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Arsenal 2-1 Crystal Palace Arsenal leave it late to open season with win Ramsey scores third goal in four league games Hangeland scores his first goal in three seasons Aaron Ramsey scored in stoppage time to break the resolve of Crystal Palace and give title contenders Arsenal a winning start to their league campaign. Managerless Palace looked set for a point but had forward Jason Puncheon sent off for a second offence in the 89th minute before Ramsey pounced. The visitors took a shock first-half lead when Brede Hangeland headed in. The Gunners equalised just before the break when Laurent Koscielny nodded home from Alexis Sanchez's free-kick. Despite kicking off their Premier League challenge with a win, it was an inauspicious start having barely made Palace keeper Julian Speroni work for his wage. Apart from the two goals, the only other time the Palace stopper was called to save his team was when he pushed away Jack Wilshere's drive in the first half. Credit for keeping Arsenal at bay should be given to Palace caretaker boss Keith Millen. The 47-year-old, originally from down the road in Croydon, was thrust into the hot-seat on Thursday following the [shock departure of Tony Pulis.](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28797071) So having had less than 48 hours to plan Palace's assault on their London rivals, Millen's team did brilliantly to restrict the Gunners for so long. But their good work came undone in three minutes at the death, when first they were reduced to 10 men when Puncheon went in late on Nacho Monreal, before Ramsey grabbed the winner. The Wales midfielder was quickest to the loose ball after Mathieu Debuchy's snap-shot had been saved. Arsenal win their first opening weekend fixture in five attempts Palace only had four attempts on goal Arsene Wenger's side have now won their last six Premier League games Jason Puncheon's red card was the third on the opening day Wenger might point to the fact he did not have his full squad available for the opening match as a reason for the below-par display - only five of the many who spent their summer in Brazil started today. One of those absent was Germany's World Cup winning defender Per Mertesacker, who might have made a better attempt of preventing Hangeland from scoring. The Norway player, who had not scored in the previous three league season for Fulham, was inexplicably left by Sanchez to roam to the near post to meet Puncheon's corner. However, just before half-time, the hero at the other end appeared to lose his bearings as Koscielny sneaked clear to connect with Sanchez's lofted free-kick. It was the only major lapse of concentration from the [former Fulham player,](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28602243) who could prove to be a key signing for the Eagles, while Sanchez, [who cost Arsenal considerably more,](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28177987) also impressed on his league debut. The Chile international played the full 90 minutes, but it was only when rested France striker Olivier Giroud was introduced in the second half that the Gunners looked like a team who would break down Palace for a second time. And in the closing seconds, the club's top scorer last season proved how key he is to the attack when he headed the ball across goal for Debuchy, whose shot was saved, only for team-mate Ramsey to tuck in. Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger: "They made it very difficult, they defended very well and took their first opportunity. After that they made it very tight, they were physically very strong and we needed to keep going. Our desire got us through. "If you look at the results, no home team won, we were the only one so it shows in the first game it is not easy to win. "The Champions League qualifier is massive game for us next week against Besiktas, we have a short time to recover. Normally the German players would not play in that game. We will have to see on Sunday but only in case of emergency." Crystal Palace caretaker manager Keith Millen: "I'd like to continue, I enjoy being in charge. Whether it's the right time or not I'll speak to the chairman tomorrow. "If the chairman felt it was right for me then I would sit down and talk to him about it. I like working at this club. "The circumstances of last year were that we had a really poor start, winning one in 10 games. There was a lack of Premier League experience at the club. This group of players now have that experience."

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Chris Van Allsburg is responsible for some of the most iconic stories and images of American childhood. After bursting onto the picture book scene with 1979's [The Garden of Abdul Gasazi](https://www.amazon.com/dp/039527804X/?tag=timecom-20), he went on to win two Caldecott medals — for [Jumanji](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0547608381/?tag=timecom-20) (1981) and [The Polar Express](https://www.amazon.com/dp/0544580141/?tag=timecom-20) (1985) — both of which also became [beloved films](http://time.com/4325450/the-rock-robin-williams-jumanji-reboot/). His drawings are both realistic and uncanny, whether in black and white, sepia or color, and they take children on previously unimagined adventures. TIME caught up with Van Allsburg, 68, who continues to write children's books to this day, ahead of this week's release of the [Jumanji reboot](http://time.com/5068349/jumanji-welcome-to-the-jungle-review/). Van Allsburg: You may hear some barking in the background because I have a new puppy. TIME: What kind of puppy is it? It's a miniature schnauzer. So not like the one that you have in all of your books. Well, that's a bull terrier, and that's probably more dog than I can handle at my age. Why did you put that bull terrier in all of your books? When I wrote my first book, I had in mind that the story would include a dog, and the dog I had in mind was a bull terrier. I found them peculiar looking and charming in an idiosyncratic sort of way, but did not have access to one. My brother-in-law was visiting around that time, and he told me that he was about to acquire a golden retriever. I told him, "Gee, that's such an ordinary dog, you should get something a little more interesting, a little more exotic." And he said, "Like what?" And I said, "You should get a bull terrier." I sold him on the idea, and I used the dog that he had acquired as my model for the dog in The Garden of Abdul Gasazi. He unfortunately passed away — he had an accident, so he didn't live that long. I made a decision when I started the second book, which was Jumanji, that as long as I kept on doing books I would provide the dog a cameo appearance. In Jumanji he's a pull toy, in The Polar Express he's a hand puppet… I have gone to book stores and done signings of new titles and seen kids rifling through the books without reading them because the first thing they want to do is try to find out, where's Fritz? How did you come up with the idea for Jumanji? I think most authors who write for children are revisiting their own childhood. I recalled as a child being interested in playing board games, but always at the same time being slightly disappointed because it was all pretend. When you bankrupted your parents when they landed on Boardwalk, and they had to hand over all their money, it just wasn't real. So I had in mind this idea that it would be great if there were board games that actually delivered what they promised. With that in mind I contemplated different kinds of games where that might produce an interesting result, and I settled on a jungle adventure game, because of the cognitive dissonance — you know, rhino stampede, we've all seen that, but you've never seen a rhino stampede in a dining room. How involved were you in the first movie adaptation? I was pretty involved. The studio had optioned it and had commissioned some screenplays and weren't really happy with it, and it looked like they were maybe going to abandon the project. So I started writing out some ideas, and the studio liked the treatment, and I actually wrote a script which then, as many scripts are, was really only a starting point for a development process. That initial script I wrote was rewritten many times, and then finally made into Jumanji. So I was a contributor of some story material that was not from the book, and the studio gave me a story credit but not a screen credit, because so many screenwriters had worked on it after I made my contribution. How involved are you with [the new one](http://time.com/4476787/the-rock-jumanji-movie-photo/)? Very little, nothing like the involvement I had with the first one. This is a project that was really energized not so much by my original book but by the success and fandom of the first film. It was more like, not really even a sequel to the first film, but more I think the jargon in Hollywood is a "reboot" — basically taking some of the same thematic material and then reconsidering it fairly liberally or fairly — what shall I say — fairly aggressively, without a clear obligation to characters from the first one or following through some story arc, that sort of thing. The children's adventure in Jumanji is prompted by boredom. Could you write the same book today, in the age of the devices and screens? I still think boredom is a reality for children, and frankly I think that the continuous contact with screens, while it may seem more stimulating just because things are moving, I think there's probably a level of boredom even with that, where it's not real life and it's a facsimile of experience. I think the new film actually confronts that a little bit, because as you may know it's no longer a board game, it's now a video game. And the jungle does not come to the players, the players go to the jungle. I've seen the film and while I can see that it has very little to do with what I wrote besides sharing a title, it's an amusing and entertaining ensemble piece. You have such a distinctive visual style. How did it evolve? My background is in sculpture. I studied sculpture for the entire time I went to art school, and as a result didn't really acquire picture-making skills that I might have if I was studying illustration or painting or something like that. I became adept at using a pencil, because a pencil is pretty much what I used when I was sketching out the sculptures that I would make. So I could draw pretty well, and a few years after I had been out of graduate school, I decided I would give a shot at a children's book. When I had to choose materials, it wasn't like I was making a decision about using watercolors or pastel or something because I knew nothing about those materials — all I knew really was pencil and charcoal pencil. With respect to style in terms of composition and point of view, I was influenced by surrealism. As a younger artist I always liked pictures that appeared to present a familiar reality, but because of the writing, because of the point of view, perhaps because it was a solitary space with a single figure in it, it took on a kind of power and mystery that you definitely feel but can't account for. Which of your books do you think your readers like best? I guess that would have to be The Polar Express. I don't do a lot of book signings anymore, but I was invited to a school the other day. The children were four and five, and they had built a Polar Express train out of cardboard and painted it. They were all dressed in their pajamas. I went and read them the story while they pretended they were sitting — well, they weren't pretending, they were sitting in the train—and so I would have to say, there's a book that's found its audience and had an effect on them. More Must-Reads from TIME - Welcome to the [Noah Lyles Olympics](https://time.com/6991825/noah-lyles-olympics-2024-interview/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202) [Melinda French Gates](https://time.com/6989402/melinda-french-gates-interview-2024/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202)Is Going It Alone - What to Do if You [Can't Afford Your Medications](https://time.com/6993130/reduce-cost-of-medications/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202) [How to Buy Groceries](https://time.com/6989464/grocery-shopping-budget-tips/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202)Without Breaking the Bank [Sienna Miller](https://time.com/6993134/horizon-sienna-miller/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202)Is the Reason to Watch Horizon - Why So Many [Bitcoin Mining Companies](https://time.com/6993603/ai-bitcoin-mining-artificial-intelligence-energy-use/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202)Are Pivoting to AI - The 15 Best [Movies to Watch on a Plane](https://time.com/6987454/best-movies-watch-on-plane/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202) - Want Weekly Recs on What to Watch, Read, and More? Sign Up for [Worth Your Time](https://cloud.newsletters.time.com/signup?nln=worth-your-time?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202) Contact us at

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Stoke sign striker Jon Walters from Ipswich for £2.75m Walters was left out of the side for Ipswich's last game Stoke have signed Jon Walters from Ipswich for an initial fee of £2.75m, which could rise to £3.25m. The 26-year-old, who can play as a striker or right winger, has agreed a four-year contract with the Potters. "I've been looking to bring in more goals - Jon certainly fits the bill," said Stoke manager Tony Pulis. "Over the last three years he's been the Championship's outstanding performer. I'm confident he can make the same impact on the Premier League." The move comes after Walters' desire to leave Portman Road prompted Ipswich manager Roy Keane to remove him as captain, drop him from the team and declare that Walters would never play for the team again while he remained in charge.

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Jon Walters starts his celebrations after putting Stoke ahead By Owen Phillips Jon Walters grabbed his first Premier League goal as Stoke beat Blackburn to go seventh in the table and take their unbeaten league run to four games. Walters ran onto Matthew Etherington's astute pass following a Kenywne Jones flick-on and finished coolly. Stoke were good value for their win and Etherington, who almost scored three other times, was key to their success. Rovers played their part in an open game with Brett Emerton going closest when his shot was cleared off the line. Had Blackburn scored then during their best spell before the break, Stoke's recent upturn would have been in serious doubt. But unlike every previous Premier League match this term - where the Potters had fallen behind - they had the alien task of having to defend a lead. Pulis pleased with Stoke progress And they did it without too much trouble. Much of the pre-match build-up had predicted a miserable spectacle between two sides with a reputation for a physical approach and long-ball football. But after a worrying first few minutes where passes were pumped aimlessly forward and a long throw was hurled goalwards from near the halfway line, both teams started to offer glimpses of quality. It was Stoke who showed first, with several fine passages of a play and a neat turn and curled 20-yard effort from Kenwyne Jones their best effort on goal. Rovers also began to settle and only some smart thinking from Ryan Shawcross, who dropped back on his line to head clear Emerton's athletic dipping volley, prevented the visitors from taking the lead. El-Hadji Diouf was also looking dangerous, especially against Stoke's makeshift right-back Robert Huth. The German never looked comfortable out wide and was booked as he struggled to come to terms with his role. Tony Pulis' men also looked threatening from their tried and trusted long-throw bombardment. Allardyce blames defence for defeat However the towering figures of Blackburn's central defensive duo Christopher Samba and Ryan Nelsen were well equipped to deal with Rory Delap's baliistics. Stoke looked much more effective when they got the ball into the feet of wingers Jermaine Pennant and Etherington. The former West Ham winger twice fired decent attempts into the side netting towards the end of the first half, first with a fierce strike from 18 yards and moments later a volley from Pennant's cross. Phil Jones then went close for Blackburn at the other end in frantic spell, but his shot was blocked after an incisive move. After the interval the excellent Etherington continued to pose the greatest threat and it was no surprise his involvement led to the crucial moment in the match. The winger showed great touch to control Kenwyne Jones' flicked header and then released Walters with a well-weighted and perfectly-timed pass. Walters ran across his man and finished neatly beyond Paul Robinson, who did well to get a touch on the shot. Etherington then had a free-kick well saved by Robinson and also saw the keeper pull off a top-class stop to keep out a left-foot cross-shot after a Walters through-ball. The last 30 minutes saw Sam Allardyce's men desperately trying to force an equaliser but they barely threatened from open play and rarely looked like scoring from set-pieces. And the Potters, who were in the bottom three before last Sunday's spirited comeback victory against Newcastle, maintained their composure to secure the points and keep their first clean sheet in the league this season.

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- Globally in 2022, there were an estimated 249 million malaria cases and 608 000 malaria deaths in 85 countries. - The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. - In 2022, the Region was home to 94% of malaria cases (233 million) and 95% (580 000) of malaria deaths. - Children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in the Region. Malaria is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes. It is mostly found in tropical countries. It is preventable and curable. The infection is caused by a parasite and does not spread from person to person. Symptoms can be mild or life-threatening. Mild symptoms are fever, chills and headache. Severe symptoms include fatigue, confusion, seizures, and difficulty breathing. Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk of severe infection. Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and with medicines. Treatments can stop mild cases from getting worse. Malaria mostly spreads to people through the bites of some infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may also transmit malaria. The first symptoms may be mild, similar to many febrile illnesses, and difficulty to recognize as malaria. Left untreated, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours. There are 5 Plasmodium parasite species that cause malaria in humans and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The other malaria species which can infect humans are P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The most common early symptoms of malaria are fever, headache and chills. Symptoms usually start within 10–15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms may be mild for some people, especially for those who have had a malaria infection before. Because some malaria symptoms are not specific, getting tested early is important. Some types of malaria can cause severe illness and death. Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk. Severe symptoms include: - extreme tiredness and fatigue - impaired consciousness - multiple convulsions - difficulty breathing - dark or bloody urine - jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin) - abnormal bleeding. People with severe symptoms should get emergency care right away. Getting treatment early for mild malaria can stop the infection from becoming severe. Malaria infection during pregnancy can also cause premature delivery or delivery of a baby with low birth weight. According to the latest [World malaria report](/publications/i/item/9789240086173), there were 249 million cases of malaria in 2022 compared to 244 million cases in 2021. The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 608 000 in 2022 compared to 610 000 in 2021. The WHO African Region continues to carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2022 the Region was home to about 94% of all malaria cases and 95% of deaths. Children under 5 years of age accounted for about 78% of all malaria deaths in the Region.Four African countries accounted for just over half of all malaria deaths worldwide: Nigeria (26.8%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12.3%), Uganda (5.1%) and Mozambique (4.2%). Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and by taking medicines. Talk to a doctor about taking medicines such as chemoprophylaxis before travelling to areas where malaria is common. Lower the risk of getting malaria by avoiding mosquito bites: - Use mosquito nets when sleeping in places where malaria is present - Use mosquito repellents (containing DEET, IR3535 or Icaridin) after dusk - Use coils and vaporizers. - Wear protective clothing. - Use window screens. [Vector control](/teams/global-malaria-programme/prevention/vector-control) is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies as it is highly effective in preventing infection and reducing disease transmission. The 2 core interventions are insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Progress in global malaria control is threatened by emerging resistance to insecticides among Anopheles mosquitoes. As described in the latest World malaria report, other threats to ITNs include insufficient access, loss of nets due to the stresses of day-to-day life outpacing replacement, and changing behaviour of mosquitoes, which appear to be biting early before people go to bed and resting outdoors, thereby evading exposure to insecticides. Travellers to malaria endemic areas should consult their doctor several weeks before departure. The medical professional will determine which chemoprophylaxis drugs are appropriate for the country of destination. In some cases, chemoprophylaxis drugs must be started 2–3 weeks before departure. All prophylactic drugs should be taken on schedule for the duration of the stay in the malaria risk area and should be continued for 4 weeks after the last possible exposure to infection since parasites may still emerge from the liver during this period. [Preventive chemotherapy](/teams/global-malaria-programme/prevention/preventive-chemotherapies) is the use of medicines, either alone or in combination, to prevent malaria infections and their consequences. It requires giving a full treatment course of an antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations at designated time points during the period of greatest malarial risk, regardless of whether the recipients are infected with malaria. Preventive chemotherapy includes perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC), seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and school-aged children (IPTsc), post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) and mass drug administration (MDA). These safe and cost-effective strategies are intended to complement ongoing malaria control activities, including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines. Since October 2021, WHO has recommended broad use of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, and deadly severe malaria, among young children. In October 2023, WHO recommended a second safe and effective malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M. The availability of two malaria vaccines is expected to make broad-scale deployment across Africa possible. [Questions and answers on the RTS,S vaccine](https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/q-a-on-rts-s-malaria-vaccine). [Early diagnosis and treatment](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria) of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths and contributes to reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based [diagnostic testing](/teams/global-malaria-programme/case-management/diagnosis) (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test). Malaria is a serious infection and always requires treatment with medicine. Multiple medicines are used to prevent and treat malaria. Doctors will choose one or more based on: - the type of malaria - whether a malaria parasite is resistant to a medicine - the weight or age of the person infected with malaria - whether the person is pregnant. These are the most common medicines for malaria: - Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines are the most effective treatment for P. falciparum malaria. - Chloroquine is recommended for treatment of infection with the P. vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this medicine. - Primaquine should be added to the main treatment to prevent relapses of infection with the P. vivax and P. ovale parasites. Most medicines used are in pill form. Some people may need to go to a health centre or hospital for injectable medicines. Antimalarial drug resistance Over the last decade, partial artemisinin resistance has emerged as a threat to global malaria control efforts in the Greater Mekong subregion. WHO is very concerned about reports of partial artemisinin resistance in Africa, confirmed in Eritrea, Rwanda, Uganda and, most recently, Tanzania. Regular monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy is needed to inform treatment policies in malaria-endemic countries, and to ensure early detection of, and response to, drug resistance. For more on WHO's work on antimalarial drug resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion, visit the [Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme](/initiatives/mekong-malaria-elimination-programme) webpage. WHO has also developed a [strategy to address drug resistance in Africa](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060265). Malaria elimination is defined as the interruption of local transmission of a specified malaria parasite species in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate activities. Continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required. In 2022, 34 countries reported fewer than 1000 indigenous cases of the disease, up from just 13 countries in 2000. Countries that have achieved at least 3 consecutive years of zero indigenous cases of malaria are eligible to apply for the [WHO certification of malaria elimination](/teams/global-malaria-programme/elimination/certification-process). Since 2015, 12 countries have been certified by the WHO Director-General as malaria-free, including Maldives (2015), Sri Lanka (2016), Kyrgyzstan (2016), Paraguay (2018), Uzbekistan (2018), Argentina (2019), Algeria (2019), China (2021), El Salvador (2021), Azerbaijan (2023), Tajikistan (2023) and Belize (2023). [Countries and territories certified malaria-free by WHO](/teams/global-malaria-programme/elimination/countries-and-territories-certified-malaria-free-by-who). [Malaria surveillance](/teams/global-malaria-programme/surveillance) is the continuous and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of malaria-related data, and the use of that data in the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice. Improved surveillance of malaria cases and deaths helps ministries of health determine which areas or population groups are most affected and enables countries to monitor changing disease patterns. Strong malaria surveillance systems also help countries design effective health interventions and evaluate the impact of their malaria control programmes. [Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031357), updated in 2021, provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination. The strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including: - reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030 - reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030 - eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030 - preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free. Guided by this strategy, the [Global Malaria Programme](/teams/global-malaria-programme) coordinates the WHO's global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by: - playing a leadership role in malaria, effectively supporting member states and rallying partners to reach Universal Health Coverage and achieve goals and targets of the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria; - shaping the research agenda and promoting the generation of evidence to support global guidance for new tools and strategies to achieve impact; - developing ethical and evidence based global guidance on malaria with effective dissemination to support adoption and implementation by national malaria programmes and other relevant stakeholders; and - monitoring and responding to global malaria trends and threats.

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Oliver Tambo: the exile Oliver Tambo, co-founder of modern South Africa, brought down the apartheid regime from a house in north London. This week he – and his former home – are recognised [Andy McSmith](/author/andy-mcsmith) [Comments] Until recently there was no plaque visible on the three-storey house in Muswell Hill that was once, in effect, the home of a government in exile. In the park nearby, where the children of one of the 20th century's greatest statesmen used to run around, there is a corner temporarily fenced off, in which there is an as yet unseen monument wrapped in blue polythene. When the monument is unveiled, on Wednesday, it will be the centrepiece of a circle of a large circular memorial site, full of South African symbolism, bearing a bust of man whose face any black South African would recognise at once, even if some of the local residents passing by have never heard of him. Oliver Tambo, the co-founder of the modern South African state, came to London penniless and unknown in 1960, with the police on his tail. His wife, Adelaide, and young children were smuggled out to join him. In his homeland, Tambo is lionised as one half of a duo, the other half being Nelson Mandela, which led their people in freedom. While Mandela was in prison, a living symbol of black endurance under injustice and persecution, Tambo was travelling the world, like the head of a government in exile. In Muswell Hill, in the north London borough of Haringey, there are folk who remember him mainly as the quietly spoken husband of an imposing NHS nurse who lived with her three children in a house on the corner of Alexandra Park Road. The house was hard to miss because it was magnet for anyone involved in the anti-apartheid movement, especially when Oliver was at home. Pauline Webb, a future BBC head of religious broadcasting, also moved into Muswell Hill in 1960 and was struck by the appearance of one her new neighbours – "an African woman of imposing and attractive appearance who, with her three children, including a small baby, had come to live in a large detached house just around the corner". She soon noticed that "the Tambo household was never empty of visitors. Adelaide loved entertaining and was a most welcoming hostess as well as an excellent cook." The reason the Tambos could afford a three-storey, detached house with large rooms was that political sympathisers had raised the money to give them living space, anticipating that it would become the African National Congress's unofficial London headquarters. In 1962, there was a ripple of excitement among the exiles, when Mandela, the ANC's rising young star, arrived for a fleeting visit as a guest of the Tambos, and rushed off with Oliver to see the sights of London. They were two unknown young Africans in a big city. But when Nelson Mandela called for the second time, he had the world's media in his train. He had just been released after 27 years in jail, and one of the first places he visited outside South Africa was the Tambo home on Muswell Hill. Thembi Nobadula, an ANC activist who escaped in 1962 to become a near neighbour of the Tambos, cannot help chuckling as she retells the story, almost half a century later, of how he got away. "He did it so beautifully. He really put those Boers in their place. He used to drive to the station on his way to work every day and leave his car in the car park. On that beautiful day when he escaped, he drove the car as usual, or somebody did, and left it in its parking place, but in the evening no one came to collect it. By the time those Boers realised he had gone and started harassing Adelaide, he was already in Bechuanaland [Botswana], where they couldn't catch him." After the world had been disgusted by the spectacle of South African solders slaughtering unarmed African protesters in Sharpeville, in March 1960, the apartheid propaganda machine excused the massacre by claiming that the ANC, whose young leaders had become the regime's most formidable opponents, was a communist conspiracy. Tambo was told by his colleagues to go abroad and tell a different story. His first stop was Ghana, where the government agreed to help him smuggle out Adelaide and the children. But by the time they arrived in Accra, Oliver was already in Paris. So they stayed as guests of the parents of Paul Boateng, the future British cabinet minister, until the family could be reunited in London. "It was very hard because when we left South Africa, none of us expected to be in exile for more than five years," Mrs Nobadula said. "And even when the family was living in Haringey, Oliver was so often abroad, it was not until near the end that they were really together." One of the first white friends the Tambos made in London was Patsy Pillay, now aged 82, who still lives nearby in north London. She and her husband, Vella Pillay, an economist, had had to leave South Africa because, under the Morality Act, they faced long jail sentences for living together, she being white while he was Indian. She found the newly arrived Tambo family living under pretty desperate conditions. "It was very difficult for them, they were very, very poor, and they lived in a tiny, titchy flat in Finchley. London was quite racist. There were newspaper adverts for accommodation that used to say 'no coloureds, no Irish, no dogs, no children' – but it was better than South Africa. London was bad, but South Africa was very, very bad. "Then they moved to a flat in Highgate, then they got the house in Muswell Hill. That was much better, but they were still always short of money. And Adelaide was like a single parent, because he spent so much time abroad. She made all the decisions about the children, and Oliver went along with them. "Even when he was in London, he was always at meetings or receiving visitors. I heard her say to him 'you come here and you can't even get to talk to me because of all your meetings' and he used to say 'but Mandela's in prison. He's worse off than we are, and his wife never sees him at all.'" When Tambo first began the work of lobbying for international recognition, almost the only head of government prepared to give him the time of day was Kwane Nkrumah, in Ghana. But over the years, he established ANC missions, shadow embassies for a future South Africa, in 27 countries, which by then was more than the number that continued to recognise white South Africa. He also founded the military wing of the ANC, the Umkhonto we Sizwe. When the Portuguese empire collapsed in 1975, Tambo moved his guerrillas out of training camps in Tanzania and Zambia, into Angola, near the South African border, as a warning that if the apartheid system was not dismantled peacefully, the ANC was prepared to use force. By the mid 1980s, governments across Europe were wanting to make contact with the little lawyer in Haringey, seeing him as South Africa's future. The UK government was a glaring exception, because of Margaret Thatcher's belief that the ANC was a terrorist organisation. But Sir Geoffrey Howe, who was foreign secretary in 1983-89, said that by the mid-1980s, every adviser and minister in the Foreign Office was telling them that he should meet Thabo. Eventually, Howe did meet him, late in 1986, but to make it look unofficial, invited him to his grace and favour house in Chevening, Kent, rather than to the Foreign Office. A long conversation convinced Howe that he was dealing with a serious, thoughtful statesman. Tambo only barely lived to see the apartheid system come down. He had a stroke in 1989, and was rushed to the London Clinic, where it was expected that he would die. When he pulled through, the doctors warned him against overwork, so he told some of his staff to move from Zambia to London, and turned one of the rooms at 51 Alexandra Park into a permanent ANC office. He returned to South Africa for the ANC's first legal national conference there, in July 1991, and was elected its National chairman, but died less than two years later. What would have been his 90th birthday this month is being commemorated this week by the UK launch tomorrow of a book of essays by people who knew him, and the unveiling on Wednesday of a the memorial in Albert Road recreation ground, Muswell Hill, including a bust by the late Ian Walters, who also sculpted the statue of Mandela in Parliament Square. Jacob Riba, the head teacher of the Ephes Mamkeli secondary school in the township of Wattville, where Tambo grew up, is one of the South Africans who have made the trip to pay homage. "If we compare the two – Tambo and Mandela – they are both legends," he said. "They are two lives that complement each other, one in prison, one in exile. It was harsh in prison, but it was also harsh in exile. They made equal contributions. They are both icons."

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African National Congress President Oliver Tambo returned to South Africa Thursday after 30 years in exile, and thousands of wildly cheering supporters hailed the opposition leader. Tambo was welcomed by Nelson Mandela, the ANC's deputy president and the anti-apartheid organization's leading figure, and other senior leaders when his plane from Zimbabwe touched down at Jan Smuts Airport.Foreign diplomats, including U.S. Ambassador William Swing, were at the airport to greet Tambo. About 5,000 people, some singing and dancing, stood outside the airport to welcome Tambo. "Viva Tambo!" the crowds chanted as they waited for a glimpse of him. The 73-year-old Tambo, who is in poor health after a recent stroke, is expected to remain in South Africa for about three weeks. He will open the ANC's consultative congress that begins Friday in Johannesburg. The former lawyer and schoolteacher has been overshadowed, partly due to poor health, by Mandela. Some news reports have suggested Tambo will never again play a major role in the ANC, but the organization insists he will not step down. Tambo greeted ANC leaders and other guests on the airport tarmac, warmly embracing South African Communist Party leader Joe Slovo. Asked how he was feeling, the beaming Tambo, using a cane, said, "Fine, fine, fine."

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As the personal assistant to Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, he is no stranger to the corridors of powers. The BJP candidate from Ausa in Latur, Abhimanyu Pawar speaks to The Indian Express about how he hopes the development works undertaken in Ausa will help him wrest the seat from Congress. You are the only person from the 'Team CMO' in the fray. How do you counter allegations of nepotism over your candidature? As the personal assistant of the CM, I used to meet people a lot. Often I went beyond my brief to get work done not just in Latur but in other areas as well. In Ausa alone, I managed to bring development works worth over Rs 300 crore. I even got works for Latur City, Latur Rural and other areas of the district. My association with the CM dates back to the early 2000s. My family has been associated with the RSS for four generations, automatically making me a part of [BJP](https://indianexpress.com/about/bjp/). Never did we think that our party would come to power but we were dedicated workers. The CM had instructed me to be associated with this office and regarded me as a family member. The question of nepotism does not arise. The BJP is a democratic party and every one has the right to seek a ticket. But it is expected that once the ticket is granted, all should work together as a team. I got the ticket only on the basis of work that I had done. How do you plan to wrestle this seat, which has been held by the Congress barring only 10 years? Will the open revolt by a section of your party affect your chances? The voters of Ausa have made up their mind to vote for the BJP. There is a wave for (Prime Minister) Narendra and Devendra and people would vote based on their good work. The activities of those who have defied the party whip are out in the open… I do not think it would affect me. How would you solve the problem of water scarcity in Latur? We have got a Rs 45-crore scheme sanctioned for Ausa, as part of which, drinking water would be brought to the area through a pipeline. The ambitious water grid project plans to interconnect the dams of the area, making drought a thing of the past. I am happy to say that the first work under the grid project will be undertaken in Ausa. Ausa is a major pulse and soyabean production centre. What are your plans for these crops? Also, what is the status of the coach factory that was inaugurated here? I have plans to develop a pulses cluster in Ausa. The industry is well developed but I am in touch with all the stakeholders to understand the problems that are faced. The work for the coach factory is almost 40 per cent complete. However, I do not think the deadline of December 25 will be met for commencement of the project. [Explained: New crimes under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita](https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-new-criminal-laws-9425076/)Subscriber Only [What is Project Nexus that RBI has signed up for?](https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/what-is-project-nexus-that-rbi-has-signed-up-for-9427023/)Subscriber Only [UPSC Key | New Criminal Laws, National Party Tag, Great](https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-new-criminal-laws-national-party-tag-great-indian-bustard-and-more-9426331/)Subscriber Only [U'khand forest fires: Why villagers don't help the state in](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/uttarakhand-forest-fires-why-villagers-dont-help-the-state-in-risk-managemen-9424985/)Subscriber Only [In Bhopal, a race against time as new criminal laws](https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/bhopal-rule-book-new-criminal-law-malkhana-race-time-9425306/)Subscriber Only [The names behind the NEET paper 'leak'](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-names-behind-the-neet-paper-leak-9425128/)Subscriber Only Despite 37 years passing since Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar parted ways, Salim-Javed remains one of the most celebrated screenwriting duos. Though many have speculated and tried to uncover the real reason for their split, it remains a mystery. Recently, legendary actor and Javed's wife Shabana Azmi commented on the writers' separation. She also opened up about dealing with Akhtar's alcoholism.

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The journey of Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan that began from March 28 starring Arun Govil, Dipika Chikhlia, and Sunil Lahri as Ram, Sita and Lakshman is now coming to an end. It all happened due to the coronavirus lockdown due to which many old shows on Doordarshan like Mahabharat, Shaktimaan, etc were also re-telecasted on the small screen. Well now, the on-going show is now going to come to an end after the war between Ram and Ravan is over. For fans who are upset about the same need not to worry as another show is soon going to take its place which is none other than Uttar Ramayan that shows the story of 'Luv and Kush.' Prasar Bharati CEO Shashi Shekhar confirmed the news through his tweet and said that looking at the immense popularity and the interest of the people towards the ongoing Ramayan, they have now decided to broadcast the story of 'Luv Kush' which came under the name Uttara Ramayana and was broadcasted in the year 1988. He wrote, "Tomorrow morning Saturday 9am slot and Tomorrow night 9pm slot will air the last few remaining episodes of Yuddha Kanda of Ramayan bringing the main storyline to an end before Uttarakand begins." [Ramayan breaks TRP records once again followed by Mahabharat, see list of top 5 shows of the week](https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/ramayan-breaks-trp-records-once-again-followed-by-mahabharat-see-list-of-top-5-shows-of-the-week-608569) Further, he said, "Sunday morning 9am slot will be a repeat of the finale of the main storyline of Yuddha Kanda. From Sunday night 9pm the episodes pertaining to Uttarakand that have been produced as Uttar Ramayan will start airing." Tweeting more information, he wrote, "In view of several states starting Educational Classes via Doordarshan and All India Radio in the mornings, there will be fresh episodes of Uttar Ramayan at nights in 9pm slots and repeats of the same during the day in the 9am slots." [Hanuman aka Dara Singh from Ramayan and other popular characters from the show who are not with us anymore](https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/hanuman-aka-dara-singh-from-ramayan-and-other-popular-characters-from-the-show-who-are-not-with-us-anymore-608122) For the unversed, Luv Kush has 39 episodes which show the birth of Luv Kush and the abandonment of Maa Sita's from the palace to go to exile. In this serial too, the characters of Ramayana will be seen in their roles. In Uttar Ramayana, Luv and Kush were played by Swapnil Joshi and Mayuresh Kshetramade. Child artist Swapnil Joshi has become an actor in the Marathi industry. He has also appeared in Bollywood films with several TV serials. Whereas, Mayuresh a CEO of a private company in New Jersey. For all latest news and updates, stay tuned to our [Bollywood stories ](https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment)and [picture galleries](https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment)

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The return of Ramayana on Doordarshan has made the fans go down memory lane and know many interesting things about the show. From the truth of agnipariksha to Lakshaman's monologues, fans are again in awe of the mythological drama. Now that the Raavan slaughter episode is shown in the show, Ram and Sita's sons Luv-Kush episode has grabbed viewers' attention. Fans have taken to social media to appreciate Ramanand Sagar for depicting the birth of Luv-Kush in the most beautiful way. However, do you know that director Ramanand Sagar never wanted to make the Luv-Kush episode? Yes, it's true. The director wanted to close the show after Sita's return to Ram but he received the call from PMO and then reconsidered his decision. In an interview, Ramanand Sagar's son Prem Sagar had revealed that the director did not want to make Luv-Kush chapter. He said that his father was a Ram devotee and when he learned that Lord Ram had abandoned Sita, he refused to believe it. He said that it was mentioned in scripture that since a washerman had abandoned his wife who spent a night on the other side of the village, Lord Ram also had to sacrifice Sita as she had come back from Lanka. Ramanand Sagar did not embrace this thing because he was a devotee of Rama and was not ready to believe that his Lord would ever sacrifice Sita for this reason. Because of this, he did not want to make the Luv Kush episode. He even told Doordarshan that he would not make this part. But the whole country was eager to know what happened after the agnipariksha. People were waiting for Ramanand Saghar to take the story forward after Ram-Sita had returned from exile. At the same time, Prem Sagar revealed that the Valmiki Samaj had come forward and they wanted him to finish the tale. Since Ramanand Sagar considered Valmiki his god, he agreed to make the chapter. Also, Ramanand Sagar started getting calls from the PMO that he should bring the Luv Kush chapter to life, which further forced him to make episodes. Ramanand Sagar then sought permission from the channel to make some changes in the Sita Vanvas episode. He said that as a Ram devotee, he cannot accept Ram's reason behind Sita's renunciation and there was no part of Luv Kush in Valmiki Ji's Ramayana. Then Ramanand Sagar prepared the Luv Kush episodes. However, he faced opposition. When the episode was ready, suddenly Dhirendra Brahmachari came there and he stopped this episode from going on air. On one side there was a telecast of 9 o'clock, on the other side was Dhirendra. Viewers were eagerly waiting for the episode and witness the Luv-Kush drama on the small screen but Dhirendra Ji was not ready to let it go on air. Later, he agreed after some discussion and viewers saw the epic episode. [Bollywood stories ](https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment)and [picture galleries](https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment) For all latest news and updates, stay tuned to our

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Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in Uganda in 1947 in a Rhesus macaque monkey followed by evidence of infection and disease in humans in other African countries in the 1950s. From the 1960s to 1980s, sporadic human infections were detected across Africa and Asia. However, since 2007 outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. In outbreaks over the last decade Zika virus infection was found to be associated with increased incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. When Zika virus emerged in the Americas, with a large epidemic in Brazil in 2015, an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly (smaller than normal head size) was first described; there were similar findings in French Polynesia upon retrospective review. From February to November 2016, WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) regarding microcephaly, other neurological disorders and Zika virus, and the causal link between Zika virus and congenital malformations was soon confirmed (1,2). Outbreaks of Zika virus disease were identified throughout most of the Americas and in other regions with established Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Infections were detected in travellers from active transmission areas and sexual transmission was confirmed as an alternate route of Zika virus infection. Cases of Zika virus disease globally declined from 2017 onwards; however, Zika virus transmission persists at low levels in several countries in the Americas and in other endemic regions. In addition, the first local mosquito-transmitted Zika virus disease cases were reported in Europe in 2019 and Zika virus outbreak activity was detected in India in 2021. To date, a total of 89 countries and territories have reported evidence of mosquito transmitted Zika virus infection; however, surveillance remains limited globally. Most people infected with Zika virus do not develop symptoms. Among those who do, they typically start 3–14 days after infection, are generally mild including rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise and headache, and usually last for 2–7 days. These symptoms are common to other arboviral and non-arboviral diseases; thus, the diagnosis of Zika virus infection requires laboratory confirmation. Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. The risk of congenital malformations following infection in pregnancy remains unknown; an estimated 5–15% of infants born to women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy have evidence of Zika-related complications (3). Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. Zika infection in pregnancy can also cause complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth and preterm birth. Zika virus infection can also cause Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children. Research is ongoing to investigate the risk and effects of Zika virus infection on pregnancy outcomes, strategies for prevention and control, and effects of infection on other neurological disorders in children and adults. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by infected mosquitoes of the Aedes (Stegomyia) genus, mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes mosquitoes usually bite during the day. These mosquitoes also transmit dengue, chikungunya and urban yellow fever. Zika virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, as well as through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and blood products, and possibly through organ transplantation. Infection with Zika virus may be suspected based on symptoms of persons living in or visiting areas with Zika virus transmission and/or Aedes mosquito vectors. A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be confirmed by laboratory tests of blood or other body fluids, and it must be differentiated from cross-reactive related flaviviruses such as dengue virus, to which the patient may have been exposed or previously vaccinated. There is no specific treatment available for Zika virus infection or disease. People with symptoms such as rash, fever or joint pain should get plenty of rest, drink fluids, and treat symptoms with antipyretics and/or analgesics. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided until dengue virus infections are ruled out because of bleeding risk. If symptoms worsen, patients should seek medical care and advice. Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing, information, counselling and other clinical care. No vaccine is yet available for the prevention or treatment of Zika virus infection. Development of a Zika vaccine remains an active area of research. Protection against mosquito bites during the day and early evening is a key measure to prevent Zika virus infection, especially among pregnant women, women of reproductive age and young children. Personal protection measures include wearing clothing (preferably light-coloured) that covers as much of the body as possible; using physical barriers such as window screens and closed doors and windows; and applying insect repellent to skin or clothing that contains DEET, IR3535 or icaridin according to the product label instructions. Young children and pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets if sleeping during the day or early evening. Travellers and those living in affected areas should take the same basic precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites. Aedes mosquitoes breed in small collections of water around homes, schools and work sites. It is important to eliminate these mosquito breeding sites, including covering water storage containers, removing standing water in flowerpots, and cleaning up trash and used tires. Community initiatives are essential to support local government and public health programs to reduce mosquito breeding sites. Health authorities may also advise use of larvicides and insecticides to reduce mosquito populations and disease spread. Prevention of sexual transmission For regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus. WHO recommends that sexually active men and women be counselled and offered a full range of contraceptive methods to be able to make an informed choice about whether and when to become pregnant in order to prevent possible adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes. Women who have had unprotected sex and do not wish to become pregnant due to concerns about Zika virus infection should have ready access to emergency contraceptive services and counselling. Pregnant women should practice safer sex (including correct and consistent use of condoms) or abstain from sexual activity for at least the entire duration of pregnancy. For regions with no active transmission of Zika virus, WHO recommends practicing safer sex or abstinence for a period of three months for men and two months for women who are returning from areas of active Zika virus transmission to prevent infection of their sex partners. Sexual partners of pregnant women living in or returning from areas where local transmission of Zika virus occurs should practice safer sex or abstain from sexual activity throughout pregnancy. WHO supports countries to conduct surveillance and control of arboviruses through the implementation of the [Global Arbovirus Initiative](/news-room/events/detail/2022/03/31/default-calendar/global-arbovirus-initiative), which is aligned with and expands upon recommendations laid out in the [Zika Strategic Response Plan](/publications/i/item/zika-strategic-response-plan---revised-for-july-2016-december-2017). WHO responds to Zika in the following ways: - supporting countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories; - providing technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks; - reviewing the development of new tools, including insecticide products and application technologies; - formulating evidence-based strategies, policies, and outbreak management plans; - providing technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of cases and outbreaks; - supporting countries to improve their reporting systems; - providing training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the regional level with some of its collaborating centres; and - publishing guidelines and handbooks on epidemiological surveillance, laboratory, clinical case management and vector control for Member States. - de Araújo TVB, Ximenes RA de A, Miranda-Filho D de B, et al. Association between microcephaly, Zika virus infection, and other risk factors in Brazil: Final report of a case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 3099(17)30727-2 - Krauer F, Riesen M, Reveiz L, et al. Zika Virus Infection as a Cause of Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Guillain–Barré Syndrome: Systematic Review. PLoS Med. 2017;14(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.10022 - Musso D, Ko AI, Baud D. Zika Virus Infection – After the Pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(15). doi:10.1056/nejmra1808246

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Creative Director Dimetri Hogan Pays Tribute to Iconic Naomi Campbell Photo Shoot, Gets New CCO Role at T1 Advertising The photographer and creative entrepreneur brings back classic supermodel style in a new series of striking images. Meet Dimetri Hogan–the 27-year-old creative entrepreneur who is shaking up the fashion and art world from New York to Los Angeles. While working for top publications such as [GQ](https://www.gq.com/) and [The Influential](http://the-influential.com/), touring with iconic pop culture figures like the Weeknd, and simultaneously orchestrating the marketing efforts of acclaimed restaurants like downtown NYC's [Little Prince](http://www.littleprince.nyc/), Hogan climbed the ranks to become one of today's most prominent tastemakers. Making noise across numerous industries and markets, Hogan's innovative drive was noticed by [T1 Advertising](https://www.t1advertising.com/), one of the fasting-growing digital marketing agencies. Hogan has recently been profiled by the likes of [Vegas](https://vegasmagazine.com/thomas-herd-radiant-child-wild-wild-west) Magazine and [Yahoo News](https://in.style.yahoo.com/millennial-business-leaders-thomas-herd-070029345.html/) alongside Forbes magazine's Thomas Herd for his work on the creative spectrum at T1, where he recently became Chief Creative Officer. With his new role, Hogan is collaborating between the company's four international offices in Monaco, Miami, New York and LA while focusing on uncovering and showcasing today's real movers and shakers in fashion and art. "Having the unique opportunity to develop a business out of something you love is an anomaly. With the extraordinary team at T1 Advertising, I strive to break the traditional standards of today's PR agency with innovative and scientific marketing solutions," Hogan said. In the fashion space, Dimetri recently curated a shoot with rising model and actress [Mariama Diallo](https://www.instagram.com/mariamadiallo_/) that's redolent of an iconic Ellen von Unwerth's shoot with supermodel Naomi Campbell created in 1991. Through Dimetri's tasteful approach, Mariama defies the gimmicky exterior of today's "Instagram model" and gives us a flash back to the classic 90's bombshell era. (See the photos in the slideshow above.) Hogan also recently partnered with luxury car purveyor [Drive Los Angeles](https://www.instagram.com/drive_los_angeles/) to produce an editorial in the hills of Ojai, California with former Maxim model [Julia Logacheva](https://www.instagram.com/julia_logacheva/). The images captured are straight out of the camera relaying a very natural, unretouched aesthetic. Similar to his ventures in fashion, Hogan has found success in the art sector. He recently began shooting prominent art gallerist Steve Turner and his gallery, the [Steve Turner Galley](http://steveturner.la/), located in Los Angeles. This gallery is one of the premier incubators for upcoming contemporary artists and is currently showcasing Jesse Pollock and Lydia Blakeley. Dimitri captured Steve Turner in an unprecedented manner, showcasing his desire to foster cultural diversity and nurture raw talent. While discussing some of his emerging artists, Turner said "I look for a range of attributes. Artists that stand out as interesting are highly unusual people. They typically have highly distinct backgrounds, rare natural talent, unusual and deep interests, high intelligence and a strong ambition to share their work with a broader public." Hogan shares the sentiment as he aims to shed light on the next generation of industry icons and leaders, whether it be through his photography, marketing efforts or his creative direction at T1. To see more of Hogan's work and creative endeavors, [visit ](https://www.radiantroom.co/) [https://www.radiantroom.co/](https://www.radiantroom.co/) [.](https://www.radiantroom.co/)

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Wolves' Slawomir Peszko adds to injury list Wolves have confirmed that summer loan signing Slawomir Peszko will be out for up to six weeks, just three days after losing fellow winger Razak Boukari. Poland international Peszko, 27, suffered a knee ligament injury in Tuesday's [2-1 defeat by Crystal Palace.](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19709810) "It's not good news," boss Stale Solbakken told BBC WM. "His ligament is stretched. He will be out a long time." Boukari, 25, is also out for up to six weeks after suffering a calf injury in the [1-0 win over Sheffield Wednesday.](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19684064) "Both of them will be out for a while and that's not positive for us," Solbakken added. "That is the second game for us that a wide player is injured and that makes us a little bit vulnerable in that area. "We are short in that department. We will see what we do." Wolves are also without fellow midfielder Stephen Hunt, who is awaiting surgery on a troublesome hip problem. As for the fairness of Palace midfielder Jonathan Williams' challenge on Peszko, Solbakken said: "I was too long away from it. I can't comment on that." After seeing his side's four-match winning Championship run come to an end courtesy of two goals from much-coveted Palace youngster Wilfried Zaha, Solbakken is looking ahead to Saturday's game at managerless Blackburn. "The game against Blackburn is not easy," he said. "But we can take a point from any team and we will try to fight them."

