question
dict | answers
list | id
stringlengths 1
6
| accepted_answer_id
stringlengths 2
6
⌀ | popular_answer_id
stringlengths 1
6
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19509",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How do you say\n\n> \"The test will determine which university I will go to.\"\n\nin Japanese? I only can figure out the first part of it, which is 「あのテストは…」\n\nCan anyone here help me complete it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-14T12:56:33.950",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19508",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T00:02:59.703",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-14T21:56:35.657",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "7718",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Translation to Japanese: \"The test will determine which university I will go to.\"",
"view_count": 336
} | [
{
"body": "A word-by-word translation would be:\n\n> その試験が、私がどの大学に行くかを決める。\n\nAn active voice sentence with an abstract or lifeless noun as a subject (主語)\nsounds unnatural. A better translation is:\n\n> 試験の結果によってどの大学に行くかが決まる。\n\nIf you want to clarify “I”:\n\n> 試験の結果によって私が行く大学が決まる。",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-14T13:41:09.723",
"id": "19509",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T00:02:59.703",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T00:02:59.703",
"last_editor_user_id": "6554",
"owner_user_id": "6554",
"parent_id": "19508",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] | 19508 | 19509 | 19509 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19513",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> あんまり恋愛方向に持って行きたくない\n\nSo, context: an author's reply to someone asking whether a character of his\nwould have a romance or not. Said character had a few hints of a possible\nromantic interest in someone and did end up getting married to them in the\nepilogue of the work, but never had an outright romance with them. This reply\nwas from a Q&A with the author that took place a few years _before_ said\nepilogue.\n\nI'm not sure, taking context and hindsight into consideration, whether the\nanmari here is affecting \"恋愛方向\" or \"たくない\".\n\nI mean, I feel like it should mean _\"don't want to take [this character]\ntowards much romance\"_ rather than _\"don't really want to take [this\ncharacter] in the direction of romance\"_ , since the former statement is\ncontradictory in hindsight. But I don't know if that's grammatically correct.\n\nOf course, I could be overlooking the implications of the word '方向'. If the\ncorrect translation is \"don't really want to take this character in the\ndirection of romance\" with the implication that \"direction of romance\" means a\n_focus_ on romance, then it makes sense. Since, like I mentioned in the\ncontext paragraph, there were only a few hints of romantic intentions and it\nonly got outright stated in the epilogue, when they were already married.\nThus, the character never really went 'in the direction of romance'. Plus the\nauthor themselves has stated how they don't feel there's any \"romance\" in\ntheir work, despite hints and married characters in the epilogue.\n\nApologies if I've rambled. Some clarity and advice on how to correctly\ntranslate this would be greatly appreciated.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-14T19:47:18.130",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19512",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T18:17:31.920",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Translation help- which word あまり is effecting and general implication of the word 方向",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "The ～方向に持って行く is metaphorizing something which can be taken in the direction\nof romance. In this case it's either \"the two's relationship\" or \"the novel in\ngeneral\".\n\n> この場合は「笑い話」ということなので「会話」を物にたとえて「持って行く」と表現しています\n> <http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1049626510>\n\nThe あんまり effects the 持って行きたくない, ie. the author doesn't really want to take the\nbook in that direction. あんまり is an adverb, and so it's going to modify a verb.\nThe only verb here is 持って行く.\n\nI _think_ [if] it was going to be \"the author doesn't want to excessively take\nthe book in the romance direction\", it would be \"あんまり恋愛方向に持って行くのはしたくない”.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-14T22:29:23.213",
"id": "19513",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T18:17:31.920",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-15T18:17:31.920",
"last_editor_user_id": "3360",
"owner_user_id": "3360",
"parent_id": "19512",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19512 | 19513 | 19513 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19592",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 大学から歩いてニ十分ぐらいの所に適当 **なの** を見つけた。\n\nWhat does it mean when なの is used in a sentence like the one above? The を that\ncomes after it is really throwing me off.\n\nI came across [a similar\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/514/what-exactly-\nis-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE-nano) on here but all the examples and explanations\nrelate to なの being used as a way to _end a sentence_. What confuses me the\nmost is なの in the sentence I came across isn't being used to end it. Should I\njust apply the answers provided in the link I found to this sentence or is\nthere something more to it?\n\nEdit: I was asked to provide more context to the sentence above, so here's the\nwhole sentence:\n\n> キャンパスの近くには,安くていいアパー卜がなくて、結局、大学から歩いてニ十分ぐらいの所に適当なのを見つけた。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T01:31:25.580",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19514",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T08:52:07.523",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7556",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What happens if なの is used, but not at the end of a sentence?",
"view_count": 345
} | [
{
"body": "The を still has the same meaning: it marks the direct object. Are you\ncomfortable the のを？Probably would help to think of it as the same thing.\n\n既に読んだのを買っちゃいました。 (I bought one I had already read).\n\nThe sentence above is saying they found a 適当な所. を is still necessary to mark\nthe direct object. Think of the の as connecting a な adjective and を. Does that\nhelp?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T01:38:50.573",
"id": "19515",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T01:38:50.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19514",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "It's not なの but adj-な + の\n\nYou might remember this construct from your (very) early Japanese lessons:\n\n> 赤いのをください\n>\n> _Please give me the red **one**._\n\nThis is the same, except it's with a 'na-adjective'.\n\n> [簡単]{かんたん}なのをください\n>\n> _Please give me an easy one._\n\nHence, 適当なのを見つけた。 means _'I found a suitable one.'_\n\n'In a place twenty minutes' walk away from the university, I found a suitable\none.' We need more context to know what 'one' refers to here.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T20:54:59.663",
"id": "19592",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T20:54:59.663",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6820",
"parent_id": "19514",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19514 | 19592 | 19592 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19561",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've just heard many times [面倒]{めんどう} in anime, in translation is not\ntroublesome but boring. Is it usual? Which is more appropriate?\n\nExample: 面倒な仕事です。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T02:57:41.577",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19517",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T11:59:50.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7341",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"idioms",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Can [面倒]{めんどう} be used as \"boring\"?",
"view_count": 366
} | [
{
"body": "It is true that \"面倒\" implies boring. \nHowever, You should not translate \"面倒\" into \"boring\". \n\n\"面倒\" ordinary means that the problem has a little difficulty for the speaker. \nex.\n\n> 君には面倒をかけてしまった\n\nthis sentence doesn't mean that the speaker made the other boring, \nbut means that the speaker gave the other trouble.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T12:45:13.290",
"id": "19524",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T12:45:13.290",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7575",
"parent_id": "19517",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The primary meaning of 面倒な/面倒くさい is \"bothersome\", \"time-consuming\", or\n\"annoying\". The phrase \"boring job\" usually corresponds to 退屈【たいくつ】な仕事,\n面白【おもしろ】くない仕事 or つまらない仕事.\n\nSo I basically agree that translating 面倒 as \"boring\" is not very literal. But\nthere are times when translators intentionally avoid literal translations for\nvarious reasons. I can't say whether \"boring\" was inappropriate or not without\nactually seeing that anime.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T11:59:50.963",
"id": "19561",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T11:59:50.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19517",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19517 | 19561 | 19561 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19519",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If I wanted to ask, `Which is faster the red car or the blue car?` I could\nphrase it as:\n\n> 赤い｛あかい｝車｛くるま｝は青い｛あおい｝車より速い｛はやい｝ですか？\n\nor\n\n> 赤い｛あかい｝車｛くるま｝と青い｛あおい｝車とどちらが速い｛はやい｝ですか？\n\nBut when would I use 1 (wa...yori) instead of 2 (to...to dochira ga?) or vice-\nversa? Can I use either form interchangeably or can I only use one of them\ncertain situations?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T03:09:49.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19518",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T06:06:03.610",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-15T06:06:03.610",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "769",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"phrase-requests",
"comparative-constructions"
],
"title": "When to use ＸはＹより vs ＸとＹとどちらが……？",
"view_count": 171
} | [
{
"body": "> 赤い車は青い車より速いですか？ \n> = Is the red car faster than the blue car?\n\nThe topic of the sentence is the red car. You are more interested in the red\ncar, or you are expecting the red car is faster.\n\n> 赤い車と青い車と、どちらが速いですか？ \n> = Which is faster, the red car or the blue car?\n\nYou are treating the two cars equally. There is no expectation about which one\nis faster in this sentence.\n\nWhether you can use them interchangeably depends on the context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T03:54:45.460",
"id": "19519",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T03:54:45.460",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19518",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19518 | 19519 | 19519 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Inspired by [a recent question about the proper way to write\n生きがい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6698/how-should-i-write-\nikigai-in-shod%C5%8D), I wanted to ask a long-standing question.\n\nAccording to [Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%94%B2%E6%96%90-224032),\n甲斐 has the following definitions (my poor translations follow):\n\nかい\n\n 1. An old Japanese state, lying within modern Yamanashi.\n 2. A city in western Yamanashi.\n\nがい\n\n 1. When attached to the ren'youkei, expresses the effect, value or worth of the action.\n 2. When attached to a noun, expresses that something commands a quality appropriate to that thing.\n 3. When attached to a phrase that expresses a negation, expresses the extent to which it is fortunate that it is not so.\n 4. When attached to a phrase that expresses a wish or desire, expresses the desire to do it as much as one pleases.\n\nI do see the semantic relationship between the four senses of がい — all relate\nto a sense of worthiness or appropriateness — but why were these kanji, which\nrelate to a place name of all things, applied to this concept?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T08:03:24.890",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19520",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T23:44:53.293",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "816",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why does 甲斐 use these particular kanji?",
"view_count": 417
} | [
{
"body": "In the first place, -がい is the rendaku form of an independent noun かい, which\nis defined under デジタル大辞泉 section of the Kotobank page you cited (I don't\nunderstand why 大辞林 第三版 section is missing this definition for かい).\n\nThis かい (from archaic かひ) is, according to 小学館's 日本語源大辞典 which I own, a\nnominalization of archaic verb かふ \"to substitute, compensate\" (corresponds to\nmodern [代]{か}える). This usage is found as early as in [万葉集]{まんようしゅう}, the\noldest poem anthology from the 8th century.\n\nOn the other hand, the geographical かい is, the same dictionary says,\nsupposedly derived from archaic かひ \"a canyon, gorge\". This word is found in\n万葉集 too.\n\nSo, etymologically speaking, these two words have nothing to do with each\nother at all. This is a plain ateji case, though I don't know which definition\nfirst used the kanji 甲斐.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T13:40:25.953",
"id": "19567",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T23:44:53.293",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T23:44:53.293",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19520",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19520 | null | 19567 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19522",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "As in the title: Are グラス and ガラス alternative spellings of the same word?\n\nI'm going through a 2級 prep book for vocabulary and it has\n\nワイングラス = wine glass\n\nbut\n\nガラスのコップ = glass (for drinking)\n\nand\n\n窓のガラス = window glass\n\nAre グラス and ガラス the same or do I have to be careful when to use which?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T08:58:07.557",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19521",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T10:26:23.160",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-15T10:26:23.160",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "388",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"spelling"
],
"title": "Are グラス and ガラス alternative spellings of the same word?",
"view_count": 1119
} | [
{
"body": "While people will likely understand you if you mix them up, it's better to use\nproper one:\n\n`ガラス` = glass (material)\n\n * 吹きガラス (glass blowing) \n * ガラスの皿 (glass plate)\n\n`グラス` = a glass (for drinking)\n\n * タンブラーグラス (tumbler glass)\n * ワイングラス (wine glass), グラスワイン ([drink] a glass of wine)\n * カクテルグラス (cocktail glass)\n * ミキシンググラス (mixing glass)\n\n`~グラス` = some other things made from glass, or have \"glass\" in the English\nname:\n\n * サングラス (sunglasses), オペラグラス (opera glasses) \n * ステンドグラス (stained glass)\n * アワーグラス (hourglass)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T09:49:25.283",
"id": "19522",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T09:49:25.283",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "19521",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19521 | 19522 | 19522 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does this line mean? いやみを必ず顔に表す\n\nI know the individual words but I can't seem to figure out the meaning of the\nsentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T11:27:37.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19523",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T16:58:29.280",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-15T11:33:28.153",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7585",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Meaning of いやみを必ず顔に表す",
"view_count": 212
} | [
{
"body": "Probably, you recognise each of the words \"[顔]{かお}\" and \"[表]{あらわ}す\", don't\nyou? \n\"顔に表す\" is a phrase which means that someone shows his feelings on his face\nobviously.\n\nSo, this sentence denotes, \"The speaker never fails to show his sarcasm on his\nface.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T12:54:51.440",
"id": "19525",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T16:58:29.280",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-17T16:58:29.280",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7575",
"parent_id": "19523",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19523 | null | 19525 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19529",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to translate a sentence that includes the following phrase:\n\n> ...for offering us eternal life...\n\nFinding a good word for \"offer\" is apparently a little easier said that done.\njisho.org does say that there's always オファーする, but that seems like a last\nresort to me. They don't even mark it as a commonly used word.\n\nThat's not to say I haven't found some \"commonly used words\" for \"offer\";\njisho.org has many listed. The problem is that they all have alternate\nmeanings and/or fairly specific contexts in which they're used.\n\nI tried running a search for the word \"offer\" in the Bible, but I'm reluctant\nto go with the Japanese word used in verses having to do with sacrifices, and\nin other verses, the Japanese translation I have seems to sort of dodge use of\nthe word \"offer\".\n\nI don't want to use a word that is inappropriate in this context, and I am\n_especially_ trying to avoid using a word for \"offer\" that has other, equally\napplicable meanings. (This weeds out the prase 提供する, for example, because in\nthis context, it could imply that we don't have to accept eternal life to\nreceive it.) So what's a good word?\n\n**EDIT**\n\nHere's the whole sentence:\n\n> Lord, we thank You for all the blessings which You give us everyday,\n> especially for what You did for us on the cross and for offering us eternal\n> life through Your Son Jesus Christ.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T16:27:40.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19528",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T18:29:07.717",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-15T18:02:38.767",
"last_editor_user_id": "1771",
"owner_user_id": "1771",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What's a good word for \"offer\", as in \"...for offering us eternal life...\"?",
"view_count": 507
} | [
{
"body": "As a Christian who worked at a Christian church in Japan for two years, I can\nsay this would definitely be translated with 与える; more specifically, 与えてくださる.\nThe whole sentence would be something like\n\n> 主よ、日々の祝福、そしてまた、十字架の[御業]{み・わざ}によってイエスキリストを通して永遠の命を **与えてくださり** 、（本当に）感謝します。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T18:29:07.717",
"id": "19529",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T18:29:07.717",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "19528",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19528 | 19529 | 19529 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19531",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Simply I find when I'm writing I can only make kanji so small before they\nbecome sloppy, but I can write kana nice and small. Is it allowed to write\nhalf-width Katakana/Hiragana alongside regular width Kanji?\n\nIf you can how would this work horizontally and vertically? If not, what's the\npoint of half-width?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T22:18:25.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19530",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-15T15:24:42.113",
"last_edit_date": "2015-06-15T15:24:42.113",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "7722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"kana",
"handwriting"
],
"title": "When writing by hand, can kana be half-width and kanji be full-width?",
"view_count": 988
} | [
{
"body": "This probably varies from person to person, at least a little bit, but\n**generally each character should be approximately the same size as any others\n(i.e. full-width)**. If you don't, especially with katakana (which are formed\nfrom pieces of kanji), you can end up with situations where **you cannot tell\nwhether something is kana or kanji**. For example\n\n> * ﾒﾘ vs 刈\n> * ｶﾛ vs 加\n> * and probably many others that don't come to mind immediately.\n>\n\nI'm not entirely sure what the general use of half-width kana is; the only\nplaces I have ever seen it used is in places that are never mixed with kanji,\nsuch as the name input for a bank transfer at an ATM (my name is also recorded\nin half-width katakana in my bank book). Many websites also explicitly require\nyou to input the reading of your name in full-width kana, as well.\n\nI would say that the general rule of **always use full-width unless explicitly\ntold otherwise** is probably safe.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T23:20:13.783",
"id": "19531",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-15T23:20:13.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "384",
"parent_id": "19530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "In usual handwriting, kana often turn out smaller than full-fledged kanji,\nespecially kanji with many strokes. (Though practising writing both kanji and\nkana the same size is probably an important step towards achieving a nice\nbalance between kanji and kana size.)\n\nSome fonts have comparatively small katakana, which I find very easy to read.\n\n\n\nThis is from the book 時をかける少女, 角川文庫\n\nI don't think half-width katakana have anything to do with handwriting. Half-\nwidth kana are squashed in the horizontal direction by a factor of two and\nused for saving space in typed documents (e.g. on 通帳, in ATMs, etc.), when\nchoosing a small enough font size would be too small to read easily. I don't\nreally recall seeing half-width kana mixed with kanji.\n\nIn any case, I think it's fine to write kana a little smaller than kanji, but\nI don't think you should aim for squashing your kana horizontally.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-15T23:21:13.890",
"id": "19532",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-17T16:38:05.460",
"last_edit_date": "2015-04-17T16:38:05.460",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "19530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19530 | 19531 | 19531 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19535",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These two words, 参考【さんこう】 and 参照【さんしょう】, seem to be very similar in meaning,\nand I'm not sure of the difference. They do seem in my experience to be used a\nbit differently, however. For example:\n\n> * 参照する seems more common than 参考する\n> * But 参考にする seems more common than 参照にする\n> * And 参考になる more common than 参照になる\n> * And the keigo form ご参照ください seems more common than ご参考ください\n>\n\nDo the meanings of these words differ significantly? Or is it just a\ndifferentiation in usage?\n\nBy extension, when talking about my own intentions to consider something (e.g.\nsomething like 「○○を参照するつもりです」 or 「○○を参考にするつもりです」), which of these is\npreferred?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T00:43:01.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19534",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T02:07:25.810",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-16T02:07:25.810",
"last_editor_user_id": "384",
"owner_user_id": "384",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 参考【さんこう】 and 参照【さんしょう】?",
"view_count": 1718
} | [
{
"body": "参照 means actually reading the reference, while 参考 generally refers to using\nexisting knowledge/idea. I.e. 参照 is narrower than 参考; everything that can be\n参照ed can be of 参考, but not everything that can be of 参考 can be 参照ed. E.g. your\nexperience leading a project would be of 参考 when leading another project, but\nyou won't be able to 参照 it because it's not something you can literary read.\nConversely, if someone is operating a nuclear power plant you want that person\nto 参照 the user manual rather than taking the user manual into 参考; 参照 would\nimply he'll follow it to the letter, whereas 参考 leaves some room for\nimprovisation.\n\n> 参照する seems more common than 参考する\n\n参考する is not natural.\n\n> 参考にする seems more common than 参照にする\n\n参照にする is not natural.\n\n> 参考になる more common than 参照になる\n\n参照になる is not natural.\n\n> the keigo form ご参照ください seems more common then ご参考ください\n\nIt would be ご参考にしてください, but this can only be used by someone of higher rank\nthan the audience as it sounds condescending. Asking somebody to literary look\nup the reference is OK (e.g. please see page 30 in the usage manual), whereas\nasking someone to take something into consideration can sound more impolite\n(e.g. please take our best practice into consideration).\n\n> By extension, when talking about my own intentions to consider something\n> (e.g. something like 「○○を参照するつもりです」 or 「○○を参考にするつもりです」), which of these is\n> preferred?\n\nIf you mean you are literary going to look something up, use 参照 whereas if you\nare referring to your general intention to consider something, use 参考.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T02:02:45.263",
"id": "19535",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T02:02:45.263",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "19534",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19534 | 19535 | 19535 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19541",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've learnt 2 verbs, 絶叫｛ぜっきょう｝する (to shout, to scream, to exclaim) and 怒鳴｛どな｝る\n(to shout; to yell)\n\nThey seems to have the same meaning, can someone explain the context in which\nto use one and the other?\n\nIf you know other variants (for example\n叫｛さけ｝ぶ、唱｛とな｝える、声｛こえ｝を建｛た｝てる、大声｛おおごえ｝を出｛だ｝す、がなり立｛た｝てる、どやす), please feel free to\ncompare them as well, thank you",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T02:46:15.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19536",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T08:06:18.587",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-16T07:36:36.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "7694",
"owner_user_id": "7694",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 絶叫｛ぜっきょう｝する and 怒鳴｛どな｝る (to shout)",
"view_count": 1673
} | [
{
"body": "絶叫する can be used with anything; you are scared, sad, surprised, angry\n(possibly less common with angry), whereas 怒鳴る always means you are angry.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T08:06:18.587",
"id": "19541",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T08:06:18.587",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "19536",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19536 | 19541 | 19541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I can't find the definition of ナマ.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T04:06:06.373",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19537",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T09:16:57.313",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7726",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"title": "What does 挨拶ナマ mean?",
"view_count": 305
} | [
{
"body": "It's impossible to give a definitive answer, given the total absence of\ncontext, but なま basically means \"raw\", as in なまざかな. However, it has a whole\nrange of extended meanings: the two I think of first with 挨拶 are the \"live\" in\n\"live broadcast\", or the なま in なまの声, meaning \"without a microphone\". Or again,\nit might mean something like \"unrehearsed\" or \"impromptu\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T09:16:57.313",
"id": "19542",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T09:16:57.313",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7717",
"parent_id": "19537",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19537 | null | 19542 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19547",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've learnt two verbs which seem to mean the same thing, and I keep confusing\nthem: 維持｛いじ｝する (to maintain; to preserve; to improve) and 保｛たも｝つ (to preserve;\nto maintain; to support)\n\nCan someone highlight the differences of usage for those 2 words ?\n\nIt would be great if other variants could also be described against those\nwords, for example 養｛やしな｝う、持｛も｝ち続｛つづ｝ける、持｛じ｝する、立｛た｝ち行｛い｝く、etc.\n\nThank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T05:05:14.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19538",
"last_activity_date": "2018-05-04T23:07:37.657",
"last_edit_date": "2018-05-04T23:07:37.657",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "7694",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "Difference between 維持｛いじ｝する and 保｛たも｝つ (to maintain)",
"view_count": 738
} | [
{
"body": "For 保つ the nuance I think is \"to hold on to X, or to withhold the X\". It is\neasy to see that if you fail in doing so, the situation will completely\nchange.\n\n> * 正気を保つ (to mantain/keep one's sanity, possibly in the face of a situation\n> which might make you literally insane)\n> * 平静心を保つ (to keep your calm)\n> * 平和を保つ refers to making effort to keep the peace.\n>\n\nXを維持する means, with some efforts and maneuvering, you are maintaining the\ncurrent situation, with emphasis on the maintaining.\n\n維持する is also used with physical buildings, etc. referring to\nupkeep/maintaining the place.\n\n> * この神社を維持する (I) maintain this shrine.\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T20:26:47.607",
"id": "19547",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T09:13:15.143",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-17T09:13:15.143",
"last_editor_user_id": "3360",
"owner_user_id": "3360",
"parent_id": "19538",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I think what you have learned is absolutely correct: these are words with\nsimilar meanings, and you should not be confused. There are lots of words (in\nall languages) with very similar meanings, and often the only way to\nunderstand which is most appropriate in a particular case is from experience\nof hearing them used. So it's quite hopeless trying to learn the subtle\ndistinctions by looking at lists of English words in dictionaries.\n\nBut there is an obvious difference between these two words, which is exactly\nanalogous to the difference between \"keep\" and \"maintain\". \"Keep\" is a Real\nEnglish (Germanic; that's why the past is 'kept') word, whereas \"maintain\" is\na loan from French/Latin. Similarly 保つ is a Real Japanese (Yamato) word,\nwhereas 維持(する) is a loan from Chinese. So there is a difference of register\n(or flavour), but it's not a simplistic question of 'formal' vs 'informal'.\n\nAlso 維持 is really a noun, so it's easy to make Sino-Japanese compounds with\nit, such as 維持費, the \"cost of maintenance\". (You should find a lot of\ncommonality with other Yamato/SJ pairs.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T08:47:12.293",
"id": "19557",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T08:47:12.293",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7717",
