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[ "Title: Antibody Engineering for Pursuing a Healthier Future\nPassage: Filamentous bacteriophages used in phage display techniques are viruses that belong to the Inoviridae family. There are fewer of these filamentous phages in this genus compared with tailed phages. Inovirus virions are 7 mm in diameter, contain circular DNA enclosed in a protein capsid, and infect both Gram negative and positive bacteria. They do not lyse host cells, instead, they are packed and extrude at the surface .", "Title: Architectural Insight into Inovirus-Associated Vectors (IAVs) and Development of IAV-Based Vaccines Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses: Implications in HIV-1 Vaccines\nPassage: Text: Filamentous bacterial viruses are a group of thread-like viruses containing single-stranded DNA genomes. Collectively, they constitute the genus Inovirus in the family Inoviridae, the terms deriving from the Greek word Ίνα for filament , and they are commonly called filamentous bacteriophages. There are over 50 different known individual species of filamentous viruses; the majority of them capable of infecting Gram-negative bacteria. The complex interaction between filamentous phages and their bacterial hosts is specified by receptor organelles that are usually encoded by transmissible plasmids . One of the most intriguing features of inoviruses is that they are assembled at the", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ." ], [ "2c", "The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species." ] ]

[ "0b", "1a", "1c", "2c", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Antibody Engineering for Pursuing a Healthier Future\nPassage: Filamentous bacteriophages used in phage display techniques are viruses that belong to the Inoviridae family. There are fewer of these filamentous phages in this genus compared with tailed phages. Inovirus virions are 7 mm in diameter, contain circular DNA enclosed in a protein capsid, and infect both Gram negative and positive bacteria. They do not lyse host cells, instead, they are packed and extrude at the surface .", "Title: Architectural Insight into Inovirus-Associated Vectors (IAVs) and Development of IAV-Based Vaccines Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses: Implications in HIV-1 Vaccines\nPassage: Text: Filamentous bacterial viruses are a group of thread-like viruses containing single-stranded DNA genomes. Collectively, they constitute the genus Inovirus in the family Inoviridae, the terms deriving from the Greek word Ίνα for filament , and they are commonly called filamentous bacteriophages. There are over 50 different known individual species of filamentous viruses; the majority of them capable of infecting Gram-negative bacteria. The complex interaction between filamentous phages and their bacterial hosts is specified by receptor organelles that are usually encoded by transmissible plasmids . One of the most intriguing features of inoviruses is that they are assembled at the", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Long before the identification of filamentous phage, other types of bacteriophage were already being used for antibacterial therapy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ." ], [ "3c", "The filamentous phage, with its nonlytic life cycle, has less obvious clinical uses, despite the fact that the host specificity of Inovirus and Plectrovirus includes many pathogens of medical importance, including Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Mycoplasma species." ] ]

[ "0b", "1a", "1c", "2c", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: in the 14-59 and > 60 groups.", "Title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China\nPassage: All patients who were admitted to hospitals with confirmed 2009 pH1N1 influenza from Sep. 1 to Dec. 31, 2009 from 27 Chinese provinces were screened if they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for severe or critical cases. A confirmed case was a person whose pH1N1 virus infection was verified by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with or without the presentation of other clinical symptoms. Patients were excluded if they had been treated as outpatients or in emergency rooms or duration of hospitalization < 24 h, or if they had incomplete records of clinical outcomes. Severe and critical cases were defined according", "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: underlying diseases . A critical case met at least one of the following criteria on admission: respiratory failure;", "Title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China\nPassage: patients , 54% avoided intubation and had excellent outcomes ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China" ], [ "1b", "Passage: All patients who were admitted to hospitals with confirmed 2009 pH1N1 influenza from Sep. 1 to Dec. 31, 2009 from 27 Chinese provinces were screened if they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for severe or critical cases." ], [ "1c", "A confirmed case was a person whose pH1N1 virus infection was verified by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with or without the presentation of other clinical symptoms." ], [ "1d", "Patients were excluded if they had been treated as outpatients or in emergency rooms or duration of hospitalization < 24 h, or if they had incomplete records of clinical outcomes." ], [ "1e", "Severe and critical cases were defined according" ] ]

[ "1a", "1b", "1d", "1e", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: in the 14-59 and > 60 groups.", "Title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China\nPassage: All patients who were admitted to hospitals with confirmed 2009 pH1N1 influenza from Sep. 1 to Dec. 31, 2009 from 27 Chinese provinces were screened if they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for severe or critical cases. A confirmed case was a person whose pH1N1 virus infection was verified by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with or without the presentation of other clinical symptoms. Patients were excluded if they had been treated as outpatients or in emergency rooms or duration of hospitalization < 24 h, or if they had incomplete records of clinical outcomes. Severe and critical cases were defined according", "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: underlying diseases . A critical case met at least one of the following criteria on admission: respiratory failure;", "Title: Clinical features and risk factors for severe and critical pregnant women with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection in China\nPassage: patients , 54% avoided intubation and had excellent outcomes ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018" ], [ "2b", "Passage: underlying diseases ." ], [ "2c", "A critical case met at least one of the following criteria on admission: respiratory failure;" ] ]