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[Gajendra Chauhan](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/gajendra-chauhan), better known as Yudhisthira, talks about his journey from the bylanes of West Delhiâs Khanpur area to the hustle and bustle of the Mumbai streetsLuck brought me to Mumbai I used to live in Khanpur, which is near Shadipur in West Delhi. I did my schooling and college from Delhi. I did a diploma in Radiography and served at a medical school, but I never felt satisfied. So, I decided to leave my job and pursue my dream of working in the glamour industry. I came to Mumbai only with an address of a famous acting professor named . I joined his acting school and began my journey. Govinda, Chunky, GULSHAN my bachmates Gulshan Grover, Govinda and Chunky Pandey were my batchmates. The real struggle started after finishing the course. Though I had signed 34 films in just 27 days, it was of no use, as they all remained only on paper. I had to live on salt water, as I had no money left. After a long wait, I finally signed a movie called âLalooramâ. It didnât do well, and I wasnât getting good work in films, so I decided to turn towards television. There I got a chance to work in good serials like âRajniâ, âDarpanâ and âAir Hostessâ. However, âMahabharatâ changed my life. I was known as Yudhisthira Not many people know that I was signed on to play Krishnaâs role in âMahabharatâ. I even shot two episodes as Krishna, but then the project got delayed by 80 days. During that period, I signed films down South, and you know how South stars used be in those days, so I had to put on weight. And when I came back for âMahabharatâ, I was kicked out as I no longer looked the part. I was so depressed on losing out, but luck favoured me and I was called back to play Yudhisthiraâs role. [RAHUL Gandhi](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/rahul-gandhi) wanted to meet us Within six months of the serial going on-air, we all became stars. âMahabharatâ enjoyed a 99.6% viewership, which has been the highest ever. Rahul Gandhi, who must have been very young at that time, wanted to meet the whole cast of âMahabharatâ. But we were shooting back-to-back and the schedule could not be disrupted, so our creative director refused. But when we got this news, we all knew that our lives had changed. We were being recognised everywhere we went. Iâm 600 serials old now My journey has been so fulfilling that I couldnât have asked for anything else. Iâve done 600 serials and almost 150 films now and have played all sorts of characters. In 2004, I joined politics and Iâm enjoying my role there as well. I have no complaints from life, God has been benevolent.

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Plus, receive recommendations and exclusive offers on all of your favorite books and authors from Simon & Schuster. An Intimate Portrait of Larry Ellison and Oracle Table of Contents About The Book In Softwar, journalist Matthew Symonds gives readers exclusive and intimate insight into both Oracle and the man who made it and runs it. As well as relating the story of Oracle's often bumpy path to industry dominance, Symonds deals with the private side of Ellison's life. With unlimited insider access granted by Ellison himself, Symonds captures the intensity and, some would say, the recklessness that have made Ellison a legend. With a new and expanded epilogue for the paperback edition that tells the story behind Oracle's epic struggle to win control of PeopleSoft, Softwar is the most complete portrait undertaken of the man and his empire -- a unique and gripping account of both the way the computing industry really works and an extraordinary life. - Publisher: Simon & Schuster (September 7, 2004) - Length: 528 pages - ISBN13: 9780743225052 Browse Related Books Raves and Reviews The New York Times The access [Symonds] got is apparent....This access gives the reader a rare window on Ellison's mind. Harvard Business Review A sympathetic and revealing portrait of an idiosyncratic executive and company....Entertaining. Lisa Baertlein Reuters Software titan Larry Ellison has been busy scribbling footnotes to the most detailed account yet of his outsized life....He also responds and sometimes challenges the account of author Matthew Symonds -- a twist in presentation that adds a real-time feel to the 500-page biography. Financial Times An unusually candid study of how a tiny start-up...grew -- sometimes painfully -- into a Silicon Valley institution. BusinessWeek Symonds excels at letting readers into the 59-year-old Ellison's often turbulent personal life....[and] provides a wonderful image of an Ellison who is far from being all-business. Resources and Downloads High Resolution Images [Book Cover Image (jpg): Softwar](//d28hgpri8am2if.cloudfront.net/book_images/onix/cvr9780743225052/softwar-9780743225052_hr.jpg)Trade Paperback 9780743225052 [Author Photo (jpg): Matthew Symonds](//d28hgpri8am2if.cloudfront.net/author_images/5671_16833780_hr.jpg)Photo Credit:(0.1 MB) Any use of an author photo must include its respective photo credit You may also like: Thriller and Mystery Staff Picks More to Explore Our Summer Reading Recommendations Red-hot romances, poolside fiction, and blockbuster picks, oh my! Start reading the hottest books of the summer. This Month's New Releases From heart-pounding thrillers to poignant memoirs and everything in between, check out what's new this month.

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Onchocerciasis – or "river blindness" – is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus transmitted by repeated bites of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.). These blackflies breed along fast-flowing rivers and streams, close to remote villages located near fertile land where people rely on agriculture. In the human body, the adult worms produce embryonic larvae (microfilariae) that migrate to the skin, eyes and other organs. When a female blackfly bites an infected person during a blood meal, it also ingests microfilariae which develop further in the blackfly and are then transmitted to the next human host during subsequent bites. Clinical signs and symptoms Onchocerciasis is an eye and skin disease. Symptoms are caused by the microfilariae, which move around the human body in the subcutaneous tissue and induce intense inflammatory responses when they die. Infected people may show symptoms such as severe itching and various skin changes. Infected people may also develop eye lesions which can lead to visual impairment and permanent blindness. In most cases, nodules under the skin form around the adult worms. Onchocerciasis occurs mainly in tropical areas. More than 99% of infected people live in 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania. Onchocerciasis is also transmitted in the Yanomami area of Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) as well as in Yemen. Prevention, control and elimination programmes Between 1974 and 2002, disease caused by onchocerciasis was brought under control in West Africa through the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), using mainly the spraying of insecticides against blackfly larvae (vector control) by helicopters and airplanes. This was later supplemented by large-scale distribution of ivermectin since 1989. The OCP relieved 40 million people from infection, prevented blindness in 600 000 people, and ensured that 18 million children were born free from the threat of the disease and blindness. In addition, 25 million hectares of abandoned arable land were reclaimed for settlement and agricultural production, capable of feeding 17 million people annually. The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the objective of controlling onchocerciasis in the remaining endemic countries in Africa and closed at the end of 2015 after beginning the transition to onchocerciasis elimination. Its main strategy was the establishment of sustainable community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) and vector control with environmentally-safe methods where appropriate. In APOC's final year, more than 119 million people were treated with ivermectin, and many countries had greatly decreased the morbidity associated with onchocerciasis. More than 800,000 people in Uganda and 120,000 people in Sudan no longer required ivermectin by the time that APOC closed. In 2016, the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa (ESPEN), was set up to cover the five preventive chemotherapy NTDs with 4 core objectives: 1. Scale up treatments towards the achievement of 100% geographic coverage, 2. Scale down: stopping treatments once transmission has been interrupted or control achieved, 3. Strengthen information systems for evidence-based action, and 4. Improve the effective use of donated medicines through enhance supply chain management. ESPEN is housed in the WHO Regional Office for Africa. With support from ESPEN, ivermectin treatments continued to scale up, reaching 152.9 million people in 2019, but due to COVID-19 disruptions, the number of people treated declined by 26.9% in 2020. The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas (OEPA) began in 1992 with the objective of eliminating ocular morbidity and interruption of transmission throughout the Americas by 2015 through biannual large-scale treatment with ivermectin. All 13 foci in this region achieved coverage of more than 85% in 2006, and transmission was interrupted in 11 of the 13 foci. Elimination efforts are now focused on the Yanomami people living in Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), representing a total population at risk of only 35,228 people. On 5 April 2013, the Director-General of WHO issued an official letter confirming that Colombia has achieved elimination of onchocerciasis. Colombia was the first country in the world to be verified and declared free of onchocerciasis by WHO. This has been followed by Ecuador in September 2014, Mexico in July 2015, and Guatemala in July 2016. More than 500 000 people no longer need ivermectin in the Americas. WHO recommends treating onchocerciasis with ivermectin at least once yearly for 10 to 15 years. Where O. volvulus co-exists with Loa loa, treatment strategies may need to be adjusted. Loa loa is a parasitic filarial worm that is endemic in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria , Tchad and South Sudan. Treatment of individuals with high levels of L. loa in the blood can sometimes result in severe adverse events. Affected countries, should follow the Mectizan Expert Committee (MEC)/APOC recommendations for the prevention and management of severe adverse events. WHO provides administrative, technical and operational research support to three regions where onchocerciasis is transmitted. The Onchocerciasis Technical Advisory Subgroup (OTS) setup by WHO in 2017 is providing guidance and oversight for operational research to identify endemic areas that require MDA. In areas co-endemic for lymphatic filariasis, research efforts are focused on developing strategies for co-evaluation of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, in order to support proper decision making regarding the stopping of MDA. Diagnosis of onchocerciasis remains a challenge for programmes. The NTD Diagnostics Technical Advisory Group identified development of new diagnostic tools for onchocerciasis as a specific priority. A subgroup was convened to prepare 2 target product profiles (TPPs) for new diagnostics for mapping onchocerciasis and for a confirmatory test for deciding to stop MDA. The TPPs have now been posted on the WHO website. Through the OEPA partnership, WHO collaborates with endemic countries and international partners in the WHO Region of the Americas. Although there is no official programme to coordinate activities in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, the two countries in the region collaborate on elimination activities and receive the support of ESPEN to achieve elimination of river blindness. With the shift from control to elimination, large areas in Africa require mapping to assess whether transmission is active and treatment required. A sampling strategy name Onchocerciasis elimination mapping has been developed to help countries conduct those assessments and start treatment where needed. To achieve elimination goals for onchocerciasis, an ambitious research agenda will be needed to support programme progress. Specific research needs include: - Optimizing strategies to reach marginalized and migratory populations. - Validating mapping and safe intervention strategies in settings where onchocerciasis and loiasis are con-endemic. - Defining starting and stopping thresholds for MDA. - Development of robust diagnostics tools to support programme decision-making. - Demonstrating the programmatic utility of vector control measures. - Testing new therapeutic regimens. - Optimizing survey design through the use of new geostatistical tools. - Developing post-verification strategies. - Exploring opportunities to integrate surveillance.

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West Brom sign Stephane Sessegnon and Victor Anichebe West Brom have signed Sunderland's Stephane Sessegnon for a club-record fee and Everton striker Victor Anichebe for a fee which could rise to £6m. Benin forward Sessegnon, 29, was surplus to requirements after Sunderland signed Fabio Borini on loan. He joined Sunderland from Paris St-Germain in 2011 and West Brom say his fee surpasses the reported £6.5m they paid for Shane Long. Anichebe, 25, has spent his career so far at Everton. The Nigeria international has scored 26 goals in 168 appearances for the Toffees. Around the BBC Related Internet Links The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.

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West Ham United 0-1 Tottenham Hotspur Pochettino wins first league game as Spurs boss Defender Dier scores winner in stoppage time on debut Noble missed a first-half penalty for West Ham Naughton sent off for Tottenham in first half Collins dismissed for Hammers in second half Defender Eric Dier scored a dramatic winner on his Tottenham debut to give Mauricio Pochettino the perfect start to his career as Spurs boss with victory at West Ham. Both sides finished the game with 10 men, with Tottenham's Kyle Naughton sent off for handling inside the area. Mark Noble fired wide from the spot-kick before the Hammers had James Collins sent off for a second booking. But Dier, who joined Spurs this summer, raced through late on to fire home. It was a little harsh on West Ham, who had been the better side for much of the game and will be left to rue Noble's surprise failure from the spot. The midfielder had converted all 10 of his previous penalties, but scuffed this one wide in the first half. The defeat will also put further pressure on Hammers boss Sam Allardyce, who has an already uneasy relationship with supporters after a dismal end to last season in which they lost eight of their final 11 games. For Spurs fans, though, the win will give them optimism as they head into another new era, with Pochettino the club's 10th manager in 12 years following his [arrival from Southampton in the summer.](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27579306) Mark Noble had scored all of his previous 10 penalties before his miss against Spurs West Ham had 18 shots in the game, but just four of those were on target West Ham United won both clashes with Tottenham last season in thePremier League, and also beat them in the League Cup quarter-final They had the worst shooting accuracy in the top flight last season, hitting the target with just 37% of their attempts on goal He was appointed with a top-four finish the target, as well as the hope that he would be able to instil in Tottenham's players the ability to play the attractive, passing style he cultivated at Southampton. Pochettino has to achieve that with a largely unchanged squad from last season, but he was able to hand a debut to 20-year-old defender Dier, [who joined Spurs from Portuguese side Sporting Lisbon.](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28597872) Dier, playing initially at centre-half, was kept busy for much of the first half as the Hammers had the better of the early stages. Carlton Cole, leading the line in the absence of injured striker Andy Carroll, curled an effort over the bar in the fifth minute, before impressive debutant Cheikhou Kouyate, [signed in the summer from Anderlecht,](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27906174) nodded just wide. It seemed as though the home side would get the reward their bright start deserved when they were awarded a penalty midway through the first half, as Naughton threw his hands up to deny Kevin Nolan's shot just in front of the goalline and the assistant referee flagged for the spot kick. Naughton was subsequently sent off, but his side were saved when Noble uncharacteristically swept wide of the upright, much to the relief of Spurs boss Pochettino. He reacted to Naughton's dismissal by switching to a 4-4-1 formation, but it did little to quell the West Ham attacks as Ricardo Vaz Te headed straight at Hugo Lloris shortly before the break, before the impressive Stewart Downing saw a fierce low drive beaten away by Lloris early in the second half. But the balance of play swung in Tottenham's favour when West Ham's one-man advantage was wiped out as Collins received his second booking for halting the run of Emmanuel Adebayor. Christian Eriksen curled the subsequent free-kick over the bar but the away side pressed as Andros Townsend saw two stinging efforts from distance denied by West Ham keeper Adrian. The Hammers' lack of cutting edge in attack, which had been weakened by the absence of Carroll, was evident as they created 18 chances, but found the target on just four occasions. New signing Enner Valencia, who scored three goals for Ecuador at the World Cup, was introduced late on in a bid to rectify their struggles in the final third, but the forward was evidently short of match fitness. Instead, it was the impressive Downing who almost sealed victory as he broke through the defence but shot straight at Lloris. It was a missed opportunity that they were soon to rue as England under-21 international Dier, who had drifted into attack as the game went into stoppage time, snuck through the West Ham defence to slot home from Harry Kane's through ball. West Ham manager Sam Allardyce: "We have only ourselves to blame. The game was there for us to takem but we did not and we have ended up with nothing. "It is difficult to swallow as we dominated and played some excellent football but there were three really big factors that decided it - we did not take our chances, Mark Noble's missed penalty and allowing ourselves to go to 10 v 10. "We created chances but this is a big league and it punishes you and it punished us today." Tottenham manager Mauricio Pochettino: "It was an important win. I want to say congratulations to my players because it was a great performance. "After their penalty and our sending off it was a difficult game but we played like a team and in the end deserved to win. The sending off was a surprise because the shot was not on target. It is possible that Tottenham will appeal this. "It was a great goal by Eric Dier. He showed, and we showed, that we are ambitious. We played like a team and that is important." Check out the best photos from today's Premier League action [on the BBC Sport Facebook page. , external](https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.694926377261065.1073742393.317278538359186&type=1)

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Leprosy is an age-old disease and is described in the literature of ancient civilizations. It is a chronic infectious disease which is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability. Apart from the physical deformity, persons affected by leprosy also face stigmatization and discrimination. Scope of the problem Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) which still occurs in more than 120 countries, with more than 200 000 new cases reported every year. Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem globally (defined as prevalence of less than 1 per 10 000 population) was achieved in 2000 (as per World Health Assembly resolution 44.9) and in most countries by 2010. The reduction in the number of new cases has been gradual, both globally and in the WHO regions. As per data of 2019, Brazil, India and Indonesia reported more than 10 000 new cases, while 13 other countries (Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka and the United Republic of Tanzania) each reported 1000–10 000 new cases. Forty-five countries reported 0 cases and 99 reported fewer than 1000 new cases. The disease is transmitted through droplets from the nose and mouth. Prolonged, close contact over months with someone with untreated leprosy is needed to catch the disease. The disease is not spread through casual contact with a person who has leprosy like shaking hands or hugging, sharing meals or sitting next to each other. Moreover, the patient stops transmitting the disease when they begin treatment. The diagnosis of leprosy is done clinically. Laboratory-based services may be required in cases that are difficult to diagnose. The disease manifests commonly through skin lesion and peripheral nerve involvement. Leprosy is diagnosed by finding at least one of the following cardinal signs: (1) definite loss of sensation in a pale (hypopigmented) or reddish skin patch; (2) thickened or enlarged peripheral nerve, with loss of sensation and/or weakness of the muscles supplied by that nerve; (3) microscopic detection of bacilli in a slit-skin smear. Based on the above, the cases are classified into two types for treatment purposes: Paucibacillary (PB) case and Multibacillary (MB) case PB case: a case of leprosy with 1 to 5 skin lesions, without demonstrated presence of bacilli in a skin smear. MB case: a case of leprosy with more than five skin lesions; or with nerve involvement (pure neuritis, or any number of skin lesions and neuritis); or with the demonstrated presence of bacilli in a slit-skin smear, irrespective of the number of skin lesions. Leprosy is a curable disease. The currently recommended treatment regimen consists of three drugs: dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. The combination is referred to as multi-drug therapy (MDT). The duration of treatment is six months for PB and 12 months for MB cases. MDT kills the pathogen and cures the patient. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can help to prevent disabilities. WHO has been providing MDT free of cost. Free MDT was initially funded by The Nippon Foundation and since 2000 it is being donated through an agreement with Novartis. Case detection and treatment with MDT alone have proven insufficient to interrupt transmission. To boost the prevention of leprosy, with the consent of the index case, WHO recommends tracing household contacts along with neighbourhood and social contacts of each patient, accompanied by the administration of a single dose of rifampicin as preventive chemotherapy. WHO provides technical support to Member States on leprosy prevention and control. Every year, WHO collates epidemiological data on leprosy from all its Member States and publishes a consolidated report in English and French in the Weekly Epidemiological Record, for data pertaining to the previous calendar year. These data are provided by countries. After detailed consultations with countries, experts, partners and persons affected by leprosy, WHO released the [Towards zero leprosy: global leprosy (Hansen's disease) strategy 2021–2030](/publications/i/item/9789290228509) aligned to the neglected tropical diseases road map 2021–2030. The Strategy calls for a vision of zero leprosy: zero infection and disease, zero disability, zero stigma and discrimination and the elimination of leprosy (defined as interruption of transmission) as its goal. The four strategic pillars of the Strategy include: implementing integrated, country-owned zero leprosy roadmaps in all endemic countries; scaling up leprosy prevention alongside integrated active case detection; managing leprosy and its complications and prevent new disability; and combatting stigma and ensuring human rights are respected. The Strategy also recognizes that global and national investment in research is essential to achieving zero leprosy and includes a set of key research priorities. WHO has developed e-learning modules that aim to enhance knowledge and skills of health workers at all levels on topics related to diagnosis, treatment of leprosy and management of disabilities. These can be accessed the

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After months and months of anticipation from fans who first fell in love with the boys during their 'WIN' days as Team A, the latest YG boy group, [WINNER](https://www.allkpop.com/artisttag/winner), has finally made their debut! They dropped the MV for their title track, "Empty." While "Empty" is a hip hop track composed in part by B.I that discusses the void in one's life after separating from a loved one their joint title track, their second title track "Color Ring" is an equally amazing track composed in part by the leader, Kang Seung Yoon. [K-netizens question why QWER hasn't appeared on any music programs despite their popularity] Without further ado, as what you've all been waiting for is finally here, check out their first MV! [Update] - The group has just also released an album sampler for their debut album '2014 S/S', which you can check out below!

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Notable Indian mountaineer, Jagdish Nanavati, who was well-known for his persistence in establishing the veracity of claimed ascents by Indian expeditions, has passed away in Mumbai. Nanavati was President Emeritus of the Himalayan Club and a member of the Alpine Club for 45 years. His service to the Himalayan Club and its mountaineers was considerable. When it moved to Mumbai it was on the verge of extinction, but he single-handedly rebuilt it from scratch, his own office remaining the Club office for nearly three decades. However, to the international community he was best known as the 'scrutinizer' of all controversial ascents by Indian expeditions, largely those from the military or organized by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation. Standing against considerable official pressure, he would prove, by careful scientific study of maps, photos, and route descriptions, that many notable claims were false. Perhaps the most famous concerned the claimed first ascent of the Queen of the Garhwal, Nilkanth (6,596m), in 1961. Nanavati felt it was obvious from the beginning that the team had been incapable of reading a map and that positions of camps and altitudes had been changed in the official report to make the ascent sound plausible, and then changed again when questioned. The Indian Mountaineering Foundation conducted its own investigation at the time and concluded that the climbers had reached the summit. It took several decades before the truth was finally accepted. In later years he would stand up against claimed ascents of such notable peaks as Sudershan Parbat (6,507m), in the Garwhal, Kabru Dome (6,600m) in Sikkim, Gya (6,794m) in Spiti and Nyegi Kangsang (6,983m) in Arunachal Pradesh, on the latter submitting a detailed study (45 pages plus supplementary notes) to the IMF, which had sponsored the expedition. In all cases he proved conclusively that the climbers had either not reached the summit or were on the wrong mountain. His evidence was accepted by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation and the ascent claims quashed. Nanavati was instrumental in introducing many young mountaineers to the hills, and was a guru to all, encouraging them to climb and trek. One of these was Harish Kapadia, now the foremost authority on Indian mountaineering and long-time editor of the Himalayan Journal. Kapadia calls him a real friend, an unique human being with a sharp wit, a philosopher and guide to the Himalayan World. When friends were visiting a few days before Nanavati's demise, they were unaware that the end was so near. However, in characteristic style he hinted with the words, "it's time to pack up". And a pillar of the Indian mountaineering community did; rather too suddenly.

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South Sudan backs independence - results Southern Sudan voted overwhelmingly for independence, election officials have confirmed. They said nearly 99% of the voters in January's referendum were in favour of dividing Africa's biggest country. Earlier, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir again said he would accept the outcome of the vote. The poll was agreed as part of a 2005 peace agreement ending more than two decades of civil war between the south and north Sudan. Although the vote was peaceful, tension remains high in parts of the oil-rich border region. At least 50 people were killed over the weekend in fighting between soldiers in south Sudan's Upper Nile state. On Monday, the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission announced in Khartoum that 98.83% of the voters had backed independence. "Those who voted for unity were 44,888, that is, 1.17%. Those who voted for separation were 3,792,518, that is, 98.83%," commission head Mohamed Ibrahim Khalil said. The BBC's Peter Martell in the southern capital Juba, says some people have spent most of the day getting ready to celebrate the announcement. "Now I am a first class citizen in my own country," housewife Abiong Nyok told the BBC. One woman - a northerner - cried after the announcement, saying she had relatives in the south, the BBC's James Copnall in Khartoum says. Earlier on Monday, President Bashir reiterated that he would accept the outcome of the vote, allaying fears that the split could re-ignite conflict over the control of the south's oil reserves. "We accept and welcome these results because they represent the will of the southern people," Mr Bashir said on state TV. James Copnall says the president has made similar comments before, but this firm and public commitment will reassure any southerners still wondering whether Khartoum would go back on its word. The president said he was committed to good relations with the future Southern state. The US has said it will remove Sudan from a list of countries it accuses of sponsoring terrorism if the referendum goes well. South Sudan's leader Salva Kiir pledged co-operation with Khartoum in the future, saying there were "many things that connect the north and the south". "The (freedom) of the south is not the end of the road, because we cannot be enemies. We must build strong relations," said Mr Kiir, who is also Sudan's Vice-President. In Washington, President Barack Obama congratulated the people of Southern Sudan for "a successful and inspiring" referendum, saying the US intended to formally recognise Southern Sudan in July. British Prime Minister David Cameron welcomed the announcement of the poll's result, saying both "North and South now need to work together to implement the remaining provisions" of the 2005 peace deal. A European Union representative in Sudan said the bloc "looks forward to further developing a close and long- term partnership with Southern Sudan". UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged the international community "to assist all Sudanese towards greater stability and development" and offered the UN's help to both sides, the AFP news agency reports. In the last half century southerners have fought two devastating civil wars with Khartoum, in which more than two million people are estimated to have died. The south sees itself as different in cultural, religious and ethnic terms from the north, and believes it has suffered years of discrimination. The BBC's James Copnall says the announcement of the final results will not be the end of the process. Issues including the disputed border region of Abyei, citizenship, legal matters and resources like oil will need to be negotiated. Though it is rich in oil, Southern Sudan is one of the least-developed regions on earth, and ethnic tensions and troubled relations with the north will provide constant security challenges. Our reporter says that many southerners feel what they consider a forced union with the rest of Sudan has been a catastrophe. He says that although when Southern Sudan becomes independent in July it will face huge problems, the dominant emotion for southerners once the results are announced will surely be one of huge joy. The formal declaration of independence will be made on 9 July 2011 - six years after the peace deal, which led to the referendum, took effect.

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After 15 months of wrangling and planning, [Disney](https://variety.com/t/disney/) has formally sealed the deal on its $71 billion acquisition of [21st Century Fox](https://variety.com/t/21st-century-fox/). "This is an extraordinary and historic moment for us — one that will create significant long-term value for our company and our shareholders," Disney chairman-CEO Bob Iger said in a statement on Tuesday afternoon. "Combining Disney's and 21st Century Fox's wealth of creative content and proven talent creates the preeminent global entertainment company, well positioned to lead in an incredibly dynamic and transformative era." Disney took possession of 21st Century Fox at 12:02 a.m. ET. Assets changing hands in the deal include: Twentieth Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox 2000 Pictures, Fox Family, and Fox Animation; Fox's television creative units, Twentieth Century Fox Television, FX Productions, and Fox21; FX Networks; National Geographic Partners; Fox Networks Group International; Star India; and Fox's interests in Hulu, Tata Sky, and Endemol Shine Group. Disney emphasized that the transaction is designed to help the company "increase its international footprint" and "expand its direct-to-consumer offerings." Popular on Variety Earlier on Tuesday, 21st Century Fox completed the separation of assets that are moving to Disney and those that will comprise the foundation of Fox Corporation, which began trading on the Nasdaq as a standalone entity on Tuesday morning. Fox Corp. shares opened at $41.55 and were down 3.2% at the close of trading, to $40.34. As Disney and Fox Corp. settle in to a new world order, employees at both companies are bracing for the impact of large-scale layoffs to come in Burbank and Century City. The number of cuts could reach as high as 4,000 positions. Disney was still informing some senior 21st Century Fox employees of their status with the new company as late as Monday.

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[Disney](https://variety.com/t/disney/) Co. will lease the Fox lot in Century City for seven years as part of the former's pending acquisition of [21st Century Fox](https://variety.com/t/21st-century-fox/). Insiders told Variety that 21st Century Fox President Peter Rice informed employees of the lease agreement in a town hall meeting Thursday on the lot. According to sources inside the meeting, Rice, president of 21st Century Fox, assured employees that no one who works on the lot would be relocated in the near future. Rice did concede that Disney will need to look at Fox's businesses and that redundancies will be identified, leading to inevitable layoffs. But he did promise "big severance packages" along the lines of the buyouts the company offered two years ago. During those buyouts, employees were offered a month's pay for each year they worked. According to one insider, Rice spoke with employees for roughly an hour. The overall mood was characterized as positive, but there was also tangible uncertainty in the room. Rice called the event "a momentous occasion," adding, "I've been here for 30 years, and I never in my lifetime thought that Rupert would sell." Popular on Variety On Thursday, it was announced that Disney had reached an agreement to [purchase the bulk of Fox's assets](http://variety.com/2017/biz/news/disney-fox-merger-deal-52-4-billion-merger-1202631242/), including its television and movie studios, in a deal that values the Fox assets in the transaction at $66.1 billion, including $13.7 billion in 21st Century Fox debt, or $28 a share. The deal was unforeseen until rumors surfaced this fall that Fox chief Rupert Murdoch had begun entertaining the notion of selling off his company's entertainment properties "In uncertainty, there's change, and in change, there's opportunity," Rice told employees. He said the new combined company would generate $20 billion a year in profits, which will allow it to "compete with the Amazons of the world." He also dismissed the notion that the two companies were joining to challenge Netflix, noting that Netflix loses $2.5 billion a year. Rice also said the new Fox entity will only do business in the U.S. and will generate $3 billion a year. Rice did not address how Fox Broadcasting, which is remaining in the slimmer 21st Century Fox alongside the company's news assets and Fox Sports 1, will source content. However, insiders tell Variety that rumors abound on the lot speculating that profits from the sale to Disney could be used to buy a new studio. Rice also predicted that the deal would take 12-18 months to close and emphasized that there would be no short-term effect on business operations. As for pending approval of the deal from federal regulators, Rice told those assembled, "The lawyers believe it will pass." Other Fox television executives, including Fox Television Group co-CEO Dana Walden and FX Networks CEO John Landgraf also addressed staffers at the meeting. Stacey Snider, the head of Fox's film division, has canceled a trip to Washington D.C. for the premiere of the film "The Post." She has stayed in Los Angeles for a series of small meetings with employees to discuss the Disney deal, and is maintaining what one insider described as extended "office hours" with the door to her office left open. Her message was: "We're aligning with one of the world's greatest companies, whose goal is to enable us to reach more people with more variety of content, which is great news and a huge opportunity for us. They also are going to enable us to continue doing what we love." On the film front, employees are being told that films are still being greenlit and that production on such major upcoming releases as "Gambit," an X-Men spinoff, is expected to still commence in the coming months. Like Rice, Snider has stressed that over the next year and a half until the deal closes, it will be "business as usual" and she told staffers that she expects them "to do what we do at a high level of excellence and with our typical swagger."

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On October 16, 1843, Sir William Rowan Hamilton discovered quaternions and, on the very same day, presented his breakthrough to the Royal Irish Academy. Meanwhile, in a less dramatic style, a German high school teacher, Hermann Grassmann, was developing another vectorial system involving hypercomplex numbers comparable to quaternions. The creations of these two mathematicians led to other vectorial systems, most notably the system of vector analysis formulated by Josiah Willard Gibbs and Oliver Heaviside and now almost universally employed in mathematics, physics and engineering. Yet the Gibbs-Heaviside system won acceptance only after decades of debate and controversy in the latter half of the nineteenth century concerning which of the competing systems offered the greatest advantages for mathematical pedagogy and practice. This volume, the first large-scale study of the development of vectorial systems, traces he rise of the vector concept from the discovery of complex numbers through the systems of hypercomplex numbers created by Hamilton and Grassmann to the final acceptance around 1910 of the modern system of vector analysis. Professor Michael J. Crowe (University of Notre Dame) discusses each major vectorial system as well as the motivations that led to their creation, development, and acceptance or rejection. The vectorial approach revolutionized mathematical methods and teaching in algebra, geometry, and physical science. As Professor Crowe explains, in these areas traditional Cartesian methods were replaced by vectorial approaches. He also presents the history of ideas of vector addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (in those systems where it occurs) and differentiation. His book also contains refreshing portraits of the personalities involved in the competition among the various systems. Teachers, students, and practitioners of mathematics, physics, and engineering as well as anyone interested in the history of scientific ideas will find this volume to be well written, solidly argued, and excellently documented. Reviewers have described it a s "a fascinating volume," "an engaging and penetrating historical study" and "an outstanding book (that) will doubtless long remain the standard work on the subject." In 1992 it won an award for excellence from the Jean Scott Foundation of France.

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Shareholders for both The Walt Disney Co. and those for 21st Century Fox voted on Friday to approve the $71.3 billion acquisition of Fox's film and TV entertainment assets by Disney. The deal was approved at shareholder meetings at both companies on Friday morning, which were live-streamed. The vote all but seals the lid on a deal that was nearly hijacked by Comcast Corp. when CEO Brian Roberts offered Fox $65 billion for the same assets, forcing Disney to up its initial bid to the now $71.3 billion. "We're incredibly pleased that shareholders of both companies have granted approval for us to move forward, and are confident in our ability to create significant long-term value through this acquisition of Fox's premier assets," Disney CEO Bob Iger, said in a statement following the shareholder vote. "We remain grateful to Rupert Murdoch and to the rest of the 21st Century Fox board for entrusting us with the future of these extraordinary businesses, and look forward to welcoming 21st Century Fox's stellar talent to Disney and ultimately integrating our businesses to provide consumers around the world with more appealing content and entertainment options." The deal is expected to close in the first half of 2019. With the deal wrapped up, Disney will take over ownership of Fox's Twentieth Century Fox film and TV studios, as well as certain cable and international television businesses, according to the companies' joint merger proposal to shareholders. That should help strengthen Disney's content offering even more as it prepares to launch its standalone streaming service next year. And fanboys can rejoice in Marvel properties, such as the X-Men and Fantastic Four being in a position to join the MCU. Fox, on the other hand, will hold on to a portfolio of news, sports and broadcast businesses, including the Fox News Channel, Fox Business Network, Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox Sports, Fox Television Stations Group, and sports cable networks FS1, FS2, Fox Deportes and Big Ten Network, and certain other assets. "Combining the 21CF businesses with Disney and establishing new 'Fox' will unlock significant value for our shareholders," Fox Executive Chairman Rupert Murdoch said in a statement after the vote. "We are grateful to our shareholders for approving this transaction. I want to thank all of our executives and colleagues for their enormous contributions in building 21st Century Fox over the past decades. With their help, we expect the enlarged Disney and new 'Fox' companies will be pre-eminent in the entertainment and media industries." As part of the merger agreement, Fox stockholders can elect to receive $38 per share in either cash or shares of New Disney, the new holding company that will become the parent of both Disney and 21st Century Fox. The overall mix of consideration paid to Fox stockholders will be approximately 50 percent cash and 50 percent stock, according to the agreement. The stock consideration is subject to a collar, which will ensure that 21st Century Fox stockholders will receive consideration equal to $38 in value if the average price of Disney stock at closing is between $93.53 and $114.32. Disney expects to pay a total of roughly $35.7 billion in cash and issue about 343 million New Disney shares to Fox stockholders. As a result, current Fox stockholders will own a 17-to-20 percent stake in New Disney on a pro forma basis. Fox and Disney had originally agreed on a $54.2 billion all-stock deal before Comcast's unsolicited bid. But Roberts and [Comcast dropped out](http://www.thewrap.com/comcast-ends-pursuit-of-fox-assets/) of the running for Fox's assets last week, opting instead to focus on its battle with Fox to acquire U.K. broadcaster Sky. "I'd like to congratulate Bob Iger and the team at Disney and commend the Murdoch family and Fox for creating such a desirable and respected company," Roberts said in a statement at the time. There were concerns from Fox and industry experts that a combination with Comcast would face tougher regulatory scrutiny. The U.S. Department of Justice has [already approved](http://www.thewrap.com/disney-wins-approval-from-department-of-justice-for-71-billion-fox-bid/) Disney's acquisition, provided the media and entertainment company divest the 22 regional sports networks it was set to gain in the deal.

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A State Of Trance Having evolved from a small radio show into a wide-ranging and far-reaching brand with many different spin-offs, 'A State of Trance' is one of the world's biggest and most popular dance music brands. Built from the ground up since the very first episode of Armin van Buuren's radio show in 2001, ASOT now entails a globally acclaimed label and a breathtaking event series to boot, drawing tens of thousands of music lovers from all over the globe. The Radio Show 'A State Of Trance' is one of the most popular and beloved weekly dance radio shows in the world. Currently broadcast to an estimated 40 million listeners across more than 84 countries and 100 FM radio stations per show (as well as to the global audiences via online video live streams on Facebook and YouTube), the radio show of five-time #1 DJ in the world Armin van Buuren (with co-host Ruben de Ronde) won the award for 'Best Mix Radio Show' at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2018. Providing fans with mixes from weekly guest DJs, occasional XXL episodes and always two hours of the best and latest in Trance and Progressive every week (including the fan-voted Future Favorite, Tune Of The Week, Progressive Pick, and a Service For Dreamers classic track presented by a lucky fan live in the studio every episode), 'A State Of Trance' managed to evolve into a comprehensive and global music brand, with spin-offs in all shapes and forms. The 'A State Of Trance' label spotlights releases from established artists and upcoming talents alike. Many of the label's releases are featured on the globally respected and always highly anticipated installments of the 'A State Of Trance' mix album series, which has been spoiling fans from all over the world with the year's best Trance records at least biannually since 2004. And if that wasn't enough, ASOT always celebrates its birthdays in style with the 'A State Of Trance' event series, widely regarded as the biggest indoor – and outdoor – event series in the world. Every year, the annual 'A State Of Trance' event in Utrecht attracts tens of thousands of visitors from all over the world, all of whom get to enjoy the mind-blowing performances of a legion of DJs across multiple stages. Fans who aren't able to attend are given the opportunity to follow the complete musical journey via the video and audio live stream at [https://www.youtube.com/astateoftrance](https://www.youtube.com/astateoftrance). The 'A State Of Trance' event series doesn't just stick to the Netherlands though, as it has brought unforgettable moments to countless other world cities and countries as well, from Sydney, Australia and Mumbai, India to Miami, United States, Mexico City, Mexico and many other destinations across the globe. It has even brought its sound to stages at leading festivals such as Ultra and Tomorrowland. All combined, A State Of Trance draws hundreds of thousands of dedicate ASOT fans from all over the world every single year. Thanks to Armin's tireless dedication and the love and support of a colossal crowd of loyal fans, the 'A State Of Trance' brand is only getting bigger and better every year. This is your chance to hop on and to be there every step along the way.

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Disney Interactive is targeting [animation](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/t/animation/) students and enthusiasts with Disney Animated, a new app for the iPad that takes users behind the scenes of the studio's 53 animated features from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to its upcoming [Frozen](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/t/frozen/). Available on Thursday, the $13.99 app was created by [Walt Disney Animation](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/t/walt-disney-pictur-3/) Studios in collaboration with iPad app developer Touch Press and gives users the chance to learn about animation, examine rare archival material and also take an early look at footage, concept art, animation tests and visual effects from Frozen. The developers cleverly used tons of rare material from the Disney archives, including an image of a Maquette from 1940's Pinocchio and the storyboard from 1961's 101 Dalmations. Videos includes a 1956 interview with Walt Disney, as well as a recent interview with John Lasseter. Features include a sort of color map that displays a thumbnail frame from every scene from each of Walt Disney Animation Studios' released feature films in a single image, as well as a timeline of all 53 animated feature films, including clips and historic trailers. The app also offers "chapters" that examine the animation process and includes early concept and story development through layout and background, animation, visual effects, sound and music and final assembly. One interactive feature allows users to create a "path" of snow, as will be seen in Frozen and using an algorithm that Disney said is based on software developed to make the movie. "Walt Disney Animation Studios' top animators, artists and technicians brought their expertise to this app to help create an incredibly authentic experience which represents our studio's rich legacy," said Dave Bossert, co-author of Disney Animated and producer, creative director, and head of Walt Disney Animation Studios Special Projects. He told The Hollywood Reporter that there might be an update later this year to include additional Frozen material, as well as elements from Big Hero 6, the animation studio's 2014 release.

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Walt Disney Company Currently Not Developing Any Hand-Drawn Animated Features The studio that helped pioneer 2D, hand drawn, theatrical animation is currently at a crossroads with the process. At Wednesday's Walt Disney Company shareholder's meeting, CEO Bob Iger revealed none of Disney's animation companies, which includes Disney Animation, Pixar and Disney Toons, are currently developing, or have plans to develop, any 2D, hand drawn animation for the big screen. He's not ruling it out, but the current slate - which probably stretches 3-4 years – has none of it. The only place the company is currently continuing the tradition is on some of their animated television shows. With 3D theatrical animation becoming so lucrative for studios these days, this doesn't exactly come as a surprise. The target audience, young kids, have come to expect a certain aesthetic in their movies. The Pixar aesthetic. Even the other animation studios, such as Blue Sky or DreamWorks, have been emulating that for a while. Not to mention a younger generation of animators currently working in features are likely much more proficient on a Mac rather than with a pencil and paper. It makes an animation fan wonder, is hand drawn animation dead? [Update: This next paragraph has been edited as I made a minor mistake differentiating between Princess and the Frog instead of Winnie the Pooh.] Disney's last hand-drawn theatrical feature was 2011's Winnie the Pooh, which grossed a paltry $33 million worldwide. Iger, almost expectedly, forgot that when addressing the question and incorrectly stated that 2009's The Princess and the Frog was their last hand-drawn film. That film was a success, grossing $267 million worldwide. However, juxtapose it to the Disney animation films that came before and after that. Bolt, which grossed $310 million and Tangled, which grossed $590 million. Obviously, that could have something to do with the quality of those films, but the bottom line surely isn't lost on the company. (Winnie the Pooh even bolsters the point further. It was critically adored, but publicly forgotten.) I'd imagine, somewhere down the road, a Disney fan who works their way up in the company will come to the executives with an original, hand-drawn animated idea and it'll be sold as Disney's return to their roots. But according to the CEO, that isn't happening anytime soon, especially not on the big screen. Hand drawn animation isn't dead, but it's certainly on life support.

