished linear algebra library for your language. You might want to read about Strassen’s algorithm and the effects CPU caches have. Try out different matrix layouts and see what happens.
5. Implement a van Emde Boas tree. Compare it with your previous search tree implementations.
6. Given a set of d-dimensional rectangular boxes, write a program that computes the volume of their union. Start with 2D and work your way up.
## GUI
• Write a program that displays a bouncing ball.
• Write a Memory game.
• Write a Tetris clone
## Open Ended
1. Write a program that plays Hangman as good as possible. For example you can use a large dictionary like this and select the letter that excludes most words that are still possible solutions. Try to make the program as efficient as possible, i.e. don’t scan the whole dictionary in every turn.
2. Write a program that plays Rock, Paper, Scissors better than random against a human. Try to exploit that humans are very bad at generating random numbers.
3. Write a program that plays Battle Ship against human opponents. It takes coordinates as input and outputs whether that was a hit or not and its own shot’s coordinates.
## Other Collections
Of course I’m not the first person to come up with the idea of having a list like this.
CC-BY-SA Adrian Neumann (PGP Key A0A8BC98)
| 2017-01-16T19:07:21 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.12
|
# §22.12 Expansions in Other Trigonometric Series and Doubly-Infinite Partial Fractions: Eisenstein Series
With $t\in\Complex$ and
22.12.1 $\tau=i\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)/\mathop{K\/}\nolimits\!% \left(k\right),$
22.12.2 $2Kk\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}% \frac{\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau)\right)}=% \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m}}{t-m-(n% +\frac{1}{2})\tau}\right),$
22.12.3 $2iKk\mathop{\mathrm{cn}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty% }\frac{(-1)^{n}\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau)% \right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m% +n}}{t-m-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau}\right),$
22.12.4 $2iK\mathop{\mathrm{dn}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=% -N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\tan\/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t-(n+\frac{1}{2}% )\tau)\right)}=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\left(\lim_{M\to\infty}% \sum_{m=-M}^{M}\frac{1}{t-m-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau}\right).$
The double sums in (22.12.2)–(22.12.4) are convergent but not absolutely convergent, hence the order of the summations is important. Compare §20.5(iii).
22.12.5 $\displaystyle 2Kk\mathop{\mathrm{cd}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}% \left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m}}{t+\frac{1}{2}-m-(n+\frac{1}{2})% \tau}\right),$ 22.12.6 $\displaystyle-2iKkk^{\prime}\mathop{\mathrm{sd}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n}\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-% \infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m+n}}{t+\frac{1}{2}% -m-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau}\right),$ 22.12.7 $\displaystyle 2iKk^{\prime}\mathop{\mathrm{nd}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\tan% \/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau)\right)}$ $\displaystyle=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\lim_{M\to\infty}\left(% \sum_{m=-M}^{M}\frac{1}{t+\frac{1}{2}-m-(n+\frac{1}{2})\tau}\right),$ 22.12.8 $\displaystyle 2K\mathop{\mathrm{dc}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-n\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=% -\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m}}{t+\frac{1}{2}-m-n\tau}\right),$ 22.12.9 $\displaystyle 2Kk^{\prime}\mathop{\mathrm{nc}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n}\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-n\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}% \left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m+n}}{t+\frac{1}{2}-m-n\tau}\right),$ 22.12.10 $\displaystyle-2Kk^{\prime}\mathop{\mathrm{sc}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\tan% \/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t+\frac{1}{2}-n\tau)\right)}=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=% -N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\left(\lim_{M\to\infty}\sum_{m=-M}^{M}\frac{1}{t+\frac{1}{2}-m-% n\tau}\right),$ 22.12.11 $\displaystyle 2K\mathop{\mathrm{ns}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\pi(t-n\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=-\infty}^{% \infty}\frac{(-1)^{m}}{t-m-n\tau}\right),$ 22.12.12 $\displaystyle 2K\mathop{\mathrm{ds}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n}\pi}{\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\pi(t-n\tau)\right)}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\left(\sum_{m=-% \infty}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{m+n}}{t-m-n\tau}\right),$ 22.12.13 $\displaystyle 2K\mathop{\mathrm{cs}\/}\nolimits\left(2Kt,k\right)$ $\displaystyle=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^{n}\frac{\pi}{\mathop{\tan% \/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi(t-n\tau)\right)}=\lim_{N\to\infty}\sum_{n=-N}^{N}(-1)^% {n}\left(\lim_{M\to\infty}\sum_{m=-M}^{M}\frac{1}{t-m-n\tau}\right).$
| 2015-10-07T10:06:34 |
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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj08/20080625.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, June 25, 2008
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
Pursuant to the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die Resolution, the Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
As the prophet, Hosea, urges: " 'Come, let us return to the Lord'."
(Hosea 6:1)
Please join me as we bow in prayer, friends:
Gracious God, we thank You for being there with us in all the moments of our life: when we find time to relax and unwind, when we discover the world as we experience it to be unraveling around us, when we gather together to carry out Your work. You are always there, calling us back to serve You faithfully and well. Today these Senators and their staff members have themselves returned to this Chamber, O Lord, to attend to particular tasks that remain for them. Guide these leaders as they strive to determine Your will in the matters before them, doing so for the benefit of all of the citizens of this State we love. In Your name we pray, dear Lord.
Amen.
RATIFICATION OF ACTS
Pursuant to the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die Resolution, an invitation was extended to the Honorable Speaker and House of Representatives to appear in the Senate Chamber on June 10, 2008, at 3:30 P.M. and the following Acts and Joint Resolution were ratified:
(R400, S. 96 (Word version)) -- Senators Sheheen and Fair: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 61-6-4155 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON TO USE, OFFER FOR USE, PURCHASE, OFFER TO PURCHASE, SELL, OFFER TO SELL, OR POSSESS AN ALCOHOL WITHOUT LIQUID DEVICE AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES AND EXCEPTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, SO AS TO AMEND THE DEFINITION OF "BONA FIDE ENGAGED PRIMARILY AND SUBSTANTIALLY IN THE PREPARATION AND SERVING OF MEALS"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-1610, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SALE AND CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS BY THE DRINK IN FOOD-SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS OR PLACES OF LODGING, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "KITCHEN", "MEAL", AND "PRIMARILY" FOR PURPOSES OF THE SECTION.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\96AHB08.DOC
(R401, S. 181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY MANAGERS OF THE COUNTY, MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATORS, OR THEIR EQUIVALENT AS PERSONS WHO THE STATE MUST CONSENT TO HOUSE AS AN INMATE IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-27, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL REGIONAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION TO ASSIGN WORK OR DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM WORK IN A FACILITY IS IN THE SOLE DISCRETION OF THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE FACILITY AND MAY NOT BE CHALLENGED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-30, RELATING TO DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO REVISE THE LIST OF PERSONS FROM WHICH THE STATE MUST OBTAIN CONSENT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE PLACED IN A FACILITY MAINTAINED BY A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-40, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF A PRISONER'S WAGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS THAT APPLY FOR THE DISPOSITION OF WAGES OF PRISONERS HOUSED IN STATE FACILITIES APPLY TO PRISONERS BASED IN LOCAL FACILITIES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-50, RELATING TO THE PENALTY FOR A PRISONER WHO FAILS TO REMAIN WITHIN THE EXTENDED LIMITS OF HIS CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO A PRISONER CONFINED IN A LOCAL FACILITY, AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-60, RELATING TO THE CLERKS OF COURT PROVIDING NOTICE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-70, RELATING TO ALLOWABLE EXPENSES INCURRED FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF CONVICTS TO THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-80, RELATING TO THE DETENTION OF A PRISONER BY COMMITMENT AUTHORIZED BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-81, RELATING TO CONJUGAL VISITS WITHIN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO PRISONER IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM OR WHO IS BEING DETAINED IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY IS PERMITTED TO HAVE CONJUGAL VISITS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-130, RELATING TO THE USE OF INMATE LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-131, RELATING TO THE SUPERVISION OF INMATES USED ON PUBLIC PROJECTS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-140, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICT LABOR AT THE STATE HOUSE, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-160, RELATING TO THE COST OF MAINTAINING CONVICTS BY STATE INSTITUTIONS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS" AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-170, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICTS BY CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERMS "FEE" FOR THE TERM "HIRE", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "EMPLOYEES" FOR THE TERM "GUARDS", AND "PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-180, RELATING TO THE PROVISION OF TRANSPORTATION AND CLOTHING FOR CONVICTS WHO HAVE BEEN DISCHARGED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT" AND THE TERM "STATE PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-190, RELATING TO APPROPRIATION OF CLOSE OF THE YEAR BALANCES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DEPARTMENT" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-310, RELATING TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S INTENT FOR ESTABLISHING A PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISONERS" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT", AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-320, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS AND EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PRISON INDUSTRIES, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO DELETE THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-330, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-340, RELATING TO THE STATE'S PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS THAT ARE NOT PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-37-370, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-400, RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES ACCOUNT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-420, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-520, RELATING TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF A PERSON SENTENCED TO DEATH, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION AND PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CUSTODY OF THE INMATE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER HIM TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-540, RELATING TO THE DEATH CHAMBER AND THE TRANSPORTING OF A PERSON TO A PLACE TO BE ELECTROCUTED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-550, RELATING TO WITNESSES THAT MAY BE PRESENT DURING AN EXECUTION, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-560, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF THE EXECUTION OF A PERSON, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-570, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE BODY OF A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN EXECUTED, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-710, RELATING TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE MISCONDUCT THAT OCCURS IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM'S AUTHORITY TO INVESTIGATE MISCONDUCT IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM IS THE SAME AUTHORITY THAT AN OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF A LOCAL FACILITY MAY EXERCISE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-720, RELATING TO ENLISTING THE AID OF CITIZENS TO SUPPRESS PRISON RIOTS AND DISORDERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-740, RELATING TO THE COMPENSATION OF A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-750, RELATING TO PROVIDING IMMUNITY TO A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IN SUPPRESSING DISORDER, RIOT, OR INSURRECTION, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-760, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE KEEPER WHEN THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS ABSENT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-920, RELATING TO REWARDS FOR THE CAPTURE OF AN ESCAPED CONVICT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-930, RELATING TO EXEMPTING CERTAIN PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE PENITENTIARY FROM SERVING ON JURIES AND MILITARY OR STREET DUTY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-940, RELATING TO PROHIBITING PRISONERS FROM GAMBLING, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-951, RELATING TO THE POSSESSION OR USE OF MONEY BY PRISONERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-965, RELATING TO THE TRIAL OF CERTAIN OFFENSES RELATED TO CONTRABAND IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO REGIONAL DETENTION FACILITIES AND PRISON CAMPS, AND TO DEFINE THE TERM "CONTRABAND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-10, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S RESPONSIBILITIES AS THE CUSTODIAN OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-12, RELATING TO COUNTIES ASSUMING CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO THE CUSTODY OF COUNTY JAILS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A COUNTY CAN DEVOLVE ITS POWER TO OPERATE A JAIL TO A SHERIFF; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-20, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF A JAILER, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS A SHERIFF WHO DOES NOT LIVE IN A JAIL TO APPOINT A JAILER, TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF WHO HAS CONTROL OF A JAIL SHALL APPOINT A FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CONTROL AND CUSTODY OF THE JAIL UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE SHERIFF, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IN CASES WHERE THE SHERIFF DOES NOT CONTROL THE JAIL, THE COUNTY'S GOVERNING BODY SHALL APPOINT THE FACILITY MANAGER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-50, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S KEEPING OF PRISONERS COMMITTED BY A CORONER, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGERS" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-60, RELATING TO SHERIFFS AND JAILERS KEEPING PRISONERS COMMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "GOVERNING BODIES" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF OR FACILITY MANAGER MAY CHARGE A FEE FOR KEEPING THESE PRISONERS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-80, RELATING TO PROVIDING BLANKETS AND BEDDING TO PRISONERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE ITEMS THAT A PRISONER MUST BE FURNISHED TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENT FOOD, WATER, CLOTHING, HYGIENE PRODUCTS, BEDDING, AND SHELTER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-90, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-110, RELATING TO THE RETURN TO COURT BY A SHERIFF OF THE NAMES OF PRISONERS WHO ARE CONFINED ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE TERM OF GENERAL SESSIONS COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS SATISFIES THIS REQUIREMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-120, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S ANNUAL REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-170, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM A JAIL THAT MAY BE DESTROYED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION ALSO APPLIES TO A JAIL THAT IS RENDERED UNINHABITABLE, AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURES TO TRANSFER THESE PRISONERS TO ANOTHER FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-5-300, 24-5-310, 24-5-320, 24-5-330, 24-5-350, 24-5-360, 24-5-370, 24-5-380, AND 24-5-390, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, THE APPOINTMENT, TRAINING, PHYSICAL COMPETENCE, DUTIES, IDENTIFICATION CARDS, UNIFORMS, AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS FOR RESERVE DETENTION OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-60, RELATING TO THE CARE OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO LABOR ON A COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "GENERAL FUND" FOR THE TERM "ROAD FUND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-110, RELATING TO THE HEALTH OF CONVICTS IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "MEDICAL PERSONNEL" FOR THE TERM "PHYSICIAN", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "COUNTY JAIL, DETENTION FACILITY, PRISON CAMP, OR OTHER LOCAL FACILITIES" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANG", AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE TO PROVIDE AND PAY FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR INMATES IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-120, RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF CONVICTS BY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION TO ALLOW A MUNICIPALITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS TO HOUSE THEIR PRISONERS IN COUNTY FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-155, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION OF CONTRABAND IN A COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL PRISON, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL FACILITIES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FACILITY", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MAY DESIGNATE ADDITIONAL ITEMS OF CONTRABAND THAT ARE PROHIBITED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-30, RELATING TO MINIMUM STANDARDS THAT MUST BE MET BY FACILITIES THAT HOUSE PRISONERS OR PRETRIAL DETAINEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A COPY OF CERTAIN REPORTS BE SENT TO CERTAIN JUDGES OF THE JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN WHICH THE FACILITY IS LOCATED, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-35, RELATING TO REPORTS OF DEATHS OF INCARCERATED PERSONS, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-40, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PLANS BEFORE A CONFINEMENT FACILITY IS CONSTRUCTED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO THE RENOVATION OF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-10, 24-13-20, 24-13-30, 24-13-40, 24-13-50, 24-13-80, 24-13-125, 24-13-150, 24-13-210, 24-13-230, 24-13-235, 24-13-260, 24-13-410, 24-13-420, 24-13-430, 24-13-440, 24-13-450, 24-13-460, 24-13-470, 24-13-640, 24-13-660, 24-13-910, 24-13-915, 24-13-940, AND 24-13-1540, ALL RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF PRISONERS, THE REDUCTION IN A PRISONER'S SENTENCE, PRISONER OFFENSES, THE PRISON WORK RELEASE PROGRAM, FURLOUGHS, THE SHOCK INCARCERATION PROGRAM, AND THE HOME DETENTION PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "LOCAL DETENTION PROGRAM" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANGS", SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "PRISONERS", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "OFFICIAL", TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY", TO REVISE THE TYPE AND COST OF MEDICAL SERVICES THAT MAY BE PAID FROM AN INMATE'S ACCOUNT, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PRISONER TO ESCAPE FROM CUSTODY OR TO POSSESS ITEMS THAT MAY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE, AND TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "LOCAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY"; TO AMEND SECTION 16-7-140, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING PROVISIONS THAT PROHIBIT THE WEARING OF MASKS AND PLACING A BURNING CROSS ON A PROPERTY WITHOUT ITS OWNER'S PERMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-1350, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR A PERSON'S FAILURE TO OBEY CERTAIN ORDERS OF A COURT AND STATUTES RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE OF LAW, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY" FOR THE TERM "CORRECTIONAL FACILITY", AND TO DELETE A PROVISION THAT PLACES RESTRICTIONS ON WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN A WORK/PUNISHMENT PROGRAM; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 24-3-150, 24-3-200, 24-5-30, 24-5-70, 24-5-100, 24-5-140, 24-5-150, 24-5-160, 24-7-70, 24-7-80, 24-7-130, 24-7-140, AND 24-7-150 RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF CONVICTS TO A COUNTY CHAIN GANG, THE TRANSFER OF A PRISONER TO A COUNTY OTHER THAN THE COUNTY WHERE HE WAS SENTENCED, THE APPOINTMENT OF A JAILER BY A SHERIFF, THE USE OF FEDERAL PRISONERS BY A COUNTY, A SHERIFF'S IMPRESSING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF GUARDS TO SECURE A PRISONER WHO IS ACCUSED OF A CAPITAL OFFENSE, THE HOUSING OF FEMALE CONVICTS, THE CONFINEMENT OF PERSONS CHARGED WITH A CRIME IN A PRISON LOCATED IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY, THE DIETING AND CLOTHING AND MAINTENANCE OF CERTAIN PRISONERS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, AND THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSITION OF MONEY BY A COUNTY FOR THE HIRING OF CONVICTS; BY ADDING CHAPTER 5 TO TITLE 24 SO AS TO ENACT THE LOCAL DETENTION FACILITY MUTUAL AID AND ASSISTANCE ACT TO ALLOW LOCAL DETENTION FACILITIES TO ASSIST EACH OTHER IN PROVIDING SAFE AND SECURE HOUSING OF INMATES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-560, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM, SO AS TO REUSE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF TIME A PRISONER MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE INCARCERATED WHEN SENTENCED FOR SUCCESSIVE COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM REVOCATIONS; AND BY ADDING SECTION 16-17-685 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO PURCHASE STOLEN MONUMENTS, VASES, OR MARKERS THAT COMMEMORATE DECEASED INDIVIDUALS AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\181CM08.DOC
(R402, S. 530 (Word version)) -- Senator Leatherman: AN ACT TO ENACT THE BUDGET PROVISO CODIFICATION ACT OF 2008, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE CODIFICATION IN THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, OF CERTAIN PROVISOS CONTAINED IN THE ANNUAL GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT, AND CODIFY OTHER RELATED PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO THE ANNUAL GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT, INCLUDING PROVISIONS BY ADDING SECTION 8-11-193 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE HIGHER EDUCATION FURLOUGH PROGRAMS IN YEARS OF BUDGET CUTS OR ACROSS THE BOARD REDUCTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-104-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION, BY REGULATION, SHALL DEFINE ALTERNATIVE QUALIFICATIONS FOR AN EXCEPTIONALLY GIFTED STUDENT WHO IS A RESIDENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND IS ACCEPTED INTO AN INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING WITHOUT HAVING ATTENDED OR GRADUATED FROM HIGH SCHOOL; TO AMEND SECTION 59-143-10, RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S EDUCATION ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ANY UNSPENT BALANCE IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS ALLOCATION OF THE CHILDREN'S EDUCATION ENDOWMENT FUND MAY BE MADE AVAILABLE FOR NEED-BASED GRANTS AND PALMETTO FELLOWS SCHOLARSHIPS; BY ADDING SECTION 59-111-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF A MID-YEAR BUDGET REDUCTION IS IMPOSED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OR THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE LIFE SCHOLARSHIP, NEED-BASED GRANTS, AND THE PALMETTO FELLOWS SCHOLARSHIP ARE EXEMPT; TO AMEND SECTION 59-112-70, RELATING TO THE WAIVER OR ABATEMENT OF OUT-OF-STATE TUITION AND FEES, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE WAIVER OF NONRESIDENT TUITION AND FEES FOR CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-112-20, RELATING TO HIGHER EDUCATION TUITION AND FEES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR IN-STATE RATES FOR CERTAIN GEORGIA RESIDENTS UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS; BY ADDING SECTION 59-112-120 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT TECHNICAL COLLEGES MAY OFFER IN-STATE RATES TO RESIDENTS OF BORDERING NORTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA COMMUNITIES IF A RECIPROCAL AGREEMENT IS IN EFFECT WITH THE TWO-YEAR COLLEGES IN THESE NEIGHBORING REGIONS OR WHEN STUDENTS FROM THESE OUT-OF-STATE COMMUNITIES ARE EMPLOYED BY SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYERS WHO PAY SOUTH CAROLINA TAXES; BY ADDING SECTION 59-112-130 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING WITH A LAW SCHOOL MAY OFFER FEE WAIVERS TO NO MORE THAN FOUR PERCENT OF THE LAW SCHOOL STUDENT BODY; TO AMEND SECTION 59-26-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, SO AS TO ADD ADDITIONAL CRITERIA IN DEFINING "CRITICAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS" FOR THE CANCELLATION OF STUDENT LOANS AND ACCRUED INTEREST FOR PERSONS RECEIVING SUCH LOANS TO BECOME CERTIFIED TEACHERS IN AREAS OF CRITICAL NEED; BY ADDING SECTION 59-18-1130 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF CERTAIN FUNDS APPROPRIATED FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATORS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-18-710, RELATING TO THE STATE ACCREDITATION SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE STATE'S ACCREDITATION SYSTEM TO THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 59-18-930, RELATING TO SCHOOL AND SCHOOL DISTRICT REPORT CARDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THESE REPORT CARDS; BY ADDING SECTION 59-18-950 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE EDUCATION OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE MAY BASE RATINGS FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND HIGH SCHOOLS ON CRITERIA THAT INCLUDE GRADUATION RATES, EXIT EXAMINATION PERFORMANCE, AND OTHER CRITERIA IDENTIFIED BY TECHNICAL EXPERTS AND APPROPRIATE GROUPS OF EDUCATORS AND WORKFORCE ADVOCATES; BY ADDING SECTION 59-113-47 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT HIGHER EDUCATION TUITION GRANT FUNDS ARE EXEMPT FROM MID-YEAR BUDGET REDUCTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-123-115, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA AREA HEALTH EDUCATION CONSORTIUM, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE USE AND EXPENDITURE OF FUNDING FOR THE STATEWIDE FAMILY PRACTICE RESIDENCY SYSTEM; TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-86, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SUBSTITUTION OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MEDICAID RECIPIENT WHOSE PRESCRIPTION IS REIMBURSED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA MEDICAID PROGRAM IS DEEMED TO HAVE CONSENTED TO THE SUBSTITUTION OF A LESS COSTLY EQUIVALENT GENERIC DRUG PRODUCT; BY ADDING SECTION 44-6-725 SO AS TO MAKE A PROMISSORY NOTE RECEIVED BY A MEDICAID APPLICANT, RECIPIENT, OR HIS SPOUSE IN EXCHANGE FOR ASSETS WHICH IF RETAINED BY THE APPLICANT, RECIPIENT, OR HIS SPOUSE WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICANT OR RECIPIENT TO BE INELIGIBLE FOR MEDICAID BENEFITS, FOR MEDICAID ELIGIBILITY PURPOSES, SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE FULLY NEGOTIABLE UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS STATE UNLESS IT CONTAINS LANGUAGE PLAINLY STATING THAT IT IS NOT TRANSFERABLE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES; BY ADDING ARTICLE 8 TO CHAPTER 6, TITLE 44 SO AS TO ESTABLISH WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES A MEDICAID PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE AND PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERSHIP, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES; TO REENACT SECTION 44-1-215 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MAY RETAIN CERTAIN FUNDS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-570, RELATING TO THE MONITORING AND REGULATION OF AGREEMENTS UNDER THE HEALTH CARE COOPERATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE FEE THE DEPARTMENT IS AUTHORIZED TO CHARGE EXTENDS TO CERTIFICATES OF PUBLIC ADVANTAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 44-1-300 SO AS TO PROHIBIT THE DEPARTMENT FROM USING CERTAIN APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENFORCEMENT WHICH WOULD PROHIBIT A CHURCH OR CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION FROM PREPARING AND SERVING FOOD TO THE PUBLIC ON THEIR OWN PREMISES AT NOT MORE THAN ONE FUNCTION A MONTH OR NOT MORE THAN TWELVE FUNCTIONS A YEAR; TO AMEND SECTION 44-56-160, RELATING TO THE HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTINGENCY FUND, SO AS TO REVISE THE USE OF INTEREST ACCRUING IN THE FUND; TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-2440, RELATING TO HOSPITAL INFECTIONS DISCLOSURE ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY PHASE-IN CERTAIN REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ACT; BY ADDING SECTION 44-56-215 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH FEES SHALL BE ASSESSED AGAINST HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-26-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO THE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT PROPERTY OF THE PATRIOTS POINT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY ALSO IS EXEMPT FROM THESE PROVISIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 46-21-40, RELATING TO LICENSES TO HANDLE SEEDS, SO AS TO REVISE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE FEES FOR THESE LICENSES ARE DETERMINED; BY ADDING SECTION 46-3-270 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY WAIVE THE REMITTANCE OF INDIRECT COST RECOVERIES FOR THE SPECIALTY CROP GRANT SUPPORTED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THROUGH THE COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION; TO AMEND SECTION 39-9-68, RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONSUMER SERVICES DIVISION IN REGARD TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SHALL CHARGE A FEE OF FORTY-FIVE DOLLARS AN HOUR BASED ON A FEE SCHEDULE FOR ALL CALIBRATIONS PERFORMED FOR PRIVATE SECTOR ENTITIES BY THE METROLOGY LABORATORY; BY ADDING SECTION 46-40-100 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY RETAIN AND EXPEND ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS OF THE INTEREST FROM THE GRAIN HANDLERS GUARANTY FUND TO COVER THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ADMINISTERING THE PROGRAM; BY ADDING SECTION 50-9-515 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ANY MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES WHO IS A RESIDENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATIONED OUTSIDE OF THE STATE, UPON PRESENTATION OF HIS OFFICIAL FURLOUGH OR LEAVE PAPERS, SHALL BE ALLOWED TO FISH AND HUNT WITHOUT PURCHASING A FISHING OR HUNTING LICENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 50-9-510, RELATING TO HUNTING AND FISHING LICENSES AUTHORIZED FOR SALE, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE FOR CERTAIN LICENSES; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-4510, RELATING TO SPECIAL COMMEMORATIVE LICENSE PLATES FOR THE "NONGAME WILDLIFE AND NATURAL AREAS FUND", SO AS TO REVISE THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS PERTAINING TO THE ISSUANCE OF THESE PLATES; BY ADDING SECTION 51-3-65 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM SHALL MAINTAIN THE FEE STRUCTURE FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE STATE PARK SYSTEM INCLUDING DISCOUNTS WHICH MAY BE OFFERED; BY ADDING SECTION 1-7-160 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY OF STATE GOVERNMENT MAY NOT HIRE A CLASSIFIED OR TEMPORARY ATTORNEY AS AN EMPLOYEE EXCEPT UPON THE WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND AT COMPENSATION APPROVED BY HIM; BY ADDING SECTION 1-7-170 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY OF STATE GOVERNMENT MAY NOT ENGAGE ON A FEE BASIS AN ATTORNEY AT LAW EXCEPT UPON THE WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND UPON A FEE AS MUST BE APPROVED BY HIM; BY ADDING SECTION 1-7-85 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL MAY OBTAIN REIMBURSEMENT FOR ITS COSTS IN REPRESENTING THE STATE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND IN REPRESENTING THE STATE AND ITS OFFICERS AND AGENCIES IN CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS; BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-217 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE OR A PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE STATE IS NOT REQUIRED TO PAY FILING FEES IN PROCEEDINGS BROUGHT PURSUANT TO THE SEXUALLY VIOLENT PREDATOR ACT; TO DESIGNATE SECTIONS 17-22-10 THROUGH 17-22-170 OF THE 1976 CODE AS THE "PRETRIAL INTERVENTION PROGRAM"; BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO CHAPTER 22 OF TITLE 17 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE CIRCUIT SOLICITORS TO ESTABLISH A WORTHLESS CHECK UNIT AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE OPERATION OF THE UNIT; BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-213 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IN ADDITION TO ALL OTHER ASSESSMENTS AND SURCHARGES REQUIRED TO BE IMPOSED BY LAW, A ONE HUNDRED DOLLAR SURCHARGE IS ALSO LEVIED ON ALL FINES, FORFEITURES, ESCHEATMENTS, OR OTHER MONETARY PENALTIES IMPOSED IN GENERAL SESSIONS COURT OR IN MAGISTRATES OR MUNICIPAL COURT FOR MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY DRUG OFFENSES AND TO PROVIDE THAT THESE SURCHARGES SHALL BE USED TO ESTABLISH DRUG TREATMENT COURT PROGRAMS; TO AMEND SECTION 23-6-50, RELATING TO AUDITS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE THESE AUDITS AND THE USE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CERTAIN REVENUE; BY ADDING SECTIONS 23-6-185, 23-6-187, 23-6-191, 23-6-193, AND 23-6-195 ALL SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR VARIOUS FUNDING AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-1140, RELATING TO SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE ALLOWANCE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-19-420, RELATING TO THE USE OF A CERTAIN PORTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CERTIFICATE OF TITLE FEES, SO AS TO REVISE THE USES; BY ADDING SECTION 23-6-190 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL MONIES COLLECTED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY BUILDING FUND ABOVE A SPECIFIED LIMIT MUST BE UTILIZED BY THE DEPARTMENT TO SUPPORT THE HIGHWAY PATROL; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-840, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND LICENSING DELINQUENCY FEES, SO AS TO REVISE THE USE OF A CERTAIN PORTION OF THESE FUNDS; BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-550 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MAY COLLECT A FEE NOT TO EXCEED TWENTY DOLLARS PER DOCUMENT TO EXPEDITE A REQUEST FOR COPIES OF DOCUMENTS AND RECORDS IT MAINTAINS AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THESE FUNDS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1290, RELATING TO FEES TO TRANSFER A LICENSE PLATE, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FEE AND FURTHER PROVIDE FOR ITS USE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-620, RELATING TO REGISTRATION FEES FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS AND OTHER REGISTRATION FEES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ANNUAL LICENSE PLATE VALIDATION STICKERS WHICH ARE ISSUED FOR NONPERMANENT LICENSE PLATES ON CERTIFIED SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC LAW ENFORCEMENT VEHICLES MUST BE ISSUED WITHOUT CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-2080, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS FOR A DRIVER'S LICENSE, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE FEES FOR A COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-200, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FEES FOR A DUPLICATE DRIVER'S LICENSE IF ONE IS LOST OR DESTROYED, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FEE AND FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THE REVENUE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-2010, RELATING TO PRIVATE PASSENGER AND PERSONALIZED LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE EXPIRATION DATE FOR CERTAIN PERSONALIZED PLATES; BY ADDING 24-1-252 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO RETAIN PROCEEDS FROM THE SALE OF SURPLUS PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY ITS FARM PROGRAM AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THESE FUNDS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-920, RELATING TO REWARDS FOR THE CAPTURE OF ESCAPED CONVICTS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF THE AWARD AND HOW FUNDS TO SUPPORT THESE AWARDS MAY BE GENERATED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-1-250, RELATING TO THE SALE OF TIMBER BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS FROM ITS LANDS, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE PROCEDURES FOR SUCH SALES, THE USE OF THE PROCEEDS, AND FOR HORTICULTURAL PRODUCT SALES BY THE DEPARTMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 24-3-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE DEDUCTIONS FROM WAGES OF PRISONERS ENGAGED IN WORK AT PAID EMPLOYMENT IN THE COMMUNITY, AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE DEDUCTIONS MUST BE USED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-1-110, RELATING TO EMPLOYMENT WITHIN THE PRISON SYSTEM BY THE DIRECTOR, SO AS TO PERMIT THE DIRECTOR TO EXTEND CERTAIN SERVICES AT NO COST OR REDUCED COST TO CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS PAID FOR WITH NONAPPROPRIATED FUNDS FOR THE PURPOSE OF RETENTION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-480, RELATING TO THE RESTITUTION CENTER PROGRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT PAID BY THE OFFENDER FOR HOUSING AND FOOD PER DAY; BY ADDING SECTION 24-21-87 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE OFFENDERS A FEE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF MILES AND LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO PERFORM AN EXTRADITION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-960, RELATING TO PARDONS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PARDON APPLICATION FEE; TO AMEND SECTION 37-16-30, RELATING TO PREPAID LEGAL SERVICES SOLICITATIONS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FEE FOR THE REQUIRED FILINGS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS; TO AMEND SECTION 37-2-305, RELATING TO A CREDITOR'S MAXIMUM RATE SCHEDULE FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT PERTAINING TO CREDIT SALES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FILING FEE AND PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF A PORTION OF THE FUNDS GENERATED; TO AMEND SECTION 37-3-305, RELATING TO A CREDITOR'S MAXIMUM RATE SCHEDULE FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT PERTAINING TO CONSUMER LOANS SO AS TO INCREASE THE FILING FEE AND PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF A PORTION OF THE FUNDS GENERATED; TO AMEND SECTION 37-6-203, RELATING TO CERTAIN NOTIFICATIONS REQUIRED TO BE FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT BY PERSONS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED CONSUMER ACTIVITIES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE ANNUAL FEE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF A PORTION OF THE FUNDS GENERATED; BY ADDING SECTION 40-7-285 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON LICENSED AS A COSMETOLOGIST, ESTHETICIAN, OR MANICURIST MAY PRACTICE, WITHIN THE SCOPE AUTHORIZED BY THE PERSON'S LICENSE, IN A BARBERSHOP; BY ADDING SECTION 23-10-20 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION IS AUTHORIZED TO PURCHASE AND ISSUE CLOTHING TO THE STAFF OF THE STATE FIRE ACADEMY; BY ADDING SECTION 1-23-670 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EACH REQUEST FOR A CONTESTED CASE HEARING, NOTICE OF APPEAL, OR REQUEST FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY A FILING FEE EQUAL TO THAT CHARGED IN CIRCUIT COURT FOR FILING A SUMMONS AND COMPLAINT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THE FUNDS RECEIVED; BY ADDING SECTION 1-23-680 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT IS NOT REQUIRED TO REIMBURSE THE SOUTH CAROLINA LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL FOR THE COST OF THE CODE OF LAWS, CODE SUPPLEMENTS, OR CODE REPLACEMENT VOLUMES DISTRIBUTED TO THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-115, RELATING TO CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCHES BY THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FEE AND PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THE REVENUE COLLECTED, AND TO PROVIDE A REDUCED FEE FOR SEARCHES CONDUCTED FOR A CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION; BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-55 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL REVENUE GENERATED BY THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION FROM THE SALE OF VEHICLES, VARIOUS EQUIPMENT, AND GASOLINE, AND INSURANCE CLAIMS DURING THE PRIOR FISCAL YEAR MAY BE RETAINED, CARRIED FORWARD, AND EXPENDED FOR THE PURPOSE OF PURCHASING LIKE ITEMS; TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-216, RELATING TO CONCEALABLE WEAPON APPLICATIONS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE SLED TO EXPEND FEES ASSOCIATED WITH CONCEALED WEAPON APPLICATIONS; BY ADDING SECTION 1-11-495 SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD IN REGARD TO OPERATING DEFICITS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-11-165, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO AGENCY HEADS AND THE AGENCY HEAD SALARY COMMISSION, SO AS TO EXEMPT EMPLOYEES OF HIGHER EDUCATION TECHNICAL COLLEGES, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES FROM CERTAIN SALARY RANGE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COMMISSION; TO AMEND SECTION 8-7-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO LEAVE OF PUBLIC OFFICERS IN THE NATIONAL GUARD OR RESERVES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A STATE EMPLOYEE IN A FULL TIME POSITION WHO SERVES ON ACTIVE DUTY IN A COMBAT ZONE AND WHO HAS EXHAUSTED ALL AVAILABLE LEAVE FOR MILITARY PURPOSES IS ENTITLED TO RECEIVE UP TO THIRTY ADDITIONAL DAYS OF MILITARY LEAVE IN ANY ONE YEAR; BY ADDING SECTION 8-1-155 