"parent_id": "19538",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19538 | 19547 | 19557 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19543",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can someone explain the differences between 隠｛かく｝す (to hide; to conceal) and\n秘｛ひ｝める (to hide; to keep to oneself) ? These definitions look too similar for\nme, I'm not sure in which context to use one or the other.\n\nIf you know other variants, please feel free to also compare them, thank you.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T07:29:46.153",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19540",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T19:05:33.603",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7694",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 隠｛かく｝す and 秘｛ひ｝める (to hide)",
"view_count": 976
} | [
{
"body": "The examples in my J-E dictionary only use 秘める to hide something \"within\". IE,\nsomething intangible. The spirit within... etc. They actually use it for\nsomething like treasure, but again, this is on a far grander scale, and aren't\nnecessarily related to something physical. You'll also not hear of someone\nusing it in the every day sense, as with 隠す, which is something tangible. Car\nkeys, remote control, or even another person.\n\nMy J-J dictionary (Daijirin) does say: 隠し人に知られないようにする。内緒にする。 But the examples,\nonce again, are far more complex than what you would see with 隠す。\n\n> * 真相は長いこと秘められていた。\n> * 外には表れないが、内にもっている。\n> * 闘志を内に秘めた選手。\n> * 可能性を秘めている。\n> * 千年の歴史を秘めた杉並木。\n>\n\nHope that helps.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T14:49:07.130",
"id": "19543",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T19:05:33.603",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-16T19:05:33.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19540",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19540 | 19543 | 19543 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19549",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm reading a short story called 『つめたいよるに』. This girl was crying on the train\nto work, so another passenger (the 少年 below) invited her for a coffee.\n\n> 公衆電話からアルバイト先に電話をして、風邪をひいたので休ませていただきます、と言ったのを聞いていた **とみえて**\n> 、私がテーブルにもどると、「じゃあ、きょうは一日ひまなんだ」 少年はぶっきらぼうに言った。\n\nI've not encountered ～とみえる before, but even after looking up the meaning\n(another variant of \"seems, looks like\", I think), I'm still not sure what\nmeaning it brings to this sentence.\n\nIs ～とみえる related to ～に見える?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T18:58:34.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19545",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T04:14:41.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4404",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Why is ～とみえる used here?",
"view_count": 1877
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, this 終止形+とみえる (or と見える) is another variant of ように見える (\"it seems\", \"it\nlooks like\"). It's a literary expression, so we don't usually use it in\nconversations.\n\n～と言ったのを聞いていたとみえる is \"It seems he (=少年) heard I had said ～\", where \"～\" here is\n\"風邪を引いたので休ませていただきます\". He said \"きょうは一日ひまなんだ\", because he was listening to the\nphone call (of \"I\") and knew \"I\" was going to take the day off that day.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T21:29:50.947",
"id": "19549",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-16T21:29:50.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19545",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "_\"So you are free all day today?\" When I was back to the table he said\nbluntly, presumably hearing I talk to the phone that I caught a cold and was\ngoing to take the day off ._\n\nI think と-みえる/と-みえて is best alternated with ようだ/ようで or らしい/らしく, so in this\ncase:\n\n * 風邪をひいたので休ませていただきます、と言ったのを聞いていたようで、\n * 風邪をひいたので休ませていただきます、と言ったのを聞いていたらしく、\n\nTo the last question: Yes, both とみえる and に見える contains 見える \"to seem, look\n(like), be visible\", an intransitive counterpart of the transitive 見る \"to see,\nlook at\", though as for とみえる/とみえて, I recommend you to memorize it as an idiom.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T04:14:41.633",
"id": "19554",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T04:14:41.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19545",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19545 | 19549 | 19549 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have heard that Japanese adverbs usually occur along with particles in a\nsentence. Also, I perhaps simplistically consider particles to be the analog\nof prepositions in English.\n\nIn English it seems that there are often two ways to convey the meaning of an\nadverb, one with a preposition and one without: For example, \"She sang\nenthusiastically.\" or \"She sang with enthusiasm.\"\n\nWith that background, my question is whether it is reasonable to say that\nJapanese usually uses the \"with enthusiasm\" form of modifying verbs rather\nthan the \"enthusiastically\" form?\n\nThis question and hypothesis are mostly for pedagogical reasons, and for the\ncommon case rather than a precise description of the language.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T19:26:18.083",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19546",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T12:36:21.677",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7729",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Adverbs in Japanese versus English",
"view_count": 665
} | [
{
"body": "There's at least three types of words in Japanese that can be called \"adverbs\"\nin English grammatical terms. There's the 〜く from of what are called\n[形容詞]{けいようし} \"keiyoshi\" or often in teaching \"i-keiyoshi\" (e.g., [楽]{たの}しく)\nand there are [形容動詞]{けいようどうし} \"keiyoudoushi\" or in teaching it to foreigners\n\"na-keiyoushi\" plus に (e.g., [具体的]{ぐたいてき}に).\n\nThe pattern you describe where the \"adverb\" is made by tacking a particle onto\nthe word in the manner of a prepositional phrase applies to the \"keiyoudoshi\"\nstyle of forming \"adverbs\". Here you put \"ni\" onto the end of the adjectival\nform of the word to get an \"adverb\".\n\nFor example:\n\n> [具体的]{ぐたいてき}に[表]{あらわ}す\n\ngutaiteki-ni arawasu\n\n= to express something concretely.\n\nThe pattern for i-keiyoushi is that the \"adverb\" is a conjugation of the root\nadjective. Thus for the keiyoushi \"tanoshii\" meaning fun, the adverbial form\nis \"tanoshiku\"\n\n> [彼]{かれ}は[楽]{たの}しく[歌]{うた}う。\n\nkare ha tanoshiku utau.\n\n= he sings enjoyably.\n\nThere's also words that don't conjugate at all to be adverbs. e.g., ゆっくり\n(yukkuri) and ときどき (tokidoki) and さっと (satto).\n\n* * *\n\nThere's some disagreement as to whether \"adverb\" best captures a category of\nJapanese words so I've put in quotes.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T21:15:40.990",
"id": "19548",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T12:36:21.677",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T12:36:21.677",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "19546",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Your example may be translated as 彼女は[熱狂的]{ねっきょうてき}に歌った or something similar.\nThis 熱狂的に with a particle-like ending に is actually an adverbial form of a na-\nadjective 熱狂的な, and is very properly translated as \"enthusiastically\".\n\nOtherwise you can say it like 彼女は熱狂をもって歌った, where 熱狂をもって resembles \"with\nenthusiasm\" in appearance, with \"with\" being sometimes translated as をもって.\nHowever this kind of wording sounds fairly literary and less versatile, and is\nhardly heard in colloquial speech.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T01:37:29.313",
"id": "19552",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T12:27:11.973",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T12:27:11.973",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19546",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19546 | null | 19548 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19555",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "They both mean `I am an American` but which is preferable in everyday speech\nand in writing, and why? Is the former more formal than the latter?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-16T23:09:38.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19550",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-23T23:22:47.567",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "私は米国人です vs 私はアメリカ人です",
"view_count": 2566
} | [
{
"body": "Honestly, I have almost always heard people from the United States use\n\"アメリカ人\". I think \"米国\" can indeed be thought as more formal, and is used a lot\nwhen it comes to guidebooks and such. I see it a lot in writing, and when\nwriting compounds:\n\n * 米文学｛べいぶんがく｝: American literature. Any other form, 米国 or アメリカ, can be used there.\n * 北米｛ほくべい｝: North America\n * 米州｛べいしゅう｝： The Americas\n\nKeep in mind that they both have exactly the same meaning: the United States\nof America.\n\n * 米国{べいこく} comes from 亜米利加｛あめりか｝ which is I think simply a juxtaposition of Chinese characters to get the actual sound.\n * Similarly, for France, フランス is always used in katakana except for French - Japanese dictionaries for which the chinese character 仏｛ふつ｝ is used. This one comes from 仏蘭西｛ふらんす｝. However, this only used when referring to \"abstract\" France, and never to refer to the country or to the people. You can also find it for example in the 仏検｛ふつけん｝, the French proficiency test for Japanese people.\n * For the English language, 英｛えい｝ is used, but this one comes from England, 英国｛えいこく｝, which itself is from 英吉利｛いぎりす｝.\n\nSo, they are the same but I tend to hear a lot more of \"アメリカ\" and see a lot of\n\"米国\" written. If you have a look on Wikipedia though, you can see most pages\nthat have 米 in their name are redirected to their アメリカ counterparts which\nwould seem to indicate that アメリカ would even be more correct or at least more\nfrequent.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T02:58:27.877",
"id": "19553",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T07:53:01.267",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-17T07:53:01.267",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3614",
"parent_id": "19550",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "Today people never say `米国人` in everyday speech and even in written form most\npeople express American as `アメリカ人`.\n\nThe obvious exception is on a newspaper. Writers there still express it as\n`米国人`, for possibly two reasons:\n\n 1. `米国` is shorter than `アメリカ`.\n\n 2. Kanji is more suited than Katakana to vertical writing, which is still used in newspapers.\n\nI also want to note that this tends to be applied to `英国`/`イギリス` as well.\nAlso, Kanji is often used to express each country (e.g. `仏`, `独`, or `伊` to\nexpress `フランス`, `ドイツ`, or `イタリア`) even on the web news just because those are\nshorter.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T05:09:31.077",
"id": "19555",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-23T23:22:47.567",
"last_edit_date": "2017-08-23T23:22:47.567",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19550",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
] | 19550 | 19555 | 19555 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I would imagine this would make reading harder, but is it allowed to finish a\nword on the next line if you run out of room? Does it not matter?\n\n。。。。お姉さんはとて \nも楽しです！",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T00:04:11.380",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19551",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T00:04:11.380",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"orthography"
],
"title": "Are you allowed to continue words on the next line?",
"view_count": 57
} | [] | 19551 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19560",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "As an [answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12493/whats-the-\ndifference-between-%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%99-and-%E6%B2%BB%E3%82%8B) to a previous\nquestion, a user stated the following:\n\n> In Japanese this distinction is shown by referring to 自動詞 (\"self-acting\"\n> verbs) and 他動詞 (\"other-acting\" verbs). Many J dictionaries show this after\n> the headword: for example, 新明解国語辞典, highly recommended, gives なおる【自五】 and\n> なおす【他五】.\n\nI would like to understand:\n\n 1. How should I read 自五 and 他五? \n\n 2. What is their exact meaning / translation into English? I understand from the context what they express, but I would like an \"official translation\".\n\n 3. What is the meaning of 五 in this particular context?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T09:44:54.140",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19559",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T10:42:55.153",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage",
"dictionary"
],
"title": "Different usage of 五",
"view_count": 279
} | [
{
"body": "(I don't think the question is phrased well: it's really about dictionary\nabbreviations. Perhaps you can edit it after this answer.)\n\nRemember these are abbreviations, so if you want to read them out helpfully\nit's:\n\n自五: ji-go, short for jidoushi-godan 他五: ta-go, short for tadoushi-godan\n\nThe 五段 means \"5-base (verb)\", which has all sorts of other names, including\n\"4-base verb\"(!), meaning the base vowel changes.\n\nUnfortunately the Official Translation (complete with ribbons, legal\ncertification, and other decoration devoid of significance) is probably\n\"Transitive\" and \"Intransitive\" (although you still have to define in terms of\nJapanese grammar exactly what you mean by that).\n\nIf you take another pair: 貸す and 借りる, 新明解 says they are both 他(動詞), presumably\nbecause you both lend and borrow a hammer. So sadly the obvious distinction is\nmissed by the Official terminology.\n\nIncidentally, this distinction really is everywhere: at the moment there's a\nquestion on the right of this screen: \"Difference between 向け and 向き\". 新明解\nagain:\n\nむく【自五】 so \"self-acting\" and the vowel changes, thus the noun form is むき \nむける【他下一】 so \"other-acting\" and an \"-eru\" verb, thus the noun form is むけ",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-17T10:17:50.527",
"id": "19560",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-17T10:17:50.527",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7717",
"parent_id": "19559",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19559 | 19560 | 19560 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19565",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both can be test, or they have a different meaning/usage?\n\n\"試験{しけん}を受ける{うける}.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T02:30:57.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19564",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T22:36:01.440",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T22:36:01.440",
"last_editor_user_id": "7341",
"owner_user_id": "7341",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Difference between 試験{しけん} and テスト",
"view_count": 1312
} | [
{
"body": "Both basically share the same meaning, and are interchangeable in most cases.\nFor example, there is no difference between 期末試験 and 期末テスト.\n\nBut there are set phrases where only one of them is used.\n\n * 入学試験 entrance exam ((*)入学テスト is unusual)\n * テスト駆動開発 [test-driven development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development) ((*)試験駆動開発 is unusual)\n\nAnd I think 試験 sounds a bit more formal and serious. Critical tests/exams tend\nto be called 試験, whereas casual tests or tests you do every day tend to be\ncalled テスト.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T02:49:13.730",
"id": "19565",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T02:49:13.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19564",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
] | 19564 | 19565 | 19565 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm writing a program that will automatically sort the index of a Japanese\nbook and group the terms under the associated Japanese letter. I have found\nnumerous instructions, but I'm still unsure how to do it correctly.\n\nI know we need the phonetic translation of a term in order to sort it. So far\nso good. Since it is possible to write the phonetic translation using hiragana\nor katakana, which of these characters do I use for sorting?\n\nIf say my terms are mixed i.e. the phonetic translation starts with hiragana\nand katakana letters, do I assign the index terms to the matching hiragana\ngroup letter or the matching katakana group letter?\n\nExample: do I place よ terms under the index group letter ヨ? If yes, can I\nalways assign hiragana terms to the associated katakana group letter? I.e. my\nindex will only use katakana grouping letters.\n\nThanks for any help.\n\nBest regards,\n\nRobert",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T15:24:13.117",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19568",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T23:31:08.700",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-18T15:31:32.027",
"last_editor_user_id": "7737",
"owner_user_id": "7737",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kana"
],
"title": "Sorting and Grouping a Japanese Index or Glossary",
"view_count": 1128
} | [
{
"body": "There's basically a one-to-one correlation between hiragana and katakana.\n\nThe two main exceptions that I'm aware of are:\n\n# in how long vowels are transcribed.\n\nFor katakana, a dash-like element is preferred. For hiragana, the character\nfor either o or u is used (often for historical reasons as the pronunciation\nof the long vowel sound for o is identical at this point).\n\n# in the use of certain katakana for foreign words\n\nParticularly, I'm thinking here of V/B sounds where the v is often written as\nthe \"u\" character plus a phonetic mark. These should not be sorted together\nwith the unmarked group. (e.g., デイヴィス for Davis)\n\n* * *\n\n# maybe not \"so far so good\" on the kanji -> kana\n\nKanji to kana conversion is harder than it might seem. Automated output is\nalmost guaranteed to have trouble with characters that can be read in multiple\nways. For instance, depending on context, 今日 is either こんにち or きょう. People's\nnames are even worse.\n\nFor church for instance, we use a furiganizer to help a friend whose Japanese\nreading level is pretty bad. But the furiganizer is often very wrong:\n\nConsider\n\"[Sabbath\"](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E8.AA.9E.E3.81.A7.E3.81.AE.E8.AA.AD.E3.81.BF.E6.96.B9)\n[安息]{あんそく}[日]{??}. The last character can be read [じつ]{jitsu}, [び]{bi}, or\n[にち]{nichi} and the different translations don't even agree.\n\nor\n\n\"lord\" 主 which can be read [ぬし]{nushi} or [しゅ]{shu}\n\n* * *\n\nAll of this makes is so that sorting in Japanese is a relatively difficult\nproblem. It's also not agreed upon _how_ to resolve this problem. For an\ninteresting thread, see <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/django-\nusers/IasBBYb7UoU/bQiXbowZl8cJ> which suggests converting everything to\nhiragana and using _gojyuuon_. The method there advocates converting the\nkatakana long vowel sound in most contexts to the conventional hiragana (which\nvaries depending on the preceding vowel).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T15:39:13.343",
"id": "19569",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T23:31:08.700",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "19568",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> Since it is possible to write the phonetic translation using hiragana or\n> katakana, which of these characters do I use for sorting?\n\nConsidering the fact that hiragana and katakana are, as virmaior already said,\nin a one-to-one correlation, I think it will be better to consider the sound\nthey're representing as a sorting criterion, not the graphic representation as\nhiragana or katakana.\n\nFor example, in 角川新国語辞典 (2007, page 1292) the words are sorted in the\nfollowing manner: we know that ら = ラ = _ra_ , so we have らいらく ( _rairaku_ ) ,\nライラック ( _rairakku_ ) and then らいりん ( _rairin_ ) and nobody says nothing about\nthe fact that the hiragana words are mixed with the katakana ones.\n\n> do I assign the index terms to the matching hiragana group letter or the\n> matching katakana group letter?\n\nProbably I should add that in 角川新国語辞典 the exemplified words are indexed under\nthe ら label (hiragana). But I think you should use the kana that represents\nthe majority of the title phonetic translations (if most of the titles can be\nwritten in hiragana, use hiragana, else use katakana).\n\nN.B. If the sorted list is the answer to a search operation, you must give the\nuser the possibility to make his query in hiragana, katakana or romaji and\nstill get the right ordered list. For the previous example, if I would type\nらい, ライ or _rai_ I should be able get the same list (らいらく, ライラック and then らいりん)\nunless I choose not to.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T19:48:20.093",
"id": "19571",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T19:48:20.093",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"parent_id": "19568",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] | 19568 | null | 19569 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19573",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When you call say a pizza delivery service they pick up the phone with\nsomething like \"Tanaka's pizza delivery service, XYZ branch, this is Sato\nspeaking\". (I'm sorry, I'd reproduce it in Japanese but it was so fast that I\ndidn't really understand it).\n\nWhat do I say in response to that? In England I'd say, \"Hi, I'd like to order\na pizza\". What would be better for me, in Japanese, something more generic\nlike, \"Hi, I'd like to place an order\". But do Japanese people really say this\nwhen they order food?\n\nI'm pretty sure that \"こんばんは。注文をしたいのですが。。。\"is not what Japanese people say when\nthey call a restaurant. What's natural?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T23:43:50.830",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19572",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T08:44:23.820",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "388",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to order pizza or dinner on the phone",
"view_count": 4303
} | [
{
"body": "Greetings like こんばんは sounds unnecessary. Some people may begin with すみません,\nthough I don't think it necessary either. I would say はい、注文をお願いします, just like\nyou in English!",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-18T23:53:34.893",
"id": "19573",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-18T23:53:34.893",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19572",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "There's honestly nothing wrong with beginning the call with \"こんばんは\" as it\nwould add a touch of your personality. It would be equivalent to saying \"Good\nevening, I'd like to order a pizza\", which sounds nice and isn't too overly\npolite.\n\nIf you want to say the same typical phrase as other Japanese, you could use:\n\n\"すみません、注文{ちゅうもん}お願い{おねがい}したいのですが。\"\n\nWhether you drop the \"を\" or not is up to you.\n\nWhen you've finished listing your order, \"以上{いじょう}です。\" is correct. After that,\nthe person taking your order is likely to tell you how long it will be until\nthey deliver it, to which \"よろしくお願い{おねがい}します。\" is fine, or \"お待ち{おまち}しております。\"\nmeaning you'll be waiting for the order to be delivered.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T05:24:00.017",
"id": "19577",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T08:44:23.820",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T08:44:23.820",
"last_editor_user_id": "7741",
"owner_user_id": "7741",
"parent_id": "19572",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] | 19572 | 19573 | 19573 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19576",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the answer to the thread [What's the difference between 腹切{はらき}り and\n切腹{せっぷく}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3534/whats-the-\ndifference-between-%E8%85%B9%E5%88%87%E3%82%8A-and-%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9) in the\n1st paragraph, 2nd line, the author mentions \" _Sino-Japanese pronunciation\nand word order_ \".\n\nI assume that \" _Sino-Japanese pronunciation_ \" is 音読{おんよ}み。\n\nSo, what is \" _Sino-Japanese word order_ \"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T01:54:41.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19574",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T06:25:27.847",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"kanji"
],
"title": "What is \"Sino-Japanese word order\"?",
"view_count": 1259
} | [
{
"body": "The canonical word order in a Chinese sentence is SVO (subject-verb-object),\nwhile Japanese exhibits SOV (subject-object-verb) syntax. _Sino-Japanese word\norder_ just refers to the appearance of Chinese word order in Sino-Japanese\ncompounds.\n\nTherefore 腹切り, which is a native compound, exhibits OV word order (being a\nnominalisation of 腹を切る), while the Chinese derived compound exhibits VO word\norder.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T02:08:39.853",
"id": "19575",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T02:08:39.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "816",
"parent_id": "19574",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "In this case, it's verb-object, like the Chinese these morphemes were borrowed\nfrom, rather than object-verb, like native Japanese syntax:\n\n> 切腹 （せっぷく） ＝ 切（せつ） (verbal morpheme) + 腹 （ふく） (object morpheme) \n> 腹切り（はらきり） ＝ 腹（はら） (object morpheme) + 切り（きり） (verbal morpheme)\n\nGenerally, the morphemes in Sino-Japanese compounds (called 漢語【かんご】 in\nJapanese) follow Chinese word order, even if those words were coined in\nJapanese rather than borrowed directly from Chinese.\n\nNative Japanese compounds usually follow Japanese word order, except without\nparticles:\n\n> 腹 **を** 切 **る** (verb phrase) → 腹切 **り** (deverbal compound)\n\nWe can find other pairs like this, for example:\n\n> 殺人 （さつじん） ＝ 殺（さつ） (verbal morpheme) + 人 （じん） (object morpheme) \n> 人殺し（ひとごろし） ＝ 人（ひと） (object morpheme) + 殺し（ころし） (verbal morpheme)\n\nAnd we can break down the latter like this:\n\n> 人 **を** 殺 **す** (verb phrase) → 人殺 **し** (deverbal compound)\n\nIn fact, you can often \"take apart\" a Sino-Japanese compound by turning it\naround, switching to native Japanese readings (訓読み) and inserting the\nappropriate particles and such. If we use our example of 殺人 again:\n\n> 殺人【さつじん】 → 人【ひと】 **を** 殺【ころ】 **すこと** 。\n\nWe just came up with [the dictionary definition of\n殺人](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA) without actually looking\nit up.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T02:13:09.370",
"id": "19576",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T06:25:27.847",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T06:25:27.847",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19574",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 13
}
] | 19574 | 19576 | 19576 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19618",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "There is a question in Minna no Nihongo, where I need to fit in ありました with the\n〜んです pattern, such that the sentence makes sense.\n\nおそかったですね。なにか _________ か。\n\nHow shall I fit it in, and what meaning will it give to the sentence?\n\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T07:24:09.440",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19579",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T13:07:38.297",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-21T10:27:53.790",
"last_editor_user_id": "7742",
"owner_user_id": "7742",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "How to place ありました with the 〜んです pattern, and the meaning of the resulting sentence",
"view_count": 680
} | [
{
"body": "Change ありました into the plain form, あった, to be followed by んです:\n\n> [遅]{おそ}かったですね。[何]{なに}かあったんですか。 \n> You're late. What happened? \n> (Lit. [You] were late. Did anything happen?)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T13:07:38.297",
"id": "19618",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T13:07:38.297",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19579",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19579 | 19618 | 19618 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19582",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> きょう の パーティー は **いつなんですか** 。\n\nIs placing \"itsunandesuka\" correct when I'm trying to make a sentence which\nmeans \"When is today's party\" while using the grammar pattern \"ndesuka\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T07:35:03.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19580",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T13:56:10.083",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T13:56:10.083",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7742",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Have I placed \"itsu\" correctly in the sentence?",
"view_count": 705
} | [
{
"body": "The position of いつ is correct and there's nothing wrong with your sentence,\nbut it's better to use 何時{なんじ} to ask for _when_ in this case.\n\n> 今日{きょう}のパーティーは何時{なんじ}なんですか。\n\nThe nuance of using なん is that the topic of the party has already being\nintroduced as opposed to\n\n> 今日{きょう}のパーティーは何時{なんじ}ですか。\n\nSome people could _also_ argue that the first sentence is slightly more\nfriendly.\n\nThe word いつ is appropriate for any kind of situation and doesn't change\ndepending on **who is** speaking or **who you are** speaking to.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T08:08:31.720",
"id": "19582",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T08:30:56.107",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T08:30:56.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "7671",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19580",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19580 | 19582 | 19582 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could you please explain me what exactly is the で in the following sentences\nand how can we distinguish 「で」助詞 and 「だ」助動詞の連用形「で」?\n\n>\n> 確かここの一番偉い人にあたる、荒川千歳さんだったかな。階級は一等・・・・・・何とか。忘れた。その人のところに行って、お世話になるにあたっての諸注意を受ける必要があるとのこと\n> **で** 。つい最近まで通っていた学校なのに、説明が必要なんて。な～んか、・・・・・・ - So, we should go to her\n> office and listen to her explanation concerning our living there.\n\nand\n\n> これは非公開の話ということ **で** 。 - This is not for the record.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T13:42:51.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19587",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T08:37:34.197",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T14:05:00.717",
"last_editor_user_id": "3183",
"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "Difference between 「で」助詞 and 「だ」助動詞の連用形「で」",
"view_count": 329
} | [
{
"body": "You can regard it as either 連用形 of copula or a conjunction particle, either\nway, it indicates the clause （…必要があるとのこと）is not the final predicate of the\nsentence.\n\nTo distinguish it from case particle で, testing if であって can work will help.\n\nこれは非公開の話ということで おねがいします： case particle で\n\nこれは非公開の話ということで（あって） 他人に話すべきではない: conjunction particle で",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T08:37:34.197",