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Terence Tao became the first mathematics professor in UCLA history to be awarded the prestigious Fields Medal, often described as the "Nobel Prize in mathematics," during the opening ceremony of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid on Aug. 22. In the 70 years the prize has been awarded by the International Mathematical Union, only 48 researchers ever have won it. "Terry is like Mozart; mathematics just flows out of him," said John Garnett, professor and former chair of mathematics at UCLA, "except without Mozart's personality problems; everyone likes him. Mathematicians with Terry's talent appear only once in a generation. He's an incredible talent, and probably the best mathematician in the world right now. Terry can unravel an enormously complicated mathematical problem and reduce it to something very simple." "I'm not surprised," said Tony Chan, dean of the Division of Physical Sciences and professor of mathematics. "Someone like Terry comes along once every few decades. People all over the world say, 'UCLA's so lucky to have Terry Tao.' He has solved important problems in several areas of mathematics that have stumped others for a long time. The way he crosses areas would be like the best heart surgeon also being exceptional in brain surgery. What is also amazing is that Terry is still so young. "The best students in the world in number theory all want to study with Terry," Chan added. "He's a magnet attracting the best students the same way John Wooden attracted outstanding basketball players." Chan said he is known as "the dean of the university where Terry Tao works." He described the International Congress of Mathematicians as "the World Cup or Olympics of mathematics." Christoph Thiele, UCLA professor and chair of the mathematics department, said outstanding graduate students from as far as Romania and China, as well as throughout the United States, have come to UCLA for the chance to study with Tao. Tao was awarded the Fields Medal "for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory." In honoring Tao, the organization said, "Terence Tao is a supreme problem-solver whose spectacular work has had an impact across several mathematical areas. He combines sheer technical power, an other-worldly ingenuity for hitting upon new ideas, and a startlingly natural point of view that leaves other mathematicians wondering, 'Why didn't anyone see that before?' " Like the summer Olympics and the World Cup, the Fields Medal is awarded every fourth year. Along with Tao, the Fields Medal also was presented to Andrei Okounkov, professor of mathematics at Princeton University; Grigori Perelman, formerly a Miller Fellow at University of California, Berkeley; and Wendelin Werner, professor of mathematics at the University of Paris-Sud in Orsay. Tao's genius at mathematics began early in life. He started to learn calculus when he was 7, at which age he began high school; by 9 he was already very good at university-level calculus. By 11, he was thriving in international mathematics competitions. Tao, now 31, was 20 when he earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University, and he joined UCLA's faculty that year. UCLA promoted him to full professor at age 24. One of the branches of mathematics on which Tao focuses is theoretical field called harmonic analysis, an advanced form of calculus that uses equations from physics. Some of this work involves, in Garnett's words, "geometrical constructions that almost no one understands." Tao also works in a related field, nonlinear partial differential equations, and in the entirely distinct fields of algebraic geometry, number theory and combinatorics -- which involves counting. His research has been supported by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation and the Clay Mathematics Institute. "Terry wrote 56 papers in two years, and they're all high-quality," Garnett said. "In a good year, I write three papers." Discover magazine praised Tao's research on prime numbers, conducted with Ben Green, a professor of mathematics at the University of Bristol in England, as one of the 100 most important discoveries in all of science for 2004. A number is prime if it is larger than one and divisible by only itself and one. The primes begin with 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 17. Euclid proved that the number of primes is infinite. Tao and Green proved that the set of prime numbers contains infinitely many progressions of all finite lengths. An example of an equally spaced progression of primes, of length three and space four, is 3, 7, 11; the largest known progression of prime numbers is length 24, with each of the numbers containing more than two dozen digits. Green and Tao's discovery reveals that somewhere in the prime numbers, there is a progression of length 100, one of length 1,000, and one of every other finite length, and that there are an infinite number of such progressions in the primes. To prove this, Tao and Green spent two years analyzing all four proofs of a theorem named for Hungarian mathematician Endre Szemerédi. Very few mathematicians understand all four proofs, and Szemerédi's theorem does not apply to prime numbers. "We took Szemerédi's theorem and goosed it so that it handles primes," Tao said. "To do that, we borrowed from each of the four proofs to build an extended version of Szemerédi's theorem. Every time Ben and I got stuck, there was always an idea from one of the four proofs that we could somehow shoehorn into our argument." Tao is also well-known for his work on the "Kakeya conjecture," a perplexing set of five problems in harmonic analysis. One of Tao's proofs extends more than 50 pages, in which he and two colleagues obtained the most precise known estimate of the size of a particular geometric dimension in Euclidean space. The issue involves the most space-efficient way to fully rotate an object in three dimensions, a question of interest to theoretical mathematicians. "Terry is the world's expert on this set of five problems, and has been since he finished graduate school," Garnett said. "When Terry made a new estimate of how big the dimension must be, he also produced the solutions, or partial solutions, to many other problems." Tao and colleagues Allen Knutson at UC Berkeley and Chris Woodward at Rutgers solved an old problem (proving a conjecture proposed by former UCLA professor Alfred Horn) for which they developed a method that also solved longstanding problems in algebraic geometry and representation theory. Speaking of this work, Tao said, "Other mathematicians gave the impression that the puzzle required so much effort that it was not worth making the attempt, that first you have to understand this 100-page paper and that 100-page paper before even starting. We used a different approach to solve a key missing gap." Tao found a surprising result to an applied mathematics problem involving image processing with California Institute of Technology mathematician Emmanuel Candès; their collaboration was forged while they were taking their children to UCLA's Fernald Child Care Center. Chan said that Tao and Candès work is providing important insights into how to compress images, which has applications for medical imaging. "A lot of our work came in the preschool while we were dropping off our kids," Tao said. "Outstanding mathematicians love working with Terry," Garnett said. "You could build the best mathematics department in the world by hiring his co-authors." What are Tao's secrets for success? Tao, who was raised in Australia, offered some insight. "I don't have any magical ability," he said. "I look at a problem, and it looks something like one I've done before; I think maybe the idea that worked before will work here. Nothing's working out; then you think of a small trick that makes it a little better but still is not quite right. I play with the problem, and after a while, I figure out what's going on. "Most people, faced with a math problem, will try to solve the problem directly," he said. "Even if they get it, they might not understand exactly what they did. Before I work out any details, I work on the strategy. Once you have a strategy, a very complicated problem can split up into a lot of mini-problems. I've never really been satisfied with just solving the problem. I want to see what happens if I make some changes; will it still work? If you experiment enough, you get a deeper understanding. After a while, when something similar comes along, you get an idea of what works and what doesn't work. "It's not about being smart or even fast," Tao added. "It's like climbing a cliff: If you're very strong and quick and have a lot of rope, it helps, but you need to devise a good route to get up there. Doing calculations quickly and knowing a lot of facts are like a rock climber with strength, quickness and good tools. You still need a plan -- that's the hard part -- and you have to see the bigger picture." His views about mathematics have changed over the years. "When I was a kid, I had a romanticized notion of mathematics, that hard problems were solved in 'Eureka' moments of inspiration," he said. "With me, it's always, 'Let's try this. That gets me part of the way, or that doesn't work. Now let's try this. Oh, there's a little shortcut here.' You work on it long enough and you happen to make progress towards a hard problem by a back door at some point. At the end, it's usually, 'Oh, I've solved the problem.'" Tao concentrates on one math problem at a time, but keeps a couple dozen others in the back of his mind, "hoping one day I'll figure out a way to solve them." "If there's a problem that looks like I should be able to solve it but I can't," he said, "that gnaws at me." Most of Tao's work is pure theoretical mathematics. Of what use is that to society? "Mathematicians often work on pure problems that do not have any applications for 20 years, and then a physicist or computer scientist or engineer has a real-life problem that requires the solution of a mathematical problem and finds that someone already solved it 20 years ago," Tao said. "When Einstein developed his theory of relativity, he needed a theory of curved space. Einstein found that a mathematician devised exactly the theory he needed more than 30 years earlier." Will Tao become an even better mathematician in another decade or so? "Experience helps a lot," he said. "I may get a little slower, but I'll have access to a larger database of tricks. I'll know better what will work and what won't. I'll get déjà vu more often, seeing a problem that reminds me of something." What does Tao think of his success? "I'm very happy," he said. "Maybe when I'm in my 60s, I'll look back at what I've done, but now I would rather work on the problems." California's largest university, UCLA enrolls approximately 38,000 students per year and offers degrees from the UCLA College of Letters and Science and 11 professional schools in dozens of varied disciplines. UCLA consistently ranks among the top five universities and colleges nationally in total research-and-development spending, receiving more than $820 million a year in competitively awarded federal and state grants and contracts. For every $1 state taxpayers invest in UCLA, the university generates almost $9 in economic activity, resulting in an annual $6 billion economic impact on the Greater Los Angeles region. The university's health care network treats 450,000 patients per year. UCLA employs more than 27,000 faculty and staff, has more than 350,000 living alumni and has been home to five Nobel Prize recipients.

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The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics Cengage Learning, Jan 1, 2011 - This best-selling American government text is highly acclaimed for the non-ideological framework it uses to explore three themes: freedom, order, and equality as political values; the majoritarianism versus pluralism debate; and globalization's effect on American politics. Extensively updated, this edition includes new examples, figures, data, and current discussions. The authors include balanced coverage of the first two years of the Obama administration, coverage and analysis of the 2010 mid-term election, and a retrospective of the Bush presidency. CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY: AMERICAN GOVERNMENT IN GLOBAL POLITICS can be packaged with Aplia, which offers students automatically graded homework assignments. Organized by chapter, Aplia helps provides students immediate, detailed explanations and helps them come to class better prepared for discussion. For more on Aplia and other media available with this text, click on Supplements. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.

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The 2016 Republican and Democratic party platforms swing hard to the right and left, with Republicans amplifying their traditional positions against gay marriage, abortion, transgender rights, and immigration, and Democrats calling for expanded public healthcare and higher education, and a $15 minimum wage. Platforms are not binding on candidates, but they distill a consensus of the forces within the party at this point in history. That's particularly clear this year on the subjects of crime and punishment. In the new Democratic party platform, the fingerprints of the Black Lives Matter movement and Bernie Sanders are apparent, in calls for independent investigations of police-involved shootings, more body cameras, and training in de-escalation. There is a declaration that "states that want to decriminalize marijuana should be able to do so." There is also a call for the end of the death penalty, something President Obama and Hillary Clinton have not endorsed. Parts of the Democratic draft platform clearly repudiate the tough language their party embraced a generation ago, when their current candidate's husband was president. The mother of Sandra Bland, who died at a Texas jail last year and became a symbol of the Black Lives Matter movement, is scheduled to speak at their convention next week in Philadelphia. The Republican document reflects recent tensions in conservative circles. It includes the language of conservatives who call for reducing incarceration — influential Republican patrons like the Koch brothers, politicians like Rick Perry, Rand Paul and Newt Gingrich — but it also includes plenty of traditional invocations of law and order. An ambitious bipartisan sentencing reform effort in Congress, which Sen. Ted Cruz supported and then abandoned, has been whittled down and allowed to languish. And it was opponents of that bill including Senator Tom Cotton of Arkansas and Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke ( [who regularly attacks the "myths" of justice reform](https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/05/04/american-sheriff)) who were in the lineup Monday night in Cleveland, where the evening's theme was "Make America Safe Again." It was those figures who dominated the party's televised presentation. To feel the tension, consider the 2016 passage on mandatory minimum sentences, which says such sentences served a good purpose and should only be rolled back sparingly: In the past, judicial discretion about sentences led to serious mistakes concerning dangerous criminals. Mandatory minimum sentencing became an important tool for keeping them off the streets. Modifications to it should be targeted toward particular categories, especially nonviolent offenders and persons with drug, alcohol, or mental health issues, and should require disclosure by the courts of any judicial departure from the State's sentencing requirements. Conservative criminal justice reformers, who have gathered under the banner of " [Right on Crime](http://rightoncrime.com/)," had gotten brief nods to rehabilitation and non-prison sentences for drug crimes into their 2008 and 2012 platforms. An [April 2016 resolution](https://prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/Criminal_Justice_Resolution.pdf) they promoted, which was adopted by the Republican National Committee, points out that despite a massive growth in incarceration, many who are released from prison commit new crimes, meaning prisons might not be the best investment in public safety. They added language acknowledging the success of conservative lawmakers in traditionally red states to reduce incarceration and save money. "90% of the prisoners in this country are not federal," says Ken Cuccinelli, the former attorney general of Virginia, "so it's meaningful to talk about the experimentation and successes in the states." The rift in conservative circles was apparent when the 112 members of the full platform committee edited the document last week in Cleveland. At one point, April Newland, a delegate from the Virgin Islands, proposed adding a line supporting a national registry of child murderers, which had been in the 2012 platform. She described how her brother's three and five year-old children were murdered by a man who went on to be released from prison, moved near a school, and molested more victims. Other delegates pushed back. "A federal mandate doesn't work," Maryland delegate JoeyLynn Hough said. "So, I'm sorry about your family, but I don't think this is the answer." The committee also added support for "mens rea" reform, an effort to force prosecutors to prove a defendant intended to commit a crime, as well as strong language supporting drug treatment programs, particularly for first-time offenders. In other areas, the new platform's language took a different tack, condemning the Supreme Court for limiting use of the death penalty, and Attorney General Loretta Lynch for her "present campaign of harassment against police forces around the country." At one of the hearings, delegate Giovanni Cicione, an attorney from Rhode Island, proposed language encouraging lawmakers to "fairly assess the social and economic costs of the failure of drug prohibition, and recognize that our states are sending a clear signal that a new approach is long overdue." "We have created with drug prohibition a multi-billion dollar underground economy, and a generation of Al Capones," Cicione told the other delegates. "And if you want to respond to the Black Lives Matter protesters, if you want to respond to the families of those police officers who died in Dallas, if you want to respond to the families of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile...we can't answer these questions without explaining how we demean and weaken law enforcement by forcing them to enforce unworkable laws." He admits he may have gone overboard in bringing up Black Lives Matter, and his suggestion failed. North Carolina delegate Ron Rabin worried his state "could be regionally surrounded by states where the use of drugs is legal and they come into our state to harass." Cicione didn't expect to win, but he did notice that the the average ages of the yes and no votes were "separated by 40 years," which to him signalled that reformers will eventually get their way. "Those of us who grew up in a more tolerant environment about drugs are less afraid of them," he said. We have organized the statements on criminal justice from the 2012 and 2016 platforms of both parties: Changes from the draft version are reflected in the text below. 2012In the last four years, rates of serious crimes, like murder, rape, and robbery, have reached 50-year lows, but there is more work to do. We will continue to fight inequalities in our criminal justice system. 2012The most effective forces in reducing crime and other social ills are strong families and caring communities supported by excellent law enforcement. Both reinforce constructive conduct and ethical standards by setting examples and providing safe havens from dangerous and destructive behaviors. But even under the best social circumstances, strong, welltrained law enforcement is necessary to protect us all, and especially the weak and vulnerable, from predators. Our national experience over the last several decades has shown that citizen vigilance, tough but fair prosecutors, meaningful sentences, protection of victims' rights, and limits on judicial discretion can preserve public safety by keeping criminals off the streets. Liberals do not understand this simple axiom: criminals behind bars cannot harm the general public. Breaking the cycle of crime begins with the children of those who are prisoners. Deprived of a parent through no fault of their own, these youngsters should be a special concern of our schools, social services, and religious institutions. 2016Democrats are committed to reforming our criminal justice system and ending mass incarceration. Something is profoundly wrong when almost a quarter of the world's prison population is in the United States, even though our country has less than five percent of the world's population...Research and evidence, rather than slogans and sound bites, must guide criminal justice policies. We have been inspired by the movements for criminal justice that directly address the discriminatory treatment of African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and American Indians to rebuild trust in the criminal justice system. 2016The conduct of the Department of Justice has included refusal to enforce laws, stonewalling congressional committees, destroying evidence, reckless dealing with firearms that led to several deaths on both sides of our border, and defying a citation for contempt. It has urged leniency for rioters while turning a blind eye to mob attacks on peaceful citizens exercising their political rights. A new Administration must ensure the immediate dismissal and, where appropriate, prosecution of any Department officials who have violated their oath of office. Breaking the cycle of crime begins with the children of those who are prisoners. Deprived of a parent through no fault of their own, youngsters from these families should be a special concern of our schools, social services, and religious institutions. [← PREVIOUS](#1) [NEXT →](#3) [Police] 2012In the last four years, rates of serious crimes, like murder, rape, and robbery, have reached 50-year lows, but there is more work to do. President Obama and Democrats are fighting for new funding that will help keep cops on the street and support our police, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians. Republicans and Mitt Romney have opposed and even ridiculed these proposals, but we believe we should support our first responders. We support efforts to ensure our courageous police officers and first responders are equipped with the best technology, equipment, and innovative strategies to prevent and fight crimes. We will end the dangerous cycle of violence, especially youth violence, by continuing to invest in proven community-based law enforcement programs such as the Community Oriented Policing Services program. 2016We will rebuild the bonds of trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve. Across the country, there are police officers inspiring trust and confidence, honorably doing their duty, deploying creative and effective strategies, and demonstrating that it is possible to prevent crime without relying on unnecessary force. They deserve our respect and support, and we should learn from those examples and build on what works. We will work with police chiefs to invest in training for officers on issues such as de-escalation and the creation of national guidelines for the appropriate use of force. We will encourage better police-community relations, require the use of body cameras, and stop the use of weapons of war that have no place in our communities. We will end racial profiling that targets individuals solely on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, or national origin, which is un-American and counterproductive. We should report national data on policing strategies and provide greater transparency and accountability. We will require the Department of Justice to investigate all questionable or suspicious police-involved shootings, and we will support states and localities who help make those investigations and prosecutions more transparent, including through reforming the grand jury process...And we will reform the civil asset forfeiture system to protect people and remove perverse incentives for law enforcement to "police for a profit." 2016The men and women of law enforcement — whether patrolling our neighborhoods or our borders, fighting organized crime or guarding against domestic terror — deserve our gratitude and our support. Their jobs are never easy, especially in crisis situations, and should not be made more difficult by politicized second-guessing from federal officials. The current administration's lack of respect for them, from White House intervention in local arrests to the Attorney General's present campaign of harassment against police forces around the country, has been unprecedented. With all Americans, we mourn those whom we have lost to violence and hatred. To honor their sacrifice, we recommit ourselves, as individuals and as a party, to the rule of law and the pursuit of justice. The next president must restore the public's trust in law enforcement and civil order by first adhering to the rule of law himself. Additionally, the next president must not sow seeds of division and distrust between the police and the people they have sworn to serve and protect. The Republican Party, a party of law and order, must make clear in words and action that every human life matters. Civil asset forfeiture was originally intended as a way to cripple organized crime through the seizure of property used in a criminal enterprise. Regrettably, it has become a tool for unscrupulous law enforcement officials, acting without due process, to profit by destroying the livelihood of innocent individuals, many of whom never recover the lawful assets taken from them. When the rights of the innocent can be so easily violated, no one's rights are safe. We call on Congress and state legislatures to enact reforms to protect law-abiding citizens against abusive asset forfeiture tactics. [← PREVIOUS](#2) [NEXT →](#4) [Sentencing and Incarceration] 2012DNA testing should be used in all appropriate circumstances, defendants should have effective assistance of counsel, and the administration of justice should be fair and impartial. That's why we enacted the Fair Sentencing Act, reducing racial disparities in sentencing for drug crimes. That's why President Obama appointed two distinguished jurists to the Supreme Court: Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor. Moving forward, we will continue to nominate and confirm judges who are men and women of unquestionable talent and character and will always demonstrate their faithfulness to our law and our Constitution and bring with them a sense of how American society works and how the American people live. 2012On mandatory minimums: We support mandatory prison sentencing for gang crimes, violent or sexual offenses against children, repeat drug dealers, rape, robbery and murder. We support a national registry for convicted child murderers. We oppose parole for dangerous or repeat felons. In solidarity with those who protect us, we call for mandatory prison time for all assaults involving serious injury to law enforcement officers. On prisons: Public authorities must regain control of their correctional institutions, for we cannot allow prisons to become ethnic or racial battlegrounds. Persons jailed for whatever cause should be protected against cruel or degrading treatment by other inmates. In some cases, the institution of family-friendly policies may curtail prison violence and reduce the rate of recidivism, thus reducing the enormous fiscal and social costs of incarceration. On diversion of non-violent offenders from prison: We endorse State and local initiatives that are trying new approaches, often called accountability courts. Government at all levels should work with faith-based institutions that have proven track records in diverting young and first time, non-violent offenders from criminal careers, for which we salute them. Their emphasis on restorative justice, to make the victim whole and put the offender on the right path, can give law enforcement the flexibility it needs in dealing with different levels of criminal behavior. On the federal criminal code: The resources of the federal government's law enforcement and judicial systems have been strained by two unfortunate expansions: the overcriminalization of behavior and the over-federalization of offenses. The number of criminal offenses in the U.S. Code increased from 3,000 in the early 1980s to over 4,450 by 2008. Federal criminal law should focus on acts by federal employees or acts committed on federal property – and leave the rest to the States. Then Congress should withdraw from federal departments and agencies the power to criminalize behavior, a practice which, according to the Congressional Research Service, has created "tens of thousands" of criminal offenses. No one other than an elected representative should have the authority to define a criminal act and set criminal penalties. In the same way, Congress should reconsider the extent to which it has federalized offenses traditionally handled on the State or local level. 2016Instead of investing in more jails and incarceration, we need to provide greater investment in jobs and education, and end to the school-to-prison pipeline. We will reform mandatory minimum sentences and close private prisons and detention centers. We will assist states in providing a system of public defense that is adequately resourced and which meets American Bar Association standards. 2016On mandatory minimums: In the past, judicial discretion about sentences led to serious mistakes concerning dangerous criminals. Mandatory minimum sentencing became an important tool for keeping them off the streets. Modifications to it should be targeted toward particular categories, especially nonviolent offenders and persons with drug, alcohol, or mental health issues, and should require disclosure by the courts of any judicial departure from the State's sentencing requirements. In solidarity with those who protect us, we call for mandatory prison time for all assaults involving serious injury to law enforcement officers. On prisons: Public officials must regain control of their correctional institutions, some of which have become ethnic and racial battlegrounds. Persons jailed for whatever cause should be protected against cruel and degrading treatment by other inmates. Courts should not tie the hands of prison officials in dealing with these problems. On diversion of non-violent offenders from prison: We applaud the Republican governors and legislators who have been implementing criminal justice reforms like those proposed by our 2012 platform. Along with diversion of first-time, nonviolent offenders to community sentencing, accountability courts, drug courts, veterans treatment courts, and guidance by faith-based institutions with proven track records of rehabilitation, our platform emphasized restorative justice to make the victim whole and put the offender on the right path. As variants of these reforms are undertaken in many States, we urge the Congress to learn from what works. On the federal criminal code: Two grave problems undermine the rule of law on the federal level: over-criminalization and over-federalization. In the first case, Congress and federal agencies have increased the number of criminal offenses in the U.S. code from 3,000 in the early 1980s to more than 4,500 today. That does not include an estimated 300,000 regulations containing criminal penalties. No one, including the Department of Justice, can come up with accurate numbers. That recklessness is bad enough when committed by Congress, but when it comes from the unelected bureaucrats of federal agencies, it is intolerable. The power of career civil servants and political appointees to criminalize behavior is one of the worst violations of constitutional order perpetrated by the administrative state. To deal with this morass, we urge caution in the creation of new "crimes" and a bipartisan presidential commission to purge the Code and the body of regulations of old "crimes." We call for mens rea elements in the definition of any new crimes to protect Americans who, in violating a law, act unknowingly or without criminal intent. We urge Congress to codify the Common Law's Rule of Lenity, which requires courts to interpret unclear statutes in favor of a defendant. The over-federalization of criminal justice is one of many ways in which the government in Washington has intruded beyond its proper jurisdiction. The essential role of federal law enforcement personnel in protecting federal property and combating interstate crime should into be compromised by diversion to matters properly handled by State and local authorities. [← PREVIOUS](#3) [NEXT →](#5) [Reentry and Recidivism] 2012We will reduce recidivism in our neighborhoods. We created the Federal Interagency Reentry Council in 2011, but there's more to be done. We support local prison-to-work programs and other initiatives to reduce recidivism, making citizens safer and saving the taxpayers money. We understand the disproportionate effects of crime, violence, and incarceration on communities of color and are committed to working with those communities to find solutions. 2012While getting criminals off the street is essential, more attention must be paid to the process of restoring those individuals to the community. Prisons should do more than punish; they should attempt to rehabilitate and institute proven prisoner reentry systems to reduce recidivism and future victimization. 2016We will remove barriers to help formerly incarcerated individuals successfully re-enter society by "banning the box," expanding reentry programs, and restoring voting rights. We think the next President should take executive action to ban the box for federal employers and contractors, so applicants have an opportunity to demonstrate their qualifications before being asked about their criminal records. 2016We encourage States to offer opportunities for literacy and vocational education to prepare prisoners for release to the community. [← PREVIOUS](#4) [NEXT →](#6) [Addiction and Treatment] 2012We must help state, local, territorial, and tribal law enforcement work together to combat and prevent drug crime and drug and alcohol abuse, which are blights on our communities. We have increased funding for the Byrne Justice Assistance Grant Program over the last four years, and we will continue to expand the use of drug courts. 2012We endorse State and local initiatives that are trying new approaches to curbing drug abuse and diverting first-time offenders to rehabilitation. 2016The "war on drugs" has led to the imprisonment of millions of Americans, disproportionately people of color, without reducing drug use. Whenever possible, Democrats will prioritize prevention and treatment over incarceration when tackling addiction and substance use disorder. We will build on effective models of drug courts, veterans' courts, and other diversionary programs that seek to give nonviolent offenders opportunities for rehabilitation as opposed to incarceration. We must confront the epidemic of drug and alcohol addiction, specifically the opioid crisis, by vastly expanding access to treatment, supporting recovery, helping community organizations, and promoting better practices by prescribers. 2016The progress made over the last three decades against drug abuse is eroding, whether for cultural reasons or for the lack of national leadership. In many jurisdictions, marijuana is virtually legalized despite its illegality under federal law. At the other end of the drug spectrum, heroin use nearly doubled from 2003 to 2013, while deaths from heroin have quadrupled. All this highlights the continuing conflicts and contradictions in public attitudes and public policy toward illegal substances. Congress and a new Administration should consider the long-range implications of these trends for public health and safety and prepare to deal with the problematic consequences. The misuse of prescription painkillers — opioids — is a related problem. Heroin and opioid abuse touches our communities, our homes and our families in ways that have grave effects on Americans in every community. With a quadrupling of both their sales and their overdose deaths, the opioid crisis is ravaging communities all over the country, often hitting rural areas harder than urban. Because over-prescription of drugs is such a large part of the problem, Republican legislation now allows Medicare Part D and Medicare Advantage plans to limit patients to a single pharmacy. Congressional Republicans have also called upon the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to ensure that no physician will be penalized for limiting opioid prescriptions. We look for expeditious agreement between the House and Senate on the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act, which addresses the opioid epidemic from both the demand and supply sides of the problem. [← PREVIOUS](#5) [NEXT →](#7) [Marijuana] 2016Because of conflicting federal and state laws concerning marijuana, we encourage the federal government to remove marijuana from the list of "Schedule 1" federal controlled substances and to appropriately regulate it, providing a reasoned pathway for future legalization. We believe that the states should be laboratories of democracy on the issue of marijuana, and those states that want to decriminalize it or provide access to medical marijuana should be able to do so. We support policies that will allow more research on marijuana, as well as reforming our laws to allow legal marijuana businesses to exist without uncertainty. And we recognize our current marijuana laws have had an unacceptable disparate impact in terms of arrest rates for African Americans that far outstrip arrest rates for whites, despite similar usage rates. 2016In many jurisdictions, marijuana is virtually legalized despite its illegality under federal law. [← PREVIOUS](#6) [NEXT →](#8) [Death Penalty] 2012We believe that the death penalty must not be arbitrary. 2012Courts should have the option of imposing the death penalty in capital murder cases. 2016We will abolish the death penalty, which has proven to be a cruel and unusual form of punishment. It has no place in the United States of America. The application of the death penalty is arbitrary and unjust. The cost to taxpayers far exceeds those of life imprisonment. It does not deter crime. And, exonerations show a dangerous lack of reliability for what is an irreversible punishment. 2016The constitutionality of the death penalty is firmly settled by its explicit mention in the Fifth Amendment. With the murder rate soaring in our great cities, we condemn the Supreme Court's erosion of the right of the people to enact capital punishment in their states. [← PREVIOUS](#7) [NEXT →](#9) [Crimes Against Women and Children] 2012On sexual assault: We are committed to ending violence against women. We support reauthorizing the bipartisan Violence Against Women Act and oppose the proposals by Republicans in the House of Representatives that would undermine this law and deprive law enforcement of the tools it needs to combat violence against women. On human trafficking: Some 27 million women, men, and children around the world are victims of human trafficking. The President and the Democratic Party believe that trafficking in persons is both an affront to our fundamental values and, as a source of funds for transnational criminals and terrorist organization, a threat to national and international security. The Obama administration has used bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, targeted foreign assistance, training programs, public outreach, and law enforcement to combat trafficking in persons across the globe. The administration has continued to provide annual assessments of the strengths and weaknesses of foreign governments' efforts to address the issue, encouraging all countries to do more and calling out countries that have failed to do enough. And the administration has provided technical assistance to improve law enforcement and grants to support grassroots prevention efforts around the world targeting sex and labor trafficking, child sex tourism, forced child labor, and other abuses. The administration is also committed to taking action at home to fight trafficking, including the sex trafficking of young girls. 2012On internet predators: The Internet must be made safe for children. We call on service providers to exercise due care to ensure that the Internet cannot become a safe haven for predators while respecting First Amendment rights. We congratulate the social networking sites that bar known sex offenders from participation. We urge active prosecution against child pornography, which is closely linked to the horrors of human trafficking. Current laws on all forms of pornography and obscenity need to be vigorously enforced. 2016On sexual assault: Democrats are committed to ending the scourge of violence against women wherever it occurs —whether in our homes, streets, schools, military, or elsewhere. We will continue to support the Violence Against Women Act to provide law enforcement with the tools it needs to combat this problem. We will support comprehensive services for survivors of violence and increase prevention efforts in our communities and on our campuses. Democrats will fight to bring an end to sexual assault—wherever it occurs, including on campuses— because everyone deserves a safe environment where they can learn and thrive, not live in fear. We will provide comprehensive support to survivors, and ensure a fair process for all on-campus disciplinary proceedings and in the criminal justice system. We will increase sexual violence prevention education programs that cover issues like consent and bystander intervention, not only in college, but also in secondary school. On human trafficking:We will stop the scourge of human trafficking and modern slavery of men, women, boys, and girls. We will use the full force of the law against those who engage in modern-day forms of slavery, including the commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor of men, women, and children. Building on the accomplishments of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, we call for increased diplomatic efforts with foreign governments to root out complicit public officials who facilitate or perpetrate this evil. We will also work to increase the provision of services and protections for trafficking survivors. 2016On internet predators: The internet must not become a safe haven for predators. Pornography, with its harmful effects, especially on children, has become a public health crisis that is destroying the lives of millions. We encourage states to continue to fight this public menace and pledge our commitment to children's safety and well-being. We applaud the social networking sites that bar sex offenders from participation. We urge energetic prosecution of child pornography, which is closely linked to human trafficking. On sexual assault: Sexual assault is a terrible crime. We commend the good-faith efforts by law enforcement, educational institutions, and their partners to address that crime responsibly. Whenever reported, it must be promptly investigated by civil authorities and prosecuted in a courtroom, not a faculty lounge. Questions of guilt or innocence must be decided by a judge and jury, with guilt determined beyond a reasonable doubt. Those convicted of sexual assault should be punished to the full extent of the law. The Administration's distortion of Title IX to micromanage the way colleges and universities deal with allegations of abuse contravenes our country's legal traditions and must be halted before it further muddles this complex issue and prevents the proper authorities from investigating and prosecuting sexual assault effectively with due process. [← PREVIOUS](#8) [↑ TOP](#1) [Victims' Rights] 2012We support the rights of victims to be respected, heard, and compensated. 2012Thirty years ago, President Reagan's Task Force on Victims of Crime, calling the neglect of crime victims a "national disgrace," proposed a Constitutional amendment to secure their formal rights. While some progress has been made to rectify that situation, the need for national action still persists in the unacceptable treatment of innocent victims. We call on the States to make it a bipartisan priority to protect the rights of crime victims, who should also be assured of access to social and legal services; and we call on the Congress to make the federal courts a model in this regard for the rest of the country. Criminals injured in the course of their crimes should not be able to seek monetary damages from their intended victims or from the public.

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What's in store for American English? Are pronunciations changing? Is greater mobility causing us to sound more alike than different? Will computer technologies alter the way we speak? Is the globalization of English a good thing? Robert MacNeil shares some observations from his linguistic journey across the United States: Mass media and language: - Exposure to mass media is not homogenizing American language or making us all talk the same. - Although some localized dialects are dying out--for example in Appalachia and on the islands off the Carolinas-that is due to population movement, not the media. - Regional dialects, accents and pronunciations of American English remain vigorous. Some are growing more distinctive, not less. - Changes in pronunciation that linguists do consider revolutionary are occurring in cities around the Great Lakes where, for example, the vowel in busses can sound like bosses, and block sounds more like black. - Media exposure can spread new vocabulary and give people in different regions an understanding of the "standard American" that broadcasters use, but it does not make listeners speak that way - People cling to local speech patterns, such as the distinctive speech of Pittsburgh, to give them a sense of place and belonging. As linguist, Carmen Fought puts it: "People want to talk like the people they want to be like." - Due to a huge migration to the South and Southwest and the national appeal of country music, Southern speech is now the largest accent group in the United States. - The dominant form is what linguists call Inland Southern, deriving from Appalachia, with the final "r" pronounced in words such as mother. The Plantation Southern of the coastal plains, with its r-less pronunciation, is dying out. Southerners are now pronouncing - Despite decades of progress in civil rights and the rise of a large black middle class, inner city African-Americans talk less like Americans than they did two and three generations ago. More separate language means more separate groups of people. - White Americans and many blacks consider Black English or street talk bad or lazy English, even "gibberish." Because many teachers share that view, language is a major academic obstacle for black children. - Paradoxically, white America continues to borrow black language as enthusiastically as ever, (just as black music), most recently in the huge Hip Hop craze among white teenagers. The effect of Hispanic/Latino immigration: - Many Americans fear that continuous Hispanic migration, and large concentrations of Spanish speakers, threaten American English. That fear is one motive behind the so far unsuccessful campaign to make English our official language. Do You Speak American? argues that Mexican and other Hispanic migrants are learning English at the same generational rate as previous immigrants groups. By the second generation many can no longer speak Spanish. Is American English declining? - Many Americans believe that our language is in serious decline, with schools neglecting grammar and the media mangling it. Professional linguists do not see decline. They see language reflecting a society that has become more informal in its dress and manners and more permissive in its sexual morality, but still quite concerned with The influence of California: - A California dialect is emerging and becoming more influential across the nation and around the world. Using elements of Valley Girl and Surfer Dude, more Americans are sounding like Californians by fronting vowels, so that do sounds like dew, and by raising their voices at the end of sentences to make statements sound like questions. Teaching computers to speak American - One of the big unknowns about the future of our language is the effect of computers. Around the country, engineers and programmers are working to make computers speak and understand us. Will that technology, and the business imperatives behind it, create an irresistible drive to more standard speech? If so, which accents or varieties of American speech will that standard leave out? The role of women: - One of the most interesting ideas encountered is that language change is driven by women, who are said to be a generation ahead of men in adopting new pronunciations and speech styles. Linguists see parallels between language and fashion. [Back to Top ](#ahead)

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Douglas Costa joins Bayern Munich from Shakhtar Donetsk German champions Bayern Munich have signed Brazil midfielder Douglas Costa from Shakhtar Donetsk. Costa, 24, has moved for a fee of £21m according to the Ukrainian club and signed a five-year deal with Pep Guardiola's side. "A dream has come true for me today," said Costa, who has returned from Copa America duty with Brazil. The transfer could increase speculation linking Bayern midfielder [Bastian Schwensteiger with Manchester United.](http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33224243) Guardiola, who guided Bayern to their 25th Bundesliga title last season, has plenty of midfield options, including France's Franck Ribery and Spain internationals Thiago Alcantara, Xabi Alonso and Javi Martinez, meaning Schweinsteiger, 30, may feature less regularly. The Germany international only played 20 league games in 2014-15, his lowest tally since 2002, when he signed professional terms with the club. Costa scored 29 goals in 149 league games for Shakhtar, where he won the title five times. "Douglas Costa will be good for our team," said Bayern sporting director Matthias Sammer. "He has great technical ability, a powerful left foot, he is very agile and extremely quick."

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NEW DELHI, March 3: At every nook and corner in the bylanes of Shankar Garden near Vikas Puri, you could���ve mistaken every old lady passing by for U-19 World Cup-winning captain Virat Kohli���s mother. Just the way they took his name, the way they pointed to his house, their inquisitiveness, the pride and the possessiveness in their voice and the glint in their eye, suggested that as if their own son had lifted the Cup last night.Then you meet the mother, Saroj Kohli and one is almost disappointed. You would expect her to grin from ear-to-ear, acting a bit pricey too, perhaps. But then you know why the house is so incredibly silent and his mother so brilliantly measured in her comments. The heartache is still fresh, and the extraordinary achievement of the previous night - it showed - had reinforced the heartache. "Bahut bari khushi lake diya Virat ne . If his father was alive it would have been a different type of celebrations. Woh khushi alag hoti. Itna khushi aati nahi, jitni honi chahiye ," said Saroj, in almost a hush. "I���m sure he would have called his lawyer friends over for a party in the house when Virat would have returned." Prem Kohli, Virat���s father, passed away in December 2006 after being bed-ridden for a month due to brain-stroke. And as luck would have it, he passed away in the middle of a crucial Ranji trophy tie against Karnataka. Virat was the overnight batsman for Delhi and he was just taking his first steps in his debut Ranji season. Amazingly, Virat went ahead and played the match. He had to and scored a brave 90. "My husband passed away in his sleep at around 2 in the morning. Virat was in two minds about whether to play or not. Rajkumar Sharma (Virat���s coach since his childhood) who was in Australia then advised him not to let go off a chance since it is so difficult to make it to the team. It was difficult for Virat. He came directly to the funeral after his knock of 90. He was wrongly given out. I remember that too." Not stretching belief, but Virat���s mind vis-a-vis his career was shaped by the unfortunate event. "Virat changed a bit after that day. Overnight he became a much more matured person. He took every match seriously. He hated being on the bench. It���s as if his life hinged totally on cricket after that day. Now, he looked like he was chasing his father���s dream which was his own too." Virat���s father, a criminal lawyer, first took the 9-year-old to the West Delhi Cricket Club after the neighbours suggested that Virat shouldn���t waste his time in gully cricket and instead join a professional club. "He���s got great strength in his arms for a kid," a neighbour told Virat���s father even as the lawyer made it his mission of sorts from that day onwards to make sure Virat got the best of training to reach the upper echelons of Indian cricket. Hence, Saroj is so upset that her husband couldn���t live to watch the highest point of his son���s career. Saroj too couldn���t watch the final herself, for obvious reasons. It was one ball and 13 runs left when she joined family members - Virat���s brother Vikas and his wife - in the bedroom to soak in the atmosphere. Till then she was too nervous to watch. Later Virat called up to ask whether she enjoyed it? To which she replied: "Thank you beta Virat started off his schooling from Vishal Bharti till he shifted to Savier Convent in ninth standard so that it didn���t harm his practice. Saroj has ensured that when Virat returns home he gets his favourite mutton biryani and kheer. She also has another plan up her sleeves and that is of building a separate room for Virat. "He is a big man now. He needs to start living in style," said Saroj. But she can���t help but sign off by saying that if her husband was present then they would have felt that "they have conquered the whole world."

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- About 6–7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. - It can be transmitted by the triatomine bug (vector-borne), as well as orally (food-borne), during pregnancy or birth (congenital), through blood/blood products, organ transplantation and laboratory accidents. - Chagas disease is curable if antiparasitic treatment is initiated early, in the acute phase. In chronic infection, the treatment and follow up can potentially prevent or curb disease progression and prevent transmission, for instance, during pregnancy and birth. - Up to a third of people with chronic infection develop cardiac alterations and 1 in 10 develop digestive, neurological or mixed alterations which may require specific treatment. - Key strategies to prevent Chagas disease include vector control (in Latin America); blood screening prior transfusion and transplantation; testing and treating girls, women of reproductive age, newborns and siblings of mothers with infection; and information, education and communication for communities and health professionals. Chagas disease is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). However, this condition is the result of a complex health problem typical of neglected tropical diseases and socially determined diseases. A missed or late diagnosis with absent or incomplete treatment and follow-up can transform this infection into a life-threatening condition. About 6–7 million people worldwide are estimated to be infected with T. cruzi, leading to approximately 12 000 deaths every year. Although a condition of increasing global presence, Chagas disease is found mainly in endemic areas of 21 continental Latin American countries (1), where transmission is largely related to the vector presence. Today, approximately 75 million people are considered at risk of infection. Chagas disease is named after Carlos Chagas, a Brazilian physician and researcher who on 14 April 1909 diagnosed the disease in a person for the first time. Today, 14 April marks World Chagas Disease Day. Chagas disease was once entirely confined to continental rural areas of the Americas. Due to increased population mobility, most infected people now live in urban settings and the infection has been detected in 44 countries (including Canada, the United States of America, and many European and some Western Pacific, African and Eastern Mediterranean countries). In Latin America, T. cruzi parasites are mainly transmitted by contact with faeces/urine of infected blood-sucking triatomine bugs. These bugs typically live in the wall or roof cracks of homes and surrounding structures, such as chicken coops, pens and warehouses, in rural or suburban areas. Normally they hide during the day and become active at night when they feed on animal and human blood. They usually bite an exposed area of skin such as the face, and defecate or urinate close to the bite. The parasites enter the body when the person instinctively smears the bug's faeces or urine into the bite, other skin breaks, the eyes or the mouth. T. cruzi can also infect animals; common opossums are considered one of the most important wild reservoirs of infection. T. cruzi can also be transmitted: - by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks; - during pregnancy or childbirth; - through blood or blood product transfusion; - through transplants of some organs (such as heart or kidney); and - through laboratory accidents. Signs and symptoms Chagas disease presents in two phases. The initial acute phase lasts for about two months after infection. Although a high number of parasites can circulate in the blood, in most cases symptoms are absent or mild and non-specific (fever, headache, enlarged lymph glands, pallor, muscle pain, difficulty in breathing, swelling, and abdominal or chest pain). Much less frequently people bitten by a triatomine bug show the characteristic first visible signs, which can be a skin lesion or a purplish swelling of the lids of one eye. During the chronic phase, the parasites are hidden mainly in the heart and digestive muscles. One to three decades after infection, up to a third of patients suffer from cardiac disorders and up to 1 in 10 suffer from digestive (typically enlargement of the oesophagus or colon), neurological or mixed alterations. In later years these patients may experience the destruction of the nervous system and heart muscle, consequent cardiac arrhythmias or progressive heart failure, and sudden death. Chagas disease can be treated with benznidazole or nifurtimox. Both medicines kill the parasite and are fully effective in curing the disease if given early in the acute phase, including in case of congenital transmission. Their efficacy diminishes, however, the longer a person has been infected; also, adverse reactions are more frequent in older age. Treatment is also indicated for patients in whom infection has been reactivated (for example, due to immunosuppression), and during the early chronic phase, including for girls and women of childbearing age (before or after pregnancy) to prevent congenital transmission. Adults with infection, especially those with no symptoms, should be offered treatment because antiparasitic medicines can also prevent or curb disease progression. In other cases, the potential benefits in preventing or delaying the development of Chagas disease should be weighed against the duration of treatment (up to 2 months) and possible adverse reactions (occurring in up to 40% of adults). Benznidazole and nifurtimox should not be administered to pregnant women or people with kidney or liver failure. Nifurtimox is also contraindicated for people with a background of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Additionally, specific life-lasting treatment and follow up for cardiac, digestive or neurological manifestations is required. Control and prevention The large reservoir of T. cruzi parasites in wild animals throughout the Americas means that the infection cannot be eradicated. Instead, the public health targets are elimination of the transmission to humans, early health-care access and life-long follow up of the infected people. There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. T. cruzi can infect many species of triatomine bugs, the majority of which are found in the Americas. Vector control has been the most effective method of prevention in Latin America. Blood screening is necessary to prevent infection through transfusion, organ transplantation, and congenital transmission, and to increase detection and care of the affected population all over the world. Depending on the geographical area, WHO recommends the following approaches to prevention and control: - development of information, education and communication materials and activities, contextualized for the different scenarios and actors, and based on a One Health approach; - spraying of dwellings and surrounding areas with residual insecticides; - house improvements and house cleanliness to prevent vector infestation; - personal preventive measures such as bednets, good hygiene practices in food preparation, transportation, storage and consumption; - screening of blood donors; - testing of organ, tissue or cell donors and receivers; - early access to diagnosis, treatment and follow up; and - screening of newborns and other children of infected mothers. The medical care cost of patients with chronic cardiac, digestive, neurologic or mixed forms of the disease has been calculated to be >80% higher than the cost of spraying residual insecticide to control vectors and prevent infection. Health professionals working at the first level of care (primary health care) have a key role in strengthening detection, treatment, follow up and notification of cases. Assessment of the available diagnostics (including rapid serologic or chemiluminescence tests, molecular biology tests) and the most cost-effective algorithms is fundamental to increase early case detection. Promotion of biomedical, psychosocial and environmental studies focused on the determinants and risk factors of Chagas disease is essential to identify novel approaches for prevention and control. National information systems are essential to monitor the number of acute and chronic cases and the active transmission routes, but are in place only in 6 out of the 44 countries that have reported cases so far. Since the 1990s there have been successful intergovernmental initiatives in the Americas, leading to a substantial reduction in transmission and increased access to diagnosis and antiparasitic treatment for Chagas disease. The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents. WHO recognized Chagas disease as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) in 2005. This facilitated its greater recognition as a global public health problem and was instrumental to strengthen prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, comprehensive care, psychosocial follow up, as well as information, education and communication activities. It also promoted the fight against misinformation, the lack of social demand and the weak political commitment to face the burden of disease. In May 2019, the 72nd World Health Assembly established World Chagas Disease Day, to be celebrated annually on 14 April. The NTD road map 2021–2030 includes Chagas disease among the conditions targeted for elimination as a public health problem and proposes five targets: - verification of interruption of domiciliary vectorial transmission - verification of interruption of transfusional transmission - verification of interruption of transmission by organ transplants - verification of interruption congenital transmission - 75% coverage of antiparasitic treatment of the eligible population. To attain the goal of elimination of Chagas disease transmission to humans and provide health care for affected people worldwide, WHO aims to strengthen networking at the global level and reinforcing regional and national capacities. - Argentina, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).