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF A VACANCY OCCURS IN A STATE AGENCY, OTHER THAN AN INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING, OR IF AN AGENCY ACTS TO FILL A NEW POSITION, THE AGENCY SHALL GIVE PREFERENCE TO A RESIDENT OF THIS STATE, IF THE APPLICANTS ARE EQUALLY QUALIFIED FOR THE VACANCY OR NEW POSITION; BY ADDING SECTION 1-11-497 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD OR THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MANDATES AN ACROSS-THE-BOARD REDUCTION, STATE AGENCIES ARE ENCOURAGED TO REDUCE GENERAL OPERATING EXPENSES BEFORE REDUCTIONS ARE MADE TO PROGRAMS, SPECIAL LINE ITEMS, OR LOCAL PROVIDER SERVICES CRITICAL TO AN AGENCY'S MISSION; BY ADDING SECTION 1-1-1610 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN ADMINISTRATIVE STATE AGENCY PERFORMING ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS WITHIN THIS STATE MAY MAKE USE OF EXISTING VIDEO CONFERENCING CAPABILITIES AND TO REQUIRE EVIDENCE THAT A COST SAVINGS WILL BE RECOGNIZED BY USING VIDEO CONFERENCING, AS OPPOSED TO HOLDING AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING WHERE ALL PARTIES MUST BE IN ATTENDANCE AT ONE PARTICULAR LOCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 8-21-320, RELATING TO MOTION FEES IN THE CIRCUIT AND FAMILY COURTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THE REVENUES GENERATED FROM THESE FEES; BY ADDING SECTION 8-17-375 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES WHOSE APPOINTMENT OR EMPLOYMENT IS SUBJECT TO SENATE CONFIRMATION MAY NOT BE REASSIGNED, TERMINATED, OR HAVE THEIR COMPENSATION REDUCED, EXCEPT BY MAJORITY VOTE OF THEIR GOVERNING BOARD AND APPROVAL BY THE SENATE UPON ADVICE AND CONSENT PRIOR TO THE ACTION BEING TAKEN OR AN INTERIM APPOINTMENT BEING MADE; BY ADDING SECTION 1-11-725 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD'S EXPERIENCE RATING OF ALL LOCAL DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS PROVIDERS MUST BE RATED AS A SINGLE GROUP WHEN RATING ALL OPTIONAL GROUPS PARTICIPATING IN THE STATE EMPLOYEE HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-388 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE MAY CHARGE PARTICIPANTS A FEE TO COVER THE COST OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE PARTICIPANTS IN TAXPAYER EDUCATION AND INFORMATION PROGRAMS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY IMPOSE A SIXTY DOLLAR FEE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF EACH CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE AND A THIRTY-FIVE DOLLAR FEE FOR EACH INFORMAL NONBINDING LETTER CONCERNING ELIGIBILITY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE CREDITS AGAINST THE LICENSE TAX, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY IMPOSE A FORTY-FIVE DOLLAR FEE FOR ENTERING INTO INSTALLMENT AGREEMENTS FOR THE PAYMENT OF TAX LIABILITIES TO DEFRAY ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-377 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE SHALL MAINTAIN ADEQUATE RECORDS ACCOUNTING FOR THE RECEIPT OF FUNDS FROM THE SALE OF CONFISCATED ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE USE OF THE REVENUE GENERATED FROM THESE SALES; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-379 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE MAY INCUR AND PAY THE EXPENSE OF CERTAIN REQUIRED FEES FOR THE FEDERAL REFUND OFFSET PROGRAM; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-393 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CONTRACT WITH PRIVATE ENTITIES TO ESTABLISH DATA MINING AND DATA WAREHOUSING CAPABILITIES WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT TO ENHANCE COMPLIANCE AND COLLECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-2010, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO TEMPORARY ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR PERMITS UPON A REFERENDUM VOTE SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT TEMPORARY PERMITS ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION MAY BE ISSUED IN ALL PARTS OF A MUNICIPALITY IF ANY PART OF THE MUNICIPALITY IS LOCATED IN A COUNTY WHERE THE ISSUANCE OF THESE PERMITS IS ALLOWED; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-375 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE MAY RETAIN AND EXPEND CERTAIN FUNDS IN EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM ITS BANKRUPTCY OPERATIONS TO DEFRAY ITS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, INCLUDING STAFF; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3930 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO INTEREST, PENALTIES, OR OTHER SANCTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED ON THE ACTIVE DUTY INCOME OF MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVES ACTIVATED AS A RESULT OF THE CONFLICT IN IRAQ AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM WITH REGARD TO UNDERPAYMENT OF STATE ESTIMATED INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX PAYMENTS OF THE ACTIVE DUTY INCOME IF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS UNABLE TO WITHHOLD STATE INCOME TAXES DUE ON SUCH PAY; BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-387 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL USE AVAILABLE PERSONNEL TO CONDUCT AUDITS INVOLVING ALL TAXES TO PROMOTE VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE AND TO COLLECT REVENUES FOR THE STATE; BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-120 SO AS TO ALLOW THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION TO CHARGE A TEN DOLLAR FEE TO OFFSET THE COSTS OF PROGRAMS AND RELATED EXPENSES; BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-130 SO AS TO ALLOW THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION TO LEVY A FEE ON A PERSON WHO HAS VIOLATED THE "ETHICS, GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY AND CAMPAIGN REFORM ACT OF 1991"; BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-140 SO AS TO ALLOW THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION TO RETAIN FUNDS DERIVED FROM ASSESSMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH LATE FILING FEES AND TO CARRY FORWARD UNEXPENDED FUNDS INTO THE CURRENT FISCAL YEAR; BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-150 SO AS TO ALLOW THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION TO CARRY FORWARD LOBBYIST AND PRINCIPAL REGISTRATION FEES INTO THE CURRENT FISCAL YEAR AND TO USE THE FUNDS FOR THE SAME PURPOSE; BY ADDING SECTION 22-3-330 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR AN ASSESSMENT OF TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS FOR SUMMONS AND COMPLAINT FILINGS IN MAGISTRATES COURT AND AN ASSESSMENT OF TEN DOLLARS ON ALL OTHER CIVIL FILINGS IN MAGISTRATES COURT, EXCEPTING RESTRAINING ORDERS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR REMITTANCE AND ALLOCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-204, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION OF THE FILING FEE FOR COMPLAINTS AND PETITIONS IN CIVIL COURT, SO AS TO IMPOSE AN ADDITIONAL FEE OF FIFTY DOLLARS AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ALLOCATION; BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-210 SO AS TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE STATE AUDITOR SHALL AUDIT AT RANDOM TREASURERS, COURTS, AND CLERKS OF COURT AUTHORIZED TO COLLECT ASSESSMENTS IN FAMILY, CIRCUIT, MAGISTRATES, AND MUNICIPAL COURTS, TO IMPOSE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR TRAINING FOR THE COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SUCH ASSESSMENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-206, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS IMPOSED BY GENERAL SESSIONS COURTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT OF AN ASSESSMENT IMPOSED BY A GENERAL SESSIONS COURT THAT A PERSON MUST PAY, AND TO REVISE THE METHOD BY WHICH THE BALANCE OF THE ASSESSMENTS IS ALLOCATED; TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-207, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS IMPOSED BY MAGISTRATES COURTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT OF AN ASSESSMENT IMPOSED BY A MAGISTRATES COURT THAT A PERSON MUST PAY, AND TO REVISE THE METHOD BY WHICH THE BALANCE OF THE ASSESSMENTS IS ALLOCATED; TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-208, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ADDITIONAL ASSESSMENTS IMPOSED BY MUNICIPAL COURTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT OF AN ASSESSMENT IMPOSED BY A MUNICIPAL COURT THAT A PERSON MUST PAY, AND TO REVISE THE METHOD BY WHICH THE BALANCE OF THE ASSESSMENTS IS ALLOCATED; BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-218 SO AS TO ALLOCATE THREE MILLION TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS TO SPECIFIED AGENCIES IN SPECIFIED AMOUNTS FROM DEPOSITS MADE FROM ASSESSMENTS FROM GENERAL SESSIONS, MAGISTRATES, AND MUNICIPAL COURTS; BY ADDING SECTION 17-3-55 SO AS TO ALLOW THE COMMISSION ON INDIGENT DEFENSE TO CARRY FORWARD UNPAID OBLIGATIONS INCURRED AND RECEIVED FOR PAYMENT AND TO PAY THESE OBLIGATIONS FROM APPROPRIATED FUNDS IN THE NEXT YEAR'S BUDGET; BY ADDING SECTION 17-3-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR AN AFFIDAVIT BY WHICH A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN PROVIDED COUNSEL MUST DISCLOSE HIS ASSETS, TO PROVIDE FOR A FORTY DOLLAR APPLICATION FEE FOR APPOINTED COUNSEL SERVICES AND FOR THE ALLOCATION OF SUCH FEE REVENUE, TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE AFFIDAVIT BY A JUVENILE'S PARENT ON BEHALF OF THE JUVENILE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR A CLAIM AGAINST THE ASSETS OF THE PERSON WHO IS PROVIDED COUNSEL FOR THE COSTS OF THE PROVIDED COUNSEL; BY ADDING SECTION 43-1-710 SO AS TO MAKE AVAILABLE THE NAMES OF PERSONS BENEFITING FROM ASSISTANCE PAYMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO OTHER STATE AGENCIES; BY ADDING SECTION 43-1-715 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY MAY NOT SUPPLEMENT THE SALARY OF DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES EMPLOYEES; BY ADDING SECTION 43-1-720 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES SHALL ESTABLISH AND COLLECT ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE FEDERAL REGULATIONS; BY ADDING SECTION 20-7-1641 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES MAY PAY THE COST OF FINGERPRINT REVIEWS FOR CERTAIN FOSTER CARE FAMILIES FROM FUNDS APPROPRIATED FOR FOSTER CARE; TO AMEND SECTION 8-11-260, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN PERSONS FROM ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 11, TITLE 8, SO AS TO EXEMPT STAFF OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR FROM THE ARTICLE; TO AMEND SECTION 8-17-370, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN PERSONS FROM ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 17, TITLE 8, SO AS TO EXEMPT EMPLOYEES OF THE OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR FROM THE ARTICLE, UPON CERTAIN CONDITIONS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 21 OF TITLE 43, RELATING TO THE DIVISION AND ADVISORY COUNCIL ON AGING, SO AS TO PLACE THE COUNCIL WITHIN THE OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR, AND TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 9-1-10, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREMENT SYSTEM CHAPTER, SO AS TO DESIGNATE THE OFFICE ON AGING AS BEING PART OF THE OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR; TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-720, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ENTITIES WHOSE EMPLOYEES ARE ELIGIBLE FOR STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL INSURANCE PLANS, SO AS TO DESIGNATE THE OFFICE ON AGING AS BEING PART OF THE OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR; TO AMEND SECTION 57-5-720, RELATING TO STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION, SO AS TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO RELAX DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS IN THE SECONDARY STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THOSE RELAXED STANDARDS DO NOT GIVE RISE TO LIABILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 57-3-130, RELATING TO SPECIAL PERMITS TO OPERATE VEHICLES EXCEEDING SIZE AND WEIGHT LIMITS AND FEES ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH PERMITS, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE SCHEDULE; TO AMEND SECTION 57-3-150, RELATING TO MULTIPLE AND ANNUAL TRIP PERMITS, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE FOR SUCH PERMITS; BY ADDING SECTION 23-23-120 SO AS TO DESIGNATE HOW MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE COLLECTED DURING CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY PROGRAMMING AND RETAINED BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY MUST BE EXPENDED; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-6850, RELATING TO INTERDEPARTMENTAL AGREEMENTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REVENUE GENERATED FROM SPECIFIED AGENCIES, GRANTS, AND OTHER FUNDING MEASURES MAY BE RETAINED AND EXPENDED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE ACCORDING TO APPLICABLE REGULATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-7810, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE COMMITMENT OF A CHILD TO THE CUSTODY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE RELEASE OF THE CHILD PRIOR TO THE EXPIRATION OF THE DETERMINATE PERIOD UPON CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT JUVENILES DETAINED IN A TEMPORARY HOLDING FACILITY OR JUVENILE DETENTION CENTER WHO ARE SUBSEQUENTLY COMMITTED SHALL RECEIVE CREDIT TOWARDS THEIR DATE OF RELEASE OR PAROLE DEADLINE FOR TIME SPENT IN SUCH FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-6855, RELATING TO SPECIAL SCHOOL DISTRICT DESIGNATION FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE AMOUNT OF FUNDS THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE RECEIVES FOR EDUCATION UNDER THE EDUCATION FINANCE ACT MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE DEPARTMENT'S TWELVE-MONTH CALENDAR AND TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTY FIVE INSTRUCTIONAL DAYS; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-8005, RELATING TO EXCLUSIVE CARE OF CHILDREN BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A LOCAL GOVERNMENT USING DETENTION SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE MUST PAY A PER DIEM OF FIFTY DOLLARS A DAY PER CHILD, AND TO DESIGNATE THE WAY IN WHICH THESE FUNDS MUST BE EXPENDED; TO AMEND SECTION 27-18-180, RELATING TO REPORT OF UNCLAIMED PROPERTY AND NOTICES TO APPARENT OWNERS, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE NOTICE THE STATE TREASURER IS REQUIRED TO PUBLISH; TO AMEND SECTION 11-5-120, RELATING TO THE PUBLICATION OF QUARTERLY STATEMENTS BY THE OFFICE OF STATE TREASURER, SO AS TO REVISE THE WAY IN WHICH THE STATE TREASURER MUST PUBLISH BALANCE INFORMATION; TO AMEND SECTION 46-25-210, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF FERTILIZER, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE SCHEDULE FOR REGISTRATION; TO AMEND SECTION 46-25-820, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REGISTRATION FEES AND INSPECTION TAXES ON CERTAIN PACKAGES OF FERTILIZER, SO AS TO REVISE THE AMOUNT OF THE TAXES AND FEES; TO AMEND SECTION 46-26-50, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DISTRIBUTORS OF AGRICULTURAL LIMING MATERIALS, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE TO OBTAIN A PERMIT TO BECOME A DISTRIBUTOR; TO AMEND SECTION 46-26-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REGISTRATION OF AGRICULTURAL LIMING MATERIALS, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE FOR REGISTERING SUCH MATERIALS; TO AMEND SECTION 46-13-50, RELATING TO THE LICENSING OF PESTICIDE DEALERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE LICENSE APPLICATION FEE; TO AMEND SECTION 46-13-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO STANDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF PESTICIDE APPLICATORS, SO AS TO REVISE THE APPLICATION FEE FOR A PRIVATE APPLICATOR'S LICENSE AND A PESTICIDE APPLICATOR'S LICENSE; BY ADDING SECTION 46-25-825 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE ANNUAL REGISTRATION OF FERTILIZERS AND APPLICATION AND REGISTRATION FEE PROVISIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-95, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CREDIT AGAINST WITHHOLDING FOR RETRAINING, SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN ANNUAL RENEWAL FEE OF FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-100, RELATING TO CRITERIA FOR DETERMINATION AND SELECTION OF QUALIFYING ENTITIES AND APPLICATION FEE SCHEDULE, SO AS TO REVISE THE FEE SCHEDULE; TO AMEND SECTION 13-1-50, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ANNUAL AUDIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY UNDERGO A PROCEDURES AUDIT INSTEAD OF HAVING AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE RELATED PROVISIONS FOR THE AUDIT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-85, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PURPOSE AND USE OF THE STATE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE FUND, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COUNCIL MAY RETAIN UP TO FIVE PERCENT OF THE REVENUE RECEIVED FROM THE FUND FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL RETAIN UNEXPENDED OR UNCOMMITTED FUNDS AND MAY EXPEND THE FUNDS IN SUBSEQUENT FISCAL YEARS; BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-210 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL STATE AGENCIES, INSTITUTIONS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES MUST REMIT TO THE GENERAL FUND ALL REVENUE OBTAINED FROM THE ALLOWANCE OF PAY TELEPHONES ON PUBLIC PROPERTY, TO DEFINE PUBLIC PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 23-1-60, RELATING TO APPOINTMENT, COMPENSATION, REMOVAL, AND TERMS OF CERTAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A VOLUNTARY DEPUTY, CONSTABLE, SECURITY GUARD, OR DETECTIVE MUST BE INCLUDED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION LAWS ONLY WHILE PERFORMING DUTIES IN CONNECTION WITH HIS APPOINTMENT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PAYMENT OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION PREMIUMS; BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-212 SO AS TO PROVIDE A TWENTY-FIVE DOLLAR SURCHARGE ON PENALTIES IMPOSED IN THE GENERAL SESSIONS, MAGISTRATES, OR MUNICIPAL COURTS FOR MISDEMEANOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES OR FOR NONTRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, TO PROVIDE A SCHEDULE BY WHICH TO ALLOCATE THESE REVENUES, AND TO ALLOW THE STATE AUDITOR TO EXAMINE THE RECORDS OF ANY JURISDICTION THAT DOES NOT TIMELY TRANSMIT THESE REVENUES; BY ADDING SECTION 6-9-135 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT COASTAL COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES MAY ADOPT THE PROVISIONS OF THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE; TO AMEND AN ACT OF 2008 BEARING RATIFICATION NUMBER 293, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008-2009, BY DELETING TWO PARAGRAPHS RELATING TO THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-8000, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUE OF SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL ELIGIBILITY FOR SUCH PLATES.
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(R403, S. 577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL.
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(R404, S. 605 (Word version)) -- Senator Grooms: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DISPLAY OF A MOTOR VEHICLE LICENSE PLATE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF A MOTORCYCLE IS EQUIPPED WITH VERTICALLY MOUNTED LICENSE PLATE BRACKETS, ITS LICENSE PLATE MUST BE MOUNTED VERTICALLY WITH ITS TOP FASTENED ALONG ITS RIGHT VERTICAL EDGE; TO AMEND SECTIONS 56-3-3800, 56-3-4100, 56-3-4310, 56-3-4410, 56-3-4800, 56-3-5400, AS AMENDED, 56-3-6000, 56-3-7100, 56-3-7360, 56-3-7780, AS AMENDED, 56-3-7860, 56-3-8000, AS AMENDED, 56-3-8300, AS AMENDED, 56-3-9300, AND 56-3-9500, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF AMERICAN LEGION SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SOUTH CAROLINA ELKS ASSOCIATION SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, RETIRED MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SHARE THE ROAD SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, UNITED STATES ARMED SERVICES SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SHRINERS SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, KOREAN WAR VETERANS SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, VIETNAM WAR VETERANS SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, MARINE CORPS LEAGUE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, WORLD WAR II VETERANS SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, UNITED WE STAND SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, AND GOD BLESS AMERICA SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY ISSUE THESE LICENSE PLATES TO OWNERS OF MOTORCYCLES REGISTERED IN THEIR NAMES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 56-3-8000 AND 56-3-8100, BOTH AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF NONPROFIT SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES AND PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION GUIDELINES FOR SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES CREATED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AFTER JANUARY 1, 2006, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EACH NEW CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL LICENSE PLATE CREATED PURSUANT TO EITHER OF THESE PROVISIONS MUST MEET THE REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN BOTH PROVISIONS, TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-8800, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF WORLD WAR II SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THESE LICENSE PLATES MAY BE ISSUED FOR MOTORCYCLES, AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A PERSON WHO IS ISSUED THIS LICENSE PLATE TO BE ASSESSED A SPECIAL BIENNIAL FEE OF TWENTY DOLLARS IN ADDITION TO THE REGULAR MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION FEE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-130, RELATING TO BASIC AND CLASSIFIED DRIVER'S LICENSES THAT ALLOW A LICENSEE TO OPERATE CERTAIN MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DRIVER WHOSE LICENSE CONTAINED IN THIS PROVISION IS RESTRICTED FROM OPERATING VEHICLES THAT EXCEED CERTAIN GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATINGS INSTEAD OF GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHTS; TO AMEND SECTIONS 56-3-2540, 56-3-3500, 56-3-4100, 56-3-4200, 56-3-4410, 56-3-4600, 56-3-7300, 56-3-7750, AS AMENDED, 56-3-7780, AS AMENDED, 56-3-7910, 56-3-8000, AS AMENDED, 56-3-8600, 56-3-8710, 56-3-9000, 56-3-9100, 56-3-9400, 56-3-9500, 56-3-9600, AS AMENDED, AND SECTION 56-3-9910, RELATING TO "CONSERVE SOUTH CAROLINA" LICENSE PLATES, "PENN CENTER" LICENSE PLATES, "SOUTH CAROLINA ELKS ASSOCIATION" LICENSE PLATES, "CAROLINA PANTHERS" LICENSE PLATES, "SHARE THE ROAD" LICENSE PLATES, "HOMEOWNERSHIP: THE AMERICAN DREAM" LICENSE PLATES, "SALTWATER FISHING" LICENSE PLATES, FRATERNITY AND SORORITY LICENSE PLATES, "VIETNAM VETERANS" LICENSE PLATES, "H. L. HUNLEY SUBMARINE" LICENSE PLATES, TAX EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS LICENSE PLATES, "DUCKS UNLIMITED" LICENSE PLATES, "NASCAR" LICENSE PLATES, "SERTOMA INTERNATIONAL" LICENSE PLATES, "SOUTH CAROLINA TECHNOLOGY ALLIANCE" LICENSE PLATES, "MORRIS ISLAND LIGHTHOUSE" LICENSE PLATES, "GOD BLESS AMERICA" LICENSE PLATES, "NO MORE HOMELESS PETS" LICENSE PLATES, AND "GOLD STAR FAMILY" LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT EACH OF THESE LICENSE PLATES MAY BE ISSUED TO OWNERS OF ANY VEHICLE CLASSIFIED AS A PASSENGER MOTOR VEHICLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MAY ISSUED COMMERCIAL ADVERTISEMENT BENCH PERMITS.
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(R405, S. 669 (Word version)) -- Senator Alexander: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 43-7-465 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN INSURER THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYMENT OF A CLAIM FOR A HEALTH CARE ITEM OR SERVICE AS A CONDITION OF DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE SHALL PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ON INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE UNDER THE STATE PLAN, SHALL ACCEPT THE STATE'S RIGHT OF RECOVERY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS MADE UNDER THE STATE PLAN, SHALL RESPOND TO CLAIMS, AND SHALL AGREE NOT TO DENY CLAIMS ON THE BASIS OF THE TIME THE CLAIM WAS FILED, IF TIMELY FILED, THE FORMAT OF THE CLAIM FORM, OR FAILURE TO PRESENT DOCUMENTATION AT THE POINT OF SALE THAT IS THE BASIS OF THE CLAIM; SECTION 43-7-410, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE ASSIGNMENT AND SUBROGATION OF CLAIMS FOR REIMBURSEMENT FOR MEDICAID SERVICES, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-420, RELATING TO THE ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES TO RECOVER FROM THIRD PARTIES AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT APPLYING FOR OR RECEIVING MEDICAID BENEFITS CREATES A REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION THAT THE PERSON WAS INFORMED OF THE ASSIGNMENT OF HIS RIGHT TO THE DEPARTMENT TO RECOVER FROM A THIRD PARTY AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-430, RELATING TO SUBROGATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE RIGHT TO RECOVER FROM THIRD PARTIES AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE REFERENCES AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-440, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT OF AND SUPERIORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT'S SUBROGATION RIGHTS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE REFERENCES AND MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-460, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RECOVERY FROM ESTATES OF MEDICAID RECIPIENTS AMOUNTS PAID FOR SERVICES THROUGH MEDICAID, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE, MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS, AND TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER" TO INCLUDE GRANDCHILDREN; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-130, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LIABILITY JOINT UNDERWRITING ASSOCIATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO ISSUE MEDICAL MALPRACTICE POLICIES, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE ASSOCIATION TO INCREASE ITS POLICY LIMITS UP TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS PER CLAIM AND THREE MILLION DOLLARS FOR ALL CLAIMS IN ANY ONE YEAR UPON APPROVAL OF THE BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-420, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND, INCLUDING PAYMENT OF MEDICAL MALPRACTICE CLAIMS IN EXCESS OF POLICY LIMITS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THIS FUND TO ALSO MAKE PAYMENTS AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR IN LAW; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-430, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CORRECTION; TO AMEND SECTION 39-79-480, RELATING TO ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE RENDERING OF MEDICAL SERVICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND ALSO MAY MAKE PAYMENTS AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR IN LAW; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-29-40, RELATING TO INSURANCE POLICIES, ANNUITY CONTRACTS, AND OTHER CONTRACTS TO WHICH THIS CHAPTER, THE "SOUTH CAROLINA LIFE AND ACCIDENT AND HEALTH INSURANCE GUARANTY ASSOCIATION", DOES OR DOES NOT APPLY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS CHAPTER DOES NOT APPLY TO POLICIES OR CONTRACTS TO THE EXTENT THAT REQUIRED ASSESSMENTS OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE PREEMPTED BY FEDERAL OR STATE LAW.
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(R406, S. 987 (Word version)) -- Senator Gregory: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-80, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT OF BOATING LAWS, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THIS ENFORCEMENT AND THE AUTHORITY OF ALL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS TO ENFORCE THESE PROVISIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-130, RELATING TO DUTIES OF A VESSEL OPERATOR INVOLVED IN A COLLISION, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THESE DUTIES INCLUDING WHEN AN ACCIDENT REPORT IS REQUIRED AND TO STIPULATE THE PERSONS AND ENTITIES WHO MAY OBTAIN A COPY OF THE REPORT; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-175, RELATING TO WATERCRAFT REQUIRED TO HEAVE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE MAGISTRATES COURT RETAINS JURISDICTION OVER VIOLATIONS OF THIS SECTION; BY ADDING SECTION 50-21-190 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO ABANDON A WATERCRAFT OR OUTBOARD MOTOR ON THE PUBLIC LANDS OR WATERS OF THIS STATE OR ON PRIVATE PROPERTY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PROPERTY OWNER AND TO ALSO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-710, RELATING TO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AND REGULATORY MARKERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL NO WAKE ZONES HERETOFORE ESTABLISHED ARE CONSIDERED ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY OF THIS SECTION; TO REPEAL SECTIONS 50-21-132, 50-21-133, 50-21-135, 50-21-136, 50-21-137, 50-21-138, 50-21-139, 50-21-142, 50-21-143, 50-21-144, 50-21-145, 50-21-147, AND 50-21-149 RELATING TO NO WAKE ZONES OR OTHER REGULATION OF WATERCRAFT ACTIVITIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-28-100, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT OF RESERVE POLICE OFFICERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT, IN THE DISCRETION OF THE CHIEF, A RESERVE OFFICER MAY WEAR PLAIN CLOTHES OR ANOTHER UNIFORM THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH HIS DUTIES.
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(R407, S. 1131 (Word version)) -- Senator Thomas: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 38-43-20, 38-43-70, BOTH AS AMENDED, 38-43-75, 38-43-80, AS AMENDED, 38-43-100, 38-43-101, BOTH AS AMENDED, 38-43-102, 38-43-106, 38-43-107, 38-43-110, AND 38-43-130, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, ALL RELATING TO INSURANCE PRODUCERS AND AGENCIES, SO AS TO CLARIFY LANGUAGE THAT AN EMPLOYEE OF A LICENSED PRODUCER WHO PERFORMS ONLY CLERICAL DUTIES MAY NOT SIGN AN APPLICATION FOR INSURANCE; TO PROVIDE THAT UNLESS DENIED LICENSURE A NONRESIDENT PERSON SHALL RECEIVE A NONRESIDENT PRODUCER'S LICENSE WITH THE SAME LINES OF AUTHORITY HELD IN THE PRODUCER'S HOME STATE; TO DELETE LIMITED LINE CREDIT INSURANCE AS A LINE OF INSURANCE WHICH AN INSURANCE PRODUCER MAY RECEIVE QUALIFICATION FOR A LICENSE; TO PROVIDE THAT LIMITED LINE INSURANCE INCLUDES CREDIT INSURANCE; TO PROVIDE FOR THE DEFINITION OF "BIENNIAL APPOINTMENT FEE", PROVIDE FOR THE PAYMENT OF THE FEE IF REJECTED BY A BANK, DELETE THE ADMINISTRATIVE FEE, AND AUTHORIZE PAYMENT OF FEES BY A CREDIT OR DEBIT CARD; TO REQUIRE ALL APPLICANTS FOR A PRODUCER'S LICENSE TAKE AN EXAMINATION AND DELETE THE WAIVER OR EXEMPTION FOR CERTAIN APPLICANTS; TO PROVIDE THAT A PRODUCER MAY NOT TAKE THE SAME CONTINUING EDUCATION COURSE AND CASUALTY-LICENSED INSURANCE PRODUCER COURSE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT MORE THAN ONE TIME IN A BIENNIAL COMPLIANCE PERIOD AND PROVIDE FOR THE NONWAIVER OF CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS; TO PROVIDE THAT INDIVIDUAL LICENSES CONTINUE ON A BIENNIAL BASIS ON THE LICENSEE'S MONTH OF BIRTH; AND TO REDEFINE THE ELEMENTS OF "DECEIVE OR DEALT UNJUSTLY WITH THE CITIZENS OF THE STATE"; TO AMEND SECTIONS 38-45-20, 38-45-30, BOTH AS AMENDED, AND SECTION 38-45-90, ALL RELATING TO BROKERS AND SURPLUS LINES, SO AS TO REQUIRE A PROPERTY AND CASUALTY-LICENSED INSURANCE PRODUCER TO PASS THE SOUTH CAROLINA BROKER LICENSING EXAMINATION IN ORDER TO BE LICENSED AS A BROKER AND TO PROVIDE PAYMENT OF THE BROKER'S PREMIUM TAX; BY ADDING SECTION 38-73-1097 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS 38-73-1095(C) AND 38-75-755 DO NOT APPLY UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 38-43-105 RELATING TO EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL AND GENERAL PRODUCERS.
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(R408, S. 1376 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes, Peeler, Gregory and Short: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-530, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN YORK COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE AND ADD CERTAIN VOTING PRECINCTS OF YORK COUNTY, AND TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
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(R409, H. 3033 (Word version)) -- Reps. Clemmons, Mahaffey and Cotty: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 29-3-345 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A DOCUMENT OF RESCISSION TO CORRECT AN ERRONEOUS RECORDING OF A SATISFACTION OF A MORTGAGE OR OTHER LIEN AFFECTING REAL PROPERTY, TO PROTECT A PRIORITY CREDITOR WHO RECORDS AFTER THE ERRONEOUS RECORDING, TO PROVIDE A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION FOR A PERSON INJURED BY A WRONGFUL RECORDING OF A DOCUMENT OF RESCISSION, TO ESTABLISH A RECORDING FEE, AND TO PROVIDE A FORM FOR THE DOCUMENT.
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(R410, H. 3094 (Word version)) -- Reps. Brady, Haskins, Cotty, Mahaffey, Funderburk, Viers, Erickson, Hutson, Clemmons, Mulvaney, Harvin and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-535 SO AS TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS FOR CERTAIN TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A SEX OFFENDER WHO HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES TO RESIDE IN CERTAIN AREAS, TO PROVIDE IF A LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY DETERMINES THAT A SEX OFFENDER HAS VIOLATED THIS PROVISION, THE AGENCY MUST PROVIDE THE SEX OFFENDER WITH A LIST OF AREAS IN WHICH HE IS NOT PERMITTED TO RESIDE AND THAT HE MUST VACATE HIS RESIDENCE, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION, TO PROVIDE THAT A LOCAL GOVERNMENT MAY NOT ENACT AN ORDINANCE WHOSE PENALTIES EXCEED OR ARE LESS LENIENT THAN THE PENALTIES CONTAINED IN THIS SECTION, TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO PROVIDE CERTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING SEX OFFENDERS OR THE SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY TO THE PARENTS OR GUARDIANS OF ITS STUDENTS OR ON THE SCHOOL DISTRICT'S WEB SITE, TO PROVIDE THAT LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES MUST DETERMINE WHETHER EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT COMPLIES WITH THIS PROVISION, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS THAT FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THIS PROVISION; AND AMEND SECTION 23-3-470, RELATING TO A SEX OFFENDER'S FAILURE TO REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A FIRST OFFENSE VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION.
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(R411, H. 3212 (Word version)) -- Reps. Delleney, M.A. Pitts, Haley, Crawford, Chellis, G.R. Smith, Owens, Rice, Weeks, Viers, Simrill, Bedingfield, Vick, Duncan, Mulvaney, Stavrinakis, Clemmons and Young: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-215, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT VALID OUT-OF-STATE PERMITS TO CARRY CONCEALABLE WEAPONS BY A RESIDENT OF A RECIPROCAL STATE MUST BE HONORED IF THE RECIPROCAL STATE REQUIRES A CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECK AND A FIREARM TRAINING AND SAFETY COURSE AND TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT SLED DETERMINE WHICH STATES MEET THIS STANDARD.
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(R412, H. 3309 (Word version)) -- Reps. Owens, Ballentine, Duncan, Leach, Kirsh, Simrill, Gullick, Limehouse, McLeod, Witherspoon, Mahaffey, Alexander, Dantzler, Edge, Hamilton, Hayes, Jennings, Kelly, E.H. Pitts, Rice, R. Brown, Huggins, Anthony, Shoopman, Littlejohn, Harvin, Agnew, Whitmire, Moss, Pinson, Parks, Merrill, M.A. Pitts, Scarborough, Miller, Phillips, Bedingfield and Taylor: AN ACT TO AMEND CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-27-415 SO AS TO PROHIBIT THE PAYMENT, IMPOSITION, OR COLLECTION OF A FRANCHISE FEE WITH RESPECT TO ELECTRICAL POWER PROVIDED TO THE STATE BY A UTILITY UNDER THE "STATELINE ACCOUNTS" AND TO REQUIRE A UTILITY TO EXCLUDE SALES REVENUE ACCRUED FROM "STATELINE ACCOUNTS" WHEN CALCULATING A FRANCHISE FEE OWED TO A MUNICIPALITY.
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(R413, H. 3575 (Word version)) -- Reps. Young, Harrell, Anthony, Clyburn, Lucas, J.M. Neal, Owens, E.H. Pitts, Taylor, White, Chellis, Gullick, R. Brown, Stavrinakis, Hagood and Scarborough: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-23-505 SO AS TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS; BY ADDING SECTION 1-23-535 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT SHALL HAVE AN OFFICIAL SEAL; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-310, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES, SO AS TO CHANGE A REFERENCE TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE DIVISION TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-320, RELATING TO CONTESTED CASE HEARINGS, SO AS TO DELETE A PROVISION REGARDING THE HANDLING OF ATTENDANCE AND TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES, PRODUCTION OF BOOKS, PAPERS, AND RECORDS, AND OTHER PROCEDURAL MATTERS AND TO PROVIDE FOR ENFORCEMENT OR RELIEF FROM AN AGENCY SUBPOENA BEFORE THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-380, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO JUDICIAL REVIEW AFTER EXHAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES, SO AS TO DELETE REFERENCES TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT AND TO REVIEW BY AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE OF A FINAL DECISION IN A CONTESTED CASE TO CONFORM THE PROCEDURES TO OTHER PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-560, RELATING TO THE APPLICATION OF THE CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT SERVES AS THE SOLE GROUNDS FOR DISCIPLINE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES AND TO ALLOW ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES AND SPOUSES TO ACCEPT INVITATIONS TO CERTAIN JUDICIAL-RELATED FUNCTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-600, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO HEARINGS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SO AS TO CONFORM THE PROCEDURES TO OTHER PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE COURT AND TO PROHIBIT THE HEARING OF CERTAIN INMATE APPEALS BY THE COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-610, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REVIEW OF DECISIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SO AS TO CONFORM THE PROCEDURES TO OTHER PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE COURT AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING APPROPRIATED MONIES TO BE USED FOR THE SAME PURPOSE INDEFINITELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-640, RELATING TO THE VENUE WHERE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT CASES ARE HEARD, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CONTESTED CASES WILL BE HEARD AT THE PRINCIPAL OFFICES OR AT ANOTHER SUITABLE LOCATION UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
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(R414, H. 3623 (Word version)) -- Rep. Thompson: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-11-340, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTIONS 14-1-206, 14-1-207, AND 14-1-208, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MONETARY ASSESSMENTS LEVIED AGAINST FINES IMPOSED IN GENERAL SESSIONS, MAGISTRATES, AND MUNICIPAL COURTS, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY" AND REPLACE IT WITH THE TERM "SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY"; TO AMEND SECTION 23-11-110, RELATING TO CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS THAT A SHERIFF MUST POSSESS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 23-23-70, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER CERTIFICATES, SO AS TO DELETE REFERENCES TO SECTION 23-6-440 AND REPLACE IT WITH REFERENCES TO SECTION 23-23-60; TO AMEND SECTION 23-28-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE APPOINTMENT OF RESERVE POLICE OFFICERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 23-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO 911 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-320, RELATING TO THE JAIL PRE-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM, SO AS TO DELETE REFERENCES TO THE "DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY" AND REPLACE THEM WITH REFERENCES TO THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY", AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-360, RELATING TO TRAINING OFFERED TO RESERVES WHO WISH TO BECOME FULL-TIME JAILERS OR DETENTION OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE REFERENCES TO THE "DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY" AND REPLACE THEM WITH REFERENCES TO THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY", AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-18-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE "LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL" AND TO REPLACE IT WITH A REFERENCE TO THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY"; TO AMEND SECTION 23-23-10, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND PURPOSE OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL" AND REPLACE IT WITH THE TERM "CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY"; TO AMEND SECTION 23-23-20, RELATING TO THE PURPOSE OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMENDED SECTION 23-23-80, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "DIRECTOR OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY" AND REPLACE IT WITH THE TERM "SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-540, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF CERTAIN SEX OFFENDERS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "ACTIVE ELECTRONIC MONITORING DEVICE"; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-430, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE'S SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A SEX OFFENDER WHO RECEIVES A PARDON FOR AN OFFENSE WHICH REQUIRED HIM TO REGISTER AS AN OFFENDER, OR FILES A PETITION FOR HABEAS CORPUS OR A MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL MUST REGISTER ANNUALLY FOR THE REMAINDER OF HIS LIFE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 23-11-110, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S QUALIFICATIONS, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 23-6-400(D)(1) AND REPLACE IT WITH A REFERENCE TO SECTION 23-23-60; TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-655, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT WITH A MINOR, SO AS TO REVISE THE ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE OF CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT WITH A MINOR IN THE SECOND DEGREE; TO AMEND SECTION 23-23-90, RELATING TO REPORTS, DOCUMENTS, STATEMENTS, AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS MADE OR DELIVERED PURSUANT TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN DUTIES OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACADEMY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO PROVIDE THAT THESE REPORTS, DOCUMENTS, STATEMENTS, AND COMMUNICATIONS MUST NOT BE THE SUBJECT OF OR BASIS FOR ANY ACTION, AND TO REVISE THE LIST OF PARTIES WHOSE COMMUNICATIONS ARE PROTECTED BY THIS PROVISION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-540, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF CERTAIN SEX OFFENDERS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS CERTAIN INFORMATION GATHERED BY A PROBATION AGENT PURSUANT TO HIS DUTIES AS A COMMUNITY CONTROL CENTER TO BE ADMISSIBLE IN A CRIMINAL PROSECUTION.