"id": "19601",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T08:37:34.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "19587",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19587 | null | 19601 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19590",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I don't understand the meaning of ならん in this sentence:\n\n> 早く日曜日に **ならん** かな\n\nDoes ならん come from ならぶ? Or come from なる? How it's conjugated? What's that ん in\nならん...?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T17:29:03.073",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19589",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T18:00:27.083",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T18:00:27.083",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7112",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "I don't understand the meaning and \"naran\" in this sentence 早く日曜日にならんかな",
"view_count": 1637
} | [
{
"body": "The word is **nar-an** , a negated form of the verb **なる**. The standard\nnegation of the verb may be known to you as **ならない**. The utterance you ask\nabout can be rephrased as 早く日曜日にならないかな.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T17:36:23.083",
"id": "19590",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T17:36:23.083",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5362",
"parent_id": "19589",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19589 | 19590 | 19590 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What's the meaning of this sentence and what does なので mean here? If possible,\nI would like to know the grammatical rules of なので as well.\n\n> 英語と日本語なので私にとっても良い勉強になります。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T18:24:00.917",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19591",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-12T18:47:06.347",
"last_edit_date": "2015-11-12T18:47:06.347",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7112",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "What does \"nanode\" mean? What are its grammatical rules?",
"view_count": 35038
} | [
{
"body": "> 英語{えいご}と日本語{にほんご}なので私{わたし}にとっても良{い}い勉強{べんきょう}になります。\n\n * Because _it_ is Japanese and English it is very useful / helpful to me.\n\n * It's really good for my studies because _it_ is (in) English and Japanese.\n\n# Usage of\n[ので・なので](http://www.renshuu.org/index.php?page=grammar/individual&id=100)\n\n> Similar to [から](http://japanese.about.com/library/blqow35.htm), it is used\n> to express reason or cause. Use **な** when following a noun or word that\n> functions as a noun.\n\n * 冬{ふゆ} **なので** 花{はな}は咲{さ}いてない。 There are no flowers (blooming) **because** it's / of winter.\n\n * 下手{へた} **なので** やめた方{ほう}がいいかな？ I wonder if I should quit _it_ **because** I am not good at it.\n\n * もう遅{おそ}い **ので** 帰{かえ}ろうね。 It's (already) late, **so** let's go home (friendly).\n\n * [More examples.](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T02:55:52.347",
"id": "19597",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T03:00:59.137",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-20T03:00:59.137",
"last_editor_user_id": "7671",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19591",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
},
{
"body": "Like から, it can mean \"so\", \"therefore\", \"since\", \"because\", but ので is\ntechnically supposed to be used for highlighting a cause-and-effect\nrelationship, while から is for subjectively presenting a cause or a reason.\n\nEither way, ので feels more polite, so it is often the one used when you are\ngently expressing a reason, asking for permission, when making an excuse, or\nother similar situations.\n\nThe な is added when following **nouns** and **na adjectives** , and what it's\ndoing is essentially replacing a だ.\n\nHere's an example of that:\n\n> ここは駐車禁止 **な** ので車を止めてはいけません。\n>\n> ここは駐車禁止 **だ** から車を止めてはいけません。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-11-12T12:03:38.980",
"id": "29185",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-12T12:03:38.980",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11689",
"parent_id": "19591",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
] | 19591 | null | 19597 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19594",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been running into verbs such as 言わなくたって recently. I found [these\nsentences](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6)\nusing a sample sentence search and it seems to be a stronger form of ～なくても\n\n> 見てなく **たって** いいよ。 You don't have to stand over me.\n>\n> そんなトゲトゲしい言い方しなく **たって** いいだろう。 You don't have to use such a harsh tone with\n> me.\n\nWhere can I find this in a dictionary? It doesn't seem to be [達て]{たって}, nor\nthe たって in 雨が降ったって出掛けるよ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T21:30:36.073",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19593",
"last_activity_date": "2020-03-15T18:43:58.877",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6820",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 17,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"auxiliaries"
],
"title": "How to parse ～なくたって?",
"view_count": 6438
} | [
{
"body": "This たって is the same as\n[たって](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/137398/m0u/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/)\n(≒even if, even though) in 雨が降ったって出掛けるよ. The difference is that なく (te-form of\nない) is inserted between the main verb (=言う) and たって. (And of course 言う is in\nits nai-form before ない)\n\n> * 言わなくたって分かるよ。 Even if you don't say it, (I/he) can understand.\n> * 言ったって分からないよ。 Even if you say it, (I/he) can't understand.\n>\n\nThe literal translation of 見てなくたって would be \"Even if you are not seeing,\n(it's) okay.\" The opposite is 見てたっていいよ, which is the contracted form of\n見ていたっていいよ.\n\nAnd the negated version of 雨が降ったって is 雨が降らなくたって.\n\n> 雨が降らなくたって傘を持っていくよ。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T22:06:56.240",
"id": "19594",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T22:13:52.093",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T22:13:52.093",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19593",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 24
},
{
"body": "Here is a linguistic supplement to @naruto's answer:\n\nThis 「たって」 connects to the 連用形{れんようけい} (continuative form) of words. This is\nnot immediately clear because of the euphonic changes that take place.\n\nThis is what happens when 「たって」 connects to 「言う」:\n\n> //iwu//の連用形＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { inflect } \n> //iwi//＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { //i// in //wi// devoices; consonant-consonant sequence //wt// repairs\n> to //tt// } \n> //ittatte//\n\nThis is what happens when 「たって」 connects to 「言わない」:\n\n> //iwanai//の連用形＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { inflect } \n> //iwanaku//＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { combine; no devoicing or euphonic changes } \n> //iwanakutatte//\n\nSo it's essentially the same construction from the agglutinative perspective,\njust muddled a little by the euphonic changes which happen in the first case.\n\n# Bonus Content\n\nYou may ask: \"Why is it //iwanakutatte// instead of //iwanakattatte//?\"\n\nBasically, this comes down to the syntactic status of 「たって」.\n\n「た」 is a 助動詞{じょどうし} (auxiliary), while 「たって」 is a 接続助詞{せつぞくじょし} (conjunctive\nparticle).\n\nWhen you connect 助動詞 to 形容詞{けいようし} (i-adjective) (or a 助動詞 which inflects like\na 形容詞), you need to insert a dummy verb //aru// which handles the 助動詞.\n\n> **形容詞「高い」 connecting to the 助動詞「た」**\n>\n> //takai//の連用形＋（//aru//の連用形＋//ta//） \n> ⇒ { inflect //aru// } \n> //takai//の連用形＋（//ari//+//ta//) \n> ⇒ { //i// in //ri// devoices; CC sequence //rt// repairs to //tt// } \n> //takai//の連用形＋//atta// \n> ⇒ { inflect //takai// } \n> //takaku//+//atta// \n> ⇒ { //kua// compresses into //ka// } \n> //takakatta//\n>\n> **助動詞「ない」 connecting to the 助動詞「た」**\n>\n> //iwanai//の連用形＋（//aru//の連用形＋//ta//） \n> ⇒ { inflect //aru// } \n> //iwanai//の連用形＋（//ari//+//ta//) \n> ⇒ { //i// in //ri// devoices; CC sequence //rt// repairs to //tt// } \n> //iwanai//の連用形＋//atta// \n> ⇒ { inflect //takai// } \n> //iwanaku//+//atta// \n> ⇒ { //kua// compresses into //ka// } \n> //iwanakatta//\n\nHowever, with a 接続助詞 like 「て」 or 「たって」, there is no need for the dummy verb\n//aru// with 形容詞:\n\n> **形容詞「高い」 connecting to the 接続助詞「て」**\n>\n> //takai//の連用形＋//te// \n> ⇒ { inflect } \n> //takaku//+//te// \n> ⇒ { combine } \n> //takakute//\n>\n> **形容詞「高い」 connecting to the 接続助詞「たって」**\n>\n> //takai//の連用形+//tatte// \n> ⇒ { inflect } \n> //takaku//+//tatte// \n> ⇒ { combine } \n> //takakutatte//\n>\n> **助動詞「ない」 connecting to the 接続助詞「たって」**\n>\n> //iwanai//の連用形＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { inflect } \n> //iwanaku//＋//tatte// \n> ⇒ { combine } \n> //iwanakutatte//",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-19T22:58:09.347",
"id": "19595",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-19T23:44:20.770",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-19T23:44:20.770",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19593",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 18
}
] | 19593 | 19594 | 19594 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example, I was listening to a song, and the lyric\n願いや野望や空想が知らない次元【レベル】へドアをたたいて came up. Don't you usually need to use a の to\nmake 知らない次元へのドア or else 知らない次元へ might get confused as modifying たたいて? Because\nof this, I'm not really sure of the meaning of the lyrics.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T00:11:12.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19596",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T15:51:18.477",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-20T04:10:01.490",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7712",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Do you need to use の when using へ to modify a noun?",
"view_count": 261
} | [
{
"body": "You are right, this sentence is normally written in this way (Let's forget the\nfurigana レベル for now):\n\n> 知らない次元へ **の** ドアをたたく \n> knock at the door leading to the unknown dimension\n\nAnd because \"の\" is omitted, I feel this 知らない次元へ actually modifies たたく. If it\nwere not in the lyrics, I would say such wording is at least highly unnatural.\n(And I might also say that hope and dream don't usually knock at the door\nafter all.)\n\n> 社長室へのドアを叩いた: OK (not necessarily the final door of the president room) \n> 社長室のドアを叩いた: OK (the (final) door of the president room) \n> 社長室へドアを叩いた: Incorrect\n\nBut in lyrics, such things can happen in order to stay in a certain rhythm.\nThe meaning of the lyrics itself doesn't change greatly, but it may be\ntranslated as something like \"Toward the unknown dimension, knocking at the\ndoor,\" to emphasize the \"adverbial\" feeling.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T03:06:22.237",
"id": "19598",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T03:59:17.760",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-20T03:59:17.760",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19596",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "日本語で失礼します。 この場合は「ドアを叩く」を慣用句としてひとつの動詞としてみなすほうが、「叩く」を単独の動詞とするよりも自然な解釈になります。\n「ドアを叩く」＝「進む・導く」のように置き換えられるので、「知らない次元へ導いて」となり、「の」を省略したとみなさなくても良くなります。\nとはいえ、「～へのドアを叩く」と書くほうが一般的な表現です（その場合でも一つの動詞として見なせる）。",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T15:51:18.477",
"id": "19607",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T15:51:18.477",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7762",
"parent_id": "19596",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19596 | null | 19598 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've thought for a while that there was something a little \"strange\" about the\nway はず is used in Japanese, and I recently thought of a way of explaining it\nthat I've not seen elsewhere.\n\nHalf of this post might be better split into an answer instead... (if someone\nwith power to do that thinks it's a good idea and has an idea for how to split\nit, then...)\n\nAs it stands, for answers I'm looking for second opinions, further sources or\ndiscussion, and suggestions for how to translate these kinds of sentences.\n\n# So, my thoughts on はず\n\nはず is a strange creature that seems to express both conviction and doubt\nsimultaneously.\n\nDaijirin says of た + はず:\n\n> ④ （矢の筈は，弓の弦と当然合致するということから）連体修飾語を受けて，形式名詞的に用いられる。 \n> ㋒ 不審な物事や納得のいかない事柄を，何らかの事情を根拠にして納得する意を表す。 「寒い－だ，窓が開いている」 \n> ㋓ （ **「たはずだ」の形で** ）事柄についての確信・確認の意を表す。 **その確信していた事柄と事実とが違っている**\n> ことを不信に思う気持ちを込めていう。 「君にたのんだ－だ」\n\nIt doesn't have anything similar for non-た uses, but Daijisen offers\nsomething:\n\n> ４ 《矢筈と弦とがよく合うところから》 当然そうなるべき道理であることを示す。また、 **その確信をもっていることを示す** 。「君はそれを\n> **知っている―だ** 」「来ない―はない」\n\n(I believe this can take the same nuance as Daijirin's ④㋓.)\n\nAccording to the dictionary, both conviction and doubt are thrown onto the\nstatement preceding はず.\n\nHowever, I can't help feeling as if はず is often used in ways that conflict\nwith this definition. In many cases, it seems as if the speaker does **not**\nhold the fact before はず in any doubt, but rather, はず expresses **an\nobservation that the (often unstated) implications of the fact don't hold**\n(due to some unexpected situation?). Here are some examples where I felt this\nway:\n\n* * *\n\n1.\n\n> **今夜は晴れのはず** 。…だから本当は、無数の星が広がっているはずなのだ。…しかし、地上の灯りが眩しすぎて、それらが見えることは決してない。\n\n(note, the second はず is not under discussion -- I think it is a different\nsense of はず showing what \"should naturally be\")\n\nThis is narration, and the setting is outside at night, so the narrator, whose\nrole is to describe the scene, should certainly know whether it is clear out\nor not; if it's from the perspective of the character in the scene, then they\ncan physically **see** whether there are clouds or not, so either way there\nshould be no doubt that it is clear. It seems strange that the speaker\n\"doubts\" this. What is meant seems less like \"it should be clear out\", i.e.:\n\n```\n\n I believe that tonight's sky is clear. (Conviction)\n But I wonder if it is really? (Doubt)\n \n```\n\nand more like\n\n```\n\n I believe firmly that tonight's sky is clear. (Conviction)\n ( This should imply that I can see the stars.\n Yet I can't. ) (Unstated implication [although it is made explicit in sentence 2])\n Isn't that odd? Something is wrong. (Observation of unusual contradiction)\n \n```\n\nNote that in this situation, the speaker is not only aware of the weather, but\nalso aware of the reason why the stars are not visible, and that is not\nbecause the sky's not clear, but because of the lights. So はず really does seem\nlike just an observation that things are \"odd\", and not a doubt about the core\nfact that the sky is clear.\n\n* * *\n\n2.\n\n> 空腹感が嗅覚を敏感にさせるのだろうか。 **離れているはず** の厨房から、美味しい匂いが漂ってくるように感じ、一層、空腹の胃袋を刺激する。\n\nIn this example, the speaker has been serving as a servant in this house for\nten years and is well aware of the location of the kitchen within the house as\nit relates to their current position. There should not be any doubt that the\nkitchen is where it is. What is meant seems less like \"From the kitchen, which\nshould be far away\", i.e.:\n\n```\n\n I believe that the kitchen is far away. (Conviction)\n But I wonder if it is really? (Doubt)\n \n```\n\nand more like\n\n```\n\n I believe firmly that the kitchen is far away. (Conviction)\n ( This should imply that smell from the kitchen cannot reach me.\n Yet it does. ) (Unstated implication)\n Isn't that odd? Something is wrong. (Observation of unusual contradiction)\n \n```\n\n* * *\n\n 3. \n\n> あの注文は取り消すと **お伝えしたはず** ですが。 \n> I thought I told you to cancel that order. \n> _(from 英辞郎 on the WEB)_\n\nNot:\n\n```\n\n I believe I told you to cancel.\n But did I? My memory isn't so clear.\n \n```\n\nBut:\n\n```\n\n I firmly believe I told you to cancel.\n ( This should imply that you would cancel.\n You didn't cancel. ) (Unstated implication)\n What's going on here, mister? Care to explain my contradiction?\n \n```\n\n* * *\n\n# My questions\n\nAre there any problems with the above interpretation? Am I right that はず can\nbe used \"without doubting the core fact\"?\n\nAre there any published examples demonstrating this usage, or any papers\ndiscussing it?\n\nHow would you translate the first two examples, 離れているはずの厨房 when the speaker\n**knows and doesn't doubt** that the kitchen is far away, and 今夜は晴れのはず when\nthe speaker **knows and doesn't doubt** that it is clear out?\n\nMaybe \"The kitchen, which [should be/I thought was] far away\" is actually\ndifferent enough from the intent of the Japanese to be a translation error,\nand there is too great an attachment to \"はず=should\". Are such phrases as\n\"should\" and \"thought\" which express doubt really always appropriate for\ntranslating such instances of はず, or are there some better alternatives? Maybe\nthere's some overlap with English (example 3 makes me think so)... it's not a\ncomplete overlap, though, right?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T05:09:48.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19599",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T05:27:02.433",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "315",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "How can we understand and translate はず used with facts of known truth?",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "In this context, \"離れているはずの厨房\" should be \"The kitchen, which I thought was far\naway\". Because, In this case, \"はず\" enphases hungry feeling.\n\n\"今夜は晴れのはず\" / \"I believe that tonight's sky is clear.\" is good. he is expecting\nclear sky, but, Its not in fact.\n\nIn many cases, \"はず\" includes feeling of expectation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T05:27:02.433",
"id": "19600",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T05:27:02.433",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7752",
"parent_id": "19599",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19599 | null | 19600 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19610",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Here is the sentence:\n\n> 約{やく}３００年{ねん}前{まえ}の絵{かい}画{が}の `＿＿` が終{お}わり、～。\n\nThis sentence fragment is taken from JLPT1 test book. And there you have to\npick one correct answer from 4 words to fill in the blank:\n\n 1. 回復\n 2. 修復\n 3. 復旧\n 4. 復興\n\nThe correct answer is 修復, which means \"repair\", \"restoration\".\n\nBut the meanings of the other three are almost the same. What I want to know\nis the differences between these words and when each should be used?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T11:24:17.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19603",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T15:08:17.490",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T15:08:17.490",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"usage",
"meaning",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "Difference between 回復【かいふく】, 修復【しゅうふく】, 復旧【ふっきゅう】 and 復興【ふっこう】",
"view_count": 679
} | [
{
"body": "While I cannot guarantee this answer, using the help of Rikaichan, it appears\nthere are slight differences between each word. The correct answer makes\nsense, if I read each of them as I assume they are to be read.\n\n回復 is often used for general purpose healing. Think of a person recovering\nfrom a sickness. 回復 is often used for healing in video games, if that helps\nyou.\n\n修復 means \"restoration, repair, or mending.\" If I am to understand the given\nsentence, it is discussing the repair, mending, fixing, etc. of a picture from\nover 300 years ago.\n\n復旧 means \"restoration, restitution, or rehabilitation.\" This would likely be\nmy second choice, but \"restitution\" and \"rehabilitation\" make me believe this\nis more likely to be used in other contexts.\n\n復興 means \"revival, renaissance, reconstruction, or restoration.\" I imagine\nthis is more of an abstract concept. Think of time periods where lots of\ndestruction occurs, and life slowly regains its natural state. That is more so\nthe \"revival\" or \"restoration\" I would think.\n\nOf course, this is my pure conjecture, and I do not believe I could even pass\nJLPT2, but this question seemed to make sense to me. Take it as you will!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-20T23:05:11.467",
"id": "19608",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-20T23:05:11.467",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7763",
"parent_id": "19603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "回復 is a general word for recovery, though it's often used for economics,\nhealing from injuries / diseases, and the weather getting better:\n\n> [景気]{けいき}の回復が[急務]{きゅうむ}とされている。 \n> [怪我]{けが}のほうもすっかり回復しました。 \n> [台風]{たいふう}は[今夜中]{こんやじゅう}に[抜]{ぬ}けて、[明日]{あした}にはお[天気]{てんき}も回復する[見込]{みこ}みです。\n\n修復 is used mostly for artifact restorations (like in the question) and\nrelationships:\n\n> もう[関係]{かんけい}を修復するのは[難]{むずか}しいだろうな。\n\n復旧 and 復興 has been used frequently after the earthquake / tsunami / Fukushima\nAccident in 2011. In this context, 復旧 is used for recovery of lifelines and\nroads. 復興 is used in far more long-term sense, which is, resettlement of\nevacuated people and rebuilding local communities that are lost in the\ndisaster (try search Google Images with 復興).\n\nTo add one more word to them, [修理]{しゅうり} is for repairing cars, electrical\nproducts, etc.\n\n* * *\n\nOne more point. when used as する-verbs, 回復 and 復旧 are intransitive (used in the\nform of ～が◯◯する), whereas 修復 and 修理 are transitive (used as ～を◯◯する). 復興 may be\nused in both ways. 回復/復旧/復興 can be used transitively in the form of ～を◯◯させる.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T04:52:28.047",
"id": "19610",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T05:03:18.040",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T05:03:18.040",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19603 | 19610 | 19610 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The paragraph is from the introduction to the wikipedia article on David Ben-\nGurion:\n\n>\n> ポーランドのプロニスクで生まれ、パレスチナ移住後はユダヤ系住民のイギリス軍への参加を呼びかけると共に、ナチスの弾圧によって多くのユダヤ系難民がパレスチナへ押し寄せる様になると、これを規制しようとするイギリス当局と折衝して難民受け入れに尽力した。\n\nMy intent of translation from which i want you to show me errors specially on\nstructure, what is being difficult for me to recognize the correct one, is\nthis:\n\n_Born in Płońsk in Poland, after the migration over Palestine he called for\nthe participation of the British army in charge of the jewish citizens,\nminding that due to nazis oppression many Jewish people were settling into\nPalestine, to try to make policing of those (jewish refugees) by British\nauthorities and to put effort on the negotiation of their acceptance._\n\nI saw other possible interpretations that said it means something different,\nso I could say the previous translation was taken almost randomly from all\nthose. In this translation I did the following:\n\n 1. I took へ just as the directional particle and の modifying [参加]{sanka} as a way of referring to the 軍の参加, but this is totally and wrongly intuitive. its just that I cannot find any information for への.\n\n 2. I took と共に as applying to the next sentence instead of the sentence it is ending. So one of my questions is to which sentences does it apply? It did not make sense for me in applying it to the actual sentence.\n\n 3. I understood「これ」 to mean \"those\" as in those jewish immigrants\n\nAnd the structure of all the sentences after これ are too hard for me to\nunderstand. I have no idea of what criteria to use, and I fear that it's\ntotally wrong.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T05:01:53.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19611",
"last_activity_date": "2019-08-16T18:03:10.430",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-21T05:26:01.610",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "7767",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particles",
"syntax",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Help translating this paragraph: doubts about 「への」and「と共に」forms, and structure of a sentence beggining with 「これ」?",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "I'm generally pretty strict on these kinds of questions, but considering that\nthis particular block of text is kind of dense and hard to understand, I'll\noffer some help in parsing it. I'll break it apart bit by bit.\n\n> ポーランドのプロニスクで生まれ\n\nBorn in ~ Poland\n\n> パレスチナ移住後はユダヤ系住民のイギリス軍への参加を呼びかけると共に\n\nAfter emigrating to Palestine, he called for all Jewish residents to join the\nBritish army, and (while doing this)...\n\nへの is referring to イギリス軍. イギリス軍へ参加する is what it is as a verb, but since we're\nturning it into a noun to use it as an object, we attach the の to the へ to\nmake it イギリス軍への参加 (which is like イギリス軍へ参加すること). Don't think of へ as being\npurely lieral in its \"directional\" meaning. It has a more abstract and\nmetaphorical sense of direction as well, like in \"going into the army\" or\nsomething. The とともに just says that he was doing these things concurrently.\n\n> ナチスの弾圧によって多くのユダヤ系難民がパレスチナへ押し寄せる様になると\n\nWhen many Jews seeking refuge from Nazi oppression approached (bore down on,\nput pressure on, basically moved toward and tried to enter) Palestine\n\n> これを規制しようとするイギリス当局と折衝して難民受け入れに尽力した。\n\nIn an effort to control (mitigate, regulate) this he negotiated with British\nauthorities to have them accept refugees. これ refers to the mass influx of\nrefugees into Palestine.\n\nNote that Palestine was under British control at this time.\n\nReassembling this into a coherent passage is left as an exercise for the\nreader.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T05:31:54.453",
"id": "19612",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T05:31:54.453",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1797",
"parent_id": "19611",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19611 | null | 19612 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "21599",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Could I check my understanding of the last part of this sentence please? For\nthose who don't play games, Hyrule is a fictional place in the Legend of Zelda\nvideogames (this is from a guidebook I am translating).\n\nI think I have the meaning, but the words look strange to me. \"there are\nfeatures area being spread out Hyrule\". I'd like some clarification as to\nwhether some particles have been dropped here, or if I am misunderstanding\nthis part of the sentence.\n\n> 森、平原、峡谷、湖・・・。ハイラル城と城下町を中心に、東西南北へ特徴あるエリアが広がるハイラル。 Forests, plaines, canyons,\n> lakes... Hyrule Castle and centrally the castle town, to the\n> East/West/North/South are distinct [feature-rich] areas that fill Hyrule",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T09:21:46.890",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19614",
"last_activity_date": "2015-02-03T02:20:18.700",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "\"To the East/West/North/South are distinct [feature-rich] areas that fill the land\"",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "I can't explain it in English, but I can show the meaning of your sentence by\ndrawing this figure:\n\n",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-02-02T05:27:50.677",
"id": "21584",
"last_activity_date": "2015-02-02T06:40:01.723",
"last_edit_date": "2015-02-02T06:40:01.723",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "9235",
"parent_id": "19614",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Think of it as \"in all directions of the compass\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-02-03T02:20:18.700",
"id": "21599",
"last_activity_date": "2015-02-03T02:20:18.700",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9210",
"parent_id": "19614",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] | 19614 | 21599 | 21584 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19626",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am using the \"A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar\" to help me with\nJapanese studies. As explained from page 128 on I understood the difference\nbetween ごとに and おきに.\n\nFor example:\n\n * ２日おきに = every third day\n * ２日ごとに = every second day\n\nThe Answer [what is the difference between ごとに and\nおきに?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/11195/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-%E3%81%94%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AB-\nand-%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AB/) also backs this understanding.\n\nNow in the mentioned grammar book there is one last example where both forms\ndo yield the same meaning.\n\nQuoting:\n\n> When a time expression precedes oki no or goto ni, there is no difference in\n> meaning, if an event takes place at one point in time: \n> [電車]{でんしゃ}は[五分]{ごふん}おきに／ごとに[出]{で}る = The train leaves every five minutes.\n\nI don't get the difference between this \"time expression\" and the other ones\nlike 二日. Can somebody give me a hint here?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T14:50:55.060",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19619",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T22:54:01.653",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7770",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Why in this example sentence there's no difference between ごとに and おきに?",
"view_count": 3216
} | [
{
"body": "`毎【ごと】に` means \"every\", so `2日ごとに` is \"every second day\".\n\nOn the other hand, `X置【お】きに` literally means \"leaving (an amount of\ntime/space/...) X (between each occurence)\". It comes from the verb `置く`, \"to\nput\", \"to place\", \"to leave (sth. somewhere)\".\n\n[Here is an article from NHK's 身近なことばの疑問にお答えします about ごとに and\nおきに.](http://www.nhk.or.jp/kininaru-blog/55096.html)\n\nSo how come `おきに` sometimes means the same as `ごとに`, and sometimes not? Let's\nthink about English for a moment, the same phenomenon happens in English as\nwell.\n\nLet A and B be two events separated by a certain amount of time. How much time\nis there _between_ A and B? You might be tempted to answer `B minus A`, but\nthere are two different answers, depending on how we count time:\n\n> (a) There are **5** minutes between A = 1:05 am and B = 1:10 am. B - A =\n> **5** minutes. This is 5分おきに - leaving 5 minutes between A and B.\n>\n> (b) There are **2** days between A = Monday and B = Thursday. B - A = **3**\n> days, not(!) two. This is 2日おきに - leaving two days between A and B.\n\nThe difference between these two cases is that in (a), time as measured in\nhours, minutes, seconds etc. is considered _continous_ (uncountable) - there's\n5 minutes, 5.3 minutes, 5.000321 minutes and so on. In scenario (b), time\ncounted as weekdays or as a number of days is considered _discrete_\n(countable) - there's Monday and Tuesday, but nothing in between, we don't\ntalk about `Monday and a half`.\n\nTo illustrate this point:\n\n```\n\n 1 2 3 4 5\n \n```\n\nHow many numbers are there between 1 and 5? Three, namely 2, 3, and 4.\n\n```\n\n The scale of a measuring cup (for water)\n \n |---+---+---+---+---| \n 0 1 2 3 4 5 (deciliter)\n \n```\n\nHow many milliliters are there between 1 dl and 5 dl? The answer is 400 ml = 4\ndl, not 3 dl.\n\n* * *\n\n**Conclusion:**\n\nBoth `おきに` and `ごとに` have got only one basic meaning. Depending on the noun\nthey apply to, both can refer to the same (temporal) interval.\n\n * 2日ごとに every 2 (week) days\n * 2分ごとに every 2 minutes\n * 2日おきに 2 (week) days between each occurence\n * 2分おきに 2 minutes between each occurence\n\nA day consists of 24 hours. Note the difference between `48 hours between two\nevents` and `2 days between two events`. And would you say that there are 2880\nminutes between Monday and Thursday?\n\nIf you were looking at a clock face with each minute marked individually,\n`2分おきに` might mean something different.\n\nNote that this is not limited to temporal intervals. `一行おきに書く` \"write on every\nother line\", `5メートルおきに杭【くい】を立てる` \"place stakes with a space of five meters in\nbetween\".\n\n* * *\n\nTo put it another way, you take the open interval (A,B). In the case of a\ncontinous variable, everything just a split second after 1:00 am is part of\nthat interval, and thus you get 5 minutes between 1:00 am and 1:05 am. But in\nthe case of a discrete variable, you get less. Consider (Monday,Thursday),\nMonday midnight + 1hour is not part of the interval because you're counting\nonly in days, but not hours. There's only Monday and Tuesday, but nothing in\nbetween. So you get only two days inside the interval (Monday,Thursday), even\nthough Thursday is 3 days after Monday.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T21:03:25.617",