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has picked up a groin injury and will miss the Compaq Cup in Sri Lanka after being advised 10 days' rest. He is returning home and will be replaced by MS Dhoni, India's captain, said Gambhir picked up the injury during the recent BCCI Corporate Trophy. "From what I know he picked the injury during the Corporate tourney and aggravated it during a batting session," Dhoni said in Colombo. Gambhir is expected to report at the National Cricket Academy (NCA) in Bangalore for assessment and rehabilitation. Kohli, currently at the NCA, is likely to join the squad on Friday. He has just recovered from a minor shoulder injury and participated in the Corporate Trophy. Gambhir's injury means India, who play their first game on Friday, will be without two of their three established openers in Sri Lanka: Virender Sehwag is already out with a shoulder injury and will miss the Champions Trophy too. Gambhir's replacement notwithstanding, Dinesh Karthik, who opened in the ODIs in the West Indies in the absence of Sehwag and Sachin Tendulkar, is in the squad and likely to make the starting XI. India will desperately want Gambhir back in time for the Champions Trophy, where they play their first match on September 26, against Pakistan in Centurion. They would ideally want at least a week's acclimatisation in South Africa, which means there will be a degree of risk involved should India take Gambhir to the Champions Trophy. It will be a tricky decision because one such choice recently went wrong. Sehwag, who was injured but hoping to recover in time when the squad for World Twenty20 was announced, was along to England but is yet to recover from his shoulder injury.

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Dracunculiasis is rarely fatal, but infected people become non-functional for weeks and months. It affects people in rural, deprived, and isolated communities who depend mainly on open stagnant surface water sources such as ponds for drinking water. Scope of the problem During the mid-1980s an estimated 3.5 million cases of dracunculiasis occurred in 20 countries worldwide, 17 countries of which were in Africa and the 3 others in Asia. The number of reported cases fell to fewer than 10 000 cases for the first time in 2007, dropping further to 542 cases (2012). Over the past eight years, human cases have stayed at double digits (54 in 2019 and 27 human cases in 2020). These human cases were reported from four countries: Angola (1), Chad (12), Ethiopia (11), Mali (1), South Sudan (1) and Cameroon (1) – likely imported from Chad. Transmission, life-cycle and incubation period About a year after infection, a painful blister forms – 90% of the time on the lower leg – and one or more worms emerge accompanied by a burning sensation. To soothe the burning pain, patients often immerse the infected part of the body in water. The worm(s) then releases thousands of larvae (baby worms) into the water. These larvae reach the infective stage after being ingested by tiny crustaceans or copepods, also called water fleas. People swallow the infected water fleas when drinking contaminated water. The water fleas are killed in the stomach, but the infective larvae are liberated. They then penetrate the wall of the intestine and migrate through the body. The fertilized female worm (which measures 60–100 cm long) migrates under the skin tissues until it reaches its exit point, usually at the lower limbs, forming a blister or swelling from which it eventually emerges. The worm takes 10–14 months to emerge after infection. There is no vaccine to prevent the disease, nor is there any medication to treat patients. Prevention is possible, however, and successful implementation of preventive strategies have driven the disease to the verge of eradication. Prevention strategies include: - heightening surveillance to detect every human case and infected animal within 24 hours of worm emergence, - preventing transmission from each worm by treatment, and regular cleaning and bandaging of affected areas of skin until the worm is completely expelled from the body; - preventing contamination of drinking-water by preventing infected people and infected animals (dogs and cats) with emerging worms from wading into water; - ensuring wider access to improved drinking-water supplies to prevent infection; - filtering water from open water bodies before drinking; - implementing vector control by using the larvicide temephos; and - promoting health education and behavioural change. The road to eradication In May 1981, the Interagency Steering Committee for Cooperative Action for the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990) proposed the elimination of dracunculiasis as an indicator of success of the Decade. In the same year, WHO's decision-making body, the World Health Assembly, adopted resolution WHA 34.25, recognizing that the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade presented an opportunity to eliminate dracunculiasis. This led to WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention formulating the strategy and technical guidelines for an eradication campaign. In 1986, The Carter Center joined the battle against the disease and, in partnership with WHO and UNICEF, has since been at the forefront of eradication activities. To give it a final push, in 2011 the World Health Assembly called on all Member States where dracunculiasis is endemic to expedite the interruption of transmission and enforce nationwide surveillance to ensure eradication of dracunculiasis. To be declared free of dracunculiasis, a country is required to have reported zero instances of transmission and maintained active surveillance for at least 3 consecutive years. After this period, an international certification team visits the country to assess the adequacy of the surveillance system and to review records of investigations regarding rumoured cases or infected animals and subsequent actions taken. Indicators such as access to improved drinking-water sources in infected areas are examined and assessments are conducted in villages to confirm the absence of transmission. Risks of reintroduction of the disease are also assessed. Finally, a report is submitted to the International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication (ICCDE) for review. Since 1995, the ICCDE has met 15 times and on its recommendation, WHO has certified 199 countries, territories, and areas (belonging to 187 Member States) as free of dracunculiasis. Kenya, a formerly endemic country, was the last to attain this status in February 2018. WHO recommends active surveillance in a country and/or area that has recently interrupted guinea-worm disease transmission to be maintained for a minimum of 3 consecutive years. Ongoing surveillance is essential to ensure that no human cases and infected animals have been missed and to prevent reoccurrence of the disease. As the incubation period of the worm takes 10–14 months, a single missed emerged worm could delay eradication by a year or more. Evidence of re-emergence was brought to light in Ethiopia (2008) after the national eradication programme claimed interruption of transmission, and more recently in Chad (2010) where transmission re-occurred after the country reported zero cases for almost 10 years. A country reporting zero cases over a period of 14 consecutive months is believed to have interrupted transmission. It is then classified as being in the pre-certification stage for at least 3 years since the last indigenous case, during which intense surveillance activities must be continued. Even after certification, surveillance should be maintained until global eradication is declared. Finding and containing the last remaining cases and infected animals are the most difficult and expensive stages of the eradication process, as these usually occur in remote, often inaccessible, rural areas. Insecurity, with the resulting lack of access to disease-endemic areas, is a major constraint, especially in countries where cases and animal infections are still occurring. Dracunculus medinensis infection in dogs continues to pose a challenge to the global eradication campaign particularly in Chad, Ethiopia and Mali. The phenomenon was noted in Chad in 2012, and since then several dogs with emerging worms, genetically identical to those emerging in humans, continue to be detected in the same at-risk area. In 2020, Chad reported 1508 infected dogs and 63 infected cats; Ethiopia reported three infected dogs, four infected baboons, and eight infected cats. ; Mali reported infections in nine dogs. Transmission in animals can be interrupted through enhanced surveillance to detect all infected animals and to contain them (tethering of infected animals and pro-active tethering), provision of health education for community members and animal owners, and implementation of vigorous and comprehensive vector control interventions. In response to dracunculiasis, WHO advocates for eradication, provides technical guidance, coordinates eradication activities, enforces surveillance in dracunculiasis-free areas and monitors and reports on progress achieved. WHO is the only organization mandated to certify countries as free of the disease transmission following recommendations made by the ICCDE. The ICCDE currently comprises 9 public health experts. The Commission meets as and when necessary to evaluate the status of transmission in countries applying for certification of dracunculiasis eradication and to recommend whether a country should be certified as free of dracunculiasis' transmission. (1) Until South Sudan gained its independence on 9 July 2011, it was part of Sudan. Guinea-worm disease cases for South Sudan were reported under Sudan; thus, between the 1980s and 2011, 20 countries were endemic for the disease.

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In the end it felt somewhat ridiculous to face MS Dhoni. To sit in front of a proud man, who went 10 matches without a win, in three different formats, during the last two months in England. To ask questions of a man who had seen incredibly ten of his players get injured including two - Praveen Kumar and Munaf Patel - on the eve of, and during the final match of the series? What could he really say that had not been said before? Yet within six months after becoming World Champions, India have slid to No. 5 five in the ICC ODI rankings. And so Dhoni faced the media scrutiny for one last time on a tour that he admitted he would never forget. "I have never seen so many injuries in the last five years. To lose nine to eleven players in one series is something I can never forget," Dhoni said at the post-match conference. Praveen, his best bowler on the tour, had picked an ankle injury while playing football on Thursday afternoon. And about 24 hours later Munaf, India's senior-most bowler in the game, slipped on the wet outfield, badly injuring his ankle. India started the summer with Zaheer Khan and Ishant Sharma leading their bowling attack. They finished it with relying on part-timers like Virat Kohli being forced to fill their boots. Unfortunately for the Indian bowlers, despite having a good score to defend, they were handicapped by the combined forces of an incessant mild drizzle, and dew which made it difficult to grip the ball. At the time Munaf got injured, the game still hung in balance with England needing a further 139 runs from the remaining 17 overs. "Munaf got injured and we had to bowl his remaining four overs by someone else. Virat bowled well but his last over was expensive. We lost five tosses and we bowled second in nearly the same conditions, which were wet and that made it tough for our spinners," Dhoni said. Unlike England who had the luxury of playing five specialist fast bowlers across the summer and blooding young talent like Jade Dernbach, in addition to possessing a formidable group of allrounders, Dhoni was forced to manage resources that depleted after every match. The frailty of his bowling attack only added pressure on the batting order, which featured just three of the players from the World Cup team. "We had a tough series and lost quite badly. Being a team sport you need to do well in all three departments and you can't really carry the team for a consistent period of time just on one department. Playing with three bowlers in these conditions was tough to manoeuvre," Dhoni said. Yet all is not lost. The most heartening facet about the youngsters, some who were called up at short notice and forced to play hours after landing in England, was their positive attitude and openness. "They are up for a fight," Dhoni said. "Each time they turn up on a field, whether for a practice session or a game, they want to give their best, they love challenges and that makes it interesting for me. You do not have to motivate them. You can then put in that effort in some other areas. We lost a few games due to the weather not [being] on our side, luck not [being on our] side, but it is not about thinking too much about things not in our control. Am glad to see the team has reacted in a similar fashion." Kohli is a good example of this grit and determination of the new generation of Indian players, who are hungry and willing to work hard despite all the easy riches that have come their way through the IPL. Today Kohli, often criticised in the past for his temperament and a loud lifestyle outside cricket, showed the maturity to stand up and deliver when it mattered for his team. It was a matter of pride for him, and India, that he was the solitary centurion on both sides in the one-day series. Many times during the summer, England's players have highlighted the advantages of a happy dressing room. Despites various setbacks the Indians have shown willingness to learn from, and, contribute to the success of their teammates. They also have been fortunate to be led by an individual who believes in keeping things simple, and does not get swayed by the swinging fortunes of victory and defeat. For 66 days Dhoni's captaincy came under the most severe scrutiny. England had beaten India on the field and in the mind. There was never a moment in the series when England appeared within reach. Yet Dhoni kept going even as his most trusted generals and lieutenants started falling one after the other. In the end he finished as the Man of the Series in the five-match ODI series. It was the fifth time in his career he had earned this honour, the only difference this being it was the first time it had come in defeat. On Friday Dhoni was asked if the series would have taken a different course for the Indians, who fly back home early Saturday morning empty-handed, if they had cashed in on the openings that came their way during England's first innings in the first two Tests at Lord's and then Trent Bridge. "What is important is what you did exactly when the opportunity came your way," Dhoni said. "I have always believed it is not about sulking as to what could have been done. It is more often about what actually went wrong."

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Taruni Sachdev died on her 14th birthday The Agni Air Dornier aircraft which crashed close to Nepal's Jomson airport claimed the lives of child actor Taruni Sachdev and mother Geeta Sachdev among its other victims. The Agni Air Dornier aircraft which crashed close to Nepal's Jomson airport claimed the lives of [child actor Taruni Sachdev](http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/child-actor-taruni-sachdev-paa-nepal-crash-victims/1/188789.html)and mother Geeta Sachdev among its other victims. [Taruni Sachdev](http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amitabh-bachchan-shocked-at-taruni-sachdevs-death/1/188830.html)died in the Agni Air Flight CHT plane crash on her 14th birthday. Taruni Sachdev was born on May 14, 1998 to Mumbai based industrialist Haresh Sachdev and Geetha Sachdev. She did her schooling at Bai Avabai Framji Petit Girls High School in Mumbai. She had appeared in numerous South Indian films as a child artist, and featured in 50 ad films. She began acting at the age of five and went on to co-star with Amitabh Bachchan in 'Paa' in 2009. She became a popular child artiste with over 50 commercials to her credit, is most remembered as the Rasna girl with Karishma Kapoor. She has acted in several television advertisements of Colgate, ICICI Bank, Saffola, Kesar Badam Milk, to name a few. She has also worked in Malayalam movies Vellinakshatram and Sathyam. The plane crash Thirteen Indians on a pilgrimage to Nepal and two crew members were killed when the 20-seater plane slammed into a cliff in western Nepal on Monday. Carrying 16 Indians and two Danes, as well as three crew members, the plane crashed in Jomsom, known for its magnificent mountain views and the starting point for major trekking routes, at about 9.45 a.m. The plane turned into pieces but did not caught fire. Bodies of the pilot, Prabhu Sharan Pathak and co-pilot, JD Maharjan have also recovered. The embassy has also set up a 24/7 control room in Kathmandu, overlooking the entire process.

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MUMBAI: When she entered the glamour world at a little over five years, dreamt of becoming a heroine one day. "Uncle, I want to do the heroine's role in your film," Taruni told director Vinayan T G who introduced her to films in 2004. But the girl's dreams were cut short when she was killed in Monday's plane crash in Nepal. Her mother Geeta, who was travelling with her, also died in the mishap. The two were part of a group of Indians who had chartered the Agni Air flight for a pilgrimage to Muktinath in Nepal. Taruni's father Haresh Sachdeva and his friend Ajay Jain have gone to Nepal to bring the bodies back. "The bodies are being shipped by Agni Air but we are paying the fare. We will reach Mumbai tomorrow," Jain said. The vivacious Taruni, who became one of the most poplar faces on television-she was the Rasna girl-had won the hearts of her directors and fellow actors, right from Amitabh Bachchan, with whom she had shared screen space in both ads and a film, to Karishma Kapoor. It was in an ad film where director Vinayan first spotted her and chose her for his Malayalam horror film, Vellinakshtram, starring Prithviraj Sukumaran. Vinayan said, "I saw her in an ad with Mr Amitabh Bachchan. I got her number from the agency and called her. When her mother Geeta handed the phone to her, Taruni said, 'uncle, I want to act in films'. She was an extraordinary child, full of life. She was always with me all through Vellinakshtram. It is shocking that she is no more." Vinayan is so fond of the child that he has even posted his photograph with her on a social networking site. After Vellinakshtram, Vinayan also cast Taruni in his next film, Sathyam, where she acted with Sukumaran again. A couple of months ago, Taruni was in Kerala shooting for a commercial. Vinayan said, "From there, she called me up to tell me that she wanted to be in my film. I told her that we will definitely meet to speak about it. She said, 'Thank you, uncle'. And those were her last words to me." Taruni was probably the first 11-year-old to have played the Big B's girlfriend in a movie. Abhishek Bachchan, who was an assistant director of Paa, only had words of praise for the girl, who would play around the sets and chat with everyone. "She was a brilliant kid. She was not only a good actor but also a well-informed child who had knowledge about everything that was happening around the world," he said. Amitabh Bachchan tweeted: "Just reading that Tarini Sachdev the girl child artiste in Paa, has perished in [Nepal plane crash](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/nepal-plane-crash) . Please God may this not be." Abhishek also posted on the micro blogging site: "SHOCKED and very saddened to hear about the Nepal plane crash. Lost 1 of my cutest co-stars. Little Taruni Sachdev from PAA. Speechless." Like the Bachchans, others known to Taruni and her family are yet to come to terms with the tragedy. R Balki, who directed Paa and also shot many commercials with Taruni, did not have any words to describe his feelings. "I will not be able to talk," he said. "She was a lovely vibrant child," is how Karishma describes Taruni; Karishma featured in the very popular Rasna ad, which made Taruni a household face. According to those in the film industry, Taruni was not only a good actor but also a very bright student and her mother always made sure that she never neglected her studies. Line producer of Paa Anita Manchanda said, "Her mother was strict about her studies and would make her sit with her books on the sets, during shoot breaks." Manchanda fondly remembers how during breaks, Taruni would frolic around the sets and her mother would sometimes have to "rein in her make her sit down". "But at the same time, she was a very diplomatic kid who knew how to handle both the young and the old. There were times when boys on the sets would try to trouble her but she tackled them so well that they ended up liking her."

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Those who had worked with Taruni Sachdev remained shocked on hearing about her tragic death in an air crash in Nepal on Monday. Taruni had acted in two Malayalam films – Vellinakshathram and Satyam – and featured in many advertisements. "I spotted her in an advertisement featuring Amitabh Bachchan and got in touch with her through Mr. Bachchan's manager. We were all amazed by the manner in which she performed. She was just five then and could render Malayalam dialogues after listening to it for a couple of times. I still remember the intensity with which she performed in the climax of the film, where even senior actors found it difficult to work against high-speed propellers," Vinayan, who directed her in Vellinakshathram told The Hindu. The film released in 2005 endeared her to Malayalam audience. Vinayan cast her in his next film too, along with Prithviraj and Priyamani. "But it was her character in Vellinakshathram that really made her popular. Especially that song, with animation graphics, was a favourite among children." Vinayan remembered that she had called him when she came down to the State a couple of months back for shooting an advertisement. Her mother was also killed in the air crash.

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We are sorry, Defense-Update has transformed into a new website, and the old pages are now moved to a new structure. We advise you to look for the page using our search or archives sections. the page you are looking for is no longer available at this link. [Countering the UAS Threat](http://defense-update.com/20240627_c-uas-2.html) The ongoing wars in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and the Middle East have emphasized drones as a new and rapidly changing tool of warfare. First... [Iron Swords War – Air Defense Challenge](http://defense-update.com/20240627_air-defense-challenge.html) Unlike the land campaign in Gaza that involved mostly ground forces on both sides, most activities on other fronts were conducted in the aerial domain, which tasked Israeli air defense forces to spread out their assets, learn to adapt and improve under fire, and engage different threats, the new techniques, and tactics developed by the enemy. This article outlines Israel's current and evolving air and missile defense capabilities in retrospect of the recent events.

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By Jonathan Marcus BBC diplomatic correspondent Tank crews have provided a significant number of casualties One of the major military surprises of the fighting in Lebanon has been the apparent vulnerability of Israeli armour to Hezbollah anti-tank rockets. No detailed figures are available and it is clear that many more tanks may have been hit than actually destroyed. But a significant proportion of Israeli casualties have been among tank crews. Hezbollah has also used its anti-armour weapons to bring down buildings around sheltering Israeli troops, again causing multiple casualties. Hezbollah has fielded some of the most modern Russian-made anti-tank weapons, which the Israelis insist have come via the Syrians. The potency of infantry anti-armour weapons is nothing new for the Israelis. One journalist reported seeing the sophisticated Kornet In 1973, after Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal, Israel tank units learned the hard way about what Russian-made missiles could do. The Egyptians put across the canal large numbers of soldiers armed with wire-guided Sagger missiles. As long as the operator kept the target tank in his sights, signals sent along the unreeling wire would guide the missile to its target. As counter-attacking Israeli tanks raced towards the canal, they were met by barrages of these missiles. You can be sure Israeli Defence Forces planners... will be studying these engagements in detail Commanders spoke of vehicles emerging from the fighting festooned with wires from the missiles, and many tanks were destroyed. Since then a complex design battle has been underway between the tank and the infantry anti-armour weapon. For the foot-soldier the key is penetration but also weight: What can easily be carried into battle? For the tank, too, there are weight considerations as more and more armour places heavier strains on engines and running gear and also potentially limits the areas in which a tank can operate. In Lebanon Israel has come up against some of Russia's most modern anti-tank weapons. Crew protection was a key element in the Merkava tank's design The AT-13 Metis or Saxhorn is a modern tube-launched successor to the Sagger. Its tandem-shaped warhead can punch through armour of up to 46cm (18 inches) thick. The tandem warhead is designed to counter reactive armour as used on many Israeli vehicles. Reactive armour is essentially made up of explosive pads or bricks on the outside of the tank which explode outwards when hit by an incoming missile. This disrupts the effect of the missile warhead, which needs to impact upon the surface of the tank to achieve its penetrative effect. A twin or tandem charge is designed to get around this. The first warhead triggers the reactive armour and the second penetrates the tank. Hezbollah is also reported to have used the RPG-29; a shoulder-fired weapon, again with a tandem charge. And a journalist from the London-based Daily Telegraph newspaper reports also seeing abandoned Kornet missiles in Lebanon. The Kornet was first shown by the Russians in 1994 and represents state-of-the-art technology. It has either an optical or a thermal sight - effectively "riding" a laser beam to its target. It again has a tandem warhead. It has a range of up to 5km (three miles) and is said to be able to penetrate armour up to 1,200mm thick. Hezbollah has fielded some of the most modern weaponry The Kornet has been exported by the Russians to only a few countries, including Syria. And all the evidence suggests that the Syrians have passed them on to Hezbollah. Israel is so concerned that it has despatched a team of officials to Moscow to show the Russians the evidence of what they say can only be Syrian weapons transfers. In the longer term, the experiences of 1973 played an important part in shaping the philosophy behind Israel's Merkava battle tank. The Merkava or Chariot is among the most modern in the world, but its unique feature is the extent to which crew protection figured in its design. Quite apart from carrying highly sophisticated armour, it is almost unique in having the engine in the front, affording additional protection to its crew. The need for well-armoured infantry carriers that can keep pace with the tanks has led Israel to convert a large number of older tanks to carry troops. The Achzarit is a good example. It is based on the Russian T54/T55 tank which Israel captured in large numbers during the 1973 war. Its turret and main gun have been removed and various other changes made to allow it to accommodate a crew of three along with seven infantrymen. But all of these enhancements have not proved sufficiently effective against the most modern anti-tank systems operated by determined fighters on the ground. You can be sure Israeli Defence Forces planners and indeed military observers from around the world will be studying these engagements in detail. Part of the answer may be to adopt new kinds of armour. But, as ever, part of the answer will be tactical - changes to the way tanks are employed and the way they operate in concert with other elements of ground-power, like infantry and artillery.

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[How to Eat Healthier in 2018](/genpage.php?tname=george&dbid=460) Try our exciting new [WHFoods Meal Plan](/7daymealplan/intro.php). While carrots can be enjoyed in a wide variety of colors—from whites and yellows to reds and purples—the most commonly consumed carrots in the U.S. are orange in color. For this reason, we recommend an approach to carrots that treats them as a vegetable in the yellow/orange category. (For more details about yellow/orange vegetables, please see our Vegetable Advisor.) As a minimum daily goal for vegetable intake from the yellow/orange group, we recommend 1/2 cup per day. A more optimal intake level would be one cup per day. Of course, alongside of carrots, vegetables like sweet potato, yellow summer squash, and yellow corn can contribute to your daily yellow/orange total. If you opt for red or purple carrots instead of orange or yellow ones, we recommend that you treat your carrots as part of the red/purple vegetable subgroup. Once again, you will find more information about this group in our Vegetable Advisor. Our minimum recommended intake level for this subgroup is 1/2 cup per day and our more optimal recommended intake is one cup. Beets, red bell peppers, red tomatoes, and eggplant would be examples of other vegetables in this red/purple subgroup, right alongside of purple carrots. Carrots are perhaps best known for their rich supply of the antioxidant nutrient that was actually named for them: beta-carotene. However, these delicious root vegetables are the source not only of beta-carotene, but also of a wide variety of other health-supporting nutrients. All varieties of carrots contain valuable amounts of antioxidant nutrients. Included in this category of nutrients are traditional antioxidants like vitamin C, as well as phytonutrient antioxidants like beta-carotene. In most varieties of carrots, beta-carotene is by far the most plentiful antioxidant nutrient, accounting for over 95% of all carotenoids in many carrot varieties. Other carotenoids typically present in carrots include alpha-carotene and lutein. Listed below are some of the more common antioxidant nutrients found in carrots. For anthocyanin benefits, you'll want to select red and purple varieties of carrots. In some studies, anthocyanin content is highest in what are often referred to as "black carrots." To the naked eye, these varieties can appear almost black in color, but they are actually very deep and dark shades of purple. But it's important to remember that carrots of all colors will provide you with great antioxidant support. In large-scale studies of food and health, carrots are often included among yellow/orange vegetables and analyzed for their health impact. While these studies have not focused solely on carrots per se, they have still provided us with evidence about carrots and their cardiovascular benefits. In one large-scale study from the Netherlands, participants were followed for a period of 10 years and their meal plans were analyzed for fruit and vegetable intake in four color categories: green, orange/yellow, red/purple, and white. Among these four color categories, it was orange/yellow foods—and in particular, foods with deeper shades of orange and yellow—that were determined to be the most protective against cardiovascular disease (CVD). Within this dark orange/yellow food group, carrots were determined to be the single most CVD risk-reducing food. Participants who had the least carrot intake had the least amount of CVD risk reduction, even though they still received risk-reduction benefits from their intake of carrots. However, participants who ate at least 25 more grams of carrots (with 25 grams being less than one-quarter of a cup) had a significantly lower risk of CVD. And the groups of participants who ate 50- or 75-grams more had an even more greatly reduced risk of CVD! We're not sure how any study could better demonstrate how easy it can be to lower CVD risk by making a food like carrot part of the everyday diet. In our website carrot profile, we use one cup (122 grams) as our standard serving size. As such, a single serving of carrots per day would actually exceed the highest level of benefits identified in this study. We've seen health studies on carrots showing benefits across a wide range of areas, including not only cardiovascular health as described above, but also eye health, liver health, and cancer protection. These studies give us confidence in the ability of carrots to provide support for a wide variety of body systems. However, it is also important to note studies on carrots also have some limitations at this point in the research process. For example, researchers often analyze carrots as part of a larger food group (for example, yellow/orange vegetables) rather than focusing on them specifically. In addition, many of the studies that we have seen on the health benefits of carrots have been conducted using mice and rats rather than people, or depend on analysis of human cell lines in a laboratory setting. The ability of carrots to provide cancer-protective benefits has been and continues to be an active area of research on this root vegetable. Of special interest in this area are components of carrot called polyacetylenes. Carrots have the ability to take their fatty acids and convert them into molecules called polyacetylenes. These polyacetylenes include molecules like falcarinol and falcarindiol. Polyacetylenes provide carrots with protection from microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, and they have also shown anti-cancer properties in lab and animal studies. Lymphocytic leukemia and colorectal cancer are two of the cancer types that have been studied in relationship to carrot polyacetylenes. Studies on the benefits of carrots for eye health have not usually focused on carrots themselves, but on carotenoids as a group of nutrients and carotenoid levels in the bloodstream. However, we have seen some small-scale studies in which participants with greater carrot consumption had lower rates of glaucoma than participants with little carrot intake. (The term "glaucoma" refers to a condition involving damage to the optic nerve that is often associated with excessive pressure inside of the eye). Glaucoma-lowering benefits in one study were associated with two weekly servings of carrots. We have also seen several animal studies on risk of cataracts and intake of carrot extracts. One of these studies identified a specific phytonutrient in carrots—geranyl acetate—as a substance likely to be involved in cataract protection. Over time, we expect to see more studies on humans and meal plans that include carrots, and we also expect to see a wide range of health benefits that extends across many body systems. The name "carrot" comes from the Greek word "karoton," whose first three letters (kar) are used to designate anything with a horn-like shape. (That horn-like shape, of course, refers to the taproot of the carrot that is the plant part we're most accustomed to consuming in the U.S.). The beta-carotene that is found in carrots was actually named for the carrot itself! Even though U.S. consumers are most familiar with carrots as root vegetables bright orange in color, an amazing variety of colors are found worldwide for this vegetable. Here is a short list of some of the more popular carrot varieties, categorized by color. In science terms, carrots belong to the genus and species of plant known as Daucus carota. This genus/species is part of a much broader plant family traditionally known as the Umbelliferae, but more commonly referred to in research as the Apiaceae family. Included alongside of carrots in this plant family are vegetables like parsnips and celery, as well as herbs and spices like caraway, coriander, cyumin, dill, fennel, and parsley. Carrots are native to large sections of the world's geography, including Africa, Asia, and Europe. They have become naturalized to many other parts of the world and are widely cultivated as a food crop. On a global basis, over 40 million tons of carrots are grown each year. Among all countries, China is the world's top carrot producer, growing about 45% of the world's total crop. Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation account for about 9% of the world's total crop, and the United States for about 3.5%. However, many other countries play an important role in the commercial production of carrots, including the Ukraine, Poland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Turkey, Italy, France, India, Canada, and Mexico. Within the United States, California is by far the largest carrot-producing states. Other states playing a major role in U.S. production include Michigan, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. U.S. consumers averaged about 5 pounds of carrots per person per year in 2014, or roughly 1/4 cup of carrots per week. Despite this relatively low intake, however, carrots served as the 6th most consumed vegetable in the U.S. (following potatoes, tomatoes, onions, head lettuce, and sweet corn). Carrot roots should be firm, smooth, relatively straight and bright in color. The deeper the orange-color, the more beta-carotene is present in the carrot. Avoid carrots that are excessively cracked or forked as well as those that are limp or rubbery. In addition, if the carrots do not have their tops attached, look at the stem end and ensure that it is not darkly colored as this is also a sign of age. If the green tops are attached, they should be brightly colored, feathery and not wilted. Since the sugars are concentrated in the carrots' core, generally those with larger diameters will have a larger core and therefore be sweeter. At WHFoods, we encourage the purchase of certified organically grown foods, and carrots are no exception. Repeated research studies on organic foods as a group show that your likelihood of exposure to contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals can be greatly reduced through the purchased of certified organic foods, including carrots. In many cases, you may be able to find a local organic grower who sells carrots but has not applied for formal organic certification either through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or through a state agency. (Examples of states offering state-certified organic foods include California, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.) However, if you are shopping in a large supermarket, your most reliable source of organically grown carrots is very likely to be carrots that display the USDA organic logo. Carrots are hardy vegetables that will keep longer than many others if stored properly. The trick to preserving the freshness of carrot roots is to minimize the amount of moisture they lose. To do this, make sure to store them in the coolest part of the refrigerator in a plastic bag or wrapped in a paper towel, which will reduce the amount of condensation that is able to form. Loss of some nutrients in carrots—for example, its vitamin C content—is likely to be slowed down through refrigeration. They should be able to keep fresh for about two weeks. Carotenoids in carrots—including beta-carotene—tend to be well-retained if the carrots are properly stored. Carrots should be stored away from apples, pears, potatoes and other fruits and vegetables that produce ethylene gas since it may cause them to become more bitter in taste. If you purchase carrot roots with attached green tops, the tops should be cut off before storing in the refrigerator since they will cause the carrots to wilt prematurely as they pull moisture from the roots. While the tops can be stored in the refrigerator, kept moist by being wrapped in a damp paper, they should really be used soon after purchase since they are fragile and will quickly begin to wilt. Here is some background on why we recommend refrigerating carrots. Whenever food is stored, four basic factors affect its nutrient composition: exposure to air, exposure to light, exposure to heat, and length of time in storage. Vitamin C, vitamin B6, and carotenoids are good examples of nutrients highly susceptible to heat, and for this reason, their loss from food is very likely to be slowed down through refrigeration. Wash carrot roots and gently scrub them with a vegetable brush right before eating. Unless the carrots are old, thick or not grown organically, it is not necessary to peel them. If they are not organically grown, we recommend peeling them to lower risk of exposure to unwanted pesticides or other contaminants. Depending upon the recipe or your personal preference, carrots can be left whole or julienned, grated, shredded or sliced into sticks or rounds. Carrots are delicious eaten raw or cooked. While heating can often damage phytonutrients in vegetables, the beta-carotene as found in carrots has been shown to be surprisingly heat-stable. Still, be careful not to overcook carrots if you want to your carrots to retain their maximum flavor and strong overall nutritional value. To avoid overcooking and its unwanted consequences, we recommend our Quick Steaming method described below. Of all of the cooking methods we tried when cooking carrots, our favorite is Quick Steaming. Quick Steaming—similar to Quick Boiling and Healthy Sauté, our other recommended cooking methods—follows three basic cooking guidelines that are generally associated in food science research with improved nutrient retention. These three guidelines are: (1) minimal necessary heat exposure; (2) minimal necessary cooking duration; (3) minimal necessary food surface contact with cooking liquid. We think that Quick Steaming is a cooking method that gives carrots the greatest flavor. In fact, participants in a recent research study agreed with us. When study participants were asked to evaluate the flavor and overall acceptability of different carrot cooking methods, they significantly favored the flavor and overall acceptability of steamed carrots to boiled carrots. This preference was even expressed by participants who had always boiled carrots in their previous kitchen practices! To Quick Steam carrots, fill the bottom of the steamer with 2 inches of water and bring to a rapid boil. Slice carrots ¼-inch thick and steam for 5 minutes. Transfer to a bowl. For more flavor, toss carrots with our Mediterranean Dressing. (Looking for carrots with extra zing? Try our Carrots with Honey Mustard Sauce recipe.) If you'd like even more recipes and ways to prepare carrots the Nutrient-Rich Way, you may want to explore The World's Healthiest Foods book. Excessive consumption of carotene-rich foods may lead to a condition called carotoderma in which the palms or other skin develops a yellow or orange cast. This yellowing of the skin is presumably related to carotenemia, which is a term that refers to excessive levels of carotene in the blood. The health impact of carotenemia is not extensively researched. Eating or juicing high amounts of foods rich in carotene—including carrots—may result in body storage of excess amounts in the skin. If a person does develop carotenemia as a result of consuming very high amounts of beta-carotene through very high carrot intake, this condition typically disappears once consumption is greatly reduced. However, since we focus throughout our website on the pleasures and health benefits of the World's Healthiest Foods consumed in everyday amounts, we view this issue as an appropriate one for your healthcare provider rather than an issue involving your World's Healthiest Foods meal plan. Carrots are perhaps best known for their beta-carotene content. (The nutrient beta-carotene was actually named after the carrot!) While they can be an outstanding source of this phytonutrient, carrots actually contain a fascinating combination of phytonutrients, including other carotenoids (especially alpha-carotene and lutein); hydroxycinnamic acids (including caffeic, coumaric, ferulic); anthocyanins (in the case of purple and red carrots); and polyacetylenes (especially falcarinol and falcarindiol). Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A (in the form of carotenoids). In addition, they are a very good source of biotin, vitamin K, dietary fiber, molybdenum, potassium, vitamin B6 and vitamin C. They are a good source of manganese, vitamin B3, vitamin B1, panthothenic acid, phosphorus, folate, copper, vitamin E and vitamin B2. Density>=7.6 AND DRI/DV>=10% |very good||DRI/DV>=50% OR Density>=3.4 AND DRI/DV>=5% Density>=1.5 AND DRI/DV>=2.5% Carrots, sliced, raw (Note: "--" indicates data |[Send this page to a friend...](mailto:?subject=WHFoods%20article&body=Thought%20you%20might%20be%20interested%20in%20this%20article%20from%20WHFoods.org:%20Carrots%20at%20http://whfoods.org//genpage.php?tname=foodspice%26dbid=21) Everything you want to know about healthy eating and cooking from our new book. Order this Incredible 2nd Edition at the same low price of $39.95 and also get 2 FREE gifts valued at $51.95.

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India's richest man Mukesh Ambani's home Antilia has been the subject of great intrigue nationally as well as internationally. Its construction began in 2005 and ended in 2010. Antilia, where Ambani lives with his wife Nita and three children, cost an estimated $1 billion to build. Moneycontrol compiled some interesting facts about the Ambani residence, reportedly the world's most expensive home: -- Antilia borrows its name from a mythical island in the Atlantic. It has 27 storeys spread over a total area of 4,00,000 square foot. Some floors have extra-high ceilings. As a result, Antilia is taller than regular 27-storeyed structures. -- It is located on Altamount Road in Mumbai, which is not only India's but one of the world's toniest addresses. -- It has six levels that exclusively serve as parking space. They can comfortably accommodate 168 cars. For those who wish to be airdropped, Antilia has three helipads on the roof. -- An army of nearly 600 staff members is entrusted with the upkeep and maintenance of the Ambani residence. -- Apparently, it has been built in such a manner that it can withstand an earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter Scale. -- Antilia has a number of terraces, a ballroom and a theatre that can seat 50. -- Further adorning Antilia are terrace gardens, a spa, a swimming pool and a temple. -- The top floors of Antilia serve as the Ambani family's living quarters, making it an elevated home. -- The dominant motifs in the home are that of the lotus and the sun. _(Disclosure: The Reliance Group has funded the promoter of Network18, which publishes Firstbiz)

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Reliance Industries Chairman Mukesh Ambani's skyscraper residence in Mumbai is the most expensive billionaire home in the world, according to a Forbes list which also includes Indian-origin steel tycoon Lakshmi Mittal's houses in London. Ambani's 27-story, 400,000-square-foot skyscraper home Antilia named after a mythical island in the Atlantic, tops the Forbes list of the most expensive homes in the world. "The title of the most outrageously expensive property in the world still belongs to Mukesh Ambani's Antilia in [Mumbai](https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/mumbai/)," Forbes said adding it is the world's most expensive home "far and away" with construction costs reported between a range of USD one billion to two billion. The house has six stories of underground parking, three helicopter pads, and reportedly requires a staff of 600 to keep it running. Putting Antilia's scale and cost into perspective, Forbes compared it to '7 World Trade Center', a 52-story tower that stands near Ground Zero in Manhattan with 1.7 million square feet of office space that was reportedly built for two billion dollars. Mittal's houses in London's Kensington Palace Gardens occupy the 5th and the 18th spot on the list of the 21 most expensive billionaire homes in the world. The steel magnate is believed to own three homes on the high-security street known as 'Billionaires Row', including a neo-Georgian mansion near the Israeli embassy. Forbes said the home, rumoured to have been purchased for his son, was sold by hedge fund billionaire Noam Gottesman. The value of the house in 2008 was about 222 million dollars and it is reportedly up for sale now. Another house owned by Mittal on the upscale street was purchsed for nearly USD 90 million in 2004. He had picked up the 55,000-square foot mansion from billionaire Bernie Ecclestone and after pouring millions more into its renovation, named it "Taj Mittal". The house has 12 bedrooms, a pool and marble sourced from the same quarry as the Taj Mahal, Forbes said. "As 2014 continues, the list of outrageously-priced homes owned by billionaires is stacking up. Although the market cooled off a bit in in 2013, with no properties trading hands above the USD 100 million mark, 2014 has kicked off with a bang. London set a new record, and three homes have sold for more than USD 100 million so far this year in the US alone," Forbes said. In second place is on the list is 'Villa Leopolda', the home of Brazilian philanthropist and social figure Lily Safra in France. Forbes said the estate is reportedly one of several waterside homes that King Leopold II of Belgium built for his many mistresses. Set on 20 acres, the massive home was valued at 750 million dollars at the time when Russian billionaire Mikhail Prokhorov tried to buy it in 2008. The third-most expensive billionaire home–and the most expensive in the United States– is the home of American investor and businessman Ira Rennert in Sagaponack, New York. Its value is pegged at about USD 248.5 million in its 2014 tentative tax assessment. [Explained: New crimes under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita](https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-new-criminal-laws-9425076/)Subscriber Only [UPSC Key | New Criminal Laws, National Party Tag, Great](https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-new-criminal-laws-national-party-tag-great-indian-bustard-and-more-9426331/)Subscriber Only [U'khand forest fires: Why villagers don't help the state in](https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/uttarakhand-forest-fires-why-villagers-dont-help-the-state-in-risk-managemen-9424985/)Subscriber Only [In Bhopal, a race against time as new criminal laws](https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/bhopal-rule-book-new-criminal-law-malkhana-race-time-9425306/)Subscriber Only [The names behind the NEET paper 'leak'](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-names-behind-the-neet-paper-leak-9425128/)Subscriber Only [BSP risks losing national party status after rout in Lok](https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bsp-risks-losing-national-party-status-rout-lok-sabha-polls-9424414/)Subscriber Only Amid allegations of unpaid dues to actors and crew members, the production and distribution company Pooja Entertainment has finally broken its silence on the matter, revealing that Bollywood star Akshay Kumar has stepped in to help resolve the situation. According to a statement, Akshay has insisted on his own payment being placed on hold until everyone is paid.

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Ninety years ago, when England first toured India for a Test series, E.H.D. Sewell, player-turned-reporter, wrote in an Indian newspaper: "If compelled to bet, my rupee would be on India. But what a cheerful loser I should be!" Writers tend to hedge their bets. Had Sewell been writing today, he might have said much the same thing, but perhaps with greater conviction in the first half of that prediction. In recent years India haven't done too well when they have gone into a series or a tournament as the favourites. Most recently, there was the World Cup; earlier, following a dramatic victory in Australia, they began well in England but were held to a 2-2 draw in a Test series interrupted by Covid. But a home series is different. They haven't lost one in a decade while winning 36 of 46 Tests played in that period. India will cross a threshold if things go their way over the next six weeks or so. If they win by a margin of four, they will have more victories than defeats in their Test history. They now have 177 losses to 174 wins. The Sachin Tendulkar generation began the transformation which saw the team win more Tests this century (113 wins to 68 losses) than in the last (61 wins, 109 losses). Sachin himself was in 72 winning teams. Statistics apart, this is about two philosophies facing off. England coach Brendon McCullum might not like the term 'Bazball', but it is here to stay. Under McCullum and skipper Ben Stokes England have been successful playing a brand of attacking, entertaining cricket that has brought the crowds back into the stadiums while also earning them 13 wins in 18 Tests. India, keener on winning than on shaping a method, know that victory will dissolve all shortcomings and is a bulwark against criticism. Some older England players, including Joe Root, one of their greatest batters ever, have adapted well. The new Root, switch-hitting medium pacers for six, would have given his earlier self apoplexy. Only one of their last 18 Tests has been drawn, and only six of India's last 42. That both teams are allergic to draws should make for an interesting series. Will Bazball work in India? Theoretically, there is no reason why it shouldn't, but in practical terms, there are two reasons. One of them is Ravichandran Ashwin and the other Ravindra Jadeja. To be able to do to them what has been done to some medium pacers (including Jasprit Bumrah in the series in England) requires sound technique rather than quick reflexes. It will all depend on how much the England batters allow these two Indian spinners to take up space in their heads. England need to bat long and positively to put pressure on India. It is their best chance. Their best batter among the Bazball generation, one who was born into the new system, Harry Brook will be missing initially, and may miss out altogether. He had to return home for personal reasons. As an aside, rather than respect his wishes for privacy, he has been trolled mercilessly by a small segment of the Indian fans. When did decency and compassion disappear from our response to human situations? It is not just embarrassing, it is sickening. [Kohli will be missing the first two Tests](https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ind-vs-eng-virat-kohli-withdraws-from-first-two-tests-against-england-citing-personal-reasons/article67765055.ece) too; luckily, he hasn't been accused of running way. The last time India lost a series at home was a decade ago when England's spinners Graeme Swan and Monty Panesar outbowled their counterparts, with Ashwin giving away 52 runs for each of his 14 wickets. Since then England lost a series here in 2021. Indian fans – the genuine ones, not the troll army – will be hoping that England do not jettison Bazball. They have their problems, from getting the team balance right to dealing with the Indian spinners. In a five-Test series, they will be looking to impose themselves on the proceedings from the start. To give up Bazball would be an admission that all the talk around it is just so much talk. India, even without Kohli, start favourites. They played through most of last century seeking moral victories. Rohit Sharma's men, however, aren't so easily satisfied.