[ "1a", "1b", "1d", "1e", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: five consecutive patients with severe ARDS with confirmed HAdV-55 infection were included. All five patients were immunocompetent young men with a median age of 32 years. The mean time from onset to dyspnea was 5 days. Arterial blood gas analysis at ICU admission revealed profound hypoxia. Mean partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen was 58.1. Mean durations from onset to a single-lobe consolidation shown on chest X-rays and, from the first positive CXR to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates, were 2 days and 4.8 days, respectively. The viral load was higher than 1 × 10 copies in three patients and was", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 1 × 10 in one patient. It was negative in the only patient who survived. The mean duration for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure and IMV failure were 30.8 hours and 6.2 days, respectively. Four patients received venovenous ECMO. Four of the five patients died despite receiving appropriate respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men. Persistent high fever, dyspnea and rapid progression to respiratory failure within 2 weeks, together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates, are the most frequent clinical manifestations of HAdV-55-induced severe ARDS. Viral load monitoring may help predict disease severity and outcome. The" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study" ], [ "0b", "Passage: 2 days ." ], [ "0c", "The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days ." ] ]

[ "0c", "1c", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: five consecutive patients with severe ARDS with confirmed HAdV-55 infection were included. All five patients were immunocompetent young men with a median age of 32 years. The mean time from onset to dyspnea was 5 days. Arterial blood gas analysis at ICU admission revealed profound hypoxia. Mean partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen was 58.1. Mean durations from onset to a single-lobe consolidation shown on chest X-rays and, from the first positive CXR to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates, were 2 days and 4.8 days, respectively. The viral load was higher than 1 × 10 copies in three patients and was", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 1 × 10 in one patient. It was negative in the only patient who survived. The mean duration for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure and IMV failure were 30.8 hours and 6.2 days, respectively. Four patients received venovenous ECMO. Four of the five patients died despite receiving appropriate respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men. Persistent high fever, dyspnea and rapid progression to respiratory failure within 2 weeks, together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates, are the most frequent clinical manifestations of HAdV-55-induced severe ARDS. Viral load monitoring may help predict disease severity and outcome. The" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study" ], [ "1b", "Passage: 2 days ." ], [ "1c", "The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days ." ] ]

[ "0c", "1c", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 2 days . The mean duration from the first positive CXR to bilaterally multilobar lung infiltrates was 4.8 days .", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: five consecutive patients with severe ARDS with confirmed HAdV-55 infection were included. All five patients were immunocompetent young men with a median age of 32 years. The mean time from onset to dyspnea was 5 days. Arterial blood gas analysis at ICU admission revealed profound hypoxia. Mean partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen was 58.1. Mean durations from onset to a single-lobe consolidation shown on chest X-rays and, from the first positive CXR to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates, were 2 days and 4.8 days, respectively. The viral load was higher than 1 × 10 copies in three patients and was", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: 1 × 10 in one patient. It was negative in the only patient who survived. The mean duration for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure and IMV failure were 30.8 hours and 6.2 days, respectively. Four patients received venovenous ECMO. Four of the five patients died despite receiving appropriate respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men. Persistent high fever, dyspnea and rapid progression to respiratory failure within 2 weeks, together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates, are the most frequent clinical manifestations of HAdV-55-induced severe ARDS. Viral load monitoring may help predict disease severity and outcome. The" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study" ], [ "2b", "Passage: five consecutive patients with severe ARDS with confirmed HAdV-55 infection were included." ], [ "2c", "All five patients were immunocompetent young men with a median age of 32 years." ], [ "2d", "The mean time from onset to dyspnea was 5 days." ], [ "2e", "Arterial blood gas analysis at ICU admission revealed profound hypoxia." ], [ "2f", "Mean partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen was 58.1." ], [ "2g", "Mean durations from onset to a single-lobe consolidation shown on chest X-rays and, from the first positive CXR to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates, were 2 days and 4.8 days, respectively." ], [ "2h", "The viral load was higher than 1 × 10 copies in three patients and was" ] ]

[ "0c", "1c", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008\nPassage: Available estimates of the burden of childhood pneumonia in China vary widely, and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 17% of all child deaths in China and 67% of all childhood pneumonia deaths in the Western Pacific region .", "Title: Pneumonia in Bhutanese children: what we know, and what we need to know\nPassage: In 2015, pneumonia was ranked as the single biggest killer of post-neonatal children worldwide. With an estimated 15·5% attributable fraction of all deaths in children under 5 years of age, pneumonia is believed to be responsible for the deaths of around 900,000 children every year . The main burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low-and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where pneumonia is one of the most frequent triggers of health facility consultation, and one of the most common causes of hospitalization, representing a huge load for the overburdened and fragile health care systems .", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: Text: Pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years for decades. Although there have been substantial decreases in overall child mortality and in pneumonia-specific mortality, pneumonia remains the major single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 . Substantial advances have occurred in the understanding of risk factors and etiology of pneumonia, in development of standardized case definitions, and in prevention with the production of improved vaccines and in treatment. Such advances have led to changes in the epidemiology, etiology", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because the incidence of pneumonia and number of deaths are likely to decrease still further as a result of this widespread intervention ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Available estimates of the burden of childhood pneumonia in China vary widely, and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 17% of all child deaths in China and 67% of all childhood pneumonia deaths in the Western Pacific region ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008\nPassage: Available estimates of the burden of childhood pneumonia in China vary widely, and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 17% of all child deaths in China and 67% of all childhood pneumonia deaths in the Western Pacific region .", "Title: Pneumonia in Bhutanese children: what we know, and what we need to know\nPassage: In 2015, pneumonia was ranked as the single biggest killer of post-neonatal children worldwide. With an estimated 15·5% attributable fraction of all deaths in children under 5 years of age, pneumonia is believed to be responsible for the deaths of around 900,000 children every year . The main burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low-and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where pneumonia is one of the most frequent triggers of health facility consultation, and one of the most common causes of hospitalization, representing a huge load for the overburdened and fragile health care systems .", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: Text: Pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years for decades. Although there have been substantial decreases in overall child mortality and in pneumonia-specific mortality, pneumonia remains the major single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 . Substantial advances have occurred in the understanding of risk factors and etiology of pneumonia, in development of standardized case definitions, and in prevention with the production of improved vaccines and in treatment. Such advances have led to changes in the epidemiology, etiology", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because the incidence of pneumonia and number of deaths are likely to decrease still further as a result of this widespread intervention ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Pneumonia in Bhutanese children: what we know, and what we need to know" ], [ "1b", "Passage: In 2015, pneumonia was ranked as the single biggest killer of post-neonatal children worldwide." ], [ "1c", "With an estimated 15·5% attributable fraction of all deaths in children under 5 years of age, pneumonia is believed to be responsible for the deaths of around 900,000 children every year ." ], [ "1d", "The main burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low-and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where pneumonia is one of the most frequent triggers of health facility consultation, and one of the most common causes of hospitalization, representing a huge load for the overburdened and fragile health care systems ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008\nPassage: Available estimates of the burden of childhood pneumonia in China vary widely, and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 17% of all child deaths in China and 67% of all childhood pneumonia deaths in the Western Pacific region .", "Title: Pneumonia in Bhutanese children: what we know, and what we need to know\nPassage: In 2015, pneumonia was ranked as the single biggest killer of post-neonatal children worldwide. With an estimated 15·5% attributable fraction of all deaths in children under 5 years of age, pneumonia is believed to be responsible for the deaths of around 900,000 children every year . The main burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low-and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where pneumonia is one of the most frequent triggers of health facility consultation, and one of the most common causes of hospitalization, representing a huge load for the overburdened and fragile health care systems .", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: Text: Pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years for decades. Although there have been substantial decreases in overall child mortality and in pneumonia-specific mortality, pneumonia remains the major single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 . Substantial advances have occurred in the understanding of risk factors and etiology of pneumonia, in development of standardized case definitions, and in prevention with the production of improved vaccines and in treatment. Such advances have led to changes in the epidemiology, etiology", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because the incidence of pneumonia and number of deaths are likely to decrease still further as a result of this widespread intervention ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Text: Pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years for decades." ], [ "2c", "Although there have been substantial decreases in overall child mortality and in pneumonia-specific mortality, pneumonia remains the major single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 ." ], [ "2d", "Substantial advances have occurred in the understanding of risk factors and etiology of pneumonia, in development of standardized case definitions, and in prevention with the production of improved vaccines and in treatment." ], [ "2e", "Such advances have led to changes in the epidemiology, etiology" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Pneumonia Incidence and Mortality in Mainland China: Systematic Review of Chinese and English Literature, 1985–2008\nPassage: Available estimates of the burden of childhood pneumonia in China vary widely, and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 17% of all child deaths in China and 67% of all childhood pneumonia deaths in the Western Pacific region .", "Title: Pneumonia in Bhutanese children: what we know, and what we need to know\nPassage: In 2015, pneumonia was ranked as the single biggest killer of post-neonatal children worldwide. With an estimated 15·5% attributable fraction of all deaths in children under 5 years of age, pneumonia is believed to be responsible for the deaths of around 900,000 children every year . The main burden remains disproportionately concentrated in low-and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where pneumonia is one of the most frequent triggers of health facility consultation, and one of the most common causes of hospitalization, representing a huge load for the overburdened and fragile health care systems .", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: Text: Pneumonia has been the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years for decades. Although there have been substantial decreases in overall child mortality and in pneumonia-specific mortality, pneumonia remains the major single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 . Substantial advances have occurred in the understanding of risk factors and etiology of pneumonia, in development of standardized case definitions, and in prevention with the production of improved vaccines and in treatment. Such advances have led to changes in the epidemiology, etiology", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because the incidence of pneumonia and number of deaths are likely to decrease still further as a result of this widespread intervention ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease Passage: ." ], [ "3b", "Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 ." ], [ "3c", "These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because the incidence of pneumonia and number of deaths are likely to decrease still further as a result of this widespread intervention ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: at higher latitudes were greater than lower latitudes.", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: also different from the studies conducted in northern or central cities of China, in which the seasonality of most viruses presented in autumn-winter and/or winter-spring. 15, 30 The winter-spring seasonality was also observed in Guangzhou, a city about 150 kilometers north of Shenzhen. 