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(R415, H. 3798 (Word version)) -- Rep. G.R. Smith: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 20-1-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM MARRIAGE CEREMONIES, SO AS TO ALSO AUTHORIZE THE CHIEF OR SPIRITUAL LEADER OF A NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN ENTITY RECOGNIZED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION FOR MINORITY AFFAIRS TO PERFORM MARRIAGE CEREMONIES.
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(R416, H. 3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND.
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(R417, H. 3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
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(R418, H. 4320 (Word version)) -- Reps. Whipper, Clyburn, R. Brown and Hosey: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-31, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS FOR ATTENDANCE AT PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SO AS TO ADD THE RESIDENCE OF A CHILD IN A PARTICULAR SCHOOL DISTRICT AS A RESULT OF A PARENT'S OR LEGAL GUARDIAN'S MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-35 SO AS TO ALLOW NONRESIDENT MILITARY PERSONNEL TO ENROLL IN A PROGRAM TO AWARD A SOUTH CAROLINA HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA AND TO PROVIDE THAT NEITHER THE STATE NOR THE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT SHALL BEAR THE COST OF ENROLLMENT; AND TO PROVIDE THAT A NONRESIDENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES WHO HAS MAINTAINED CERTAIN SIGNIFICANT CONTACTS WITH THE STATE IS CONSIDERED A RESIDENT FOR PURPOSES OF TITLE 59.
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(R419, H. 4344 (Word version)) -- Reps. M.A. Pitts and Witherspoon: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 29 TO TITLE 37 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE PALMETTOPRIDE NONPROFIT CORPORATION, TO PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERSHIP AND DUTIES, AND TO REQUIRE THAT FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO THE PROGRAM PASS THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND BE USED FOR LITTER CONTROL AND OTHER AUTHORIZED PURPOSES.
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(R420, H. 4511 (Word version)) -- Rep. Walker: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-187 SO AS TO ENACT "TYLER'S LAW", TO PROVIDE A CIVIL PENALTY FOR A PARENT OR GUARDIAN WHO KNOWINGLY AND WILFULLY PERMITS HIS DEPENDENT TO OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WITHOUT A LEARNER'S PERMIT OR IN VIOLATION OF PERMIT RESTRICTIONS, TO PROVIDE RELATED ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES, EXEMPTIONS, AND LIMITS ON ADMISSIBILITY OF A FINE IMPOSED UNDER THIS SECTION FOR CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 56-1-1750, RELATING TO A PHOTOGRAPH OF AN APPLICANT FOR A MOPED DRIVER'S LICENSE.
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(R421, H. 4554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-315, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMITATION ON THE IMPOSITION OR INCREASE OF A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO LIMIT THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE UPON REAL ESTATE LICENSEES, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAX OR FEE SHALL PERMIT THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE AND THE BROKER'S AFFILIATED ASSOCIATE BROKERS, SALESPERSONS, AND PROPERTY MANAGERS TO ENGAGE IN ALL OF THE BROKERAGE ACTIVITY DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 57 OF TITLE 40 WITHOUT FURTHER LICENSING OR TAXING OTHER THAN STATE LICENSES, TO PROHIBIT THE REQUIREMENT OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON CERTAIN REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS FOR GROSS RECEIPTS UPON WHICH A TAX OR FEE HAS ALREADY BEEN PAID, TO PROVIDE THAT BROKERED TRANSACTIONS OR REAL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES OR MUNICIPALITIES OTHER THAN THOSE IN WHICH THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE CREATES A NEXUS FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO GROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM TRANSACTIONS OF PROPERTY LOCATED IN THAT COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, TO PROHIBIT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY FROM IMPOSING A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF AN AUCTIONEER LICENSED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 6, TITLE 40 FOR THE FIRST THREE AUCTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AUCTIONEER IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, UNLESS THE AUCTIONEER MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 5-7-30, RELATING TO THE POWERS CONFERRED UPON MUNICIPALITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON OR BUSINESS TAXED PAYS A BUSINESS LICENSE TO A COUNTY OR TO ANOTHER MUNICIPALITY WHERE THE INCOME IS EARNED, THE GROSS INCOME FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTING THE TAX MUST BE REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF GROSS INCOME TAXED IN THE OTHER COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION AND THE REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE CCIM INSTITUTE AND ALL GRADUATE REALTOR INSTITUTE (GRI) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS MUST BE APPROVED FOR POST-LICENSING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY APPLICABLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT INSTRUCTORS HOLDING CCIM DESIGNATIONS ARE APPROVED FOR INSTRUCTION IN ALL COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE COURSES UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY THE APPLICABLE FEES, AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO ALLOW FOR ELECTRONIC DELIVERY INCLUDING, BUT NO LIMITED TO, THE INTERNET, VIDEOCONFERENCE, OR OTHER INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC MEANS, OF ALL COURSES APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION.
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(R422, H. 4745 (Word version)) -- Reps. Young, Mulvaney, Umphlett, Ballentine, Huggins, E.H. Pitts, Bedingfield, Haley, Lowe, Clemmons, Viers, Scarborough, Edge, Harrell, Cotty, Mitchell, Chalk, Hagood, Talley, Gullick, Miller, Harvin, Bingham, Witherspoon, Haskins, Thompson, Merrill, Sandifer, Brady, Weeks, Scott, Duncan, Cato, Cooper, Dantzler, G.M. Smith, Whipper, R. Brown, Mahaffey, Toole, Herbkersman, Simrill, Littlejohn, Loftis and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 35 TO TITLE 6 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RESIDENTIAL IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AND MUNICIPALITY MAY CREATE AN IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT COMPRISED OF NONCONTIGUOUS PARCELS OF LAND, TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AND MUNICIPALITY MAY USE ASSESSMENTS TO FUND IMPROVEMENTS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARIES OF AN IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT, AND TO ALLOW AN ASSESSMENT TO BE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF IMPROVEMENTS AND TO FUND CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENTS RELATED TO NEW DEVELOPMENT; AND TO ADD SECTION 6-21-185 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT TO GIVE A MORTGAGE TO SECURE A BOND OR LOAN UNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES.
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(R423, H. 4747 (Word version)) -- Rep. Harrison: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING TITLE 63 ENTITLED "SOUTH CAROLINA CHILDREN'S CODE" SO AS TO TRANSFER PROVISIONS FROM CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20 TO TITLE 63, TO INCLUDE THE STATE POLICY ON CHILDREN, FAMILY COURT AND FAMILY COURT JUDGES, LEGAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY, ADOPTIONS, CHILDREN'S SERVICE AGENCIES, CHILDCARE FACILITIES, CUSTODY AND VISITATION, PATERNITY AND CHILD SUPPORT, AND JUVENILE JUSTICE; TO ADD ARTICLE 5 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 20, RELATING TO DIVORCE, SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 6, CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO EQUITABLE APPORTIONMENT OF PROPERTY, TO THIS ARTICLE; TO ADD ARTICLE 4 TO CHAPTER 5, TITLE 43, RELATING TO PUBLIC AID TO CHILDREN, SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF SUBARTICLE 7, ARTICLE 13, CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO PUBLIC AID, TO THIS ARTICLE; TO ADD SECTION 44-53-378 SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 20-7-105, WHICH CREATES A CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR EXPOSING A CHILD TO METHAMPHETAMINES, TO THIS SECTION; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE; TO REPEAL SECTION 43-5-585, RELATING TO REPORTING CHILD SUPPORT ARREARAGES TO CREDIT REPORTING AGENCIES, WHICH WAS TRANSFERRED TO ARTICLE 21, CHAPTER 17, TITLE 63; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 43-5-595, 43-5-596, AND 43-5-597, RELATING TO CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT THROUGH FINANCIAL INSTITUTION DATA MATCHES, WHICH WERE TRANSFERRED TO ARTICLE 17, CHAPTER 17, TITLE 63.
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(R424, H. 4754 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.R. Smith and Hamilton: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-2027 SO AS TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT CREATED BY ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THAT PROVIDES RECREATIONAL SERVICES AND HAS AS ITS BOUNDARY THE SAME AS THE COUNTY IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED, TO VOLUNTARILY DISSOLVE ITSELF AND TRANSFER ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY IF ACCEPTED BY RESOLUTION OF ITS GOVERNING BODY; TO REQUIRE A PUBLIC HEARING TO BE CONDUCTED BEFORE TAKING A SUPERMAJORITY VOTE OF ITS GOVERNING BODY, THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE COUNTY, AND THE LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION OF THE COUNTY; TO REQUIRE THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE COUNTY TO COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 6-11-2140; TO PROVIDE FOR CALCULATING THE MILLAGE LIMITATION FOR A COUNTY WHEN A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT TRANSFERS ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT THAT PROVIDES BOTH RECREATIONAL AND AGING SERVICES.
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(R425, H. 4867 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cato, Harrell, Haley and Viers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF ACCOUNTANTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "ATTEST" AND "SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCY" AND TO DEFINE "HOME OFFICE" AND "PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS"; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO ENGAGE IN THE PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTANCY, TO RENDER CERTAIN ACCOUNTING SERVICES, AND TO USE CERTAIN ACCOUNTANCY TITLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT OUT-OF-STATE LICENSEES WHO QUALIFY FOR A PRACTICE PRIVILEGE AND OUT-OF-STATE FIRMS THAT MEET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS MAY ALSO RENDER SPECIFIED ACCOUNTING SERVICES AND USE CERTAIN TITLES WITHOUT BEING LICENSED OR REGISTERED IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-35, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE AS A CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT, SO AS TO REQUIRE ONE YEAR, RATHER THAN TWO YEARS, OF ACCOUNTING EXPERIENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCOUNTING FIRMS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH AN OUT-OF-STATE FIRM MAY RENDER CERTAIN ACCOUNTING SERVICES WITHOUT BEING REGISTERED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-245, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR AN OUT-OF-STATE LICENSEE TO OBTAIN ACCOUNTANCY PRACTICE PRIVILEGES IN THIS STATE, SO AS TO REVISE AND FURTHER SPECIFY THESE REQUIREMENTS.
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(R426, H. 4899 (Word version)) -- Reps. Edge, Ott, Crawford, Whipper, Huggins, Alexander, Anthony, Bales, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Brady, Branham, Cato, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Davenport, Duncan, Erickson, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hardwick, Hayes, Hosey, Jennings, Leach, Limehouse, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Moss, Mulvaney, J.H. Neal, Parks, Perry, Pinson, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Viers, White, Witherspoon and Mitchell: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE A COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE THE DELIVERY OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO REPORT ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY FEBRUARY 15, 2010.
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(R427, H. 4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT".
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(R428, H. 4953 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Harrell and Bingham: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 59, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EDUCATION, BY ADDING CHAPTER 151 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA LIGHTRAIL CONSORTIUM, TO PROVIDE FOR THE GOVERNANCE OF THE CONSORTIUM, AND FOR ITS FUNDING, DUTIES, AND POWERS.
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The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford:
Local Appointments
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
At-Large:
Gerald W. Barron, Jr., 20 Farrell Kirk Lane, Greenville, SC 29615
Initial Appointment, Clarendon County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2006, and to expire April 30, 2010
Thomas L. Harvin, Jr., 37 Woodlake Drive, Manning, SC 29102 VICE Joseph Postel
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
Lyman Wayne Davis, 608 North Weston Street, Fountain Inn, SC 29644
Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Tomothy C. Edmond, 217 Pointer Dr., Hopkins, SC 29061 VICE Valarie Stoman-Boyd
Initial Appointment, Savannah River Site Redevelopment Authority, with the term to commence October 21, 2006, and to expire October 21, 2010
Allendale County:
Sara Louise O'Neal, P. O. Box 646, Fairfax, SC 29827 VICE Dan Cannady
REGULATION RECEIVED
The following was received and referred to the appropriate committee for consideration:
Document No. 3213
Agency: Department of Insurance
SUBJECT: Annual Audited Financial Reporting Regulation
Received by Lieutenant Governor June 13, 2008
Referred to Banking and Insurance Committee
Legislative Review Expiration May 20, 2009
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator PEELER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator RYBERG was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator PEELER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator CLEARY was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator SETZLER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator SHORT was granted a leave of absence for today.
Motion Adopted
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session prior to adjournment.
Presentation to Senator PATTERSON
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, Senator PATTERSON was escorted to the podium by Senators McCONNELL and LAND upon the occasion of his retirement from the Senate.
Senators PEELER, McCONNELL, LAND, and MATTHEWS addressed the Senate with remarks.
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, S. 1424 was published.
S. 1424 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Anderson, Alexander, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE KAY PATTERSON, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR HIS TWENTY-THREE YEARS OF FAITHFUL SERVICE TO THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 19, AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
Whereas, for twenty-three years, the Honorable Kay Patterson has represented the citizens of District 19 in Richland County with consistent integrity in the Senate of this great State, in addition to his prior eleven years of service in the South Carolina House of Representatives, for a total of thirty-four years as a legislator; and
Whereas, born in Darlington County on January 11, 1931, the son of James and Leila Patterson, Senator Patterson was reared in Darlington and Sumter counties by his grandmothers, Mrs. Meta Patterson and Mrs. Emma Joseph. In 1949, he graduated from Lincoln High School in Sumter and began preparing himself for a long and multifaceted career, beginning with two years of work at Claflin College, where he joined Omega Psi Phi Fraternity and Edisto Lodge No. 39 Prince-Hall Masons; and
Whereas, following two years of service in the United States Marine Corps as a buck sergeant, he earned a bachelor's degree at Allen University and pursued additional education at Temple University, also attending an NDEA Institute in Black History at Atlanta University in 1963; and
Whereas, Senator Patterson received his master's degree in education from South Carolina State College in 1971, and, in more recent years, he received honorary doctor of laws degrees from both South Carolina State University and the University of South Carolina; and
Whereas, he taught for fourteen years at W.A. Perry Middle School, C.A. Johnson High School, and Benedict College and served for sixteen years as a UniServ representative for the South Carolina Education Association, from which he retired in 1986; and
Whereas, outspoken and fiery in the advocacy of causes he believes in, this long-time public servant began his career at the State House in 1974 with election to the South Carolina House of Representatives, capturing a seat he filled until 1985, when he was elected to the Senate. In 1983, he was elected by the South Carolina House Education and Public Works Committee to serve on the University of South Carolina Board of Trustees, the first African-American to be so honored since Reconstruction. In 1990, he served as chairman of the South Carolina Legislative Black Caucus; and
Whereas, Senator Patterson presently lends his expertise to five Senate committees: Banking and Insurance, Corrections and Penology, Education, Finance, and Invitations. He also serves as chairman of the Richland County Legislative Delegation and was honored in the BellSouth 2003 South Carolina African-American History Calendar; and
Whereas, married to Jean James of Pinewood, he is the father of Eric (deceased) and Pamela, as well as proud grandfather of Eric, Jr., Ashley, and Courtland. Senator Patterson is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, where he has served as senior warden, secretary, and treasurer of the vestry. He is active in many civic and community organizations and is a life member of the NAACP; and
Whereas, Kay Patterson's colleagues in the Senate, understanding that he will not seek re-election, wish to express their deepest gratitude for his dedicated service to the people of District 19, as well as their sincere wishes for enjoyable challenges in the years ahead. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the Senate:
That the members of the South Carolina Senate, by this resolution, commend the Honorable Kay Patterson, of Richland County, for his twenty-three years of faithful service to the citizens of Senate District 19, and wish him happiness and fulfillment in all his future endeavors.
Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be presented to our distinguished colleague, the Honorable Kay Patterson.
Remarks by Senator PEELER
"Mr. PRESIDENT, Members of the Senate, I want you to think about your mama just for a minute. More specifically, think about your mama's cooking. I think your wives won't like this, but you'll have to agree, nobody cooks like your mama. Nobody. Everybody's mama, no matter what they cook, has a specialty. Something special that they cook that's just a little bit better than anything else they cook. For my mama, it's red velvet cake. She can cook the best red velvet cake that you've ever tasted in your life. If you sit down at the table for a piece of Sally Peeler's red velvet cake and a glass of sweet milk, everything is right with the world. So, you can just imagine when my mama called me one day and said, 'Son, I want you to stop by the house on the way down to Columbia. I've got something I want you to take.' I said, 'Ok.' So, I stopped by there and sittin' on the kitchen table was the most beautiful red velvet cake you've ever seen. I thought it was for me. 'Cause, see, it's all about me. I said, 'mama, thank you.' She said, 'I want you to take that to Columbia.' I said, 'For what?' She said, 'I want you to take that to Senator PATTERSON.' I said, 'Why?' She said, 'Because deep down inside, Senator PATTERSON loves you and Bob.' I said, 'Well, what's that got to do with me taking red velvet cake to Columbia?' She said, 'I want you to take that to Senator PATTERSON and don't you touch it on the way down there. You give it to him'."
"So, Senator PATTERSON, she was right. I know, deep down inside, you love Bob and me. And, you know, deep down inside, we love you."
"Senator Patterson, you have taken this podium time and time again. I listened to you and sometimes you made me laugh and sometimes you made me mad. But, every time, you made me think. Every time you took this podium, you made me think. And, as Senator STROM THURMOND would say: 'Really and truly, you are a credit to your community'."
"Thank you for your service."
Remarks by Senator McCONNELL
I can tell you, from the Senator from Greenwood and myself--who have both served in the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore's position--there have been those moments--and you can recall when we have needed your advice, Senator PATTERSON--and you gave it. There have been some very difficult moments along the way; but, one of the things I think is very telling about Senator PATTERSON is that he loves this institution. How many times has he stood up for the Senate and when we got into rough moments, he would stand up and say, "Gentlemen, we need to stop and think."
One time I remember when Senator DRUMMOND was trying to get something accomplished and we were not together, Senator PATTERSON got up and said, "All he is asking you to do is to do the following." And, Senator PATTERSON explained it in a tone and a way that made us listen, because we know he sits over there in that seat, and he keeps his South Carolina Policy Council score.
You monitor every vote to make sure we know the right way to vote on specific issues. I'm always inspired by your BIPEC ratings, which have always been below the zero or minus. I think on one year, I got down there with you, and I got concerned. I said, "Senator, I am approaching your ratings in the BIPEC."
We are going to miss that. We are going to miss your humor. We are going to miss your generosity. We are going to miss your spirit here and the cohesive nature of your role in this body. I'm going to miss you, especially when I get up to criticize The State editorials, your favorite newspaper--you are always there to inspire me on.
I have served in this Senate with some greats--JOHN DRUMMOND and others. I count you as one of those people in that "great" category. You are one who came here and became part of this institution. You have loved this institution, protected it, and enriched it. This State is a better State because of your service here. We wish you the best. We are going to miss you. I hope somebody is going to get up and ask where is the Policy Council on this, because we could always depend on you for that. But I just want you to know that your great spirit is to be admired. You are about the Senate, about the people of South Carolina, and about lifting people upward.
God bless you, and we wish you good health and the best in the years to come.
Thank you.
Remarks by Senator LAND
Mr. PRESIDENT, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Senate, this is really a sad day for me because Senator PATTERSON and I were elected to the House of Representatives in 1974, and took our seats over there together in 1975. We took our seats over in the South Carolina House of Representatives, and we didn't know a thing; but, we thought we knew everything. We had a long learning experience--twenty-four years with service in the House and Senate. Senator, I want you to know that I have learned a great deal from you. You have taught me so much.
I think I speak for every member of the General Assembly who has worked with you when I say that you have been a total gentlemen the entire time you have served. You have been an enlightenment to all of us in the way you have conducted yourself. What has impressed me more than anything about the Senator from Richland--Senator PATTERSON--is that he has always been true to himself as to what he believed, and he always had the intestinal fortitude to say it--no matter if he was the only one or he had the unanimous backing of this Senate. He always had the courage to tell it like it was. And Senator, when you told it like it was, there was always a benefit for South Carolina because some of us were not strong enough to stand up and tell it like it was. You have been true to yourself, to the people of South Carolina, and as the Senator from Charleston just said, we are truly a better State because we had your guidance and your participation for twenty-four years in this General Assembly. I just don't know of another person who has added as much to the growth of South Carolina from a social standpoint.
As you know, when we came here in 1975, we were not the State we are today. We did not treat people like all of us were South Carolinians. We treated them differently. We didn't educate them like we do now. We treated certain people in this society differently than we do now. You lived through all of that, and you brought the two sides together to make one South Carolina, and you are to be commended for that. You are so important to this State and to this institution by your service - I just cannot say enough about what you have done.
As I said about Senator DRUMMOND when we talked about the Confederate flag and the decision that we made in doing that--that was hard, because men of goodwill on both sides of the issue saw that it was something that was not moving South Carolina forward and was actually causing us to be divided when we needed to be in unity with one another. You, along with the others, sat down, and we came to terms, some with tears in our eyes, but we came to terms, and we made a compromise. With the strength of your convictions and watching you move this State forward in difficult times and we do, Senator from Charleston, live in a better State because Senator KAY PATTERSON chose public service and served in this House and this Senate.
I thank you and the people of South Carolina thank you. God bless you.
Remarks by Senator MATTHEWS
It's a great day for our State but it's a sad day for me personally. Senator PATTERSON and I came to the South Carolina Senate together. I always tell people that I have many acquaintances but only three friends; and one of those friends is KAY PATTERSON. Through the last 24 years of serving with him in the Senate, sitting together you can really get to know somebody when you're listening to filibusters and long debates. We talked to each other about our hopes, our sadness, the things we want for our State. But you know, Senator PATTERSON has taught us all a great lesson--that you should stand up for what you believe. Sometimes what you believe in might not be as popular as what other members of the Senate believe in, but Senator PATTERSON stood his ground. And history will record that he has been the conscience of this Senate. When things have gone wrong, he stood up. When things have gone bad or good, whatever the side was, he served as the conscience of our Senate. And so I think that history will record that he will be one of the greatest Senators that has ever served this body.
One day KAY and I were talking and I said, "KAY, I'm taking these vitamins and I'm feeling good now. I think I might stay a little while longer." KAY said, "Man, I've had enough of this. I'm going home. Things have changed." I said, "KAY, sometimes the agenda that you and I brought here together to try and bring about change and our goal to make this State one South Carolina is hard. But, it's worth fighting for. Because when we get to the point that this is one South Carolina, all of us will be better off." And KAY said, "Keep on fighting, brother, but I'm going home."
But I can see progress, Senator, from where we used to be to where we are. And I think the leadership of this Senate will miss you; the State will miss you; and I will miss you, my friend. I will always be here and I'll be looking forward to meeting with you and talking to you. I told KAY the other day that I know when he gets home, he is going to get lonely. So I'm going to save him a page spot in my office so he can come back and legitimately be here.
So, Senator, as you go to your retirement, remember this... you will be missed; the people of this State will always miss you for your service. There is no better tribute I can say to a fellow man than this: the greatest thing that you can leave for anybody--your children, your community or your church--is an example. This gentleman, KAY PATTERSON, will leave an example of what a Senator ought to be about. Senator PATTERSON, my friend, I love you. I'll miss you; and along with the citizens of the State of South Carolina, we thank you.
Senator PATTERSON addressed the Senate.
Remarks by Senator PATTERSON
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT, members of the Senate, ladies and gentlemen. My immediate family is here with me and I want to introduce them: my wife, Jean James of Pine Wood. Please stand. Oh, don't be ashamed of your husband. Stand up. My daughter, Pamela Patterson Lackey, and my sister-in-law, Audrey Snead. That's my immediate family. Thank you very much.
I guess the first thing I ought to do is let you know that I'm glad to be here. When you've reached seventy-seven years of age--pacemaker, breast cancer survivor--hell, it's good to be anywhere! I used to hear blues from Count Basie. Joe Williams would sing it and it has a part in there that says, "Nobody loves me but my momma. And she could be jivin', too!" So, I'm going to let you Senators know just like Harry Truman said, "Up here, if you want a friend, you better buy you a dog." Because nobody loves you but your momma, and she could be jivin', too!
Those are some nice things you all said about me. It kind of makes you feel like you're at your own funeral. My friend, Matt Perry, and I have been to a lot of these things where they're honoring Matt and they're honoring me. And so, Matt pulled me aside one night. He said, "Kay, you know, these things sound like funerals, don't they?" I said, "They sure as hell do!" But it's good to be here. And I noticed a lot of my friends are here, even the Supreme Court came over here. I thought you all had something to do at 2:30 today. Well, I'm going to talk until 2:30 so you better.... I see the Chief Justice, the Honorable Jean Toal, who I refer to affectionately as 'Missy.' Missy and I served in the House together one hundred years ago. Then another fellow, I served in the House with--JOHNNIE WALLER, I mean, I used to call him "Mr. Johnnie." And he called me "Mr. Kay." And we teased each other. Then my other man from Spartanburg, Don Beatty--he was in the House with me. All of you all came out of the House. But you never did make it to the real body. I mean...that's a fail area--they don't want any part...
But one of my favorite people is Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a black slave up in Maryland. And with a little bit of help from a white woman, taught himself how to read and write. He went on to become one of the spellbinding orators in America. And this is about two paragraphs, if you'd bear with me. I'll tell you something that Frederick Douglass said and I got this from The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. It's just two paragraphs. He said,
Let me give you a word of the philosophy of reform. The whole history of the progress of human liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her august claims, have been born of earnest struggle. The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all-absorbing, and all the time being, putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing. If there is no struggle then there is no progress. And any person that professes to love freedom and yet deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want the rain without the thunder... or the ...lightning. And They want the ocean without the...roar of its many waters.
And he goes on to say this: "It must do this or it does nothing." He goes on to say that "we want things that really sometimes we should not want and really don't realize what we're wanting." And he says,
This struggle may be a moral one, or it may be a physical one, and it may be both moral and physical, but it must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them, and these will continue till they are resisted with either words or blows, or both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress. He said In the light of these ideas, Negroes will be hunted in the North, and held and flogged in the South so long as they submit to those devilish outrages, and make no resistance, either moral or physical. Men may not get all they pay for in this world, but they will certainly pay for all they get. If we ever get free from the oppressions and wrongs heaped on us, we must pay for their removal.
And this is the last line he gave us. He said: "We must do this by labor, by suffering, by sacrifice, and if needs be, by our lives and the lives of others."
These are things that we must instill into our children. My Grandmomma had raised me in Darlington County, up in the Pee Dee, Mr. Chairman of the Finance Committee. You know where the Pee Dee is. She instilled this into me, and we must instill it into our children--and that service to our country is a noble cause. I remember going into the Marine Corps back in September 1951, at Paris Island and served for two years, '51-'53. And during that time Harry Truman, my President, sent us everywhere in the world, except Korea. He didn't send us there. That's the only place he didn't send us. Sent us all up by Russia into the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea. We were on an aircraft carrier, the Midway--and later the Coral Sea. He sent us all down to Cuba to Guantanamo Bay--the boys call it "Git-mo." You read about it today--Guantanamo Bay is where they have the prisoners of war--and how they are treating the prisoners of war is against all the principles that the United States of America stands for. But that's the way we are treating them. And as I travel throughout the world, I realize, after going all over the world, that America is the best country in the world in which to live. We have people breaking into America from Canada and Mexico trying to enjoy our way of living and our lifestyle. And that's a tribute to America. And many of our legislators now who have enjoyed all of the benefits of America, they get old like me and they forget from whence they come. As James Baldwin said in The Fire Next Time, "Know from whence you come, because if you know from whence you come then there are no limits to where you can go." And they have forgotten where they came from.
Let me read something to you that I got out of the paper. This is old stuff here. This came from "The State," my favorite newspaper. I'll get to them later. This came from "The State" of Wednesday, December 12, 1984--a long time ago. And it's an article about a former senator, Steven Young of Ohio--a very conservative senator, a good man. And this is what he said. I'm going to read this to you because I can't recite all of this. It says, "One of my...favorite stories of Senator Young...was the senator's response to a constituent who complained of federal 'handouts' to the poor." The constituent is complaining. Now he'd enjoyed every handout in the world but he'd gotten old like me and had a little bit of money and a farm and he'd forgotten where he came from. And he'd started talking about handouts to the poor. "A young man lived with his parents in a low-cost public housing development." Now that's what we call the projects. That's where he lived with his parents, in Hamilton County. This is in Ohio.
He attended public-schools, rode the free school bus, enjoyed the free-lunch program. Following graduation from high school, he entered the Army and upon discharge kept his National Service Life Insurance. He then enrolled at an Ohio university, receiving his GI checks. Upon graduation, he married a public-health nurse, and bought a farm in southern Ohio with an FHA loan. Later going into the feed and hardware business -- I know somebody in here in the feed and hardware business up in Laurens. Don't I Senator Verdin? Going into the feed and hardware business in addition to farming he secured help from the Small Business Administration when his business faltered. His first baby was born in the county hospital, built in part with Hill-Burton federal funds. Then he put part of his land under the Soil bank Program and used the payments for not growing crops to help pay his debts.
His parents, elderly by now, were living comfortably in the smaller of his two farm homes, using their Social Security and Old Age Assistance checks. Medicare covering most of their doctor and hospital bills.
The senator's story had the young man receiving help from the Rural Electrification Administration, the Farmers Home Administration, the Federal Housing Administration, federal banks... National Student Loan Program, which finances children's college education. Then, a little later it was rumored that he had joined a cell of the John Birch Society and also the liberty lobby, both right-wing extremist groups. He wrote his congressman denouncing excessive government spending, Medicare, big government, the United Nations, high taxes, etc, etc.
And these are the last few lines. He said,
I believe in rugged individualism. People should stand on their own two feet, and not expect...government aid. I stand on my own two feet. I oppose all those socialistic trends you have been voting for and demand return to the free-enterprise system of our forefathers.
He had enjoyed everything that the Lord could send, and then started criticizing it. And I'm just saying, don't forget from whence we come. Don't forget.
I listened to the news last night and a couple of days ago my little sweet wife who never engages in politics, said, "Daddy, I sure hope JAKIE KNOTTS wins his seat." I said, "Well, I ain't never heard you talking about me winning a seat before." I said, "What you and JAKIE got going on?" So I joined my wife. I, too, as I hugged JAKIE this morning... I know I'm getting old now hugging a white boy but, I hugged him, because I'm glad to see him. Because he's a man of integrity and honor. And I personally don't like the idea of any outsiders sending money from New York--and Mr. Rich, sending money down here to influence elections and elect whoever they want to elect. It just kind of rubs me the wrong way. Some of you all are going home involuntarily. That's why I'm glad I can walk out of here on my own steam. You've got to "know when to hold 'em and know when to fold 'em." And I know it's time for me to fold 'em now. So I'm going home. And I hope I've done or said some things for you during my thirty-four years of service that'll help you all get along with your fellow man a little bit better next week and the weeks thereafter. So this is my last time coming through here.
It is written somewhere that, "I expect to pass through this world but once; and any good thing therefore that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now. Let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again."
I want you all to learn to be kind to each other. To be gentlemen; or as my man who is a former senator, a long time ago, Senator Howell Heflin out of Alabama, when he was leaving the Congress he said, "We must set a new course in this Congress and across the land...a course of moderation, tolerance, responsibility and compassion. We need to return to the traditional value of being just plain neighborly." One of my favorite artists is Willie Nelson--I love to hear Willie Nelson and I know that's a surprise to some of you all in here. Oh, I know that. But you see, that's just going to my other side of the family. I got two sides you know. Obama ain't got nothing on me. That's my Kervin side coming out. I was in Darlington one time and I told them I'm a Kervin and of all those Kervins, there ain't but one Kervin that I don't ever cross who's been kind of friendly. Now I don't know her name, but she's a lady used to teach school, Senator from Darlington. She used to teach over there in Hartsville. She was Louise "something;" but she was very nice to me and someone asked me one time, said, "You a Kervin?" I said, "Well, in a sense you would say I'm a Kervin." They said, "Oh, so you're one of Granddaddy's outside children?" I said, "No, I'm one of your Grandmomma's outside children." But Willie Nelson said, "Now that the preaching is over, let the sermon of life begin." You can preach all you want, but once the preaching is over, you leave church, you ought to live it, you know. You've got to live that stuff. Ain't no need of preaching, you know, nobody wants to hear you talking about it; they want to see you living it. And that's what I tried to do. I tried to kind of keep you all in check; make you live a little bit of it, too. I remember they used to get me and want me to come to prayer meetings with them over in that little prayer room in the Gressette. I said, "No, I ain't going over there." They said, "Well, why?" I said, "Why am I going to prayer meeting with you? You all go to prayer meeting. Then you come back over here and I can't get you to vote for Mother's Day, you know?" You know, I don't need that. You don't jive me!
But these are things we ought to at least think about. At least think about them. How you treat your fellow man and try to get along with them. And you all have been nice to me. You've been nice, very nice and cordial and friendly.
I don't see my sister. Where is my sister from Chester, Senator SHORT? She ain't coming today? Got her white flowers on her desk. And my other sister, Senator CEIPS, got white flowers. I'm one of "the sisters," since my first name is KAY, K-A-Y. So, I'm one of the sisters, too. I noticed I didn't get any flowers--white flowers. So they asked me, "Why are you wearing a white suit?" I said I'm honoring my good white folks here today. As Malcolm X would say, "I'm here with my friends." One of them said, "We're sure going to miss you when you're gone." I said, "I sure as hell ain't gonna miss you." I can get along without the Senate myself, but the thing is, can the Senate get along without me? That's where you may run into a problem.