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Jaylen Brown said all along that he bonded with Brad Stevens and Danny Ainge. Of course, all draft picks say they dominated their workouts and became the surrogate son of the team's head coach and general manager. This bond, however, seemed real, giving the impression that the Celtics have been set on the Cal product the past few weeks. And as much as they tried to dangle the third overall pick for an established veteran, the price was too high, and they made the astute choice of Brown, the 6-foot-7-inch physical small forward who could become a cornerstone. The Celtics have pondered for five weeks what to do with the third pick. They desperately tried to trade it for a player who could help immediately, but teams were asking for too much. The Celtics are in the position of wanting to improve but already liking their core. They don't want to part with Jae Crowder or Avery Bradley. They like the potential of Marcus Smart. The uncertainty is the upside of their younger players — R.J. Hunter, Terry Rozier, Jordan Mickey, James Young, Jared Sullinger, and Kelly Olynyk. The Celtics are going to have to move some of those players over the next few weeks to make room for the new guys. But it was better for the Celtics to take a player with major upside than to make a deal they would regret in the short term. "There was interest in the pick," Ainge said after midnight Thursday. "Like I say every time we have some deadline like tonight, we have free agency coming up, so time will tell. I never know how close we are because ultimately you need another team that's going to agree to do a deal for you. There was a lot of discussion, no deals. It was just that simple." As much as the Celtics wanted to pull off a blockbuster, it's quite difficult to acquire a standout player without relinquishing key players in return. And while the Celtics had enough assets to make such a deal, it wasn't going to work. The Magic gave up a former second overall pick in Victor Oladipo, a serviceable player in Ersan Ilyasova, and their first-round pick in Domantas Sabonis (11th overall) just to get Serge Ibaka, who averaged 12.6 points and 6.8 rebounds for the Thunder this past season. Ibaka, 26, averaged 3.7 blocks per game four seasons ago and averaged 1.9 this past season, so he's slowing down. And it required two lottery picks to get his services. "In terms of the trades, we weren't close to any of the offers," Celtics majority owner Wyc Grousbeck said. "None of them were even in the mix. It's just the way it is. If it were close, we might have stretched. I've been doing deals since 1986, 30 years, and this was not a day to make a deal. This was not the right thing in our view for the Boston Celtics to make any of these deals. We're very happy to build with a piece. Danny feels [Brown] has significant upside. "He's a very smart guy, I chatted with him a bit. I think it's the right move for our team at this time and the future. It's actually an easy day when nothing is close and this was an easy day." Grousbeck was booed when he addressed the season ticket holders at TD Garden. It's apparent that what little the Celtics faithful know about Brown, they don't like. The fans wanted either a blockbuster deal or Providence's Kris Dunn and got neither. "Fourteen years, that's probably the worst [reception] that I've gotten," Grousbeck said. "We're a bunch of fans who bought this team, and being a fan means you're emotional, you're emotionally invested in this team, and no problem. I actually believe they knew what I knew, and we're in the room. I think most of them might have done the same thing [draft Brown]." If working a deal on draft night wasn't right for the Celtics' long-term future, you have to trust Ainge to either make a summer deal or sign a major free agent. The Celtics have salary cap space and the resources to pull off a deal, but it's going to have to wait. As for Brown, he could help the Celtics next season. He is considered a hard worker with a high basketball IQ. He picked up a plethora of offensive fouls at Cal because he drove to the basket against defenses that were waiting for him and drew charges. Those calls likely won't translate to the NBA as Brown's game is better suited for the professional level. But he's a still ways from being an NBA rotation player. Similar to the Celtics faithful's unfamiliarity with Jae Crowder, a player they have come to adore, Brown will grow on the fans and become a keeper. "NBA is a faster pace, faster tempo, so it's a lot of transition, and I feel like that's where I excel, that's where I thrive," Brown said. "However, I do have to get a lot better. Decision-making has to get a lot better. "But the NBA is a faster pace, a lot of versatility. Guys that can guard multiple positions are very valuable, and I think I add to that really well." With the draft essentially containing two can't-miss players and the rest having question marks, the Celtics were not going to score big unless they drafted in the top two. But patience is the key word when it comes to Brown, and he will have the opportunity to prove himself to his new fan base beginning next month in the summer leagues. It should work out better than most of those faithful expect. Gary Washburn can be reached at

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[Kevin Pietersen](https://wisden.com/players/kevin-pietersen) feels that more than England's [Bazball](https://wisden.com/tag/bazball) approach with the bat, it's how their spinners bowl that will dictate their performance in the Test series against India in early 2024. Subscribe to the [Wisden Cricket YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/c/wisdencricket) for post-match analysis, player interviews, and much more. England are scheduled to head over to India for a highly-anticipated five-match Test series that will be played from January to March 2024. That will mark India's third and England's second series in the 2023-2025 World Test Championship cycle. The last time England visited India for a Test series was in 2020/21, where they won the first Test in Chennai before succumbing to three consecutive defeats to lose the series 3-1. The next tour will be England's first Test series in India under captain [Ben Stokes](https://wisden.com/players/ben-stokes) (provided he's fit and available) and coach Brendon McCullum. Under these two, England have played an ultra-aggressive brand of Test cricket, better known as 'Bazball'. Winning Test matches in India has been exceedingly difficult for visiting teams in the last decade or so. India have not lost a Test series at home in a decade, and have lost only three since 1986/87. England's Bazball approach is expected to produce a different sort of challenge for the home team. However, Pietersen believes that Bazball is unlikely to be the defining factor for England in the Test series. [Speaking to Wisden.com](https://wisden.com/series-stories/west-indies-v-england-2023-24/kevin-pietersen-jos-buttler-should-open-the-batting-in-odi-cricket), Pietersen said: "Well, I don't know (how Bazball will play in India), because it's not going to be about the Bazball approach. I played Bazball and I was very successful here." Pietersen referred to his aggressive batting that had brought him success in Tests in India. From nine Tests in this country, he scored 703 runs – the fifth-most for England – at an average of 43.93 and a strike rate of 60. No other English batter scored more runs at a quicker rate in Tests in India. In fact, among all visiting batters with 700 runs in Tests in India, his strike rate is still the fifth-highest. Despite the focus being on Bazball and attacking batting, Pietersen feels that England's spinners will play a bigger role in the upcoming Test series in India. "It's about how England's spinners perform. When we came here, we beat India in India in 2012. Monty Panesar and Graeme Swann were the guys that turned the needle for us." England are still the last team to win a Test series in India. They did so during their 2012/13 tour, where, after losing the first Test, they came back strongly to win the next two and take home the series 2-1. As Pietersen mentioned, Swann and Panesar played key roles in that victory. Swann took 20 wickets from four games at 24.75 runs apiece, while Panesar took 17 from three games at 26.82. England are a bit short on quality spinners, as was evident during the 2023 Ashes, where they recalled Moeen Ali out of retirement after first-choice spinner [Jack Leach](https://wisden.com/players/jack-leach) was ruled out. [Moeen promptly announced his retirement from Test cricket after the series](https://wisden.com/series-stories/ashes-2023/ashes-2023-moeen-ali-confirms-test-re-retirement-amid-india-tour-speculation). During England's last tour to India in 2020/21, Leach was the pick of their bowlers, picking 18 wickets from four Tests at 28.72. He will be expected to lead their spin attack once again, with potential backups being Rehan Ahmed, Will Jacks, and Liam Dawson. Pietersen reiterated the importance of England's spinners putting up a good show and said that batting isn't necessarily as tough in India as recent results might make it seem. "It's how England's spinners bowl. Don't worry about Bazball. I'm sure they'll get their runs because it's the most beautiful place to bat. In the first innings, it's a great place to bat. If they get enough runs, [it's] all about how the spinners bowl." Pietersen spoke to Wisden.com on the sidelines at the [Legends League Cricket](https://llct20.com/), the final leg of which is being currently played in Surat, India. Playing for the India Capitals, Pietersen has managed 113 runs from four games at a strike rate of 167 and will be seen in action in the Qualifier 2 today (December 7).

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K-pop to land in South America The "United Cube Concert in Brazil" will be held on Dec. 13 at the venue Espaco das Americas in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with groups under the banner of Cube Entertainment. "We've been sad that we have never gotten a chance to meet fans in South America, but we are finally going to Brazil," said members of Beast, according to its agency, Cube Entertainment. "As this is the first K-pop concert in South America, we'll try to provide a quality concert to meet local fans' expectations." The groups represented by Cube Entertainment are also having a concert prior to the one in South America on Dec. 5 at O2 Brixton Academy in London. By Lee Sun-min

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It was started with just four students. It has 500 young learners today. Sri Saraswathi Gana Nilayam in Triplicane, which is 75 years old, has grown silently but steadily, staying away from limelight. Clearly, the number of students it has is evidence. Founded by Bharatnatyam exponent K. Lalitha, the school today is run by her first student Ranganayaki Jayaraman. For this 80-year-old, the school is life. "The school has given 500 arangetrams till date and many of my students have started their own dance schools abroad. Some are even teaching here," says Ranganayaki, who gave her maiden performance in front of Rukmani Devi Arundale, who, she says, was an inspiration to both her and her guru. The school follows the Tanjore style of dancing. "Over the years, we have adapted and improvised. We take all good features from other dance styles," she says. The school prides itself on being one of the first institutions to popularise group arangretarms of students. "Today, organising an arangretarm is nothing less that organising a marriage. It is a costly affair. To reduce the financial burden on parents, we had started the concept of group arangetrams where a maximum of five students give their first stage performance. Now, this has become common practice," says Satya, a student-turned teacher. Called the 'Thoppu Street dance school', it accords importance to perfection. "Though discipline is the thumb rule here, they are not strict with students. The school provides a friendly learning environment for children," says Balachander, a parent of a student learning dance at the institute. Thematic group performances are the highlight of this school. They have made presentations such as shakthi prabhavam, krishnanajali, navarasa nayaki, and kandha puranam to name a few. "During Navarathri, we organise a week-long dance programme at the school for the students. Within one year of their joining the school, students get to perform on stage in front of an audience," says Ranganayaki, who is known for her nattuvangam style. The school has taught famous people like actor Raja Sulochana, dance exponent Saroja Vaidyanathan and actor Revathy. The school also gives concession for underprivileged children to learn dance. "The fee is subsidised for them and we also bear charges for getting dresses stitched for such students," says Satya. The school is located at 6, Thoppu Street, Triplicane. For details, call 2844 3327.

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BENGALURU: Renowned space scientist and former Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Center (ISAC) director Dr SK Shivakumar passed away on Saturday after suffering from an illness for the past ten days. Dr Shivakumar was part of the team that developed the telemetry system for Chandrayaan-I - India's first lunar exploration mission. A native of Mysuru, he was responsible for designing deep space communications equipment. He was involved in the development of the 32-metre dish antenna that can communicate with satellites millions of miles away. He has served as director of ISAC and ISTRAC, two of Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) centres. He has been awarded the Rajyotsava Award, an honorary doctorate from Mysore University and the prestigious Padma Shri in 2010.

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"Science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated. Science, for me, gives a partial explanation of life. In so far as it goes, it is based on fact, experience, and experiment. . . . I agree that faith is essential to success in life, but I do not accept your definition of faith, i.e., belief in life after death. In my view, all that is necessary for faith is the belief that by doing our best we shall come nearer to success and that success in our aims (the improvement of the lot of mankind, present and future) is worth attaining." Rosalind Elsie Franklin, the brilliant chemist whose x-ray diffraction studies provided crucial clues to the structure of DNA and quantitatively confirmed the Watson-Crick DNA model, was born in London on July 25, 1920, the second of five children in a prominent Anglo-Jewish family. Her father Ellis Franklin was a partner at Keyser's Bank, one of the family's major businesses (publisher Routledge & Kegan Paul was another). Both he and his wife Muriel were active in charities and other community services. Rosalind attended St. Paul's School for Girls, which emphasized preparing its graduates for careers, not just for marriage. She had demonstrated an early aptitude for math and science, and an easy facility for other languages (she would eventually speak excellent French, good Italian, and passable German). Unlike many with a talent for languages, she had little ear for music; Gustav Holst, then music director at St. Paul's, once noted that Rosalind had improved to the point of singing "almost in tune." Franklin family vacations were often walking and hiking tours, and hiking became one of Rosalind's lifelong passions, as did foreign travel. "All her life," Franklin's mother later noted, "Rosalind knew exactly where she was going, and at sixteen, she took science for her subject." Rather than stay an extra year for more college preparation, she left St. Paul's in 1938 to enter Newnham College, one of two women's colleges at Cambridge University. (Her father did not, as some accounts state, oppose her in this, though he might have preferred her to choose a more traditional course afterward.) At Cambridge, Franklin majored in physical chemistry. Her undergraduate years were partly shaped by World War II; many instructors, especially in the sciences, had been pulled into war work. Some émigré faculty (e.g. biochemist Max Perutz) were detained as aliens. In one letter Franklin noted, "Practically the whole of the Cavendish [Laboratory] have disappeared. Biochemistry was almost entirely run by Germans and may not survive." Cambridge also took in a number of war refugees, including the French scientist Adrienne Weill, who arrived at Newnham in 1940, and became Franklin's mentor and friend. Franklin received her BA in 1941, and was awarded a scholarship for a further year of research, and a research grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. She spent that year in the laboratory of R. G. W. Norrish, a noted pioneer in photochemistry. In 1942, with the war still on, she had to decide whether to be drafted for more traditional war work or pursue a PhD-oriented research job in a field relevant to wartime needs. She chose the latter, and began work with the recently organized British Coal Utilisation Research Association (BCURA) that summer. For the next four years, Franklin worked to elucidate the micro-structures of various coals and carbons, and explain why some were more permeable by water, gases, or solvents and how heating and carbonization affected permeability. In this original work, she found that the pores in coal have fine constrictions at the molecular level, which increase with heating, and vary according to the carbon content of the coal. These act as "molecular sieves," successively blocking penetration of substances according to molecular size. Franklin was the first to identify and measure these micro-structures, and this fundamental work made it possible to classify coals and predict their performance to a high degree of accuracy. Her work at BCURA yielded a doctoral thesis--she received her PhD from Cambridge in 1945--and five scientific papers. After the war, Franklin began searching for different work. Adrienne Weill, who had returned to France, helped her get a position in Jacques Mering's lab at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimique de l'Etat in Paris. At the "labo" she learned how to analyze carbons using x-ray crystallography (also called x-ray diffraction analysis), becoming very proficient with the technique. Her work detailing the structures of graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons helped form the basis for the development of carbon fibers and new heat-resistant materials, and earned her an international reputation among coal chemists. She also enjoyed the collegial professional culture of the Laboratoire Central, and formed many lifelong friendships there. Though very happy in France, Franklin began seeking a position in England in 1949. Her friend Charles Coulson, a theoretical chemist, suggested she look into doing x-ray diffraction studies of large biological molecules. In 1950 she was awarded a three-year Turner and Newall Fellowship to work in John T. Randall's Biophysics Unit at King's College London. Randall had originally planned to have Franklin build up a crystallography section and work on analyzing proteins. At the suggestion of the assistant lab chief, Maurice Wilkins, however, Randall asked Franklin to investigate DNA instead. Wilkins had just begun doing x-ray diffraction work on some unusually good DNA samples. He expected that he and Franklin would work together, but Randall's communication to Franklin did not convey this; it said that only she and graduate student Raymond Gosling would do the DNA work. Her subsequent relations with Wilkins suffered from this misunderstanding (and perhaps from Franklin's unhappiness with the less collegial culture at King's). Within six months of her arrival at King's in early 1951, they were having very little to do with each other. Working with Gosling, Franklin took increasingly clear x-ray diffraction photos of DNA, and quickly discovered that there were two forms--wet and dry--which produced very different pictures. The wet form she realized was probably helical in structure, with the phosphates on the outside of the ribose chains. Her mathematical analyses of the dry form diffractions, however, did not indicate a helical structure, and she spent over a year trying to resolve the differences. By early 1953 she had concluded that both forms had two helices. Meanwhile, at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, Francis Crick and James Watson were working on a theoretical model of DNA. Though not in close communication with Franklin, in January 1953 they gleaned crucial insights about DNA's structure from one of her x-ray diffraction photos shown to them by Wilkins, and from a summary of her unpublished research submitted to the Medical Research Council. Watson and Crick never told Franklin that they had seen her materials, and they did not directly acknowledge their debt to her work when they published their classic announcement in Nature that April. Crick later admitted that Franklin was two steps away from realizing the correct structure in the spring of 1953. By that time, Franklin had arranged to transfer her fellowship to J. D. Bernal's crystallography laboratory at Birkbeck College, where she turned her attention to the structure of plant viruses, particularly tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Working with a team that included future Nobelist Aaron Klug, Franklin made meticulous x-ray diffraction photos of the viruses. Her analyses of the diffraction patterns revealed, among other things, that TMV's genetic material (RNA) was embedded in the inner wall of its protective protein shell. This work involved collaboration with many other virus researchers, particularly in the United States. Franklin made two lengthy visits there, in 1954 and 1956, and established a network of contacts all over the country, including Robley Williams, Barry Commoner, and Wendell Stanley. Her expertise in virus structures was recognized by the Royal Institution in 1956, when its director honored her with a request to construct large-scale models of rod-shaped and spherical viruses for the 1958 Brussels World's Fair Science Exhibition. In the fall of 1956 Franklin was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. For the next 18 months she underwent surgeries and other treatments; she had several periods of remission, during which she continued working in her lab and seeking funding for her research team. She died in London on April 16, 1958. Throughout her 16-year career, Franklin published steadily: 19 articles on coals and carbons, 5 on DNA, and 21 on viruses. During her last few years, she received increasing numbers of invitations to speak at conferences all over the world, and it is likely that her virus work would have earned awards and other professional recognition, had she lived to continue it. Franklin's scientific achievements, both in coal chemistry and virus structure research were considerable. Her peers in those fields acknowledged this during her life and after her death. But it is her role in the discovery of DNA structure that has garnered the most public attention. Crick, Watson, and Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on the structure of DNA. None gave Franklin credit for her contributions at that time. Franklin's work on DNA may have remained a quiet footnote in that story had Watson not caricatured her in his 1968 memoir, The Double Helix. There he presented Franklin as "Rosy," a bad-tempered, arrogant bluestocking who jealously guarded her data from colleagues, even though she was not competent to interpret it. His book proved very popular, even though many of those featured in the story--including Crick, Wilkins, and Linus Pauling--protested Watson's treatment of Franklin, as did many reviewers. In 1975, Franklin's friend Anne Sayre published a biography in angry rebuttal to Watson's account, and Franklin's role in the discovery became better known. Numerous articles and several documentaries have attempted to highlight her part in "the race for the double helix," often casting her as a feminist martyr, cheated of a Nobel prize both by misogynist colleagues and by her early death. However, as her second biographer, Brenda Maddox, has noted, this too is caricature, and unfairly obscures both a brilliant scientific career and Franklin herself.

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Tourism in the Economy of Madhya Pradesh Daya Publishing House, 1987 - Tourism, in recent years, has assumed a pivotal role in the infrastructural development of both international and national economies. Today Tourism occupies the position of the second most important industry in the world next only to the oil industry. The author has analysed the role of tourism from the macro-initiative to a micro-realization of its benefits. In this study the state of Madhya Pradesh has been selected for its spots of tourist interest. The author has provided a graphic economic analysis with its multiplier co-efficients on tourists expenditures and development of local infrastructural facilities keeping in view the regional employment potential. The book enhances our understanding of the quantifiable economic variables related to the industry as a mass consumption phenomenon. Tourism has been able to open up new vistas of challenge and opportunity which need to be harnessed significantly by the emergence of a new sector called the Tourist Industry. Contents Chapter 1: Tourism in the National Economy; Chapter 2: Review of Literature; Chapter 3: Tourism in Madhya Pradesh; Chapter 4: Employment Potential of Tourism in the State; Chapter 5: Financial Aspects of Tourism; Chapter 6: An Overview.

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WHO WE ARE The Art of Living Free Schools aims to provide free, holistic, value-based education to under-privileged children in rural, tribal and socioeconomically backward places in India. Today, this vision has spread across 22 states in India, with 1262+ schools in rural and remote areas providing free value- based, holistic education to over 84689+ students. They are provided textbooks, uniforms, mid-day meals and in some cases transportation free of cost. The practice of yoga and meditation is integrated into the curriculum of the school and co-curricular activities such as dance, drama, sports, arts and crafts, literary competitions, tree planting campaigns and educational trips ensure the all-round development of the child.

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ISLAMABAD - Armed men may have burned down a yoga center in Pakistan after it was criticized during a provocative television talk show, local observers said Monday. The Art of Living, a non-profit organization whose spiritual leader is an Indian yogi, was set on fire Saturday evening, three weeks after outspoken television anchor Arshad Sharif suggested it was a potential threat to Pakistan's national security. The two nuclear armed nations are fierce rivals and have fought four wars and countless skirmishes. In a Feb. 14 episode of his prime-time show "Kyoon?" - meaning "Why?" – Sharif suggested that the facility's spiritual leader, India yoga guru Sri Sri Ravi Sankar, "could be a national security threat to Pakistan" by having access to important officials. The center's president, Naeem Zamindar, said the facility - which is registered in compliance with Pakistani law - was a retreat meant for spreading happiness. The center, in Islamabad's affluent Bani Gala suburb, was attacked at about 8 p.m. local time [10 a.m. ET] Saturday, police said. "Eight to nine armed men approached the yoga center. They then proceeded to round up and tie up all three watchmen, and then went on to take their time to burn the place with the petrol they were carrying," said Mohammad Imran, the Assistant Duty Officer of the Bani Gala police station. There was an angry response on social media, where Sharif's detractors likened him to Meher Bokhari, another Pakistan anchor whose television face-off with a liberal governor, Salman Taseer, was said to have led to the latter's assassination in 2011. On Pakistan Tea House, a liberal blog, a clip of SHARIF'S show was published along with the caption: "Media back to work. Last time, they had incited violence against [governor] Salmaan Taseer and got him martyred. Now their show has resulted in the attack and destruction of Art of Living Center in Islamabad." Sharif told NBC News that the show had discussed "accountability of all these foreign organizations in Pakistan - that's it." "There was much more going on than yoga at that place," he added. "There are democratic and national security implications to our work and debate. And there is a need for accountability for every dollar spent in Pakistan," he said. Raza Rumi, a broadcast journalist who appears on Express News, a rival channel to that of Sharif, said: "Sadly, Pakistani broadcast media has turned into a vehicle which articulates public prejudices at large. But in this case I would hesitate to make a direct connection between the show and the events that happened." He instead blamed the Pakistan government for failing to tackle extremism. "What's of concern is the encirclement of Islamabad by jihadi organizations and seminaries that preach violence. Sure, the media has a part to play. But ultimately the state is failing to fulfill its obligations to protect its citizens." Alastair Jamieson contributed to this report from London.

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Srinagar: Spiritual leader and the Art of Living founder, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar on Wednesday termed the Kashmiri separatists and militants as cash-cows and claimed that ninety percent of the Valley's 'neglected' people want peace. Sri Sri who was speaking to reporters after the launch of South Asian Peace Forum Programme 'Back to Paradise Kashmir' organised by the Art of Living foundation in the restive State's winter capital Jammu said, "High percentage of people living in Kashmir want peace but they feel neglected" and ignored" as their voice is not heard outside and even not being highlighted by the media". He added, "The solution to the Kashmir problem can only come from the Kashmiris". The meet is being attended by Kashmir's multiple stakeholders including ex-militants, families of victims of violence, youth leaders, women, entrepreneurs, parents bodies, select Kashmiri NGOs, Sufi leaders, academicians, media, persons in art and culture, representatives of the Sikh community and some of those who have indulged in stone-throwing, a spokesman of the AOL said. Sri Sri said the purpose of holding the meet was to provide platform and space to the "ignored" section of people in the Kashmir Valley, which is around 90 percent and they want peace for an overall development, progress and prosperity of the region." He, however, said that some Imams (religious preachers) also met him and they also batted for peace but expressed resentment that nobody listened to them. Replying questions, he said that peace was the only way out in Kashmir and that "it is proven that conflict becomes cash-cow for some people and they do not give up." He asserted, "Such elements earn in the name of struggle and freedom movements, but actually they also don't know from whom and what 'Aazadi' (freedom) they want." He added that the people need to understand this and must come forward and realise the truth. Speaking speaking at the conference, Sri Sri said, "Many of you have traveled 12 and 15 hours to get here because you are deeply pained by what has happened in the recent months." He added, "I have not come here with a ready-made solution. We will all have to come together, sit together and bring out a solution. Solutions cannot be found in the streets, not with stones and guns." He also said, "Kashmir has been a bastion of the intellectuals, artists, spiritual leaders, Sufis, literary greats, Rishis and Munis. But unfortunately today, we are helplessly watching schools being burnt, schools and buses are being burnt, shops being gutted. There are many sane voices which are unheard. The common man is caught between harthaal and curfews. So there is a dire need for a platform where common people can express their opinions, ideas. So I thought we should come together and form a platform, South Asian Forum for Peace." A statement issued by the AOL later said that it is for the first time in recent months that such a diverse and large representation of stakeholders from Jammu and Kashmir came together for a dialogue on peaceful and prosperous Kashmir.

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PlayStation, books, music, and a whole lot of runs Meet Riyan Parag, the 15-year-old Assam batsman who has just scored the second-fastest fifty in recorded youth Tests, and his steeped-in-sports parents Three weeks before his tenth standard board exams in March, [Riyan Parag](https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1079434.html)received a phone call that would give him tremendous joy but a hint of anxiety too. All of 15, he had been picked in Assam's senior state side for the Inter-state T20 competition. But that would also mean he'd barely have 48 hours to prepare for his first exam. Faced with the quandary, Riyan approached his parents - both sportspersons - for advice on academics vis-à-vis cricket. "You may not get this opportunity again. Touch your heart and tell me what you want to do," [Parag Das](https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28003.html), his father, asked. "Cricket," answered the boy. That would be it. Riyan packed his bags and joined the senior state squad, trained, debuted in the T20s, and followed that up by playing two 50-over matches in the Vijay Hazare Trophy. His parents' go-ahead wasn't surprising. Das, a former first-class cricketer who played for Assam and Railways, was brought up on sport in a family of academicians. Mithu Baruah, Riyan's mother, is a former national swimmer and one-time record holder in 50m freestyle who represented India at the Asian Championships and SAF Games during the course of a decade-long swimming career, which she gave up in 1998, three years before Riyan was born. The fortnight in which his results were announced vindicated their decision to put cricket over academics. It would give Riyan double joy. He secured a cumulative grade point average of 8.6 (distinction) in his CBSE exams. Then came the sweet news of his selection in India's Under-19 squad for the two youth Tests in England. A first foreign trip beckoned. It's a decision the sports-loving couple now look back on with pride as Riyan finished the two youth Tests in England as India's second-highest run-getter, behind [Prithvi Shaw](https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1070168.html). His twin fifties in the [first-game](https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17886/scorecard/1108601/England-Under-19s-vs-India-Under-19s-1st-Youth-Test)- including a 33-ball half-century, the second-fastest behind Virat Kohli in recorded youth Tests, helped India set up a declaration and paved way for a 334-run victory in Chesterfield. [second Test](https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17886/scorecard/1108602/England-Under-19s-vs-India-Under-19s-2nd-Youth-Test-ind-u19-in-eng-2017-2017), he made a half-century in India's quest for quick runs, strung a 131-run stand with [Shubman Gill](https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1070173.html)for the fourth wicket and set up a 2-0 series win. Prior to the tour, he finished a bumper season, in which he was the second-highest run-getter in the 2016-17 Cooch Behar Trophy, with 642 runs in 14 innings and a best of 202 not out. As Riyan started the final day of his tour batting on 25, his parents are glued to the internet, counting every run he scored. His father, who doubles up as his coach, is delighted at his self-confidence. His mother calls him a fiercely independent and a mature individual whose ability to prioritise his life at a young age gives him an edge. "He's very level-headed in the way he goes about his routines," she tells ESPNcricinfo. "If he had to be at training early in the morning, he would go irrespective of how tired he is or how late he sleeps. He always wanted to play cricket. Being around his father and watching him go through his routines during his playing days rubbed off on Riyan. This wasn't forced onto him, but once he chose it, we backed him completely." Das, who works for the North-east Frontier Railways, moved from Maligaon, on the outskirts of Guwahati, to the vicinity of the Nehru Stadium to give his son's career shape. At the stadium, in 2010, Riyan's batting would impress [Sandeep Patil](https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32283.html), who was tasked with identifying talented boys for the Under-16 camp through an all-India talent hunt programme. Two weeks after Patil left Guwahati, the family would receive a call from Assam Cricket Association, informing them of Riyan's selection for the camp. Joy would, however, quickly dissipate as the BCCI decided to put off the residential camp that year. He would, however, be called in for trials for the Under-16 team, and would be watched closely by his father. He made his Under-16 debut as a 12-year old in 2013. In the following year, he started his Under-19 career for Assam with a half-century on debut against Baroda. "As a 14-year old, he was so impressive that he stood out among our young batsmen," says Sanath Kumar, who had two stints as Assam's head coach and led them to the Ranji Trophy semi-finals in 2015-16. "I suggested his name for the senior team that season because the way he approached our senior fast bowlers, Krishna Das and Arup Das, impressed me. His picking of lengths and temperament was unbelievable at that age. But the selectors felt he was too young." While Riyan has climbed his way up the state's ladder since, his parents don't want their son to be burdened by expectation. "When he's here, we let him have a normal life. PlayStation, books and music," his mother says. "That way, he really is himself. If he misses classes, he finds ways to make up. Studying also gives him a release." The next realistic target, they believe, is the Under-19 World Cup in New Zealand early next year. While Riyan isn't part of the one-day squad on the ongoing tour of England, his parents believe it's only a matter of time. An Under-19 Asia Cup, which is in the pipeline for October-November, could be his next window. There's every chance a Ranji Trophy debut could happen too. For now, however, there's one reason less to worry. "More cricket, little more than studies," as per his wish. Shashank Kishore is a senior sub-editor at ESPNcricinfo

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Germany v England 5pm GMT Monday 8 September 2014 A fabulous half-volley in Munich back in 2001 which put his side 2-1 ahead and set the Three Lions on the way to a victory we will never forget. On Monday night another England team travels to Germany - John Peacock's U19s. Childhood Liverpool fan Deli Alli, who has enjoyed an impressive goalscoring run for MK Dons, admits he would like nothing more than to emulate his hero and break his international duck in Oberhausen. "It's something I have been thinking about to be honest," Alli told TheFA.com. "I've had a few chances when I've been playing for England and I feel like they've been easy chances, but I've just been messing up so I can't wait to get off the mark. "I am actually a Liverpool fan and Gerrard is someone I look up to massively. "If the ball drops for me on Monday like it did for him against Germany, I'm smashing it. "If I get the goal I'll obviously be happy but the win is all that matters." The tall midfielder goes on to tell us how he loves watching top players in top leagues and trying to learn from their style of play. He admits to having spent plenty of time watching videos of Gerrard but when asked whether he feels his style reflects that of the former England captain a smile forms on his face. "Harry Winks and I were talking about who I play like and he was trying to tell me I'm like Fernandinho but I'm not having that," he says before telling us with a grin, "I'd prefer to think I'm a cross between Gerrard and Yaya Toure." "Harry Winks tries to tell me I'm like Fernandinho...I prefer to think I'm a cross between Yaya Toure and Gerrard." Dele Alli England U19s Alli has enjoyed quite the rise to prominence in the past two years. After breaking into the MK Dons' side in 2012-13 he went on to make an impressive 37 appearances in all competitions at the tender age of 17. And he admits that he surpassed his own expectations. He added: "Last year I set myself a target of making 10 appearances and, in the end, I outdid myself by some distance but this year I've got more expectations. "I was out for eight weeks with an ankle injury which put me back a bit but it gave me a lot of time to work on my upper body strength because, before that, I was a bit weak and a bit fragile. "Mentally I feel like I can deal with a lot more now as well." Alli's progress has also been good on the international scene, having seamlessly moved from the U17s into the U18s and now the 18-year old finds himself a part of the U19s set up. And the Dons' midfielder has lofty ambitions with England, too. He said: "Every kid wants to play for their country. It's a great honour and I feel really privileged to be here. "But obviously you want to target getting into that first team and that's what I'm aiming for."

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Nature of Auxins The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein which means to grow. Compounds are generally considered auxins if they can be characterized by their ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus "helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). History of Auxins and Pioneering Experiments Auxins were the first plant hormones discovered. Charles Darwin was among the first scientists to dabble in plant hormone research. In his book "The Power of Movement in Plants" presented in 1880, he first describes the effects of light on movement of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis) coleoptiles. The coleoptile is a specialized leaf originating from the first node which sheaths the epicotyl in the plants seedling stage protecting it until it emerges from the ground. When unidirectional light shines on the coleoptile, it bends in the direction of the light. If the tip of the coleoptile was covered with aluminum foil, no bending would occur towards the unidirectional light. However if the tip of the coleoptile was left uncovered but the portion just below the tip was covered, exposure to unidirectional light resulted in curvature toward the light. Darwin's experiment suggested that the tip of the coleoptile was the tissue responsible for perceiving the light and producing some signal which was transported to the lower part of the coleoptile where the physiological response of bending occurred. He then cut off the tip of the coleoptile and exposed the rest of the coleoptile to unidirectional light to see if curving occurred. Curvature did not occur confirming the results of his first experiment (Darwin, 1880). It was in 1885 that Salkowski discovered indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in fermentation media (Salkowski, 1885). The isolation of the same product from plant tissues would not be found in plant tissues for almost 50 years. IAA is the major auxin involved in many of the physiological processes in plants (Arteca, 1996). In 1907, Fitting studied the effect of making incisions on either the light or dark side of the plant. His results were aimed at understanding if translocation of the signal occurred on a particular side of the plant but his results were inconclusive because the signal was capable of crossing or going around the incision (Fitting, 1907). In 1913, Boysen-Jensen modified Fritting's experiment by inserting pieces of mica to block the transport of the signal and showed that transport of auxin toward the base occurs on the dark side of the plant as opposed to the side exposed to the unidirectional light (Boysen-Jensen, 1913). In 1918, Paal confirmed Boysen-Jensen's results by cutting off coleoptile tips in the dark, exposing only the tips to the light, replacing the coleoptile tips on the plant but off centered to one side or the other. Results showed that whichever side was exposed to the coleoptile, curvature occurred toward the other side (Paal, 1918). Soding was the next scientist to extend auxin research by extending on Paal's idea. He showed that if tips were cut off there was a reduction in growth but if they were cut off and then replaced growth continued to occur (Soding, 1925). In 1926, a graduate student from Holland by the name of Fritz Went published a report describing how he isolated a plant growth substance by placing agar blocks under coleoptile tips for a period of time then removing them and placing them on decapitated Avena stems (Went, 1926). After placement of the agar, the stems resumed growth (see below). In 1928, Went developed a method of quantifying this plant growth substance. His results suggested that the curvatures of stems were proportional to the amount of growth substance in the agar (Went, 1928). This test was called the avena curvature test. Much of our current knowledge of auxin was obtained from its applications. Went's work had a great influence in stimulating plant growth substance research. He is often credited with dubbing the term auxin but it was actually Kogl and Haagen-Smit who purified the compound auxentriolic acid (auxin A) from human urine in 1931 (Kogl and Haagen-Smit, 1931). Later Kogl isolated other compounds from urine which were similar in structure and function to auxin A, one of which was indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) initially discovered by Salkowski in 1985. In 1954 a committee of plant physiologists was set up to characterize the group auxins. The term comes from the Greek auxein meaning "to grow." Compounds are generally considered auxins if they are synthesized by the plant and are substances which share similar activity to IAA (the first auxin to be isolated from plants) (Arteca, 1996; Davies, 1995). Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Auxin IAA is chemically similar to the amino acid tryptophan which is generally accepted to be the molecule from which IAA is derived. Three mechanisms have been suggested to explain this conversion: - Tryptophan is converted to indolepyruvic acid through a transamination reaction. Indolepyruvic acid is then converted to indoleacetaldehyde by a decarboxylation reaction. The final step involves oxidation of indoleacetaldehyde resulting in indoleacetic acid. - Tryptophan undergoes decarboxylation resulting in tryptamine. Tryptamine is then oxidized and deaminated to produce indoleacetaldehyde. This molecule is further oxidized to produce indoleacetic acid. As recently as 1991, this 3rd mechanism has evolved. IAA can be produced via a tryptophan-independent mechanism. This mechanism is poorly understood, but has been proven using trp(-) mutants. Other experiments have shown that, in some plants, this mechanism is actually the preferred mechanism of IAA biosynthesis. The enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of IAA are most active in young tissues such as shoot apical meristems and growing leaves and fruits. The same tissues are the locations where the highest concentrations of IAA are found. One way plants can control the amount of IAA present in tissues at a particular time is by controlling the biosynthesis of the hormone. Another control mechanism involves the production of conjugates which are, in simple terms, molecules which resemble the hormone but are inactive. The formation of conjugates may be a mechanism of storing and transporting the active hormone. Conjugates can be formed from IAA via hydrolase enzymes. Conjugates can be rapidly activated by environmental stimuli signaling a quick hormonal response. Degradation of auxin is the final method of controlling auxin levels. This process also has two proposed mechanisms outlined below: - The oxidation of IAA by oxygen resulting in the loss of the carboxyl group and 3-methyleneoxindole as the major breakdown product. IAA oxidase is the enzyme which catalyzes this activity. Conjugates of IAA and synthetic auxins such as 2,4-D can not be destroyed by this activity. - C-2 of the heterocyclic ring may be oxidized resulting in oxindole-3-acetic acid. C-3 may be oxidized in addition to C-2 resulting in dioxindole-3-acetic acid. - The mechanisms by which biosynthesis and degradation of auxin molecules occur are important to future agricultural applications. Information regarding auxin metabolism will most likely lead to genetic and chemical manipulation of endogenous hormone levels resulting in desirable growth and differentiation of important crop species. Ultimately, the possibility exists to regulate plant growth without the use of hazardous herbicides and fertilizers (Davies, 1995; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Functions of Auxin The following are some of the responses that auxin is known to cause (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). - Stimulates cell elongation - Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with cytokinins in tissue culture - Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem - Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root development in tissue culture - Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity and light - The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral buds - Delays leaf senescence - Can inhibit or promote (via ethylene stimulation) leaf and fruit abscission - Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants - Involved in assimilate movement toward auxin possibly by an effect on phloem transport - Delays fruit ripening - Promotes flowering in Bromeliads - Stimulates growth of flower parts - Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers - Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations

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Cleveland Cavaliers vs Chicago Bulls David Blatt (left) and associate head coach Tyronn Lue both call out a defensive set up in the fourth quarter of a game last season. (John Kuntz, cleveland.com) CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Four days following the Cleveland Cavaliers' worst loss of the season against the Golden State Warriors, the team fired head coach David Blatt. Tyronn Lue, Blatt's top assistant, was elevated as head coach effective immediately. The Cavs will host the Chicago Bulls Saturday night at Quicken Loans Arena. Blatt helped lead the Cavaliers to the NBA Finals in his first season, losing to the Warriors, 4-2. An expected title contender once again this season, the Cavaliers are 30-11, the top seed in the Eastern Conference, and have won 11 of the last 13 games. However, the two losses have come against the league's elite, Golden State and San Antonio. Blatt, one of the most decorated coaches in European basketball history before coming to the NBA, finishes his Cleveland tenure with a regular season record of 83-40. "I am very grateful to have had the opportunity to serve as the Head Coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers," Blatt wrote in a statement released by Priority Sports and Entertainment on Friday. "I'd like to thank Dan Gilbert and David Griffin for giving me this opportunity and am honored to have worked with an amazing group of players from LeBron James, Kyrie Irving and Kevin Love through our entire roster. "I'd also like to express my extreme gratitude to my coaching staff. I am indebted to them for their professionalism hard work, loyalty and friendship. I am proud of what we have accomplished since I have been the Head Coach and wish the Cavaliers nothing but the best this season and beyond."

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2019 has been an amazing year for cricket in Nigeria: Their U19 beat all odds to qualify for the 2020 U19 World Cup in South Africa. They will appear at the event alongside fellow debutants The "Yellow Greens" went to Kampala for the Men's T20 World Cup Asia Finals as the second qualifier from West Africa behind neighbours Ghana from their sub-regional. The Africa Finals were affected by rain with only 10 of the scheduled 15 games possible, but the rain came with some fortune for Nigeria as they managed to get valuable points against home side Uganda and eventual winners Namibia due to washouts. The two points were added to the wins against Ghana and Botswana. There was more fortune for Nigeria as the home side Uganda failed against neighbours Kenya and winners Namibia, with their only win coming against Ghana. Once it came down to points Nigeria, finished in third place ahead of home side Uganda who finished in lowly 4th. A third place finish was not good enough to qualify automatically, but a decision at the ICC conference in May to suspend Zimbabwe opened up an extra spot for an African team, and that is how Nigeria got their shot at the T20 World Cup. Fortune might have favoured their path to UAE but it doesn't mean they are not ready. Named as a targeted growth nation by the ICC, Nigeria has made great strides in developing the game in the country. With a population of over 200 million to grow the game among, the Nigerian Cricket Association has invested in infrastructure as well as their human resource in terms of players and coaches. Their U19 squad shocked the nation – and the cricketing world – by winning the Worlds Cup Africa Qualifiers in Namibia, going unbeaten past seasoned teams such as Uganda, Kenya and Namibia. In the years leading up to these international tournaments Nigeria has visited Uganda twice and even though they have generally gone down to Uganda's Cricket Cranes, they have clearly gained much from the experience. This year they ventured into Zimbabwe, playing against local teams ahead of major tournaments. Before leaving the continent for the Middle East the Men's squad toured Zimbabwe, playing seven games against Rhinos Cricket Club in Kwekwe. That tour was followed by a trip to Sharjah UAE where they played three more T20s including a win against former World Cup semi-finalists [Kenya](https://www.emergingcricket.com/events/mens-t20-world-cup/nigeria-shock-kenya-by-49-runs-in-world-cup-qualifier-warm-up-t20/), making a total of 10 tune-up matches against quality opposition before a major tournament. Coach Clive Uthe Ogbimi has added three U19 players Sylvester Okpe, Sulaimon Runsewe, Taiwo Mohammed to gain some much needed exposure ahead of the U19 World Cup early next year. Much will be expected from senior players Ademola Onikoyi (Captain), Daniel Gim, Chima Akachukwu, Abiodun Abioye. Coach Clive told Emerging Cricket "We have tried to keep on improving our work rate. Reinforcing the need to do the basics right and more consistently. We mentioned the policy of seeking superior firepower on playing/ training tours like the recent Zimbabwe tour of Kwekwe." Nigeria may be touching down in UAE as underdogs, but they travel there with every intention of leaving their mark on the event, and should not be written off as easy beats by any of the other six sides in Group B. Playing all round-robin matches in Abu Dhabi, they will come up against some of the stronger Associates in the game's shortest international format being UAE, Oman, Hong Kong, Jersey and Canada, as well as Ireland, a match which will be the countries first Men's international against a Test nation, after the women [faced ](https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19212/scorecard/1182656/zimbabwe-women-vs-nigeria-women-group-a-icc-womens-t20-world-cup-africa-region-qualifier-2019)Zimbabwe in the regional finals in Harare in May 2019. Let the games begin. Full Nigeria Squad: 1. Ademola Onikoyi © 2. Sylvester Okpe (VC) 3. Sesan Adedeji 4. Chimezie Onwuzulike 5. Vincent Adewoye 6. Leke Oyede 7. Isaac Okpe 8. Daniel Gim 9. Segun Ogundipe 10. Chima Akachukwu 11. Abiodun Abioye 12. Taiwo Mohammed 13. Sulaimon Runsewe 14. Yusuf Gershon 15. Daniel Ajekun

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The 22-year-old has previously played against the county during his time at Loughborough University, while also representing the clubâs second team Leicestershire have signed Zimbabwe-born batsman Nick Welch on a deal that will see him remain at the club until at least the end of the 2022 season. The 22-year-old has previously played against the county during his time at Loughborough University, while also representing the club's second team. In 2019, he scored 404 runs in six matches at an average of 80.8, with a high score of 119. In 2018, he also played for Surrey's second string, making scores of 175 and 149, before averaging 27.16 in 2019. Welch made his first-class debut in 2014 for Mashonaland Eagles in a side also featuring internationals Prosper Utseya, Sikandar Raza, Elton Chigumbura and Mark Vermeulen. During his time at Loughborough, he also played alongside seamer Alex Evans, who has also since signed professional terms with Leicestershire. Hassan Azad is another to have come through the Loughborough system, prior to excelling with Leicestershire. For unrivalled coverage of the county season, subscribe to The Cricketer and [receive 3 issues for £5](https://shop.thecricketer.com/subOffer/3for5)

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A Head Full Of Dreams film announcedOct 12, 2018 Good afternoon. The band have just announced a new film, A HEAD FULL OF DREAMS, which throws the doors wide open on Coldplay's colourful 20 year history. The film will be available to stream exclusively on Amazon Prime Video from Friday, November 16 in the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand, with local language versions available globally soon after. The documentary release will be preceded by a special one-night showing of the film in collaboration with Trafalgar Releasing in more than 2,000 cinemas globally, on Wednesday, November 14. Tickets are on sale from Friday, October 19 from A HEAD FULL OF DREAMS offers an in-depth and intimate portrait of the band's spectacular rise from the backrooms of Camden pubs to selling out stadiums across the planet. The film is helmed by Mat Whitecross – director of Supersonic, the acclaimed 2016 Oasis documentary – who met the four friends at college in 1996, before they'd even formed the band. From the very first rehearsal in a cramped student bedroom, Mat has been there to capture the music and the relationships on tape. In conjunction with the launch of A HEAD FULL OF DREAMS on Amazon Prime Video, the band will premiere three live tracks, available to stream only on Amazon Music, beginning Friday, October 26. The tracks are: Stayin' Alive (Live at Glastonbury) by Coldplay & Barry Gibb, Us Against The World (Live in Leipzig) and Don't Panic (Live in Paris).