28 Different seasonal onset and duration were observed in various studies conducted in tropical regions. In these studies, ambient temperature, humidity and rainfall were widely used to explain these differences in seasonality, but inconsistent results were observed. 9, 46, 47 Although most studies demonstrated that the seasonality of viral respiratory infections was correlated with increased rainfall, effects", "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: In conclusion, our study unfolds the striking difference in diarrhoea seasonality between children ,5 years and persons .55 years. The distinct geographic patterns of diarrhoea, which may be impacted by climatic factors, were also unveiled. Future research should focus more on elucidating the impact of social-environmental changes on diarrhoea in different epidemiological zones and mechanisms why diarrhoea seasonality differs greatly across different age groups. Our work has practical implications for the development of early warning systems targeting different population in different regions.", "Title: Seasonal distribution of active systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with meteorological factors\nPassage: SLE was significantly higher in winter than in spring , summer and autumn . There was no statistical significance in relative ratios of patients with active SLE between spring, summer and autumn ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "1b", "Passage: also different from the studies conducted in northern or central cities of China, in which the seasonality of most viruses presented in autumn-winter and/or winter-spring." ], [ "1c", "15, 30 The winter-spring seasonality was also observed in Guangzhou, a city about 150 kilometers north of Shenzhen." ], [ "1d", "28 Different seasonal onset and duration were observed in various studies conducted in tropical regions." ], [ "1e", "In these studies, ambient temperature, humidity and rainfall were widely used to explain these differences in seasonality, but inconsistent results were observed." ], [ "1f", "9, 46, 47 Although most studies demonstrated that the seasonality of viral respiratory infections was correlated with increased rainfall, effects" ] ]

[ "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: at higher latitudes were greater than lower latitudes.", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: also different from the studies conducted in northern or central cities of China, in which the seasonality of most viruses presented in autumn-winter and/or winter-spring. 15, 30 The winter-spring seasonality was also observed in Guangzhou, a city about 150 kilometers north of Shenzhen. 28 Different seasonal onset and duration were observed in various studies conducted in tropical regions. In these studies, ambient temperature, humidity and rainfall were widely used to explain these differences in seasonality, but inconsistent results were observed. 9, 46, 47 Although most studies demonstrated that the seasonality of viral respiratory infections was correlated with increased rainfall, effects", "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: In conclusion, our study unfolds the striking difference in diarrhoea seasonality between children ,5 years and persons .55 years. The distinct geographic patterns of diarrhoea, which may be impacted by climatic factors, were also unveiled. Future research should focus more on elucidating the impact of social-environmental changes on diarrhoea in different epidemiological zones and mechanisms why diarrhoea seasonality differs greatly across different age groups. Our work has practical implications for the development of early warning systems targeting different population in different regions.", "Title: Seasonal distribution of active systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with meteorological factors\nPassage: SLE was significantly higher in winter than in spring , summer and autumn . There was no statistical significance in relative ratios of patients with active SLE between spring, summer and autumn ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: In conclusion, our study unfolds the striking difference in diarrhoea seasonality between children ,5 years and persons .55 years." ], [ "2c", "The distinct geographic patterns of diarrhoea, which may be impacted by climatic factors, were also unveiled." ], [ "2d", "Future research should focus more on elucidating the impact of social-environmental changes on diarrhoea in different epidemiological zones and mechanisms why diarrhoea seasonality differs greatly across different age groups." ], [ "2e", "Our work has practical implications for the development of early warning systems targeting different population in different regions." ] ]

[ "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: at higher latitudes were greater than lower latitudes.", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: also different from the studies conducted in northern or central cities of China, in which the seasonality of most viruses presented in autumn-winter and/or winter-spring. 15, 30 The winter-spring seasonality was also observed in Guangzhou, a city about 150 kilometers north of Shenzhen. 28 Different seasonal onset and duration were observed in various studies conducted in tropical regions. In these studies, ambient temperature, humidity and rainfall were widely used to explain these differences in seasonality, but inconsistent results were observed. 9, 46, 47 Although most studies demonstrated that the seasonality of viral respiratory infections was correlated with increased rainfall, effects", "Title: Exploration of diarrhoea seasonality and its drivers in China\nPassage: In conclusion, our study unfolds the striking difference in diarrhoea seasonality between children ,5 years and persons .55 years. The distinct geographic patterns of diarrhoea, which may be impacted by climatic factors, were also unveiled. Future research should focus more on elucidating the impact of social-environmental changes on diarrhoea in different epidemiological zones and mechanisms why diarrhoea seasonality differs greatly across different age groups. Our work has practical implications for the development of early warning systems targeting different population in different regions.", "Title: Seasonal distribution of active systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with meteorological factors\nPassage: SLE was significantly higher in winter than in spring , summer and autumn . There was no statistical significance in relative ratios of patients with active SLE between spring, summer and autumn ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Seasonal distribution of active systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with meteorological factors" ], [ "3b", "Passage: SLE was significantly higher in winter than in spring , summer and autumn ." ], [ "3c", "There was no statistical significance in relative ratios of patients with active SLE between spring, summer and autumn ." ] ]