But I've enjoyed it. It's been fun. All thirty-four years. It's been fun. And they said, "Well, why are you leaving?" I said, "Well, I've just had enough of it. I'm going." I guess you can say I was pushed out. I don't know, but I think I'm leaving. Just like when I was teaching school. I enjoyed every minute, every day I saw. I enjoyed it. And I mean--I had some hoodlums, too, that I was teaching. I didn't have those nice children. I didn't have none of them. I had them hoodlums in my classroom. They said, "Well, why did you leave if you loved it so much?" I said, "Well, I did leave." I said, "I didn't drop-out. I was pushed out." They said, "What happened?" I said, "Y'all remember when the 'Thang' came?" They said, "What's the 'Thang'?" I said, "That's integration." I said, "When it came, they transferred some of the teachers to other schools." I said, "They transferred me from W. A. Perry where I taught for fourteen years to Hand Middle School." Now at Perry, we had all those hell-raisers at Perry--them hoodlums. Over at Hand we had the little nice children, you know. They were sweet. So they sent me to Hand. Well at Perry, I was the business manager, which meant I wrote all the checks upon the instruction of the principal; and I kept the books. I didn't have a homeroom assignment. I didn't have extracurricular activities. I taught around two subjects a day. So I had it made--business manager; so they sent me to Hand. So I went over to Hand that summer. Mr. Overton was the principal, Mrs. Chief Justice. Mr. Overton. So I went over there. I said, "Look, Mr. Overton, I'm Kay Patterson and I was transferred over here and I'm coming to check on my assignment." I said, "Keep in mind that over there at Perry I was the business manager there. I kept the books. I taught two subjects a day. I had no homeroom assignments and no extracurricular activities. I want to know what is my assignment here." He looked at me and said, "Well, Mr. Patterson, I'll tell you." He said, "Over here you're going to have homeroom assignments, you're going to teach five classes a day, you're going to have extracurricular activities, and other things I might assign to you." I said, "But Mr. Overton, I'm a fourteen-year veteran. You're treating me like I'm a freshman." He said, "Well that's what you're going to do over here." He said, "I've made out my schedule, and I wouldn't change my schedule for the Lord." I said, "Well, Mr. Overton, if you wouldn't change your schedule for the Lord, I know you sure as hell ain't gonna to change it for me!" And I got my dinner bucket and I hit the road and never looked back. I never looked back. Didn't have a job and was staying in 18-6 Saxon Homes--in the projects! But I knew I wasn't going back to be a freshman. No sir, not me. You're not going to treat me like a freshman. And I've been here for fifteen years.
But you know something? When Man closes one door in your face, He'll open up a thousand more! When I got home the man from SCEA sent for me--Dr. Walker Emanuel Solomon. He said, "Kay, I heard that you're not teaching." I said, "No. I'm not 'cause I ain't got no job." He said, "Well, come on out here. I want you to work for us." And I went to SCEA. And I've been doing...you know. When they close one door in your face, He'll open up a thousand more. You ain't got to worry about it.
And that's what I've done all my life. I've always spoken up for everybody. Everybody. And that's what I want you all to do. It is written in Micah 6:8 "He has shown thee, O man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of thee but to do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with thy God." Thanks for letting me be here.
On behalf of the entire Senate, Senator PATTERSON was presented a framed Resolution and, Senator McCONNELL, on behalf of the Governor and the State, presented the Order of the Palmetto.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator PEELER, McCONNELL, LAND, MATTHEWS and PATTERSON were ordered printed in the Journal.
RECESS
At 1:34 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded from business until 2:30 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 2:40 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Point of Quorum
At 2:40 P.M., Senator McCONNELL made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator McCONNELL moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Campsen Ceips
Courson Cromer Drummond
Elliott Fair Ford
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Retirement of Senator VAUGHN
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, Senator VAUGHN was escorted to the podium upon the occasion of his retirement from the Senate.
Senator McCONNELL addressed the Senate with remarks.
Senator VAUGHN addressed the Senate.
Remarks by Senator VAUGHN
Thank you very much. I don't have any prepared remarks. I don't do very well in making prepared remarks. On the occasion that I prepare remarks and when I get up to speak, only God knows what I am actually going to say.
It has been a privilege and pleasure to serve in this Senate, although it has only been two short years. I came here, as you well know, under unfortunate circumstances, due to the sad passing of Senator J. VERNE SMITH, and I am leaving under unfortunate circumstances. I had planned to seek re-election but, due to health issues, I decided it was best to not run again. I have very strong issues that I support and I know that this Senate would have had very strong debates and arguments on each of them. You might even have agreed with many.
My health is now getting back to normal, thank goodness. It has been a pleasure serving with Senator LEATHERMAN from Florence on the Senate Finance Committee. While serving on the Senate Judiciary Committee, to be honest with you, I never did understand things--such as the committee holding over a Bill, but then the committee would continue to discuss it for another forty-five minutes! I never did understand those kinds of things.
But, anyway, I will miss serving in the General Assembly. I will miss serving in the Senate. I will miss all of you and I love all of you and I wish you well. I am going to have to find something to do and it may be to come down here and see what you folks are doing. Thank you for all you have done for me and all the help you have supplied to me--Senator McCONNELL from Charleston and Senator FAIR, Chairman of the Corrections Committee, and all the Senate committees I have served on, thank you very much.
Senator LAND just handed me some hearing aid batteries. Of course, both of us don't hear very well and sometimes have selective hearing--and he borrowed one battery from me, I don't know how long ago. But today, he gave me one, two, three, four, five, six batteries and that's pretty good interest.
So, thank you very much. I will miss you, Godspeed and good luck to all of you.
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the remarks by Senator VAUGHN were ordered printed in the Journal.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1459 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE RUSSELL R. "RANDY" SCOTT FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ON BEHALF OF THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 38, IN CHARLESTON AND DORCHESTER COUNTIES, AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1460 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE CATHERINE CRAWFORD CEIPS OF BEAUFORT COUNTY FOR HER FIVE YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND TO WISH HER SUCCESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS AS SHE DEPARTS THE SENATE.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1461 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE JAMES H. "JIM" RITCHIE, JR. FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ON BEHALF OF THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 13, GREENVILLE, SPARTANBURG, AND UNION COUNTIES AND TO WISH HIM MUCH SUCCESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1462 (Word version) -- Senator Hawkins: A SENATE RESOLUTION HONORING MAJOR GENERAL JAMES W. RAFFERTY AND HIS WIFE, MRS. MELANIE RAFFERTY, AND THANKING THEM FOR THEIR DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1463 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF HARRIET MCBRYDE JOHNSON OF CHARLESTON AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HER FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1464 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR BARRY F. BOLEN OF LEXINGTON COUNTY FOR THIRTY-SIX YEARS OF DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HIM SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1465 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A SENATE RESOLUTION HONORING THE MEMORY OF HARRIET MCBRYDE JOHNSON OF CHARLESTON COUNTY, CIVIL AND DISABILITY RIGHTS ADVOCATE, ATTORNEY, AND AUTHOR, AND ACCEPTING HER LIFE-LONG CHALLENGE TO RECOGNIZE THE DIGNITY OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1466 (Word version) -- Senator Jackson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF REVEREND WILLIAM M. LOWMAN AND HIS POLITICAL AND SPIRITUAL LEGACY TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1467 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE HOPEWELL AME CHURCH UPON THE OCCASION OF THE DEDICATION OF ITS NEW SANCTUARY ON SATURDAY, JUNE 21, 2008.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1468 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE PATRICIA BALDWIN DIXON OF CHARLESTON COUNTY FOR TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS OF DISTINGUISHED PUBLIC SERVICE, UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HER SUCCESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Senate Resolution was adopted.
S. 1469 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Martin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE III, SECTION 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, SECTION 2-1-180 OF THE 1976 CODE, AND THE PROVISIONS OF S. 838, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON FRIDAY, JUNE 27, 2008, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. OR ANYTIME PRIOR, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET AT A TIME MUTUALLY AGREED UPON BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UPON CERTAIN OCCURRENCES AND FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF SPECIFIED MATTERS; AND THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE NO LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31, 2008.
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Be it resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring:
(A) Pursuant to the provisions of Article III, Section 21 of the Constitution of this State, Section 2-1-180 of the 1976 Code, and the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die adjournment date for the General Assembly for the 2008 session is recognized and extended to permit the General Assembly to continue in session after Friday June 27, 2008, under the terms and conditions stipulated in this resolution and for this purpose each house agrees that when the Senate and the House of Representatives adjourn on Friday, June 27, 2008, not later than 5:00 p.m. or at anytime prior, each house shall stand adjourned to meet in statewide session at a date and time mutually agreed upon by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, if (1) the fiscal conditions described in Section 11-9-890 are met at the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2008-2009, or (2) any acts ratified pursuant to the terms of S. 838 or this resolution are vetoed by the Governor. Further, each house agrees to limit itself to consideration of the following matters and subject to the following conditions, as applicable:
(1) receipt and consideration of legislation necessary to address any shortfall in revenue meeting the conditions of Section 11-9-890;
(2) receipt and consideration of gubernatorial vetoes; and
(3) receipt and consideration of resolutions affecting the Sine Die adjournment date.
(B) The President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives may set a mutually agreed upon time prior to Sine Die adjournment for officers of the Senate and House to ratify acts.
(C) Unless adjourned earlier, the General Assembly shall stand adjourned Sine Die no later than 5:00 p.m. on Friday, October 31, 2008.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced.
The question was the adoption of the Concurrent Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Campsen Ceips
Courson Cromer Drummond
Elliott Fair Ford
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 5291 (Word version) -- Reps. Scott, Bales, Ballentine, Brady, Cotty, Harrison, Hart, Howard, J. H. Neal, Rutherford and J. E. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE KAY PATTERSON, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR HIS MORE THAN THIRTY-FOUR YEARS OF FAITHFUL SERVICE TO THE CITIZENS OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 16, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
This letter is to inform you that I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 181, R-401.
(R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
This Bill, for the most part, updates and codifies existing laws and practices.
We would like to point out our concern with one well-intentioned provision that was inserted at the request of a single senator. Section 24-3-30(B) was amended to state "To the greatest extent possible when making a determination of institutional assignment, the department must place a person convicted of an offense against the State in a place of confinement in close proximity to his home unless this placement jeopardizes security." We, unfortunately, believe this provision opens the door to many lawsuits and was put in place in a way that defies the perspective of the majority in the General Assembly.
Before I elaborate on these concerns, let me say again how I believe that the provision in question is well-intentioned. Part of unconditional love is being able to show it, and to the maximum extent possible, the state ought to be about the business of encouraging and facilitating a loved one being able to, in fact, show love and concern toward a son, daughter, cousin or nephew who is incarcerated. This is much easier to do if your loved one is housed closer to you. We empathize with families - that did not commit a crime - that are forced to travel longer distances to see their loved ones in prison. With gas prices continuing to rise, the burden on families is perhaps felt more now than in any other recent time. We believe that it is better to have inmates placed in closer proximity to their churches and loved ones, and, for this reason, it has been the position of the administration to bring families and inmates closer together whenever requested to do so. Sometimes this is possible and other times it is not, based on capacity requirements within Corrections. Codifying what we already try to do within Corrections will have the unintended consequence of inviting lawsuits. This would take more money from a Corrections department and the inmates housed there that are already in need of more financial resources. In fact, I find it somewhat unbelievable that the General Assembly would pass yet another mandate on the Department of Corrections at the same time that the budget that they passed this year forces the Department of Corrections to run an $8 million dollar deficit. It is well known that our prisons are at capacity - and this makes it impossible to house all inmates in the prison closest to their home. If the General Assembly will pass a budget without deficits incorporated into it for Corrections, it will, in fact, be much easier to do that which this proposed provision is suggesting. We also believe the manner in which this amendment was included in this legislation highlights a procedural problem that exists in the Senate. It is our understanding that a single senator "placed his name on the Bill" - even though no other senator had objections to the legislation. To get this senator to remove his objection, this amendment was included. We believe that adding this amendment to an otherwise routine Bill to placate a lone senator is a poor way to make public policy - and one that, in this case, supplants the will of the body at large. While we approve of the majority of this Bill, we believe that the provision outlined above will lead to an increase in the number of lawsuits that the already underfunded Department of Corrections will be forced to defend. Without this troubling provision, we would sign this Bill. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY. (ABBREVIATED TITLE) The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 36; Nays 5 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford * Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Williams Total--36 NAYS Bryant Campsen Grooms McConnell Verdin * Total--5 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.401, S. 181 by a vote of 21 to 78: (R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY MANAGERS OF THE COUNTY, MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATORS, OR THEIR EQUIVALENT AS PERSONS WHO THE STATE MUST CONSENT TO HOUSE AS AN INMATE IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-27, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL REGIONAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION TO ASSIGN WORK OR DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM WORK IN A FACILITY IS IN THE SOLE DISCRETION OF THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE FACILITY AND MAY NOT BE CHALLENGED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-30, RELATING TO DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO REVISE THE LIST OF PERSONS FROM WHICH THE STATE MUST OBTAIN CONSENT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE PLACED IN A FACILITY MAINTAINED BY A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-40, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF A PRISONER'S WAGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS THAT APPLY FOR THE DISPOSITION OF WAGES OF PRISONERS HOUSED IN STATE FACILITIES APPLY TO PRISONERS BASED IN LOCAL FACILITIES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-50, RELATING TO THE PENALTY FOR A PRISONER WHO FAILS TO REMAIN WITHIN THE EXTENDED LIMITS OF HIS CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO A PRISONER CONFINED IN A LOCAL FACILITY, AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-60, RELATING TO THE CLERKS OF COURT PROVIDING NOTICE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-70, RELATING TO ALLOWABLE EXPENSES INCURRED FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF CONVICTS TO THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-80, RELATING TO THE DETENTION OF A PRISONER BY COMMITMENT AUTHORIZED BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-81, RELATING TO CONJUGAL VISITS WITHIN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO PRISONER IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM OR WHO IS BEING DETAINED IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY IS PERMITTED TO HAVE CONJUGAL VISITS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-130, RELATING TO THE USE OF INMATE LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-131, RELATING TO THE SUPERVISION OF INMATES USED ON PUBLIC PROJECTS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-140, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICT LABOR AT THE STATE HOUSE, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-160, RELATING TO THE COST OF MAINTAINING CONVICTS BY STATE INSTITUTIONS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS" AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-170, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICTS BY CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERMS "FEE" FOR THE TERM "HIRE", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "EMPLOYEES" FOR THE TERM "GUARDS", AND "PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-180, RELATING TO THE PROVISION OF TRANSPORTATION AND CLOTHING FOR CONVICTS WHO HAVE BEEN DISCHARGED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT" AND THE TERM "STATE PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-190, RELATING TO APPROPRIATION OF CLOSE OF THE YEAR BALANCES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DEPARTMENT" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-310, RELATING TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S INTENT FOR ESTABLISHING A PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISONERS" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT", AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-320, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS AND EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PRISON INDUSTRIES, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO DELETE THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-330, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-340, RELATING TO THE STATE'S PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS THAT ARE NOT PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-37-370, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-400, RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES ACCOUNT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-420, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-520, RELATING TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF A PERSON SENTENCED TO DEATH, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION AND PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CUSTODY OF THE INMATE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER HIM TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-540, RELATING TO THE DEATH CHAMBER AND THE TRANSPORTING OF A PERSON TO A PLACE TO BE ELECTROCUTED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-550, RELATING TO WITNESSES THAT MAY BE PRESENT DURING AN EXECUTION, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-560, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF THE EXECUTION OF A PERSON, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-570, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE BODY OF A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN EXECUTED, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-710, RELATING TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE MISCONDUCT THAT OCCURS IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM'S AUTHORITY TO INVESTIGATE MISCONDUCT IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM IS THE SAME AUTHORITY THAT AN OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF A LOCAL FACILITY MAY EXERCISE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-720, RELATING TO ENLISTING THE AID OF CITIZENS TO SUPPRESS PRISON RIOTS AND DISORDERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-740, RELATING TO THE COMPENSATION OF A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-750, RELATING TO PROVIDING IMMUNITY TO A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IN SUPPRESSING DISORDER, RIOT, OR INSURRECTION, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-760, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE KEEPER WHEN THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS ABSENT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-920, RELATING TO REWARDS FOR THE CAPTURE OF AN ESCAPED CONVICT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-930, RELATING TO EXEMPTING CERTAIN PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE PENITENTIARY FROM SERVING ON JURIES AND MILITARY OR STREET DUTY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-940, RELATING TO PROHIBITING PRISONERS FROM GAMBLING, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-951, RELATING TO THE POSSESSION OR USE OF MONEY BY PRISONERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-965, RELATING TO THE TRIAL OF CERTAIN OFFENSES RELATED TO CONTRABAND IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO REGIONAL DETENTION FACILITIES AND PRISON CAMPS, AND TO DEFINE THE TERM "CONTRABAND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-10, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S RESPONSIBILITIES AS THE CUSTODIAN OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-12, RELATING TO COUNTIES ASSUMING CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO THE CUSTODY OF COUNTY JAILS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A COUNTY CAN DEVOLVE ITS POWER TO OPERATE A JAIL TO A SHERIFF; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-20, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF A JAILER, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS A SHERIFF WHO DOES NOT LIVE IN A JAIL TO APPOINT A JAILER, TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF WHO HAS CONTROL OF A JAIL SHALL APPOINT A FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CONTROL AND CUSTODY OF THE JAIL UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE SHERIFF, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IN CASES WHERE THE SHERIFF DOES NOT CONTROL THE JAIL, THE COUNTY'S GOVERNING BODY SHALL APPOINT THE FACILITY MANAGER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-50, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S KEEPING OF PRISONERS COMMITTED BY A CORONER, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGERS" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-60, RELATING TO SHERIFFS AND JAILERS KEEPING PRISONERS COMMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "GOVERNING BODIES" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF OR FACILITY MANAGER MAY CHARGE A FEE FOR KEEPING THESE PRISONERS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-80, RELATING TO PROVIDING BLANKETS AND BEDDING TO PRISONERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE ITEMS THAT A PRISONER MUST BE FURNISHED TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENT FOOD, WATER, CLOTHING, HYGIENE PRODUCTS, BEDDING, AND SHELTER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-90, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-110, RELATING TO THE RETURN TO COURT BY A SHERIFF OF THE NAMES OF PRISONERS WHO ARE CONFINED ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE TERM OF GENERAL SESSIONS COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS SATISFIES THIS REQUIREMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-120, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S ANNUAL REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-170, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM A JAIL THAT MAY BE DESTROYED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION ALSO APPLIES TO A JAIL THAT IS RENDERED UNINHABITABLE, AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURES TO TRANSFER THESE PRISONERS TO ANOTHER FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-5-300, 24-5-310, 24-5-320, 24-5-330, 24-5-350, 24-5-360, 24-5-370, 24-5-380, AND 24-5-390, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, THE APPOINTMENT, TRAINING, PHYSICAL COMPETENCE, DUTIES, IDENTIFICATION CARDS, UNIFORMS, AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS FOR RESERVE DETENTION OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-60, RELATING TO THE CARE OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO LABOR ON A COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "GENERAL FUND" FOR THE TERM "ROAD FUND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-110, RELATING TO THE HEALTH OF CONVICTS IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "MEDICAL PERSONNEL" FOR THE TERM "PHYSICIAN", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "COUNTY JAIL, DETENTION FACILITY, PRISON CAMP, OR OTHER LOCAL FACILITIES" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANG", AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE TO PROVIDE AND PAY FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR INMATES IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-120, RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF CONVICTS BY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION TO ALLOW A MUNICIPALITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS TO HOUSE THEIR PRISONERS IN COUNTY FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-155, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION OF CONTRABAND IN A COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL PRISON, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL FACILITIES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FACILITY", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MAY DESIGNATE ADDITIONAL ITEMS OF CONTRABAND THAT ARE PROHIBITED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-30, RELATING TO MINIMUM STANDARDS THAT MUST BE MET BY FACILITIES THAT HOUSE PRISONERS OR PRETRIAL DETAINEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A COPY OF CERTAIN REPORTS BE SENT TO CERTAIN JUDGES OF THE JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN WHICH THE FACILITY IS LOCATED, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-35, RELATING TO REPORTS OF DEATHS OF INCARCERATED PERSONS, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-40, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PLANS BEFORE A CONFINEMENT FACILITY IS CONSTRUCTED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO THE RENOVATION OF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-10, 24-13-20, 24-13-30, 24-13-40, 24-13-50, 24-13-80, 24-13-125, 24-13-150, 24-13-210, 24-13-230, 24-13-235, 24-13-260, 24-13-410, 24-13-420, 24-13-430, 24-13-440, 24-13-450, 24-13-460, 24-13-470, 24-13-640, 24-13-660, 24-13-910, 24-13-915, 24-13-940, AND 24-13-1540, ALL RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF PRISONERS, THE REDUCTION IN A PRISONER'S SENTENCE, PRISONER OFFENSES, THE PRISON WORK RELEASE PROGRAM, FURLOUGHS, THE SHOCK INCARCERATION PROGRAM, AND THE HOME DETENTION PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "LOCAL DETENTION PROGRAM" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANGS", SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "PRISONERS", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "OFFICIAL", TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY", TO REVISE THE TYPE AND COST OF MEDICAL SERVICES THAT MAY BE PAID FROM AN INMATE'S ACCOUNT, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PRISONER TO ESCAPE FROM CUSTODY OR TO POSSESS ITEMS THAT MAY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE, AND TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "LOCAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY"; TO AMEND SECTION 16-7-140, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING PROVISIONS THAT PROHIBIT THE WEARING OF MASKS AND PLACING A BURNING CROSS ON A PROPERTY WITHOUT ITS OWNER'S PERMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-1350, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR A PERSON'S FAILURE TO OBEY CERTAIN ORDERS OF A COURT AND STATUTES RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE OF LAW, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY" FOR THE TERM "CORRECTIONAL FACILITY", AND TO DELETE A PROVISION THAT PLACES RESTRICTIONS ON WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN A WORK/PUNISHMENT PROGRAM; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 24-3-150, 24-3-200, 24-5-30, 24-5-70, 24-5-100, 24-5-140, 24-5-150, 24-5-160, 24-7-70, 24-7-80, 24-7-130, 24-7-140, AND 24-7-150 RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF CONVICTS TO A COUNTY CHAIN GANG, THE TRANSFER OF A PRISONER TO A COUNTY OTHER THAN THE COUNTY WHERE HE WAS SENTENCED, THE APPOINTMENT OF A JAILER BY A SHERIFF, THE USE OF FEDERAL PRISONERS BY A COUNTY, A SHERIFF'S IMPRESSING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF GUARDS TO SECURE A PRISONER WHO IS ACCUSED OF A CAPITAL OFFENSE, THE HOUSING OF FEMALE CONVICTS, THE CONFINEMENT OF PERSONS CHARGED WITH A CRIME IN A PRISON LOCATED IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY, THE DIETING AND CLOTHING AND MAINTENANCE OF CERTAIN PRISONERS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, AND THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSITION OF MONEY BY A COUNTY FOR THE HIRING OF CONVICTS; BY ADDING CHAPTER 5 TO TITLE 24 SO AS TO ENACT THE LOCAL DETENTION FACILITY MUTUAL AID AND ASSISTANCE ACT TO ALLOW LOCAL DETENTION FACILITIES TO ASSIST EACH OTHER IN PROVIDING SAFE AND SECURE HOUSING OF INMATES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-560, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM, SO AS TO REUSE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF TIME A PRISONER MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE INCARCERATED WHEN SENTENCED FOR SUCCESSIVE COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM REVOCATIONS; AND BY ADDING SECTION 16-17-685 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO PURCHASE STOLEN MONUMENTS, VASES, OR MARKERS THAT COMMEMORATE DECEASED INDIVIDUALS AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 16, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing S. 577, R-403, which, among other things, doubles the penalties for assault and battery upon coaches and sports officials. (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. Let me begin by saying that we appreciate Sen. SHEHEEN's attempt with this Bill to deter assaults upon coaches and sports officials. Coaches are to be admired for the way they dedicate time and energy in instructing young people in life lessons that will make an impact on who and what these young people do and become. In the same vein, sports officials teach young athletes about the larger notion of rules going with life. It is a sorry commentary on society at large when a Bill like this needs to even be debated, but it does given the fact that attacks have taken place. I believe that attacks by overzealous parents to be wrong and deserving of our greatest condemnation and prosecution under the law. I also believe this prosecution should take place under existing law because changing it as this Bill does sets a dangerous precedent of carving out a special status for coaches and officials that other citizens don't enjoy. Assault of any kind, to any South Carolinian, for any reason - is wrong and should be immediately dealt with. When we begin elevating certain people to a status where they get extra protection under the law, we begin to signal the crime can be less egregious in other instances. Again, the view of the Administration is assault is wrong to anyone - every time. There are many other individuals who perform valuable functions for society who are not entitled to special protection. For example, clergy members, Boy Scout leaders, and other types of mentors have similar roles as coaches in instructing our youth, but they would not receive extra protection under this Bill. Can anyone really say that an attack on a coach is worse than an attack on a minister who is trying to help in a thorny domestic situation? We believe wrong is wrong every time and, therefore, we believe it is a better policy to create uniform penalties for attacks that give all citizens equal protection under the law. For these reasons, I am vetoing S. 577, R-403. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 32; Nays 6 AYES Alexander Bryant Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Hawkins Hutto Jackson Knotts Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Williams Total--32 NAYS Campsen Grooms Martin McConnell Vaughn Verdin Total--6 The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.403, S. 577 by a vote of 87 to 17: (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing and returning without my approval S. 799, R-344. (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. This Bill amends the Acupuncturist Practice Act to allow the Board of Medical Examiners to decide whether or not an acupuncturist can use the title "doctor." It also specifies who may perform a certain type of acupuncture called auricular detoxification therapy. While I believe there is great value in a more holistic approach to one's health and I recognize the value of alternatives to western medical approaches, as an Administration we still fundamentally believe in the overarching need to limit the scope of government. As you may recall, in 2004, I vetoed the Acupuncturist Practice Act (H. 3891) because we believed it was unduly burdensome and imposed unnecessary regulatory restrictions on the profession - and created yet another oversight board in South Carolina. By allowing the Board of Medical Examiners to approve whether or not an acupuncturist can use the title "doctor," we are duplicating regulatory oversight. In this case, the state would be providing oversight by one board - over the last one (the Acupuncture Board) created only about a year ago. An acupuncturist does not work under the direct supervision of a physician, and by creating a hybrid organizational arrangement, we only further convolute our already Byzantine and overly redundant government structure. Additionally, this would be new ground that we would be covering in that the Board of Medical Examiners does not currently decide whether or not other professions (i.e., chiropractors) can use the same title. For these reasons, I am vetoing and returning without my signature S. 799, R-344. Sincerely, /s/Mark Sanford VETO SUSTAINED (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator HAYES spoke on the veto. Senator HAYES moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 19; Nays 11 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Cromer Elliott Hawkins Hayes Hutto Knotts Land Lourie Martin O'Dell Peeler Reese Scott Sheheen Thomas Total--19 NAYS Bryant Campsen Fair Grooms Malloy Massey McConnell McGill Setzler Verdin Williams Total--11 The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. S. 799, R. 344 --Veto Reconsidered and Overridden (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator MALLOY moved that the vote be reconsidered whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained. The motion to reconsider was adopted. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 30; Nays 9 AYES Alexander Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson * Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Sheheen Thomas Williams Total--30 NAYS Bryant Campsen Fair Grooms Massey McConnell Setzler Vaughn Verdin Total--9 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.344, S. 799 by a vote of 6 to 94: (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am writing to inform you that I am vetoing and returning without my signature S. 968, R-346. (R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. The underlying Bill redefines the weapons definition of a knife with a two-inch handle. If this were the only provision of the Bill, I would have no trouble signing it. What gave us pause about this legislation was the second section, which is aimed at allowing state employees and legislators to store a concealed weapon in their vehicle when entering the State House complex. We have long supported the Second Amendment Rights of our state's citizens and have supported several Bills to allow them to enjoy those rights. What I find troubling about this Bill is the way that it seems to contradict the central tenet of true public service, which is putting the rights of others above oneself. To the outside observer it would seem that self-interest reigns supreme when it comes to security measures in, or around, the State Capitol. As we all know,$6 million has been directed to make secure what was already an incredibly secure Capitol Complex. Instead, those funds could have gone to other law enforcement efforts to make the average South Carolinian across the state more secure. Most people don't work in a place that has its own police force, armed guards 24 hours a day, security cameras, and more. Nonetheless, this additional $6 million was spent over our objection - and in that process, security measures have moved forward erecting a variety of barriers, entrances, and screening devices and sensors. In effect, the "People's House" has become something of a fortress both to mirror many of the security features found in Washington, D.C. - and to allegedly protect it from terrorist attack. There is obviously a glaring difference in the level of threat in Washington, D.C. versus Columbia, S.C. Our point is simply this: If we are going to spend the$6 million and if those kinds of security measures are going to be installed, it would make sense to live by the same rules that have been employed in the Capitol Complex in Washington wherein members are not in fact allowed to bring a weapon to work.
In short, our view is the same as it has been. Either cease and desist on what we think to be extraneous security measures where those dollars could be far better applied to helping average South Carolinians - and, in that case, let people bring guns to and from work in their car. Alternatively, if one is to insist on what we believe to be a waste of these $6 million, then live by the same rules that are in place in Washington where a member cannot bring a gun to the garage. To be consistent in our objection, we will once again veto this Bill because it further codifies the$6 million in security upgrades that we think to be unnecessary.
It is for this reason, I am vetoing S. 968, R-346.
Sincerely,
/s/ Mark Sanford
VETO OVERRIDDEN
(R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 33; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Bryant Campbell
Campsen Ceips Courson
Cromer Elliott Fair
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Reese
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--33
NAYS
Martin
Total--1
The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.346, S. 968 by a vote of 93 to 12:
(R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 970, R-347, that eliminates the current requirement that the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) must notify a school district superintendent and nurse of any students who have AIDS/HIV.
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
We believe that as a matter of public policy that more highly contagious diseases should be added to this notification list rather than deleted. Instead, this Bill would move in the opposite direction by removing what many consider to be a very deadly disease. In the interest of health and safety for all children, DHEC should continue to notify the proper school officials if a child has AIDS/HIV. If anything, we would take this law a step further by adding two other highly contagious bloodborne diseases - Hepatitis B as well as Hepatitis C.
At a common sense level, if my son or daughter was sitting in class or was on the sporting field with a fellow student who happened to have Hepatitis C, as a parent I would want to know. It's always been my belief that we ought to maximize liberty, but in so doing, my rights end when they begin to infringe upon the rights of another. I realize that federal law prohibits an individual from passing along these relevant details (related to highly contagious bloodborne diseases) to the very students who might be impacted - but I see no reason that state law should codify this misguided principle that is now, indeed, codified at the federal level of law.
I am aware of no public outcry to change existing law, and as I mentioned earlier, I believe if anything we should be adding other highly contagious diseases to this list. For these reasons, I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 970, R-347.
Sincerely,
/s/Mark Sanford
VETO SUSTAINED
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
Senator HUTTO spoke on the veto.
Senator HUTTO moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 25; Nays 13
AYES
Anderson Campbell Ceips
Drummond Elliott Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews McGill O'Dell
Patterson Rankin Reese
Scott Sheheen Thomas
Williams
Total--25
NAYS
Alexander Bryant Campsen
Courson Cromer Fair
Grooms Martin McConnell
Peeler Setzler Vaughn
Verdin
Total--13
The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
S. 970, R. 347--Veto Reconsidered and Overridden
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator GROOMS moved that the vote be reconsidered whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained.
The motion to reconsider was adopted.
Recorded Vote
Senator SETZLER desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to reconsider the vote whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 12
AYES
Anderson Campbell Drummond
Elliott Gregory Grooms
Hawkins Hayes Hutto
Jackson Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews McGill O'Dell
Patterson Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Sheheen
Thomas Verdin * Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Alexander Bryant Campsen
Courson Cromer Fair
Knotts Leatherman McConnell
Peeler Setzler Vaughn
Total--12
*This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent.
The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.347, S. 970 by a vote of 38 to 65:
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator SCOTT rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator SCOTT
Mr. PRESIDENT and members of the Senate, it certainly has been an honor to serve in this great body, the South Carolina State Senate.
As a boy and a young man, I never imagined being in politics. Some boys and young men would dream of being police officers or firemen. Senators from Richland County, Senator Courson and Senator Patterson.... like you, I wanted to be a Marine. Not only a Marine but the welterweight champion of the Marine Corps.
But as fate would have it, I ended up in politics; first serving on Dorchester County Council for eight years--two years as vice chairman, three years as chairman. And, I said when I was first elected, that I would only serve two terms.
Then I became a South Carolina State Senator and truly that was a blessing from God to start from where I started.... and to have the privilege of serving in this great body of honorable men and women.
As all of you know, I was defeated in my attempt for a second term.
Even with all of the controversy I had with our county sheriff, I was still ahead in the polls. Then the man downstairs with the big stick, the man that seems to have enjoyment with beating up on legislators with that big stick, decided to get involved in my race. Senator from Lexington, Senator KNOTTS, you know the man that you said walked around the State House with two pigs and that every time he would squeeze them they would squirt from both ends? Then this club called Sticky Fingers--no, that's the group that cooks pigs, I'm sorry. It was Club Growth that started mailing out mailers with pigs on it, like this.... Then they graduated from that, to a full grown hog. The hog was so big that they had to carry it around my district in the in the back of a pick-up truck and that drove the last nail in my coffin.
You know, I was raised to go to church and to believe in the Bible and the Bible says, Jesus drove out demons from a man and cast them into a heard of swine, which are pigs. Did you ever wonder why He cast the demons into the swine? In my opinion, that was the lowest form of life around.
As a boy I would sit and talk with my daddy--and he was not a well educated man-- but, he had a head full of knowledge and wisdom and he always told me that you are judged by the company you keep and that birds of a feather flock together, and I believe that. And, I hope you get my drift.
But back to my service--again, I would like to thank God for the privilege of serving in this great body. It has been truly an honor to serve with such fine colleagues. I love you all and wish you all the best. Thank you.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator CEIPS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator CEIPS
It is my pleasure to have served the citizens of Beaufort County and the people all across the great State of South Carolina.
I'm proud of my life of public service and I consider it to have been an honor and a privilege to have served in the General Assembly for the past six years.
I look forward to continuing to find new avenues through which I may continue to serve our State in the years ahead.
But in the words of the great statesman Daniel Webster: "History is God's providence in human affairs."
I have especially enjoyed my time in the Senate. I am proud of our work as a body and will cherish the friendships I've made with each of you. Thank you to the members for your gracious welcome and spirited commitment to moving our State forward. And thank you to the staff for your tireless work that makes our efforts possible.
Lastly, as I take leave of this great body, I am reminded of the words of Abigail Adams. Writing to her husband, the future President John Adams, in March of 1776, she noted: "I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors."
Thank you.
On motion of Senator VAUGHN, with unanimous consent, the remarks by Senators CEIPS and SCOTT were ordered printed in the Journal.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am hereby vetoing and returning without my approval S. 1141, R-355. This Bill amends sales tax incentives for the purchase of energy efficient manufactured homes.
(R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT.
Given my belief in conservation and given my belief in doing things that maximize the number of dollars in a taxpayer's pocket, I very much support energy efficiency and hope that consumers realize the benefits of purchasing products that bring with them both energy and efficiency rewards. So while I believe the Bill is certainly well intentioned, I am compelled to veto it for two main reasons.
First, we continue to believe that there are already too many carve-outs and exemptions to our sale tax. Though individually these carve-outs may have merit, collectively they narrow the population from whom sales taxes are collected and effectively raise sales taxes on those entities still subject to sales taxes in South Carolina. Rather than having people in politics pick winners and losers in the marketplace or direct people's behaviors through the tax code, it has been our belief that our taxes ought to be as low as possible. To get to this end, taxes cannot be ever narrowing in scope. In short, these kinds of exemptions further narrow the sales tax base and make it that much harder to make broad base cuts. Our end-goal is to, in fact, broadly lower rates, and then allow individuals to make their own decisions on where and how to spend their money.