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Sign up for IQ Index The latest industry news to your inbox. The one-night-only cinema release of the new Coldplay concert film grossed more than $3.5m worldwide By IQ on 16 Nov 2018 Mat Whitecross's new Coldplay film, A Head Full of Dreams, sold more than 300,000 tickets for a global gross of over US$3.5m for Wednesday's one-night-only cinema screening. Charting the band's 20-plus-year journey towards stadium-filling superstardom, Coldplay: A Head Full of Dreams combines live footage from the recent A Head Full of Dreams stadium tour – the [third highest-grossing of all time](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/coldplays-a-head-full-of-dreams-tour-becomes-third-highest-grossing-world-tour-of-all-time-300557449.html) – with archive material captured over the past three decades. The film was shown at 2,650 cinemas globally on 14 November, reaching the number-one spot on the Dutch film chart, No2 in the UK, Australia and Italy and No5 in the US. "It was fantastic to launch the documentary with the one-night-only cinema release," comments Coldplay manager Dave Holmes. "We saw Coldplay fans from every corner of the globe heading to cinemas to experience the film together, and the feedback has been incredibly positive. "We saw Coldplay fans from every corner of the globe heading to cinemas to experience the film together" It's been great working alongside Trafalgar on such a well-received global event." Trafalgar CEO Marc Allenby adds: "It's been an exciting 2018 for Trafalgar Releasing and we are so pleased to see A Head Full of Dreams achieve such a fantastic record-breaking box office. Collaborating closely with Warner Music, Parlophone and Dave Holmes Management, we were able to talk directly to fans of Coldplay around the world, who came out to support the film's release in cinemas." Trafalgar's next release is [Burn The Stage: the Movie](https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bts/8485249/bts-burn-the-stage-the-movie-opens-worldwide-pre-sale-tickets), the first film from K-pop sensations BTS, which plays from yesterday (15 November), with coordinated encores over the weekend. Get more stories like this in your inbox by signing up for [IQ Index](https://www.iq-mag.net/iq-index/), IQ's free email digest of essential live music industry news.

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was one of the actresses who not only called out people who sexually and physically abused her but has also been inspiring other women through her writings. In an exclusive chat with Zoom, she opened up about the response that has been garnering and her abusive relationship with The actress who has accused , Zain Durrani and , spoke about her abusive relationship with Zain. She said that she had met him in Delhi during the shooting of âKickâ at a party. Initially, during their relationship, she did not notice the signs which were very obvious now when she sees back. There were arguments and fights but you tend to forget when you are in love with a person. However, she revealed that later it started to get abusive. She remembered cutting off from her friends and family. She said that she did not know how to address this abusing as he was still a nice person in front of her mother and her friends. She also thought that he was hitting her because she had something wrong. She did not want to be a coward so she chose to stay in the relationship. According to her, physical abuse gets normalized since our childhood when our fathers hit us stating that they care about us and do not want us to do something wrong. We feel similarly when our partners hit us. Now, the actress has not only spoken about her horrifying experiences but is also inspiring many others to do the same. The actress, who has contributed in the ongoing #MeToo movement, says she feels better about it in the long run. More than the accused stepping down, she feels great about women stepping up and coming out. She also said that we have a responsibility of who we work with, people we interact and actions that you are a witness to. She feels it is about time we started talking about it and addressed the sexism that exists in the industry. Check out the video here: Saloni Chopra opens up about her Abusive Relationship with Zain Durrani | #MeToo India [TOI's policy on covering #MeToo](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tois-policy-on-covering-metoo/articleshow/66214582.cms)

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Stephen Hawking to give up prestigious Cambridge title Stephen Hawking, one of the world's most well-known scientists, will retire from his prestigious post at Cambridge University next year, but intends to continue his studies of time and space at the university. Hawking, 66, is Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, a title once held by the great 18th century physicist Isaac Newton. The university said Friday that he would step down at the end of the academic year in September 2009, but would continue working under the title of Emeritus Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. "We look forward to him continuing his academic work at the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics, playing a leading role in research in cosmology and gravitation," said Professor Peter Haynes, who heads the department. University policy is that officeholders must retire when they become 67, a spokesman said. Hawking will reach that milestone on Jan. 8. Hawking, known best for his book A Brief History of Time, became a scientific celebrity through his theories on black holes and the nature of time, work that he carried on despite becoming paralyzed by motor neurone disease. Hawking first earned prominence for his theoretical work on black holes. Disproving the belief that black holes are so dense that nothing could escape their gravitational pull, he showed that black holes leak a tiny bit of light and other types of radiation, now known as "Hawking radiation."

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Wild was one of twelve people at the meeting at which the club was founded, held at the Solé Gymnasium on November 29, 1899. From a wealthy Swiss family, he was the oldest of the original club members and his colleagues unanimously named him president. Wild was a highly versatile gentleman who also appeared in ten matches for the team, including its very first. But what he will always be most remembered for was what he did as president. Wild allowed his flat in Carrer Princesa to be used for board meetings, and maintained an ongoing diplomatic dispute with another FC Català, as to which was the oldest football club in Barcelona. One of Wild's most important achievements as president was the way he managed to get Barça its first home ground, without having to share it with FC Català, at Hotel Casanovas. Walter Wild was re-elected president three times between December 13, 1899 and December 27, 1900, but was forced to resign on April 25, 1901 because he had to leave for England, having been FC Barcelona president for 513 days. The same day that he presented his resignation, he was named an honorary member in recognition of everything he had done for the club. Wild followed very little of the way the club progressed thereafter, and almost half a century later, when he was the guest of honour at FC Barcelona's Golden Anniversary, he was astounded to see how the club he had presided over 50 years before had grown.

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Pakistan and Sri Lanka agree in principle to points system for England tour The Pakistan Cricket Board has reportedly agreed to a proposal from the England & Wales Cricket Board to implement a points system for their tour of England later this summer [that was put to SLC](https://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2016/content/story/999599.html)earlier this month, ahead of their own tour of England in May and June. The idea comes in the wake of the successful implementation of a similar system for the last three Women's Ashes contests. [Ben Stokes](https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/311158.html)was less enamoured, particularly by the suggestion that the idea might eventually be rolled out to the men's Ashes. Andrew Miller is UK editor of ESPNcricinfo. He tweets

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[English (pdf)](https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022.pdf) [Swedish](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2022/193954-press-release-swedish/) [Swedish (pdf)](https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022-swedish-2.pdf) [The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet](http://nobelprizemedicine.org) has today decided to award the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution Humanity has always been intrigued by its origins. Where do we come from, and how are we related to those who came before us? What makes us, Homo sapiens, different from other hominins? Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections. Pääbo's seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline; paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human. Where do we come from? The question of our origin and what makes us unique has engaged humanity since ancient times. Paleontology and archeology are important for studies of human evolution. Research provided evidence that the anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens, first appeared in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago, while our closest known relatives, Neanderthals, developed outside Africa and populated Europe and Western Asia from around 400,000 years until 30,000 years ago, at which point they went extinct. About 70,000 years ago, groups of Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to the Middle East and, from there they spread to the rest of the world. Homo sapiens and Neanderthals thus coexisted in large parts of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years. But what do we know about our relationship with the extinct Neanderthals? Clues might be derived from genomic information. By the end of the 1990's, almost the entire human genome had been sequenced. This was a considerable accomplishment, which allowed subsequent studies of the genetic relationship between different human populations. However, studies of the relationship between present-day humans and the extinct Neanderthals would require the sequencing of genomic DNA recovered from archaic specimens. A seemingly impossible task Early in his career, Svante Pääbo became fascinated by the possibility of utilizing modern genetic methods to study the DNA of Neanderthals. However, he soon realized the extreme technical challenges, because with time DNA becomes chemically modified and degrades into short fragments. After thousands of years, only trace amounts of DNA are left, and what remains is massively contaminated with DNA from bacteria and contemporary humans (Figure 1). As a postdoctoral student with Allan Wilson, a pioneer in the field of evolutionary biology, Pääbo started to develop methods to study DNA from Neanderthals, an endeavor that lasted several decades. In 1990, Pääbo was recruited to University of Munich, where, as a newly appointed Professor, he continued his work on archaic DNA. He decided to analyze DNA from Neanderthal mitochondria – organelles in cells that contain their own DNA. The mitochondrial genome is small and contains only a fraction of the genetic information in the cell, but it is present in thousands of copies, increasing the chance of success. With his refined methods, Pääbo managed to sequence a region of mitochondrial DNA from a 40,000-year-old piece of bone. Thus, for the first time, we had access to a sequence from an extinct relative. Comparisons with contemporary humans and chimpanzees demonstrated that Neanderthals were genetically distinct. Sequencing the Neanderthal genome As analyses of the small mitochondrial genome gave only limited information, Pääbo now took on the enormous challenge of sequencing the Neanderthal nuclear genome. At this time, he was offered the chance to establish a Max Planck Institute in Leipzig, Germany. At the new Institute, Pääbo and his team steadily improved the methods to isolate and analyze DNA from archaic bone remains. The research team exploited new technical developments, which made sequencing of DNA highly efficient. Pääbo also engaged several critical collaborators with expertise on population genetics and advanced sequence analyses. His efforts were successful. Pääbo accomplished the seemingly impossible and could publish the first Neanderthal genome sequence in 2010. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens lived around 800,000 years ago. Pääbo and his co-workers could now investigate the relationship between Neanderthals and modern-day humans from different parts of the world. Comparative analyses showed that DNA sequences from Neanderthals were more similar to sequences from contemporary humans originating from Europe or Asia than to contemporary humans originating from Africa. This means that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens interbred during their millennia of coexistence. In modern day humans with European or Asian descent, approximately 1-4% of the genome originates from the Neanderthals (Figure 2). A sensational discovery: Denisova In 2008, a 40,000-year-old fragment from a finger bone was discovered in the Denisova cave in the southern part of Siberia. The bone contained exceptionally well-preserved DNA, which Pääbo's team sequenced. The results caused a sensation: the DNA sequence was unique when compared to all known sequences from Neanderthals and present-day humans. Pääbo had discovered a previously unknown hominin, which was given the name Denisova. Comparisons with sequences from contemporary humans from different parts of the world showed that gene flow had also occurred between Denisova and Homo sapiens. This relationship was first seen in populations in Melanesia and other parts of South East Asia, where individuals carry up to 6% Denisova DNA. Pääbo's discoveries have generated new understanding of our evolutionary history. At the time when Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, at least two extinct hominin populations inhabited Eurasia. Neanderthals lived in western Eurasia, whereas Denisovans populated the eastern parts of the continent. During the expansion of Homo sapiens outside Africa and their migration east, they not only encountered and interbred with Neanderthals, but also with Denisovans (Figure 3). Paleogenomics and its relevance Through his groundbreaking research, Svante Pääbo established an entirely new scientific discipline, paleogenomics. Following the initial discoveries, his group has completed analyses of several additional genome sequences from extinct hominins. Pääbo's discoveries have established a unique resource, which is utilized extensively by the scientific community to better understand human evolution and migration. New powerful methods for sequence analysis indicate that archaic hominins may also have mixed with Homo sapiens in Africa. However, no genomes from extinct hominins in Africa have yet been sequenced due to accelerated degradation of archaic DNA in tropical climates. Thanks to Svante Pääbo's discoveries, we now understand that archaic gene sequences from our extinct relatives influence the physiology of present-day humans. One such example is the Denisovan version of the gene EPAS1, which confers an advantage for survival at high altitude and is common among present-day Tibetans. Other examples are Neanderthal genes that affect our immune response to different types of infections. What makes us uniquely human? Homo sapiens is characterized by its unique capacity to create complex cultures, advanced innovations and figurative art, as well as by the ability to cross open water and spread to all parts of our planet (Figure 4). Neanderthals also lived in groups and had big brains (Figure 4). They also utilized tools, but these developed very little during hundreds of thousands of years. The genetic differences between Homo sapiens and our closest extinct relatives were unknown until they were identified through Pääbo's seminal work. Intense ongoing research focuses on analyzing the functional implications of these differences with the ultimate goal of explaining what makes us uniquely human. Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell. 1997:90:19-30. Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, Patterson N, Li H, Zhai W, Fritz MH, Hansen NF, Durand EY, Malaspinas AS, Jensen JD, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Burbano HA, Good JM, Schultz R, Aximu-Petri A, Butthof A, Höber B, Höffner B, Siegemund M, Weihmann A, Nusbaum C, Lander ES, Russ C, Novod N, Affourtit J, Egholm M, Verna C, Rudan P, Brajkovic D, Kucan Ž, Gušic I, Doronichev VB, Golovanova LV, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Fortea J, Rosas A, Schmitz RW, Johnson PLF, Eichler EE, Falush D, Birney E, Mullikin JC, Slatkin M, Nielsen R, Kelso J, Lachmann M, Reich D, Pääbo S. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science. 2010:328:710-722. Krause J, Fu Q, Good JM, Viola B, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Pääbo S. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature. 2010:464:894-897. Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, Viola B, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Johnson PL, Maricic T, Good JM, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Fu Q, Mallick S, Li H, Meyer M, Eichler EE, Stoneking M, Richards M, Talamo S, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Hublin JJ, Kelso J, Slatkin M, Pääbo S. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature. 2010:468:1053-1060. Meyer M, Kircher M, Gansauge MT, Li H, Racimo F, Mallick S, Schraiber JG, Jay F, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Sudmant PH, Alkan C, Fu Q, Do R, Rohland N, Tandon A, Siebauer M, Green RE, Bryc K, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Dabney J, Shendure J, Kitzman J, Hammer MF, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Patterson N, Andrés AM, Eichler EE, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science. 2012:338:222-226. Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature. 2014:505: 43-49. Svante Pääbo was born 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden. He defended his PhD thesis in 1986 at Uppsala University and was a postdoctoral fellow at University of Zürich, Switzerland and later at University of California, Berkeley, USA. He became Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. Illustrations: © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Illustrator: Mattias Karlén The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of humankind. Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation Nobel Prizes and laureates See them all presented here.

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Joan Gamper (1908-1909 / / 1910-1913 / / 1917-1919 / / 1921-1923 / / 1924-1925) The founder of Futbol Club Barcelona, Joan Gamper, was one of the five children of a well-to-do Swiss family. From a very young age he divided his time between his studies and the practice of several different sports, at which he always excelled Gamper was a superb athlete, and also enjoyed other disciplines, such as rugby, swimming and cycling. But his greatest passion was for the game of football. In Zurich, where he lived, he founded Excelsior, and later played for Basle and FC Zurich, another club he helped to form. When he was 18, Gamper had to leave his home country for work reasons and moved to Lyon, where he also played for the local team. In 1899,Gamper moved to Barcelona, and his uncle Emili Gaissert, who lived in the Catalan capital, persuaded him to take up residence in the city. And so it was that the founder of the Club arrived in Barcelona, where he carried on playing football in the district of Sant Gervasi and eventually decided to form a club. Gamper grouped as many people around him as he could find that had an interest in a sport that was largely unknown to people in this part of the world. And finally, on November 28, 1899, the dream of forming Futbol Club Barcelona became a reality. Gamper was unable to be the first club president because he was a minor, and it was not until 1908 that he took over in a desperate attempt to save the club from extinction. His first presidency began on December 2 following a dramatic meeting at the Solé Gymnasium. The previous president, Vicenç Reig, had resigned after just 22 days in the role, and director Francesc Sanz told the meeting the details of the critical situation the club was in, struggling not just on the pitch, but also financially and socially. His speech as good as claimed that the days of Futbol Club Barcelona were definitively over, but following a ghostly silence, the vice president (and player) Carlos Wallace asked: "But is there nobody who is willing to save the club? If there is anybody, then all the players will back him up." And at that moment, Joan Gamper, who had said nothing until then, stood up and started speaking enthusiastically: "Barcelona cannot die and must not die. If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on. I am sure I will be supported by all those people who, in times when football was something strange that people viewed with mistrust, had no doubt about supporting me and seconding me. Right now, I want to forget any grievances or inconsideration received, which may have led me to distance myself from the internal life of the club, to reclaim a place in the fight to revive the club that will involve us all. If anybody wants to second me, let them say so."The founder's words gave everybody renewed hope, and from that moment on, Gamper put the full force of his enthusiasm into the club with the single aim of getting it back on its feet. Of the many initiatives he promoted, he sought to win back the members the club had lost, and it was not long before there were more than two hundred. In a sporting sense, Gamper rebuilt the team, and in 1908-1909 they won the Catalan Championship without losing a game. Another of his challenges was to find Futbol Club Barcelona a new ground, which would eventually be constructed in Carrer Indústria. After 322 days in charge of the club, on October 14, 1909, Gamper stood down as president for work reasons, but stayed on as a member of the board. On November 17, 1910, during a general assembly, the members asked him if he would consider becoming president again, and so it was that Gamper took charge for a second period, which would last until June 30, 1913. During the 1910-1911 season, the Barça president had to deal with several internal disagreements in relation to the growth of professionalism, and also some highly unfavourable relations with the Spanish Federation. The following season was not without controversy either, and during one particularly tense members meeting, Gamper was on the point of leaving the club. But things calmed down, and the season ended well with Barça winning the Spanish Championship and the Pyrenees Cup. The differences with both the Catalan and Spanish Federations reached an all-time low in the 1912-1913 season and Futbol Club Barcelona, unhappy with both organisations, resigned from the two. At the end of the season, Gamper, fed up with so many problems with the Federations, left his position. But on June 17, 1917, Joan Gamper found himself required at the helm of the club once again. When he took command, he immediately signed Englishman Jack Greenwell, who became the club's first professional coach. In 1919, the team signed the legendary Ricardo Zamora and Josep Samitier and on June 19 of the same year, having sorted out so many of the problems plaguing the club, Gamper resigned once again. But two years later, on July 17, 1921, the founder became president for the fourth time in what would be one of the club's finest periods, marked by the euphoria produced by that magical team in Barça's golden age. The 1921-22 season went down in club history as FC Barcelona won the Catalan and Spanish Championships, and more importantly on May 22, 1922, Les Corts stadium was opened. The club was financially very sound, and its membership was increasing spectacularly. By the end of the 1922-23 season, Barça had more than ten thousand members, and Gamper, after 742 of the most important days in the club's history, resigned yet again. On June 1, 1924, a few months before the Silver Anniversary, the founder took the reigns of the club one last time to resolve a series of tense issues affecting the organisation. Once more, the effect of having Gamper as president proved a success, and the 25th anniversary celebrations were sensational. On July 10, 1925, Gamper was forced to resign by the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, which closed the Club for six months after the supporters had jeered the Spanish National Anthem before a match against Júpiter which was a tribute to the Orfeó Català choral society. And so it was that Joan Gamper, who had always used the Catalanised version of his name and who was accustomed to using the language of his adopted country, said goodbye to the presidency of FC Barcelona for the final time after some brilliant periods without which Futbol Club Barcelona would certainly not be what it is today. The father of FC Barcelona committed suicide on July 30, 1930, probably as a result of his business problems and the forced closure of his beloved Club, and his funeral was a massive show of public mourning. The club reserved his name as club member number one, and would later name the prestigious Joan Gamper trophy in his honour.

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Oskar Schindler (1908-1974) was a German-speaking Czech businessman who ran a wartime business in Nazi-occupied Poland. Schindler's actions saved the lives of more than 1,100 Jews employed as forced labourers at his factory. Their story was immortalised in the 1982 book Schindler's Ark and 1993 film Oskar Schindler was born in the town of Svitavy in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His family were Sudeten Germans and Catholics. Schindler's father, Hans, made a comfortable living selling farm machinery but was prone to heavy drinking and womanising. Young Oskar was not a good student and at age 16 was expelled from school for forging a report card. He later graduated from high school but did not enter university, instead taking several technical courses. Schindler worked for his father's company until his marriage to Emilie Pelzl in 1928. After marrying, Schindler spent some time in the Czechoslovak army. He struggled to find work during the Great Depression but in 1931 gained employment with a Prague bank, remaining there until shortly before World War II. In 1935, Schindler joined the Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront, a pro-Nazi party based in Prague. The following year, he became a paid agent for the Abwehr (Nazi military intelligence), apparently because he needed the money. When his homeland was annexed by Germany in late 1938, Schindler joined the NSDAP or Nazi Party. After the outbreak of war, Schindler relocated to Krakow, Poland on assignment for the Abwehr. In Krakow, he met the first of the Jewish Poles whose lives he would later save. Schindler also became interested in a bankrupted enamelware factory. With Jewish financial backing, he purchased the factory in 1940. Schindler's knowledge of the Abwehr and contacts in the German military allowed him to obtain lucrative contracts for supplying metalware. He also cultivated relationships with other significant figures, such as high-ranking [Schutzstaffel (SS)](https://alphahistory.com/holocaust/the-ss/) and Gestapo officers. He exploited these contacts to maintain and protect the employees of his factory, Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik or DEF. The arrival of Plaszow labour camp commandant [Amon Goeth](https://alphahistory.com/holocaust/amon-goeth/) and the brutal liquidation of the Krakow ghetto in March 1943 were turning points in Schindler's attitude. He began actively working to secure the safety of the Schindlerjuden, as his Jewish employees were known, often at considerable personal expense and risk. Schindler was himself arrested three times but released after intervention by powerful allies in the SS. In July 1944, Schindler prevented his Jewish workers from deportation to the death camps by having them relocated to the comparative safety of Brunnlitz, Czechoslovakia. Protected by Schindler and his wife Emilie, almost all survived the war and the Final Solution. Schindler fled Brunnlitz immediately after the German surrender, fearful of being arrested and executed by the Soviet Red Army for war profiteering. He resettled in southern Germany and later Argentina, failing at several business ventures and often accepting aid from Jewish groups. He died in October 1974 and was buried in the Mount Zion cemetery in Jerusalem. Title: "Oskar Schindler" Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Steve Thompson Publisher: Alpha History Date published: August 24, 2020 Date accessed: July 02, 2024 Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. For more information on usage, please refer to our

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Namibia, Hong Kong to kick off Intercontinental Cup The first round of fixtures of the ICC Intercontinental Cup for eight Associate Nations was announced on Tuesday The first round of fixtures of the ICC Intercontinental Cup for eight Associate Nations was announced on Tuesday. The winner of this first-class competition will get the chance to play Test cricket in 2018 in an ICC Test Challenge against the lowest-ranked Test team at the time. The tournament begins on May 10 and will be spread out over two years. Ireland are the defending champions, winning the competition four out of six times since its inception. "The ICC Intercontinental Cup is now the platform for emerging nations to fulfil their ambitions of playing Test cricket," ICC chief executive David Richardson said. "It will therefore be fantastic to see the strongest Associates face off in an exciting competition, with great context, that will showcase world cricket's growing pool of talent." Namibia and Hong Kong begin the tournament on May 10, with the other three matches of the first round featuring Ireland, Afghanistan, UAE, Scotland, Netherlands and Papua New Guinea scheduled to be played in June. The line-up for the first round of the ICC World Cricket League, a one-day tournament for the Associates that takes place along with the Intercontinental Cup, was also released. Kenya and Nepal have been included among the eight participating teams in place of Afghanistan and Ireland, who have earned one-day status and are now part of the Future Tours Programme.

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T20 Qualifier co-champs face off in I-Cup and WCL Championship Netherlands will take on fellow 2015 ICC World T20 Qualifier co-champions Scotland in the headline matchup of round two in the ICC Intercontinental Cup and WCL Championship Netherlands will take on 2015 ICC World T20 Qualifier co-champions Scotland in the headline matchup of round two in the ICC Intercontinental Cup and WCL Championship. Scotland will travel to The Hague for the four-day Intercontinental Cup match scheduled for September 8-11 at Sportpark Westvliet. Netherlands last played there in 2012 when they defeated Bangladesh by [one wicket](https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/573672.html)in a Twenty20 international. The two sides will then play a pair of 50-over WCL Championship fixtures at the VRA Ground in Amstelveen. Both sides are currently joint leaders after round one of the WCL Championship after Netherlands swept Papua New Guinea in June and Scotland claimed two rain-affected matches over Nepal in Ayr last month. Ireland will travel to Namibia in a top-of-the-table clash in the I-Cup from October 24 to 27 in Windhoek. Ireland claimed full points with [an innings victory](https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-intercontinental-cup-2015-17/engine/match/870875.html)over UAE in Malahide in June to kick off round one while Namibia did the same, [defeating Hong Kong](https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-intercontinental-cup-2015-17/engine/match/870873.html)by 114 runs in May. Namibia then host Kenya in two WCL Championship matches in Windhoek on October 30 and November 1. Hong Kong travel to UAE in the second week of November with both teams seeking their first win of the I-Cup. The four-day game will take place at the ICC Global Cricket Academy in Dubai from November 11-14 and will be followed by WCL Championship matches on November 16 and 18. The second round of the I-Cup will wrap up with Afghanistan hosting PNG in Sharjah from November 21-24. PNG will be looking to bounce back after their dreams of reaching the 2016 World Twenty20 in India [were dashed](https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/engine/current/match/875545.html)by Afghanistan in Malahide last month. PNG are then scheduled to take on Nepal in a pair of WCL Championship fixtures on November 28 and 30, with both teams seeking their first wins in the competition. However, the venue for those games has not yet been decided. An ICC release stated that the matches are currently slated to be held in Kathmandu, though that is subject to a security and infrastructure assessment and clearance following a series of earthquakes that struck near Kathmandu in April and May. According to a source, the games may be shifted to the UAE. From a logistics standpoint, it would not require additional travel for PNG, who will already be there for the four-day match against Afghanistan, and the ICC GCA would be available to serve as a neutral venue. The ICC recently had to shift the 2015 U-19 World Cup Qualifier out of Nepal due to infrastructure damage from the earthquakes and it was announced earlier this month that the tournament will now be hosted this October in Malaysia.

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Just when the rolling tide was black and white, when it was Juventus's players imploring their fans to raise the volume, as if they even needed asking, when the nerves were Barcelona's and the tension was rising, just moments after Leo Messi appeared to be struggling, the stride slow and the brow heavy, he was up and running again. Others ran with him. There was space now, for almost the first time, and off Messi went, heading at the defence. He shifted inside and took aim. Gigi Buffon dived to his left and pushed the shot away. And there was Sprinting in behind Patrice Evra, the Uruguayan got to the ball first and sent it back into the net. He kept running, leaping over the advertising board before sprinting across the vast space behind the goal separating the goal he had scored in and the fans celebrating it, and over the gigantic [Barcelona](https://www.theguardian.com/football/barcelona) shield on the floor, arms wide. He kissed his fingers, that familiar celebration, and reached the running track by the delirious fans. There, his team-mates soon joined him. Messi had made it, Suárez had scored it: the 121st goal scored by Messi, [Neymar](https://www.theguardian.com/football/neymar) or Suárez this season, the most effective attacking trio in Spanish football history, and the goal that would give Barcelona their fifth European Cup. The league and Copa del Rey winners now added the European Cup to complete a treble; "perfection", as Gerard Piqué had put it. As the clock ticked down, they made sure. Neymar made it 122 goals for the "MSN" with the very last kick of the game. The trophy was Barcelona's. Another one. For Suárez, the significance was gigantic. For any player it would be, of course, but for him perhaps more so. A season that started with him unable to play, banned for biting Giorgio Chiellini at the World Cup, a pariah who was booted out of that tournament and unable to join Uruguay in the Copa América too, ended with him scoring in the European Cup final. It has not always been an easy season; Suárez had scored three goals before Christmas, but he has scored 22 since then and there is reverence now. Scorer of the winner in the clásico, the goal that perhaps more than any other took them to the league title, he has marked this competition as well. This was his seventh goal in 10 games. He got two in Manchester, two in Paris, and gave two assists in Munich. Now, he scored in Berlin too. When he departed in the dying minutes, the fans chanted his name. Suárez needed this. For all his talent, it is remarkable how long it has taken for him to get it. Suárez is 28. Holland's player of the year, England's player of the year, a Copa América winner with Uruguay and player of the tournament too, but his club career has actually been startlingly modest when it comes to silverware. Just three titles in Europe until this season: a Uruguayan title, the English league cup, a Dutch cup and a Dutch league, clinched six months after he departed, the medal sent to him by post. In nine months at Barcelona he has won as much as in nine years in Europe. A man who admits that it is not so much that he wants to win as that he needs to win, he joined the right club. This was Barcelona's second treble in six years. No team in Europe has ever won two trebles before and no team has dominated the decade like them. That is four European Cups in 10 years now; no one else has more than one. This is a new Barcelona, though, and his role in their success is hugely significant. Piqué had insisted on the eve of this game that he hated comparisons and begged people not to constantly play one Barcelona team off against another but that is inevitable and the way this final was won will only add to that. Messi is Messi, and Barcelona will always be Messi's Barcelona, his role in both goals colossal here. Andrés Iniesta was decisive in the opening goal and voted the man of the match. And there was a late appearance for Xavi Hernández, making his 900th professional appearance and his last in Europe, the finest playmaker in Spanish football history lifting that trophy again. But it was two new men who scored the key goals; two men who symbolise the shift in style. Ivan Rakitic had given Barcelona the lead: the first player other than Messi, Neymar or Suárez to score for Barcelona since the quarter-finals. Twenty-seven of their 31 European Cup goals have been scored by the MSN. The first here, after three minutes and 24 seconds, was not. Nine of the 10 outfield players touched the ball in the move – the one that did not was Suárez. Messi's diagonal ball opened up the space, Jordi Alba sidefooted a volley into the path of Neymar and, although his first touch was a little heavy, he found Iniesta. Iniesta, who had dashed past Arturo Vidal, could have taken on the shot himself. Instead, he waited, that pause that sets him apart, like a man whose second hand moves at a different rate to everyone else's. Imperceptible but impeccable. He nudged the ball back and Rakitic swept it past Buffon. This was the third final in which Iniesta had provided an assist: in Rome in 2009 it was for Samuel Eto'o; in London in 2011 it was for Messi; here, it was for Rakitic. A Europa League winner last year, Rakitic had the European Cup this year. When he returned to Sevilla this season, supporters held up a banner saying "thank you". Although Barcelona still needed another, Álvaro Morata's goal increasing the nerves, and although the Croat's goal would not prove the winner, the sentiment will be similar in Catalonia now too. Johan Cruyff says that the thing that most struck him when Barcelona won their first European Cup in 1992 was that people stopped him, not to say "well done" but to say "thank you". Ronald Koeman scored the goal at Wembley; Rakitic had scored it here. The first time is always special, but these will be gratefully remembered too. Koeman, Eto'o, Belletti, Pedro, Messi and Villa; Rakitic, Suárez and Neymar.

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[Back to Inductee Search](/inductees/search) Maria Telkes was a highly respected innovator in solar energy. Throughout her career, she published widely on the topics of solar heating, thermoelectric generators and distillers, and electrical conductivity of solid electrolytes. Originally from Hungary, Telkes came to the U.S. in 1925, working initially as a biophysicist at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and then a research engineer at Westinghouse. Later, she joined MIT where she focused on the practical uses and applications of solar energy. At MIT, she worked on the Dover Sun House, which employed a method using sodium sulphates to store energy from the sun. During World War II, she developed a solar distillation device that was included in the military's emergency medical kits and which saved the lives of downed airmen and torpedoed sailors. At New York University, her research included developing an easy-to-use solar oven. Telkes would go on to work at Curtiss-Wright, Cryo-Therm, Melpar, and finally, the University of Delaware's Institute of Energy Conversion where she contributed to Solar One, a solar-based home. Telkes was born in Budapest, Hungary where she attended the University of Budapest earning a B.A. and Ph.D. in physical chemistry. Among her honors are the Society of Women Engineer's Achievement Award and the Charles Greely Abbot Award from the International Solar Energy Society.

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The ceremony was opened by 2,008 drummers conducting a light show The 2008 Olympic Games were launched at a dazzling ceremony in Beijing, as athletes from more than 200 countries gathered in the Bird's Nest stadium. Drums, a light show and pyrotechnics began the four-hour ceremony - 29 sets of fireworks, representing each edition of the modern Games, lit up Beijing. Mark Foster led the British contingent into the arena, and 7ft 6in basketball star Yao Ming carried the Chinese flag. Li Ning, 1984 gold medallist, lit the Olympic cauldron to close the ceremony. Li, who won three gymnastics gold medals in Los Angeles, was hoisted to the roof of the stadium by wires. He completed a lap of the arena, suspended in mid-air, before igniting a jet of flame to light the torch tower. Hu Jintao, the Chinese president, declared the Games open in front of an audience of more than 80 world leaders and royals, including US President George W. Bush and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee, congratulated the people of Beijing in his opening speech. "For a long time, China has dreamed of opening its doors and inviting the world's athletes to Beijing," he said. "Tonight that dream comes true. May these Olympic Games bring you joy, hope and pride." Rogge called on athletes at the Games to "reject doping and cheating" and Chinese table tennis star Zhang Yining took the athletes' oath on behalf of the assembled competitors. The initial firework display followed a countdown initiated by exactly 2,008 percussionists using illuminated drums. Mark Foster carried the flag for Team GB A further 15,000 musicians, acrobats and trapeze artists then distilled 5,000 years of Chinese history into 50 minutes of intricately choreographed, beautifully lit sequences. Giant, illuminated Olympic rings and enormous pillars rose up from the floor of the stadium, followed by a piano duet performed by a five-year-old girl and famed Chinese pianist, Lang Lang. In keeping with tradition, Greece - Olympic founders and hosts of the first modern Games - led the 204 competing nations into the arena. China's 639 athletes entered last, behind towering flag-bearer Yao, to a thunderous reception from the Bird's Nest crowd. The procession of athletes took place with nations appearing according to the number of brush strokes required to write each country's name in Chinese. Team GB therefore became the 115th team to enter the arena, with Australia - traditionally third into the arena by alphabetical order - appearing third last. However, Brunei did not feature, having missed the deadline to register their athletes for the ceremony. Seventeen of the 28 sports feature action on Saturday, with the Games running until 24 August. When events begin, judo player Craig Fallon will have the chance to win Great Britain's first medal of the Games. China's Du Li could win the first gold for the host country when she defends her title in the women's 10m air rifle. And American swimming star Michael Phelps begins his quest to win an unprecedented eight Olympic golds in a single Games as he competes in the heats of the 400m individual medley. A number of British athletes missed Friday's ceremony in order to prepare for events on Saturday and Sunday. "We cannot march as it goes on until very late," GB rower Frances Houghton told BBC Sport. "It would be like going out for a big night out two days before racing." The Bird's Nest stadium exploded into life with a spectacular firework display Britain's track and field athletes were absent from the ceremony as they are yet to travel to Beijing from the team's Macau training camp. A giant plasma screen enveloping the roof of the stadium produced a stunning virtual torrent of water but fears of rain spoiling the ceremony proved unfounded. Despite a smoggy start to the day, visibility at the Bird's Nest improved in the hours before the event began. A capacity crowd of just over 90,000 packed into the famous stadium in the heart of the Olympic Green to watch Chinese film director Zhang Yimou's opening ceremony. China has come under close scrutiny since Beijing was chosen in 2001 to host the Olympics. Demonstrations dogged the Olympic torch relay during its journey around the world. China's treatment of Tibet has been the subject of much of the controversy. Beijing has always promised to make improvements in human rights, media freedoms and the provision of health and education. There had been a security crackdown across Beijing in advance of the high-profile event, with thousands of armed police deployed and areas of the city centre locked down. Many of the city's 17m residents stayed at home after the Beijing authorities declared a public holiday to mark the auspicious start at 8pm (1300 BST) on 08/08/08 - the number eight is very lucky in China.

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Director [Shyam Benegal](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/shyam-benegal) is known as the Nehruvian in Indian cinema – a tag that he carries effortlessly. Perhaps it stems from Benegal's inimitable cinematic parlance, often called 'New Cinema', encompassing his films like Ankur, Nishant and Zubeida. But, when we met him in town recently, the director was on a different spree and shared with TOI his experiences of making the film Nehru on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The film Nehru, released in 1983, was a co-production between the Indian and Soviet governments and Benegal scoured for resources across the country for the reconstruction of Nehru's character. One of his most extensive searches was for a person who had interviewed Nehru on All India Radio. He says, "An MP from Rajasthan had interviewed Nehru for a couple of years, in fact, almost up to 1961. This person wanted to publish a book in Hindi, carrying Nehru's interview in first person. I tried to trace this person, so that I could use Nehru's words in his own voice as commentary for the documentary, but I could not find the records. I finally made some gateway when I found a thin book printed in Hindi with some excerpts. However, it was an incomplete publication as the guy had died." Even though Benegal extensively searched through the All India Radio (AIR) archives, he could not find any such material. He says, the authorities told him that it had been borrowed, but never returned. The topic of arching in India does not settle well with the director and he does not hesitate in showing his distaste for the process. He says, "We really do not value our history too much. Archiving in this country is dreadful." In fact, he once purchased a video clip of Nehru's days in prison, which had been passed from the British Military Museum to the Indian High Commission, where it was left under the staircase. He said, "There's a small clip from 1921, when Nehru was in jail. At a particular moment, when you glimpse him behind bars, Rajendra Prasad is on the other side. This clip was with the British Military Museum and they gave it back to the Indian High Commission, because they had too much to keep in their archives. It was kept there under the staircase. I myself purchased it from them." During the making of the film, he also came across other valuable materials, which were left ignored by the Indian government. "In 1962, an American director had made a documentary on Nehru called A Day In The Life Of Prime Minister Nehru.The guy had spent a whole day with Nehru, from breakfast to dinner, observing the PM at work. In fact, this is around the time the war was beginning to open with China. The documentary shows the foreign secretary and various other officials pouring over the map of the North East with Nehru banging on the table." Unfortunately, when some Indian officials finally found the original reel, says Benegal, they left it in Moscow and brought duplicates back home! [Follow us on Twitter for more stories ](http://twitter.com/toientertain)

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Modesty (part 2 of 3): Stories on Modesty I Description: Three stories from the prophetic narrations demonstrating the relationship between the character traits of modesty as shyness, and the seemly behavior that results from actively pursuing them. - By Umm Salman, edited by Jeremy Boulter (© 2006 IslamReligion.com) - Published on 21 Aug 2006 - Last modified on 04 Oct 2009 - Printed: 1,652 - Viewed: 93,626 (daily average: 14) - Rated by: 85 - Emailed: 16 - Commented on: 1 Muhammad and Modesty before God The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said: "Every religion has its characteristic, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty." (al-Muwatta) Modesty, in the sense of shyly protecting oneself with propriety from the lustful or envious gaze, means one takes care about how to express oneself in word and deed. One does not want others to look at one strangely or as if one is blameworthy. It encourages one to be proper in behavior and thought with other people, and with one's relationship with God. The Prophet once said to his companions: "Be bashful before God according to His right to modesty before Him". They said: "O Messenger of God, verily we are shy, praise be to God." He said: "That is not it. Modesty before God according to His right to modesty is that you protect your mind in what it learns; your stomach in what it ingests. And remember death and the tribulations attached to it; and whoever wishes for the Hereafter, leaves the adornments of this life. So whoever does all that is truly bashful before God according to His Right to modesty". Modesty and shame apply to every aspect of one's life, and awareness of God's presence helps one to be bashful and seemly in the way we comport ourselves in every activity we are engaged in. It crowns the moral ethics of behavior and practice, for it inspires him to do all that is beautiful and prevents him from doing all that is wicked. It is a shield of chastity for the body and of purity for the soul, as private shame concerning one's wickedness stems from being aware that God is watching. The Prophet said: "Modesty is from the faith, and the faith is in Paradise." (Ahmed) Muhammad and the Wedding Feast On the occasion of his marriage in Medina with Zaynab, the daughter of Jahsh, the Prophet invited the people to his wedding feast. This was a late morning invitation, and most people simply rose and left after eating, as was the custom. The bridegroom, however, remained sitting and some people, perhaps thinking that this was a signal that they, too, should remain with him, stayed behind after the other guests had left. Out of propriety, the Messenger of God did not like to tell the people to go away, so he got up and left the room with his ward, ibn Abbas. He went as far as the room of Aisha, another of his wives, before returning back to Zaynab's room, expecting the guests to have taken the hint. However, they were still there, sitting in their places, so he turned away once again and went back to Aisha's room, still accompanied by his ward. The second time they returned the people had left, so the Messenger of God went in. Ibn Abbas was going to follow him, but Muhammad took the dividing curtain and drew it across the doorway, blocking the egress One of the story's lessons is that a person's home is private and one should be shy of abusing an invitation to it. Moreover, because Muhammad was too nice to ask people to leave, his actions provide an example of how to teach a lesson without being offensive. He used a non-verbal means to show the people they should leave and, once his private space was vacated, he used another non-verbal gesture to drive home the fact that the invitation was over. Moses and Zaphorah After waiting for a long time in the queue, being only two females among all the males, someone finally helped them, and they were able to take their flock of sheep and goats home. Their father was old, and they had no brother to do their outside chores. Being one of the most onerous of tasks, drawing water from the well in order to water one's livestock was one performed by men; a lucky day for them to come home early with the drove freshly watered. The father was surprised about their early return, and when he inquired into the occurrence, his daughters told him that a man who seemed a traveler had helped them. The father asked one of them to seek the man out and invite him home. Upon returning to the well, the lady approached him shyly. When she was in earshot, she gave him her father's invitation so that he might recompense him for his help. He kept his gaze low to the ground as he replied to her, saying that he had done it for the sake of God alone, and required no compensation. However, realizing that this was God sent help, he accepted the invitation. As she was walking ahead of him, the wind blew her dress, which revealed part of her lower legs, so he asked her to walk behind him and point out the way he should follow when he reached a fork in the foot path. Once they arrived at the house, the father presented him with a meal and asked where he was from. The man told him that he was a fugitive from Egypt. The daughter who had brought him home whispered to her father: "O Father, hire him, because the best of the workers is one who is strong and trustworthy." He asked her: "How do you know he is strong?" She said: "He lifted the stone lid of the well that cannot be removed except by many together." He asked her: "How do you know that he is trustworthy?" She said: "He asked me to walk behind him so that he couldn't see me as I walked, and when I conversed with him, he kept his gaze low with shyness and respect." This was Prophet Moses, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, who had run away from Egypt after killing someone by mistake, and the father of the girls was a God fearing man from the tribes of Midian; a man who was sonless, but had had these two daughters. The verse in the Quran that tells us this story stresses upon the manner of her approaching Moses: "So one of the two (daughters) came to him walking modestly..." (Quran 28:25) Both the way Zaphorah approached Moses and his care about not seeing more of her than was needful at the time describe acute senses of propriety. Neither had a chaperone, nor could people see what they did, yet both conducted themselves with the utmost decorum. This was done out of fear of the One who sees everything. The outcome was that when her father proposed to Moses that he marry one of his daughters, Moses considered them a suitable marriage prospect. He and his daughters also saw in him all the virtues a man needs as a mate for a woman to consent to his guidance and nurture through life. Moses accepted, and also ten years hire as a shepherd. Parts of This Article