[ "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: detected both the autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic and the seasonal flu epidemic of 2011. Outbreak detection was successful for both the weekly data and the daily data, even though the daily data appear quite noisy to the eye.", "Title: The influence of climatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile\nPassage: A/H1N1 influenza is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels . Moreover, the timing and intensity of the 2009 A/ H1N1 pandemic waves varied substantially across regions of the world , suggesting a potential link with local meteorological conditions. Further, the occurrence of recrudescent waves of pandemic activity in the South-Eastern US in winter 2010 was associated with low humidity levels .", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: to the smoothing, we performed a simple analysis of the seasonality of fever rates, as discussed in the second supplemental appendix . Although the results were not conclusive, we found no evidence of seasonality that was strong enough to warrant consideration in the analysis of fever rates.", "Title: Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity\nPassage: FLUA and FLUB were detected in few samples; however, these samples were collected during autumn and winter, agreeing to previous studies that showed Inlfuenza outbreaks occurring between late summer and early winter ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak" ], [ "0b", "Passage: detected both the autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic and the seasonal flu epidemic of 2011." ], [ "0c", "Outbreak detection was successful for both the weekly data and the daily data, even though the daily data appear quite noisy to the eye." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: detected both the autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic and the seasonal flu epidemic of 2011. Outbreak detection was successful for both the weekly data and the daily data, even though the daily data appear quite noisy to the eye.", "Title: The influence of climatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile\nPassage: A/H1N1 influenza is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels . Moreover, the timing and intensity of the 2009 A/ H1N1 pandemic waves varied substantially across regions of the world , suggesting a potential link with local meteorological conditions. Further, the occurrence of recrudescent waves of pandemic activity in the South-Eastern US in winter 2010 was associated with low humidity levels .", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: to the smoothing, we performed a simple analysis of the seasonality of fever rates, as discussed in the second supplemental appendix . Although the results were not conclusive, we found no evidence of seasonality that was strong enough to warrant consideration in the analysis of fever rates.", "Title: Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity\nPassage: FLUA and FLUB were detected in few samples; however, these samples were collected during autumn and winter, agreeing to previous studies that showed Inlfuenza outbreaks occurring between late summer and early winter ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: The influence of climatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile" ], [ "1b", "Passage: A/H1N1 influenza is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels ." ], [ "1c", "Moreover, the timing and intensity of the 2009 A/ H1N1 pandemic waves varied substantially across regions of the world , suggesting a potential link with local meteorological conditions." ], [ "1d", "Further, the occurrence of recrudescent waves of pandemic activity in the South-Eastern US in winter 2010 was associated with low humidity levels ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: detected both the autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic and the seasonal flu epidemic of 2011. Outbreak detection was successful for both the weekly data and the daily data, even though the daily data appear quite noisy to the eye.", "Title: The influence of climatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile\nPassage: A/H1N1 influenza is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels . Moreover, the timing and intensity of the 2009 A/ H1N1 pandemic waves varied substantially across regions of the world , suggesting a potential link with local meteorological conditions. Further, the occurrence of recrudescent waves of pandemic activity in the South-Eastern US in winter 2010 was associated with low humidity levels .", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: to the smoothing, we performed a simple analysis of the seasonality of fever rates, as discussed in the second supplemental appendix . Although the results were not conclusive, we found no evidence of seasonality that was strong enough to warrant consideration in the analysis of fever rates.", "Title: Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity\nPassage: FLUA and FLUB were detected in few samples; however, these samples were collected during autumn and winter, agreeing to previous studies that showed Inlfuenza outbreaks occurring between late summer and early winter ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak" ], [ "2b", "Passage: to the smoothing, we performed a simple analysis of the seasonality of fever rates, as discussed in the second supplemental appendix ." ], [ "2c", "Although the results were not conclusive, we found no evidence of seasonality that was strong enough to warrant consideration in the analysis of fever rates." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: detected both the autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic and the seasonal flu epidemic of 2011. Outbreak detection was successful for both the weekly data and the daily data, even though the daily data appear quite noisy to the eye.", "Title: The influence of climatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Chile\nPassage: A/H1N1 influenza is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels . Moreover, the timing and intensity of the 2009 A/ H1N1 pandemic waves varied substantially across regions of the world , suggesting a potential link with local meteorological conditions. Further, the occurrence of recrudescent waves of pandemic activity in the South-Eastern US in winter 2010 was associated with low humidity levels .", "Title: Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal influenza outbreak\nPassage: to the smoothing, we performed a simple analysis of the seasonality of fever rates, as discussed in the second supplemental appendix . Although the results were not conclusive, we found no evidence of seasonality that was strong enough to warrant consideration in the analysis of fever rates.", "Title: Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity\nPassage: FLUA and FLUB were detected in few samples; however, these samples were collected during autumn and winter, agreeing to previous studies that showed Inlfuenza outbreaks occurring between late summer and early winter ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity" ], [ "3b", "Passage: FLUA and FLUB were detected in few samples; however, these samples were collected during autumn and winter, agreeing to previous studies that showed Inlfuenza outbreaks occurring between late summer and early winter ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The second survey was conducted in May 2009 when the WHO pandemic influenza alert level assigned to H1N1 influenza was phase 5. Phase 5 signifies human to human spread of the virus into at least two countries within one WHO region. Although most countries are not affected at this stage, the declaration of phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalise the organisation, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short. 