We occasionally support making exceptions to the bias described above when it can be demonstrated that there is an overwhelming or especially strong consequence to a tax exemption. Unfortunately, this can not be demonstrated in this instance. As with any sales tax exemption, it can be shown that there is a savings to the individual - but the key is to demonstrate that it compels them to take an action that they would not have without its presence. Based on the numbers we have seen, the consumer will be compelled to take advantage of the ENERGY STAR rating even without the sales tax exemption because it is in their financial best interest to do so. For example, the average cost of a standard manufactured home is $54,300. The cost of an ENERGY STAR rated mobile home is nearly$2,599 more, bringing the average up to $56,900. The average monthly savings that results in the reduced utility costs associated with ENERGY STAR manufactured homes averages$70 a month or $840 a year. This means that a consumer recoups the initial increased cost of the energy efficient home in just 36 months, and, in our view, this is incentive enough for consumers to purchase ENERGY STAR rated manufactured homes. For the above reasons, I am vetoing S. 1141, R-355. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.355, S. 1141 by a vote of 98 to 0: (R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 4:31 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing S. 1143, R-356. (R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM. S. 1143 does the following three things: (1) creates a month-long sales tax holiday for the purchase of energy-efficient products; (2) creates a two-day sales tax holiday for the purchase of firearms; and (3) requires all gasoline suppliers to provide raw gasoline to retailers and distributors so that they can "splash blend" ethanol. First, while we support the intent underlying sales tax holidays, we are vetoing this Bill because we don't believe that sales tax holidays are an effective method of promoting energy efficiency or the Second Amendment. While we certainly support consumers purchasing energy-efficient products and firearms, we believe the best way to do that is to create a low-tax, consumer-friendly environment on a permanent basis. Several studies have shown that providing a temporary sales tax holiday does not have a significant impact on consumer demand for products and, by extension, the economy because it only affects the timing of a purchase. In short, we ought to be permanently lowering taxes and then leaving it to the individual to decide how and when to spend their money. Second, we are vetoing this Bill because the "splash blending" provisions of S. 1143 permanently entangle a misguided federal ethanol policy with state law. This Bill requires that gasoline suppliers offer retailers and distributors raw gasoline that can be blended with ethanol and prohibits gas suppliers from denying retailers and distributors the opportunity to blend raw gasoline and ethanol on their own. Thus, gas suppliers would be prohibited from selling only blended ethanol to retailers and distributors. These provisions have arisen because a 2007 federal energy law requires gas suppliers to produce nine billion gallons of blended ethanol in 2008 and even more in following years. It is our strong hope that these misguided federal laws will be repealed. Nonetheless, to meet this requirement, many large gas suppliers have decided to stop supplying raw gasoline to retailers and distributors and to offer only blended ethanol instead. If gas suppliers only offer blended ethanol, then local retailers and distributors will be prevented from obtaining federal tax credits for blending ethanol. While we understand that local retailers and distributors want to preserve the opportunity to obtain blending tax credits, we don't believe it is wise to further support federal ethanol policies that have been proven ineffective and, in many ways, counterproductive. It is well documented that increasing ethanol production and consumption has not and likely will not lower gas prices or increase the nation's energy independence. Moreover, ethanol usage in its current form is not the environmentally-friendly alternative that many suggest it is. In fact, one recent study conducted by MIT showed that, on a life-cycle basis, gasoline and ethanol produce roughly the same amount of greenhouse gases. The federal policy of subsidizing and mandating ethanol production has caused food prices to rise and increased the amount of land devoted to farming, which often has damaging consequences to the environment. As every day passes, there seems to be more evidence indicating that the federal ethanol policy is a bad idea and needs to be abandoned. The debacle of the federal government's ethanol policy is so bad that even the New York Times has stated in a recent editorial that "[i]t is time to end an outdated tax break for corn ethanol and to call a timeout in the fivefold increase in ethanol production mandated in the 2007 energy Bill." It is time to remove our heads from the sand about ethanol and ensure that our laws do not reflect this flawed premise that ethanol will solve our current energy crisis. Third, we are also concerned that providing preference to local retailers and distributors over the out-of-state suppliers could be unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution because this preference discriminates against interstate commerce. The Commerce Clause prevents states from regulating commerce in a manner that prefers in-state interests over out-of-state interests. In fact, the Supreme Court stated in Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. New York State Liquor Authority that while "a State may seek lower prices for its consumers, it may not insist that producers or consumers in other States surrender whatever competitive advantages they may possess." This legislation appears to do exactly that by insisting that out-of-state gas suppliers surrender their natural competitive advantage of controlling the supply of gas by dictating that they cannot supply only blended ethanol to retailers and distributors in South Carolina. Fourth, even if we did not have these concerns about the blending provisions in S. 1143, we would veto this Bill because it was added through the unconstitutional practice of bobtailing. This administration has consistently vetoed legislation which violates Article III, Section 17 of the South Carolina Constitution, which provides that "every Act or resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title." S. 1143 clearly violates this mandate and would undoubtedly be held to be unconstitutional by our Supreme Court. S. 1143 was introduced by Senator McConnell with the title reflecting a single subject of the sales tax holiday for energy efficient products. The title of S. 1143 remained unchanged throughout the legislative process. The Senate passed the Bill with this title intact and the Bill related only to the single subject stated in the title. The House amended S. 1143 by adding a section that provided for an exemption from sales tax holiday for firearms. While this broadened the Bill, the amendment remained related to sales tax holidays. Thus, as passed by the House the Bill would very likely pass constitutional muster. However, when the Bill was returned to the Senate, the Bill was amended to include the ethanol blending provisions. This amendment is totally unrelated to the other provisions of the Bill and, therefore, not within the "single subject" of the title. The South Carolina Supreme Court has most recently addressed the "single subject" or "bobtail" issue in Sloan v. Wilkins. Citing numerous prior cases, the Court said that the "purpose of Article III, Section 17 is (1) to apprise the members of the General Assembly of the contents of an act by reading the title, (2) prevent legislative log-rolling and (3) inform the people of the state of the matters with which the General Assembly concerns itself." The ethanol blending amendment violates all three purposes the Supreme Court established because it was never introduced as a separate Bill nor discussed as an amendment in any subcommittee or committee of the General Assembly. Thus, the deliberative process that is supposedly the hallmark of the legislative process was by-passed and the public was denied opportunity to be informed of and participate in the consideration of the ethanol blending provisions. This constitutional infirmity was recognized by Senator McConnell, the author of the original Bill. When the ethanol blending amendment was brought up on the Senate floor, he stated that it was unconstitutional and announced he wanted to be recorded as voting against it. While Senator McConnell and I do not always agree, we are in agreement that this measure is unconstitutional. For these reasons, we are vetoing S. 1143, R-356. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator MARTIN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator O'DELL argued in favor of overriding the veto of the Governor. Senator LEATHERMAN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator DRUMMOND spoke on the veto. Senator THOMAS spoke on the veto. Senator McCONNELL argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator O'DELL moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 4:56 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 8 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ryberg * Setzler Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams Total--35 NAYS Campbell Campsen Ford Leatherman Martin McConnell Scott Vaughn Total--8 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Statement by Senator LEATHERMAN I voted to sustain the veto on S. 1143 because the Board of Economic Advisers has certified that the Bill will reduce General Fund revenue by an estimated$1,240,206 in FY09-10. Given the current economic climate and pressing needs of this State, I cannot vote for additional tax exemptions of this magnitude until we have completed a detailed study of our state's tax structure as I have recommended in proposed legislation.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.356, S. 1143 by a vote of 92 to 9:
(R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am returning without my approval S. 1252, R-363.
(R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS.
This Bill would remove the cap from the Centers for Economic Excellence Matching Endowment and would guarantee that $30 million a year be put toward the program. Additionally, this Bill would impose special student fees at Francis Marion University essentially making students help repay bonds for new athletic facilities. There could be nothing better intended than the idea of growing the knowledge-based economy in South Carolina. We're all for that as South Carolinians. The real question lies in how you do it and whether or not you pause, analyze, and make improvements in your efforts to do something on which there is more or less complete accord. As we have stated in several instances, our veto is not aimed at ending the Endowed Chairs program but bettering it by forcing policymakers to look at what works and what does not work in the program. It also needs to be remembered that this debate is about whether we increase funding by$20 million and keep it within the confines of the cap that came with the original Endowed Chairs program or raise it by $30 million, break the cap, and do no review of what works and does not work. This last point is especially important given that universities like Clemson have become especially creative in defining matching dollars. Most recently they matched state money with land that had been transferred from the state to North Charleston as the "supposed" private match in the confederate era submarine restoration project from which we have yet to see any material private investment or job creation. In short, Endowed Chairs may well have merit, but in these economic times it is very important that we live within the original$200 million commitment and take a slightly longer look at where change might strengthen the program.
Overall, this Administration has many concerns about this legislation, several of which relate to the Endowed Chairs program. One can certainly grow the economy by growing government, but this Administration believes that it's far better grown by the private sector. Given South Carolina government has already funneled just shy of $200 million into the Endowed Chairs program, coupled with the importance of limiting the growth of government as a tool in growing the economy, we believe removing the cap and guaranteeing an additional$10 million, over the $20 million already promised in funding, isn't a wise course. A better course, in our view, is to not rush forward and to leave the cap in place so that we can continue the program and possibly gain insight by reviewing the program's success. While we agree with the intent of the program, here are some reasons that we are concerned with the proposed legislation. 1. We believe that the General Assembly is reauthorizing an Act that has not lived up to its legislative intent. The program, which created endowed professorships at the three senior research universities, was initially begun as dollar-for-dollar match between state and non-state resources. What has happened over time is that non-state funds have not been collected to fully match state funds. The unmatched dollars have caused the program to drift toward one that is being overwhelmingly driven by public expenditures. 2. The requirements in using this money are being watered down. For example, the original legislation required cash-on-hand to be eligible for the state match. Then it became allowable to use cash within 18 months, and then two 6-month extensions were added on top of that. Also, the original legislation required that the money go directly to fund the actual endowed chair; not to fund equipment for the chair. Now, "in-kind" contributions are eligible for state match, and, in some cases, we believe the in-kind "match" doesn't truly equal the monetary value committed by the state. For instance, a microscope valued at$1.5 million was used as a state "match," but many have legitimately questioned whether this device would actually sell for that amount in the real market.
3. Of equal concern in this Bill is that it waives the $200 million cap for the program - which it has almost reached - and commits$30 million be put toward the program each year. This is a risky commitment - considering that education lottery funds have dwindled in recent years - meaning that money for this program is competing with fewer dollars for need-based scholarships and K-12 education.
4. It appears to us that the hard questions about waste in the program aren't getting asked. For example, a Public Relations firm in Columbia has been hired, in essence, to help ask for yet more state funding and support. Is it really worth the $750,000 contract? And does this not fall into the category of using state money to lobby for yet more state money? Similarly, at Innovista in Columbia - though construction has been delayed, costs are up about$10 million, and tenants and private buildings have not materialized - the private developer has still been paid handsomely. If the Endowed Chairs program is about economic development, then why don't we require a quantified return on our investment? For instance, a large part of the program's mission is to ensure that the professorships create well-paying jobs and enhance economic opportunities and improve the quality of life for South Carolinians. If this Bill is going to commit $30 million annually, why don't we request job creation numbers, as we do for other economic development efforts? 5. Finally, we are very concerned with Article 3 of the Bill, which includes imposing special student fees at Francis Marion University for the purpose of repaying bonds to cover athletic facility upgrades. While we aren't opposed to seeing students have the chance to enhance their athletic skills and physical well-being with newer, safer equipment and facilities, we are opposed to the fact that this legislation is allowing the university to once again turn to the student to help pick up the cost. The Bill also states that the funds could be raised through admission fees, but we are reluctant to believe that ticket sales would raise sufficient revenue to repay the bonds. 6. As we've said in the past, we have to stop and look closely at the likely long-term effects of this type of legislation, and this veto represents a stopping point for our Administration. It is our belief that special fees tied to repayment of bonds are essentially de facto tuition payments that will only further increase the financial burden on students. This comes at a time when tuition has already skyrocketed in recent years. South Carolina currently ranks at the top of all Southeastern states for the cost of in-state tuition, and there are only six other states in the nation that have higher in-state tuition fees. At Francis Marion, tuition increased by 8.1 percent last year and the university has seen a 38 percent tuition increase over the past five years. Having a post-secondary program will serve little purpose if our children cannot afford to participate. It is for these reasons that I am vetoing S. 1252, R-363, and returning it without my approval. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 34; Nays 4 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford * Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams Total--34 NAYS Bryant Campsen Massey Vaughn Total--4 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.363, S. 1252 by a vote of 103 to 0: (R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 5:26 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.386, H. 4743 by a vote of 86 to 19: (R386, H4743 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Davenport, Littlejohn, W.D. Smith, Allen, Anthony, Cato, Hardwick, Harrell, Hosey, Kennedy, Lowe, Mack, Miller, Phillips, F.N. Smith, Talley, Young, Knight and Hodges: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 31-6-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR MUNICIPALITIES AND TO AMEND SECTION 31-7-30, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TERM "REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT" ALSO INCLUDES AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS WHERE ALL OR A PART OF NEW PROPERTY TAX REVENUES GENERATED IN THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT ARE USED TO PROVIDE OR SUPPORT PUBLICLY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT OR IS USED TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS TO SUPPORT PRIVATELY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-175 SO AS TO REQUIRE A DISTRICT TO ADVERTISE AND HOLD A PUBLIC MEETING PRIOR TO BEGINNING A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT, EXPAND, OR MATERIALLY ALTER A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION WATER OR A SYSTEM FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEWAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 6-11-1220, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS FOR PROVISIONS CONCERNING ADDITIONAL POWERS OF DISTRICTS PROVIDING SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, SO AS TO ADD RURAL WATER DISTRICT TO THE DEFINITION OF DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-13-15 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE A RURAL COMMUNITY WATER DISTRICT TO PROVIDE SEWER SERVICE TO THE AREA WITHIN ITS BOUNDARIES AND LEGAL SERVICE AREA IF THE DISTRICT HAS MET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 33, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE RELATING TO TAX INCREMENT FINANCING FOR COUNTIES. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R386, H4743 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Davenport, Littlejohn, W.D. Smith, Allen, Anthony, Cato, Hardwick, Harrell, Hosey, Kennedy, Lowe, Mack, Miller, Phillips, F.N. Smith, Talley, Young, Knight and Hodges: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 31-6-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR MUNICIPALITIES AND TO AMEND SECTION 31-7-30, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TERM "REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT" ALSO INCLUDES AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS WHERE ALL OR A PART OF NEW PROPERTY TAX REVENUES GENERATED IN THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT ARE USED TO PROVIDE OR SUPPORT PUBLICLY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT OR IS USED TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS TO SUPPORT PRIVATELY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-175 SO AS TO REQUIRE A DISTRICT TO ADVERTISE AND HOLD A PUBLIC MEETING PRIOR TO BEGINNING A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT, EXPAND, OR MATERIALLY ALTER A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION WATER OR A SYSTEM FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEWAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 6-11-1220, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS FOR PROVISIONS CONCERNING ADDITIONAL POWERS OF DISTRICTS PROVIDING SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, SO AS TO ADD RURAL WATER DISTRICT TO THE DEFINITION OF DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-13-15 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE A RURAL COMMUNITY WATER DISTRICT TO PROVIDE SEWER SERVICE TO THE AREA WITHIN ITS BOUNDARIES AND LEGAL SERVICE AREA IF THE DISTRICT HAS MET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 33, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE RELATING TO TAX INCREMENT FINANCING FOR COUNTIES. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 7 AYES Alexander Anderson Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Williams * Total--35 NAYS Bryant Campbell Campsen Gregory Martin McConnell Verdin Total--7 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.390, H. 4773 by a vote of 105 to 0: (R390, H4773 (Word version)) -- Reps. W.D. Smith, Walker, Talley, Mahaffey, Moss, Anthony, Kelly, Littlejohn, Mitchell and Phillips: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION TO EXPEND UP TO EIGHT MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS OF THE FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE TO THE STATE UNDER SECTION 903 OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, AS AMENDED, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ERECTING AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, FOR FURNISHINGS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR THE GAFFNEY AND UNION WORKFORCE CENTERS, EXPANDING THE LANCASTER WORKFORCE CENTER, IMPROVING THE SENECA WORKFORCE CENTER PARKING LOT, ASSISTING IN THE ERECTION AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE COMMISSION IN DORCHESTER COUNTY, AUTOMATING THE TRADE READJUSTMENT ALLOWANCES PAYMENT SYSTEM, DEVELOPING AN AUTOMATED DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE PAYMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, AND PROVIDING ADMINISTRATIVE FUNDING FOR THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION PROGRAM. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R390, H4773 (Word version)) -- Reps. W.D. Smith, Walker, Talley, Mahaffey, Moss, Anthony, Kelly, Littlejohn, Mitchell and Phillips: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION TO EXPEND UP TO EIGHT MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS OF THE FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE TO THE STATE UNDER SECTION 903 OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, AS AMENDED, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ERECTING AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, FOR FURNISHINGS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR THE GAFFNEY AND UNION WORKFORCE CENTERS, EXPANDING THE LANCASTER WORKFORCE CENTER, IMPROVING THE SENECA WORKFORCE CENTER PARKING LOT, ASSISTING IN THE ERECTION AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE COMMISSION IN DORCHESTER COUNTY, AUTOMATING THE TRADE READJUSTMENT ALLOWANCES PAYMENT SYSTEM, DEVELOPING AN AUTOMATED DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE PAYMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, AND PROVIDING ADMINISTRATIVE FUNDING FOR THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION PROGRAM. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.385, H. 4470 by a vote of 109 to 0: (R385, H4470 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Leach, Cato, Hagood, Hamilton, Harrison, Limehouse, Merrill, Scarborough, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Walker, Young, Gambrell, Haley, Bedingfield, Mahaffey, Cotty, McLeod, Owens, Rice, Bowen, Viers and Shoopman: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-5-390 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE UTILITY MAY NOT IMPOSE A TAP FEE, RECURRING MAINTENANCE FEE, OR OTHER FEE, HOWEVER DESCRIBED FOR THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS THE ACTUAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE WATER LINE TO THE SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE ACTUAL COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3622 SO AS TO ALLOW A PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, AT THE OPTION OF THE PROPERTY-TAXING ENTITY FOR TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE COSTS OF INSTALLING A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN SUCH INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW, TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF THE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE CREDITS ARE USED WHEN EARNED BY PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES, AND TO MAKE UNUSED CREDITS TRANSFERABLE BY THE STRUCTURE'S OWNER TO A TENANT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3130, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE INSTALLATION OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW IS NOT AN ADDITION OR IMPROVEMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-80 SO AS TO PROHIBIT ENFORCEMENT OF THAT PORTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE OR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FIRE CODE THAT PROHIBITS THE USE OF NATURAL CUT TREES IN CELEBRATIONS IN HOUSES OF WORSHIP; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE VALUE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS EXEMPTION APPLIES UNTIL THE PROPERTY UNDERGOES AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R385, H4470 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Leach, Cato, Hagood, Hamilton, Harrison, Limehouse, Merrill, Scarborough, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Walker, Young, Gambrell, Haley, Bedingfield, Mahaffey, Cotty, McLeod, Owens, Rice, Bowen, Viers and Shoopman: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-5-390 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE UTILITY MAY NOT IMPOSE A TAP FEE, RECURRING MAINTENANCE FEE, OR OTHER FEE, HOWEVER DESCRIBED FOR THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS THE ACTUAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE WATER LINE TO THE SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE ACTUAL COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3622 SO AS TO ALLOW A PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, AT THE OPTION OF THE PROPERTY-TAXING ENTITY FOR TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE COSTS OF INSTALLING A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN SUCH INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW, TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF THE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE CREDITS ARE USED WHEN EARNED BY PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES, AND TO MAKE UNUSED CREDITS TRANSFERABLE BY THE STRUCTURE'S OWNER TO A TENANT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3130, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE INSTALLATION OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW IS NOT AN ADDITION OR IMPROVEMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-80 SO AS TO PROHIBIT ENFORCEMENT OF THAT PORTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE OR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FIRE CODE THAT PROHIBITS THE USE OF NATURAL CUT TREES IN CELEBRATIONS IN HOUSES OF WORSHIP; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE VALUE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS EXEMPTION APPLIES UNTIL THE PROPERTY UNDERGOES AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.392, H. 4815 by a vote of 93 to 0: (R392, H4815 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Merrill, Thompson, Brady, Stavrinakis, Haley, Ballentine, Cato, Cooper, Delleney, Harrison, Limehouse, Sandifer, Scarborough, Shoopman, Taylor, Viers, Walker, Young, Mahaffey, Neilson, Bales, R. Brown, Herbkersman, Edge, Bingham, Simrill, Whipper, Bedingfield and Bowers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-25, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND SECTION 1-30-80, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM, SO AS TO MOVE THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND PROVIDE TRANSITION PROVISIONS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 62 OF TITLE 12, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS REFLECTING THE TRANSFER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R392, H4815 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Merrill, Thompson, Brady, Stavrinakis, Haley, Ballentine, Cato, Cooper, Delleney, Harrison, Limehouse, Sandifer, Scarborough, Shoopman, Taylor, Viers, Walker, Young, Mahaffey, Neilson, Bales, R. Brown, Herbkersman, Edge, Bingham, Simrill, Whipper, Bedingfield and Bowers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-25, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND SECTION 1-30-80, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM, SO AS TO MOVE THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND PROVIDE TRANSITION PROVISIONS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 62 OF TITLE 12, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS REFLECTING THE TRANSFER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator McGILL spoke on the veto. Senator CAMPSEN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 29; Nays 9 AYES Alexander Anderson Ceips Cromer Drummond Elliott Ford Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Reese Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams * Total--29 NAYS Bryant Campbell Campsen Courson Fair Gregory Massey Setzler Vaughn Total--9 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.382, H. 4339 by a vote of 103 to 1: (R382, H4339 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Clyburn, Battle, Haskins, Harrison, Hosey, Cotty, Walker and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 9-10-35 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL GUARD AFTER JUNE 30, 1993, IF OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE, ALSO MAY RECEIVE ADDITIONAL NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT BENEFITS PROVIDED BY THE STATE NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT SYSTEM UNDER CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 9 AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION APPLY TO NATIONAL GUARD PENSION BENEFITS PAYABLE ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R382, H4339 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Clyburn, Battle, Haskins, Harrison, Hosey, Cotty, Walker and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 9-10-35 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL GUARD AFTER JUNE 30, 1993, IF OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE, ALSO MAY RECEIVE ADDITIONAL NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT BENEFITS PROVIDED BY THE STATE NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT SYSTEM UNDER CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 9 AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION APPLY TO NATIONAL GUARD PENSION BENEFITS PAYABLE ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.427, H. 4950 by a vote of 104 to 1: (R427, H4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT". Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO SUSTAINED (R427, H4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT". The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator HAYES moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 0; Nays 43 AYES Total--0 NAYS Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.398, H. 5012 by a vote of 83 to 21: (R398, H5012 (Word version)) -- Rep. Chalk: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION MAY REQUIRE STATE AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS OF AN APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE NURSING, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REQUIRE SUCH CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING OF A LICENSEE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WRITING A DISHONORED CHECK IS NOT EVIDENCE OF MORAL TURPITUDE FOR PURPOSES OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION OR DISQUALIFICATION FOR LICENSURE IF PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENSE WAS DISMISSED DUE TO PROOF OF PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-39 SO AS TO REQUIRE A LICENSED NURSE TO WEAR AN IDENTIFICATION BADGE BEARING THE NURSE'S FIRST OR LAST NAME, OR BOTH, AND TITLE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R398, H5012 (Word version)) -- Rep. Chalk: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION MAY REQUIRE STATE AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS OF AN APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE NURSING, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REQUIRE SUCH CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING OF A LICENSEE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WRITING A DISHONORED CHECK IS NOT EVIDENCE OF MORAL TURPITUDE FOR PURPOSES OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION OR DISQUALIFICATION FOR LICENSURE IF PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENSE WAS DISMISSED DUE TO PROOF OF PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-39 SO AS TO REQUIRE A LICENSED NURSE TO WEAR AN IDENTIFICATION BADGE BEARING THE NURSE'S FIRST OR LAST NAME, OR BOTH, AND TITLE. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator FAIR moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.417, H. 3912 by a vote of 96 to 13: (R417, H3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R417, H3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator PEELER moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 34; Nays 5 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Reese Scott * Setzler Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams * Total--34 NAYS Campsen Martin Massey McConnell Sheheen Total--5 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.378, H. 3993 by a vote of 63 to 41: (R378, H3993 (Word version)) -- Reps. Duncan, Bedingfield, Davenport, Barfield, Brantley, G. Brown, Ceips, Gambrell, Hiott, Hodges, Jennings, Knight, Leach, Littlejohn, Lowe, Miller, Owens, M.A. Pitts, G.M. Smith, J.R. Smith, Spires and Taylor: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 53-3-125 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OPENING DAY OF THE ANNUAL MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL SEASON EACH YEAR IS DESIGNATED AS "HISTORIC BASEBALL LEAGUES DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 6:24 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.395, H. 4982 by a vote of 11 to 1: (R395, H4982 (Word version)) -- Rep. Hayes: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ANNUAL LEVY OF MILLAGE FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES IN DILLON COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ALLOCATION FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R395, H4982 (Word version)) -- Rep. Hayes: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ANNUAL LEVY OF MILLAGE FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES IN DILLON COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ALLOCATION FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator ELLIOTT moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 1; Nays 0 AYES Elliott Total--1 NAYS Total--0 The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.416, H. 3812 by a vote of 110 to 0: (R416, H3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R416, H3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.421, H. 4554 by a vote of 103 to 1: (R421, H4554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-315, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMITATION ON THE IMPOSITION OR INCREASE OF A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO LIMIT THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE UPON REAL ESTATE LICENSEES, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAX OR FEE SHALL PERMIT THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE AND THE BROKER'S AFFILIATED ASSOCIATE BROKERS, SALESPERSONS, AND PROPERTY MANAGERS TO ENGAGE IN ALL OF THE BROKERAGE ACTIVITY DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 57 OF TITLE 40 WITHOUT FURTHER LICENSING OR TAXING OTHER THAN STATE LICENSES, TO PROHIBIT THE REQUIREMENT OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON CERTAIN REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS FOR GROSS RECEIPTS UPON WHICH A TAX OR FEE HAS ALREADY BEEN PAID, TO PROVIDE THAT BROKERED TRANSACTIONS OR REAL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES OR MUNICIPALITIES OTHER THAN THOSE IN WHICH THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE CREATES A NEXUS FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO GROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM TRANSACTIONS OF PROPERTY LOCATED IN THAT COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, TO PROHIBIT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY FROM IMPOSING A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF AN AUCTIONEER LICENSED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 6, TITLE 40 FOR THE FIRST THREE AUCTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AUCTIONEER IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, UNLESS THE AUCTIONEER MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 5-7-30, RELATING TO THE POWERS CONFERRED UPON MUNICIPALITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON OR BUSINESS TAXED PAYS A BUSINESS LICENSE TO A COUNTY OR TO ANOTHER MUNICIPALITY WHERE THE INCOME IS EARNED, THE GROSS INCOME FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTING THE TAX MUST BE REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF GROSS INCOME TAXED IN THE OTHER COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION AND THE REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE CCIM INSTITUTE AND ALL GRADUATE REALTOR INSTITUTE (GRI) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS MUST BE APPROVED FOR POST-LICENSING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY APPLICABLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT INSTRUCTORS HOLDING CCIM DESIGNATIONS ARE APPROVED FOR INSTRUCTION IN ALL COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE COURSES UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY THE APPLICABLE FEES, AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO ALLOW FOR ELECTRONIC DELIVERY INCLUDING, BUT NO LIMITED TO, THE INTERNET, VIDEOCONFERENCE, OR OTHER INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC MEANS, OF ALL COURSES APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R421, H4554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-315, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMITATION ON THE IMPOSITION OR INCREASE OF A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO LIMIT THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE UPON REAL ESTATE LICENSEES, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAX OR FEE SHALL PERMIT THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE AND THE BROKER'S AFFILIATED ASSOCIATE BROKERS, SALESPERSONS, AND PROPERTY MANAGERS TO ENGAGE IN ALL OF THE BROKERAGE ACTIVITY DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 57 OF TITLE 40 WITHOUT FURTHER LICENSING OR TAXING OTHER THAN STATE LICENSES, TO PROHIBIT THE REQUIREMENT OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON CERTAIN REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS FOR GROSS RECEIPTS UPON WHICH A TAX OR FEE HAS ALREADY BEEN PAID, TO PROVIDE THAT BROKERED TRANSACTIONS OR REAL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES OR MUNICIPALITIES OTHER THAN THOSE IN WHICH THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE CREATES A NEXUS FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO GROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM TRANSACTIONS OF PROPERTY LOCATED IN THAT COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, TO PROHIBIT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY FROM IMPOSING A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF AN AUCTIONEER LICENSED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 6, TITLE 40 FOR THE FIRST THREE AUCTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AUCTIONEER IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, UNLESS THE AUCTIONEER MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 5-7-30, RELATING TO THE POWERS CONFERRED UPON MUNICIPALITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON OR BUSINESS TAXED PAYS A BUSINESS LICENSE TO A COUNTY OR TO ANOTHER MUNICIPALITY WHERE THE INCOME IS EARNED, THE GROSS INCOME FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTING THE TAX MUST BE REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF GROSS INCOME TAXED IN THE OTHER COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION AND THE REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE CCIM INSTITUTE AND ALL GRADUATE REALTOR INSTITUTE (GRI) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS MUST BE APPROVED FOR POST-LICENSING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY APPLICABLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT INSTRUCTORS HOLDING CCIM DESIGNATIONS ARE APPROVED FOR INSTRUCTION IN ALL COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE COURSES UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY THE APPLICABLE FEES, AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO ALLOW FOR ELECTRONIC DELIVERY INCLUDING, BUT NO LIMITED TO, THE INTERNET, VIDEOCONFERENCE, OR OTHER INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC MEANS, OF ALL COURSES APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Motion to Ratify Adopted At 6:15 P.M., Senator MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to invite the House of Representatives to attend the Senate Chamber for the purpose of ratifying Acts at 7:00 P.M. There was no objection and a message was sent to the House accordingly. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OF COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCE AND FREE CONFERENCE. S. 429-REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE CONFERENCE ADOPTED S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the Report of the Committee of Conference was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator MALLOY spoke on the report. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Report of the Committee of Conference to S. 429 was adopted as follows: S. 429--Conference Report The General Assembly, Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 The COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE, to whom was referred: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Beg leave to report that they have duly and carefully considered the same and recommend: That the same do pass with the following amendments: (Reference is to Printer's Date 6/5/08--S.) Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting the following: / SECTION 1. Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Chapter 28 Article 1 Post-Conviction DNA Procedures Section 17-28-10. This article may be cited as the 'Access to Justice Post-Conviction DNA Testing Act'. Section 17-28-20. For purposes of this article: (1) 'Biological material' means any blood, tissue, hair, saliva, bone, or semen from which DNA marker groupings may be obtained. This includes material catalogued separately on slides, swabs, or test tubes or present on other evidence including, but not limited to, clothing, ligatures, bedding, other household material, drinking cups, or cigarettes. (2) 'Custodian of evidence' means an agency or political subdivision of the State including, but not limited to, a law enforcement agency, a solicitor's office, the Attorney General's Office, a county clerk of court, or a state grand jury that possesses and is responsible for the control of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding, or a person ordered by a court to take custody of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding. (3) 'DNA' means deoxyribonucleic acid. (4) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample. (5) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples. (6) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained. (7) 'Incarceration' means serving a term of confinement in the custody of the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and does not include a person on probation, parole, or under a community supervision program. (8) 'Law enforcement agency' means a lawfully established federal, state, or local public agency that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of penal, traffic, regulatory, game, immigration, postal, customs, or controlled substances laws. (9) 'Physical evidence' means an object, thing, or substance that is or is about to be produced or used or has been produced or used in a criminal proceeding related to an offense enumerated in Section 17-28-30, and that is in the possession of a custodian of evidence. Section 17-28-30. (A) A person who pled not guilty to at least one of the following offenses, was subsequently convicted of or adjudicated delinquent for the offense, is currently incarcerated for the offense, and asserts he is innocent of the offense may apply for forensic DNA testing of his DNA and any physical evidence or biological material related to his conviction or adjudication: (1) murder (Section 16-3-10); (2) killing by poison (Section 16-3-30); (3) killing by stabbing or thrusting (Section 16-3-40); (4) voluntary manslaughter (Section 16-3-50); (5) homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(1)); (6) aiding and abetting a homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(2)); (7) lynching in the first degree (Section 16-3-210); (8) killing in a duel (Section 16-3-430); (9) spousal sexual battery (Section 16-3-615); (10) criminal sexual conduct in the first degree (Section 16-3-652); (11) criminal sexual conduct in the second degree (Section 16-3-653); (12) criminal sexual conduct in the third degree (Section 16-3-654); (13) criminal sexual conduct with a minor (Section 16-3-655); (14) arson in the first degree resulting in death (Section 16-11-110(A)); (15) burglary in the first degree for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-311(B)); (16) armed robbery for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-330(A)); (17) damaging or destroying a building, vehicle, or property by means of an explosive incendiary resulting in death (Section 16-11-540); (18) abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult resulting in death (Section 43-35-85(F)); (19) sexual misconduct with an inmate, patient, or offender (Section 44-23-1150); (20) unlawful removing or damaging of an airport facility or equipment resulting in death (Section 55-1-30(3)); (21) interference with traffic-control devices or railroad signs or signals resulting in death (Section 56-5-1030(B)(3)); (22) driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs resulting in death (Section 56-5-2945); (23) obstruction of railroad resulting in death (Section 58-17-4090); or (24) accessory before the fact (Section 16-1-40) to any offense enumerated in this subsection. (B) A person who pled guilty or nolo contendere to at least one of the offenses enumerated in subsection (A), was subsequently convicted of or adjudicated delinquent for the offense, is currently incarcerated for the offense, and asserts he is innocent of the offense may apply for forensic DNA testing of his DNA and any physical evidence or biological material related to his conviction or adjudication no later than seven years from the date of sentencing. Section 17-28-40. (A) The application must be made on such form as prescribed by the Supreme Court. (B) The application must be verified by the applicant and filed under the original indictment number or petition with the clerk of court of the general sessions court or family court in which the conviction or adjudication took place. Facts within the personal knowledge of the applicant and the authenticity of all documents and exhibits included in or attached to the application must be sworn to affirmatively as true and correct. (C) The application must, under penalty of perjury: (1) identify the proceedings in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated; (2) give the date of the entry of the judgment and sentence and identify the applicant's current place of incarceration; (3) identify all previous or ongoing proceedings, together with the grounds therein asserted, taken by the applicant to secure relief from his conviction or adjudication; (4) make a reasonable attempt to identify the physical evidence or biological material that should be tested and the specific type of DNA testing that is sought; (5) explain why the identity of the applicant was or should have been a significant issue during the original court proceedings, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (6) explain why the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was not previously subjected to DNA testing, or, if the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was previously subjected to DNA testing, provide the results of the testing and explain how the requested DNA test would provide a substantially more probative result; (7) explain why if the DNA testing produces exculpatory results, the testing will constitute new evidence that will probably change the result of the applicant's conviction or adjudication if a new trial is granted and is not merely cumulative or impeaching; and (8) provide that the application is made to demonstrate innocence and not solely to delay the execution of a sentence or the administration of justice. Section 17-28-50. (A) The clerk shall file the application upon its receipt and promptly bring it to the attention of the court and deliver for docketing a copy to the solicitor of the circuit in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated. The Attorney General and the appropriate custodian of evidence shall be notified by the solicitor. The victim shall be notified pursuant to the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (B) Within ninety days after the forwarding of the application, or upon any further time the court may fix, the solicitor of the circuit in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, or the Attorney General if the Attorney General prosecuted the case, shall respond to the application. Within ninety days after the docketing of the application, or within any further time the court may fix, the victim may respond as provided in Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court may proceed with a hearing if the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, or the victim does not respond to the application. (C) At any time prior to entry of judgment the court may, when appropriate, issue orders for amendment of the application and for any documents related to the application including, but not limited to, pleadings, motions, and requests for extensions of time. In considering the application and related documents, the court shall take account of substance, regardless of defects of form. When the court is satisfied, on the basis of the application, the responses, or the motion of the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, that the applicant is not entitled to DNA testing and no purpose would be served by any further proceedings, it may indicate to the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, its intention to summarily dismiss the application and its reasons for so doing. The victim shall be notified of the proposed dismissal pursuant to the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court shall make specific findings of fact and expressly state its conclusions of law. The applicant shall be given an opportunity to reply to the proposed dismissal. In light of the reply, or on default thereof, the court may order the application dismissed, grant leave to file an amended application, or direct that the proceedings otherwise continue. (D) If the applicant has filed a previous application for DNA testing, the applicant may file a successive application, provided the applicant asserts a grounds for DNA testing which for sufficient reason was not asserted or was inadequately raised in the original, supplemental, or amended application. Section 17-28-60. If the applicant is unable to pay court costs and expenses