"id": "19626",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T22:54:01.653",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3275",
"parent_id": "19619",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] | 19619 | 19626 | 19626 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19630",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "こんばんは、皆！(6:25pm in Russia)\n\nSo, I just got confused by these two words (超える【こえる】 and 超す【こす】). Can someone\nexplain them to me? Do they have the same meaning, or am I wrong?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T15:28:10.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19620",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T10:17:05.733",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-21T20:51:23.830",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7771",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between 超える【こえる】 and 超す【こす】？",
"view_count": 441
} | [
{
"body": "You are right in that both verbs have roughly the same meaning. Here are the\ndifferences I could find with my (limited) knowledge of Japanese:\n\n超える can be used when something exceeds the norm, or is out of the ordinary.\n\n超す can be used for \"moving home\" (引っ超す）, whereas the above cannot ( ~~引っ超える~~\n).\n\nAnother example is that you cannot say 年を超える、here 年を超す would be correct. I\nbelieve 超す is less common than 超える, in the cases where you could use either.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-22T10:17:05.733",
"id": "19630",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T10:17:05.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4157",
"parent_id": "19620",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19620 | 19630 | 19630 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'd like to ask how emotionally loaded 会いたい【あいたい】 is.\n\nFor example, if I were to (neutrally) convey the sense of \"I'd like to meet\nyou\" by using 会いたい, would it carry an emotional expectation in the sense of\nmissing the person, as compared to simply conveying a want to meet?\n\nHow would I convey a want to meet (neutrally)?\n\nHow would I convey the varying degrees of emotional tones? I.e. how would\nsentences with more emotional loading be constructed?\n\nSome examples I can think of are:\n\n * to an acquaintance\n * to a friend\n * to a (general) romantic interest\n * to an already intimate romantic interest",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T16:53:55.800",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19621",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T20:54:13.863",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-21T20:54:13.863",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "542",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage",
"expressions"
],
"title": "How emotionally loaded is 会いたい【あいたい】?",
"view_count": 446
} | [
{
"body": "I think it's \"quite\" emotionally loaded, or at least can be. My son often\nrefers to it when he wants to see his mom (and it's generally met w/ tears).\nHe's a bit of a mama's boy. On the flip side though, throw a な～ at the end of\nit, and now it's definitely softened.\n\nI think for the most part it has to do with the tone of the way it's conveyed,\nbut to a friend or acquaintance that you've not seen in a while, just say\n会おうよ。That should avoid any awkwardness. :) For the other two, use 会いたい。Of\ncourse, your mileage may vary.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T17:48:31.857",
"id": "19622",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-21T18:16:16.060",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-21T18:16:16.060",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19621 | null | 19622 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19632",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there any difference between 計画【けいかく】を立てる【たてる】 and 計画をする? In _Sou Matome\nN3_ , the first one appears as \" _to make plans_ \", as for the second one\n(being a _suru verb_ ), I assume that it can also be associated with _to make\nplans_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T19:10:20.370",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19623",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T22:15:13.183",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T13:09:20.160",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "difference between 計画を立てる and 計画をする？",
"view_count": 303
} | [
{
"body": "I think there is almost no difference in their meanings, and the two phrases\nare almost always interchangeable. I said almost because I can not think of\neven a single counter example in a few minutes as a native speaker.\n\nBy the way, you can also use a verb, '計画する', without 'を' in a similar way. For\nexample,\n\n * 旅行の計画を立てる。\n * 旅行の計画をする。\n\nare similar to\n\n * 旅行を計画する。\n\nThe first two sentences are not completely the same as the last one. The last\nsentence sounds to stress more that the decision is made to go to a trip\ncompared to the first two, which sounds to have more stress on deciding on the\ndetails during the trip.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-22T22:15:13.183",
"id": "19632",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T22:15:13.183",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7266",
"parent_id": "19623",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19623 | 19632 | 19632 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19625",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the thread titled [is \"こっかい\" a\nheteronym?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15357/is-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84-a-heteronym),\nthe accepted answer explains that there are some because of \"pitch accent\".\nHowever, in Japanese, there are more than one way to think about heteronyms.\n\nAren't there heteronyms with these specifications:\n\n 1. one kanji compound (with possible okurigana).\n 2. two possible ways to _write_ it in hiragana (to eliminate the \"pitch inflection\" variable).\n 3. two definitions, and the definitions depend on the hiragana writings.\n\nexample: \n新聞::しんぶん::newspaper. \n新聞::あらたきき::something heard for the first time. <--- imaginary word\n\nWhat are a few of such words?\n\n**EDIT** : This question is answered in the \"comment\" section. So, mark this\nas answered.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T19:20:35.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19624",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T02:13:42.747",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"homophonic-kanji"
],
"title": "Same kanji compound, with different readings, and meanings depend on the reading? (heteronyms)",
"view_count": 2010
} | [
{
"body": "There are a number of words like this. The most obvious one that comes to mind\nis 方, which can be read かた (polite \"person\") or ほう (\"alternative\", perhaps).\nAnother example is 青山, which can be read あおやま (\"a lush mountain\") or せいざん (\"a\nlush mountain\" OR [metaphorically] \"where one dies\"). Also 心中, which can be\nread しんちゅう (\"one's heart\" or something like that) or しんじゅう (\"lover's\nsuicide\"). 側, which can be そば (\"physical proximity\" or something) or がわ (non-\nliterally, \"a side\"). I think there are a lot of words like this.\n\nIf you restrict to just words with different 訓読み readings, 空く is one example:\nit can be read あく (which cannot mean \"to be hungry\") or すく (which _can_ mean\nthat, as in 腹が空いた [though I think you usually wouldn't use the kanji there]).\nYou also have examples where one of the readings is \"proper\", like 行方, which\ncan be read ゆくえ (\"whereabouts\") or なめがた (a proper noun: [a particular city in\nIbaraki](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namegata,_Ibaraki)).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-21T21:01:49.623",
"id": "19625",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T01:27:33.567",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T01:27:33.567",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "3437",
"parent_id": "19624",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "Indeed there are very many words like this, but here is my favourite example.\nConsider the following statement about a choir:\n\n> 女声は下手、男声は上手！\n\nIt _might_ mean that the men are more skilled than the ladies (reading the\ncharacters as [下手]{へた}・[上手]{じょうず}) but actually more likely tells them which\nside of the stage to come on from ([下手]{しもて}・[上手]{かみて}).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-22T02:03:46.067",
"id": "19628",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T02:13:42.747",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T02:13:42.747",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "7717",
"parent_id": "19624",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19624 | 19625 | 19625 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "\n\nGoogling around for that particular phrase pretty much leads only to a song\nこれくらいで歌う or it's use with の as in これくらいの塩で充分だ. I have a sneaking suspicion it\nmay be related to the adverbial usage of これくらい, but not entirely sure.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-22T01:10:17.927",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19627",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T06:03:52.530",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "「これくらいで」 whats the grammatical purpose that で has here?",
"view_count": 204
} | [
{
"body": "Among a series of definitions of particle で, which you will find in your\ndictionary, this is a **で denoting reasons / causalities**.\n\nYour example, though the wording seems to be kind of culture-specific and I\nfind it hard to traslate, may roughly mean something like \"It' funny she is\nacting like a senior only for _these reasons_ \" ( _these reasons_ depending on\nthe context) or similar.\n\nAnother example:\n\n> [試合]{しあい}は[雨]{あめ}で[中止]{ちゅうし}になりました。 The game has been called off due to the\n> rain. \n> これくらいの[小雨]{こさめ}で中止にしてほしくない。 I don't want it called off just for this light\n> rain.\n\nIf you skip \"light rain\" from the latter then:\n\n> これくらいで中止にしてほしくない。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-22T02:32:22.857",
"id": "19629",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-22T06:03:52.530",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-22T06:03:52.530",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19627",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19627 | null | 19629 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19636",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Not sure if that is the best title, but I wasn't sure the best way to word it.\nWe all know you can say \"(originally) (comes) from X\" as simply `X出身`.\n\n> * 私はニューヨーク出身です → I'm from New York\n> * 鹿児島出身の平田さん → Mr. Hirata from Kagoshima\n>\n\nSo I'm looking for something analogous to this to say \"living in X\" or\n\"resident of X\". I was thinking possibly `X居住`, `X[在居]{ざい・きょ}`, or\n`X[在住]{ざい・じゅう}`.\n\n> * 私は大阪在住です → I'm living in Osaka\n> * [上海]{シャン・ハイ}居住の日本人 → Japanese living in Shanghai\n>\n\nAre any of those correct/acceptable/used to convey this meaning? Possibly some\nother noun I haven't listed? Note that I'm looking for a \"noun suffix\" of the\nform `<place> \\+ <suffix>`, not complete clauses/sentences like\n\n> * どこから来ましたか？ 私は **オーストラリアです** 。\n> * **イタリアに住んでいる** 私の姉\n>",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T01:23:33.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19634",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T06:52:31.443",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"suffixes",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Most correct \"noun suffix\" for \"living in X\" or \"resident of X\"?",
"view_count": 314
} | [
{
"body": "`X在住` is the closest answer for your question. This can be used like\n`私は東京在住です。` and `東京在住の日本人`.\n\nAlso `X居住` is acceptable. The difference between them is where the subject is\nliving, which here means X.\n\nX in `X在住` are like country, province, city or village.\n\nX in `X居住` are like house, apartment.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T07:28:45.417",
"id": "19636",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T00:36:35.143",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-24T00:36:35.143",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7780",
"parent_id": "19634",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "More \"correct\" can be a bit misleading. Do you mean more common?\n\nGenerally you need to keep the answer grammatically compatible to the\nquestion. Also keep in mind the other ways the same questions will be asked:\n\n```\n\n どこの国の人ですか？ \n 出身はどちらですか？\n お住まいはどこですか？\n 故郷はどこですか？\n \n```\n\nFor the most part you'd just answer these in noun form: アメリカです、東京です、or\nwhatever. That being said, I've found you can be a bit more liberal in mixing\nit up than you can in English, so keep that in mind.\n\nAlso, definitely do not overlook the more common approach:\n\n```\n\n どこに住んでいますか？ 東京に住んでいます。\n オーストラリア人です。 - I'm from Australia\n \n```\n\nYou will use all of these far more than 在住。",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T17:20:23.643",
"id": "19639",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T06:52:31.443",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-24T06:52:31.443",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19634",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
] | 19634 | 19636 | 19636 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19641",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Textbook says はく is for stuff you wear below your waist (ジーンズをはいている) and きる\nfor stuff you wear above your waist (T-シャツをきています). But checking for 着る on\n[www.tangorin.com](http://www.tangorin.com) I find 着る defined as **to wear (in\nmodern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on**. Does this mean I can\njust discard はく and use きる for everything shoulders down?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T15:43:05.287",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19637",
"last_activity_date": "2020-06-26T16:54:06.913",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-26T16:54:06.913",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "5423",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "はく and きる or just きる?",
"view_count": 1188
} | [
{
"body": "着る is for part on the upper body(but not everything, so is write from shoulder\ndown, like put the cap 帽子{ぼうし}を被る{かぶる} put glasses メガネをかける) and for one piece\nlike kimono 着物{きもの} 水着{みずぎ} ecc. ecc.\n\nはく is from the ankle to the tip of the toe (lower body included shoes).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T16:22:59.303",
"id": "19638",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-23T16:22:59.303",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3796",
"parent_id": "19637",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The difference has to do with _how the clothing is put on_.\n\n[着]{き}る is for clothing that's _hung from your shoulders_ , such as a shirt or\njacket. It's also used for whole-body outfits, or any combination of clothes\nthat includes something worn this way (eg Tシャツとジーンズを着る, even though only Tシャツ\nis valid with 着る).\n\n[履]{は}く is for clothing that's _pulled up from below_ , such as pants or\nshoes. (Don't mix this up with 吐く, which is a totally different verb.)\n\n[被]{かぶ}る is for clothing that's _placed on top of your head_ , such as a hat.\n\nつける is for small accessories like rings and earrings, that are more _attached_\nthan placed or hung.\n\nSometimes more than one is valid - masks, for example, seem to fall inbetween\n被る and つける, and so you can use either one.\n\n(thanks to Darius Jahandarie for some extra info)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T21:58:53.577",
"id": "19641",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T01:54:03.533",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-24T01:54:03.533",
"last_editor_user_id": "3639",
"owner_user_id": "3639",
"parent_id": "19637",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
] | 19637 | 19641 | 19641 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19643",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I've been going over past JLPT N1 tests, and I came across this sentence:\n\n> 「この仕事、ずいぶんもうかるでしょう。」「いや、経費がかかりすぎて、もうかるどころじゃありませんよ」\n\nNow a definition for this one I got from the [Goo\nthesaurus:](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/17332/m0u/)\n\n> 「どころではない」はかなり強い否定だが、その否定した事柄が話し手にとってそれほど重要ではないことを示している。\n\nBut this also reminded me a sentence from GITS:\n\n> インターセプターの件で現場はそれどころじゃなかったんだからな！\n\nI'm still not sure what the above means...even the different translations\ncan't agree on what this means. I did find a [Weblio thesaurus\nentry](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A9%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%88)\nthat gives perhaps a fitting defintion:\n\n> そのものをする時間が足りないことを指摘する表現。\n\nBut I'm having trouble wrapping my mind around why these two definitions are\nso radically different. What basic meaning does どころ have that enables it to be\nso versatile as to fit into these various grammatical patterns?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-23T20:42:46.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19640",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T09:16:54.047",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4481",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "それどころじゃない and 〜どころじゃない grammar points.",
"view_count": 1536
} | [
{
"body": "As you may have guessed, それどころじゃない is a どころじゃない attached to a pronoun それ. It\nexpresses that there is some more important issue than the topic the other\nspeaker is talking about (which is referred to with それ), and that he/she\ndoesn't have enough remaining capacity to spare for the other speaker's topic.\n\n> どうして電話をくれなかったんだ？ \n> 車が事故っちゃってそれどころじゃなかったんだよ。 \n> ※事故る = casual contraction of 事故にあう\n\nThis sentence can be parsed as: 車が事故っちゃって電話をするどころじゃなかったんだよ, with それ refering\nto making a phone call, and implies that he/she was too busy and worried about\nthe car accident to make a phone call.\n\nDespite the Weblio description, sometimes それどころじゃない can be used in a non-\ntemporal context. like:\n\n> そろそろ家を建て替えませんか？ \n> いろいろお金がかかりましてね、それどころじゃないんですよ。\n\nTo conclude, While それどころじゃない could be defined as a special usage of どころじゃない, I\ndon't think there is any major difference between (noun/verb/etc.+)どころじゃない and\n(それ+)どころじゃない. If you still find it incomprehensible, please ask me back.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-24T05:16:01.693",
"id": "19642",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T09:16:54.047",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-24T09:16:54.047",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19640",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The definition in Goo thesaurus seems a bit confusing. In the もうかるどころじゃない\nexample, of course the speaker generally understands that making a profit is\nimportant. (\"Making a profit is unimportant\" is もうかることは重要じゃない)\n\n(noun / plain form of a verb / plain form of an adjective) + どころじゃない is used\nin three ways:\n\n 1. Specifies something is totally wrong. The fact is quite opposite.\n 2. Specifies something is an understatement. The fact is far stronger / more extreme than that.\n 3. Specifies something is not the speaker's current concern. The speaker has something far more important which has to be focused on.\n\nIn any way, what the speaker really has in mind is _not_ something specified\nby どころじゃない. The \"important fact\" usually follows the ～どころじゃない part, but it may\nbe omitted.\n\nIn your first example, (経費がかかりすぎて)もうかるどころじゃない is used in the first sense. He\nstrongly denies that he is making a profit, and implies the fact is quite\nopposite (he's losing money).\n\nOne more example for the meaning 1.:\n\n> 彼は野球がうまいどころじゃないよ、野球のルールすら知らないよ。\n\nBut you can use the same phrase in the second sense (～ is an understatement)\nlike this:\n\n> 宝くじの1等を当てると儲かるか、だって? 儲かるどころじゃないよ、一生遊んで暮らせるよ!\n>\n> 彼は野球がうまいどころじゃないよ、有名なプロ野球選手だよ。\n\nIf the latter part is omitted, you may have to infer from the context whether\nit is used in the first sense or the second sense.\n\nIn your インターセプター example, それどころじゃなかった is used in the third sense. The speaker\ncouldn't take care of \"それ\" (whatever), because インターセプターの件 (the issue about the\ninterceptor, although I don't what it is) was far more important. Although\nWeblio says it's \"時間が足りないこと\", I think shortage of time is one of the possible\nreasons.\n\n> 今、それどころじゃない。後でね。 ≒ I'm occupied. I don't have time to talk to you now.\n>\n> テレビが気になって、勉強どころじゃない。 \n> I can't concentrate on study because the TV show is distracting me. (not\n> because he has no time to study)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-24T05:24:18.407",
"id": "19643",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T05:54:22.113",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19640",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19640 | 19643 | 19643 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19646",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to start learning to read Japanese (I already know romaji) and I was\nwondering which writing system would be better to start with. Or should I\nstart all at the same time?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-24T14:18:26.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19645",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T16:12:01.420",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7791",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"katakana",
"learning",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Should I start with Hiragana, Katakana or Kanji?",
"view_count": 2003
} | [
{
"body": "Usually start by hiragana, then katakana. With this you can learn kanji\n(reading on'yomi form 音読み{おんよみ}, kun'yomi form 訓読み{くんよみ}).\n\nWhen you get a kanji dictionary you can notice **different ways** to read the\nsame kanji:\n\n * on'yomi form 音読み{おんよみ} usually with reading in katakana\n * kun'yomi form 訓読み{くんよみ} usually with reading in hiragana\n\nHere have an example of '行' kanji at wiktionary:\n<http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C>\n\nKun'yomi is 'i-ku' (used as verb)\n\nOn'yomi (in website is Kan'on) is 'kou' (found in airplane word: 飛行機{ひこうき} hi-\nkou-ki)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-24T14:31:16.333",
"id": "19646",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-24T16:12:01.420",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-24T16:12:01.420",
"last_editor_user_id": "7341",
"owner_user_id": "7341",
"parent_id": "19645",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19645 | 19646 | 19646 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19650",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Given the following sentence structure, I am wondering how one differentiates\nthe usage of 出る in the following.\n\n> 明日のパーティーに出られますか？\n\nThe usage of the partial に and the られる suggests a honorific passive\nconjugation _Will you attend tomorrow's party?_ , but by the same token, I\nsuppose it could be the potential _Are you able to attend tomorrow's party?_\n\nAlso, how would this change if it was simply:\n\n> 明日のパーティーに出ますか？",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T03:28:16.550",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19648",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T04:14:23.280",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-25T03:43:09.543",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "7794",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "Differentiating honorific passive and potential conjugations of 出る",
"view_count": 515
} | [
{
"body": "This probably isn't the answer you were looking for, but: it has to be\ndifferentiated using context (via. the subject of the sentence, as well as\ncircumstance).\n\nWhile this is probably pretty obvious, to break it out a little:\n\n * If you say 「（太郎さん、）明日のパーティーに出られますか？」 to your coworker 太郎, it is pretty unambiguously the potential.\n * If you say 「（先生、）明日のパーティーに出られますか？」 to your teacher, it is ambiguous.\n\nThis type of ambiguity is quite often resolved by context though (as one might\nexpect):\n\n> 「太郎はパーティーに出るけど、次郎先生はどうかな。」 \n> 「次郎先生もパーティーに出られる。」\n>\n> 「明日のパーティ、誰が出ますか？」 \n> 「次郎先生が出られます。」\n\nA point here is that, in the cases it is ambiguous, it is often not ambiguous\nin a way that particularly matters:\n\n * \"No I can't\" logically implies \"no I won't\"\n * \"Yes I will\" logically implies \"yes I can\"\n * \"Yes I can\" usually suggests \"yes I will\" unless specifically stated otherwise\n * \"No I won't\" is probably the hardest response to deal with if you were asking about capability, and in this case you would probably just ask for clarification.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T04:14:23.280",
"id": "19650",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T04:14:23.280",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19648",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19648 | 19650 | 19650 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19655",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the following example sentence (taken from an exercise sheet):\n\n> 熱が下がらず苦しかった。\n\nNow consider this sentence I made:\n\n> 熱が下がらないで苦しかった。\n\nWhat is the difference?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T03:41:36.573",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19649",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T02:33:25.147",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-25T06:26:15.683",
"last_editor_user_id": "388",
"owner_user_id": "388",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "〜ず versus 〜ないで (and maybe also in the case of adjectives, 〜なくて）",
"view_count": 375
} | [
{
"body": "There are several ways of saying the same thing:\n\n> 熱が下がら **ず** 苦しかった。 - literary or stiff expression \n> 熱が下がら **なくて** 苦しかった。 - casual / conversational. \n> 熱が下がら **ないので** 苦しかった。 - using explicit ので \"because\".\n\nI think ～ないで is used mostly for: ① negative imperative: \"さわらないで！\" (milder than\nさわるな！) ② in the form of ～ないでいる and ～ないでおく: \"今は言わないでおこう\" ③ before various\nverbs: \"顔も洗わないで行っちゃった\". In cases ② and ③, ないで can be substituted with ずに.\n\nBased on these, 熱が下がら **ないで** 苦しかった and 熱が下がら **ずに** 苦しかった are both\nunderstandable but sound slightly clumsy or unnatural, perhaps because 苦しかった\nis not a verb. With a verb instead, 熱が下がらないで苦しんだ and 熱が下がらずに苦しんだ are both\nfairly correct (except that 苦しんだ is rather a literary expression).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T14:57:58.517",
"id": "19655",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T01:35:21.457",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-26T01:35:21.457",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19649",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "To add to the other answer, I was taught that 〜なくて can imply a a causal\nrelationship, while 〜ないで doesn't.\n\n> 電車に乗れなくて、遅刻した。 - I was late because I couldn't get on the train. \n> シャワーを浴びないで、家を出た。 - I left the house without taking a shower. (but not\n> because)\n\nIn these examples, the two are not interchangeable as far as I know.\n\nAlso, as the other answer mentioned, 〜ないでください is the standard form for\nnegative imperative / requests and can't be substituted by 〜ず or 〜なくて.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T02:33:25.147",
"id": "19658",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T02:33:25.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7797",
"parent_id": "19649",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19649 | 19655 | 19658 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19652",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In 合格できる N3 (page 28), I found the following exercise:\n\n> うちの子{こ}は新{あた}しいおもちゃ見{み}ると、( )ほしがる。\n>\n> 1. 急に 2. じっと 3.すぐに 4.しっかり\n\nI have to fill in with the correct word. I think it's either 1 or 3, but I\ndon't know the difference between those two. I think that to some extent both\n急に and すぐに can be understood as _immediately_.\n\nIn this context, which is the most appropriate word and why?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T11:34:37.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19651",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T12:01:48.883",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "急{きゅう}に vs.すぐに – usage in context",
"view_count": 324
} | [
{
"body": "`急に` is like `suddenly` I think, this word includes the meanings of _without\nnotice_ or _unexpected_.\n\n`すぐに` is immediately, as you mentioned.\n\nThe context describes the baby's general habit, so must be _expected_ things.\nthe answer is 3.`すぐに`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T11:54:01.817",
"id": "19652",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T12:01:48.883",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-25T12:01:48.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "7780",
"parent_id": "19651",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19651 | 19652 | 19652 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In 合格できる N3 (page 28), I found the following exercise:\n\n> 海外{がいかい}旅行{りょこう}で、習{なら}った英語{えいご}が（ ）ときは、とてもうれしかった。\n>\n> 1.通{とお}した 2.詰{つ}めた 3.抜{ぬ}けた 4.通{つう}じた\n\nI have to fill in with the correct word.\n\nMy problems:\n\n1.even though I know the meaning of every word from the main sentence, I just\ncan't linked them together in order to make sense to me. So I can't come up\nwith a clear meaning for the phrase I have to complete. Even so, looking at\nthe given option I eliminated 2 and 3 and now I'm stuck with 1 and 4.\n\n2.I don't know the meaning of 通{とお}した and 通{つう}じた. I mean I looked in more\nthan a dictionary for definitions and I've searched for sentences where they\nare used (jisho, tatoeba...), but I don't get how one of these words can fit\nin this phrase.\n\nCan you please explain me the mechanics behind this phrase and how/when to use\n通{とお}した and 通{つう}じた?\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T12:00:07.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19653",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T19:04:16.250",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "通{とお}した and 通{つう}じた – usage in context",
"view_count": 225
} | [
{
"body": "To use the dictionary, you need to de-inflect them. Both are given in past\ntense in the problem but you need them in the present \"dictionary\"-form to\nlook them up:\n\n[通]{とお}した is the past tense of [通]{とお}す\n\n[通]{つう}じた is the past tense of [通]{つう}じる\n\n[通す](http://jisho.org/words?jap=%E9%80%9A%E3%81%99&eng=&dict=edict) -> to\npersist, to make way for\n\n[通じる](http://jisho.org/words?jap=%E9%80%9A%E3%81%98%E3%82%8B;dict=edict) ->\nbest definition = to convey or communicate\n\nGiven these definitions, the clear winner is to _convey_ one's meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T12:11:48.047",