1 During this phase 5 period, we repeated our questionnaires in the three specialties in one hospital. All", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: In 2005 the World Health Organization recommended its member states to revise or construct a preparedness plan for pandemic influenza. The WHO also set up a system of influenza pandemic alert levels. Phases 1-3 include capacity development and response planning, while phases 4-6 signify the need for response and mitigation efforts. 1 By August 2008, 47 countries had prepared such a plan. 2 The recent spread of infection with a novel influenza A virus of swine origin has prompted governments to review and carry out their pandemic responses, including vaccination strategies.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: virus has gained the level of transmissibility among humans necessary to cause a pandemic.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The first survey was conducted from January 2009 to March 2009. The WHO influenza pandemic alert level assigned to H5N1 during that period was phase 3. Phase 3 signifies an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus that has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people but has not resulted in human to human transmission sufficient to sustain community level outbreaks. Limited human to human transmission may occur under some circumstances, such as when there is close contact between an infected person and an unprotected carer. However, limited transmission under such restricted circumstances does not indicate that the" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The second survey was conducted in May 2009 when the WHO pandemic influenza alert level assigned to H1N1 influenza was phase 5." ], [ "0c", "Phase 5 signifies human to human spread of the virus into at least two countries within one WHO region." ], [ "0d", "Although most countries are not affected at this stage, the declaration of phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalise the organisation, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short." ], [ "0e", "1 During this phase 5 period, we repeated our questionnaires in the three specialties in one hospital. All" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The second survey was conducted in May 2009 when the WHO pandemic influenza alert level assigned to H1N1 influenza was phase 5. Phase 5 signifies human to human spread of the virus into at least two countries within one WHO region. Although most countries are not affected at this stage, the declaration of phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalise the organisation, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short. 1 During this phase 5 period, we repeated our questionnaires in the three specialties in one hospital. All", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: In 2005 the World Health Organization recommended its member states to revise or construct a preparedness plan for pandemic influenza. The WHO also set up a system of influenza pandemic alert levels. Phases 1-3 include capacity development and response planning, while phases 4-6 signify the need for response and mitigation efforts. 1 By August 2008, 47 countries had prepared such a plan. 2 The recent spread of infection with a novel influenza A virus of swine origin has prompted governments to review and carry out their pandemic responses, including vaccination strategies.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: virus has gained the level of transmissibility among humans necessary to cause a pandemic.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The first survey was conducted from January 2009 to March 2009. The WHO influenza pandemic alert level assigned to H5N1 during that period was phase 3. Phase 3 signifies an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus that has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people but has not resulted in human to human transmission sufficient to sustain community level outbreaks. Limited human to human transmission may occur under some circumstances, such as when there is close contact between an infected person and an unprotected carer. However, limited transmission under such restricted circumstances does not indicate that the" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys" ], [ "1b", "Passage: In 2005 the World Health Organization recommended its member states to revise or construct a preparedness plan for pandemic influenza." ], [ "1c", "The WHO also set up a system of influenza pandemic alert levels." ], [ "1d", "Phases 1-3 include capacity development and response planning, while phases 4-6 signify the need for response and mitigation efforts." ], [ "1e", "1 By August 2008, 47 countries had prepared such a plan." ], [ "1f", "2 The recent spread of infection with a novel influenza A virus of swine origin has prompted governments to review and carry out their pandemic responses, including vaccination strategies." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The second survey was conducted in May 2009 when the WHO pandemic influenza alert level assigned to H1N1 influenza was phase 5. Phase 5 signifies human to human spread of the virus into at least two countries within one WHO region. Although most countries are not affected at this stage, the declaration of phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalise the organisation, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short. 1 During this phase 5 period, we repeated our questionnaires in the three specialties in one hospital. All", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: In 2005 the World Health Organization recommended its member states to revise or construct a preparedness plan for pandemic influenza. The WHO also set up a system of influenza pandemic alert levels. Phases 1-3 include capacity development and response planning, while phases 4-6 signify the need for response and mitigation efforts. 1 By August 2008, 47 countries had prepared such a plan. 2 The recent spread of infection with a novel influenza A virus of swine origin has prompted governments to review and carry out their pandemic responses, including vaccination strategies.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: virus has gained the level of transmissibility among humans necessary to cause a pandemic.", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys\nPassage: The first survey was conducted from January 2009 to March 2009. The WHO influenza pandemic alert level assigned to H5N1 during that period was phase 3. Phase 3 signifies an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus that has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people but has not resulted in human to human transmission sufficient to sustain community level outbreaks. Limited human to human transmission may occur under some circumstances, such as when there is close contact between an infected person and an unprotected carer. However, limited transmission under such restricted circumstances does not indicate that the" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels: two questionnaire surveys" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The first survey was conducted from January 2009 to March 2009." ], [ "3c", "The WHO influenza pandemic alert level assigned to H5N1 during that period was phase 3." ], [ "3d", "Phase 3 signifies an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus that has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people but has not resulted in human to human transmission