of counsel, these costs and expenses shall be made available to the applicant in amounts and to the extent provided pursuant to Section 17-27-60. The applicant must request counsel at the time he files his application. The court must appoint counsel for an indigent applicant after the court has determined that the application is sufficient to proceed to a hearing but prior to the actual hearing. If counsel has been appointed for the applicant in an ongoing post-conviction relief proceeding, then the counsel appointed in the post-conviction relief proceeding shall also serve as counsel for purposes of this article. The performance of counsel pursuant to this article shall not form the basis for relief in any post-conviction relief proceeding. Section 17-28-70. (A) The court shall order a custodian of evidence to preserve all physical evidence and biological material related to the applicant's conviction or adjudication pursuant to the provisions of Article 3, Chapter 28, Title 17. (B) The custodian of evidence shall prepare an inventory of the physical evidence and biological material and issue a copy of the inventory to the applicant, the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, and the court. (C) For physical evidence or biological material that the custodian of evidence asserts has been lost or destroyed, the court shall order a custodian of evidence to locate and provide the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, with a copy of any document, note, log, or report relating to the physical evidence or biological material. (D) If no physical evidence or biological material is discovered, the court may order a custodian of evidence, in collaboration with law enforcement, to search physical evidence and biological material in the custodian of evidence's possession that would reasonably be expected to produce relevant physical evidence or biological material. The order shall provide that any physical evidence and biological material subject to this search must be adequately protected by the custodian of evidence, in collaboration with law enforcement, from interference by a third party, including, but not limited to, alteration, contamination, destruction, or tampering with the physical evidence and biological material and any chain of custody related to the physical evidence and biological material. (E) A person who willfully and maliciously destroys, alters, conceals, or tampers with physical evidence or biological material that is required to be preserved pursuant to this section with the intent to impair the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material, prevent the physical evidence or biological material from being subjected to DNA testing, or prevent the production or use of the physical evidence or biological material in an official proceeding, is subject to the provisions of Section 17-28-350. Section 17-28-80. For any physical evidence or biological material previously subjected to DNA testing whether by the applicant or the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, the court shall order the production of all written reports and laboratory reports prepared in connection with the DNA testing, including the underlying data and laboratory notes. Section 17-28-90. (A) The application must be heard in, and before a judge of, the general sessions court or family court in which the conviction or adjudication took place. A record of the proceedings must be made and preserved. All rules and statutes applicable in criminal proceedings are available to the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. (B) The court shall order DNA testing of the applicant's DNA and the physical evidence or biological material upon a finding that the applicant has established each of the following factors by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) the physical evidence or biological material to be tested is available and is potentially in a condition that would permit the requested DNA testing; (2) the physical evidence or biological material to be tested has been subject to a chain of custody sufficient to establish it has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or altered in any material aspect, or the testing itself may establish the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material; (3) the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested is material to the issue of the applicant's identity as the perpetrator of, or accomplice to, the offense notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (4) the DNA results of the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested would be material to the issue of the applicant's identity as the perpetrator of, or accomplice to, the offense notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (5) if the requested DNA testing produces exculpatory results, the testing will constitute new evidence that will probably change the result of the applicant's conviction or adjudication if a new trial is granted and is not merely cumulative or impeaching; (6) the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was not previously subjected to DNA testing, or, if the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was previously subjected to DNA testing, the requested DNA test would provide a substantially more probative result; and (7) the application is made to demonstrate innocence and not solely to delay the execution of a sentence or the administration of justice. (C) The court shall order that any sample taken of the applicant's DNA for purposes of DNA testing pursuant to this article or for submission to SLED pursuant to subsection (F) be taken by a correctional health nurse technician, physician, registered professional nurse, licensed practical nurse, laboratory technician, or other appropriately trained health care worker. The applicant's counsel, if any, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, must be allowed to observe the taking of any sample. (D) The court shall order that the applicant's DNA sample and the physical evidence or biological material be tested by SLED, a local Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) laboratory, or, prior to any testing, any other laboratory approved by SLED, in an effort to ensure that the results may be entered into the State DNA Database and Combined DNA Index System. Any other type of DNA testing ordered by the court shall be conducted in consultation with SLED or a local CODIS laboratory. (E) The court shall order that the applicant pay the costs of the DNA testing. If the applicant is indigent, the costs of the DNA testing shall be paid by the State. (F) The court shall order that a sample of the applicant's DNA be submitted to SLED to compare with profiles in the State DNA Database and any federal or other law enforcement DNA database in compliance with National DNA Index System (NDIS) procedures. The sample must be submitted regardless of any previous samples submitted by the applicant. If the comparison matches a DNA profile for the offense for which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, the DNA profile may be retained in the State DNA Database. If the comparison does not match a DNA profile for the offense for which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, but results in a match with a DNA profile for any other offense, the DNA profile may be retained in the State DNA Database. SLED shall notify the appropriate law enforcement agency. If the comparison does not match a DNA profile for any offense, the DNA record must be destroyed. Any previous profiles must be maintained by SLED subject to the State DNA Database Act. SLED shall report to the court, the applicant, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, the results of all DNA database comparisons. The victim must be notified of the results of all DNA database comparisons pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (G) The applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, shall have the right to appeal a final order denying or granting DNA testing by a writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court as provided by the South Carolina Appellate Court Rules. Section 17-28-100. (A) The results of the DNA test must be fully disclosed to the court, the applicant, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. The victim shall be notified of the results of the DNA test pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court shall order the production of any written reports and laboratory reports prepared in connection with the DNA testing, including underlying data and notes. (B) The results of the DNA test may be used by the applicant, solicitor, or Attorney General in any post-conviction proceeding or trial. If the results of the DNA test are exculpatory, the applicant may use the exculpatory results of the DNA test as grounds for filing a motion for new trial pursuant to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure. If the results of the DNA test are inconclusive, the court may allow for additional DNA testing or may dismiss the application. If the results of the DNA test are inculpatory, the court shall dismiss the application and shall, on motion of the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable: (1) make a determination whether the applicant's assertion of actual innocence was intentionally false, and, as a result, hold the applicant in contempt of court; (2) assess against the applicant the cost of any DNA testing not already paid by the applicant; (3) forward the findings to the South Carolina Department of Corrections, who may use such finding to deny good conduct credit; and (4) forward the findings to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, who may use the findings to deny parole. (C) Except as otherwise provided in this article, DNA records, results, and information taken from the applicant are exempt from any law requiring disclosure of information to the public. Section 17-28-110. (A) Nothing in this article prohibits a person and a solicitor or the Attorney General, as applicable, from consenting to and conducting post-conviction DNA testing by agreement of the parties. The person may use the exculpatory results of the DNA test as the grounds for filing a motion for new trial pursuant to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure. (B) Nothing in this article prohibits a person from filing an application for post-conviction relief pursuant to Chapter 27, Title 17. (C) Unless there is an act of gross negligence or intentional misconduct this article may not be construed to give rise to a claim for damages against the State of South Carolina, a political subdivision of the State, or an employee of the State or a political subdivision of the State. Failure of a custodian of evidence to preserve physical evidence or biological material pursuant to this article does not entitle the applicant to any relief from conviction or adjudication but does not prohibit a person from presenting this information at a subsequent hearing or trial. Section 17-28-120. No more than one hundred fifty thousand dollars may be expended from the general fund in any fiscal year to administer the provisions of this article." SECTION 2. Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Chapter 28 Article 3 Preservation of Evidence Section 17-28-300. This article shall be cited as the 'Preservation of Evidence Act'. Section 17-28-310. (1) 'Biological material' means any blood, tissue, hair, saliva, bone, or semen from which DNA marker groupings may be obtained. This includes material catalogued separately on slides, swabs, or test tubes or present on other evidence including, but not limited to, clothing, ligatures, bedding, other household material, drinking cups, or cigarettes. (2) 'Custodian of evidence' means an agency or political subdivision of the State including, but not limited to, a law enforcement agency, a solicitor's office, the Attorney General's Office, a county clerk of court, or a state grand jury that possesses and is responsible for the control of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding, or a person ordered by a court to take custody of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding. (3) 'DNA' means deoxyribonucleic acid. (4) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample. (5) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples. (6) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained. (7) 'Incarceration' means serving a term of confinement in the custody of the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and does not include a person on probation, parole, or under a community supervision program. (8) 'Law enforcement agency' means a lawfully established federal, state, or local public agency that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of penal, traffic, regulatory, game, immigration, postal, customs, or controlled substances laws. (9) 'Physical evidence' means an object, thing, or substance that is or is about to be produced or used or has been produced or used in a criminal proceeding related to an offense enumerated in Section 17-28-320, and that is in the possession of a custodian of evidence. Section 17-28-320. (A) A custodian of evidence must preserve all physical evidence and biological material related to the conviction or adjudication of a person for at least one of the following offenses: (1) murder (Section 16-3-10); (2) killing by poison (Section 16-3-30); (3) killing by stabbing or thrusting (Section 16-3-40); (4) voluntary manslaughter (Section 16-3-50); (5) homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(1)); (6) aiding and abetting a homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(2)); (7) lynching in the first degree (Section 16-3-210); (8) killing in a duel (Section 16-3-430); (9) spousal sexual battery (Section 16-3-615); (10) criminal sexual conduct in the first degree (Section 16-3-652); (11) criminal sexual conduct in the second degree (Section 16-3-653); (12) criminal sexual conduct in the third degree (Section 16-3-654); (13) criminal sexual conduct with a minor (Section 16-3-655); (14) arson in the first degree resulting in death (Section 16-11-110(A)); (15) burglary in the first degree for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-311(B)); (16) armed robbery for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-330(A)); (17) damaging or destroying a building, vehicle, or property by means of an explosive incendiary resulting in death (Section 16-11-540); (18) abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult resulting in death (Section 43-35-85(F)); (19) sexual misconduct with an inmate, patient, or offender (Section 44-23-1150); (20) unlawful removing or damaging of an airport facility or equipment resulting in death (Section 55-1-30(3)); (21) interference with traffic-control devices or railroad signs or signals resulting in death (Section 56-5-1030(B)(3)); (22) driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs resulting in death (Section 56-5-2945); (23) obstruction of railroad resulting in death (Section 58-17-4090); or (24) accessory before the fact (Section 16-1-40) to any offense enumerated in this subsection. (B) The physical evidence and biological material must be preserved: (1) subject to a chain of custody as required by South Carolina law; (2) with sufficient documentation to locate the physical evidence and biological material; and (3) under conditions reasonably designed to preserve the forensic value of the physical evidence and biological material. (C) The physical evidence and biological material must be preserved until the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in subsection (A). However, if the person is convicted or adjudicated on a guilty or nolo contendere plea for the offense enumerated in subsection (A), the physical evidence and biological material must be preserved for seven years from the date of sentencing, or until the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in subsection (A), whichever comes first. Section 17-28-330. (A) After a person is convicted or adjudicated for at least one of the offenses enumerated in Section 17-28-320, a custodian of evidence shall register with the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice, as applicable, as a custodian of evidence for physical evidence or biological material related to the person's conviction or adjudication. (B) The South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice, as applicable, shall notify a custodian of evidence registered pursuant to subsection (A) if the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in Section 17-28-320. Section 17-28-340. (A) After a person is convicted or adjudicated for at least one of the offenses enumerated in Section 17-28-320, a custodian of evidence may petition the general sessions court or family court in which the person was convicted or adjudicated for an order allowing for disposition of the physical evidence or biological material prior to the period of time described in Section 17-28-320 if: (1) the physical evidence or biological material must be returned to its rightful owner, is of such size, bulk, or physical character as to make retention impracticable, or is otherwise required to be disposed of by law; or (2) DNA evidence was previously introduced at trial, was found to be inculpatory, and all appeals and post-conviction procedures have been exhausted. (B) The petition must: (1) be made on such form as prescribed by the Supreme Court; (2) identify the proceedings in which the person was convicted or adjudicated; (3) give the date of the entry of the judgment and sentence; (4) specifically set forth the physical evidence or biological material to be disposed of; and (5) specifically set forth the reason for the disposition. (C) The clerk of court shall file the petition upon its receipt and promptly bring it to the attention of the court and deliver a copy to the convicted or adjudicated person and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. The victim shall be notified of the petition pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (D) The convicted or adjudicated person and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, shall have one hundred and eighty days to respond to the petition. The victim may respond within one hundred and eighty days in accordance with the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (E) After a hearing, the court may order that the custodian of evidence may dispose of the physical evidence or biological material if the court determines by preponderance of evidence that: (1) the physical evidence or biological material must be returned to its rightful owner, is of such size, bulk, or physical character as to make retention impracticable, or is otherwise required to be disposed of by law, or DNA evidence was previously introduced at trial, was found to be inculpatory, and all appeals and post-conviction procedures have been exhausted; (2) the convicted or adjudicated person, the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, and the victim have been notified of the petition for an order to dispose of the physical evidence or biological material; (3) the convicted or adjudicated person did not file an affidavit declaring, under penalty of perjury, the person's intent to file an application for post-conviction DNA testing of the physical evidence or biological material pursuant to Article 1, Chapter 28, Title 17 within ninety days followed by the actual filing of the application; (4) the solicitor or the Attorney General, as applicable, and the victim have not filed a response requesting that the physical evidence or biological material not be disposed of; and (5) no other provision of federal or state law, regulation, or court rule requires preservation of the physical evidence or biological material. (F) If the court issues an order for the disposition of the physical evidence or biological material, the court may require a custodian of evidence to take reasonable measures to remove and preserve portions of the physical evidence or biological material in a quantity sufficient to: (1) permit future DNA testing or other scientific analysis; or (2) for other reasons, upon request and good cause shown, by the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, or the victim. Section 17-28-350. A person who wilfully and maliciously destroys, alters, conceals, or tampers with physical evidence or biological material that is required to be preserved pursuant to this article with the intent to impair the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material, prevent the physical evidence or biological material from being subjected to DNA testing, or prevent the production or use of the physical evidence or biological material in an official proceeding, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than one thousand dollars for a first offense, and not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both, for each subsequent violation. Section 17-28-360. Unless there is an act of gross negligence or intentional misconduct this article may not be construed to give rise to a claim for damages against the State of South Carolina, a political subdivision of the State, an employee of the State, or a political subdivision of the State. Failure of a custodian of evidence to preserve physical evidence or biological material pursuant to this article does not entitle a person to any relief from conviction or adjudication but does not prohibit a person from presenting this information at a subsequent hearing or trial." SECTION 3. A. This SECTION may be referred to and cited as the "Unidentified Human Remains DNA Database Act". B. Article 9, Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-625. Family members of a missing person may submit DNA samples to the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED). If the person is missing thirty days after a missing person report has been submitted to the Missing Person Information Center, SLED must conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing on the family members' samples. SLED may, within its discretion, conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing on the family members' samples prior to thirty days if SLED determines that such DNA identification, typing, and testing is necessary. If SLED does not have the technology necessary for a particular method of DNA identification, typing, or testing, SLED may submit the DNA samples to a Combined DNA Indexing System (CODIS) laboratory that has the appropriate technology. The results of the identification, typing, and testing must be entered into CODIS." C. Article 9, Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-635. Upon notification by the Medical University of South Carolina or other facility preserving the body of an unidentified person that the body remains unidentified after thirty days, the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED) must conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing of the unidentified person's tissue and fluid samples provided to SLED pursuant to Section 17-7-25. SLED may, within its discretion, conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing of the unidentified person's tissue and fluid samples prior to thirty days if SLED determines that such DNA identification, typing, and testing is necessary. The results of the identification, typing, and testing must be entered into the Combined DNA Indexing System." D. Article 1, Chapter 7, Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 17-7-25. A coroner performing an autopsy on an unidentified body must obtain tissue and fluid samples suitable for DNA identification, typing, and testing. The samples must be transmitted to the State Law Enforcement Division." E. Section 17-5-570(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) If the body cannot be identified through reasonable efforts, the coroner must forward the body to the Medical University of South Carolina or other suitable facility for preservation. The body must be preserved for not less than thirty days, unless the body is identified within that time. If the body remains unidentified thirty days after the coroner forwarded the body, the Medical University of South Carolina or other facility preserving the body must immediately notify the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED). If the body has not been identified at the end of that time within thirty days after SLED has entered the unidentified person's DNA profile into the Combined DNA Indexing System pursuant to Section 23-3-635, the Medical University may retain possession of the body for its use and benefit or return the body to the coroner of the county where death occurred for disposition as provided by law. A facility other than the Medical University utilized by the coroner for storage of an unidentified body may dispose of the body as provided by law or return the body to the coroner of the county where death occurred for disposition." F. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor. SECTION 4. A. This SECTION may be cited as the "South Carolina Protection from Violence Against Women and Children Act". B. Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-615. As used in this article: (A) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained; (B) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample; and (C) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples." C. Section 23-3-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-620. (A) Following sentencing and at the time of intake at a jail or prison a lawful custodial arrest, the service of a courtesy summons, or a direct indictment for: (1) a felony offense or an offense that is punishable by a sentence of five years or more; or (2) eavesdropping, peeping, or stalking, any of which are committed in this State, a person, except for any juvenile, arrested or ordered by a court must provide a saliva or tissue sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided by:. Additionally, any person, including any juvenile, ordered to do so by a court, and any juvenile convicted or adjudicated delinquent for an offense contained in items (1) or (2), must provide a saliva or tissue sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database. (1) any person convicted or adjudicated delinquent and incarcerated in a state correctional facility on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender convicted or adjudicated delinquent on or after July 1, 2004, who is ordered by the court to provide a sample. (B) A convicted offender who is required to provide a DNA sample under subsections (A)(1) or (A)(2) but who is not sentenced to a term of confinement must provide a sample as a condition of his sentence. This sample must be taken at a prison, jail, sheriff's office that serves a courtesy summons, courthouse where a direct presentment indictment is served, or other location as specified by the sentencing court detention facility at the time the person is booked and processed into the jail or detention facility following the custodial arrest, or other location when the taking of fingerprints is required prior to a conviction. The sample must be submitted to SLED as directed by SLED. If appropriately trained personnel are not available to take a sample from which DNA may be obtained, the failure of the arrested person to provide a DNA sample shall not be the sole basis for refusal to release the person from custody. An arrested person who is released from custody before providing a DNA sample must provide a DNA sample at a location specified by the law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over the offense on or before the first court appearance. (C)(B) At such time as possible and before parole or release Unless a sample has already been provided pursuant to the provisions of subsection (A), before a person may be paroled or released from confinement, the person must provide a suitable sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided by: (1) a person who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who was sentenced to and is serving a term of confinement on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender ordered by the court who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who was sentenced to and is serving a term of confinement on or after July 1, 2004. (D)(C) An agency having custody of an offender who is required to provide a DNA sample under pursuant to subsection (C)(1) or (C)(2) (B) must notify SLED at least three days, excluding weekends and holidays, before the individual person is paroled or released from confinement. (E)(D) At such time as possible and Unless a sample has already been provided pursuant to the provisions of subsection (A), before release a person is released from confinement or release released from the agency's jurisdiction, a suitable sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided as a condition of probation or parole by: (1) a person convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, who is serving a probated sentence or is paroled on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender ordered by the court who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who is serving a probated sentence or is paroled on or after July 1, 2004. (F) A person who provides a sample pursuant to this article also must provide any other information as may be required by SLED. (G)(E) A person required to provide a sample pursuant to this section may be required to provide another sample if the original sample is lost, damaged, contaminated, or unusable for examination prior to the creation of a DNA record or DNA profile suitable for inclusion in the DNA Database. (H)(F) The provisions of this section apply to juveniles notwithstanding the provisions of Section 20-7-8510." D. Section 23-3-630 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-630. (A) Only a correctional health nurse technician, physician, registered professional nurse, licensed practical nurse, laboratory technician, or other an appropriately trained health care worker person may take a sample from which DNA may be obtained. (B) A person taking a sample pursuant to this article is immune from liability if the sample was taken according to recognized medical procedures. However, no person is relieved from liability for negligence in the taking of any blood a sample." E. Section 23-3-650 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-650. (A) The DNA sample record and the results of a DNA profile of an individual provided under this article are confidential and must be securely stored, except that SLED must make available the results to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and to approved crime laboratories which serve these agencies and to the solicitor or the solicitor's designee upon a written or electronic request and in furtherance of an official investigation of a criminal offense. These records and results or the DNA sample of an individual also must be made available as required by a court order following a hearing directing SLED to release the record or sample results. However, SLED must not make the DNA record or the DNA profile available to any entity that is not a law enforcement agency unless instructed to do so by order of a court with competent jurisdiction. (B) To prevent duplications of DNA samples, SLED must coordinate with any law enforcement agency obtaining a DNA sample to determine whether a DNA sample from the person under lawful custodial arrest has been previously obtained and is in the DNA Database. (B)(C) A person who wilfully discloses in any manner individually identifiable DNA information contained in the State DNA Database to a person or agency not entitled to receive this information is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five hundred ten thousand dollars or three times the amount of any financial gain realized by the person, whichever is greater, or imprisoned not more than one year five years, or both. (C)(D) A person who, without authorization, wilfully obtains individually identifiable DNA information from the State DNA Database is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five hundred ten thousand dollars or three times the amount of any financial gain realized by the person, whichever is greater, or imprisoned not more than one year five years, or both." F. Section 23-3-660 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-660. (A) A person whose DNA record or DNA profile has been included in the State DNA Database may request expungement on the grounds that must have his DNA record and his DNA profile expunged if: (1) the charges pending against the person who has been arrested or ordered to submit a sample: (a) have been nolle prossed; (b) have been dismissed; or (c) have been reduced below the requirement for inclusion in the State DNA Database; or (2) the person has been found not guilty, or the person's conviction or adjudication has been reversed, set aside, or vacated. (B) The solicitor in the county in which the person was charged must notify SLED when the person becomes eligible to have his DNA record and DNA profile expunged. Upon receiving this notification, SLED must begin the expungement procedure. (C) SLED, at no cost to the person, shall must purge DNA and all other identifiable record information and the DNA profile from the State Database and shall must destroy the person's sample if SLED receives the person's written request for expungement and either: (1) a document certified: (a) by a circuit court judge; (b) by a prosecuting agency; or (c) by a clerk of court; that must be produced to the requestor at no charge within fourteen days after the request is made and after one of the events in subsection (A) has occurred, and no new trial has been ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction; or (2) a certified copy of the court order finding the person not guilty, or reversing, setting aside, or vacating the conviction or adjudication and proof that the identity of the individual making the request is the person whose record is to be expunged. If the person has more than one entry in the State DNA Database, only the entry covered by the expungement request may be expunged. (D) The person's entry in the State DNA Database shall not be removed if the person has another qualifying offense. (E) The jail intake officer, sheriff's office employee, courthouse employee, or detention facility intake officer shall provide written notification to the person of his right to have his DNA record and DNA profile expunged and the procedure for the expungement pursuant to this section at the time that the person's saliva or tissue sample is taken. The written notification must include that the person is eligible to have his DNA record and his DNA profile expunged at no cost to the person when: (1) the charges pending against the person are: (a) nolle prossed; (b) dismissed; or (c) reduced below the requirement for inclusion in the State DNA Database; or (2) when the person has been found not guilty, or the person's conviction has been reversed, set aside, or vacated. (F) When SLED completes the expungement process, SLED must notify the person whose DNA record and DNA profile have been expunged and inform him, in writing, that the expungement process has been completed." G. Section 23-3-670 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-670. (A) The cost of collection supplies for processing a sample pursuant to this article must be paid by the general fund of the State. A person who is required to provide a sample pursuant to this article, upon conviction, pleading guilty or nolo contendere, or forfeiting bond, must pay a two hundred and fifty dollar processing fee which may not be waived by the court. However: (1) If if the person is incarcerated, the fee must be paid before the person is paroled or released from confinement and may be garnished from wages the person earns while incarcerated.; and (2) If if the person is not sentenced to a term of confinement, payment of the fee must be a condition of the person's sentence and may be paid in installments if so ordered by the court. (B) The processing fee assessed pursuant to this section must be remitted to the general fund of the State and credited to the State Law Enforcement Division to offset the expenses SLED incurs in carrying out the provisions of this article." H. Section 23-3-120(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) A person subjected to a lawful custodial arrest for a state offense must be fingerprinted at the time the person is booked and processed into a jail or detention facility or other location when the taking of fingerprints is required. Fingerprints taken by a law enforcement agency or detention facility pursuant to this section must be submitted to the State Law Enforcement Division's Central Record Repository within three days, excluding weekends and holidays, for the purposes of identifying record subjects and establishing criminal history record information." I. This SECTION takes effect on January 1, 2009. However, the implementation of the procedures provided for in this SECTION is contingent upon the State Law Enforcement Division's receipt of funds necessary to implement these provisions. Until the provisions of this SECTION are fully funded and executed, implementation of the provisions of this SECTION shall not prohibit the collection and testing of DNA samples by the methods allowed prior to the implementation of this SECTION from persons convicted, adjudicated delinquent, or on probation or parole for those crimes listed in Section 23-3-620. Upon this SECTION taking effect, a South Carolina law enforcement agency, which has in its possession any DNA samples that have been included in the DNA Database, immediately must destroy and dispose of the DNA samples in accordance with regulations promulgated by SLED pursuant to Section 23-3-640. SECTION 5. The repeal or amendment by the provisions of this act or any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws. SECTION 6. If any section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 7. The provisions of Section 17-28-350 become effective upon the signature of the Governor. All other provisions become effective January 1, 2009. The enactment of these provisions prior to the effective date indicates the intent of the General Assembly that statewide laws or practices shall exist to ensure additional procedures for post-conviction DNA testing, and proper preservation of biological evidence connected to murder, rape, and non-negligent homicide in order that application for available federal funds shall be made by the appropriate agencies and considered by the appropriate federal agencies prior to the effective date. / Amend title to conform. /s/Sen. Gerald Malloy /s/Rep. G. M. Smith /s/Sen. Jake Knotts /s/Rep. Doug Jennings Sen. Ray Cleary /s/Rep. Kris Crawford On Part of the Senate On Part of the House. , and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has adopted the report of the Committee of Conference on: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that the Report of the Committee of Conference having been adopted by both Houses, and this Bill having been read three times in each House, it was ordered that the title thereof be changed to that of an Act and that it be enrolled for ratification: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. H. 4355--FREE CONFERENCE POWERS GRANTED FREE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTED REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF FREE CONFERENCE ADOPTED H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX. On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, the Report of the Committee of Conference was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the report. Senator HAYES spoke on the report. On motion of Senator HAYES, Free Conference Powers were granted. Whereupon, Senators LAND, O'DELL and HAYES were appointed to the Committee of Free Conference on the part of the Senate and a message was sent to the House accordingly. On motion of Senator HAYES, the Report of the Committee of Free Conference to S. 4355 was adopted as follows: H. 4355--Free Conference Report The COMMITTEE OF FREE CONFERENCE, to whom was referred: H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX. Beg leave to report that they have duly and carefully considered the same and recommend: That the same do pass with the following amendments: (Reference is to Printer's Version 6/4/08.) Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 80C.5, Part IB of Act 310 of 2008, is amended by adding a new paragraph at the end to read: "Each state agency, as so classified by the Employee Insurance Program for purposes of providing health insurance, by September 30, 2008, shall remit the amount of premium savings as determined by the Employee Insurance Program to the State Treasurer for deposit in a fund separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds, which is hereby established within the State Treasury. Each state agency is authorized to use funds from any revenue source except federal funds for this payment. By this paragraph, these remittances are deemed to have occurred and are available for appropriation. From the amount recouped from state agencies and transferred to the separate fund established pursuant to this paragraph, the State Treasurer shall disburse the following amounts appropriated for the purposes stated: up to$3,125,000 to the State Election Commission for the 2008 General Election, to the extent that sufficient monies are not available in the Capital Reserve Fund for Fiscal Year 2007-2008, with the balance to the Department of Education for school bus fuel and parts. Unexpended funds appropriated pursuant to this paragraph may be carried forward to succeeding fiscal years and expended for the same purposes." /
Amend title to read:
/ TO AMEND ACT 310 OF 2008, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008-2009, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A SEPARATE FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED STATE AGENCY HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUM SAVINGS IN AMOUNTS DETERMINED BY THE EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MONIES CREDITED TO THIS SEPARATE FUND ARE APPROPRIATED AND MUST BE DISTRIBUTED BY THE STATE TREASURER TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION FOR EXPENSES OF THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION UP TO THE AMOUNT SPECIFIED WITH THE BALANCE TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOR SCHOOL BUS FUEL AND PARTS. /
/s/Sen. John Land /s/Rep. Dan Cooper
/s/Sen. William O'Dell /s/Rep. Chip Limehouse
/s/Sen. John Hayes /s/Rep. Herb Kirsh
On Part of the Senate On Part of the House.
, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has appointed Rep. Cooper in lieu of Rep. Littlejohn to the Committee of Conference on the part of the House on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has requested and was granted Free Conference Powers and has appointed Reps. Cooper, Limehouse and Kirsh to the Committee of Free Conference on the part of the House on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has adopted the report of the Committee of Free Conference on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E. H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Received as information.
H. 4355--ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION BY THE SENATE
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E. H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
The Report of the Committee of Free Conference having been adopted by both Houses, ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act, and the Act enrolled for ratification.
A message was sent to the House accordingly.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the seal of secrecy was removed, so far as the same relates to appointments made by the Governor and the following names were reported to the Senate in open session:
STATEWIDE APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee, the following appointment was confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Northeast Drought Response Committee, with the term to commence March 1, 2008, and to expire March 1, 2012
Public Service Districts:
Elbert C. Warren, 2813 Antioch Road, Hartsville, SC 29550
Having received a favorable report from the Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee, the following appointment was confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Housing, Finance and Development Authority, with the term to commence August 15, 2006, and to expire August 15, 2010
At-Large:
T. Scott Smith, 305 Lancaster Street, Southwest, Aiken, SC 29801 VICE Frances Gilbert
LOCAL APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session:
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
At-Large:
Gerald W. Barron, Jr., 20 Farrell Kirk Lane, Greenville, SC 29615
Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Tomothy C. Edmond, 217 Pointer Dr., Hopkins, SC 29061 VICE Valarie Stoman-Boyd
Initial Appointment, Savannah River Site Redevelopment Authority, with the term to commence October 21, 2006, and to expire October 21, 2010
Allendale County:
Sara Louise O'Neal, P. O. Box 646, Fairfax, SC 29827 VICE Dan Cannady
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
Lyman Wayne Davis, 608 North Weston Street, Fountain Inn, SC 29644
Initial Appointment, Clarendon County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2006, and to expire April 30, 2010
Thomas L. Harvin, Jr., 37 Woodlake Drive, Manning, SC 29102 VICE Joseph Postel
RATIFICATION OF ACTS
Pursuant to an invitation the Honorable Speaker and House of Representatives appeared in the Senate Chamber on June 25, 2008, at 7:00 P.M. and the following Acts were ratified:
(R429, S. 429 (Word version)) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28 TO TITLE 17 SO AS TO ENACT THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, PROVIDE A MANNER FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, PROVIDE THE METHOD OF DISCLOSING THE RESULTS OF DNA TESTING, PROVIDE IMMUNITY FROM CIVIL LIABILITY UNLESS THERE IS AN ACT OF GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR INTENTIONAL MISCONDUCT, AND PROVIDE LIMITS ON EXPENDITURES IN ONE YEAR TO ADMINISTER THE ACT; BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28 TO TITLE 17 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE, DELINEATE THE OFFENSES FOR WHICH PHYSICAL EVIDENCE AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL MUST BE PRESERVED, CREATE THE OFFENSE OF DESTROYING OR TAMPERING WITH PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OR BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY, AND PROVIDE IMMUNITY FROM CIVIL LIABILITY UNLESS THERE IS AN ACT OF GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR INTENTIONAL MISCONDUCT; TO ENACT THE "UNIDENTIFIED HUMAN REMAINS DNA DATABASE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-625 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT FAMILY MEMBERS OF A MISSING PERSON MAY SUBMIT DNA SAMPLES TO THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION (SLED), TO REQUIRE SLED TO CONDUCT DNA IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING ON THE DNA SAMPLE PROVIDED BY FAMILY MEMBERS IF THE PERSON HAS BEEN MISSING THIRTY DAYS, TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE FOR ENTERING THE DNA SAMPLES OF FAMILY MEMBERS INTO THE COMBINED DNA INDEXING SYSTEM (CODIS); BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-635 SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR DNA TESTING OF THE BODIES OF UNIDENTIFIED PERSONS BY SLED WHEN NOTIFIED BY THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA (MUSC) OR ANOTHER FACILITY THAT THE BODY REMAINS UNIDENTIFIED AFTER THIRTY DAYS; BY ADDING SECTION 17-7-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A CORONER PERFORMING AN AUTOPSY ON AN UNIDENTIFIED BODY MUST OBTAIN TISSUE AND FLUID SAMPLES FROM THE BODY SUITABLE FOR DNA IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE CORONER MUST SEND THE SAMPLES TO SLED; TO AMEND SECTION 17-5-570, RELATING TO THE RELEASE AND BURIAL OF DEAD BODIES AND THE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION OF UNIDENTIFIED DEAD BODIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT MUSC OR ANOTHER FACILITY PRESERVING AN UNIDENTIFIED DEAD BODY MUST NOTIFY SLED IF THE BODY REMAINS UNIDENTIFIED AFTER THIRTY DAYS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THERE MAY BE NO DISPOSITION OF THE BODY UNTIL AT LEAST THIRTY DAYS AFTER THE BODY'S DNA PROFILE HAS BEEN ENTERED INTO CODIS; TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-615 TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-620, RELATING TO OFFENDERS REQUIRED TO SUBMIT SAMPLES FOR INCLUSION IN THE STATE DNA DATABASE, SO AS TO REQUIRE SAMPLES UPON LAWFUL CUSTODIAL ARREST, SERVICE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS, OR A DIRECT INDICTMENT FOR A FELONY OFFENSE, AN OFFENSE THAT CARRIES A SENTENCE OF FIVE YEARS OR MORE, OR AN ARREST FOR EAVESDROPPING, PEEPING, OR STALKING, TO PROVIDE THAT THESE PROVISIONS APPLY TO JUVENILES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, AND TO REQUIRE SAMPLES TO BE PROVIDED BEFORE A PERSON IS RELEASED ON PAROLE, RELEASED FROM CONFINEMENT, OR RELEASED FROM AN APPROPRIATE AGENCY'S JURISDICTION; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-630, RELATING TO PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO TAKE DNA SAMPLES AND THEIR IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY, SO AS TO DELETE REQUIREMENTS THAT THE PERSONS AUTHORIZED MUST BE CERTAIN TYPES OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND TO PROVIDE THAT THEY MUST BE APPROPRIATELY TRAINED; TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-650, RELATING TO THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF DNA PROFILES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR COORDINATION BETWEEN SLED AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES TO PREVENT COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF DUPLICATE DNA SAMPLES AND TO INCREASE THE PENALTY FOR THE OFFENSE OF WILFULLY DISCLOSING OR OBTAINING CONFIDENTIAL DNA INFORMATION; TO AMEND SECTIONS 23-3-660 AND 23-3-670, RELATING TO EXPUNGEMENTS AND FEES FOR DNA SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR EXPUNGEMENT AT NO COST TO THE ACCUSED WHEN CHARGES ARE DISMISSED, NOLLE PROSSED, OR REDUCED BELOW THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE TAKING OF THE DNA SAMPLE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE WILL PAY FOR THE COSTS OF COLLECTING AND PROCESSING A DNA SAMPLE INITIALLY AND THE PERSON TESTED MUST PAY A PROCESSING FEE UPON CONVICTION, PLEA OF NOLO CONTENDERE, OR FORFEITURE OF BOND; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-3-120, RELATING TO THE TAKING OF FINGERPRINTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE PLACE AND TIMING FOR THE FINGERPRINTING OF A PERSON PLACED UNDER CUSTODIAL ARREST.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\429AHB08.DOC
(R430, H. 4355 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: AN ACT TO AMEND ACT 310 OF 2008, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008-2009, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A SEPARATE FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED STATE AGENCY HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUM SAVINGS IN AMOUNTS DETERMINED BY THE EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MONIES CREDITED TO THIS SEPARATE FUND ARE APPROPRIATED AND MUST BE DISTRIBUTED BY THE STATE TREASURER TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION FOR EXPENSES OF THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION UP TO THE AMOUNT SPECIFIED WITH THE BALANCE TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOR SCHOOL BUS FUEL AND PARTS.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\4355HTC08.DOC
MOTION ADOPTED
On motion of Senator LEVENTIS, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Master Sgt. Donnald Spencer Jolly, U. S. Air Force (Ret.), beloved husband and father, who died on June 11, 2008. Mr. Jolly proudly served our nation as a member of the U.S. Air Force, retiring after 24 years in December 1981. He continued to serve and touch lives by teaching the ROTC program at Sumter High School for 20 years. His patriotism and love for the military will live on through the students he taught over the years. Mr. Jolly had a passion for hunting, fishing, gardening and carpentry but was never too busy to lend a helping hand or an encouraging word. He was a delightful man and a dear friend who will be missed deeply by his family and wide circle of friends.
and
MOTION ADOPTED
On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. Fredric G. Finley, 95 years old, of Pickens, S.C., who passed away on June 17, 2008. Mr. Finley was a beloved husband and devoted father, grandfather and great-grandfather. He was a distinguished veteran in the Pacific Theater during WWII. He was also an accomplished businessman and civic leader.
and
MOTION ADOPTED
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. William "Bill" Miles Reeves, Jr. of Summerville, S.C.
and
MOTION ADOPTED
On motion of Senator MASSEY, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. H. Sam Crouch, Sr. of Edgefield, S.C., who passed away on Friday, June 20, 2008. He was the founder of Crouch Hardware Company and was instrumental in moving the National Wild Turkey Federation headquarters to Edgefield.