"id": "19654",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T19:04:16.250",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-25T19:04:16.250",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "19653",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19653 | null | 19654 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19657",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The other day when I was having a brief conversation in Japanese I meant to\nsay \"I have always been living here\" so I said いつも(the name of my home\nprovince)に住んでいます。 The Japanese person I was speaking with however said this\nwas incorrect, and told me the more appropriate word to use in this situation\nwas ずっと such that the sentence would be ずっと(the name of my home\nprovince)に住んでいます.\n\nFrom my interpretation both of these words mean always, however there are\nclearly some nuances that I'm misunderstanding. If someone could clarify the\nmeanings of these two words and why ずっと is more appropriate here and what kind\nof situations I would use ずっと vs いつも I would be very appreciative.\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T19:08:46.017",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19656",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T21:42:39.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Difference between ずっと and いつも",
"view_count": 5981
} | [
{
"body": "Quick answer:\n\nずっと - sustained over long period of time\n\nいつも - every time, all the time, etc.\n\nExamples:\n\n> ずっと東京に住んでいます。 (I've lived in Tokyo for a long time.)\n>\n> 東京に出張するときは、いつも「帝国ホテル」に泊まっています。 (I always stay at the Imperial Hotel when I\n> have a business trip to Tokyo.)\n\nHope that helps!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-25T19:24:29.833",
"id": "19657",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-25T21:42:39.947",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-25T21:42:39.947",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "6823",
"parent_id": "19656",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
] | 19656 | 19657 | 19657 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19660",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am currently trying to read Bleach in Japanese. So far I haven't ran into\nany difficulty that a good dictionary cannot overcome. However in this\nparticular scene I am puzzled by a particular scene, in the first tome,\nchapter 5 I think:\n\n> \n>\n> 俺のものだ！誰｛だれ｝にも渡｛わた｝しはせん！！まして黒崎｛くろさき｝一議｛いちご｝！！\n\nSo, this character is _Orihime_ 's brother. They have lived together until he\ndied, and they were very exclusive, living without their parents. Upon his\ndeath, _Orihime_ was at first praying for his rest everyday and such, but\nafter a while she stopped praying and made new friends, including _Kurosaki-\nkun_ with whom she is in love. Driven by jealousy, the brother comes back as a\n_hollow_ to reclaim her.\n\nSo, I understand the rough meaning (I think):\n\n> She is mine! No one will take her from me!! Especially you, Kurosaki-kun!!\n\nSo my questions:\n\n * Is this the correct sense?\n * What is this form ? Is it simply a shortcut for 〜てはいけません? Where does it comes from? Is it common?\n * I have always used 渡す in a literal sense (for a road, a bridge...) Is it common to use it like this?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T04:42:31.800",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19659",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-16T02:07:00.983",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-16T02:07:00.983",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3614",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"て-form",
"particle-は",
"manga",
"renyōkei"
],
"title": "What is this form : Verb + はせん?",
"view_count": 886
} | [
{
"body": "The basic meaning is the same as 渡さない. There are two differences:\n\n 1. The focus particle は adds emphasis to the negative. In order to add the particle, the verb is split into two parts, 渡し＋しない, with the particle added in between. \n\n 2. The Western negative form せん (from せぬ) is used instead of the Eastern form しない.\n\nNo, it doesn't mean \"cross over a road or bridge\". He just said 「俺のものだ！」\n(\"It's mine!\"), so you can tell he must be talking about not handing something\nover to anyone.\n\nBy the way, you'll see variations on 連用形＋は＋しない sometimes. One common form\nafter the high vowels /i/ and /e/ is ～やしない, where the /wa/ has weakened to\n/a/, and the transition from the high vowel to /a/ sounds like a /y/ sound. If\nthe /i/ or /e/ drops out, then it contracts further, as in the idiom\nったらありゃしない, from と言ったら＋あり＋は＋しない.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T04:54:48.913",
"id": "19660",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T04:54:48.913",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19659",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "1. You have the general gist right, but the middle line is literally \"I won't hand her over to anyone!\"\n\n 2. > //watas-u// \n> ⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊ \n> //watas-i wa s-uru// \n> ⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊⇊ \n> //watas-i wa s-en// (≡ //watas-i wa s-enu// ≡ //watas-i wa s-inai//)\n\nThe //-en// is the same thing you find in 「ません」, it's a more literary negative\nform.\n\nIf the grammatical explanation helps, it is\n「渡す」の連用形＋係助詞「は」＋「する」の未然形＋否定の助動詞「ん」.\n\n 3. Yep, it's common. Meaning ③㋑ in the [大辞林 entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B8%A1%E3%81%99-415748#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T04:57:49.120",
"id": "19661",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T05:25:22.873",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-26T05:25:22.873",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19659",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19659 | 19660 | 19660 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19684",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "「〜でない。」, which isn't particularly common as a sentence-ender, does\noccasionally get used.\n\nI get the feeling it is pretty curt; I often see it with 「〜べきでない。」 or\n「ただし、〜は、この限りでない。」 or 「〜は明らかでない。」, etc.\n\nHowever, I don't have a good understanding of when it makes sense to choose it\nover 「〜ではない。」. Is it when you're trying to be more declarative/emotionless as\nopposed to emphatic/opinionated?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T07:07:16.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19662",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T07:48:41.657",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "When does it make sense to use 「〜でない。」？",
"view_count": 2903
} | [
{
"body": "Basically it's a matter of grammar rather than nuance.\n\nAs you may know, 「は」 in 「ではない」 is (semantically almost bleached out but still\nfunctioning) topic marker in the theme-rheme structure of Japanese. In other\nwords, it delimits theme and rheme parts of a clause. And one clause may only\ncontain up to one theme and rheme respectively.\n\nThen, what happens if you use two は at once in a sentence?\n\n> 核兵器は使用するべきではない。\n\nYou may feel a sense of dissonance because:\n\n * 核兵器は [ [ 使用するべきで ] はない ]\n * [ [ 核兵器 ] は使用するべきで ] はない\n\nIt has two possible breakdowns so you can't decide which is the main theme of\nthe sentence. \n(Note that some people don't feel anything wrong because they conceive ではない to\nbe a monolithic chunk.) \nThus carefully written sentences often omit the は in ではない in order to avoid\nconfusing readers by any chance.\n\n * 核兵器 **は** 使用するべきでない\n * 核兵器を使用するべきで **は** ない\n\nOf course, in the colloquial language, じゃない has taken over them so that the\ndifference between でない and ではない is neutralized.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T11:41:46.680",
"id": "19684",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T07:48:41.657",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T07:48:41.657",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19662",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "最も有名でない usually means the least famous while 最も有名ではない usually means not the\nmost famous. That said, you don't have to be too serious.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T07:53:06.077",
"id": "19697",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T07:53:06.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "19662",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19662 | 19684 | 19684 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19681",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am trying to understand what looks like an expression, but seems too\nverbose. And I'm confused by the use of まとめてみた. To put it into context, the\ntitle of this page in my guide book is ひとめでわかる 攻略チャート (Understanding the\nstrategy chart at a glance).\n\n> 冒険を進めるために、必ずやらなければならないことを まとめてみた。\n>\n> In order to continue the adventure, if you definitely do the thing you have\n> to do altogether try (???)\n\nThis is from\n\n> やらなければ ならないことをする - do what one needs to do;\n>\n> and\n>\n> まとめて – in one go; all at once; altogether\n\nThe final part dsoesn't seem to make sense. It's as if まとめてみた is not needed.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T09:24:43.093",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19664",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T03:26:04.303",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Understanding a phrase - 必ずやらなければならないことを まとめてみた",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "If I understand your question, you just don't know usage of `~~してみた` .\n\n`~~してみた` is very popular on internet recently, you could find `ダンスしてみた`,\n`歌ってみた`. this form can be converted into `した`, so `まとめてみた` is simply `まとめた`,\n_summarized_.\n\n`してみた` makes past verb and also has nuance of _tried to do_ , but personally I\nthink the nuance is \"tried, but less effort. actually i enjoyed.\" hmm I hope\nthis answers your question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T10:04:45.497",
"id": "19665",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T10:04:45.497",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7780",
"parent_id": "19664",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Because translating a whole sentence is prohibited here (in what I\nunderstand), instead I will leave some fragments of words below. So, please\ntry putting them together into a sentence.\n\n> ～てみる = try to ～ / start by ～ing \n> まとめる = to summarize \n> こと = things \n> ～なければならない = have to / must \n> やる = to do (almost equivalent to する) \n> [必]{かなら}ず = invariably / without question",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T03:26:04.303",
"id": "19681",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T03:26:04.303",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19664",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] | 19664 | 19681 | 19665 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out if question words need particles. For example\n\n```\n\n なぜ (should there be a particle here?) にほんご を べんきょうしますか？\n Why study Japanese?\n \n```\n\nShould there be a particle after なぜ? If so which one? If no particle is needed\ncould you say why that is.\n\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T12:39:48.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19666",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T15:04:38.640",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5237",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Do all words need a particle?",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "You're asking multiple questions.\n\n 1. Do all words need a particle? \nA: Of course not. Verbs such as べんきょうします, and many others, appear without a\nparticle.\n\n 2. Should there be a particle after なぜ? \nA: If \"should\" means \"is required\", then no.\n\n 3. If no particle is need, why? \nA: It's difficult to give the reason why something is **not** the case.\nParticles fulfill certain grammatical functions, such as marking case,\nsyntactic relationship, etc., or pragmatic functions, such as speech acts\n(questions, requests, etc.), or illocutionary force (～よ, ～ね, etc.), etc. なぜ is\nan interrogative adverb, and hence appears without a particle.\n\nAlso note that some, but not all, particles can be dropped in casual speech.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T15:04:38.640",
"id": "19668",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T15:04:38.640",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5362",
"parent_id": "19666",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19666 | null | 19668 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19711",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I visit an office and enquire where (floor, desk, etc) I should go -\n\n> どこに いくのが よろしいですか\n\nWould this be an incorrect expression? If so, what is the mistake?\n\nWhat would be a better way to ask the same?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T13:08:51.820",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19667",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T13:55:12.040",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T07:44:24.057",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"questions"
],
"title": "Is 「どこにいくのがよろしいですか」 a correct way to ask for directions?",
"view_count": 572
} | [
{
"body": "It's hard to get over, especially since Japanese is such a soft/roundabout\nlanguage, but when asking for things (like directions, time, etc.) the\ncolloquial way to do it is rather blunt.\n\n○○はどこですか？ ○○はどちらでしょうか？ 今何時ですか？ A社は何階でしょうか？\n\nIf you need to soften it, prepend with a すみません. Don't forget to say thanks\nwhen it's done. Voila. The concept of adding \"do you know/would you happen to\nknow\" doesn't work.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T20:58:16.083",
"id": "19674",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T20:58:16.083",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19667",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "**Note:**\n\nThis all depends on who you are meeting. What is your relationship? What is\nyour reason for going to this office?\n\nBusiness Japanese is very much situational. These types of details really need\nto be considered.\n\n* * *\n\nNow, here is a general scenario.\n\nLet's say you are vising company XYZ and it is located inside a combined\noffice building.\n\nFirst, you would first ask where XYZ company is located at reception of the\noffice building. It would be just like asking directions:\n\n> Greeting followed by XYZは何階でしょうか。(Or anything similar)\n\nOnce you reach the floor of XYZ then they should have their own receptionist.\nYou can say something like:\n\n> ABC会社のJohn Doeと申します。いつもお世話になっております。\n\nLike I mentioned earlier, this would again depend on \"Do you work for the said\ncompany?\" \"Did you make an appointment?\" \"Who is your contact person and what\nrelationship do you have? E.g. are you a client?\" \"What kind of appointment do\nyou have?\"\n\n> 〇〇部の鈴木さんと13:00から会う予定があるのですが。(This can be adjusted to be more formal or\n> casual as necessary)\n\nThen the receptionist will either check her schedule or call the department\nadmin to confirm your appointment. Then she will instruct you or lead you to\nthe room.\n\nIf you can provide more details on your situation, I think we would be able to\ngive you a more precise answer.\n\n* * *\n\nNow one thing that is incorrect is your usage of よろしいですか. This is a common\nmistake.\n\nFor example, if you were the receptionist, it would be okay to say:\n\n> もう一度お名前をお尋ねしてもよろしいでしょうか。(May I ask your name again?)\n\nBut if you are not asking permission, then it would be よい・いい.\n\nSecondly, you are mixing forms. For example, どこ is not formal but よろしい is more\nformal. So in your case it should match: どちら and よろしい or どこ and よい・いい.\n\nNow this is even more advanced. If you use よろしい in a non-interrogative\nsentence, then you will be talking down to someone. Effectively you are giving\npermission to their actions. You will almost never use it in this way. Maybe a\nvery high up or some sensei may use it when speaking to people with lower\nstatus than them.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T21:23:06.273",
"id": "19675",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-26T21:23:06.273",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6823",
"parent_id": "19667",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Other answers have already said your sentence is not very natural, but I think\nthe problem is more basic than this: it's simply no use trying to construct\nliteral translations of what you might say in English in a similar situation.\nActually, I can't really understand your example in English, unless we assume\nit is part of a longer sentence: \"Excuse me, where should I go to find the\noffice of the rodent exterminator?\" The part your interlocutor needs to hear\nis \"rodent exterminator\"\n\nSo you learn the ～ですけど construction, and you say (ah, well, after choosing the\nexample I realise I don't exactly know the Japanese for rodent exterminator,\nbut then probably neither do you, and this is why the ～ですけど construction is so\npowerful):\n\n> こんにちは。え～と、ねずみの問題ですけど…\n\nTo which the person will (with luck) reply\n\n> あ、害獣駆除課ですか？\n\nAnd give you directions. So the important bits are being able to convey a noun\nphrase conveying what you are looking for, and being able to understand\ninstructions, at least until you are out of sight and can ask the next person.\n(This time you will be able to copy the proper name, and all the practice\nhelps.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T11:29:40.607",
"id": "19709",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T13:55:12.040",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T13:55:12.040",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7717",
"parent_id": "19667",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
},
{
"body": "Even though I think your Japanese sentence has been rewritten by someone IIRC,\nit is actually much better and, more importantly, more natural than the other\nanswerers have made it seem like.\n\nWe do actually say something close to that when we do not know where to go at\nall in a place like City Hall or any larger place with many sections, rooms,\nstaff members, etc. In other words, when we do not know the exact name of the\nsection or the name of the person in charge of the function for which you have\nvisited.\n\nWe say:\n\n> 「どこにいけばよろしいでしょうか。」\n\nTo make it even better, state what you need to do first as in:\n\n> 「～～をしたいのですが、どこにいけばよろしいでしょうか。」",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T12:38:30.190",
"id": "19711",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T12:48:16.463",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T12:48:16.463",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19667",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19667 | 19711 | 19711 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 好きな人に告白したら、サインを貰いました。(This comes from a manga)\n\nI get the gist of the sentence, in that it means something like \"I confessed\nto the person I like, but I received his signature instead\" or \"Even though I\nconfessed to the person I like, I received his signature instead\". Any idea on\nhow to interpret the use of 〜たら here? Because I don't think that's a\nconditional sentence.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T15:57:32.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19669",
"last_activity_date": "2023-06-15T20:01:55.240",
"last_edit_date": "2021-11-26T19:55:03.583",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "7801",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Meaning of 〜たら in 好きな人に告白したら、サインを貰いました",
"view_count": 331
} | [
{
"body": "～たら Can also be used as \"when\" which it seems like it would work here.\n\n> 仕事についたら連絡して。 \n> 学校が終わったら、お願いします。\n\nIf/when in English are so clear cut and used to contracts situations, it's\nhard to wrap your head around them sometimes. For translation purposes, there\nare many times when it's either. One of my favorites which is very common is\nwhen someone may or may not join you later (usually not): 行けたらいく. I'll go when\nI can. I'll go if I can. Either works.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T19:23:28.660",
"id": "19670",
"last_activity_date": "2022-05-21T18:00:49.580",
"last_edit_date": "2022-05-21T18:00:49.580",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19669",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "When the second half of a sentence using ~たら is in the past tense, it's always\n\"when\". In addition, サイン here is, I would think, more naturally translated as\n\"autograph\".\n\n> When I confessed to the guy I like, he gave me his autograph.\n\nWhile in this case the action in the second half (receiving the autograph)\nhappened upon the fulfilment of the condition in the first (confessing), it is\nalso possible to use たら where the conditional part is the act that caused the\nspeaker to find out about something.\n\n> 家に帰ったら、彼がいなかった \n> When I returned home, he wasn't there.\n\n\"He\" may have left some time before the speaker returned home, so the\nconditional part here didn't necessarily cause the person to leave or\ndisappear. However the speaker returning home _was_ the condition for them\nfinding out that he wasn't there.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T12:59:43.370",
"id": "19728",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-01T12:59:43.370",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "571",
"parent_id": "19669",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] | 19669 | null | 19670 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The Blue Heart's 1987 song 「リンダリンダ」 is available translated all over the\ninternet, but the most common translations seem contentious to me when it\ncomes to the following verse:\n\n> もしも僕がいつか君と出会い話し合うなら\n>\n> そんな時はどうか愛の意味を知って下さい\n\nThe second line of this verse often gets translated as [\"Please teach me the\nmeaning of\nlove\"](http://www.animelyrics.com/jpop/thebluehearts/rindarinda.htm), but I\ncan't really find any examples of 知る used to mean teach/explain anywhere.\n\nShould this line actually be translated as \"Please know the meaning of love\"\nor something similar? Or is \"Please teach me the meaning of love\" correct in\nthis case?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T20:03:21.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19671",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T02:58:23.357",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6652",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "What does 「～知ってください」 mean in The Blue Hearts' song リンダリンダ?",
"view_count": 321
} | [
{
"body": "I bet that is a mistranslation and you are right. By no means 知ってください can mean\nanything like \"teach me\". ~~I think.~~",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T00:23:45.597",
"id": "19678",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T02:58:23.357",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-27T02:58:23.357",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19671",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19671 | null | 19678 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19679",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From my Japanese reading, I've learned the word 冷やかし, but only in a negative\ncontext, connoting that the window-shopper is wasting the salesperson's time.\nMight it also be used in a positive way? For example, if a shop assistant\noffers me help, can I decline by saying, 「冷やかしをします」(or maybe 「冷やかしです」; IDK\nwhich is better), or does it sound like I'm winding them up? If a friend asks\nme what I did in town, is 「冷やかしをしていました」 a reasonable answer, or is it\ntantamount to saying \"I went and pulled faces at all the shopkeepers\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T20:39:58.020",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19673",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T01:38:12.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3625",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "Is 冷やかし positive/negative/neutral?",
"view_count": 242
} | [
{
"body": "冷やかし is basically negative, and saying \"(私は)冷やかしです\" to a shop staff is rude.\nIn reverse, if a staff said \"冷やかしですか\" to you, he must be strongly irritated.\n\nSaying \"冷やかしでお店に入った\" to your friend can be acceptable depending on the\nsituation, though. Some shops have signs like \"冷やかし大歓迎\" so that people can\nenter the shop freely.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T01:38:12.310",
"id": "19679",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T01:38:12.310",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19673",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19673 | 19679 | 19679 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "\"Ceterum censeo, Carthaginem esse delendam,\" the famous phrase with which Cato\nthe Elder used to finish all of his speeches, no matter how unrelated the\ntopic was. It was probably an effective strategy - as another well-known\npolitical figure put it, \"Repeat the most ridiculous thing a thousand times,\nand people will start to seriously consider it.\"\n\nIn modern English, its usage is humorous, with irony directed at yourself as\nyou admit you are relentlessly nagging somebody about something you\n(selfishly) believe they should do. Is there something similar in Japanese?\n\nSince the historical background is completely different, I would imagine that\nit does not carry over directly. Even though, for example, Wikipedia has an\narticle explaining 「カルタゴ滅ぶべし」, it is probably purely academic, not something\nyou could use in a conversation and be readily understood? Imagine you are\nfinishing each and every email to your friend with \"That said, you should dye\nyour hair pink.\" To a Westerner/English speaker, the reference is obvious. How\nwould you go about expressing the same nuance in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-26T23:08:26.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19677",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-20T07:20:40.207",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-27T07:43:11.510",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7807",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"culture"
],
"title": "Equivalent of \"That said, Carthage must be destroyed\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 523
} | [
{
"body": "I assume you are looking for a Japanese equivalent of \"ceterum censeo\" and are\nnot looking for an equivalent of \"Carthaginem esse delendam\" (or \"Cartago\ndelenda est\" if sticking to the indicative.)\n\nMy answer is: there is something remotely resembles to that expression, but\nthe usage is different (not that \"serious,\" I would say.) It goes like\n「それにつけても金の欲しさよ」 which means \"That said, I want money.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-06-20T07:20:40.207",
"id": "25174",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-20T07:20:40.207",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10402",
"parent_id": "19677",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19677 | null | 25174 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Please help understand the difference between `まさか` and `まさに`. \nA look-up for meanings seems to indicate them to exactly opposite to each\nother.\n\n```\n\n まさか - not at all\n \n まさに - surely\n \n```\n\nHowever,i have not been able to find an easy example to highlight the\ndifference. Do I understand this correct?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T03:00:21.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19680",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T10:10:33.387",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference of まさか and まさに",
"view_count": 4727
} | [
{
"body": "Masaka is used colloquially a lot like \"NO WAY.\" and is probably equivalent to\n\"Maji de\"\n\nMasa ni is like \"truly\" and is far more likely to be found in an elegantly\nwritten novel.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-08T06:28:27.280",
"id": "23119",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T06:28:27.280",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9542",
"parent_id": "19680",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "まさか means highly unlikely thing, unconceivable, no way. まさに means exactly or\njust in time.\n\n> キンメル提督は、漠然とした警告しか、ワシントンから受けていなかったので、日本軍による空襲は、まさかの出来事であった。\n>\n> What Admiral Kimmel got from Washington were just several vague warnings.\n> Therefore Japanese air attack was highly unlikely thing for him.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-08T08:47:20.067",
"id": "23125",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T10:10:33.387",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4162",
"parent_id": "19680",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19680 | null | 23125 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19683",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "`無理` seems to be a part of some standard phrases whenever I would wish to\nempathise with a person who in unwell or in distress. \nCould someone help with examples of such phrases, and the context where it is\nappropriate to use.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T03:28:31.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19682",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T08:35:11.943",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Using 無理 to empathise",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "I'm guessing the phrase you're referring to is 無理しないでください and its variants.\nFor example, you'd say this when you make a request of someone and realize\nthat it might be a large undertaking or inconvenience, and you want to express\nthat the person you are asking doesn't need to go to such troubles for your\nsake. More generally, you would use this phrase when you express hope that\nsomeone should not overexert themselves, like when they are sick or under some\nsort of physical or mental distress.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T03:42:47.647",
"id": "19683",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T08:35:11.943",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-27T08:35:11.943",
"last_editor_user_id": "1797",
"owner_user_id": "1797",
"parent_id": "19682",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19682 | 19683 | 19683 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19688",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have a question about 施設での生活に不慣れな俺のため in the following sentence:\n\n> 桐原さんが言うには、 **施設での生活に不慣れな俺のため** 、彼を専属のサポート役として使ってくれ、とのこと。\n\nMaybe I'm mistaken something but those two parts — “施設での生活に不慣れな俺のため” and\n“彼を専属のサポート役として使ってくれ” feels unnatural here. If I'm understanding correctly,\n“彼を専属のサポート役として使ってくれ” is the part of Kirihara's quote, but what about\n“施設での生活に不慣れな俺のため”?\n\nThe speaker is talking about his 'some sort of servant' or simply サポート役 who is\nshowing and helping him to get accustomed to the facility he recently started\nworking at. 桐原 is a director of the facility.\n\nSome sort of translation:\n\n> As Kirihara-san said, for me who is unfamiliar to life in the facility, use\n> him as your personal support.\n\n_Edited:_ Sorry for not pointing this earlier, **but there are three persons\nhere** , Kirihara, who is the boss, the speaker, and he, who is the personal\n'servant' of the speaker.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T16:27:50.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19685",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-18T10:28:18.420",
"last_edit_date": "2015-11-18T10:28:18.420",
"last_editor_user_id": "888",
"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"quotes"
],
"title": "Quoted clause in Aさんが言うには〜とのこと",
"view_count": 458
} | [
{