sufficient to sustain community level outbreaks." ], [ "3e", "Limited human to human transmission may occur under some circumstances, such as when there is close contact between an infected person and an unprotected carer." ], [ "3f", "However, limited transmission under such restricted circumstances does not indicate that the" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection\nPassage: cells or the primary IgG plasmablast responses and a p-value of <0.0001 against the IgM populations. Notably, besides patient EM, each individual set of VH genes averaged significantly more mutations than the IgG memory and GC or the primary responses . Each point represents one individual donor and is averaged from 25-75 sequences, except for the primary response to anthrax from which only 10 VH genes could be cloned from single cells because of the highly limited response. Mutations accumulated per individual sequence are depicted in Fig. S3 . Detailed sequence characteristics are provided in Tables S1-S3. The naive, IgG", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: antibody responses are composed primarily of IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, with a lesser contribution of IgG2c and IgG3 isotypes . Deletion of the surface-exposed N1 and N2 domains of pIII produces a truncated form of this protein that does not elicit antibodies, but also results in a non-infective phage particle with lower overall immunogenicity ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "0b", "Passage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity." ], [ "0c", "Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat ." ], [ "0d", "In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization ." ], [ "0e", "Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary" ] ]

[ "0e", "1e", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection\nPassage: cells or the primary IgG plasmablast responses and a p-value of <0.0001 against the IgM populations. Notably, besides patient EM, each individual set of VH genes averaged significantly more mutations than the IgG memory and GC or the primary responses . Each point represents one individual donor and is averaged from 25-75 sequences, except for the primary response to anthrax from which only 10 VH genes could be cloned from single cells because of the highly limited response. Mutations accumulated per individual sequence are depicted in Fig. S3 . Detailed sequence characteristics are provided in Tables S1-S3. The naive, IgG", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: antibody responses are composed primarily of IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, with a lesser contribution of IgG2c and IgG3 isotypes . Deletion of the surface-exposed N1 and N2 domains of pIII produces a truncated form of this protein that does not elicit antibodies, but also results in a non-infective phage particle with lower overall immunogenicity ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "1b", "Passage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity." ], [ "1c", "Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat ." ], [ "1d", "In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization ." ], [ "1e", "Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary" ] ]

[ "0e", "1e", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: compared the effect of administration route on filamentous phage immunogenicity. Antibodies are generated against only three major sites on the virion: the surface-exposed N-terminal ∼12 residues of the pVIII monomer lattice ; the N-terminal N1 and N2 domains of pIII ; and bacterial lipopolysaccharide embedded in the phage coat . In mice, serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization . Primary antibody responses against the phage appear to be composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary", "Title: Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection\nPassage: cells or the primary IgG plasmablast responses and a p-value of <0.0001 against the IgM populations. Notably, besides patient EM, each individual set of VH genes averaged significantly more mutations than the IgG memory and GC or the primary responses . Each point represents one individual donor and is averaged from 25-75 sequences, except for the primary response to anthrax from which only 10 VH genes could be cloned from single cells because of the highly limited response. Mutations accumulated per individual sequence are depicted in Fig. S3 . Detailed sequence characteristics are provided in Tables S1-S3. The naive, IgG", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: antibody responses are composed primarily of IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, with a lesser contribution of IgG2c and IgG3 isotypes . Deletion of the surface-exposed N1 and N2 domains of pIII produces a truncated form of this protein that does not elicit antibodies, but also results in a non-infective phage particle with lower overall immunogenicity ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "3b", "Passage: antibody responses are composed primarily of IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, with a lesser contribution of IgG2c and IgG3 isotypes ." ], [ "3c", "Deletion of the surface-exposed N1 and N2 domains of pIII produces a truncated form of this protein that does not elicit antibodies, but also results in a non-infective phage particle with lower overall immunogenicity ." ] ]

[ "0e", "1e", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: on six or more of the ten criteria. Based on the weak reviews, 10.5% did not have a clearly focused question, 46.5% did not use appropriate inclusion criteria, 87.7% did not have a comprehensive search strategy, 34% did not cover an adequate number of years, 48% did not describe the level of evidence in the primary studies, 96.6% did not assess the methodological", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: of homogeneity or assessment of similarity of results across studies was conducted and reported; 9) appropriate weighting of primary studies was conducted; and 10) the author's interpretation of the results were supported by the data . Each criterion is equally weighted and a final methodological score is tallied out of 10. Reviews with an overall rating of eight or more are considered strong, five to seven, moderate, and below four are considered to be weak in methodological quality.", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: In addition there were 68 sub-topics with fewer than five reviews available, such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, food service inspection, fetal alcohol syndrome, sexual assault, and social justice. The full list of subtopics with fewer than five reviews is included in Table 5 . Most of the sub-topics with fewer than five reviews were within the registered users and visitors' topic areas of interest. Topic areas which were of interest to both registered user and visitors only had a small proportion of sub-topics with less than five reviews available . Whereas the communicable disease/infection topic area, which ranked tenth", "Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types of NRSI. The other 67 meta-analyses included \"observational studies\" , \"prospective and retrospective studies\" , and only \"retrospective studies\" ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature" ], [ "0b", "Passage: on six or more of the ten criteria." ], [ "0c", "Based on the weak reviews, 10.5% did not have a