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A hoe never gets cold, which is why [Cardi B](https://www.instagram.com/iamcardib) is bare-legged and coatless when she shows up to meet me just a couple of days after [winter storm Jonas immobilized](http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/nyregion/east-coast-snowstorm.html) much of the east coast earlier this year. The 23-year-old is sheathed in a slinky gold dress, paired with monstrous red heels from which her toes—nails painted lavender—burst forth into the January freeze. I can't imagine a pair of gloves that could possibly contain the bedazzled gray manicure that gives her slight fingers the appearance of being several inches longer than they are. Cardi may look ridiculous standing next to the mountains of snow piled on the sidewalk, but she does not look cold. She prophesied as much to her millions of followers a year ago in [an Instagram video](https://www.instagram.com/p/vz6zX5zHbv/) promoting a wintertime appearance at a Toronto strip club. "Canada, it's cold outside but I'm still looking like a thotty," she says in the clip, twirling around a hotel hallway in a tiny top. Today, Cardi has chosen the Amish Market in TriBeCa for our interview; her job here as a full-time cashier was, as she has repeated in the press run surrounding her role on the sixth season of [Love & Hip Hop](http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop), the last one she held before she turned to stripping at 19, before she took the first of several steps that led to her current celebrity. When she was fired for blessing a co-worker with a considerable discount, one of the store's managers suggested she might be better suited for a different line of work. "He was like, 'You're so pretty, you got a nice body.' He told me to go across the street to New York Dolls, the strip club. That's when I started stripping," Cardi says, looking around the deli, whose holiday decorations are still up a month after Christmas. She spots a long-serving employee from her tenure at the market and freezes for a second, perhaps imagining an alternate outcome for her choose-your-own-adventure of a life. "Damn, he been here foreeeever," she says of the man. "Who woulda known? I woulda never thought I'd do some shit like this." Cardi was born Belcalis Almanzar to a Dominican father and a Trini mother uptown, navigating between Washington Heights and the Bronx during her formative years. You can hear all those geographies in her accent, which elongates vowels and rounds off consonants, dropping some entirely. She describes her upbringing—her parents' split, her strained relationship with her stepfather, her early realization that life is an extended exercise in disappointment—in practical terms, a tendency she will later attribute to her astrological sign: the balanced, detached Libra. "You know, when you're a kid, it's like, 'Oh my god, I wanna be a astronaut!' or like, 'Oh my gosh, I wanna be an actor.' But then when you're in high school, reality kicks in," she says. "When you young, you always talking about, 'When I grow up I wanna buy my mom a house. I wanna buy my mom a car.' But everything turns to reality and it's like, 'Shit, I need to buy my car first.'" With vague ambitions but no specific plans as to how to go about achieving them, Cardi enrolled at the Borough of Manhattan Community College after high school. She took courses in history and French, and landed her then-job at the Amish Market; BMCC is just down the street from the store. But working full-time while trying to be a student was a difficult balance to strike and, after a few distracted semesters, she decided school wasn't for her. "I was working all week [at the market] and I still was making only, like, 250 fucking dollars," she remembers. During her first shift at New York Dolls, Cardi made $300 in eight hours. She soon moved on to more lucrative strip clubs around the city; at Lace 2 on 42nd Street, for example, she learned to be a little more confident giving lap dances in a thong. Later, at a club she describes as "urban," she realized speaking in Spanish was a trick to beating the colorism that ties income to skin color. "Thoughts of your parents pop up in your head and it's like, 'Yo, this is so disgusting.' And I hid it for like two years from my family, from everybody. You know what I told them? I told them I was babysitting for some real rich white people." As the money stacked up, so did concerns about becoming a cliché. Cardi set an important goal: she promised herself that she'd quit by 25, the age at which she thought she ought to have a kid. On her 23rd birthday this past October, she worked her last shift as a stripper. These days, Cardi is best known for pithy proclamations like "a hoe never gets cold," disseminated as Instagram videos and amplified by fans on other social media networks; she goes viral as often as every few days. On a recent episode of the pop culture podcast [Who? Weekly](https://twitter.com/whoweekly), [Aminatou Sow](https://twitter.com/aminatou) described Cardi as a "quote machine," an accurate reference to the sharp, concise witticisms she doles out daily, and which then catch on with her millions of followers. Her penchant for real talk—she speaks shame-free about having been a stripper and a self-avowed hoe, and makes effortless, hilarious connections between sex, money, and power, three of society's most taboo topics—has earned her a vast, devoted fanbase and a singular position in today's cultural landscape. As a popular stripper in the city, Cardi had accumulated the attention of a few thousand Instagram users—club regulars, bartenders, "little drug dealers and scammers" who thought she was hot. She posted selfies, memes, and videos of herself candidly yapping into the camera. Gradually, more and more people beyond her informal network in the Heights and Brooklyn began to watch and share. When [Bobby Shmurda](thefader.com/artist/bobby-shmurda) reposted one of her videos a couple of years ago, her page blew up; her face and voice soon became mainstays of Tumblr and Twitter. One video in particular tipped her popularity over the edge, she says. It was [a 13-second clip](http://captioned-vines.tumblr.com/post/116746896059/so-you-know-people-be-asking-me-like-what-do) that doubles as a neat précis of her ethos: "People be asking me, 'What do you does?'," Cardi says in the clip, laughing. "'Are you a model? Are you, like, a comedian or something?' Nah, I ain't none of that. I'm a hoe. I'm a stripper hoe. I'm about this shmoney." Real talk. "People be asking me, 'What do you does? Are you a model? Are you, like, a comedian or something?' Nah, I ain't none of that. I'm a hoe. I'm a stripper hoe. I'm about this shmoney." - Cardi B The bulk of her videos, of which there are hundreds, tend to fit into three loose categories: addressed to women, addressed to men, and addressed to nebulous haters of all genders. She advises women on how to flip the script on deceitful men by manipulating them, she warns dudes not to underestimate her, and she reminds detractors that she's very much thriving. It's Pinterest-style inspo for the Shade Room demographic. For instance, if you're upset by a peer's relentless subtweets, a friend might send you confidence in the form of a video of [Cardi giggling maniacally into the camera](http://captioned-vines.tumblr.com/post/127791817179/cardi-giggles-bitch-giggles-i-saw-that), "You a hater hoe, and I'm a greater hoe. You a dick-chaser hoe, and I'm a money-maker hoe." When that same friend is having relationship problems, you might return the favor by tagging them in an Instagram [clip of Cardi proselytizing](http://captioned-vines.tumblr.com/post/124108841904/cardi-when-a-nigga-ask-you-if-you-fucking) her philosophy about how to maintain power in monogamy. "Let that nigga know you not fucking somebody else, but make him feel insecure at the same time! Make niggas feel like shit!" As Cardi and I talk in the market's dining area, I notice a young man staring at her in awe. He's neither the first nor the last person we catch trying to stealthily take photos of her. "She's the reason I get up in the morning. She keeps me going," he will tell me later, tapping through an iPhone to show me his Instagram. Among his most recent uploads, there are four videos reposted from Cardi's account. The sentiment is shared by unlikely characters; Cardi's manager, a New York entertainment veteran named Shaft, tells me the Oscar-winning director Lee Daniels is a fan, too. "I go to your page to keep me happy," he says Daniels once told her. The intersection of reality TV and social media births new celebrities at a rabid pace, incubating a new economy where anyone with enough followers can function as a mini-media property through which to advertise flat-tummy teas, teeth-whitening products, and club appearances. But Cardi exists wholly outside of that pipeline; unlike many of the characters whose exploits are documented by gossip entities like Shade Room, MediaTakeOut, and Baller Alert, it was Cardi's existing fame that landed her a role on Love & Hip Hop, the zeitgeisty VH1 reality franchise that follows the tangled lives of people peripheral to the music industries of New York, Atlanta, and Hollywood. Aspiring and established rappers, producers, DJs, promoters, and artist managers—and their love interests and family members—chase lofty ambitions and superintend dramatic relationships before a national audience. Though she was originally chosen to appear as a lowly supporting cast member, Cardi tells me, the producers soon realized they had placed their bets on the wrong stars. A few episodes into the season, it was clear that her years of posting videos on Instagram had doubled as unintended practice for the reaction room, which is where reality stars are born. The more quotables you can deliver straight into the camera, the more likely viewers will latch on to you. And Cardi has quotables falling out of her pockets. "Yo, it's so crazy, like, them motherfuckers [the producers] really doubted me. It's like, why would y'all doubt me? Like, I have seven hundred thousand bajillion followers," she says. "I'm telling them like, 'Yo, I have a brand. I'm not even a artist and I fill out clubs. Three thousand, whatever the crap, I fill them shits out!' But they didn't care about that. They just wanted to make me look as the stripper, a struggling stripper." She advises women on how to flip the script on deceitful men by manipulating them, she warns dudes not to underestimate her, and she reminds detractors that she's very much thriving. It's Pinterest-style inspo for the Shade Room demographic. Consider, for example, [Joseline Hernandez](https://twitter.com/MsJoseline?), the similarly typecast stripper-turned-breakout star of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, whom audiences first met when she appeared on its first season as a romantic foil to the serial philanderer Stevie J. Cardi understands the game and that VH1 benefits as much, if not more, from her as she does from them. Her booking fee, which has leveled up considerably in the past year, is significantly higher than the per-rate episode the show provides, she says. Despite the immense success it has brought her, all of the newfound attention via the internet has not entirely rewarded her in kind. Many of the new followers she's acquired through Love & Hip Hop seize on her accent and her biography for target practice. A cursory look through the comments on Cardi's Instagram turn up responses from people calling her names, reducing her to her former occupation. But how, I ask her, could a "dumb bitch" successfully execute the contemporary pipe dream of turning an Instagram account into a career—singlehandedly, at that? "A lot of people think I'm just a dumb ass, like, hoe ass bitch because I can't talk English properly and it's just, like, yo if I was dumb, I would not be in the position that I'm in," she says. "It's just like damn everybody wanna be famous but, like, people don't realize being famous don't make you like rich. Like, yo you really gotta work to get rich." Though Cardi isn't ashamed of her past, she's more concerned with her future, of turning her fame into a viable career that can support her family. The show, then, is part of that work, another avenue through which to get closer to a sustainable future. Music, she thinks, offers the best chance for that kind of success. Over the past few months, she has released a single—the aggressive ["Cheap Ass Weave,"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_aqO8m7qss) on which she raps over the beat for [Lady Leshurr](https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/10/the-rebirth-of-lady-leshurr)'s viral ["Queen's Speech 4"](http://www.thefader.com/2015/08/11/lady-leshurr-queens-speech-4) freestyle—and appeared alongside [Popcaan](http://www.thefader.com/artist/popcaan) on [a remix](https://soundcloud.com/gazapriince-entertainment/shaggy-ft-popcaan-cardi-b-boom-boom-remix) of [Shaggy](http://www.thefader.com/artist/shaggy)'s ["Boom Boom."](http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/01/shaggy-boom-boom-boom) A forthcoming mixtape will similarly span multiple genres and bridge the hip-hop and Caribbean music she grew up listening to. Cardi's team is confident about the impact her tape will have, and that confidence is infectious. But how her reinvention as an artist will actually be received is up in the air—the music industry is difficult enough to navigate for established acts, and Cardi is appropriately anxious. "A lot of people be like, 'Oh, you're not gonna be young forever. You're not gonna be a whore forever," she says. "It's, like, 'You think I don't know that I'm not gonna be young and pretty and healthy forever? You think I don't know that? You don't think I'm trying?" We say goodbye in TriBeCa before Cardi heads uptown. After stopping by a boutique to be fitted for a dress she'll wear on the reunion episode of Love & Hip Hop, she'll check out a bodega that she's considering buying for her father, who wants to quit his job as a cab driver. Her mother, who has worked as a cashier for years, also has plans for a business that she would like Cardi's help with. "I don't like taking risks. I never planned to open a bodega. But I have a big pressure on my shoulders. I can't sleep good at night, me living in a condo in Edgewater but my parents are not. My parents can't be in the Bronx working regular-wage jobs," she says. "I have to do something."

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The Second Richest Man on Earth As if being beaten to space by Richard Branson wasn't enough, Jeff Bezos is coming in second once again now that he's no longer the world's richest man. Richard Arnault, owner of luxury brand Louis Vuitton, took the top spot from the Amazon founder after he was reported to be worth $196 billion on Thursday, [according to Insider](https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/bernard-arnault-worlds-richest-person-louis-vuitton-supplants-jeff-bezos-2021-8). Meanwhile, Bezos net worth is a paltry $186 billion in comparison. Despite the pandemic still raging throughout the world, Louis Vuitton saw a bounce back from their 2020 lows throughout Q1 and Q2 as the vaccine began to be distributed and people began shopping again. In fact, many of the company's brands saw record sales in the first half of 2021, reports Insider. Last week, Amazon announced an earnings slump of roughly 7 percent — which meant that Bezos likely lost about $14 billion in a single day. Combined, these two factors led to the Blue Origin founder losing his top spot as world's richest man. Bezos Bounce Back? Bezos isn't likely spending too much mental energy worrying about this. For one, the ebbs and flows of the market will likely see him back at the top spot soon enough — especially when you consider the fact that Amazon isn't going to get smaller anytime soon. Plus he's way too busy doing other important things like [getting into meme wars with SpaceX and Elon Musk](https://futurism.com/blue-origin-salty-infographic-spacex). [Louis Vuitton owner Bernard Arnault supplants Jeff Bezos as the richest man in the world](https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/bernard-arnault-worlds-richest-person-louis-vuitton-supplants-jeff-bezos-2021-8) [Insider] More on Bezos: [Advisers Reportedly Begged Bezos Not to Copy Elon Musk So Much](https://futurism.com/the-byte/jeff-bezos-copy-elon-musk) Share This Article

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Aashka Goradia To Make Her Comeback On-Screen With Daayan Naagin Fame Aashka Goradia To Be Seen Making Her Comeback With Ekta Kapoor's Television Show Daayan The beautiful actress [Aashka Goradia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashka_Goradia), who is popularly known for her role in Kumkum and Naagin will be seen making her comeback on television with Ekta Kapoor's paranormal romance drama Daayan. Yes, you read that right, as per a report in [IMWBuzz.com,](https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/aashka-goradia-back-screen-tvs-daayan/2019/03/30) Aashka Goradia will be a part of Ekta Kapoor's television show Daayan. Aashka Goradia rose to fame following her character Kumud in Kkusum and Kallavati in Laagi Tujhe Lagan on TV. Apart from the television show, she has also appeared as a contestant in Colors TV's reality show Bigg Boss 6. She is also known for her appearance in Nach Baliye 8 along with her beau Brent Goble. The report will definitely come as a shocker for Jhanvi (Tinaa Datta) upon known that Akarsh is a Daayan. Now the story will get into the past which will give viewers the reasoning on Aasha's identity. A source told the entertainment portal, "The upcoming story of the show will focus on the past story. 500 years old story will be shown wherein Akarsh (Mohit Malhotra) was the king. Aashka will be part of the past story wherein she will play the queen." [10 Interesting Unknown Facts About Tollywood Actress Niharika Konidela](https://www.thelivemirror.com/niharika-konidela-lesser-known-facts/)

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West Brom have swooped to sign Hungary captain Zoltan Gera from Ferencvaros in a £1.5m deal. Gera becomes Baggies third signing in as many days Gera, 25, becomes Albion's third signing in as many days following Kanu and Jonathan Greening. Baggies boss Gary Megson said: "I'm pleased Zoltan has agreed to join us, he wants to prove himself in England. "He is an all-round midfielder who has an eye for getting forward. Hopefully he will prove to be what we think he can be," he told the club website. Megson added: "He will have to adjust to a different way of life and learn the language but he will be given that time." Gera joins Albion fresh from clinching a domestic league and cup double with Ferencvaros. Megson beat off interest from clubs such as Lens, Borussia Moenchengladbach and Spartak Moscow to clinch Gera's services. Gera also reportedly turned down a lucrative offer from Turkish outfit Galatasaray to pursue his dream of playing in the Premiership.

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Disney just released a massive restructuring of their release calendar, which is to be expected considering virtually every production in Hollywood is on hold due to the coronavirus pandemic. In doing so, the studio revealed that James Cameron's long-awaited [Avatar ](http://collider.com/tag/avatar)sequels are among the films that are getting pushed back, which historically is another piece of news we should've been expecting. Avatar 2, which had resumed production in New Zealand earlier this summer after a two-month shutdown, was originally scheduled to be released December of 2021. The movie has now been bumped to December 16, 2022. Meanwhile, Avatar 3 got shuffled from December 2023 to December 20, 2024; Avatar 4 was moved from December 2025 to December 18, 2026; and Avatar 5 was pushed from December 2027 to December 22, 2028. Notably, Disney is still sticking with the holiday release strategy, which proved to be enormously successful for the 2009 original. Yes, you read that correctly - we're currently on track to see Avatar 2 a scant 13 years after the debut of the first film. The Avatar sequels were initially announced back in 2010, with Avatar 2 scheduled for release in 2014. Since then, the franchise has been beset with a near-comedic level of delays, partially due to the ambitious increase from two planned sequels to four. The production also insisted on developing brand-new technology to film extensive underwater motion capture sequences, which added considerable time to the delays. At this point, Cameron could appear on TV dressed as a Batman villain and reveal that the Avatar sequels were nothing but an elaborate practical joke and I would not be surprised. For more of Disney's restructured calendar, check out the new release dates for the [untitled batch of Star Wars films](https://collider.com/new-upcoming-star-wars-movies-release-dates-delayed/), as well as when [we can expect to see ](https://collider.com/mulan-french-dispatch-release-dates-canceled/)Mulan in theaters.

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Fulham striker Andy Johnson rifles in the opener at Craven Cottage Danny Murphy's 100th club career goal earned Fulham a welcome win as Newcastle's recent renaissance under Joe Kinnear ended at Craven Cottage. Andy Johnson rewarded the hosts' bright start when he lashed home from 16 yards following Claudio Cacapa's error. But the Magpies rallied and, after Damien Duff had hit a post, Shola Ameobi fired them level from six yards. However, Fabricio Coloccini's foul on Johnson gave Murphy the chance to win it from the spot, and he duly obliged. It was a match that could have gone either way, but Kinnear will no doubt regret the nature of the defeat following their two recent wins over Aston Villa and West Brom, a loss that sends them back into the relegation zone. 'Utter disappointment' for Kinnear And it could have been so different had substitute Michael Owen not contrived to volley away from goal six yards out with the net beckoning 10 minutes from time. To compound the striker's misery, England coach Fabio Capello was watching from the stands and the Italian will not have been impressed with the diminutive frontman's profligacy. Owen had claimed in midweek that Newcastle are targeting a Uefa Cup spot, such is their new-found belief under Kinnear, but it was Fulham that made all the running for the first half hour, with Jimmy Bullard forcing the first save of the match from eight yards on seven minutes. Minutes later, Zoltan Gera headed wide at the back post after Simon Davies had done well to stand the ball up from the byline, before Jose Enrique stretched to clear away another header from the Hungarian. With the Cottagers controlling the play it was easy to see why Newcastle are without a win away from home in the league this season, but the nature of Johnson's opener had little to do with their sluggish start to the match. Cacapa, brought into the side at the expense of Steven Taylor before kick-off, was the guilty party, contriving to head against his own defender under no pressure at all with the rebound falling to Johnson, who smashed home. Despite that, Newcastle are made of sterner stuff under Kinnear than at the beginning of the season and they refused to buckle. Duff gave sign of their intention to battle back by driving into the box and slamming a decent effort against the near post. And after the break they drew themselves level - deservedly, having dominated the chances at the start of the half. Hodgson delighted by Fulham character There was a touch of fortune about the goal, though, as Duff's cross found its way to Ameobi via Nicky Butt, and the striker swept home from an apparently offside position six yards out. Joey Barton came close to a second moments later, forcing keeper Mark Schwarzer into a smart, low stop from 25 yards, while Butt also drilled a long-range effort at goal, though the ball flew wide. It looked like only one side would grab a third goal of the match but, to their credit, Fulham rallied themselves and a fine turn and touch from Johnson brought about Coloccini's foul in the box. The Argentine could have few complaints about the decision and Murphy converted the spot-kick with aplomb. Murphy credits Fulham team spirit The match was wide open in the closing stages, with Simon Davies curling inches wide of Given's post from 20 yards at one end, and Martins drilling a stinger straight at Schwarzer at the other. But Fulham showed the resolve they needed to hold on for the win and move up to 10th in the table. Fulham manager Roy Hodgson: "We deserved the win over the 90 minutes if you ask me. Don't get me wrong, we were hard pushed and I was especially concerned when they equalised because we weren't on our game at that time, but I thought we deserved it overall. "We're trying to keep our feet on the ground and take results like this one with a pinch of salt. We don't want to go down, but we'll be hard pushed to get into Europe, that's for sure. "If we keep doing what we did today for the rest of the season, we'll be OK." Newcastle boss Joe Kinnear: "I'm fuming, to be honest. We were the better team at the end of the first half and all the way through the second but we've lost. "It comes down to a referee's decision and it's cost us dear. Just before the penalty, Cacapa is pushed off the ball and the referee lets it go - it was an appalling decision and I'm so angry. "It keeps happening to us and the referee has a lot to answer for. I'm trying to hold back on what I really feel but I'll probably get in trouble anyway."

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John Williamss Star Wars Score Named To National Recording Registry By Rich Drees John Williamss 1977 score for the first Star Wars film (1977) has been selected as one of 50 recordings named to the Library of Congresss National Recording Registry it was announced Tuesday April 5, 2005. It is the first film score to be named to the Boards Registry. Nominations for recordings to be named to the Registry are submitted by the public and then reviewed by the National Recording Preservation Board. The final 50 recordings are then selected by the Librarian of Congress. Selections for the Registry are reviewed on the recordings cultural, historical or aesthetic importance. Recordings are eligible for inclusion on the registry no less than 10 years after their creation. According to the Preservation Boards The original release of the soundtrack album was certified Gold (500,000 units sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 18, 1977 and was certified Platinum (over 1 million units sold) a month later on August 17. Williams won several awards including a Grammy, a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for the score. The National Recording Preservation Board was created as part of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000. It is an advisory board comprised of representatives from various professional organizations and several at-large members. The Boards primary mission is to advise the Librarian of Congress on recordings to be named to the National Registry and to help develop a strategy for the ongoing preservation of historically important recordings. More information on the Preservation Board can be found at their Other recordings named to the Registry this year include original recordings of jazz and swing standards such as Hoagy Carmichaels Stardust, Ethel Waters singing Stormy Weather and the Glen Miller Orchestras In The Mood, albums such as Live At The Apollo by James Brown, Pet Sounds by the Beach Boys, and Nevermind by Nirvana and radio broadcasts such as Woodrow Wilsons 1923 Armistice Day broadcast and the 1948 episode of The Jack Benny Program containing the famous Your money or your life sketch. years entire list of recordings named to the registry can be viewed

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Nintendo Switch's Shin Megami Tensei Revealed As SMT 5 In New Trailer Atlus brings the next main entry in the Mega Ten series exclusively to Switch. Prior to the system's release, Atlus confirmed that it was working on a [new Shin Megami Tensei](https://www.gamespot.com/articles/new-shin-megami-tensei-game-heads-to-switch-but-no/1100-6446926/) game for [Nintendo Switch](/nintendo-switch/). Now, we've gotten a new trailer for it and confirmation that this is the next full-fledged entry in the series: Shin Megami Tensei V. Atlus shared the news during a recent livestream, though we're still in the dark regarding many of the specifics. The video shows that the game will at least partially take place in modern-day Tokyo. We see two characters walk through what looks like a normal train station before the video transitions to a tunnel filled with slain demons. Finally, there's a scene in a post-apocalyptic city as flying creatures swoop in and attack those same two characters. When it was [first revealed, a trailer for SMT V](https://www.gamespot.com/articles/new-shin-megami-tensei-game-heads-to-switch-but-no/1100-6446926/)--known at the time as Shin Megami Tensei: Brand New Title--showed off a destroyed office building and some familiar-looking demons. Like that one, this trailer is entirely in Japanese. Atlus has not yet confirmed an international release for the game. Given that recent Shin Megami Tensei games have been localized for western markets, a localization seems likely. There might be a wait for such a version, but given that Switch is region-free, you can always opt to play the Japanese version as soon as it's available. A release date for SMT V has not yet been announced, and there's no indication that it will come to any platform besides Switch. There is, however, a [new 3DS game on the way called Shin Megami Tensei: Deep Strange Journey](https://www.gamespot.com/articles/new-shin-megami-tensei-game-revealed-for-3ds/1100-6448995/), which is an updated version of an earlier game. Got a news tip or want to contact us directly? Email [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]?subject=Hi GameSpot! I have a news tip for you!)

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By Dan Rookwood In his most candid interview ever, Tim Cahill answers tough questions about his jailed brother, exchanging Everton for a European super club and Australia's prospects in the World Cup. The secret to Tim Cahill's success is all in his timing. A consistent goal scorer, he judges his "Cahill Expressway" runs into the box perfectly, and for a relatively small player at 1.78m, the Socceroo is superb in the air. Moreover, he knows precisely when he needs to be at his peak for club and country. His legendary performance against Japan at the 2006 World Cup - during which he came on to score two late goals and set up a third to overturn a 1-0 deficit - helped to earn him a Ballon d'Or nomination as one of the world's top 50 players. He has since cemented his reputation as a coveted attacking midfielder, with Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger known to be a fan. Born in Sydney to a Samoan mother and a British father, Cahill, 29, having initially represented Samoa as a teenager, struggled for years to win the right to play for Australia. After a protracted appeal, he made his debut for the Socceroos in 2004. There have been downs as well as ups - notably the six-year jail sentence for grievous bodily harm given to older brother Sean last year, following a fight in south London that left a man partially blind. Cahill, who often dedicates his goals to worthy causes, attracted criticism for making a handcuff gesture in support of his brother after scoring against Portsmouth. Cahill has yet again timed his run to perfection. April presents him with the opportunity to help secure Australia's qualification for next year's World Cup finals and - should Everton overcome Manchester United in the FA Cup semis at Wembley - appear in his second cup final. Dan Rookwood: You must fancy your chances of another FA Cup final. Tim Cahill: Yeah, when I was at Millwall we lost in the final to Man United in 2004. Hopefully this time I can go one step further and maybe win it. This is a massive opportunity. DR: That run with Millwall lit the touch paper on your career, didn't it? TC: Yeah, I suppose so. It put me out there and I guess people finally got to know who the real Tim Cahill was. Grabbing that winning goal [in the semi-final] against Sunderland, people were proud of the Australian who got one of the lower league clubs to the final. It was one of the finest moments in my career. DR: You've been playing up front a lot this season. Do you feel like you're playing out of position or do you prefer being a striker? TC: I'm thankful for wherever I play. I'm very physical but as a striker my body is taking a bigger toll of knocks playing against 1.94m giants and I'm having to find ways to beat them in the air or knock them off the ball or get in behind them. It's about enjoying the challenge. I've had it all my life, people thinking I was too small or not fast enough, not strong enough. But I feel that I can play anywhere. DR: You've come up with goals when it's mattered, notably against Japan. That must have made you proud. TC: The proudest I have ever been. The whole of Australia can probably say they know exactly where they were when those two goals went in. For me, that's something that I can share with every single Australian. DR: 14 goals in 31 internationals: not a bad return from someone who is predominantly a midfielder ... TC: All I do when I cross that white line for Australia is think about scoring the winner. Same as I do with Everton. My goal is to try to win the game as soon as possible. The appetite and fight for winning a game outweighs any other thoughts. DR: There are a fair few midfielders in the Premiership who bag a lot of goals - Cristiano Ronaldo, Steven Gerrard, Frank Lampard. You're now in that bracket. TC: Yeah. It's unbelievable. Someone told me the other day that I've scored 100 goals in 400 games. I'm very privileged and honoured that I can be in this situation. DR: You were nominated for the Ballon d'Or in 2006. Was that a bolt from the blue for you? TC: I was just happy to be involved in it. It shows just how far Australians and Australian football has come. DR: Getting knocked out of the World Cup thanks to a dubious penalty decision against Italy must have hurt. TC: Yeah, but I look back on that tournament with pride. I can hold my head up high, I did all I could, so did all the lads, and we went out to the champions of the world. If we get another chance at another World Cup, we can hopefully go that one better. DR: You are at your peak now. Do you really think you've got enough quality around you to do better in South Africa? TC: I hope so. As long as every player has the same mindset and belief to go out there and win then nothing else matters. The quality is there. The players are getting better in the A-League, more players are in Europe. Of course we've got the chance of going one better but it's whether we can produce it at the right time. DR: You've probably become Australia's most consistent senior player. Would you agree? TC: I'm at the stage now where people rely on me a lot for always coming up with the big goals in big competitions. It's something that I take with open arms because this is what I am there for. I want people to rely on me. Obviously we've got Harry Kewell, and Lucas [Neill] and Schwarzy [Mark Schwarzer]. Hopefully they can do the same. DR: Did you think you might never get the chance to play for Australia because of the Samoa complications? TC: Of course. I can remember being in tears, blaming my old man, blaming officials and I feared I might never get my chance. But I was making the right noises in England at Millwall, getting to an FA Cup final, winning a promotion, and people took note and said: "Look this kid's doing really well. Let's talk, let's get things going." In the end it got turned around. DR: Do you think the struggle made you hungrier? TC: I've always been really hungry because my family sacrificed so much to give me this opportunity. It was hard for me to come to England; my parents had to get a loan to get me over here for a trial. I've made sure since then that I've paid them back and they've never had to work since the day I got my first contract. DR: You strike me as captain material for both club and country. Do you think that might come your way? TC: Yes, most definitely. But I don't need an armband to captain my team. In the big games or the big moments, I come up with the goods and if people can see that I am always leading, it doesn't matter that I don't have the armband. But I know that if it did come up for grabs, I would take it with open arms. I'm not someone to shy away from responsibility. DR: It's been a pretty impressive World Cup qualifying campaign ... TC: Yes definitely. It's down to Pim [Verbeek] and the way he instils respect - he's highly regarded by all the players. He knows exactly what's going on 24/7, he has surveillance on every player throughout the world so when it comes to camp there's no stone unturned. He's worked out exactly where we need to be. DR: Guus Hiddink was a tough act to follow. TC: It shows the mark of a man who is fearless. People forget that Pim is a very successful person in football and he has his own powerful personality. He is a great man-manager who understands the players. DR: Who is the best manager you have played under? TC: Difficult, that. At international level, Guus and Pim are two very different people and I respect them a lot. But [Everton manager] David Moyes has influenced my career in a big way. He took a chance, paid 1.5m quid for me and [always] played me. DR: Moyes doesn't seem like the kind of man you'd want to get on the wrong side of. Have you ever had an argument with him? TC: When we played away in the UEFA Cup against SK Brann, he told me off because Eirik Bakke smashed me off the ball. I think he thought I'd pulled out of a tackle, which he told me at half-time. I was fuming, because I'm not like that. In the second half, I went out and gave it everything. The gaffer was delighted. That was what he wanted to see. I'm lucky that I've got a great relationship with my boss. We've got a great understanding. DR: As an Australian playing in England, with the distances involved, have you ever been put under pressure to choose club over country? TC: The easiest answer is I can't be asked to choose because either I want to play for Australia or I don't. It's as simple as that. I always want to play for Australia so you'll see me on that plane regardless. I feel that the gaffer [Moyes] knows my personality and that I want to do as well as I can domestically and internationally. DR: Can you explain why you've become such a cult hero at Everton? TC: Every time I score, the passion comes out and I try to relay that back to the fans and to the players and the staff at how grateful I am to be playing for such a good football club. I am part of the furniture at Everton but I don't take it for granted. DR: It could be argued that you embody Everton, in that you punch above your weight. Is that fair or is that a slight on both your character and that of Everton? TC: It doesn't matter. I take compliments and I take constructive criticism. Not everyone loves you. It's the way you react as a footballer. I use it all to make me play better. DR: Tell me about the tattoos. TC: I'm a very traditional person. The tattoos are about my grandmother dying and they tell the story about my mother and father, my brothers and my sister, my kids. It's pretty much a family tree on my arm with my life in football too. I've only ever had two football clubs - Millwall and Everton - and they are the only [ones] that mean a lot to me. That appreciation is something I carry on my arm as a mark of respect. The story is obviously not finished. I am only 29 and I'm looking to have a bright future, win trophies and do as much as I can. DR: So will you finish your playing career at Everton? TC: Who knows? I want to do as well as I can. I've got a chance of the FA Cup. I've got a lot of years left at Everton and hopefully I can make it longer, but it depends what the club thinks of you. DR: Do you think you might finish your playing days in Australia? TC: Yeah, you never know. I can't see myself quitting before I'm 35 or even longer than that. I'm very fit. I pride myself on playing a lot of games. I've played 400 games now and I hope to play another 200, 250 maybe. It's all about the way I look after my body. I've got a very fond attachment to Australia but I won't be rushing home too soon because I want to get as much football at the highest level I can before I come home. DR: What do you think of the A-League now? TC: I watch the highlights here. It's slowly getting there, they're adding more teams, the level is getting better. DR: Who did you support as boy? TC: Sydney Olympic because I used to go to the games and I played for them when I was a kid. But my team was AC Milan: Gullit, Savicevic, Boban, Rijkaard, Van Basten, Maldini, Baresi ... the list goes on. It was probably the best team the world has ever seen. DR: Your favourite player now? TC: I'd have to say Cristiano Ronaldo. He's a player that can do anything. Playing against him, he's someone that can never be marked. DR: Who is the player you least like playing against? TC: It used to be Roy Keane but now, being a striker, someone like [Chelsea defender] Alex. He's big and strong and I've bounced off him a few times. He's very difficult to play against. DR: Do you think you might have won more honours and recognition if you'd gone to a bigger club? TC: Is the grass always greener? Is it the right situation for you and your family and you as a player? I feel that I am achieving a lot at Everton. It's unfortunate that I haven't won them big awards. But who knows? Maybe one day. But beating Liverpool is like winning an FA Cup. Once you've played for Everton and know what it is to be a Blue, then you know what it means to beat Liverpool. DR: You've had good battles in the Merseyside derbies. Those games seem to really matter to you. TC: Definitely. I hold the record with Dixie Dean for being the only Everton player to score three derby goals at Anfield. I still hope to better it. Things like that, the fans never forget. [Ex-Liverpool striker] Ian Rush said that games like that make you a legend and to me that means a lot more than going to a club and being part of a trophy but not really recognised. DR: Would you ever consider a move to Liverpool if they came in for you? TC: Never. Never, never. No money in this world could convince me to play for Liverpool. That's not a lack of respect for Liverpool supporters or the football club. It's respect for the Everton supporters. You just can't do that. It goes against everything that I stand for. No chance. DR: Arsene Wenger is a big fan of yours. What about going to somewhere like Arsenal? TC: It's a different story when it comes to things like that. Opportunities arise and you either turn them down or you take them. The best thing for me now is I'm at a club that really likes me. DR: What's the story behind your trademark celebration of boxing the corner flag when you score? TC: It's from [fellow Socceroo] Archie Thompson. Archie did a kung-fu celebration and I said: "That's quality, I love your celebration." And he said: "Do it. Take it to the Premiership." So I adapted it and it's stuck now. Archie's trying to buy it back off me but he can't have it. DR: You like to dedicate goals. You dedicated your FA Cup goal against Aston Villa to the people affected by the bushfires in Victoria. TC: People mourn in different ways. I just felt I had to put that [black] armband on and go on that pitch carrying Australia on my arm. And then when I scored, [Everton captain] Phil Neville is pointing to my arm and the lads are cuddling me and it felt so magical; it felt like the weight had been lifted off my shoulders just for those few seconds. DR: Your loyalty has occasionally got you in trouble - notably when you made the handcuff gesture upon scoring in tribute to your brother ... TC: You can only stand by your family and you can only stand by your country. You just have to take it in your stride and show your respects at every level you can. People know what I am all about. I don't hide; I always put myself out there. DR: Do you regret that handcuff gesture now? TC: It's over now so it doesn't really need to be brought up. DR: Do you visit your brother in prison often? TC: We don't need to talk about that. It's not going to change anyone's lives whether I do or I don't. DR: Let's move on. Tell me about the football academies you're setting up in Australia. TC: It's still early stages. Once I've got it right, I'll talk more about it but basically I just want to give these kids the same opportunities that I had and lead them in the right way. DR: What do you want to do after you have finished playing? TC: I want to work with kids and help develop them, show them the right way, the right morals and attitude into how to become a better footballer.Australia has many different cultures but I'd like to bring in the indigenous style, bring their competitiveness, athleticism and raw ability into the frame as well. I feel that with the right training we can find some more superstars who can help to make Australia an even stronger force.

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'How will I make an action film with this guy?': Shah Rukh Khan's flop-streak caused director Indra Kumar to underestimate him Luv Sinha confirms he skipped sister Sonakshi Sinha's wedding with Zaheer Iqbal: 'Wouldn't associate with some people' In first case under BNS in Tripura, truck driver booked for accident that killed 71-year-old man Delhi News Live Updates: HC to hear Kejriwal's plea against CBI arrest in excise policy case Top 10 tourist attractions in the world in 2024: Check if any Indian site featured in the list Yes, it's true: Strawberry leaves are just as nutritious as the fruit CUET UG 2024 Results by July 10: Sources Pune Inc: How a city startup gives people a different kind of immersive holiday in the countryside AP CM Chandrababu Naidu writes to Revanth Reddy, proposes meeting to address bifurcation issues I want to live this moment, each minute, each second that is passing by: Rohit Sharma Delhi govt school heads told to submit weekly report on teaching quality in classrooms NIT Calicut: Only NIT to be placed under top 10 innovation category WhatsApp for iPad gets its first major makeover, gains communities tab 'Surreptitious aid to Adani by SEBI': Hindenburg says received show cause notice from market regulator Saif Ali Khan explains the Pataudi family's illustrious cricketing history to son Taimur: 'Your great grand father was…' Latest News Live Updates: Northeast reels under floods, heavy rainfall; Modi likely to speak in Parliament

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Andrew Johnson's late header salvaged a point for Everton against a resolute Reading side at Goodison Park. Joleon Lescott is helpless as the ball deflects off him into his own net The Royals took the lead when Stephen Hunt met Nicky Shorey's free-kick and after ricochets from Tim Howard and then Joleon Lescott, it trickled in. Victor Anichebe had a header cleared off the line by Ibrahima Sonko and Johnson shot wide when clean through. As Everton surged forward, Johnson atoned for his earlier miss and headed past the onrushing Marcus Hahnemann. Everton, boosted by the support of guest Sylvester Stallone in the crowd, halted their rocky home form but the game was not the all-action thriller the actor would have relished. The home side made a decent start but, despite dominating possession, they struggled to break down Reading's resistance. [606 DEBATE: Your views on the match](http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A18899310) Everton boss David Moyes welcomed back Tim Cahill after a two-month injury lay-off but the Toffees sorely missed the suspended Mikel Arteta's creativity in midfield. The only first-half chance for the hosts fell to Australian Cahill, who scuffed his close-range shot straight at Hahnemann after Johnson's cut-back. With the game becoming increasingly scrappy and the Goodison crowd subdued, Reading seized the initiative in the 27th minute. There was an element of fortune about the goal as Hunt's header from Shorey's free-kick ricocheted off Howard and eventually trickled over the line after Lescott's deflection. Reading manager Steve Coppell's jubilation turned to concern five minutes later when top scorer Kevin Doyle was carried off with a suspected hamstring injury. Everton threw on Anichebe in the second half and started the second period with more vigour and penetration. Stallone was introduced to Goodison Park before kick-off Cahill stung the hands of Hahnemann with a rasping drive from 20 yards, while Johnson blasted wide from similar range. Anichebe's presence up front lifted the home side and only Sonko's goalline clearance prevented the teenager from equalising with a brave header. The match opened up midway through the second half, with Hahnemann's goal subjected to constant pressure. And Johnson missed a glorious opportunity to equalise on 70 minutes after being put clean through by Cahill. The England striker lifted his effort over Hahnemann but it bounced inches wide of the left post. Despite spending much of the second half camped in their own half, Reading continued to forge sporadic and dangerous attacks, without ever seriously testing Howard. And the Royals looked to be escaping Goodison Park with a victory. But, with nine minutes remaining, Johnson made up for his earlier miss and grabbed his eighth league goal of the season with a brave header. The striker rose to meet Anichebe's flicked header and planted his effort beyond the onrushing Hahnemann. Moyes urged his players to conjure up a winner in the dying minutes but Reading held out for a point. Everton manager David Moyes: "We had to chase the game after the first goal and I can't fault the players for the way we got back into the match. "But I was disappointed we didn't go on to win it in the end. "I wanted us to get the winning goal. We were well on the way to getting that and I still thought we could have got that second goal towards the end." Reading assistant manager Kevin Dillon: "I'm disappointed as I thought we deserved to win but credit to Andy Johnson, you can never write him off - he was brave in getting his goal. "We played down one side a bit too often and I thought we could have switched our play more. "But overall it was a terrific effort, considering we lost Kevin Doyle." Everton: Howard, Neville, Yobo, Lescott, Naysmith, Van der Meyde (Beattie 71), Carsley, Cahill, Osman, McFadden (Anichebe 46), Johnson. Subs Not Used: Wright, Davies, Stubbs. Booked: Cahill, Anichebe. Goals: Johnson 81. Reading: Hahnemann, De la Cruz, Sonko, Ingimarsson, Shorey, Little, Sidwell, Harper, Hunt, Doyle (Long 38), Lita. Subs Not Used: Federici, Oster, Sodje, Bikey. Booked: Sonko, Hunt. Goals: Lescott 28 og. Ref: M Riley (W Yorkshire).

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GAELIC dialects are in danger of dying out, an Edinburgh University academic has warned. Dr William Lamb, of the School of Celtic and Scottish Studies, suggests that although there were over 200 varieties of Gaelic spoken in the 1950s, only the Lewis and South Uist versions will be strong enough to survive within their communities – though even those are being challenged on a daily basis. Dr Lamb also noted another, non-dialectal, form of the language, dubbed "mid-Minch Gaelic", was emerging and this is the one being learned by children. The Baltimore-born academic, a Gaelic learner, told The Herald: "Mid-Minch Gaelic is similar to the Queen's English in that it dulls distinctive dialectal features to increase comprehension and it is used in schools by teachers and by broadcasters. You cannot identify exactly where the mid-Minch speaker is from." Dr Lamb believes schools are having a major impact on how Gaelic is spoken and is the main reason for its spreading homogeneity. However, he acknowledges that they can also be the language's saviour. He said: "We are dependent on schools today because Gaelic is so weak in the community." According to his research, in Gaelic medium units throughout Scotland – including the Western Isles – 21% of teachers use a non-dialectal Gaelic. A quarter spoke the Lewis dialect and 17.5% spoke Gaelic from South Uist. But only 9% of Scotland's Gaelic-medium teachers spoke Skye Gaelic, while 8% spoke North Uist and 7% spoke Barra. Dr Lamb cited the example of a girl with Harris parents in a mainland Gaelic school with a Lewis teacher. He said: "When in Lewis they said she sounds like she's from Harris and when she's in Harris, they say she sounds like she's from Lewis." Within indigenous communities, the way Gaelic is spoken is also changing. The academic, whose two young daughters' mother is from North Uist and live in Edinburgh but speak North Uist Gaelic as their first language, explained: "Much of this is due to an increase in co-mingling within communities. A hundred years ago, people rarely left the islands and the communities were tight and cohesive. Now with more intermarrying and the influx of so-called White Settlers, it's become a much more complex situation." Dr Lamb worked for many years in Uist, running the Traditional Music and Scottish Gaelic courses at Lews Castle College Benbecula (University of the Highlands and Islands). Asked which dialect he speaks, Dr Lamb replied: "I'm told you wouldn't know I was a Gaelic learner, but I think that's just the politeness of the Gaels, because they don't actually say they can identify which spot it's from. "You often find native Gaelic speakers will switch to English out of politeness when there's a non-Gaelic speaker in their company because they are aware that other person can't understand what's being said. "Although this doesn't directly influence a dialect, it does mean that there are fewer and fewer situations in which it is spoken. If people only speak to each other the language will have a hard time surviving. "The way people speak means a lot to them as individuals, and has a lot to do with group identity. They will have a fairly emotional reaction to the thought that the ancient and distinctive dialect spoken by their forefathers is going to disappear. "I think it is important to have this debate right now about how we keep the language strong in its native communities." Why are you making commenting on The Herald only available to subscribers? It should have been a safe space for informed debate, somewhere for readers to discuss issues around the biggest stories of the day, but all too often the below the line comments on most websites have become bogged down by off-topic discussions and abuse. heraldscotland.com is tackling this problem by allowing only subscribers to comment. We are doing this to improve the experience for our loyal readers and we believe it will reduce the ability of trolls and troublemakers, who occasionally find their way onto our site, to abuse our journalists and readers. We also hope it will help the comments section fulfil its promise as a part of Scotland's conversation with itself. We are lucky at The Herald. We are read by an informed, educated readership who can add their knowledge and insights to our stories. That is invaluable. We are making the subscriber-only change to support our valued readers, who tell us they don't want the site cluttered up with irrelevant comments, untruths and abuse. In the past, the journalist's job was to collect and distribute information to the audience. Technology means that readers can shape a discussion. We look forward to hearing from you on heraldscotland.com Comments & Moderation Readers' comments: You are personally liable for the content of any comments you upload to this website, so please act responsibly. We do not pre-moderate or monitor readers' comments appearing on our websites, but we do post-moderate in response to complaints we receive or otherwise when a potential problem comes to our attention. You can make a complaint by using the 'report this post' link . We may then apply our discretion under the user terms to amend or delete comments. Post moderation is undertaken full-time 9am-6pm on weekdays, and on a part-time basis outwith those hours. [Read the rules here](/misc/comments) Comments are closed on this article

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Joleon Lescott is on course to become the second most expensive defender in British football history, having passed a medical ahead of his proposed £22m move to The 27-year-old underwent a series of tests at a private clinic in Manchester yesterday afternoon, with City anxious for assurances over the knee problem that delayed the England international's £5m move to [Everton](https://www.theguardian.com/football/everton) from Wolverhampton Wanderers in 2006. Plans to announce the defender's arrival at Eastlands last night, however, were delayed due to what City officials described as a minor hitch in his release from Goodison Park. Lescott, a virtual ever-present at Everton despite those initial injury fears, has agreed personal terms on a deal that will double his £47,000-a-week salary at Everton and eventually rise to £24m with add-ons. Wolves will receive a £2.55m windfall from the transfer as they are entitled to 15% of any profit made by the Goodison club. Only Rio Ferdinand among English defenders has cost more than Lescott, who will be joined at Eastlands by the former Arsenal and Barcelona left-back, Sylvinho, on a 12-month contract, and his departure will end a saga that has destroyed relations between the respective managers, David Moyes and Mark Hughes. Moyes hopes to move on from the Lescott episode in the next 48 hours with the signing of the Russia winger, Diniyar Bilyaletdinov, and Valencia's combative midfielder Ever Banega. He has also ear-marked the Portsmouth's Sylvain Distin as Lescott's replacement in a £5m deal. The Everton manager wants four additions to his squad before next week's transfer deadline and hopes to commence his trolley dash with the signing of Bilyaletdinov for a fee of around £10m. The Locomotiv Moscow left winger passed a medical last night and should become the club's first permanent signing of the summer once personal terms have been agreed on a five-year contract. Negotiations between the 24-year-old and Everton are taking place in Hamburg, as Bilyaletdinov does not have a visa to enter the UK. A work permit is unlikely to be a problem as the winger is an established Russia international with 28 caps. Goodison officials, who secured a work permit for Banega on Friday, have insisted negotiations are continuing with Valencia and that the player could arrive to complete the deal this week. Distin has emerged as Moyes' leading candidate to fill the void left by Lescott in the Everton defence, with the Goodison club hopeful a £5m bid will tempt Portsmouth to sell.