"body": "Punctuation is deceptive. The overall structure is that 「桐原さんが言うには、～てくれ、とのこと。」\nsurrounds the inner clause 「施設での生活に不慣れな俺のため、彼を専属のサポート役として使う」. It's similar to\nfalse word separation as in \"eighth grader\" and \"New Yorkers\", which don't\nmean \"the eighth person who grade\" and \"new people from York\".\n\nSo a more or less literal translation can be given as:\n\n> What Kirihara-san told me was: I may use him as a personal support for me,\n> who is unfamiliar to life in the facility.\n\nOne more general tip on reading Japanese is, the construction of \"verbal\nending + と\" followed by generic verbs including 言う or 思う, are not necessarily\nquotations but idioms which are translated to other English verbs. For\nexample:\n\n * ～(imperative) と言う → ask that..., order/have/let (sb) to...\n\n> こんな子供に **働けという** のは酷な話だ。 \n> _It's too cruel to force such a (young) child into labor._\n\n * ～（-う/-よう）と思う → be motivated to..., try/seek to...\n\n> この戦争が終わったら、結婚 **しようと思う** 。 \n> _I'm going to marry (him/her) when the war's over._\n\n * ～ないかと言う → suggest that..., ask if...\n\n> 彼の会社に移ら **ないかと言わ** れた。 \n> _I was invited to move into his company._\n\n * ～だろうと思う → expect that..., wonder that...\n\n> 形勢を逆転するのは困難 **だろうと思わ** れる。 \n> _It seems to be difficult (for the team) to regroup and win._",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T19:48:19.153",
"id": "19688",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T11:25:01.637",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-30T11:25:01.637",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19685",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "That sentence seems to be a mixture of two \"discourses\".\n\n> Direct discourse: \n> 桐原さんが言うには、「施設での生活に不慣れな **お前** のため、彼を専属のサポート役として使って **くれ** 」とのこと。 \n> \n> Indirect discourse: \n> 桐原さんが言うには、施設での生活に不慣れな **俺** のため、彼を専属のサポート役として使って **ほしい** とのこと。\n\nAnd there is also another problem, which is that, お前のため/俺のため doesn't match\n使ってくれ/使ってほしい for its consequence.\n\nThese two problems are making the sentence somewhat confusing.\n\nMore natural sentence would be something like:\n\n> DD: 桐原さんが言うには、「施設での生活に不慣れなお前 **のため** 、彼を専属のサポート役として **つけよう** 」とのこと。 \n> ID: 桐原さんが言うには、施設での生活に不慣れな俺 **のため** 、彼を専属のサポート役として **つけてくれる** とのこと。 \n> ※つける = to assign\n\nor, if you keep the 使う:\n\n> DD: 桐原さんが言うには、「施設での生活に不慣れなお前 **は** 、彼を専属のサポート役として **使ってくれ** 」とのこと。 \n> ID: 桐原さんが言うには、施設での生活に不慣れな俺 **には** 、彼を専属のサポート役として **使ってほしい** とのこと。\n\nMy trial translation is:\n\n> Kirihara-san said he would assign him as a personal support for me, who is\n> unfamiliar to life in this facility.\n\nthough this is kind of a loose translating.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T19:49:39.853",
"id": "19689",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-27T19:49:39.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19685",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19685 | 19688 | 19688 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> せっかくだから、色違いでもう一つ買おうかな\n\nWhat is the meaning of `せっかくだから` here? \nI had the understanding that せっかく/わざわざ are used to express the notion of\nsomeone undergoing lot of effort/pain to do something for us.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T16:37:12.123",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19686",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T02:45:00.243",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-27T18:56:35.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Meaning of せっかく",
"view_count": 562
} | [
{
"body": "せっかく insinuates that some type of work or hardship has been endured (by\nsomeone) or there is some type of importance happening. What happened before\nthe line could have relevance, but the beauty of it is that infers a lot even\nwithout. (Perhaps they came a long way to the store. Or maybe they are just in\nneed of sweaters [or whatever the article in question is]). I always think of\nわざわざ as going out of ones way, and not really the same as せっかく。 You'll also\nnever hear わざわざだから but せっかくだから is very common.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T02:45:00.243",
"id": "19690",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T02:45:00.243",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7550",
"parent_id": "19686",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19686 | null | 19690 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the opening to the popular anime Fairy tale, they say this:\n\n> 魔法は 普通に売り買いされ 人々の生活に根づいていた。\n\nThis is translated in the subtitles as:\n\n> Magic is traded like common goods. It has become a part of daily life, And\n> there are people who use magic to make a living.\n\nI can understand most of this, but what I'm having trouble with is the 根づいていた\npart at the end. As far as I can find, the only reading of 根 that would make\nsense would be ね; as in `the root of something`. So 人々の生活に根づいていた might somehow\nmean that magic had become the root of the people's livelihood.\n\nI could be completely off base. What confuses me most though, is what づいていた\nmight be since I have no idea what it is and can't seem to dig up any results\nfor a verb that looks like this.\n\nWhat does it mean?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-27T16:43:20.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19687",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-04T21:28:46.153",
"last_edit_date": "2015-04-07T17:23:40.923",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "7214",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"idioms",
"anime"
],
"title": "Meaning of 根づいていた / 根づく",
"view_count": 329
} | [
{
"body": "根付いていた。In this case, 根 means tree's root. If tree's root grew deep into the\nground, the tree can bear against strong wind.\n\n根付いていた means two thing are tightly coupled.\n\n> 松の木は、強く根付くので、風に強い。\n\nIt means pine tree has deep root under the ground. therefore it has good\nresistance against strong wind. (It also the pint tree and the ground are\ntightly coupled.)\n\nIn general meaning\n\n> 魔法は、人々の生活に根付いていた。\n\nMagic and peoples daily life are tightly coupled. (because magic is widely\nused in that world.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-08T14:20:49.543",
"id": "23131",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-08T14:20:49.543",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4162",
"parent_id": "19687",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19687 | null | 23131 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been confused for a long time about how certain Japanese words map onto\nthe meaning of \"optimistic\" and \"pessimistic\" in English. Specifically, what\nis the difference between\n\n**(Optimistic)** 楽天的、楽観的、積極的 ?\n\nand\n\n**(Pessimistic)** 悲観的、消極的 ?\n\nI have a vague impression that 積極的 and 消極的 are more about behavior, while 楽天的\nand 悲観的 are more about hopes/expectations; is that right?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T02:50:47.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19691",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-25T04:51:43.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1726",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage",
"definitions"
],
"title": "Differences between words for \"optimistic\" and \"pessimistic\"",
"view_count": 631
} | [
{
"body": "積極的 being translated to \"optimistically\" would be limited to taking on a task\nthat seems doomed from the outset. The actual meaning is more along the line\nof positively, actively and such an effort may be viewed as optimistic when\nthe odds are against you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-01-25T04:51:43.733",
"id": "21444",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-25T04:51:43.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9210",
"parent_id": "19691",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19691 | null | 21444 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19696",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For a research project in artificial intelligence, I investigated parsing\nJapanese. There was major problems with ambiguity in the mentioned type of\nsentence; in most cases the ambiguity is obvious to resolve, but I kinda need\nthe opinion of a native speaker in this case.\n\nMy theory is that the 、 is enough to disambiguate between:\n\n> 「君の声が聞こえなくて逢えると信じる。」\n>\n> I believe that I would be able to [meet you without hearing your voice].\n> (Perhaps meet while bound and gagged in a prison?)\n\nand\n\n> 「君の声が聞こえなくて、逢えると信じる。」\n>\n> Even without hearing your voice, I believe that I am able to meet you. (not\n> hearing goes with believe, not meet)\n\nOr maybe both sentences are wrong...they feel awkward to me :/\n\nAm I correct in assuming the comma is crucial there?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T03:50:50.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19692",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T07:48:00.030",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "2960",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "「君の声が聞こえなくて、逢えると信じる。」",
"view_count": 117
} | [
{
"body": "These two examples sound kind of weird, so let me add a particle も to make\nthem sound natural and understandable.\n\n> A. 君の声が聞こえなくても逢えると信じる。 \n> B. 君の声が聞こえなくても、逢えると信じる。\n\nNow the two meanings:\n\n> 1. (I believe) **I can meet you without hearing your voice**. \n>\n> 2. **I believe without hearing your voice** (that I can meet you).\n>\n\nI think in most cases B means 2. But I can't say for sure that B never means\n1. Punctuation is sometimes arbitrary.\n\nAs for A, it seems completely ambiguous to me. In fact, I find this sentence\nsomewhat hard to understand.\n\nIn order to make it mean 1, inserting a comma like 君の声が聞こえなくても逢える、と信じる may\nalso be possible.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T07:28:26.520",
"id": "19696",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T07:48:00.030",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-28T07:48:00.030",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19692",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19692 | 19696 | 19696 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Like the title says, I'd like to know the difference in nuance and usage\nbetween 「することはない」 and 「しなくてもいい」。\n\nFor example:\n\n「謝らなくてもいいよ」 vs. 「謝ることはないよ」\n\nTo me, they both sound like \"You don't have to apologize [for that].\" On one\nhand, 「…なくてもいい」 sounds slightly more conversational, but I think I've heard\n「…ことはない」 in conversation too.\n\nAlso, in [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1563/difference-and-\nnuance-\nbetween-%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-and-%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84),\nit says that 「…ことはない」 might have the nuance of something you don't have to do\nand probably shouldn't do. So maybe 「…なくてもいい」 means that you don't have to do\nit, but it's fine if you do.\n\nCan anyone provide some insights into differences between these two grammar\npoints?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T03:54:13.130",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19693",
"last_activity_date": "2019-04-09T18:30:25.273",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6861",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Differences between 「することはない」 and 「しなくてもいい」",
"view_count": 2343
} | [
{
"body": "There's a nuance, but most people will probably not give it a second thought.\n\n### 謝らなくてもいいよ\n\n * _Don't worry about it._\n * _No need to say sorry._\n\nThere could be a valid reason to apologize, but it's not a big deal.\n\n * 娘{むすめ}: ママの大切{たいせつ}なお皿{さら}を割{わ}ってしまったよ！ごめんなさい。\n * 母{はは}: 謝{あやま}らなくていいよ。わざとやったわけじゃないから。\n\n### 謝ることはないよ\n\n * _There's literally nothing to be sorry for._\n\n * ママ: 今日{きょう}パパのビールを買{か}ってくるのを忘{わす}れたわ。謝らなくちゃ。\n\n * 娘{むすめ}: 謝{あやま}ること（は）ないよ。いつも買{か}ってきてあげているじゃない？",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T13:26:12.593",
"id": "19755",
"last_activity_date": "2019-04-09T18:30:25.273",
"last_edit_date": "2019-04-09T18:30:25.273",
"last_editor_user_id": "7671",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19693",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19693 | null | 19755 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「この花瓶は **高くはある** が、それだけの値打ちはある」\n\nI was studying with the \"Dictionary of Japanese Grammar\" and the above\nsentence appeared. I am curious about the meaning of the locution in bold and\nthe difference it has with 「高い」.\n\nThank you for your time and sorry if this kind of question has been asked\nbefore, but I haven't found it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T14:45:30.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19698",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T16:22:35.730",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-28T15:04:38.780",
"last_editor_user_id": "1797",
"owner_user_id": "7816",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "「高くはある」と「高い」の違い",
"view_count": 458
} | [
{
"body": "This 「は」 is used for emphasis and in the sentence in question, it is\nemphasizing the fact that the vase is indeed rather expensive.\n\nIt is used in the forms of:\n\n> 1) [連用形]{れんようけい} of a verb or i-adjective + 「は」 + 「ある/ない/いる/いない, etc.」\n\nand\n\n> 2) Particle て or で + 「は」 + 「ある/ない/いる/いない, etc.」\n\n「この[花瓶]{かびん}は[高]{たか}くはあるが、それだけの[値打]{ねう}ちはある。」, therefore, means 95% (or even\nmore) the same as:\n\n「この花瓶は高いが、それだけの値打ちはある。」\n\nThe 5% difference is that the former places more emphasis on the monetary\nvalue of the vase than the latter and it sounds more eloquent using the 「は」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T16:22:35.730",
"id": "19700",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-28T16:22:35.730",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19698",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19698 | null | 19700 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19703",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The expression `お客様各位` means _dear customer_. The first part, `お客様`, means\n_customer_ , or _guest_. That is easy to understand for me. But the meaning\nand usage of second part, `～各位` is not very clear to me.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-28T17:57:11.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19701",
"last_activity_date": "2019-05-24T01:08:54.793",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T01:26:25.853",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"usage",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Explaining phrase お客様各位【きゃく.さま.かく.い】",
"view_count": 593
} | [
{
"body": "_Literally_ , 各位 is a respectful way to say \"each\" or \"all\". So \"All\ncustomers\" might be a more literal translation.\n\n_Practically_ , 各位 is often used as a suffix in formal headings to convey the\nmeaning of \"Dear ...\" or \"Attention all ...\". These kinds of headings are\noften highly stylized and fixed, so don't let it concern you if the\ntranslation doesn't work on a literal level.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T02:29:48.410",
"id": "19703",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T02:29:48.410",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1073",
"parent_id": "19701",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] | 19701 | 19703 | 19703 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19714",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "`しかない/ほかない/よりない` - are these forms inter-changeable\n\n`ゆうがたまでやる(しかない/ほかない/よりない)`- are all the forms correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T04:38:03.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19704",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T15:24:41.490",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Expressing ~no option but",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, all of the forms are correct and interchangeable for meaning.\n\nOther possible forms include よりほかない and ほか（or より）しかたがない.\n\nColloquially and informally, you can also use っきゃない though it is heard mostly\nin Kanto -- やるっきゃない、いくっきゃない, etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T15:24:41.490",
"id": "19714",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T15:24:41.490",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19704",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19704 | 19714 | 19714 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19708",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Below are the 2 forms of similarity expressed for (V) ~nai and (N). Do I\nsummarize these forms correctly?\n\nSelf-deduction:\n\n```\n\n (negative verb) ふらなさそうだ\n (noun) かのじょ王女みたい\n \n```\n\nhearsay:\n\n```\n\n (negative verb) ふらないそうだ\n (noun) かのじょ王女だそうだ\n \n```",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T04:50:02.530",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19705",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T14:03:29.820",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T14:03:29.820",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Expressing similarity",
"view_count": 347
} | [
{
"body": "Hearsay seems correct, but for self deduction with ～ない and い adjectives you\nhave to remove the trailing い and add さそうだ\n\n```\n\n ふらなさそうだ\n \n```\n\nHere is a chart showing the comparison between the two (taken from Dictionary\nof Basic Japanese Grammar)\n\n\n\nWhile it doesn't directly include it in the chart, the negative forms are\nimplicitly included under the い-adjectives. That goes for both ～ない and ～じゃない.\nThe exception to this is いい, which has to be conjugated from the よい form\ninstead - よさそう.\n\nAs can be seen from the chart, you were correct to assume you can't use ～そうだ\nafter nouns. However, i believe 王女みたい conveys the feeling that even though\nthey look like a 王女 you already know they not. You might use ～だろう or ～でしょう to\nsay something is probably something else.\n\n```\n\n かのじょ王女でしょう (She is probably a princess)\n \n```\n\nOr could use the ～よう form.\n\n```\n\n かのじょ王女のようだ (She appears to be a princess)\n \n```\n\nReferences:\n\n 1. Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar\n 2. [Guide to Japanese - Similarity of Hearsay](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/similarity)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T10:56:16.447",
"id": "19708",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T10:56:16.447",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3896",
"parent_id": "19705",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19705 | 19708 | 19708 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19707",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 好みの問題と言われればそれまでだが、私はこの店の内装はなんとなく好きになれない。\n\nTo me it sounds similar to:\n\n> 好みの問題と言われても、私はこの店の内装はなんとなく好きになれない。\n\n * If it is completely different and I totally misunderstand the meaning of ~と言われればそれまでだが、…, how would you translate it?\n * If it is similar but different, what is the difference? In what situations would you use A but not B, and in what cases would you use B but not A?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T04:57:42.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19706",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:46:58.107",
"last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:42:39.583",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Meaning of ~と言われればそれまでだが、…",
"view_count": 1291
} | [
{
"body": "There is a meaning of 「それまで」 that you appear to be unfamiliar with, judging\nfrom your paraphrase.\n\n「それまで」, in this context, means \" **(that is) the end of the story** \" and for\nthis meaning, it is very often paired with hypothetical forms such as\n「～～と言われたら/言われれば」,「～～であれば/だったら」, 「～～なら」, etc.\n\nコトバンク：[其{そ}れ迄{まで}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B6%E3%82%8C%E8%BF%84-555663)\n\nMy casual translation of 「好みの問題と言われればそれまでだが、私はこの店の内装はなんとなく好きになれない。」 would be\nsomething like:\n\n> Even though it would be the end of the story if you said it was just a\n> matter of taste, I just can't seem to like the interior design of this\n> store.\n\nThe nuance is that the speaker knows that it is not him who has the final say\non the matter but he wants to state his opinion anyway.\n\nYour paraphrase 「好みの問題と言われても、私はこの店の内装はなんとなく好きになれない。」, however, means something\nquite different from the original. It means:\n\n\"Even if I were told that it was a matter of taste, I just couldn't like the\ninterior design of this store.\"\n\nThis sounds as if the speaker still had some control over the matter. It\nsounds like he was complaining and sounds pretty assertive if not aggresive.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T06:42:18.917",
"id": "19707",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:46:58.107",
"last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:46:58.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19706",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] | 19706 | 19707 | 19707 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19715",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "According to [this HiNative question](https://hinative.com/en-\nus/questions/5343), `～みたいだ` tends to be used subjectively, whereas `～らしい`\ntends to be used more objectively.\n\nThis seems to indicate that the difference is the same as that between the 2\nsenses of `～そうです`, i.e. deduction vs hearsay.\n\nIs the distinction as simple as this?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T11:52:31.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19710",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-01T16:38:44.143",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-01T16:38:44.143",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the difference between ～みたい and ～らしい when expressing similarity or resemblance?",
"view_count": 3826
} | [
{
"body": "Yes. みたい is usually about your perception or opinion. らしい conveys indirect\ninformation that you heard, saw or read somewhere.\n\n## みたい\n\n### ~ looks like\n\nUsed when _you_ think (subjectively) something looks or is like so. Used very\noften.\n\n> お母{かあ}さんは怒{おこ}っている **みたい** だ。\n>\n> 彼{かれ}のことを好{す}きになってしまった **みたい** だ。\n>\n>\n> そのチケットは[売{う}り切{き}れ](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E5%88%87%E3%82%8C)てしまった\n> **みたい** だ。\n\n## らしい\n\n### ~ appears to be, seems that, I hear ~\n\nUsed when reporting that something looks or seems like so according to what\nsomeone else said, or something you read. It's more objective than みたい.\n\n> お母{かあ}さんは怒{おこ}っているらしい、 **弟{おとうと}がそう言{い}っていた。**\n>\n> イタリアまで飛行機{ひこうき}で15時間{じかん}かかる **らしい** 。\n>\n> 新{あたら}しいお店{みせ}が来月{らいげつ}オープンする **らしい** 。\n\n### ~like, ideal characteristic of something\n\nAnother interesting use of らしい is to express that something is the archetypal\nrendering of a definition or concept. You use it when someone or something\nlooks like the best representation of what is expected.\n\nIn other words, that something is just what it _should_ or _ought_ to be\n(according to convention / tradition / common knowledge, etc). For example,\n男{おとこ}らしい means _masculine_ / _manly_ and carries a positive connotation,\nwhereas 男っぽい is just mannish or _kinda like man_ , also it isn't clear whether\nit's meant as a compliment or insult. Another example is 子供{こども}っぽい\n_childish_.\n\nThis is a good example:\n\n> お兄{にい}さん **らしく** しなさい。\n>\n> _Act more like a good older brother!_ or _That's not how a good brother\n> should behave!_",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T16:05:40.813",
"id": "19715",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T13:34:56.173",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19710",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19710 | 19715 | 19715 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19713",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "```\n\n ただしい じょうほう にもとづいて はっぴょう しなくてはならない\n \n```\n\nI understand that `てはならない` means 'must not/should not'. \nHowever,I cannot make any sense out of the above sentence that I read in a\nbook. \nWould appreciate if someone could assist with the meaning.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T13:36:28.710",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19712",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T14:33:20.687",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-29T13:58:33.973",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of てはならない",
"view_count": 816
} | [
{
"body": "Quite simply,\n\n> 「～～してはならない」 = \"You must not ~~.\"\n>\n> 「～～しなくてはならない」 = \"You must ~~.\"\n\n「ただしいじょうほうにもとづいてはっぴょうしなくてはならない。」 means:\n\n\"One must make a/the presentation based on correct information.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T14:33:20.687",
"id": "19713",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T14:33:20.687",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "19712",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19712 | 19713 | 19713 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19719",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If my textbook didn't get it wrong, then China is ちゅうごく while Korea is かんこく. I\nchecked the dictionary and 國 is certainly written as こく. So why is it ごく in\nChina's case?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T17:52:06.920",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19716",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-08T12:32:16.517",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-08T12:32:16.517",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "4959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Why is China ちゅうごく while Korea is かんこく? Why the difference between ご and こ?",
"view_count": 433
} | [
{
"body": "First, it's a phenomenon called\n[rendaku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku) voicing, in case you don't\nknow.\n\nStill, it remains as a tough question why China is read as ちゅうごく, which has\nbeen asked in [a Japanese forum](http://okwave.jp/qa/q2267196.html) too. The\nonly sure thing is, [中国]{ちゅうごく} (\"China\") is an exception among other country\nnames ([韓国]{かんこく}, [米国]{べいこく}, [英国]{えいこく} or even [日本国]{にほんこく}).\n\nPossible explanations are:\n\n * 中国 is considered as one solid word as a whole, while other countries are seen as compounds of 韓(Korean) + 国(nation), 英(British) + 国(nation) etc. Sino-Japanese compounds are less likely to rendaku.\n * Maybe analogy to that of [中国地方](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region) in Japan.\n * Exception is exception, like you can't tell why Germans call some countries like _Turkey_ with an article (\"die Türkei\"), or Polish say that they are _in Ukraine_ as if it's not a country (\"na Ukrainie\").\n * [ **EDIT** ] I came up with another one: Most country names could be also analyzed into \"State X\" that is appositive, but 中国 is adnominal: \"the middle country\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T19:49:44.660",
"id": "19719",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-02T16:00:21.110",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-02T16:00:21.110",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19716",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] | 19716 | 19719 | 19719 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19718",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Someone on a Japanese learners' forum I frequent posted a question asking\nsomeone to help him translate the following:\n\n> どうしても先に進むつもりなのね・・・ だったら・・・\n\nI translated the bit 「先に」 as 「せんに」, but another commenter (who I think has\nmore expertise) translated it as 「さきに」. We both ended up with similar meanings\n(I suggested \"into the future\" whereas he simply said \"forward\").\n\nBut my question is, given that both 先｛せん｝ and 先｛さき｝ have similar meanings, how\ncan I tell whether I'm supposed to read it as せん or さき? Are both acceptable?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T17:52:21.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19717",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T19:07:32.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3035",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "How to tell the difference between 先｛せん｝ and 先｛さき｝?",
"view_count": 299
} | [
{
"body": "先に in your example is definitely read as 「さきに」.\n\nThere are two reasons we couldn't pronounce it 「せんに」.\n\n 1. [先]{せん} is almost obsolete as an independent word, merely remains inside a few compounds (ex. [先立って]{せんだって} \"the other day, in advance\", [先手]{せんて} \"being the player that moves first, forstallment\").\n 2. [先]{せん} only has a meaning as \"beforehand\", but not \"future\" or \"forward\".\n\nBy the way, 先に進む could have two interpretations, \"to go ahead (towards\nsomething comes next)\" if you take 先 as an object, or \"to go ahead first\", as\nan adverb. I guess the first one should fit the case.\n\ncf. the Japanese-Japanese dictionary entry for\n[[先]{さき}](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/86612/m0u/%E5%85%88/) and\n[[先]{せん}](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/125508/m0u/%E5%85%88/)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-29T19:07:32.853",
"id": "19718",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-29T19:07:32.853",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19717",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19717 | 19718 | 19718 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there and difference between `わけです` and `というわけです`\n\n> 「林さんは料理学校に行きたいと言っていましたよ。」 \n> 「つまり、ここでの勉強をやめる **というわけです** ね]\n\nCan this be modified to `……ここでの勉強をやめる **わけです** ね` as well?\n\nIf not - what are the appropriate situations to use either?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-30T01:51:42.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19721",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T15:01:12.370",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-30T01:59:52.330",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Using という before わけです",
"view_count": 2007
} | [
{
"body": "As in 非回答者's comment above, a general exposition on わけ and というわけ is quite hard\nto give, considering the highly abstract and polysemous nature of both わけ and\nという, as well as the labyrinth of adnominal modification of Japanese, and\neverything else.\n\nSo focus on your post:\n\n* * *\n\n 1. **Can we omit 「という」 here?**\n\nAccording to your example, we can only have the interpretation that the わけ\nmeans \"intention, meaning\" and the という means \"that\" as in \"he says that...\".\n\nThus, the questioned sentences can be translated respectively as:\n\n> つまり、ここでの勉強をやめるというわけですね \n> _That is, it means that he/she quit studying here, right?_\n\nand,\n\n> つまり、ここでの勉強をやめるわけですね \n> _That is, he/she intends to quit studying here, right?_\n\nThen, we can safely say **the two sentences can be used interchangeably in\nthis case**. Note however that there _is_ a structural difference caused by\nexistence of という, which wraps up all previous phrases as subjunctive clause,\nwhile it couldn't make virtual change of meaning most of the time.\n\n 2. **Is there any situations the two may differ?**\n\nHere's a possible example:\n\n> なるほど。誰も来ないわけだ。 \n> _I see. That's why nobody comes here._ (< It is the explanation for nobody\n> coming.)\n>\n> なるほど。誰も来ないというわけだ。 \n> _I see. So it turns out nobody comes, huh?_ (< It is the explanation:\n> nobody comes.)\n\nIn the first passage, the sentence 「なるほど」 invokes the interpretation of わけ as\n\"reason\" or \"cause\", then it gives such a meaning. While in the second, という\nhas enveloped what comes before, so that わけ have to take the previous phrase\nas appositive but not adjective, and its interpretation falls back to somewhat\nlike \"situation\".\n\nThat said, わけ is by nature so wide open to various interpretations that things\nabovementioned may not apply if given enough overwhelming context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-30T14:10:49.857",