ADJOURNMENT
At 7:10 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate adjourned under the provisions of S. 1469, the Sine Die Resolution.
* * *
This web page was last updated on Monday, June 22, 2009 at 1:51 P.M.
| 2016-08-28T02:15:45 |
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|
https://bison.inl.gov/Documentation/source/postprocessors/SideAverageValueLayered1D.aspx
|
# Side Average Value Layered1D
Computes the average value of a variable on a sideset. Note that this cannot be used on the centerline of an axisymmetric model.
## Description
SideAverageValueLayered1D calculates the average value of a variable on sideset for the case of Layered1D. For the integration along the slice/layer stacking direction, it uses the constant slice_height for each slice/layer fetched from Layered1DFuelPinGeometry object.
(1) where is the global average value computed by this postprocessor, is the layer index, is the height of layer , and is the value of the variable on the sideset in layer , which has a single value for a given layer because it is a value at a point.
## Example Input Syntax
[./ave_temp]
type = SideAverageValueLayered1D
boundary = 2
variable = temp
execute_on = timestep_end
fuel_pin_geometry = pin_geometry
[../]
(test/tests/layered_1D/side_average_value.i)
## Input Parameters
• variableThe name of the variable that this boundary condition applies to
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The name of the variable that this boundary condition applies to
• boundaryThe list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
• fuel_pin_geometryName of Layered1DFuelPinGeometry UserObject
C++ Type:UserObjectName
Description:Name of Layered1DFuelPinGeometry UserObject
### Required Parameters
• execute_onTIMESTEP_ENDThe list of flag(s) indicating when this object should be executed, the available options include NONE, INITIAL, LINEAR, NONLINEAR, TIMESTEP_END, TIMESTEP_BEGIN, FINAL, CUSTOM.
Default:TIMESTEP_END
C++ Type:ExecFlagEnum
Description:The list of flag(s) indicating when this object should be executed, the available options include NONE, INITIAL, LINEAR, NONLINEAR, TIMESTEP_END, TIMESTEP_BEGIN, FINAL, CUSTOM.
### Optional Parameters
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
• allow_duplicate_execution_on_initialFalseIn the case where this UserObject is depended upon by an initial condition, allow it to be executed twice during the initial setup (once before the IC and again after mesh adaptivity (if applicable).
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:In the case where this UserObject is depended upon by an initial condition, allow it to be executed twice during the initial setup (once before the IC and again after mesh adaptivity (if applicable).
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
• outputsVector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
| 2020-11-28T02:55:53 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/414/161/
|
Volume 414 - 41st International Conference on High Energy physics (ICHEP2022) - Beyond the Standard Model
Stau searches and measurements with the ILD concept at the International Linear Collider
M.T. Núñez Pardo de Vera*, M. Berggren and J. List
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: October 30, 2022
Published on:
Abstract
One of the most interesting channels to search for SUSY is the direct pair-production of
the $\tau$-lepton superpartner, $\widetilde{\tau}$. The $\widetilde{\tau}$ is with
high probability the lightest of the scalar leptons, so one of the first SUSY particles that can
be observerd, and the signature of $\widetilde{\tau}$ pair production signal events is one of the
most difficult ones, yielding to the worst'' and so most global scenario for the searches.
Analysis performed at LEP set the current model-independent $\widetilde{\tau}$ limits, suffering
from the low energy of this facility. Only under strong model assumptions, these limits are extended to
higher masses by LHC studies.
In this contribution we show the capability of the ILC, a future electron-positron collider with
energy up to 1 TeV, for determining $\widetilde{\tau}$ exclusion/discovery limits in a
model-independent way, including an overview of the current state-of-the-art.
The determination of the worst'' scenario for $\widetilde{\tau}$ exclusion/discovery, taking
into account the effect of the $\widetilde{\tau}$ mixing on $\widetilde{\tau}$ production
cross-section and efficiency, is also presented.
For selected benchmarks, the prospect for measuring masses
and polarised cross-sections will be shown. The studies were done studying events passed through the
full detector simulation and reconstruction procedures of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept
at the ILC. The simulation included all SM backgrounds, as well as the machine induced ones.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.414.0161
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2023-01-28T17:43:54 |
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|
https://www.e-magnetica.pl/doku.php/file/horseshoe_magnet_magnetica_jpg
|
Encyclopedia of electromagnetics
Site Tools
file:horseshoe_magnet_magnetica_jpg
A horseshoe magnet with the “N” magnetic pole marked. Size around 10\_cm. Probably made from Alnico.
horseshoe_magnet_magnetica.jpg
You are permitted and indeed encouraged to use this image freely, for any legal purpose including commercial (the permission is hereby given, so there is no need to ask for it explicitly again), but you must always give the following credits:
S. Zurek, Encyclopedia Magnetica, CC-BY-4.0
We would appreciate if you let us know of any use: [email protected]
| 2021-05-18T10:21:05 |
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|
http://itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman1/auxillar/levetest.htm
|
Dataplot Vol 1 Vol 2
# LEVENE TEST
Name:
LEVENE TEST
Type:
Analysis Command
Purpose:
Perform a k-sample Levene test for the homogeneity of variances across samples.
Description:
The F test used in analysis of variance problem with k factors can be sensitive to unequal standard deviations in the k factors. Levene's test is a test of the hypothesis that all factor standard deviations (or equivalently variances) are equal against the alternative that the standard deviations are not all equal.
The assumption of homogeneous variances arises in other contexts in addition to analysis of variance. Levene's test can be applied in these cases as well.
The Levene test is an alternative to the Bartlett test. Although it is more commonly used, the Bartlett test is known to be sensitive to departures from normality. The Levene test is less sensitive to non-normality than the Bartlett test.
The Levene test is defined as:
H0: $$\sigma_{1} = \sigma_{2} = \ldots = \sigma_{k}$$ Ha: $$\sigma_{i} \neq \sigma_{j}$$ for at least one pair (i,j). Test Statistic: Given a variable Y with sample of size N divided into k sub-groups, where Ni is the sample size of the i-th sub-group, the Levene test statistic is defined as: $$W = \frac{(N-k)} {(k-1)} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{k}N_{i}(\bar{Z}_{i.}- \bar{Z}_{..})^{2} } {\sum_{i=1}^{k}\sum_{j=1}^{N}(Z_{ij}-\bar{Z}_{i.})^{2} }$$ where Zij can have one of the following three definitions: $$Z_{ij} = |Y_{ij} - \bar{Y}_{i.}|$$ where $$\bar{Y}_{i.}$$ is the mean of the i-th subgroup. $$Z_{ij} = |Y_{ij} - \tilde{Y}_{i.}|$$ where $$Z_{ij} = |Y_{ij} - \tilde{Y}_{i.}|$$ is the median of the i-th subgroup. $$Z_{ij} = |Y_{ij} - \bar{Y}_{i.}'|$$ where $$\bar{Y}_{i.}'$$ is the 10% trimmed mean of the i-th subgroup. $$\bar{Z}_{i.}$$ are the group means of the Zij and $$\bar{Z}_{..}$$ is the overall mean of the Zij. The three choices for defining Zij determine the robustness and power of Levene's test. By robustness, we mean the ability of the test to not falsely detect non-homogeneous groups when the underlying data is not normally distributed and the groups are in fact homogeneous. By power, we mean the ability of the test to detect non-homogeneous groups when the groups are in fact non-homogenous. The definition based on the median is recommended as the choice that provides good robustness against many types of non-normal data but retains good power. Significance Level: $$\alpha$$ (typically 0.05). Critical Region: The Levene test rejects the hypothesis that the variances are homogeneous if $$W > F_{(1 - \alpha,k-1,N-k)}$$ where $$F_{(1 - \alpha,k-1,N-1)}$$ is the upper critical value of the F distribution with k - 1 and N - 1 degrees of freedom at a significance level of $$\alpha$$.
Syntax 1:
LEVENE TEST <y> <tag> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<tag> is a factor identifier variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax computes the median based Levene test.
Syntax 2:
MEDIAN LEVENE TEST <y> <tag> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<tag> is a factor identifier variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax computes the median based Levene test.
Syntax 3:
MEAN LEVENE TEST <y> <tag> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<tag> is a factor identifier variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax computes the mean based Levene test.
Syntax 4:
TRIMMED MEAN LEVENE TEST <y> <tag> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is a response variable;
<tag> is a factor identifier variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax computes the trimmed mean based Levene test. It trims the lowest 10% and the highest 10% of the data.
Examples:
LEVENE TEST Y1 GROUP
LEVENE TEST Y1 GROUP SUBSET GROUP > 2
MEDIAN LEVENE TEST Y1 GROUP
MEAN LEVENE TEST Y1 GROUP
TRIMMED MEAN LEVENE TEST Y1 GROUP
Note:
The various values printed by the LEVENE TEST command are saved as parameters that can be used later by the analyst. Enter the command STATUS PARAMETERS after the LEVENE TEST command to see a list of the saved parameters.
Note:
The HOMOGENEITY PLOT is a graphical technique for testing for unequal variances.
Default:
The default is to to compute the Levene test based on group medians.
Synonyms:
None
Related Commands:
BARTLETT TEST = Compute Bartlett's test. HOMOSCEDASTICITY PLOT = Plot group standard deviations against group means. CONFIDENCE LIMITS = Compute the confidence limits for the mean of a sample. F TEST = Performs a two-sample F test. T TEST = Performs a two-sample t test. CHI-SQUARE TEST = Performs a one sample chi-square test that the standard deviation is equal to a given value. STANDARD DEVIATION = Computes the standard deviation of a variable.
Reference:
Levene, H. (1960). "Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling," I. Olkin, et. al., eds. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 278-292.
Applications:
Analysis of Variance, Regression
Implementation Date:
1998/5
Program:
SKIP 25
.
LEVENE TEST Y X
STATUS PARAMETERS
Dataplot generated the following output:
**************************
** LEVENE TEST Y X **
**************************
Levene F-Test for Shift in Variation
(Case: Test Based on Medians)
Response Variable: Y
Group-ID Variable: X
H0: Homogeneous Variances
Ha: Variances Are Not Homogeneous
Summary Statistics:
Total Number of Observations: 45
Number of Groups: 3
Levene Test Statistic Value: 10.88618
CDF of Test Statistic: 0.99984
P-Value: 0.00016
Percent Points of the Reference Distribution
-----------------------------------
Percent Point Value
-----------------------------------
0.0 = 0.000
50.0 = 0.705
75.0 = 1.433
90.0 = 2.434
95.0 = 3.220
97.5 = 5.149
99.0 = 5.149
99.9 = 8.179
Conclusions (Upper 1-Tailed Test)
----------------------------------------------
Alpha CDF Critical Value Conclusion
----------------------------------------------
10% 90% 2.434 Reject H0
5% 95% 3.220 Reject H0
2.5% 97.5% 5.149 Reject H0
1% 99% 5.149 Reject H0
NIST is an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department.
Date created: 06/05/2001
Last updated: 09/11/2014
| 2016-05-03T04:57:42 |
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|
https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/1092/4754
|
Algorithm for Suppression of Wideband Probing in Adaptive Array with Multiple Desired Signals
The integrity of signal environment for a navigation system among other factors depends critically on the capability of the adaptive antenna array in controlling (reconfiguring) its radiation pattern for various signal scenarios. For a signal environment consisting of simultaneous multiple desired signals and probing sources, the output signal-to-noise ratio of the adaptive antenna array depends on the efficiency of the adaptive algorithm employed for weight estimation. Sufficient antenna gain is required to be maintained towards each of the desired signals, while simultaneously suppressing returns towards the sources probing from distinctly different directions. The weight estimation for the multiple desired signal environments is carried out using a novel modified version of the improved least mean square (LMS) algorithm. This modified scheme effectively suppresses the narrowband/ wideband probing towards the antenna array (linear/planar). The weight estimation and the steering vector are adapted according to the multiple desired signal environments. Each spectral line of the wideband source is considered as an independent narrowband source. This is incorporated in the correlation matrix of the received signal. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of this novel algorithm in active cancellation of narrowband/wideband probing sources, even while the simultaneous multiple signals in desired directions are maintained. The performance of the proposed algorithm is reported to be better than that of standard LMS and recursive LMS algorithm.
The need to maintain the integrity of the signal environment for any navigation system is of utmost importance. One of its aspects is the requirement to operate successfully even when interference from external sources tends to make the reception difficult. These interferences contribute to the noise floor of the receiver and degrade its performance. An adaptive antenna array is one of the sub-systems of an integrated modern avionic system. It consists of a multi-sector antenna array with an integral signal processing capability to optimise the radiation pattern automatically. Such antenna arrays, if used in satellite navigation systems, offer advanced capabilities to overcome interference at the expense of size, cost and manufacturing complexity. These are mostly used in military applications to combat intentional interference by shaping the antenna radiation pattern and placing nulls in the direction of interference. Such antennas are commonly known as controlled radiation pattern arrays (CRPAs), due to their ability to control their radiation patterns as a function of the interference threats.
The antenna array technology in general, is computationally intensive and the currently available devices are costly, besides being power-intensive. The potential of adaptive array processing has been established, yet it is not clear whether the adaptive array approach is compatible with cost factor for commercial avionics applications. This cost factor includes not only the cost of the equipment, but also installation, maintenance, as well as volume, weight and power consumption constraints. However, it is expected that the continual improvements in device technology have the potential of low power consumption and cost modules in the near future.
In a steered-beam adaptive array, for a single desired signal, steering weights are chosen such that the main beam of the quiescent pattern (pattern without any probing source) points in the direction of the desired signal1. However when there are simultaneous multiple desired signals, the quiescent pattern has independent multiple beams towards each of the desired directions2. To maximise output signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals, many weight adaptation algorithms like least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS), etc. are, in general, employed to generate the reference pattern. Its generation is one of the difficult tasks to accomplish especially when there are multiple desired signals from different directions3.
Another important fact is that in an optimum beam former, the output from each array sensor is combined as a weight vector to pass a desired signal without any distortion, thereby maximising the attenuation of the probing sources4. However, performance of such optimum beam formers degrades drastically in the presence of wideband sources.
Present study explores the suppression capabilities of adaptive antenna arrays for wideband probing sources even in the presence of multiple desired signals. When the antenna array receives multiple sources simultaneously, its pattern should have main lobes towards each of the sources. The point constraints are imposed to the weight updating equation so that both the number and directions of the main lobes should correspond to the desired signals. Using the concept of improved LMS algorithm5, the expressions for steering vectors, projection vectors, and weight estimation are derived for the present requirement. This improved LMS algorithm provides the optimal weight coefficients from which the desired adapted pattern is obtained. Further, the correlation matrix is calculated considering the spectral distribution of the incident sources. It is based on the concept of considering each spectral line as a single narrowband source. This modifies the weight coefficients accordingly, leading to the suppression of a wideband probing source in the adapted pattern.
The simulations were carried out for the active cancellation of (narrowband/wideband) hostile sources probing a uniform linear/planar antenna array. Results for both linear and planar antenna arrays demonstrate the efficacy of the improved LMS algorithm in active cancellation of the probing effect even when simultaneous multiple desired signals are required.
In adaptive array processing, selective gains and nulls are placed towards the directions of the signals and probing sources, respectively. To adjust the weights fed to the antenna elements, so as to get the desired response towards the signals impinging the antenna array, various adaptive algorithms are being used. The LMS algorithm is one of the common examples. This algorithm works on the principle of iterative calculation of weights. The optimum values of weights are determined to minimise the mean output noise power. The auto-correlation matrix (ACM) is constrained to have Toeplitz structure.
The improved LMS algorithm is the algorithm in which the gradient is not only estimated from ACM, but it also uses all the previously available samples for updating the weights of array5. The recursive LMS is another example of such an algorithm. On the other hand, in the standard LMS algorithm, only one latest sample is used for updating the weights. The recursive algorithm can be used for array of arbitrary geometry. The improved LMS algorithm exploits the structure of ACM for an array, and hence, it can be used only for uniform arrays. Recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm uses a least-square method to estimate the covariance and cross-correlation matrix while the various other forms of LMS algorithms use the statistical mean squared approach. On comparing the performance of various algorithms5, it can be demonstrated that the improved LMS algorithm has lower output noise power than the RLS algorithm for strong input signals.
Figure 1 shows the output noise power for a 10-element uniform linear array with λ/2 spacing between the elements. The simulation results are presented for the case of two probing sources from two distinct directions (72°, 100; 98°, 1) and one desired signal having power ratio of 100. The power levels of the probing sources are different (100 and 1). It is apparent that the improved LMS has better performance as compared to RLS, and the standard LMS algorithm, both in terms of output noise power level and the convergence rate. Moreover, the improved LMS algorithm has better weight covariance properties than the standard LMS. The performance of improved LMS is found to be better as the signal power is increased. In the presence of a very strong signal, such as 30 dB more than the uncorrelated noise, it performs far better than the RLS algorithm, both in terms of convergence and output noise power.
These simulation results were for a signal scenario consisting of only one desired signal and multiple probing sources impinging the antenna array from distinctly different directions. However, there can be a situation, when more than one desired signal along with the interfering signals impinge the antenna array. For such a signal environment consisting of multiple desired signals, it is required that steering vectors are defined in such a way that the antenna pattern has main lobes towards each of the desired direction. The projection vector, and hence, the weight updating equation is derived for the case of multiple simultaneous desired signals. The resultant weight updating equation is given by
$\begin{array}{l}W\left(n+1\right)=P\left[W\left(n\right)-\mu \text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(W\left(n\right)\right)\right]\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}+\frac{{S}_{1}}{{S}_{1}^{H}{S}_{1}}+\frac{{S}_{2}}{{S}_{2}^{H}{S}_{2}}+\dots +\frac{{S}_{m}}{{S}_{m}^{H}{S}_{m}}\end{array}$ (1)
where μ is the step size, n is the snapshot considered. The projection operator, P is given by
$P=I+\frac{{S}_{1}{S}_{1}^{H}}{{S}_{1}^{H}{S}_{1}}-\frac{{S}_{2}{S}_{2}^{H}}{{S}_{2}^{H}{S}_{2}}-\dots -\frac{{S}_{m}{S}_{m}^{H}}{{S}_{m}^{H}{S}_{m}}$ (2)
where g(W(n)) is an unbiased estimate of the gradient of WH (n) RW(n) wrt W(n), Rbeing the auto-correlation matrix. I is the identity matrix and S1, S2,…, Sm represent the steering vectors corresponding to m desired signals impinging the array at different angles. This is the modified version of improved LMS algorithm.
The ULA employs these weights for processing the received data x(t) to obtain the array output,
$y\left(t\right)={w}^{H}x\left(t\right)$ (3)
The received signal is given by
$x\left(t\right)=As\left(t\right)+n\left(t\right)$ (4)
where, A = [a1) a2) …ak)] is the response matrix, $a\left({\theta }_{k}\right)={e}^{-jkd\left(i-1\right)\mathrm{sin}{\theta }_{k}}$ is the complex response of the sensor to kth signal, d is the spacing between the sensors, c is the propagation speed of the signal. s(t) = [s1(t) s2(t) … sk(t)]T is the signal source vector, and n(t)= [n1(t) n2(t) … nk(t)]T is the noise vector. The superscript T denotes the transpose operation.
If the signal impinging on the antenna array is wideband, i.e. distributed over finite frequency range, the correlation matrix must be modified. For such a signal environment, it is assumed that each spectral line of the wideband source is an individual narrowband signal6. Thus, the correlation matrix for a wideband signals is given by
$R={R}_{q}+\sum _{r=1}^{K}\sum _{l=1}^{L}{P}_{rl}{R}_{rl}$ (5)
where, Prl is the power ratio and Rrl is the covariance matrix of lth spectral line of rth interfering source. For the receiver noise power equal to unity, Rq, the quiescent covariance matrix will be an identity matrix. The mnth component of Rrl is given as
${\left({R}_{rl}\right)}_{mn}={e}^{j2{u}_{rl}\left(n-m\right)}$ (6)
where, ${u}_{rl}=\left(1+\frac{\text{Δ}{f}_{l}}{{f}_{0}}\right)\frac{\pi }{2}\mathrm{sin}{\theta }_{r}$
The extent of the frequency spread, i.e. ∆f / fo for a particular hostile source of lth spectral line is computed using the expression,
$\frac{\Delta f}{{f}_{o}}=\left(\frac{{B}_{r}}{100}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\frac{-1}{2}+\left(\frac{l-1}{{L}_{r}-1}\right)\right]$
where, Br is the bandwidth and Lr is the number of spectral lines7. The correlation matrix given by Eqn (5) is incorporated in the weight updation, i.e., Eqn (1). These weights of the adaptive array antenna are such that when their optimal value is multiplied with the received signals using Eqn (3), selective gain/null arrangements for different signal beams can be achieved.
The simulation results of the performance analysis of linear/planar phased arrays using improved LMS algorithm for a signal environment consisting of multiple simultaneous desired signals and probing sources is presented. In all the cases, the power of the desired signal is assumed to be lower than the power of interfering sources.
3.1 Narrowband Probing Sources
A uniform linear array with 10 isotropic antenna elements is considered. The spacing between the elements is fixed to half a wavelength. A simple scenario with two desired signals (60°, 120°; 0 dB each) and two interfering signals (80°, 150°; 30 dB each) has been considered. The resultant adapted beam pattern obtained is shown in Fig. 2. The quiescent pattern, i.e., pattern without probing sources, is also included in the plot. The adapted pattern using standard LMS and recursive LMS algorithms is also shown. It can be observed that the adapted pattern of standard LMS and recursive LMS algorithms do not show suppression of the probing sources, although the main lobes corresponds to each of the desired directions accurately. However this is not the case of the proposed improved LMS algorithm. The antenna array along with the proposed algorithm is found to be efficient enough to maintain sufficient gain towards the desired directions and simultaneously placing deep nulls in the directions of probing sources.
The variation of noise power level with number of snapshots is shown in Fig. 3. The results are compared for the algorithms, viz., standard LMS, recursive LMS, and the proposed improved LMS algorithm. It can be seen that the output noise power of the array decreases drastically with time. This signifies that the complex weights adapt to their optimum values within a few iterations. The lowest output noise power is achieved by the improved LMS algorithm for a given signal scenario. Moreover, the convergence rate of the proposed algorithm is also excellent.
Next, the array radiation pattern in the presence of two desired signals and three probing sources is presented in Fig. 4. The desired signals were assumed to arrive at the same directions with the same input powers as in the previous case. Three sources were considered to be probing from the directions of 90°, 140° and 145°, each with 30 dB power levels. Good suppression capability of the array employing improved LMS algorithm is demonstrated by the nulls obtained in the directions of the probing sources.
3.2 Wideband Probing Sources
The performance of adaptive antenna array employing improved LMS algorithm was evaluated in the presence of wideband probing sources. A wideband source is assumed to be equivalent to many narrowband sources depending upon the number of spectral lines6. The phase factor and the covariance matrix corresponding to the wideband probing source were calculated considering equal frequency spread around a centre frequency. Simulations were carried out considering all the desired signals to be narrowband.
The adapted pattern of the array along with the quiescent pattern is shown in Fig. 5, when two desired signals (60°, 1; 120°, 1) and two wideband probing sources (80°, 1000, 2 per cent BW, 3 lines; 150°, 100, 2 per cent BW, 3 lines) were considered to impinge on the array. It is apparent that both the probing sources having finite spectral distribution are suppressed efficiently. Accurate nulls were placed towards each probing direction signifying almost no energy transmitted towards these. This makes the array invisible to the radar source trying to probe the antenna array. Earlier studies for one desired signal have shown that when the antenna array nulls an interfering signal, the null depth depends on power level of the interfering signal7. The result obtained for the present scenario with simultaneous multiple desired signals is also on the expected lines. It can be readily observed from the pattern that the source with higher power is suppressed more.
In Fig. 6, adapted beam pattern for a signal scenario, having three closely spaced wideband probing sources is shown. These probing sources are assumed to arrive arbitrarily from 88°, 90° and 92° having 2 per cent BW, 3 lines; 5 per cent BW, 6 lines; 2 per cent BW, 3 lines, respectively. The power ratio of the sources are unequal, i.e., 600, 1200, 400, respectively. It is seen that the sidelobe within the probing directions is suppressed extensively while the main lobes in the pattern remain undistorted.
Then a 16×10 planar antenna array was considered. Figure 7 represents the case of three desired signals (-50°, -10°, 30°) and two probing sources (5°, -30°). One of the probing sources (5°) is narrowband while the one probing at -30° is wideband with 5 per cent bandwidth and 6 spectral lines. The resultant pattern consists of multiple main lobes, each pointing towards desired directions along with accurate and deep nulls towards the probing direction. The difference in pattern for the case of two narrowband and wideband sources probing at 5° and - 30° shows the same trend as in the previous cases. Let one consider a slightly complicated case of three desired signals (- 60°, 10°, 30°) and three closely spaced wideband probing sources with different bandwidths (- 25°, 5 per cent, 6 spectral lines; - 35°, 2 per cent, 3 spectral lines; - 20°, 10 per cent, 5 spectral lines). It is observed from Fig. 8 that each probing source is suppressed efficiently resulting in a deep and wide null in the pattern. This demonstrates the capability of a narrowband antenna array (linear/planar) along with an efficient improved LMS algorithm to cater to the narrowband/wideband signal environment, having either a single or multiple probing sources.
To improve the performance of adaptive antenna array, called controlled radiation pattern arrays, in a practical signal scenario consisting of multiple desired and undesired signals is studied. These sources can be narrowband or may be distributed over finite frequency bands. The projection vectors and weight updating equation for improved LMS algorithm and the correlation matrix are derived for such a signal scenario. It is found that unlike the standard LMS, and the RLS algorithms, the performance of the proposed improved LMS algorithm does not depend on signal power level. In the presence of very strong signal, such as 30 dB, more than the uncorrelated noise, improved LMS algorithm performs far better than the standard LMS algorithm and RLS algorithm, both in terms of convergence and output noise power.
The simulation studies demonstrate the capabilities of linear and planar adaptive arrays along with an improved LMS algorithm in nullifying the narrowband, as well as the wideband probing effect of the hostile sources. It has potential, for not only accurate placement of the nulls in the adapted pattern, but also in the maintenance of sufficient gain towards each of the desired directions. The effect of bandwidth as well as the power level of the probing sources on the adapted pattern has been analysed. In case of wideband sources, the adaptive algorithm places broader nulls towards the probing direction. This may be due to the fact that each spectral line of the source is considered as a narrowband source.
The main objective of the study was to analyse the performance of steered beam adaptive array for multiple simultaneous desired signal environments and wideband probing sources. This capability of adaptive antenna array along with an efficient algorithm has widespread applications in aerospace engineering. For example, the effective cancellation of probing in antenna array can be explored for active RCS reduction. Moreover, such adaptive arrays when integrated with an avionics will eliminate the mechanical scanning for beam steering and better reception even in a hostile environment. Thus, these arrays have the potential to enhance the robustness of the entire navigation system.
1. Trees, V.L.H. Optimum array processing: Detection, estimation, and modulation theory. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
2. Gupta, I.J. Adaptive arrays for multiple simultaneous desired signals. IEEE Trans. Aero. Electro. Syst., 1983, 19, 761-67.
3. Li, J. & Stoica, P. Robust adaptive beamforming. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2005.
4. Veen, B.D.V. & Buckley, K.M. Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering. IEEE Acous., Speech Signal Proc. Mag., 1988, 5, 4-24.
5. Godara, L.C. Improved LMS algorithm for adaptive beam forming. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1990, 38, 1631-635.
6. Singh, H.; Sharma, S. & Jha, R.M. Parametric study of suppression capabilities of adaptive arrays against multiple wideband radars. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Electromagnetics Theory, EMTS-2007, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 26-28 July 2007. pp. 3.
7. Sharma, S.; Singh, H. & Jha, R.M. A novel adaptive scheme for wideband active RCS reduction. In Proceedings of 2007 North American Radio Science Conference URSI - CNC/USNC, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 22-26 July 2007.
| 2020-05-30T17:27:08 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_ehex.html
|
# fix ehex command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID ehex nevery F keyword value
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• ehex = style name of this fix command
• nevery = add/subtract heat every this many timesteps
• F = energy flux into the reservoir (energy/time units)
• zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended to args
• keyword = region or constrain or com or hex
region value = region-ID
region-ID = ID of region (reservoir) atoms must be in for added thermostatting force
constrain value = none
apply the constraint algorithm (SHAKE or RATTLE) again at the end of the timestep
com value = none
rescale all sites of a constrained cluster of atom if its COM is in the reservoir
hex value = none
omit the coordinate correction to recover the HEX algorithm
## Examples
# Lennard-Jones, from examples/in.ehex.lj
fix fnve all nve
# specify regions rhot and rcold
...
fix fhot all ehex 1 0.15 region rhot
fix fcold all ehex 1 -0.15 region rcold
# SPC/E water, from examples/in.ehex.spce
fix fnve all nve
# specify regions rhot and rcold
...
fix fhot all ehex 1 0.075 region rhot constrain com
fix fcold all ehex 1 -0.075 region rcold constrain com
fix frattle all rattle 1e-10 400 0 b 1 a 1
## Description
This fix implements the asymmetric version of the enhanced heat exchange algorithm (Wirnsberger). The eHEX algorithm is an extension of the heat exchange algorithm (Ikeshoji) and adds an additional coordinate integration to account for higher-order truncation terms in the operator splitting. The original HEX algorithm (implemented as fix heat) is known to exhibit a slight energy drift limiting the accessible simulation times to a few nanoseconds. This issue is greatly improved by the new algorithm decreasing the energy drift by at least a factor of a hundred (LJ and SPC/E water) with little computational overhead.
In both algorithms (non-translational) kinetic energy is constantly swapped between regions (reservoirs) to impose a heat flux onto the system. The equations of motion are therefore modified if a particle $$i$$ is located inside a reservoir $$\Gamma_k$$ where $$k>0$$. We use $$\Gamma_0$$ to label those parts of the simulation box which are not thermostatted.) The input parameter region-ID of this fix corresponds to $$k$$. The energy swap is modelled by introducing an additional thermostatting force to the equations of motion, such that the time evolution of coordinates and momenta of particle $$i$$ becomes (Wirnsberger)
$\begin{split}\dot{\mathbf r}_i &= \mathbf v_i, \\ \dot{\mathbf v}_i &= \frac{\mathbf f_i}{m_i} + \frac{\mathbf g_i}{m_i}.\end{split}$
The thermostatting force is given by
$\begin{split}\mathbf g_i = \begin{cases} \frac{m_i}{2} \frac{ F_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}}}{ K_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}}} \left(\mathbf v_i - \mathbf v_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}} \right) & \mbox{k(\mathbf r_i)> 0 (inside a reservoir),} \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise, } \end{cases}\end{split}$
where $$m_i$$ is the mass and $$k(\mathbf r_i)$$ maps the particle position to the respective reservoir. The quantity $$F_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}}$$ corresponds to the input parameter F, which is the energy flux into the reservoir. Furthermore, $$K_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}}$$ and $$v_{\Gamma_{k(\mathbf r_i)}}$$ denote the non-translational kinetic energy and the center of mass velocity of that reservoir. The thermostatting force does not affect the center of mass velocities of the individual reservoirs and the entire simulation box. A derivation of the equations and details on the numerical implementation with velocity Verlet in LAMMPS can be found in reference “(Wirnsberger)”#_Wirnsberger.
Note
This fix only integrates the thermostatting force and must be combined with another integrator, such as fix nve, to solve the full equations of motion.
This fix is different from a thermostat such as fix nvt or fix temp/rescale in that energy is added/subtracted continually. Thus if there is not another mechanism in place to counterbalance this effect, the entire system will heat or cool continuously.
Note
If heat is subtracted from the system too aggressively so that the group’s kinetic energy would go to zero, then LAMMPS will halt with an error message. Increasing the value of nevery means that heat is added/subtracted less frequently but in larger portions. The resulting temperature profile will therefore be the same.
This fix will default to fix_heat (HEX algorithm) if the keyword hex is specified.
Compatibility with SHAKE and RATTLE (rigid molecules):
This fix is compatible with fix shake and fix rattle. If either of these constraining algorithms is specified in the input script and the keyword constrain is set, the bond distances will be corrected a second time at the end of the integration step. It is recommended to specify the keyword com in addition to the keyword constrain. With this option all sites of a constrained cluster are rescaled, if its center of mass is located inside the region. Rescaling all sites of a cluster by the same factor does not introduce any velocity components along fixed bonds. No rescaling takes place if the center of mass lies outside the region.
Note
You can only use the keyword com along with constrain.
To achieve the highest accuracy it is recommended to use fix rattle with the keywords constrain and com as shown in the second example. Only if RATTLE is employed, the velocity constraints will be satisfied.
Note
Even if RATTLE is used and the keywords com and constrain are both set, the coordinate constraints will not necessarily be satisfied up to the target precision. The velocity constraints are satisfied as long as all sites of a cluster are rescaled (keyword com) and the cluster does not span adjacent reservoirs. The current implementation of the eHEX algorithm introduces a small error in the bond distances, which goes to zero with order three in the timestep. For example, in a simulation of SPC/E water with a timestep of 2 fs the maximum relative error in the bond distances was found to be on the order of $$10^{-7}$$ for relatively large temperature gradients. A higher precision can be achieved by decreasing the timestep.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. None of the fix_modify options are relevant to this fix.
No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization.
## Restrictions
This fix is part of the RIGID package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
| 2020-06-01T16:47:09 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10326091-exploring-relation-between-turbulent-velocity-density-fluctuations-stratified-intracluster-medium
|
This content will become publicly available on February 1, 2023
Exploring the relation between turbulent velocity and density fluctuations in the stratified intracluster medium
Context. The dynamics of the intracluster medium (ICM) is affected by turbulence driven by several processes, such as mergers, accretion and feedback from active galactic nuclei. Aims. X-ray surface brightness fluctuations have been used to constrain turbulence in galaxy clusters. Here, we use simulations to further investigate the relation between gas density and turbulent velocity fluctuations, with a focus on the effect of the stratification of the ICM. Methods. In this work, we studied the turbulence driven by hierarchical accretion by analysing a sample of galaxy clusters simulated with the cosmological code ENZO. We used a fixed scale filtering approach to disentangle laminar from turbulent flows. Results. In dynamically perturbed galaxy clusters, we found a relation between the root mean square of density and velocity fluctuations, albeit with a different slope than previously reported. The Richardson number is a parameter that represents the ratio between turbulence and buoyancy, and we found that this variable has a strong dependence on the filtering scale. However, we could not detect any strong relation between the Richardson number and the logarithmic density fluctuations, in contrast to results by recent and more idealised simulations. In particular, we find a strong effect from radial accretion, which more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10326091
Journal Name:
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume:
658
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
A149
ISSN:
0004-6361
4. High Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows subject to buoyancy forces are fraught with complex dynamics originating from the interplay between shear generation of turbulence ( $S$ ) and its production or destruction by density gradients ( $B$ ). For horizontal walls, $S$ augments the energy budget of the streamwise fluctuations, while $B$ influences the energy contained in the vertical fluctuations. Yet, return to isotropy remains a tendency of such flows where pressure–strain interaction redistributes turbulent energy among all three velocity components and thus limits, but cannot fully eliminate, the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations. A reduced model of this energymore »
| 2022-08-09T11:56:44 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S043CHG
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# AVERAGE PARTICLE MULTIPLICITIES IN HADRONIC ${{\boldsymbol W}}$ DECAY
Summed over particle and antiparticle, when appropriate.