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A thousand temporary cottages, prayer hall and dining area have come up in Madhavaram to host Jain Acharya Mahashraman during his four-month-long stay for Chaturmas. According to the members of the Acharya Shree Mahashraman Chaturmas Pravas Vyvastha Samithi, the 11th acharya of the Swethambar Therapanth Jains would begin his discourse on July 22 at the Jain Terapanth Nagar, Madhavaram. During Chaturmas, saints usually stay at one place and and give discourses to the public. The acharya has walked all across the country covering 42,000 km and thousands of his devotees are expected to come to listen to his discourses. "During his stay here from Shravan to Karthik month, devotees from all over the country will converge here for different periods of time to get gyan from him," said Dharmchand Lunkad, president of the Samithi. "People have even bought flats in a nearby apartment complex since our acharya is coming here. The place where he will preach and bless devotees will be converted into a school after the Chaturmas. The facilities have come up on 27 acres of land taken on lease with contributions from devotees," said Chatarmal Baid, vice-president of the Samithi. The Samithi's treasurer Lalit Dugar said it had been 50 years since an acharya came to Chennai. The 9th acharya, Sri Thulsi, had come here in July 1968. On July 22, Governor Banwarilal Purohit will lead the Nagrik Abhinandan to the guru after which the Chaturmas will commence.

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The History of Goodison Park The first purpose-built football stadium in England, and the only one to feature four double-decker stands. Alex Young (speaking with Becky Tallentire): "Goodison Park to me just seems to be a magical place, it's like when you go into certain houses where the great ghosts have been. There was something there that made the back of my neck tingle when I ran onto the pitch for Everton, even when the place was empty. "It's still the same whenever I go down, that feeling is still there – home matches especially, you could feel the vibes from the fans. I loved playing at Goodison and that's why the majority of the games when I turned it on, it was at home. I could feel the goodwill coming from the fans. "I felt it again in February 2000 when I was down for the Millennium Presentation, I won an award and my wife, Nancy came on the park with me and she said it made her Millennium – it was the greatest thrill she's ever had, going on the pitch with a 35 or 40,000 and every single one of them wishing us well, we could both feel the vibes. For me it's a magical place, the best place I' ve ever played football and I'll never, ever forget it." ¤ ¤ ¤ The Story of the Bullens ¤ ¤ ¤ Were it not for an escalating series of disputes between Everton and their landlord at Anfield, John Houlding, Goodison Park, the Toffees' iconic and history-laden old stadium, might never have been built. Finally taking umbrage at Houlding's decision to more than double the club's rent at Anfield by early 1892, George Mahon and the Everton board made the fateful decision to take the core of the club and find land for a new ground, eventually settling on the Mere Green field. Left with a stadium but no team, Houlding, a local alderman and Conservative MP, formed a new club, attempting to register it as Everton FC and Athletic Grounds Ltd., a name rejected by the Football Association, before choosing Liverpool FC, thereby creating one of English football's most enduring rivalries. Meanwhile, the original Everton – indeed, the City's original team – soon named their new site on the other side of Stanley Park after the road that ran alongside it (which itself had been named after local civil engineer, George Goodison) and embarked on a project that would result in England's first ever modern stadium, purpose-built for football and which would remain at the forefront of the English game for the next century. It would become Everton's fourth home in 14 years. Originally formed in 1878 as St Domingo FC when they played on Stanley Park opposite Houlding's house, the club moved to nearby Priory Road once it became clear that the rising number of spectators attending matches would require a fenced and gated pitch if the club wanted to charge admission. Within two years, however, club president Houlding had secured land on Anfield Road and Everton moved again to the location where they would win their first League title in 1891, before moving across Stanley Park once more in the wake of the schism in the club that occurred the following year when Houlding raised the rent from £100 in 1888 to £250 a year after the championship triumph. The Everton committee, now based in the Sandon Hotel, rejected Houlding's offer to sell Anfield to them for £6,000 and ended up taking up the option that Mahon had on the plot at Mere Green, described in 1906 by Gibson and Pickford's Book of Football as having "degenerated from a nursery into a howling desert", for £8,090. It was more than they might have paid to stay where they were but it bought them freedom from Houlding. Once cleared of debris, levelled, drained and sodded, construction of two uncovered stands and one covered stand was begun at Goodison Park by Walton contractors, Kelly Bros. The first known sketch of Goodison Park As Simon Inglis described in The Football Grounds Of Great Britain: "Everton performed a miraculous transformation at Mere Green, spending up to £3,000 on laying out the ground and erecting stands on three sides. For £552 Mr. Barton prepared the land at 4½d a square yard. Kelly Brothers of Walton built two uncovered stands each for 4,000 people, and a covered stand seating 3,000, at a total cost of £1,460. Outside, hoardings cost a further £150, gates and sheds cost £132 10s and 12 turnstiles added another £7 15s to the bill."" By August, the new stadium was officially opened with a brief athletics meeting, a selection of music and a fireworks display, and on 2nd September, 1892, she played host to her first match, a keenly-contested friendly against Bolton Wanderers which Everton won 4-2. Wolves's Molineux had opened three years earlier but was far less developed than Goodison Park; likewise Newcastle's St James's Park. As Inglis wrote, "Only Scotland had more advanced grounds. Rangers opened Ibrox in 1887, while Celtic Park was officially inaugurated at the same time as Goodison Park." In October 1892, Out Of Doors effused: "Behold Goodison Park!...no single picture could take in the entire scene the ground presents, it is so magnificently large, for it rivals the greater American baseball pitches. On three sides of the field of play there are tall covered stands, and on the fourth side the ground has been so well banked up with thousands of loads of cinders that a complete view of the game can be had from any portion." An early sketch of a match from 1892 showing the Gwladys Street stand Below, extracts taken from "The Football Grounds Of Great Britain" by Simon Inglis, brought to you by Mike Southworth, and updated since 1987 to include the Park End Stand, built in 1994. A year after moving, Everton were FA Cup finalists in 1893, then runners up again in the first Division in 1895. The ground was honoured in 1894 when Notts County beat Bolton in the FA Cup Final, watched by a disappointing crowd of 37,000, but everton were still the richest club in the country, and League gates such as the 30,000 which attended in February 1893 were still regarded as enormous. Despite the initial developments, it was not long before Goodison Park was improved even further. A new Bullens road Stand was built in 1895 at a cost of £3,407 (although the original construction seems to have been more than adequate, unless the work involved only spectator facilities) and the open Goodison Road side was covered for £403. Meanwhile competition in the city was reaching peak levels. Everton were again runners up in both the League and FA Cup, while across Stanley Park, Liverpool won their first Championship in 1901. The Goodison Park of today really began to take shape after the turn of the century, beginning in 1907 with the building of the hideous and far too small Park End double-decker stand, at a cost of £13,000. It was designed by the club's architect, Henry Hartley, and the club would have lost problems with it subsequently. In 1909, the old large Main Stand on Goodison Road was built. Costing £28,000 it housed all the offices and players' facilities, and survived until 1971. At the same time another £12,000 was spent on concreting over the terracing and replacing the cinder running track. The "Athletic News'" correspondent wrote in the summer of 1909, "Visitors to Goodison Park will be astonished at the immensity of the new double-decker stand". The architect was Archibold Leitch, and the front balcony bore his criss-cross trademark, which can still be seen on the Bullens Road Stand opposite, and was also a feature on the main stands at Ibrox and Roker Park for most of the 20th Century, until these grounds were modified or abandoned. In recognition of the fact that the ground was by far the best equipped in England, Everton hosted the 1910 FA Cup Final replay between Newcastle and Barnsley. On this occasion 69,000 attended. Then on 13 July 1913, Goodison Park became the first League venue to be visited by a ruling monarch, when George V and Queen Mary came to inspect local schoolchildren at the ground. During the First World War, Goodison was used by the Territorial Army for drill practice. Soon after, the US baseball teams Chicago White Sox and New York Giants played an exhibition match at the ground. One player managed to hit a ball right over the Main Stand. The next major development took place in 1926, when at a cost of £30,000 another double-decker, similar to the Main Stand, was built on the Bullens Road Side opposite. Again, Leitch was the architect. In the 1930's Everton borrowed an idea from Aberdeen FC, who they had visited for a friendly. At Pittodrie in 1931, trainer Donald Coleman had built the first ever dug-outs in the country, and probably the world. Not only did Coleman want shelter on the touchline, but also a worm's eye view of his players' footwork. From Pittodrie and Goodison Park the idea soon spread, and now the covered dug-out is a feature of almost every ground Another Royal visit occurred in 1938. George VI and Queen Elizabeth, the present Queen Mother, came to Everton and saw the new Gwladys Street Stand, just completed for £50,000. Notice how costs had escalated over the years. Goodison Park thereby became the only ground in Britain to have four double-decker stands and was newly affirmed as the most advanced stadium in Britain. Some writers referred to it as "Toffeeopolis", after the club's nickname. Goodison Park suffered quite badly during the Second World War, because it lies so near the Liverpool docks, and the club received £5,000 for repairs from the War Damage Commission. Shortly after the work was completed, Everton enjoyed their highest ever attendance, 78,299 for the visit of Liverpool in Division One, on 18 September 1948. Floodlights came to both Liverpool clubs in October 1957. The Goodison Park set, which were originally mounted on four extremely tall pylons, were switched on for an Everton v Liverpool friendly on 9 October. A year later the club spent £16,000 installing 20 miles of electric wire underneath the pitch. The system melted frost and ice most effectively, but the drains could not handle the extra load, so in 1960 the pitch was dug up and new drainage pipes laid. The 1960s, like the 1930s saw Everton win the Championship twice and the FA Cup once, and in 1966 Goodison Park attained its peak of fame and fortune, staging five games in the magical World Cup, including group matches for Brazil and a hugely memorable quarter-final between North Korea and Portugal. No other English venue apart from Wembley staged so many World Cup games. In preparation for the World Cup, the club had bought and demolished some of the Victorian terraced houses which stood behind the Park End Stand, in order to make a new entrance way from Stanley Park. The houses had originally been built by the club for players, and Dixie Dean had lived in one of them. The next and (still) perhaps the most spectacular development was in 1971, when the 1909 double-decker Main Stand on Goodison Road was demolished to make way for a massive new three-tiered Main Stand. The old stand had cost £28,000 and was then considered immense. The new stand cost £1 million and was nearly twice the size, and was the largest in Britain until 1974, when Chelsea opened their mammoth East Stand, which cost twice as much and nearly brought financial ruin. Because the Goodison Road Stand is so tall, the floodlight pylons were taken down and lamps put on gantries along the roof. The old-fashioned Bullens Road pitched roof was replaced by a much flatter modern roof and similar gantries installed there also. Anfield's lights followed the same pattern a year later. When the Safety of Sports Grounds Act came into effect in 1977, Goodison Park's capacity was greatly reduced from 56,000 to 35,000, mainly due to outdated entrances and exits. So Everton had to spend £250,000 in order to reach a capacity of 52,800. The 1986 figure stood at 53,419, of which 24,419 were seated. In the early 1980's the original corrugated roofing of the Gwladys Street Stand was replaced by blue cladding, giving the roof a rich colourful hue. Then, in 1987, the pitched roof was replaced by an upturned sloping roof extending out over the terracing below, which joined the roof of the Bullens Road, creating a continuous roof on two sides of the ground. The next development was the conversion of Goodison to an all seater stadium, following the Taylor Report, in the aftermath of Hillsborough. This invoved seating the paddock, enclosure and Gwladys Street terracing. The Park End terracing remained but was only opened for big games. The reason for this was the intended redevelopment of the Park End. This came to fruition in the early part of 1994. The last time spectators stood on the terrace was on 19th January at the FA Cup 3rd Round replay against Bolton. The old stand was pulled down during February, with construction beginning soon after. The new stanley Park End Stand is a single tier cantilever stand with a capacity of 6,000. It also houses new facilities such as the Football in the community Scheme and the Supporters Club. The stand was opened on Saturday 17 September 1994 by David Hunt MP. A contribution of £1.3M was also given by The Football Trust. The completion of the Park End brought Goodison Park's capacity up to 40,100, a figure exceeded by only the projected capacities of Old Trafford and Anfield, neither of which are in such a confined area as Goodison Park. The next step will more than likely be to replace the wooden seats which remain in the Lower Bullens Stand and in parts of the Main Stand, bringing Goodison Park right up to date and back to its rightful place as one of the best stadiums in Britain. Ground Description Anfield, at the top of Stanley Park, is a solid mass on the skyline while Goodison Park, at the foot of the gentle slope, is a gaunt cathedral among low terraced houses. Two such important clubs, so close, yet seemingly turning their backs on each other across the green expanse. Goodison Park is difficult to see from street level, not merely because it no longer has those giant floodlight pylons. The tall Main Stand does not at first look like a football stand, but part of a factory or brewery perhaps. The main entrance is on Goodison Road, where on one side is an unbroken line of terraced houses, small shops and The Winslow public house, on the other the high wall of the stand. There is no room for a gate or a courtyard. Above the doors and windows are a succession of signs, pointing here and there, telling you where you are or how you can get to where you should be; one of those admirable grounds that likes to keep its public informed and does not assume that everyone is a regular. Inside, the stand seems titanic. The front section, originally for standing, now houses the Family Enclosure, and is in part backed by a line of executive boxes. These were a later addition, similar to those at St Andrews or Portman Road. When the stand was built, the club either saw no demand for this kind of accommodation or were unable to afford them Manchester United had built boxes earlier so they have had to add boxes in a way which detracts from the original design of the stand. The middle tier houses, among others, the Directors Box, sponsors and their like, above which is the upper tier – The Top Balcony. Unfortunately, because of the angle of Goodison Road, at the end closest to the Park End the back wall angles in towards the pitch, and creates the illusion that the stand is somehow falling down, because the top tier of seats falls away, row by row, into the corner in a most alarming way. Since the building of the new Park End Stand, these seats are not used because the roof extends out under the Main Stand roof and blocks the view of the Park End goal. At this corner, between the Main Stand and the Park End is a tall rectangular block, clad in blue. It houses stairways vital for safety in such a large stand, but has the additional and detrimental effect of closing off that corner in darkness. The opposite end is much more impressive. A large expanse of glass pannelling is dramatically cut in half by the sloping rake of the Top Balcony, apparently suspended in air. Notice at the front the very compact dug-outs, and the barely visible players' tunnel in between. This dominating, but scarcely attractive structure seats 10,155 in the upper tiers alone, more than the total capacity of several grounds in the lower divisions, plus 12 private boxes and the seating in the Family Enclosure. From here, look down to the left to Goodison Park's most famous landmark, the church of St Luke the Evangelist. The church presses so far into the ground that its walls are just feet from the stands. Everton once tried to pay for its removal in order to gain extra space, but had they succeeded, a familiar landmark would have been sorely missed. As it is, this corner is the most open of all. On the left is the Gwladys Street End, similar to the two ends at White Hart Lane, with a balcony frontage distinguished by thin blue vertical lines along white facings. The terracing held 14,200 before the seats were put in to comply with the Taylor Report, and it once had a distinctive crescent wall setback nearest the goal to prevent missile-throwing incidents. This would be a familiar sight to anyone who has seen the games played there during the 1966 World Cup. The roof extends out over the Gwladys Street Stand and joins the Bullens Road Stand roof in the opposite corner. The Bullens Road stand, opposite the Main Stand, is in three tiers, the rear section of the terracing having been converted to form the Lower Bullens Stand some years ago. The old terracing in front has now gone too, replaced by seating post-Hillsborough. There is seating for 8,067 on the two levels, with the section closest to the Park End now used to house away fans from top to bottom. Notice particularly the distinctive balcony frontage, criss-crossed with blue steelwork on a facing of white wooden boards — a distincive trademark of Archibald Leitch. The seating in the upper tier, now much less gloomy with the up-turned roof, has the name "EVERTON' picked out in white seats among the blue. The Park End Stand is the newest of the four, built in 1994. It differs from all the others in that it is a cantilever stand with only one tier of seating, compared to at least two in all the others. It seats 6,000 from pitch level up to a height matching that of the seats in the Upper Bullens Stand, with space in front for wheelchair-bound supporters. The electronic scoreboard is suspended beneath the roof, visible from everywhere in the ground except the Park End. The Park End stands on its own, not physically joined to either the Bullens Road Stand or the Main Stand. It's roof level, however, meets that of the Bullens Road roof giving a sense of continuity to three sides. The gap between the Bullens Road Stand and the Park End allows air to flow over the pitch, helping to maintain one of the best playing surfaces in the country, and also provides Sky Sports with somewhere to build a temporary studio for televised games. Goodison Park still has all the hallmarks of a fine stadium, and although it can no longer claim to be the most advanced in the country, it is certainly one of the best equipped. It has none of the grandeur or impression of space experienced at Hillsborough or Highbury and suffers from being hemmed in. Nevertheless, perhaps because of its crucial place in the history of football and football grounds, and the atmosphere which prevails here on special occasions, Goodison Park is still one of the best grounds in Britain. "Toffeeopolis" lives on! The Future In thye summer of 2021, Everton broke ground on a new stadium on the banks of the royal blue Mersey at Bramley-Moore Dock many years after the club had determined that redevelopment of Goodison Park to the required capacity wasn't feasible on its "landlocked" footprint. That decision sparked the Great Stadium Debate and a number of alternative solutions before, under the ownership of Farhad Moshiri, the north docks was finally selected. Under Moshiri and the Club's proposals, its iconic home of more than 13 decades would be replaced by the Goodison Legacy Project aimed at providing a range of community assets in Walton.

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5 Reasons Why You Should Not Buy The iPad 2 As we are forcing our way out of Apple's distortion field again and as we are regaining our common sense, we are noticing that Apple's iPad 2 isn't exactly the flawless product that has been painted on the flashing presentation screen. Don't get me wrong, it appears to be a solid upgrade in the usual Apple style, but if you are among us mortals, those who have to take peek into the checking account before hustling over to the Apple store, should remember that there are some painful downsides and there is a chance that you may regret the purchase of an [iPad](https://www.tomsguide.com/tag/ipad) 2 (which will cost you, on average, $628, according to Apple). Here are my top five reasons (which add up to one cumulative reason) why you should not buy the iPad 2. 1. It has a really crappy camera It is suspicious if Apple introduces a new feature everyone has been asking for and then does not talk about it. There are two cameras in the iPad 2 - one antiquated camera for your video chats, some call this "facetiming", and VGA (640x480) resolution and a 720p back camera with a still camera and 5x digital zoom. However, that is not a 1280x720p camera, as the specs suggest, but apparently the iPod Touch's 960x720p camera which turns out to be about 0.7 megapixels or the kind of digital camera you would have bought in 1996. The digital zoom is due to its pixel interpolation process virtually useless. Overall, the iPad 2's cameras are really an insult to the term "digital camera" in the year 2011. 2. There is no 4G There has never been the right time to buy a computer and this year may change the tablet environment in a similar way: When you choose a shiny new tablet and walk out the door, it may already be old, because you just missed an announcement of a much better and new generation device. Granted, the iPad is brand new, but the lack of 4G integration or a conclusive upgrade path is a letdown. 4G preparation should be part of the iPad 2 to support its web browsing and content consumption focus. However, you could be sarcastic and be happy that there is no 4G: In the end, it may trick you into using much more bandwidth your AT&T plan allows you to use. So, if you are looking for an excuse to purchase the iPad 2, consider it a feature to protect your finances from the greedy hands of AT&T. 3. Where is that retina display? Sign up to get the BEST of Tom's Guide direct to your inbox. Upgrade your life with a daily dose of the biggest tech news, lifestyle hacks and our curated analysis. Be the first to know about cutting-edge gadgets and the hottest deals. Among the expected updates for the iPad 2 was a retina display with a much higher and crisper resolution. That was a no-show and the iPad 2 is stuck with the same 1024x768 pixel display as the iPad. Sure, apps run much faster and some apps may run smoother, but they will look the same. This may actually not a bad thing for the iPad itself, as this lower resolution display will somewhat conceal the actual picture quality that is delivered by the 0.7 megapixel camera. With growing competition it is likely that the next iPad will deliver a higher-resolution display and a much better camera. Supporting or not supporting Flash has almost been a religious issue and we have seen trends that Flash may actually be on its way out. But the fact is that there is still plenty of compelling flash content out there and the recent introduction of stage acceleration support eliminates Steve Jobs' concerns that Flash is inefficient and consumes too much battery and processor power. It's nice to have a device to actually run flash apps without staring at empty content space and remember that you just shelled out more than $500 for a web content consumption device. Steve Jobs' lecture that Flash will die reaches only so far. Can we just agree that this whole argument is not really about security and efficiency? It is about protecting Apple's walled apps garden. If you want to have access to all popular types of Internet content, including Flash, the iPad is not for you. Period. 5. No USB, No SD When Apple introduced the iMac in 1996 and told users that they really do not need a floppy drive anymore, we wanted to agree with Steve Jobs, and we had to, eventually - but it was a painful decision. Apple offered iDrive, an online data storage solution in place of the floppy, but we were dealing with 56K data connections and just downloading a new web browser took about 2 hours. Today we have to deal without common storage solutions such as USB and SD in the iPad/iPad 2 and you scratch your head over the same question: How do I get a lot of data from one place (a digital camera, for example) to this thing? Well, cloud computing could be a solution (just hope you are not on AT&T's 200 MB data plan when you are on the road) - or another expensive Apple accessory to transfer pics from your camera to the device. But hey, it has an Apple logo on it, so you know that there are some detours you will have to accept. The Bottom Line All those reasons above add up to one main reason why you should not buy an iPad 2. In many ways, it is just a minor upgrade over the original iPad and in its basic feature set, the new iPad is, for its primary purpose of web browsing, just as good as the new one. If you look at it with common sense, the new iPad 2 is a bridge device that will lead to a much more substantial upgrade next year. If you have an iPad already, there is no reason to buy a new iPad 2, other than you have $600 or more laying around growing mold. And if you don't have an iPad, you may consider the original iPad, which we hear is seeing dropping prices. The crappy camera, the software update and the dual-core processor may not be worth the extra expense. Wolfgang Gruener is Director, digital strategy and content experience at American Eagle, where he specializes in strategic data analysis, user behavior models and information architecture (IA), as well as content strategy and governance. He was also Managing Editor of the website TG Daily and contributor to sites including Tom's Guide and Tom's Hardware. [FCC proposes new rule to make unlocking phones and switching carriers easier — here's how it would work](https://www.tomsguide.com/phones/fcc-proposes-new-rule-to-make-unlocking-phones-and-switching-carriers-easier-heres-how-it-would-work)

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[SOURCING NATURAL POZZOLAN](sourcing-pozzolan.html) [HISTORY OF NATURAL POZZOLANS](history-pozzolans.html) [NPA MEMBERSHIP](npa-membership.html) [NPA EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS](events.html) [ABOUT US](about-npa.html) [NPA VAULT](vault/vault.html) - PAGE CONTENT [NATURAL POZZOLAN TYPES](#types) [POZZOLAN DEFINED](#pozz) [THE PERFORMANCE BOOST](#boost) [ADDITIONAL BENEFITS](#benis) [CONTACT](#contact) How Natural Pozzolans Improve Concrete Natural pozzolans are magmatic in origin and widely available worldwide, although like most naturally-occurring compounds, all pozzolans are not created equal. The performance-enhancing properties vary from material to material, and then from deposit to deposit in the same material class. (Note: The pozzolan from an individual deposit, however, is likely to be very consistent, load to load.) Nor is the mineralogical makeup the only qualifying factor; the physical characteristics of the pozzolan also affect performance. You can be assured that the natural pozzolans marketed by our NPA member-producers have been thoroughly tested and the performance results clearly quantified. That test data is available from our natural pozzolan producers. Testing samples are also available by [contacting a member-producer](sourcing-pozzolan.html). Natural Pozzolan Types Natural pozzolans fall into two main category types: raw and calcined. The difference is in the origin of calination: RAW POZZOLANS: In the fiery heart of a volcano, water mixes with liquidfied molten stone, pressure builds...to eruption. Magma is blasted violently into the atmosphere, water flashes to steam, magma foams and explodes into sun-darkening clouds of fast-cooling bits of stone or tephra, eventually drifting back to earthâas fully calcined pozzolanic material. These lightweight, amorphous, frothy little stones and ash are drifted, gathered and packed together by millennia of wind and water into massive deposits of tuffs, pumices, pumicites and other rhyolitic materials. CALCINED POZZOLANS: Calcined pozzolansâderived from clays and shalesâwhich are themselves derived of magmatic materials, reach that usefully reactive pozzolanic state in the fiery roar of a carefully calibrated furnace. The rock softens, trapped moisture flashes, and the material is transformed into a pozzolanic amorphous state. Like mined raw pozzolans, calcined pozzolans are then, if necessary, milled and graded to the ideal size to ignite a pozzolanic reaction within curing concrete. Natural pozzolan products are further differentiated by particle size and chemical composition and offered in a variety of particle sizes in order to work effectively in various concrete mix designs and specifications. Pozzolan is defined in ACI 116R as: ââ¦a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.â Pozzolans, then, are not simply SCMs and mitigators against chemical attack, but also transformers: repurposing deleterious calcium hydroxide into a cementitious compound that magnifies performance. To further burnish the pozzolan position, natural pozzolans can even do their magic while replacing a percentage of the necessary Portland cement in the mix design; anywhere from 5% to 40% replacement of OPC, which serves to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of every concrete pour. [Frequently Asked Questions](about-npa.html#faq) The Performance Boost The key to an effective pozzolan is the bold completeness of the reaction it ignites within hydrated concrete. The pozzolanic reaction is a secondary, super-charger reaction to the primary reaction of Portland cement and water. Simply put, pozzolans improve concrete by converting problem-causing Calcium Hydroxide (CH)âa by-product of the hydraulic reaction between water and cement powderâto additional Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH)âthe glue that binds the concrete aggregate. The true wonder of the pozzolanic reaction is that it both consumes the source of the problem and repurposes it to desirable CSH. The pozzolanic reaction process continuesâeven after the cement-water hydration process wanesâuntil either the CH or the pozzolan is consumed. The benefits of the pozzolanic reaction are many: Reduce Heat of Hydration Damage and Escalate Strength: Natural pozzolans reduce the heat of hydration anywhere from 10 - 40% during the first 100 hours, depending on the ultimate mix design, thus lowering the threat of thermal cracking and allowing for a cooler, controlled set. After 100 hours the cement-water hydration process wanes while the pozzolan mixes continue to hydrate until one of the two remaining hydration agents, Calcium Hydroxide or natural pozzolan, have been consumed. This slow pozzolanic hydration process can continue for months and even years, bringing the long-term strength of the natural pozzolan-based concrete well beyond that of ordinary Portland cement concrete. Inoculate Against Chemical Attacks: When the CH migrates out of the concreteâs interior via capillary action, it leaves behind a maze of porosity that both weakens the concrete and allows for the future ingress of water. This infiltrating water can contain sulfates, chlorides, and other damaging chemicals. In cold climates, the invasive water will freeze, causing freeze-thaw damage to the concrete. Not all of the CH migrates out of the concrete, and what remains will combine or react with other chemicals that may be present within the concrete matrix, or introduced later through the aforementioned means of ingress. Natural pozzolans are so effective at consuming the problem-causing CH that natural pozzolan boosted concretes are typically high sulfate resistant. Fortify Resistivity: Chloride penetration resistance is a key factor in protecting reinforcing steel embedded in the concrete from corrosion and ultimately protecting the concrete from failure caused by expansion of the iron oxide hydrate (rust). Natural pozzolan contributes to a concrete matrix so densely packed that liquids and/or gases cannot penetrate to cause the steel to corrode. Mitigate ASR: As concrete hardens, natural pozzolans readily react with calcium hydroxide as it becomes available, trapping any present alkali inside the densified cement paste, which alleviates capillary action and virtually eliminates alkali-silica reactions and efflorescence. Research clearly indicates natural pozzolan-blended cements are highly resistant to the ravages of Alkali Silica Reaction. Stop Efflorescence: Natural pozzolans will mitigate or eliminate unsightly efflorescence in concrete. Efflorescence is the white powdery substance that forms on the surface of some concretes that do not have a pozzolan in the mix design. Healthy and Safe: Natural pozzolans are free of crystalline silica and other hazardous materials. While waste-product artificial pozzolans are saddled with occasional variability in their chemical and physical properties, a carefully mined and refined natural pozzolan is the environmentally safe, consistent choice. Reduces the Carbon Footprint: The production of cement requires 'burning' of limestone at high temperatures. This process consumes a large amount of carbon based fuel, and, as the limestone is heated, it releases additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to form lime, the key component in cement. The production of Portland cement accounts for approximately 5% of all carbon emissions annually worldwide. Natural pozzolan can replace up to 40 percent (by weight) the Portland cement in a concrete mix as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) helping to offset the cementâs carbon footprint while enhancing its performance and durability. Workability and Set Times: Raw natural pozzolan-based mix designs have set times which are not significantly longer than the 100% cement. Some calcined natural pozzolans, such as Metakaolin, can actually shorten set times and increase both high early and long term strengths. The Natural Pozzolan Association (NPA) is a network of natural pozzolan producers working to improve the performance and durability of the nationâs concrete infrastructure. NATURAL POZZOLAN ASSOCIATION 100 East 155 South, Malad City, ID 83252

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Indonesian War of Independence Unlike Burma and the Philippines, Indonesia was not granted formal independence by the Japanese in 1943. No Indonesian representative was sent to the Greater East Asia Conference in Tokyo in November 1943. But as the war became more desperate, Japan announced in September 1944 that not only Java but the entire archipelago would become independent. This announcement was a tremendous vindication of the seemingly collaborative policies of Sukarno and Hatta. In March 1945, the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI) was organized, and delegates came not only from Java but also from Sumatra and the eastern archipelago to decide the constitution of the new state. The committee wanted the new nation's territory to include not only the Netherlands Indies but also Portuguese Timor and British North Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Thus the basis for a postwar Greater Indonesia (Indonesia Raya) policy, pursued by Sukarno in the 1950s and 1960s, was established. The policy also provided for a strong presidency. Sukarno's advocacy of a unitary, secular state, however, collided with Muslim aspirations. An agreement, known as the Jakarta Charter, was reached in which the state was based on belief in one God and required Muslims to follow the sharia (in Indonesian, syariah--Islamic law; see Glossary). The Jakarta Charter was a compromise in which key Muslim leaders offered to give national independence precedence over their desire to shape the kind of state that was to come into being. Muslim leaders later viewed this compromise as a great sacrifice on their part for the national good and it became a point of contention, since many of them thought it had not been intended as a permanent compromise. The committee chose Sukarno, who favored a unitary state, and Hatta, who wanted a federal system, as president and vice president, respectively--an association of two very different leaders that had survived the Japanese occupation and would continue until 1956. On June 1, 1945, Sukarno gave a speech outlining the Pancasila; the five guiding principles of the Indonesian nation. Much as he had used the concept of Marhaenism to create a common denominator for the masses in the 1930s, so he used the Pancasila concept to provide a basis for a unified, independent state. The five principles are belief in God, humanitarianism, national unity, democracy, and social justice. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered. The Indonesian leadership, pressured by radical youth groups (the pemuda), were obliged to move quickly. With the cooperation of individual Japanese navy and army officers (others feared reprisals from the Allies or were not sympathetic to the Indonesian cause), Sukarno and Hatta formally declared the nation's independence on August 17 at the former's residence in Jakarta, raised the red and white national flag, and sang the new nation's national anthem, Indonesia Raya (Greater Indonesia). The following day a new constitution was promulgated. The Indonesian republic's prospects were highly uncertain. The Dutch, determined to reoccupy their colony, castigated Sukarno and Hatta as collaborators with the Japanese and the Republic of Indonesia as a creation of Japanese fascism. But the Netherlands, devastated by the Nazi occupation, lacked the resources to reassert its authority. The archipelago came under the jurisdiction of Admiral Earl Louis Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander in Southeast Asia. Because of Indonesia's distance from the main theaters of war, Allied troops, mostly from the British Commonwealth of Nations, did not land on Java until late September. Japanese troops stationed in the islands were told to maintain law and order. Their role in the early stages of the republican revolution was ambiguous: on the one hand, sometimes they cooperated with the Allies and attempted to curb republican activities; on the other hand, some Japanese commanders, usually under duress, turned over arms to the republicans, and the armed forces established under Japanese auspices became an important part of postwar anti-Dutch resistance. The Allies had no consistent policy concerning Indonesia's future apart from the vague hope that the republicans and Dutch could be induced to negotiate peacefully. Their immediate goal in bringing troops to the islands was to disarm and repatriate the Japanese and liberate Europeans held in internment camps. Most Indonesians, however, believed that the Allied goal was the restoration of Dutch rule. Thus, in the weeks between the August 17 declaration of independence and the first Allied landings, republican leaders hastily consolidated their political power. Because there was no time for nationwide elections, the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence transformed itself into the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), with 135 members. KNIP appointed governors for each of the eight provinces into which it had divided the archipelago. Republican governments on Java retained the personnel and apparatus of the wartime Java Hokokai, a body established during the occupation that organized mass support for Japanese policies. The situation in local areas was extremely complex. Among the few generalizations that can be made is that local populations generally perceived the situation as a revolutionary one and overthrew or at least seriously threatened local elites who had, for the most part, collaborated with both the Japanese and the Dutch. Activist young people, the pemuda, played a central role in these activities. As law and order broke down, it was often difficult to distinguish revolutionary from outlaw activities. Old social cleavages--between nominal and committed Muslims, linguistic and ethnic groups, and social classes in both rural and urban areas--were accentuated. Republican leaders in local areas desperately struggled to survive Dutch onslaughts, separatist tendencies, and leftist insurgencies. Reactions to Dutch attempts to reassert their authority were largely negative, and few wanted a return to the old colonial order. On October 28, 1945, major violence erupted in Surabaya in East Java, as occupying British troops clashed with pemuda and other armed groups. Following a major military disaster for the British in which their commander, A.W.S. Mallaby, and hundreds of troops were killed, the British launched a tough counterattack. The Battle of Surabaya (November 10-24) cost thousands of lives and was the bloodiest single engagement of the struggle for independence. It forced the Allies to come to terms with the republic. In November 1945, through the efforts of Syahrir, the new republic was given a parliamentary form of government. Syahrir, who had refused to cooperate with the wartime Japanese regime and had campaigned hard against retaining occupation-era institutions, such as Peta, was appointed the first prime minister and headed three short-lived cabinets until he was ousted by his deputy, Amir Syarifuddin, in June 1947. The Dutch, realizing their weak position during the year following the Japanese surrender, were initially disposed to negotiate with the republic for some form of commonwealth relationship between the archipelago and the Netherlands. The negotiations resulted in the British-brokered Linggajati Agreement, initialled on November 12, 1946. The agreement provided for Dutch recognition of republican rule on Java and Sumatra, and the Netherlands-Indonesian Union under the Dutch crown (consisting of the Netherlands, the republic, and the eastern archipelago). The archipelago was to have a loose federal arrangement, the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI), comprising the republic (on Java and Sumatra), southern Kalimantan, and the "Great East" consisting of Sulawesi, Maluku, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and West New Guinea. The KNIP did not ratify the agreement until March 1947, and neither the republic nor the Dutch were happy with it. The agreement was signed on May 25, 1947. On July 21, 1947, the Dutch, claiming violations of the Linggajati Agreement, launched what was euphemistically called a "police action" against the republic. Dutch troops drove the republicans out of Sumatra and East and West Java, confining them to the Yogyakarta region of Central Java. The international reaction to the police action, however, was negative. The United Nations (UN) Security Council established a Good Offices Committee to sponsor further negotiations. This action led to the Renville Agreement (named for the United States Navy ship on which the negotiations were held), which was ratified by both sides on January 17, 1948. It recognized temporary Dutch control of areas taken by the police action but provided for referendums in occupied areas on their political future. The Renville Agreement marked the low point of republican fortunes. The Dutch, moreover, were not the only threat. In western Java in 1948, an Islamic mystic named Kartosuwirjo, with the support of kyai and others, established a breakaway regime called the Indonesian Islamic State (Negara Islam Indonesia), better known as Darul Islam (from the Arabic, dar-al-Islam, house or country of Islam), a political movement committed to the establishment of a Muslim theocracy. Kartosuwirjo and his followers stirred the cauldron of local unrest in West Java until he was captured and executed in 1962. More formidable were the revitalized PKI led by Musso, a leader of the party from the insurgency of the 1920s, and Trotskyite forces led by Tan Malaka. The leftists bridled at what they saw as the republic's unforgivable compromise of national independence. Local clashes between republican armed forces and the PKI broke out in September 1948 in Surakarta. The communists then retreated to Madiun in East Java and called on the masses to overthrow the government. The Madiun Affair was crushed by loyal military forces; Musso was killed, and Tan Malaka was captured and executed by republic troops in February 1949. An important international implication of the Madiun insurrection was that the United States now saw the republicans as anticommunist--rather than "red" as the Dutch claimed--and began to pressure the Netherlands to accommodate independence demands. Even though the republican government demonstrated it could crush the PKI at will and many PKI members abandoned the party, the PKI painfully rebuilt itself and became a political force to be reckoned with in the 1950s. Immediately following the Madiun Affair, the Dutch launched a second "police action" that captured Yogyakarta on December 19, 1948. Sukarno, Hatta, who was there serving both as vice president and prime minister, and other republican leaders were arrested and exiled to northern Sumatra or the island of Bangka. An emergency republican government was established in western Sumatra. But The Hague's hard-fisted policies aroused a strong international reaction not only among newly independent Asian countries, such as India, but also among members of the UN Security Council, including the United States. In January 1949, the Security Council passed a resolution demanding the reinstatement of the republican government. The Dutch were also pressured to accept a full transfer of authority in the archipelago to Indonesians by July 1, 1950. The Round Table Conference was held in The Hague from August 23 to November 2, 1949 to determine the means by which the transfer could be accomplished. Parties to the negotiations were the republic, the Dutch, and the federal states that the Dutch had set up following their police actions. The result of the conference was an agreement that the Netherlands would recognize the RUSI as an independent state, that all Dutch military forces would be withdrawn, and that elections would be held for a Constituent Assembly. Two particularly difficult questions slowed down the negotiations: the status of West New Guinea, which remained under Dutch control, and the size of debts owed by Indonesia to the Netherlands, an amount of 4.3 billion guilders being agreed upon. Sovereignty was formally transferred on December 27, 1949. The RUSI, an unwieldy federal creation, was made up of sixteen entities: the Republic of Indonesia, consisting of territories in Java and Sumatra with a total population of 31 million, and the fifteen states established by the Dutch, one of which, Riau, had a population of only 100,000. The RUSI constitution gave these territories outside the republic representation in the RUSI legislature that was far in excess of their populations. In this manner, the Dutch hoped to curb the influence of the densely populated republican territories and maintain a postindependence relationship that would be amenable to Dutch interests. But a constitutional provision giving the cabinet the power to enact emergency laws with the approval of the lower house of the legislature opened the way to the dissolution of the federal structure. By May 1950, all the federal states had been absorbed into a unitary Republic of Indonesia, and Jakarta was designated the capital. The consolidation process had been accelerated in January 1950 by an abortive coup d'état in West Java led by Raymond Paul Pierre "The Turk" Westerling, a Dutch commando and counterinsurgency expert who, as a commander in the Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL), had used terroristic, guerrilla-style pacification methods against local populations during the National Revolution. Jakarta extended its control over the West Java state of Pasundan in February. Other states, under strong pressure from Jakarta, relinquished their federal status during the following months. But in April 1950, the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) was proclaimed at Ambon. With its large Christian population and long history of collaboration with Dutch rule (Ambonese soldiers had formed an indispensable part of the colonial military), the region was one of the few with substantial pro-Dutch sentiment. The Republic of South Maluku was suppressed by November 1950, and the following year some 12,000 Ambonese soldiers accompanied by their families went to the Netherlands, where they established a Republic of South Maluku government-in-exile. |Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|

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- Cement mixers, essential for construction projects, combine heavy loads, powerful engines and rugged construction to transport concrete to sites, with most trucks ranging from 250 to 300 horsepower. - The mixer itself, often a volumetric plant, is custom-fitted to the truck's engine and frame, allowing for a mix-and-match approach to meet specific company needs. - Key to a cement mixer's operation are its axles and braking system, which manage the heavy load. Most construction equipment is easy to understand. Cranes move things up and down. Dump trucks load up, move out and unload. Bulldozers push and graders grade. The one exception to this is the humble cement mixer, beloved by children, hated by in-a-hurry drivers, and misunderstood by most people outside the cab of the 30,000-pound (13,608-kilogram) behemoths. While concrete has been around in one form or another since before the Romans built the Appian Way, the transit mixer is a child of the 20th century. But recent invention or not, the mixer is here to stay. The misunderstanding begins with the name. What people refer to as a cement mixer is known in the construction industry as a concrete mixer and comes in a large number of types, sizes and configurations to handle the many tasks set before it each day. That need to fill so many roles means the machine is dynamic, changing shape and form as the needs of the people using concrete change as well. In this article we'll examine some of the major types of mixers, from the traditional drum-shaped ready-mix transit mixer to the less-common but growing in popularity volumetric mixer, essentially a concrete plant on wheels. How cement mixers work and why they work the way they do is a fascinating combination of old and new technology. You'll never see a cement mixer the same way again. But before we begin, let's clarify the difference between cement and concrete. In baking terms, the difference between concrete and cement is the difference between flour and a loaf of bread. Concrete is a generic term for a mix of aggregate -- usually stone or gravel, water and cement. Modern cement is a complex blend of finely ground minerals, and goes by the generic name of "portland." Concrete is made by combining the three ingredients in a mixer, whether that mixer is stationary or driving down the road, and the water is absorbed by the cement, which then binds the aggregate together, creating concrete.

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The [Central Board of Film Certification](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/central-board-of-film-certification) (CBFC) has yet again chosen to play deaf to foul language. And [Satya 2](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/satya-2) has got away with as many as 17 such instances. A source said: âThere are about 20 explicit abusive words in the film. CBFC has allowed the rampant usage of cuss words and has only objected to three such instances.â Added the source: âIt is an underworld film and foul language is bound to be used-- it is the way those people normally speak. There have been many such films in the past which have been cleared without cuts. Anyway, the film has been granted an A certificate. Why make a big deal about this?â However, CBFC was not so lenient with certain scenes in a special song. Varma has been asked to delete two scenesâone, where girls are seen squatting and gyrating on the floor, and the other, where a womanâs undergarment is visible. Varma has also been asked to mute the word âpoliceâ from a scene where the police commissioner is about to be killed. However, Varma refused reasoning that his 1998 film Satya too had a similar scene and was cleared by the Board without any objection.

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