"id": "19725",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T15:01:12.370",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19721",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19721 | null | 19725 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19723",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The correct stroke order of `凹` is apparently:\n\n\n\nIs there any reason for this order? Why, for example, would one not write the\nvertical `|` stroke to the bottom right directly after the 3rd stroke,\neffectively reducing the stroke count to 4?\n\nSame question for `凸`, the correct stroke order seems to be one of these:\n\n\n\n(left: 新漢語林【しんかんごりん】, right: 新選漢和辞典【しんせんかんわじてん】)\n\nSo how did people come up with these stroke orders?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-30T09:07:25.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19722",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T10:50:54.913",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-30T10:38:05.203",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "3275",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"stroke-order"
],
"title": "Stroke order explanation for 凸 and 凹",
"view_count": 1265
} | [
{
"body": "## 凹\n\nThe stroke order you mentioned is the correct one indeed. It can be found in\nthe 新漢語林【しんかんごりん】, for example.\n\n[This page, _kakijun_](http://kakijun.jp/page-ms/0517200.html), offers an\nexplanation for the stroke order:\n\nTraditionally, ie. based upon the 字彙【じい】 and 康熙【こうき】 dictionaries, `凹` is\ncategorized under the 凵【かんにょう】 radical, so this part is written individually.\n`凵` is written with | stroke to the right last, as in `凶` or `画`. The\nremaining part is written following the general principles left-to-right and\ntop-to-bottom.\n\nRemember that although there are rules and guidelines, the exact stroke order\ncan involve some arbitrariness. The page linked above also mentions an\nalternative, more logical stroke order based upon the character's shape.\n\n\n\n## 凸\n\nSame reason as above, it is categorized under the `凵` radical, and thus the\ntop part is written indiviually. As can be seen in the image you posted, there\nis some variation to how the top part can be written, although the stroke\norder to the left with the vertical `|` stroke first seems to be more common,\nit is also the stroke order indicated by the 新漢語林.\n\n## 卍\n\n[This entry on\n_akatsukinishisu_](http://www.akatsukinishisu.net/kanji/dekoboko.html)\nmentions that there are some people writing `凸` and `凹` with one stroke as\nwell. It also notes that uniquely shaped `卍`, categorized under the 十(じゅう)\nradical, is written with the `十` part individually as well, giving some\ncredibility to the explanation for `凸` and `凹`.\n\n ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-11-30T09:07:25.227",
"id": "19723",
"last_activity_date": "2014-11-30T10:50:54.913",
"last_edit_date": "2014-11-30T10:50:54.913",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "3275",
"parent_id": "19722",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] | 19722 | 19723 | 19723 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference between 勝つ and 勝てる ? Also, how do I use these two\ndifferent forms with ために and ように? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T04:55:31.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19726",
"last_activity_date": "2019-04-10T09:02:05.407",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6996",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "Difference between 勝つ and 勝てる?",
"view_count": 3741
} | [
{
"body": "## 勝つ\n\nTo win, to beat _someone_. You use this word if you are convinced you will /\ncan win.\n\n * グーはチョキに勝{か}つ。 Rock beats scissors.\n\n * 誘惑{ゆうわく}に勝{か}つ。I'll beat the temptation.\n\n * レッドソックスが勝{か}つだろう。The red socks will win for sure.\n\n## 勝てる\n\n(Potential form of 勝つ) Could win. Maybe can win. If there's a chance of losing\nit's better to use this one.\n\n * レッドソックスになら勝{か}てるかもしれない。There's a chance we can win if it's against the Red Socks.\n\n * お父{とう}さんはお母{かあ}さんに勝{か}てない。Mom (always) trumps Dad.\n\n * 喧嘩{けんか}してもお兄{にい}ちゃんに勝{か}てない。There's no point in fighting your older brother.\n\n * 最初{さいしょ}から勝{か}てると分{わ}かっている試合{しあい}はつまらない。It's not fun to play if you know you could probably win the game (already).\n\n## 勝つため・勝てるように\n\nTo win, in order to win, so as to be able to win. There's no difference in\nmeaning really, but I think 勝{か}つため is used more frequently.\n\n * 勝{か}つために練習{れんしゅう}する。I will train (hard) to win.\n * 勝{か}てるように練習{れんしゅう}する。I will train (hard) so that I can win.\n * 負{ま}けないように練習{れんしゅう}する。I will train hard. I won't lose.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T08:43:32.827",
"id": "19727",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-02T03:21:19.980",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-02T03:21:19.980",
"last_editor_user_id": "7671",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "勝つ -> To win This is the dictionary form/ the base form of the verb. As much\nas you wanted to use this form for conversation purpose, it would be not\nrecommended for you may sound rude to some. You have to inflect it before\nusing it. If you want this verb to be used with one of the mentioned articles,\nit would best work with ため. 勝つため or 勝つのため would mean \"for the sake of\nwinning\".\n\n勝てる -> a chance or a possibility to win. At this form of the verb 勝つ, it\nexpresses possibility. This form is follows the conjunctive form of the verb\nfollowed by a ーる. As for this form of verb, it would work with ように.\n\nAs for which is more frequently used, 勝つのため is more used, most especially on\nthe younger age bracket.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-01-01T09:56:49.650",
"id": "21110",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-01T09:56:49.650",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3402",
"parent_id": "19726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -3
}
] | 19726 | null | 19727 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19733",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 語{かた}る and 話{はな}す?\n\nI know that I can say #1, but it's correct to say #2? If it's ok, sentence 1\nand 2 have the same meaning?\n\n> 1.私{わたし}は日本語{にほんご}を話{はな}す。\n>\n> 2.私{わたし}は日本語{にほんご}を語{かた}る。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T14:05:41.647",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19729",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-21T17:29:25.510",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 語{かた}る and 話{はな}す?",
"view_count": 5902
} | [
{
"body": "> 私は日本語を話す。 _I speak Japanese._\n>\n> 私は日本語を語る。 _I talk about Japanese._\n\nSince 語る has no special meaning associated with languages, it only means that\nyou are talking what you know or how you feel about Japanese. It's quite\npopular in Japan to give the title ～を語る to books that celebrities reveal\nsomething or specialists express their thoughts.\n\nThough I translated 日本語を話す into \"speak Japanese\", the verb doesn't have \"be\nable to speak\" sense, so every time you have to explicitly use potential form\nwhen you question about ability.\n\n> 日本語が話せますか？ _Do you speak Japanese?_\n\ncompared to:\n\n> 日本語を話しますか？ _Are you going to speak Japanese?_\n\nA Japanese thesaurus has [a neat summary including the difference of 話す and\n語る](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/10725/m0u/):\n\n| ...loudly | ...a perceptive comment | ... English | ... one's past | ...oh!\n(a yell of surprise) \n---|---|---|---|---|--- \n言う | ○ | ○ | × | × | ○ \nしゃべる | ○ | △ | ○ | △ | × \n語る | ○ | △ | × | ○ | × \n話す | ○ | △ | ○ | ○ | × \n述べる | ○ | ○ | × | × | ×",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T16:02:23.413",
"id": "19733",
"last_activity_date": "2021-04-21T17:29:25.510",
"last_edit_date": "2021-04-21T17:29:25.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "31389",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19729",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 18
}
] | 19729 | 19733 | 19733 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19739",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> Speaker 1: 先{さき}に食事{しょくじ}に行{い}っていいよ \n> Speaker 2: では、そうさせていただきます\n\nPlease help understand this conversation - especially the 「させていただきます」\nconstruct. What would this translate into English as?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T14:06:48.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19730",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T20:12:20.330",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T20:12:20.330",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"politeness",
"causation",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "Interpreting させていただきます",
"view_count": 19437
} | [
{
"body": "## The form\n\nThe sentence, `そうさせていただきます`, is a typical example of use of 謙譲語{けんじょうご}\n(humble language).\n\n## Translation\n\nLet's make the Speaker2's sentence a normal form. (Earlier step is politer.)\n\nStep 1. `では、そうさせていただきます。`\n\nStep 2. `では、そうさせてもらいます。`\n\nStep 3. `では、そうします。`\n\nStep 4. `なら、そうする。`\n\nSo, these sentences can be translated like:\n\n> Speaker1: You can go for a meal earlier than me.\n>\n> Speaker2 (Literal): Well, I do so.\n>\n> Speaker2 (Free): Well, I go.\n\nSpeaker1 allows Speaker2 to go for a meal earlier than Speaker1.\n\nThen, Speaker2 responds to him.\n\n(The translation on the meriororen's comment is not correct because Speaker2\nhas already been permitted to go when s/he responds.)\n\n## Reference: Kenjogo\n\nHumble language, 謙譲語{けんじょうご}, is used when you talk to someone higher ranking\nthan you.\n\nHere is a great explanation: [Business Japanese – Keigo II – Kenjougo Japanese\nTalk Online](http://jtalkonline.com/business-japanese-keigo-ii-kenjougo/)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T05:29:43.990",
"id": "19739",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-03T00:56:27.050",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5353",
"parent_id": "19730",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "People learning Japanese get all caught up in polite language by twisting odd\nsounding honourific English to make it seem like it's at the same level of\npoliteness as Japanese, like \"I humble receive you allowing me to do that\".\nFrom now on, think of いただきます as simply meaning \"get\" or \"have\" as in \"getting\nsomeone to do something nice for you\", because that's all it really is at its\ncore. It's used in the same sense as the \"get\" in \"Can I get you to reach that\nbook for me\" or the \"have\" in \"I had him buy it for me\" (with favour and\nappreciation implied).\n\nさせる, as you have probably learnt, is when person A has person B do something,\nwhether they make them do it or let them do it. そうさせる is \"you'll have me do\nthat\" or visa versa depending on the context. When it's attached to いただく is is\nalways the speaker that \"gets\" the other person doing the させるing, and because\nいただく implies favour it is always the \"let me do\" or \"allow me to do\" nuance\nrather than the \"make me do\" nuance.\n\nでは,そうさせていただきます is then literally \"in that case, I'll get you to let me do\nthat\" or \"in that case, I shall have you allow me me to do that.\"\n\nお返事させていただきます is literally \"I shall have you let me reply\". In English we would\nsay \"please allow me to reply\" but this is actually a request or soft command.\n\nお休みさせていただきます is \"we shall have you allow us to rest\", i.e. \"We are closed\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T17:48:26.027",
"id": "19746",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T20:11:23.923",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T20:11:23.923",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "7760",
"parent_id": "19730",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
] | 19730 | 19739 | 19746 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In my weekly conversation time with a Japanese friend I wanted to ask her what\nwere her favorite Japanese food, drink, etc. I asked her in the form of\n\n> 何が大好きな日本の食べ物か\n\nand she corrected me, saying that the natural informal way to ask would be\n\n> 日本の食べ物で大好きなものは何？\n\nI'd like to confirm if, in this context, で indicates 'among all'.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T15:25:32.623",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19731",
"last_activity_date": "2015-01-03T23:52:23.880",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T23:09:51.233",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "5423",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-で"
],
"title": "What's the use of で in 「日本の食べ物で大好きなものは何？」",
"view_count": 203
} | [
{
"body": "For practical purposes, understanding this で as an abbreviated の中で is probably\nfine.\n\nHowever, it doesn't actually feel like that to me. Consider this sentence:\n\n> 最も好きな食べ物は何ですか？\n\nversus\n\n> 食べ物で最も好きなものはなんですか？\n\nThe essential parts are just 食べ物, 最も好き, 何 and we put them together in some\nsyntactically acceptable order.\n\n> 最も好きな食べ物は何ですか？ \n> What is your favorite food?\n>\n> 食べ物で最も好きなものはなんですか？ \n> Food-wise, what do you like best?\n\nSure, there are nuance differences associated with these different syntactic\nstructures, but in this case it's probably beside the point. In the second\nform, what's literally going on is that you're adjectivizing 食べ物 to describe\nwhat kind of 好きなもの you're talking about. Here's a crappy-sounding, direct\ntranslation:\n\n> What are your most liked edible things?\n\nbut it gets the syntax across, hopefully.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T06:46:34.410",
"id": "19758",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T06:46:34.410",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "1565",
"parent_id": "19731",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19731 | null | 19758 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19734",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I came across a kanji I can't seem to find in any online dictionary. It's\nbasically the following two characters stuck together 眞頁 (I'm reading a\nphysical book, so can't copy paste it), and is followed by 末. After trawling\nthrough jisho, the closest I've found is 顛末, which would make sense in\ncontext, but definitely isn't the same.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T15:44:52.070",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19732",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-01T16:10:38.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7828",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "What is this kanji?眞+頁",
"view_count": 465
} | [
{
"body": "Your guess seems to be right. [顚](http://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9B) is\nconsidered to be an 異体字 (variant form) for 顛. There is no difference in\nmeaning.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T16:10:38.850",
"id": "19734",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-01T16:10:38.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "571",
"parent_id": "19732",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19732 | 19734 | 19734 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19737",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I look up the phrase 無駄足だった, I see it translated as \"It was a Wild goose\nchase.\" I found this bizarre, since it seems like it would mean \"It was a\nuseless foot/leg.\" is this some sort of figure of speech that means the same\nor something similar to \"wild goose chase\" or am I missing something? Thanks\nfor any help.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T20:11:16.117",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19735",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T20:16:49.187",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7214",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"set-phrases",
"idioms",
"past"
],
"title": "ムダ足だった == useless leg?",
"view_count": 235
} | [
{
"body": "I believe [無駄足]{むだあし} is derived from [無駄足]{むだあし}を[運]{はこ}ぶ (\"move one's feet\nin vain\"), which is one of a series of counterintuitive idioms Japanese\nvocabulary has.\n\n * **[小腹]{こばら}が[減]{へ}る** \"little stomach get empty\" \nactually describing \"be a little hungry\" (cf. [腹]{はら}が[減]{へ}る \"be hungry\")\n\n * **[大]{おお}ぼらを[吹]{ふ}く** \"blow on a big conch\" \nactually, \"blow on a conch loudly\" or \"tell a tall story\" (cf. ほらを[吹]{ふ}く\n\"talk big\") \neventually [大]{おお}ぼら itself stands for \"tall story\".\n\n * **[横車]{よこぐるま}を[押]{お}す** \"push a side cart\" \nactually, \"push cart from the side\" or \"ram through\" \neventually [横車]{よこぐるま}, \"unreasonable demand\".\n\n * **[後ろ]{うしろ}[髪]{がみ}を[引]{ひ}かれる** \"be pulled by the rear hair\" \nactually, \"be pulled by the hair from behind\" or \"too sorry to leave\"\n\n * **[無駄骨]{むだぼね}を[折]{お}る** \"break a useless bone\" \nactually, \"break a bone in vain\" or \"make vain efforts\" (cf. [骨]{ほね}を[折]{お}る\n\"make efforts\") \neventually [無駄骨]{むだぼね}, \"vain efforts\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T22:30:17.123",
"id": "19737",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T20:16:49.187",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-03T20:16:49.187",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19735",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
] | 19735 | 19737 | 19737 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I've been going through a Japanese script of the popular anime \"Fairy Tail\"\nand trying to make sense of the translations in the English subtitles to\nbecome familiar with the language.\n\nI came across a part (3:40 into the first episode), where a shopkeeper, trying\nto sell one of the main characters something, says:\n\n> 女の子に人気なのは このカラーズの魔法 **かな**.\n\nThis is translated in the English subtitles as:\n\n> This colour magic is **probably the most** popular one among girls!\n\nI understand most of this, but I don't understand why he ends it with かな,\nsince from what I've been told this means \"I wonder\" in most circumstances\n(unless it's used with a negative verb, in which case it seems that it could\nmean a few other things) but he's obviously not trying to sound uncertain as\nto whether what he's saying is true or not, so I don't understand why he would\nsay it this way.\n\nAlso, I'm not sure why they added the \"probably the most\" in the English\ntranslation. Is there something that I missed in the Japanese that implies\nthat it's \"most\" popular as opposed to just popular? thanks for any help.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-01T22:13:19.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19736",
"last_activity_date": "2016-03-10T19:54:16.380",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-14T00:22:28.237",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7214",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"sentence-final-particles",
"modality",
"particle-か",
"particle-な"
],
"title": "かな ending in a sentence where the speaker is not uncertain of something",
"view_count": 938
} | [
{
"body": "I haven't seen the show, so I'm uncertain of the context, but かな refers to\n\"probably\" in the translation. Ending a sentence with かな is a very casual way\nof expressing uncertainty. For example:\n\n> あの人はアメリカ人 **かな** 。\n>\n> I wonder if that person is an American.\n\nIt's subtle, but \"probably\" might be a slightly too \"certain\" translation in\nthis case (but again, context matters so I'm not too sure.) Another\ntranslation could be \"I wonder if this color magic is the most popular one\namong girls.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-07T22:17:31.943",
"id": "19802",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-07T22:17:31.943",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3785",
"parent_id": "19736",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "かな can state any degree of probability, from nearly zero to all but certain.\nAnother important feature is that かな conveys intent of communication, thus it\ncould imply request or desire so much as English \"I wonder\". This word is\nusually only used in non-polite sentences (in most cases, the polite\ncounterpart is でしょうか).\n\nDown to your particular case, the shopkeeper's かな could have two ways of\ninterpretation, as far as I can see in the clip (yes I did go watch it).\n\n * expressing lack of objective evidence: \"It must be (though I haven't tallied it up, etc.)\"\n * expressing subjective assertion: \"If you ask me\", \"I bet\", etc.\n\nWhen it comes to \"the most\", I don't see any necessity here to use\nsuperlative, but nor that it's wrong. Maybe the translator wanted it to sound\na bit more sales talk-ish, or whatever.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-08T14:47:39.003",
"id": "19809",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-08T14:47:39.003",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19736",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "**Ka (か)**\n\n * generally used as a question mark, it can change a statement into a question without any grammatical change.\n\n**Na (な)**\n\n * used as a casual way of saying Ne [ね]. Both words are a way of seeking confirmation.\n\n**Ne [ね]**\n\n * used mainly by girls, it'd translate as \"right?\" or \"yaknow?\" at the end of a statement.\n\n> \"This color magic is the best, yaknow?\"\n\n**Na [な]**\n\n * used mainly by boys. I'd translate it as \"I think\" or \"I'm sure\"\n\n> Im sure all girls love this color magic\n\n* * *\n\nWithout Ka [か] the sentence reads as\n\n> 女の子に人気なのは このカラーズの魔法かな \n> This Color magic is the most popular one among girls!\n\nWithout Na [な] it reads as\n\n> 女の子に人気なのは このカラーズの魔法かな \n> Is this Color magic the most popular one among girls?\n\nTogether かな means something along the line of \"I bet\" or \"Probably\". Because\nit both represents the convincing Na [な], while retaining the questioning tone\nof Ka [か].\n\nParticles like these can be confusing to English speakers at first, so just\nlisten to more conversations that use these particles together, it'll teach\nyou how to casually use and interpret them.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-03-10T17:16:09.267",
"id": "32801",
"last_activity_date": "2016-03-10T19:54:16.380",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "13825",
"parent_id": "19736",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19736 | null | 19809 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19741",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Why can 九十九 be read as \"tsukumo\"? I don't understand how those kanji could be\nread that way.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T00:20:19.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19738",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T04:40:05.113",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-02T00:27:15.327",
"last_editor_user_id": "7831",
"owner_user_id": "7831",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"readings"
],
"title": "Reading 九十九 as \"tsukumo\"",
"view_count": 2328
} | [
{
"body": "I looked up in my etymology dictionary (小学館's 日本語源大辞典) :)\n\nThe answer goes like this:\n\n 1. つくも was originally a name of a kind of plant (modern standard name: フトイ; English name is _softstem bulrush_ or _great bulrush_ according to Wikipedia).\n 2. A compound word つくもがみ < つくも + かみ \"disheveled white hair (especially of old women)\" was coined, because of its resemblance to the plant. This word is seen in 伊勢物語 from the 10th century.\n 3. The kanji 九十九髪 came with the word. This kanji was actually kind of a word-played ateji intending to mean \"white hair\". Its logic was like a riddle and went like this: **white = 白 = ( 百 without 一 ) = 100 - 1 = 99 = 九十九**. \n 4. Afterwards [九十九]{つくも} became to be used without 髪 in some other words (mainly proper nouns), like 九十九湾 \"Tsukumo Bay\" in Ishikawa pref., or several rare family names like 九十九, [九十九里]{つくもり}.\n\nSo, how amusing. In modern Japanese, [白寿]{はくじゅ} means \"the celebration of 99th\nbirthday\", and it must be under the same logic (in the reverse way). But few\npeople know why 九十九 reads つくも, I guess.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T06:09:59.570",
"id": "19741",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T04:30:55.103",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-03T04:30:55.103",
"last_editor_user_id": "7667",
"owner_user_id": "7667",
"parent_id": "19738",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 15
},
{
"body": "Well, the pronunciation of kanji can be really irregular. In many cases the\nonly thing we can do is to remember them one by one.\n\nI think the second explaination in @isayamag post is right. In\n<http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E5%96%AA%E7%A5%9E>,\n\n> 「付喪」自体は当て字で、正しくは「九十九」と書き、この九十九は「長い時間（九十九年）や経験」「多種多様な万物（九十九種類）」などを象徴…\n\nIt says that 九十九 means so many years and much experience as well as various\ncategories of things. According to many Japanese stories/animes, tsukumogami\norigin from either daily necessities or instruments or something else, and\nthey have been existed for long time.\n\n九十九->つくも is just like 八百万->やおよろず. In short, they both means the number(of\nspirits) is great.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T04:40:05.113",
"id": "19752",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T04:40:05.113",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7848",
"parent_id": "19738",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] | 19738 | 19741 | 19741 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19744",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the following sentence:\n\n> すぐに なおさせますので もうしわけありませんが,もうしばらくおまちください\n\nPlease help understand the `~させます` form here. \nWhat would be the translation of this?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T13:03:36.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19743",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T00:57:50.427",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-02T16:27:32.077",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7334",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Atypical use of ~させます",
"view_count": 240
} | [
{
"body": "An expression like \"～させます\" or \"～させしめる (this expression is a little archaic)\"\nare called \"使役表現【しえきひょうげん】\" in Japanese.\n\nUsually, \"使役表現\" is translated into \"Subject make/have/get Object Verb~\"\n\nFor example. Translation \"すぐに なおさせますので もうしわけありませんが,もうしばらくおまちください\" into\nJapanese like this.\n\n> I apologize for being late and having you waiting. I'm making the person in\n> charge fixing",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T13:14:56.193",
"id": "19744",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T00:57:50.427",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-03T00:57:50.427",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7575",
"parent_id": "19743",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19743 | 19744 | 19744 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19751",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the correct way to talk about coding languages in Japanese? Should the\noriginal English name be preserved in the following context?\n\n> トップPythonのコーダー日本2014\n>\n> Top Python Coder Japan 2014",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T18:05:11.083",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19747",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T19:29:30.557",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7843",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Are programming languages referred to by their English names or do they have Japanese names?",
"view_count": 661
} | [
{
"body": "You don't have to katakana-ize the names of programming languages or\nsoftwares. Here is an [article about popular programming\nlanguages](http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2014/10/03/017/), written in Japanese.\n\nAnd this may be off-topic, but the word コーダ－ (coder) is often considered lower\nthan プログラマー (programmer) at least in Japanese. コーダー implies a lower-grade,\ninexperienced person who only writes programming codes as he is told, but is\nnot involved in architecture design. (I think this is the general tendency in\nJapanese, but it varies from company to company)\n\nSo perhaps you may want to translate this \"coder\" as more generic プログラマ [(or\nプログラマー)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15807/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B6-or-%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC-\nwords-borrowed-from-english-which-end-with-er), if you want it to sound more\nrespectable.\n\n> 日本のトップPythonプログラマ 2014",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T01:54:47.647",
"id": "19751",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T01:54:47.647",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19747",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
] | 19747 | 19751 | 19751 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19749",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can't seem to remember.\n\nKind of like how 当日 means \"appointed day,\" I'm pretty sure I've seen a kanji\nfor something like 当所 but I can't find one. I've found 当地 but I don't know if\nit has the same implication as 当日.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-02T18:49:52.010",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19748",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T00:38:44.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7844",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What's the kanji for \"appointed location\"",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "I found the \"当所\" entry in 大辞林, which says this word means \"this place\". But I\ncannot find the \"当所\" entry in 新明解. The word \"当所\" is rarely used, so 新明解 may\nomit this word.\n\nSince \"当所\" has a same pronunciation as \"当初\", which means \"at first\" or \"at the\nbeginning\", and a use of \"当初\" is more frequent than a use of \"当所\", \"当所\" used\nin talks may be confusing.\n\nWhen I want to say something meaning \"a place where the specified event will\nbe held\", I use a word \"現地\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T00:38:44.733",
"id": "19749",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T00:38:44.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7834",
"parent_id": "19748",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19748 | 19749 | 19749 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19753",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Why are there no dictionary entries for ですので? I've searched JED, Tagaini\nJisho, and Rikaichan. It seems to have an equivalent meaning with だから、but I'm\nnot exactly sure. However I've heard it being used by my Japanese president,\nmy Japanese teacher, and others.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T01:32:04.197",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19750",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T07:13:17.900",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7846",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"dictionary"
],
"title": "Usage of the phrase/word ですので",
"view_count": 991
} | [
{
"body": "Looks like you're interested in ですので at the beginning of a sentence?\n\nThen yes, that ですので is a polite version of conjunctive だから, meaning\n\"Therefore\", \"So\", etc. The casual equivalent is なので.\n\nHowever there is [a\ncontroversy](http://komachi.yomiuri.co.jp/t/2010/0402/305690.htm) as to\nwhether ですので/なので at the beginning of a sentence is correct. It seems [most\nJapanese dictionaries do not\nexplain](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11101012236)\nthis kind of ですので/なので. [Announcers at TV Asahi](http://www.tv-\nasahi.co.jp/announcer/nihongo/labo/lab_012/body.html) state that なので is\nincorrect at the beginning of a sentence but ですので is polite and acceptable.\n\nI personally feel なので/ですので should be avoided in written documents. But they\nare common and natural in spoken language.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T07:04:08.707",