# $\langle{}\boldsymbol N_{{\mathrm {charged}}}\rangle{}$ INSPIRE search
VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 19.39 \pm0.08}$ OUR AVERAGE
$19.38$ $\pm0.05$ $\pm0.08$ 1
2006 A
OPAL ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= $189 - 209$ GeV
$19.44$ $\pm0.17$ 2
2000 F
DLPH ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= 183+189 GeV
$19.3$ $\pm0.3$ $\pm0.3$ 3
1999 N
OPAL ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= 183 GeV
$19.23$ $\pm0.74$ 4
1998 C
DLPH ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$= 172 GeV
1 ABBIENDI 2006A measure $\langle \mathit N_{{\mathrm {charged}}}\rangle$ = $38.74$ $\pm0.12$ $\pm0.26$ when both ${{\mathit W}}$ bosons decay hadronically and $\langle \mathit N_{{\mathrm {charged}}}\rangle$ = $19.39$ $\pm0.11$ $\pm0.09$ when one ${{\mathit W}}$ boson decays semileptonically. The value quoted here is obtained under the assumption that there is no color reconnection between ${{\mathit W}}$ bosons; the value is a weighted average taking into account correlations in the systematic uncertainties.
2 ABREU,P 2000F measure $\langle{}\mathit N_{{\mathrm {charged}}}\rangle{}$ = $39.12$ $\pm0.33$ $\pm0.36$ and $38.11$ $\pm0.57$ $\pm0.44$ in the fully hadronic final states at 189 and 183 GeV respectively, and $\langle{}\mathit N_{{\mathrm {charged}}}\rangle{}$ = $19.49$ $\pm0.31$ $\pm0.27$ and $19.78$ $\pm0.49$ $\pm0.43$ in the semileptonic final states. The value quoted is a weighted average without assuming any correlations.
3 ABBIENDI 1999N use the final states ${{\mathit W}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit W}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{{{\mathit \ell}}}}}$ to derive this value.
4 ABREU 1998C combine results from both the fully hadronic as well semileptonic ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ final states after demonstrating that the ${{\mathit W}}$ decay charged multiplicity is independent of the topology within errors.
References:
ABBIENDI 2006A
EPJ C45 291 Colour Reconnection in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ at $\sqrt {s }$ =$180 - 209$ GeV
ABREU,P 2000F
EPJ C18 203 Charged and Identified Particles in the Hadronic Decay of ${{\mathit W}}$ Bosons and in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit q}}}$ from 130 to 200 GeV
ABBIENDI 1999N
PL B453 153 Color Reconnection Studies in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ at $\sqrt {s }$ = 183 GeV
ABREU 1998C
PL B416 233 Charged Particle Multiplicity in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit q}}}$ Events at 161 and 172 GeV and from the Decay of the ${{\mathit W}}$ Boson
| 2019-02-19T00:43:04 |
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aborichev.alexander
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Borichev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: borichev.alexander Published as: Borichev, A.; Borichev, A. A.; Borichev, Alexander; Borichev, Alexandr A. Homepage: https://www.i2m.univ-amu.fr/~borichev/ External Links: MGP · Math-Net.Ru · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 83 Publications since 1986, including 3 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
22 single-authored 10 Sodin, Mikhail 9 Baranov, Anton D. 9 Belov, Yurii S. 7 Hedenmalm, Håkan 5 Volberg, Alexander Lvovich 4 Lyubarskii, Yurii I. 4 Tomilov, Yuri 3 Kellay, Karim 3 Thomas, Pascal J. 2 Abakumov, Evgeny V. 2 Aikawa, Hiroaki 2 Fedorovskiy, Konstantin Yu. 2 Golinskii, Leonid B. 2 Hartmann, Andreas 2 Janakiraman, Prabhu 2 Kupin, Stanislav 2 Massaneda, Xavier 2 Nicolau, Artur 2 Nikol’skiĭ, Nikolaĭ Kapitonovich 1 Baratchart, Laurent 1 Batty, Charles J. K. 1 Bilu, Yuri F. 1 Chaabi, Slah 1 Chill, Ralph 1 Davidson, Kenneth R. 1 Deville, R. E. Lee 1 Dhuez, Remi 1 El-Fallah, Omar 1 Gröchenig, Karlheinz 1 Hadwin, Donald W. 1 Hanine, Abdelouahab 1 Khavin, Viktor Petrovich 1 Kleschevich, Igor 1 Kononova, Anna Aleksandrovna 1 Kononova, Anna V. 1 Kupin, Stanislas 1 Kuznetsov, Alexander G. 1 Malinnikova, Eugenia 1 Matheron, Étienne 1 Mortini, Raymond 1 Nazarov, Fedor L. 1 Nemirovskiĭ, Stefan Yur’evich 1 Nishry, Alon 1 Petkov, Vesselin M. 1 Pisier, Gilles 1 Rozenblum, Grigori V. 1 Seip, Kristian 1 Vasilescu, Florian-Horia 1 Vasyunin, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich 1 Weiss, Benjamin 1 Yakubovich, Dmitry V. 1 Yousefi, Hassan 1 Zhu, Kehe
all top 5
#### Serials
8 Journal of Functional Analysis 4 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 4 Advances in Mathematics 4 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 3 Israel Journal of Mathematics 3 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 3 Mathematische Annalen 2 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 2 Mathematica Scandinavica 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 2 Leningrad Mathematical Journal 2 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Studia Mathematica 1 Arkiv för Matematik 1 Acta Mathematica 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 1 Matematicheskiĭ Sbornik. Novaya Seriya 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Quaestiones Mathematicae 1 Soviet Mathematics. Doklady 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Journal of Operator Theory 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 Algebra i Analiz 1 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 1 Mathematics of the USSR, Sbornik 1 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I. Mathématique 1 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 1 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 1 Oberwolfach Reports 1 Contemporary Mathematics 1 Theta Series in Advanced Mathematics 1 Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. A. Steklova 1 Analysis and Mathematical Physics 1 Operator Theory: Advances and Applications
all top 5
#### Fields
47 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 32 Functional analysis (46-XX) 27 Operator theory (47-XX) 19 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 10 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 9 Potential theory (31-XX) 6 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 4 Real functions (26-XX) 4 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
62 Publications have been cited 543 times in 450 Documents Cited by Year
Optimal polynomial decay of functions and operator semigroups. Zbl 1185.47044
Borichev, Alexander; Tomilov, Yuri
2010
A Blaschke-type condition and its application to complex Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1175.30007
Borichev, A.; Golinskii, L.; Kupin, S.
2009
Sampling and interpolation in large Bergman and Fock spaces. Zbl 1115.46019
Borichev, Alexander; Dhuez, Remi; Kellay, Karim
2007
Riesz bases of reproducing kernels in Fock-type spaces. Zbl 1198.30054
Borichev, Alexander; Lyubarskii, Yurii
2010
The Hamburger moment problem and weighted polynomial approximation on discrete subsets of the real line. Zbl 0959.44011
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1998
Weighted integrability of polyharmonic functions. Zbl 1297.31007
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Haakan
2014
Subordination by conformal martingales in $$L^{p}$$ and zeros of Laguerre polynomials. Zbl 1266.32006
Borichev, Alexander; Janakiraman, Prabhu; Volberg, Alexander
2013
Hereditary completeness for systems of exponentials and reproducing kernels. Zbl 1263.42016
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2013
Spectral synthesis in de Branges spaces. Zbl 1334.46022
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2015
Completeness of translates in weighted spaces on the half-line. Zbl 0830.46020
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1995
Quasiadditivity and measure property of capacity and the tangential boundary behavior of harmonic functions. Zbl 0856.31004
Aikawa, H.; Borichev, A. A.
1996
Harmonic functions of maximal growth: invertibility and cyclicity in Bergman spaces. Zbl 0963.30033
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1997
On Burkholder function for orthogonal martingales and zeros of Legendre polynomials. Zbl 1266.60079
Borichev, Alexander; Janakiraman, Prabhu; Volberg, Alexander
2013
Weighted exponential approximation and non-classical orthogonal spectral measures. Zbl 1229.41018
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
2011
Shift invariant subspaces with arbitrary indices in $$\ell^p$$ spaces. Zbl 1016.47008
Abakumov, Evgeny; Borichev, Alexander
2002
Majorants of meromophic functions with fixed poles. Zbl 1130.30035
Baranov, A. D.; Borichev, A. A.; Havin, V. P.
2007
Large Bergman spaces: Invertibility, cyclicity, and subspaces of arbitrary index. Zbl 1065.46021
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan; Volberg, Alexander
2004
Invariant subspaces of given index in Banach spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0923.47003
Borichev, Alexander
1998
Fock type spaces with Riesz bases of reproducing kernels and de Branges spaces. Zbl 1361.30095
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2017
Pseudo-holomorphic functions at the critical exponent. Zbl 1353.30044
Baratchart, Laurent; Borichev, Alexander; Chaabi, Slah
2016
$$L^{p}$$-Tauberian theorems and $$L^{p}$$-rates for energy decay. Zbl 1330.47050
Batty, Charles J. K.; Borichev, Alexander; Tomilov, Yuri
2016
Recent developments in spectral synthesis for exponential systems and for non-self-adjoint operators. Zbl 1299.42014
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander; Yakubovich, Dmitry
2013
Radial growth of functions in the Korenblum space. Zbl 1208.30052
Borichev, A.; Lyubarskii, Yu.; Malinnikova, E.; Thomas, P.
2010
Frame constants of Gabor frames near the critical density. Zbl 1202.94114
Borichev, A.; Gröchenig, K.; Lyubarskii, Yu.
2010
On the minimum of harmonic functions. Zbl 1033.31001
Borichev, Alexander
2003
The polynomial approximation property in Fock-type spaces. Zbl 0921.46021
Borichev, A. A.
1998
Generalized Carleson-Newman inner functions. Zbl 1316.30047
Borichev, Alexander
2013
Distortion growth for iterations of diffeomorphisms of the interval. Zbl 1129.37019
Borichev, A.
2004
On the closure of polynomials in weighted spaces of functions on the real line. Zbl 1022.41005
Borichev, Alexander
2001
Krein’s entire functions and the Bernstein approximation problem. Zbl 0989.41003
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
2001
On weighted polynomial approximation with monotone weights. Zbl 0958.41002
Borichev, Alexander
2000
Weighted polynomial approximation and the Hamburger moment problem. Zbl 0978.44003
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1999
Boundary uniqueness theorems for almost analytic functions, and asymmetric algebras of sequences. Zbl 0677.30003
Borichev, A. A.
1989
Summability properties of Gabor expansions. Zbl 1402.46008
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2018
Entire functions of exponential type represented by pseudo-random and random Taylor series. Zbl 1387.30031
Borichev, Alexander; Nishry, Alon; Sodin, Mikhail
2017
The finite rank theorem for Toeplitz operators on the Fock space. Zbl 1339.47036
Borichev, Alexander; Rozenblum, Grigori
2015
Remarks on Eisenstein. Zbl 1326.11064
Bilu, Yuri; Borichev, Alexander
2013
Bergman spaces and related topics in complex analysis. Proceedings of a conference in honor of Boris Korenblum’s 80th birthday, Barcelona, Spain, November 20–22, 2003. Zbl 1091.30001
Borichev, Alexander (ed.); Hedenmalm, Håkan (ed.); Zhu, Kehe (ed.)
2006
Slow area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the torus. Zbl 1099.37031
Borichev, Alexander
2004
On the Bekollé-Bonami condition. Zbl 1055.46018
Borichev, Alexander
2004
Approximation in a class of Banach algebras of quasianalytically smooth analytic functions. Zbl 0806.46025
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1993
Uniqueness theorems for almost analytic functions. Zbl 0725.30038
Borichev, A. A.; Vol’berg, A. L.
1990
Spectra of stationary processes on $$\mathbb{Z}$$. Zbl 1405.60045
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail; Weiss, Benjamin
2018
Weak embedding property, inner functions and entropy. Zbl 1376.30039
Borichev, Alexander; Nicolau, Artur; Thomas, Pascal J.
2017
Geometric conditions for multiple sampling and interpolation in the Fock space. Zbl 1361.30055
Borichev, A.; Hartmann, A.; Kellay, K.; Massaneda, X.
2017
A restricted shift completeness problem. Zbl 1276.46021
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2012
On convolution equations with restrictions on supports. Zbl 1040.47025
Borichev, Alexander
2003
Beurling algebras and the generalized Fourier transform. Zbl 0860.46032
Borichev, A. A.
1996
Cyclicity in Bergman-type spaces. Zbl 1124.47300
Borichev, A. A.; Hedenmalm, P. J. H.
1995
Analytic quasianalyticity and asymptotically holomorphic functions. Zbl 0791.30034
Borichev, A. A.
1992
Convolution equations in spaces of sequences with an exponential growth constraint. Zbl 0655.47023
Borichev, A. A.
1988
On zeros of analytic functions satisfying non-radial growth conditions. Zbl 1401.30004
Borichev, Alexander; Golinskii, Leonid; Kupin, Stanislav
2018
The Young type theorem in weighted Fock spaces. Zbl 1395.30004
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2018
Multiple sampling and interpolation in the classical Fock space. Zbl 1342.41002
Borichev, Alexander; Hartmann, Andreas; Kellay, Karim; Massaneda, Xavier
2016
Stable and norm-stable invariant subspaces. Zbl 1313.47023
Borichev, Alexander; Hadwin, Don; Yousefi, Hassan
2013
Uniqueness theorems for Korenblum type spaces. Zbl 1149.30038
Borichev, Alexander; Lyubarskii, Yurii
2007
Uniqueness theorems for (sub-)harmonic functions with applications to operator theory. Zbl 1132.31004
Borichev, Alexander; Chill, Ralph; Tomilov, Yuri
2007
Harmonic and superharmonic majorants on the disk. Zbl 1122.31001
Borichev, Alexander; Nicolau, Artur; Thomas, Pascal J.
2006
Lower bounds for quasianalytic functions. II: The Bernstein quasianalytic functions. Zbl 1064.30033
Borichev, A.; Nazarov, F.; Sodin, M.
2004
Strongly sequentially continuous functions. Zbl 1027.46018
Borichev, A.; Deville, R.; Matheron, E.
2001
Density of polynomials and the Hamburger moment problem. Zbl 0996.47018
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1998
A Titchmarsh-type convolution theorem on the group Z. Zbl 0689.47013
Borichev, A. A.
1989
Summability properties of Gabor expansions. Zbl 1402.46008
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2018
Spectra of stationary processes on $$\mathbb{Z}$$. Zbl 1405.60045
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail; Weiss, Benjamin
2018
On zeros of analytic functions satisfying non-radial growth conditions. Zbl 1401.30004
Borichev, Alexander; Golinskii, Leonid; Kupin, Stanislav
2018
The Young type theorem in weighted Fock spaces. Zbl 1395.30004
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2018
Fock type spaces with Riesz bases of reproducing kernels and de Branges spaces. Zbl 1361.30095
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2017
Entire functions of exponential type represented by pseudo-random and random Taylor series. Zbl 1387.30031
Borichev, Alexander; Nishry, Alon; Sodin, Mikhail
2017
Weak embedding property, inner functions and entropy. Zbl 1376.30039
Borichev, Alexander; Nicolau, Artur; Thomas, Pascal J.
2017
Geometric conditions for multiple sampling and interpolation in the Fock space. Zbl 1361.30055
Borichev, A.; Hartmann, A.; Kellay, K.; Massaneda, X.
2017
Pseudo-holomorphic functions at the critical exponent. Zbl 1353.30044
Baratchart, Laurent; Borichev, Alexander; Chaabi, Slah
2016
$$L^{p}$$-Tauberian theorems and $$L^{p}$$-rates for energy decay. Zbl 1330.47050
Batty, Charles J. K.; Borichev, Alexander; Tomilov, Yuri
2016
Multiple sampling and interpolation in the classical Fock space. Zbl 1342.41002
Borichev, Alexander; Hartmann, Andreas; Kellay, Karim; Massaneda, Xavier
2016
Spectral synthesis in de Branges spaces. Zbl 1334.46022
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2015
The finite rank theorem for Toeplitz operators on the Fock space. Zbl 1339.47036
Borichev, Alexander; Rozenblum, Grigori
2015
Weighted integrability of polyharmonic functions. Zbl 1297.31007
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Haakan
2014
Subordination by conformal martingales in $$L^{p}$$ and zeros of Laguerre polynomials. Zbl 1266.32006
Borichev, Alexander; Janakiraman, Prabhu; Volberg, Alexander
2013
Hereditary completeness for systems of exponentials and reproducing kernels. Zbl 1263.42016
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2013
On Burkholder function for orthogonal martingales and zeros of Legendre polynomials. Zbl 1266.60079
Borichev, Alexander; Janakiraman, Prabhu; Volberg, Alexander
2013
Recent developments in spectral synthesis for exponential systems and for non-self-adjoint operators. Zbl 1299.42014
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander; Yakubovich, Dmitry
2013
Generalized Carleson-Newman inner functions. Zbl 1316.30047
Borichev, Alexander
2013
Remarks on Eisenstein. Zbl 1326.11064
Bilu, Yuri; Borichev, Alexander
2013
Stable and norm-stable invariant subspaces. Zbl 1313.47023
Borichev, Alexander; Hadwin, Don; Yousefi, Hassan
2013
A restricted shift completeness problem. Zbl 1276.46021
Baranov, Anton; Belov, Yurii; Borichev, Alexander
2012
Weighted exponential approximation and non-classical orthogonal spectral measures. Zbl 1229.41018
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
2011
Optimal polynomial decay of functions and operator semigroups. Zbl 1185.47044
Borichev, Alexander; Tomilov, Yuri
2010
Riesz bases of reproducing kernels in Fock-type spaces. Zbl 1198.30054
Borichev, Alexander; Lyubarskii, Yurii
2010
Radial growth of functions in the Korenblum space. Zbl 1208.30052
Borichev, A.; Lyubarskii, Yu.; Malinnikova, E.; Thomas, P.
2010
Frame constants of Gabor frames near the critical density. Zbl 1202.94114
Borichev, A.; Gröchenig, K.; Lyubarskii, Yu.
2010
A Blaschke-type condition and its application to complex Jacobi matrices. Zbl 1175.30007
Borichev, A.; Golinskii, L.; Kupin, S.
2009
Sampling and interpolation in large Bergman and Fock spaces. Zbl 1115.46019
Borichev, Alexander; Dhuez, Remi; Kellay, Karim
2007
Majorants of meromophic functions with fixed poles. Zbl 1130.30035
Baranov, A. D.; Borichev, A. A.; Havin, V. P.
2007
Uniqueness theorems for Korenblum type spaces. Zbl 1149.30038
Borichev, Alexander; Lyubarskii, Yurii
2007
Uniqueness theorems for (sub-)harmonic functions with applications to operator theory. Zbl 1132.31004
Borichev, Alexander; Chill, Ralph; Tomilov, Yuri
2007
Bergman spaces and related topics in complex analysis. Proceedings of a conference in honor of Boris Korenblum’s 80th birthday, Barcelona, Spain, November 20–22, 2003. Zbl 1091.30001
Borichev, Alexander (ed.); Hedenmalm, Håkan (ed.); Zhu, Kehe (ed.)
2006
Harmonic and superharmonic majorants on the disk. Zbl 1122.31001
Borichev, Alexander; Nicolau, Artur; Thomas, Pascal J.
2006
Large Bergman spaces: Invertibility, cyclicity, and subspaces of arbitrary index. Zbl 1065.46021
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan; Volberg, Alexander
2004
Distortion growth for iterations of diffeomorphisms of the interval. Zbl 1129.37019
Borichev, A.
2004
Slow area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the torus. Zbl 1099.37031
Borichev, Alexander
2004
On the Bekollé-Bonami condition. Zbl 1055.46018
Borichev, Alexander
2004
Lower bounds for quasianalytic functions. II: The Bernstein quasianalytic functions. Zbl 1064.30033
Borichev, A.; Nazarov, F.; Sodin, M.
2004
On the minimum of harmonic functions. Zbl 1033.31001
Borichev, Alexander
2003
On convolution equations with restrictions on supports. Zbl 1040.47025
Borichev, Alexander
2003
Shift invariant subspaces with arbitrary indices in $$\ell^p$$ spaces. Zbl 1016.47008
Abakumov, Evgeny; Borichev, Alexander
2002
On the closure of polynomials in weighted spaces of functions on the real line. Zbl 1022.41005
Borichev, Alexander
2001
Krein’s entire functions and the Bernstein approximation problem. Zbl 0989.41003
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
2001
Strongly sequentially continuous functions. Zbl 1027.46018
Borichev, A.; Deville, R.; Matheron, E.
2001
On weighted polynomial approximation with monotone weights. Zbl 0958.41002
Borichev, Alexander
2000
Weighted polynomial approximation and the Hamburger moment problem. Zbl 0978.44003
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1999
The Hamburger moment problem and weighted polynomial approximation on discrete subsets of the real line. Zbl 0959.44011
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1998
Invariant subspaces of given index in Banach spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0923.47003
Borichev, Alexander
1998
The polynomial approximation property in Fock-type spaces. Zbl 0921.46021
Borichev, A. A.
1998
Density of polynomials and the Hamburger moment problem. Zbl 0996.47018
Borichev, Alexander; Sodin, Mikhail
1998
Harmonic functions of maximal growth: invertibility and cyclicity in Bergman spaces. Zbl 0963.30033
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1997
Quasiadditivity and measure property of capacity and the tangential boundary behavior of harmonic functions. Zbl 0856.31004
Aikawa, H.; Borichev, A. A.
1996
Beurling algebras and the generalized Fourier transform. Zbl 0860.46032
Borichev, A. A.
1996
Completeness of translates in weighted spaces on the half-line. Zbl 0830.46020
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1995
Cyclicity in Bergman-type spaces. Zbl 1124.47300
Borichev, A. A.; Hedenmalm, P. J. H.
1995
Approximation in a class of Banach algebras of quasianalytically smooth analytic functions. Zbl 0806.46025
Borichev, Alexander; Hedenmalm, Håkan
1993
Analytic quasianalyticity and asymptotically holomorphic functions. Zbl 0791.30034
Borichev, A. A.
1992
Uniqueness theorems for almost analytic functions. Zbl 0725.30038
Borichev, A. A.; Vol’berg, A. L.
1990
Boundary uniqueness theorems for almost analytic functions, and asymmetric algebras of sequences. Zbl 0677.30003
Borichev, A. A.
1989
A Titchmarsh-type convolution theorem on the group Z. Zbl 0689.47013
Borichev, A. A.
1989
Convolution equations in spaces of sequences with an exponential growth constraint. Zbl 0655.47023
Borichev, A. A.
1988
all top 5
#### Cited by 463 Authors
24 Muñoz Rivera, Jaime Edilberto 23 Borichev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 19 Baranov, Anton D. 13 Belov, Yurii S. 13 Liu, Zhuangyi 13 Nicaise, Serge 12 Osękowski, Adam 10 Hedenmalm, Håkan 10 Paunonen, Lassi 9 Santos, Maria Luiza F. 9 Seifert, David 9 Wehbe, Ali 8 Grobbelaar-Van Dalsen, Marié 8 Isaev, Konstantin Petrovich 8 Zhang, Qiong 7 Han, Zhongjie 7 Hansmann, Marcel 7 Mengestie, Tesfa Y. 7 Sodin, Mikhail 7 Vera Villagrán, Octavio Paulo 7 Woracek, Harald 7 Yulmukhametov, Rinad Salavatovich 6 Almeida Júnior, Dilberto da Silva 6 Ammari, Kais 6 Benaissa, Abbes 6 Kellay, Karim 5 Abakumov, Evgeny V. 5 Almeida Júnior, Dilberto S. 5 Alves, Margareth Silva 5 Bakan, Andrew G. 5 Bañuelos, Rodrigo 5 Campelo, A. D. S. 5 Tebou, Louis T. 4 Avalos, George 4 Cheng, Raymond 4 Debruyne, Gregory 4 Fatori, Luci Harue 4 Fernández Sare, Hugo D. 4 Golinskii, Leonid B. 4 Hartmann, Andreas 4 Jorge da Silva, Marcio Antonio 4 Mercier, Denis 4 Olofsson, Anders 4 Peláez, José Ángel 4 Portillo Oquendo, Higidio 4 Quintanilla de Latorre, Ramón 4 Ross, William T. jun. 4 Sambou, Diomba 4 Stahn, Reinhard 4 Thomas, Pascal J. 4 Volberg, Alexander Lvovich 4 Xu, Gen-Qi 3 Aleman, Alexandru 3 Arroussi, Hicham 3 Atzmon, Aharon 3 Bassam, Maya 3 Batty, Charles J. K. 3 Doubtsov, Evgueni Sergeevich 3 El-Fallah, Omar 3 Esterle, Jean 3 Ferreira, Marcio V. 3 Hansen, Wolfhard 3 Hao, Jianghao 3 Hassine, Fathi 3 Khavin, Viktor Petrovich 3 Janakiraman, Prabhu 3 Laptev, Ari 3 Lutsenko, Anastasiya Vladimirovna 3 Lyubarskii, Yurii I. 3 Ma, To Fu 3 Malinnikova, Eugenia 3 Mashreghi, Javad 3 Massaneda, Xavier 3 Monteiro, Rodrigo Nunes 3 Mozolyako, Pavel A. 3 Ng, Abraham C. S. 3 Pau, Jordi 3 Rao, Bopeng 3 Ruscheweyh, Stephan 3 Santos, Mauro Lima 3 Sklyar, Grigory Mikhailovitch 3 Suárez, Fredy Maglorio Sobrado 3 Tomilov, Yuri 2 Abbas, Zainib Hatif 2 Ben Natan, Yaakov 2 Benyamini, Yoav 2 Bessonov, Roman V. 2 Bilu, Yuri F. 2 Burq, Nicolas 2 Carlsson, Marcus 2 Chill, Ralph 2 Constantin, Olivia 2 Cuenin, Jean-Claude 2 Dai, Xinrong 2 Damanik, David 2 Dell’Oro, Filippo 2 Demuth, Michael 2 Deng, Guantie 2 Domelevo, Komla 2 Eikrem, Kjersti Solberg ...and 363 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 133 Serials
40 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 26 Journal of Functional Analysis 24 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 14 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 13 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 12 Journal of Differential Equations 11 Advances in Mathematics 10 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 10 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 9 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 7 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 6 Journal of Approximation Theory 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 6 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 5 Applicable Analysis 5 Israel Journal of Mathematics 5 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 5 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 5 Applied Mathematics Letters 5 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 5 Journal of Evolution Equations 4 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 4 Journal of Mathematical Physics 4 Letters in Mathematical Physics 4 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 4 Collectanea Mathematica 4 Mathematische Annalen 4 Mathematische Nachrichten 4 Systems & Control Letters 4 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 4 Potential Analysis 4 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 4 Mathematical Control and Related Fields 3 Communications in Mathematical Physics 3 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 3 Studia Mathematica 3 Arkiv för Matematik 3 Acta Mathematica 3 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 Functional Analysis and its Applications 3 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 Constructive Approximation 3 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 3 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 3 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 3 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 3 Computational Methods and Function Theory 3 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 3 Evolution Equations and Control Theory 3 Concrete Operators 2 Applied Mathematics and Computation 2 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Monatshefte für Mathematik 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 2 Semigroup Forum 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Journal of Elasticity 2 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 2 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 2 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 2 Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 2 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 2 Oberwolfach Reports 2 Networks and Heterogeneous Media 2 Operators and Matrices 2 Analysis and Mathematical Physics 2 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 2 Annales Henri Lebesgue 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 International Journal of Control 1 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 1 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 1 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 1 Journal of Theoretical Probability 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 SIAM Review 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis ...and 33 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 44 Fields
162 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 148 Operator theory (47-XX) 113 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 80 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 76 Functional analysis (46-XX) 72 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 46 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 33 Potential theory (31-XX) 27 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 23 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 17 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 13 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 11 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 10 Quantum theory (81-XX) 8 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 8 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 6 Number theory (11-XX) 6 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 5 Real functions (26-XX) 5 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Measure and integration (28-XX) 4 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 4 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 3 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 3 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Integral equations (45-XX) 2 General topology (54-XX) 2 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-24T16:51:17 |
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https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/improper_zero.html
|
# improper_style zero command
## Syntax
improper_style zero nocoeff
## Examples
improper_style zero
improper_style zero nocoeff
improper_coeff *
## Description
Using an improper style of zero means improper forces and energies are not computed, but the geometry of improper quadruplets is still accessible to other commands.
As an example, the compute improper/local command can be used to compute the chi values for the list of quadruplets of improper atoms listed in the data file read by the read_data command. If no improper style is defined, this command cannot be used.
The optional nocoeff flag allows to read data files with a ImproperCoeff section for any improper style. Similarly, any improper_coeff commands will only be checked for the improper type number and the rest ignored.
Note that the improper_coeff command must be used for all improper types, though no additional values are specified.
## Restrictions
none
Related commands: none
improper_style none
Default: none
| 2018-12-15T06:43:53 |
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|
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR2/Data_analysis/chap_cu7var/ssec_cu7var_sos_ceprrl/ssec_cu7var_sos_ceprrl_cali.html
|
# 7.4.3 Calibration models
The SOS Cep&RRL processing uses tools such as: period-amplitude ($PA$) and period-luminosity ($PL$) relations in the $G$-band, as described in the documentation for the processing of RR Lyrae and Cepheid stars released in Gaia Data Release 1, (Clementini et al. 2016). For the Gaia Data Release 2 data processing (Clementini et al. 2019) we also use tools based on the $G_{\rm BP}$ and $G_{\rm RP}$ photometry, such as the period-luminosity in the RP-band and the period-Wesenheit ($PW$) relation in $G$, $G_{\rm RP}$. Furthermore, we implemented i) use of parallaxes according to the Astrometric Based Luminosity formulation, (i.e. working directly in parallax space; see, e.g., (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2017) and references therein) and applying different $PL$, $PW$ relations depending on source position on sky (whether in the Large Magellanic Cloud, in the Small Magellanic Cloud or outside them); ii) calculation of metallicity ([Fe/H]) for the RR Lyrae stars and for $\delta$ Cepheid variables with period shorter than about 6 days from the Fourier parameters and, iii) calculation of interstellar absorption in the $G$-band for the RRab stars from a relation based on $G$-band peak-to-peak amplitude and period.
| 2022-08-08T05:02:19 |
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|
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2015.1115
|
Article Contents
Article Contents
# Classification of periodic orbits in the planar equal-mass four-body problem
• In the N-body problem, many periodic orbits are found as local Lagrangian action minimizers. In this work, we classify such periodic orbits in the planar equal-mass four-body problem. Specific planar configurations are considered: line, rectangle, diamond, isosceles trapezoid, double isosceles, kite, etc. Periodic orbits are classified into 8 categories and each category corresponds to a pair of specific configurations. Furthermore, it helps discover several new sets of periodic orbits.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 70F10, 70F15; Secondary: 49M15.
Citation:
• [1] R. Broucke, Classification of periodic orbits in the four- and five-body problems, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1017 (2004), 408-421. [2] K. Chen, Action-minimizing orbits in the parallelogram four-body problem with equal masses, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 170 (2001), 293-318. [3] K. Chen, Variational methods on periodic and quasi-periodic solutions for the N-body problem, Erg. Thy. Dyn. Sys., 23 (2003), 1691-1715. [4] L. Sbano, Periodic orbits of Hamiltonian systems, in Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems(ed. R.A. Meyers), Springer, (2011), 1212-1236. [5] T. Ouyang, and Z. Xie, A new variational method with SPBC and many stable choreographic solutions of the Newtonian 4-body problem, preprint, arXiv:1306.0119. [6] T. Ouyang, and Z. Xie, A continuum of periodic solutions to the four-body problem with various choices of masses, preprint, arXiv:1310.4206. [7] D. Ferrario and S. Terracini, On the existence of collisionless equivariant minimizers for the classical n-body problem, Invent. Math., 155 (2004), 305-362. [8] M. Šuvakov and V. Dmitrašinović, Three classes of Newtonian three-body planar periodic orbits, Phy. Rev. Lett., 110 (2013), 114301. [9] R. Vanderbei, New orbits for the n-body problem, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1017 (2004), 422-433. [10] L. Bakker, T. Ouyang, D. Yan, S. Simmons and G. Roberts, Linear stability for some symmetric periodic simultaneous binary collision orbits in the four-body problem, Celestial Mech. Dynam. Astronom., 108 (2010), 147-164. [11] D. Yan, Existence and linear stability of the rhomboidal periodic orbit in the planar equal mass four-body problem, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 388 (2012), 942-951. [12] T. Ouyang, S. Simmons and D.Yan, Periodic solutions with singularities in two dimensions in the n-body problem, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 42 (2012), 1601-1614. [13] D. Yan, and T. Ouyang, New phenomena in the spatial isosceles three-body problem, Inter. J. Bifurcation Chaos, 25 (2015), 1550116. [14] D. Yan, and T. Ouyang, Existence and linear stability of spatial isosceles periodic orbits in the equal-mass three-body problem, preprint.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license
| 2023-03-23T05:14:45 |
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|
http://xmm-tools.cosmos.esa.int/external/xmm_user_support/documentation/uhb/omfilters.html
|
XMM-Newton Users Handbook
3.5.3.1 OM filter band passes
The OM set of filters covers part of the UV and optical range. The filter throughput curves are displayed in Fig. 102.
The plotted quantity is the OM effective area for a given filter including the entire telescope response based on inflight measurements. Aperture radius is 6" for the optical and 17".5 for the UV filters.
The OM effective area has been corrected for time dependent sensitivity degradation. The current throughput is lower due to time dependent sensitivity degradation it was about (16, 7, 8, 13, 19, 22) percent for (V, B, U, UVW1, UVM2, UVW2) filters, respectively, in 2020 and is currently declining by less than a year in all filters. The time dependent sensitivity degradation correction for any observing epoch can be found in the corresponding CCF (OM_PHOTTONAT_0008.CCF, see XMM-CCF-REL-378 and references therein).
The principal characteristics of the OM filters are listed in Table 17.
Zeropoints (by definition the magnitude of an object producing one count per second), have been derived by using, for each filter, the equation:
zeropoint = 2.5 log10(Countrate) + m.
OM zeropoints have been defined in such a way that Vega has:
B = V = 0.03 mag, U = UVW1 = UVM2 = UVW2 = 0.025 mag.
Zeropoints are listed in Table 17. An AB magnitude system has been defined also for OM. Their zeropoints are given in Table 17 as well.
Filter Effective wavelength Width Zeropoint AB zeropoint (nm) (nm) (magnitudes) (magnitudes) V 543 70 17.9633 17.9230 B 450 105 19.2661 19.0809 U 344 84 18.2593 19.1890 UVW1 291 83 17.2038 18.5662 UVM2 231 48 15.7724 17.4120 UVW2 212 50 14.8667 16.5719 White 406 347 20.2555 20.6900
Notes to Table 17:
The width of a filter with a constant transmission equal to the transmission at the effective wavelength, having the same effective area as the corresponding OM filter.
The effective wavelength of the B filter has been arbitrarily set to 450 nm to avoid the core of the Balmer line H.
White filter values based entirely on simulations.
European Space Agency - XMM-Newton Science Operations Centre
| 2022-05-19T09:24:03 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.30
|
# §28.30(i) Real Variable
Let $\widehat{\lambda}_{m}$, $m=0,1,2,\dots$, be the set of characteristic values (28.29.16) and (28.29.17), arranged in their natural order (see (28.29.18)), and let $w_{m}(x)$, $m=0,1,2,\dots$, be the eigenfunctions, that is, an orthonormal set of $2\pi$-periodic solutions; thus
28.30.1 $\displaystyle w_{m}^{\prime\prime}+(\widehat{\lambda}_{m}+Q(x))w_{m}$ $\displaystyle=0,$ 28.30.2 $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}w_{m}(x)w_{n}(x)dx$ $\displaystyle=\delta_{m,n}.$
Then every continuous $2\pi$-periodic function $f(x)$ whose second derivative is square-integrable over the interval $[0,2\pi]$ can be expanded in a uniformly and absolutely convergent series
28.30.3 $f(x)=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}f_{m}w_{m}(x),$
where
28.30.4 $f_{m}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}f(x)w_{m}(x)dx.$
# §28.30(ii) Complex Variable
For analogous results to those of §28.19, see Schäfke (1960, 1961b), and Meixner et al. (1980, §1.1.11).
| 2015-03-02T11:11:56 |
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|
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