"id": "19753",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T07:13:17.900",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-03T07:13:17.900",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19750",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 19750 | 19753 | 19753 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19757",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that when giving something, you can say 父に傘を貸して **あげました** - there's\nonly one word for when giving. But when receiving something, it's either\n〜もらいました or 〜くれました.\n\nIt's my understanding that, when the subject is myself, we use 〜もらいました, and\nwhen the subject is the other person, it's 〜くれました. Is this correct, and are\nthere other considerations that I should be aware of?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T13:49:38.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19756",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T08:30:26.107",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T08:30:26.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "7671",
"owner_user_id": "3785",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "When does one use 〜もらいました versus 〜くれました?",
"view_count": 2919
} | [
{
"body": "Your recognition is totally right. Here are some examples and differences.\n\n## もらいました\n\n> **私{わたし}は** 父{ちち}から傘{かさ}をもらいました。 (I got an umbrella from my father.)\n\nYou can see that the subject is `私 (I)` and `もらいました` can be applied for this\ncase. This sentence _can_ imply that the person `私` asked his father to give\nan umbrella for him/her in several cases.\n\n## くれました\n\n> **父{ちち}は** 私{わたし}に傘{かさ}をくれました。 (My father gave me an umbrella.)\n\nThe subject is `父{ちち}` and `くれました` should be appropriate for this case.\n\n## Feeling\n\nBoth sentences can imply that either `私` asked him to give umbrella or the\nfather gave him/her an umbrella voluntarily.\n\nIn my opinion the second sentence can be associated with _voluntariness_ more\nthan first one.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-03T17:09:33.233",
"id": "19757",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-03T17:09:33.233",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5353",
"parent_id": "19756",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19756 | 19757 | 19757 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I tried to look it up in a dictionary, on jisho.org and also by googling for\nit but I couldn't find out how to say \"to mutilate\" in Japanese.\n\nI really need this word since it's legal here to crop animal's tails and ears,\ndeclaw cats and apparently it's common to chop off part of a cat's ear to\n\"mark\" the cat.\n\nI desperately need to be able to say \"Mutilating animals is considered a crime\nin Europe\" and \"I'd never adopt a mutilated animal\" because I'm sure I'll soon\nagain be in a situation where I want to say these things.",
"comment_count": 11,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T07:47:40.043",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19759",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T10:39:50.043",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "388",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to say \"to mutilate\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 477
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know the answer (never needed those words myself) but Aedict turns up\ntwo results for \"mutilated\", both from JMDict :\n\n * `殺{そ}がれた耳｛みみ｝` : Mutilated ear.\n * `鼻{はな}を削｛そ｝がれる` : To have one's nose mutilated, to have one's nose cut off.\n\nSo I guess you are looking for 削ぐ, also written as 殺ぐ, which means :\n\n * To chip, to slice off, to sharpen\n * To thin down, to reduce, to weaken\n\nHope this was of help !",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T08:31:46.383",
"id": "19760",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T08:56:50.183",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T08:56:50.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "3614",
"owner_user_id": "3614",
"parent_id": "19759",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "By mutilation, are you referring to the intentional removal of a part of tail\nor ears, as described in [this Wikipedia\narticle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_\\(animal\\))? (I mean, not for an\nabusive purpose but for historical/practical reasons?)\n\nThen corresponding and technical-sounding _nouns_ for this seem to be 断尾【だんび】\n(tail cropping) and 断耳【だんじ】 (ear cropping). There seems to be no specific\nsingle verb for this, but you can say \"断尾・断耳を行【おこな】う\", \"(耳/尻尾の一部を)切除【せつじょ】する\"\nor \"切【き】る\" anyway.\n\nSources:\n\n * [犬の断耳](http://www.koinuno-heya.com/seikei/cropping.html)\n * [断耳・断尾とは - 必要？不要？](http://wanwans.com/new/ear-cropping-tail-docking)\n * [断耳・断尾ってなに？【動物まめ知識】](http://www.petjpr.com/column/news-bin/Detail.cgi?rgst=00000174&CatgM=4)\n\nHowever, I think ordinary Japanese people are not familiar with this custom in\nthe first place (and that's one of the reasons why these are not explicitly\nbanned in Japan, I guess). So even if these words exist, you may not make\nyourself understood by these, before explaining it.\n\n耳を削【そ】ぐ means the total removal of an external ear, and sounds to me as if it\nwere for an abusive/vindictive purpose.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T10:28:33.493",
"id": "19763",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T10:39:50.043",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T10:39:50.043",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19759",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19759 | null | 19763 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19762",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In 祈りの歌 song, they have a line that I don't understand pretty much (actually\nall of them but I want to focus on this line)\n\n> 出会 **え** てよかった\n\nAnd え, is really piss me off. I actually don't what is it. I have look up\ndictionary, and I found few possibility:\n\n> 1. 出会 → (noun)\n> 2. 出会う → (godan verb)\n> 3. 出会い → (godan verb)\n>\n\nWell, obviously verb can not be the front of sentence (in Jp). So I only\nchoose the first word. But if I choose noun, then I can't explain what does\nthe え mean?\n\nBut if I choose godan verb う, yes, I can explain it. But isn't it nonsense? I\nthought verb can not be in front of sentence?!?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T09:29:01.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19761",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T11:32:04.163",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7736",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"godan-verbs"
],
"title": "Can Verb stand in front of sentence?",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "> [出会]{であ}えてよかった。\n\ntranslates to \"A was happy to have been able to meet B\" or more literally \"it\nwas good to have been able to meet B.\"\n\n(just from the fragment I'm not sure who A and B are).\n\n* * *\n\nNow, I'll give explanation a shot. You're completely right that is a _form_ of\nthe verb [出会]{であ}う.\n\nAs a Go-dan う verb, the potential form is 出会える.\n\n出会えて is a conjugation often called 〜て形 in foreign language learner contexts (I\nlearned it that way a long time ago).\n\nIn this case, this て case ending means \"because\"\n\nYou state:\n\n> Well, obviously verb can not be the front of sentence (in Jp)\n\nI think I get what's motivating this sentence, but it is at best ill-worded.\n\nWhat is closer to being true is that in a Japanese sentence, the main verb of\nthe sentence comes at the end of the sentence (though there can be sentences\nwith no verbs ones where there's no verb in that position) in contrast to the\npreference in English and Chinese for the verb to be in the middle.\n\nWords that are verbs or their conjugations can occur just about anywhere in a\nsentence in Japanese. (This is I think less true in English).\n\nIn the sentence you give, よかった function as the verb. The かった end marks it as\nthe past tense form of an adjective -- specifically the adjective よい (いい）...",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T10:02:45.310",
"id": "19762",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T11:32:04.163",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T11:32:04.163",
"last_editor_user_id": "4091",
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"parent_id": "19761",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19761 | 19762 | 19762 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19766",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Given a list of things...\n\n 1. dog\n 2. cat\n 3. fish\n\nHow would you say...\n\n 1. _the second item in the list_ : ２目番?\n\n 2. _all three of them_ : 全部三つ?\n\n 3. _two of them_ (not regarding the position in the list): ２匹 or ２目?\n\nIs this pattern correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T13:49:42.413",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19764",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-22T13:21:51.150",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-22T13:21:51.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "6840",
"owner_user_id": "7844",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"numbers",
"counters"
],
"title": "How do you refer to items in a list?",
"view_count": 1179
} | [
{
"body": "\"the second item in the list\" -> 2番目 \n\"all three of them\" -> 3つ全部 or 3つとも \n\"two of them\" -> これらのうち2つ or これらのうち2匹",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T15:44:26.760",
"id": "19765",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T15:44:26.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7834",
"parent_id": "19764",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "You are almost there. ~全部{ぜんぶ}3つ~ sounds definitely off, but 3つ全部{ぜんぶ} is\nfine.\n\n## The first, the second, the third...\n\n * 一番目{いちばんめ}、二番目{にばんめ}、三番目{さんばんめ} _Slightly_ more formal tone.\n * 1つ目{め}、2つ目{め}、3つ目{め} _Slightly_ more casual tone, perhaps used more often between people of equal / similar status. \n\n## All 3 of them, all of them\n\n * 3つとも\n * これらすべて\n * 3つすべて\n * 全部\n\n### If there were 2 items\n\n * 2つとも\n * 両方{りょうほう}\n\n> **Note:** In this case you wouldn't say すべて or 全部\n\n## Two of them\n\n * これらのうち2つ\n * このうち（の）2つ\n\n* * *\n\n## How do you say 1つ、2つ、3つ...?\n\n * 1つ → ひとつ\n * 2つ → ふたつ\n * 3つ → み **っ** つ\n * 4つ → よ **っ** つ\n * 5つ → いつつ\n * 6つ → む **っ** つ\n * 7つ → ななつ\n * 8つ → や **っ** つ\n * 9つ → ここのつ\n * 10 → じゅ **っ** こ\n\n### What about 10【とお】?\n\nThe old pronunciation とお is to all intents and purposes never used in spoken\nconversation. For numbers after 10 you would resort to じゅっこ、じゅういっこ、じゅうにこ...\n\n * じゅっこすべて\n * じゅっことも \n * このうち（の）じゅっこ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T15:46:21.030",
"id": "19766",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-04T16:24:13.100",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-04T16:24:13.100",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "7671",
"parent_id": "19764",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "２番目 is OK.\n\n> two of them (not regarding the position in the list) ２匹 or ２目...\n\n両方{りょうほう} is definitely the best.\n\n> all three of them 全部三つ\n\n全部{ぜんぶ} is probably used the more\n\n* * *\n\n * 2つとも and 3つとも would be a second best.\n\n * すべて usually comes after the word like in これ(ら)すべて, 3,4,5つすべて。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-20T15:42:51.047",
"id": "20978",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-20T21:55:57.420",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-20T21:55:57.420",
"last_editor_user_id": "7998",
"owner_user_id": "7998",
"parent_id": "19764",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19764 | 19766 | 19766 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19768",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have been trying to search for the Romaji version of \"cube\" without too much\nsuccess. There seem to be several variations on the word, although that is\ntrue with almost any version of a Japanese word in any form. I have so far\nseen _sanjou_ , _rippou_ , and even _kyuubu_. Am I entirely off track?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T17:11:40.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19767",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T15:07:53.067",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-05T01:51:56.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "7857",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "What is the proper way to write \"cube\" in romaji?",
"view_count": 1884
} | [
{
"body": "三乗【さんじょう】 ( _sanjou_ ) and 立方【りっぽう】 ( _rippou_ ) mean \"cube\" as in \"raise to\nthe third power\". If you want to talk about cubing numbers, you should say\nsomething like 「４の三乗は６４」, which means \"the cube of 4 is 64\". 立方 is used in\nconstructions like 「立方メートル」 \"cubic meter\" and 「立方数」 [\"perfect cube\n[number]\"](https://oeis.org/A000578).\n\nキューブ ( _kyuubu_ ) means \"cube\" as in \"a polyhedron with six square faces\",\ne.g. 「アイスキューブ」 \"ice cube\". I don't think you would use キューブ by itself to refer\nto the polyhedron; it only seems to be used in loaned compound constructions\nlike 「ルービックキューブ」. [Google Image searching for just\n`キューブ`](https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&tbm=isch&q=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96&oq=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96)\nappears to mostly return pictures of the [Nissan\nCube](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cube), for what that's worth.\n\nOther related words: 立方体【りっぽうたい】 ( _rippoutai_ ) also means \"cube\" as in \"a\npolyhedron with six square faces\". In mathematical parlance, you would use 立方体\nrather than キューブ. If you want a very technical way of referring to a cube in\nthe polyhedron sense, you can also say 正六面体【せいろくめんたい】 ( _seirokumentai_ ),\nwhich appears to be a calque of \"regular hexahedron\". Of course, people don't\nreally say \"regular hexahedron\" in English, and it seems like 正六面体 is\nsimilarly uncommon in Japanese.\n\nSo, to answer your title question - which word is \"proper\" depends on context.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T17:35:02.770",
"id": "19768",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-13T15:07:53.067",
"last_edit_date": "2023-01-13T15:07:53.067",
"last_editor_user_id": "35230",
"owner_user_id": "3437",
"parent_id": "19767",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
] | 19767 | 19768 | 19768 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19770",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across the following exercise – I have to fill in the gap with the\ncorrect word that I have to choose from a series of 4.\n\n> 信号{しんごう}があおに（ ）、道{みち}を渡{わた}っていいです。\n\nI eliminated 2 words and now I'm stuck with: なったら and なると. In my mind both #1\nand #2 make sense.\n\n> 1.信号があおになったら、道を渡っていいです。\n\n_If the traffic light becomes / will become blue, it is ok to cross the road._\n\n> 2.信号があおになると、道を渡っていいです。\n\n_When the traffic light will become blue, it is ok to cross the road._\n\nWhich one is correct and why?\n\nP.S. The book says なったら is the correct one.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T20:06:16.000",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19769",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-05T21:31:07.383",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-05T18:06:43.957",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7679",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "なったら vs. なると – usage in context",
"view_count": 2641
} | [
{
"body": "You can only use なったら, not なると.\n\nFirst, take a look at [this\ntopic](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/393/differences-\namong-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%88%E3%81%B0-etc),\nand you see how they exactly describe the difference of と and たら.\n\n> と, ば: The main clause must be a **constant non-volitional reaction** to the\n> conditional clause unless the conditional clause shows state or if the\n> subjects of the two clauses differ.\n>\n> ～たら 1. Use when expressing a **one-off (as opposed to constant or general)\n> dependency**.\n>\n> (emphasis added)\n\nNow, why can't you use と in your case? Because the ～て(も)いい is, basically, an\nexpression giving a permission _ad hoc, each specific time you say the word_.\nThus your example #2 would sound like:\n\n> ?? _You may cross the road now whenever the light turns green._\n\nIf you'd like to paraphrase it correctly with と, you'd say:\n\n> 信号があおになると、道を(渡れます/渡ることができます)。 _\" You can cross the road when ...\"_ \n> 信号があおになると、道を渡っていいことになります。 _\" When ..., it means you may cross the road\n> then.\"_\n\nIt nevertheless **doesn't** mean you can't make a general description with\n～ていい. It's free to express a general idea taking the form of commenting about\na particular instance, but as long as you do so, you have to pretend it\nthrough. It's like we could say `Does a wombat bite?` instead of `Do wombats\nbite?`, but never `*Do a wombat bite?` (nor `*Does wombats bite?`).\n\n_**Acknowledgement**_ : Thanks to @DariusJahandarie for his help and advice\nimproving this answer.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-04T23:07:08.490",
"id": "19770",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-05T21:31:07.383",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19769",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "\"なったら\" is correct, because \"なったら\" describes conditions, on the other hand\n\"なると\" describes subsequent events.\n\n```\n\n 信号{しんごう}があおに（ ）、道{みち}を渡{わた}っていいです。\n \n```\n\n\"いいです\" means \"allow\" or \"feel free to do\", so the former half of this sentence\nimposes a condition to be able to cross the road. You can make a choice freely\nwhether you cross the road or not.\n\n\"なると\" means \"When A occurs, B almost always occurs\". The latter half of the\nsentence you give says about something you can do, not about some events which\nalmost always occurs after the traffic light becomes blue. So \"なると\" is\nincorrect.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T16:52:47.607",
"id": "19779",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-05T16:52:47.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7834",
"parent_id": "19769",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19769 | 19770 | 19770 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19772",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The meaning of 話, as a kanji, is \"tale, talk\", but as a word, it means the\nsame as 話し: \"Talk; speech; chat; story; conversation.\" \nIn the official jouyou kanji chart, there's only 話, for the isolated word, and\n話し in a composed word (like 話し合い). \nOn the dictionary it says that 話し is \"irregular\". \nSearching on Google for both variations,\n[話](https://www.google.com.br/search?lr=lang_ja&q=%22%E8%A9%B1%22) have 25,5\nmillion more matches than\n[話し](https://www.google.com.br/search?lr=lang_ja&q=%22%E8%A9%B1%E3%81%97%22). \nAlso, the dictionaries have both 話言葉 and 話 **し** 言葉, but there's no indication\nof what is the most appropriate or if there is a irregularity on the し.\n\nWith all this, would 話 be the most adequate/common for use? Or not?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T04:40:37.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19771",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-24T18:28:52.260",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-05T05:54:22.000",
"last_editor_user_id": "7405",
"owner_user_id": "7405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"okurigana"
],
"title": "Which is the most correct (or common): 話 or 話し?",
"view_count": 1671
} | [
{
"body": "This is the descriptive answer.\n\n## Google hits\n\n[A word](http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Google_searches_and_numbers)\nof [warning about google hits](https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/a/47185).\nThey are not accurate. Google tries everything to reduce computation time and\ncosts, and it will not give you an accurate full-text search of the entire\n(public) net. Try going to page 20 or 30, and Google informs you it cannot\nprovide any more results.\n\nFurthermore, a search for `話` is going to turn up many false positives, such\nas (1) read `わ` as part of a compound, eg. `対話`, and most importantly (2) read\n`はな` as part of the word `話す`. Searching for `話` includes results such as\n`話しを`.\n\nYou should always inspect some of the results manually and look for possible\nunwanted results.\n\nTrying to avoid these false positives, a google search yields:\n\n * `面白い話を` 9 pages, 460,000 hits\n * `面白い話しを` 12 pages, 30000 hits\n\nAs this is kind of inconclusive, I tried a different corpus.\n\n## The noun form 話\n\n[A balanced corpus of contemporary written\nJapanese](http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/products/bccwj/), searchable via\n[shonagon](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/) yields the following results.\nI add particles before and after 話/話し to avoid false positives.\n\n * `の話しを` 56 results\n * `の話を` 4420 results\n\nAnd with other particles to make sure these results are not specific to `の話を`:\n\n * `の話しに` 19 results\n * `の話に` 1496 results\n\nThus, the spelling `話` for the noun form appears to be about 80 times more\nfrequent than `話し`.\n\n## 話し vs. 話\n\nThis article on [bunsho-labo](http://bunsho-labo.com/15) gives a prescriptive\nrule: Use `話し` when used as a verb semantically, and `話` when used as a noun.\n\nFor example, the correct spelling would be\n\n * 最近、とある女子中学生と **お話しをする** 機会がありました。\n * それは、学校生活での悩みに関する **話でした** 。\n\nSee the link above for more examples.\n\nThe [official _okurigana_\nrules](http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19730618001/k19730618001.html)\nprescribe added _okurigana_ for nouns nominalized from verbs, but list `話` and\nseveral other words as exceptions.\n\nHowever, the \"translation\" of the official guidelines for _okurigana_ usage\n[on wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okurigana) are concerned with\nsemantic extension: Use `話し` in the sense of `the act of talking`, and `話` in\nthe extended sense of `story`.\n\nI think it can makes a difference in a sentence such as this one taken from\nthe bunsho-labo page above.\n\n> PCの向こう側には、彼女が話しをしているときの深刻な表情が浮かぶようでした。\n\nThey use `話し` because this sentence is about the action, but she might as well\nbe telling a story, which would suggest the non- _okurigana_ form. But never\nmind grey areas, let us take a look at the actual usage.\n\nQuerying the above-mentioned corpus for this distinction:\n\n * `お話しして` 174\n * `お話して` 181\n\nTherefore, the prescriptive rule does not seem to be observed in written\nJapanese, at least as far as the form `おXをする` is concerned, and this form\nclearly uses it in the sense of 'speaking`.\n\nFurthermore,\n\n * `お話しを` 65 results\n * `お話をし` 238 results\n\nThe second search yields about 4 times as many results, even though it is more\nspecific by following `話を` with the verb `する`.\n\nHowever, regarding the compound `話し言葉`, it seems to be the preferred spelling:\n\n * `話し言葉` 129 results\n * `話言葉` 4 results\n\n## Conclusion\n\nAt the very least, I cannot find much evidence supporting the rule concerning\nthe distinction in usage between `話し` and `話` used as the nominalization\n`speaking` in this corpus. If used as a noun `talk`, the spelling `話` occurs\nmore frequently in this corpus.\n\nAlso, as the rule is concerned with the semantic interpretation of the\nnominalized form and whether it is used in an extended sense, there may be\nsome grey areas.\n\nNote that prescriptive rules exists, be they observed on average or not. In\nformal writing, you may be well advised to stick to any rules you are expected\nto follow.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T09:09:18.007",
"id": "19772",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-06T13:12:43.240",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:33:26.513",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3275",
"parent_id": "19771",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "OK, there is an official rule, but I must say this is really really difficult\nand even most native Japanese do not follow the official rule.\n\nAs a noun, it is「話」. As a verb, it is 「話す」and its 連用形 is「話し」.\n\n * 「お話になる。」\"(It) becomes a story.\"\n * 「お話しになる。」\"(Someone) speaks.\"\n\nThe same thing happens between「光」and「光り」.\n\n * 「港の光」\"The light of the harbor.\"\n * 「港の光り」\"The harbor is sparkling.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-24T18:28:52.260",
"id": "21017",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-24T18:28:52.260",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "8010",
"parent_id": "19771",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19771 | 19772 | 19772 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19777",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 高校を卒業してから弟はいろんな会社を転々とした.\n\nTranslation: After graduation my brother wandered from job to job.\n\nHere, are both を's (高校 **を** 卒業 and いろんな会社 **を** 転々とした) used in the direct\nobject sense or in the directional \"leaving\" sense? For the latter: my brother\ngraduated _from_ his school; he wandered _from_ job to job.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T13:07:13.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19773",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-05T17:34:19.510",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-05T16:21:49.290",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "3848",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Direct object or directional を",
"view_count": 195
} | [
{
"body": "### 高校を卒業\n\nJapanese 卒業する takes institutions as **direct object** , unlike English\n_graduate from_. I remember how my English teacher was telling us not to say\nsomething like \"graduate high school\".\n\n### いろんな会社を転々とした\n\nYour translation is correct, but を corresponds to \"from ... to ...\" in your\nsentence. Most Japanese movement verbs take **locations where they take\nplace** with を. I guess most of the native speakers couldn't tell the usage\nfrom the direct object one. [A\ndictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/239138/m0u/%E3%82%92/) says:\n\n> 移動の意を表す動詞に応じて、動作の経由する場所を示す。…を通って。「山道―行く」「廊下―走る」「山―越す」 \n> Indicates location where the action pass through, used with a verb of\n> motion; through/via ...; \"go _on_ the mountain road\", \"run _in_ a hall\", \"go\n> across the mountain\"\n\nP.S. \nMaybe it's more understandable to assume all these verbs have invisible\nEnglish prepositions built in, like 行く \"to go-on\", 走る \"to run-in\", 転々とする \"to\nwander-around\" etc.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T16:08:03.317",
"id": "19777",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-05T17:34:19.510",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-05T17:34:19.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19773",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 19773 | 19777 | 19777 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "99030",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is there a commonly agreed upon title for the Richard Flanagan novel \"The\nNarrow Road to the Deep North\" (not the travel diary by Matsuo Bashō, which\nthe novel was named after)?\n\nI've seen both \"奥の細道\", which is the same as the travel diary the novel was\nnamed after, and \"ザ・ナロー・ロード・トゥー・ザ・ディープ・ノース\", a katakana transliteration of the\nname of the novel.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T13:47:52.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19774",
"last_activity_date": "2023-03-23T22:33:51.287",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Japanese for \"The Narrow Road to the Deep North\" (the Richard Flanagan novel)",
"view_count": 397
} | [
{
"body": "It seems Japanese title is 奥の細道 considering the fact that his novel was named\nafter the Basho's travel diary. Since that translation appears on the [news\narticle](http://digital.asahi.com/articles/DA3S11454327.html), I think it is\nthe commonly agreed title.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-06-28T06:16:58.147",
"id": "25380",
"last_activity_date": "2015-06-28T06:16:58.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10264",
"parent_id": "19774",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "It was published as 『奥のほそ道』 in Japan in 2018.\n\n[Amazon.co.jp - リチャード・フラナガン著『奥のほそ道』](https://amzn.asia/d/e1rhvX8)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2023-03-23T22:33:51.287",
"id": "99030",
"last_activity_date": "2023-03-23T22:33:51.287",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3097",
"parent_id": "19774",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 19774 | 99030 | 99030 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "19781",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So, if we were talking about \"this is the Year of the Dog\", I think the\ncorrect rendering of that in Japanese would be 戌年, with the reading いぬどし. But\ndoes that extend outside of the astrological sense?\n\nFor example, if TIME magazine declared that \"this was the Year of the Selfie\",\nwould that seem naturally phrased as シェルフィ年? Would it be better to render it\nas シェルフィの年? Is there some third, more idiomatic way, to phrase the sentiment\n\"the year when X was prominent\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-05T22:38:52.883",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "19780",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-06T07:19:34.560",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7871",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"idioms",
"time"
],
"title": "\"Year of the X\" - is there an idiom?",
"view_count": 295
} | [
{
"body": "The idiomatic way of saying \"This was the year of ～\" is \"今年は～ **の** 年だった\".\nDropping \"の\" sounds very weird.\n\nAnd if this _Selfie_ refers to a self-portrait,\n[セルフィー](http://weekly.ascii.jp/elem/000/000/254/254590/) is more natural.\n\n> 年末を迎えてメディアが指摘しているのが、2013年が \"The Year of The Selfie\"、すなわち セルフィーの年だったということ。\n> (<http://www.cubeny.com/catch12-3-13.htm>)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-06T00:14:16.803",
"id": "19781",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-06T00:14:16.803",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "19780",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "There is no idiomatic way other than saying 「 **～の[年]{とし}** 」.\n\nThe 「～[年]{どし}」 pattern basically only applies to [the 12 zodiac\nyears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthly_Branches#The_twelve_branches).\nThere are however a handful of non-zodiac words you can find in a dictionary,\nincluding [[厄年]{やくどし}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakudoshi),\n[当]{あ}たり[年]{どし} (\"year of plenty\") or [閏年]{うるうどし} (\"leap year\"), but any of\nthem is associated with or based on some periodic yearly events and unlikely\nyou can coin a new one.\n\nAs in naruto's answer, _selfie_ should be transcribed into セルフィー. Wikibooks\nhas a detailed guide to [transcribing English to\nJapanese](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Transcribing_English_to_Japanese).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2014-12-06T01:50:44.277",
"id": "19782",
"last_activity_date": "2014-12-06T07:19:34.560",
"last_edit_date": "2014-12-06T07:19:34.560",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "19780",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 19780 | 19781 | 19782 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.