clearly focused question, 46.5% did not use appropriate inclusion criteria, 87.7% did not have a comprehensive search strategy, 34% did not cover an adequate number of years, 48% did not describe the level of evidence in the primary studies, 96.6% did not assess the methodological" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: on six or more of the ten criteria. Based on the weak reviews, 10.5% did not have a clearly focused question, 46.5% did not use appropriate inclusion criteria, 87.7% did not have a comprehensive search strategy, 34% did not cover an adequate number of years, 48% did not describe the level of evidence in the primary studies, 96.6% did not assess the methodological", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: of homogeneity or assessment of similarity of results across studies was conducted and reported; 9) appropriate weighting of primary studies was conducted; and 10) the author's interpretation of the results were supported by the data . Each criterion is equally weighted and a final methodological score is tallied out of 10. Reviews with an overall rating of eight or more are considered strong, five to seven, moderate, and below four are considered to be weak in methodological quality.", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: In addition there were 68 sub-topics with fewer than five reviews available, such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, food service inspection, fetal alcohol syndrome, sexual assault, and social justice. The full list of subtopics with fewer than five reviews is included in Table 5 . Most of the sub-topics with fewer than five reviews were within the registered users and visitors' topic areas of interest. Topic areas which were of interest to both registered user and visitors only had a small proportion of sub-topics with less than five reviews available . Whereas the communicable disease/infection topic area, which ranked tenth", "Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types of NRSI. The other 67 meta-analyses included \"observational studies\" , \"prospective and retrospective studies\" , and only \"retrospective studies\" ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature" ], [ "1b", "Passage: of homogeneity or assessment of similarity of results across studies was conducted and reported; 9) appropriate weighting of primary studies was conducted; and 10) the author's interpretation of the results were supported by the data ." ], [ "1c", "Each criterion is equally weighted and a final methodological score is tallied out of 10." ], [ "1d", "Reviews with an overall rating of eight or more are considered strong, five to seven, moderate, and below four are considered to be weak in methodological quality." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: on six or more of the ten criteria. Based on the weak reviews, 10.5% did not have a clearly focused question, 46.5% did not use appropriate inclusion criteria, 87.7% did not have a comprehensive search strategy, 34% did not cover an adequate number of years, 48% did not describe the level of evidence in the primary studies, 96.6% did not assess the methodological", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: of homogeneity or assessment of similarity of results across studies was conducted and reported; 9) appropriate weighting of primary studies was conducted; and 10) the author's interpretation of the results were supported by the data . Each criterion is equally weighted and a final methodological score is tallied out of 10. Reviews with an overall rating of eight or more are considered strong, five to seven, moderate, and below four are considered to be weak in methodological quality.", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature\nPassage: In addition there were 68 sub-topics with fewer than five reviews available, such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, food service inspection, fetal alcohol syndrome, sexual assault, and social justice. The full list of subtopics with fewer than five reviews is included in Table 5 . Most of the sub-topics with fewer than five reviews were within the registered users and visitors' topic areas of interest. Topic areas which were of interest to both registered user and visitors only had a small proportion of sub-topics with less than five reviews available . Whereas the communicable disease/infection topic area, which ranked tenth", "Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types of NRSI. The other 67 meta-analyses included \"observational studies\" , \"prospective and retrospective studies\" , and only \"retrospective studies\" ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Missing and accounted for: gaps and areas of wealth in the public health review literature" ], [ "2b", "Passage: In addition there were 68 sub-topics with fewer than five reviews available, such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, food service inspection, fetal alcohol syndrome, sexual assault, and social justice." ], [ "2c", "The full list of subtopics with fewer than five reviews is included in Table 5 ." ], [ "2d", "Most of the sub-topics with fewer than five reviews were within the registered users and visitors' topic areas of interest." ], [ "2e", "Topic areas which were of interest to both registered user and visitors only had a small proportion of sub-topics with less than five reviews available ." ], [ "2f", "Whereas the communicable disease/infection topic area, which ranked tenth" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: have any mild symptoms and signs.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: with the virus. The identification of the high-risk cases can then be quarantined earlier, thus decreasing the chance of spread. Table 1 is inserted here.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: do doorto-door assessments and even testing for the virus. This generates alert for mobile health check recommendation for 2019-nCoV . If a respondent does not have an immediate risk of having symptoms or signs related to the viral infection, then the AI-based health alert will be sent to the respondent to notify them that there is no current risk of COVID-2019. Figure 1 summarizes the outcomes of data collection and identification of possible cases. The data recorded in step 5 of the algorithm using signs and symptoms will be collected prior to both the groups who have received alerts HCRC", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: person. In addition, some mildly ill or potentially even asymptomatic patients may have a higher chance of spreading the disease to others as they may be less likely to seek medical care. 34 The possibility that patients may be infectious prior to symptom onset further compounds the difficulty of containing the virus and effectively preventing transmission." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine" ], [ "1b", "Passage: with the virus." ], [ "1c", "The identification of the high-risk cases can then be quarantined earlier, thus decreasing the chance of spread." ], [ "1d", "Table 1 is inserted here." ] ]

[ "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: have any mild symptoms and signs.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: with the virus. The identification of the high-risk cases can then be quarantined earlier, thus decreasing the chance of spread. Table 1 is inserted here.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: do doorto-door assessments and even testing for the virus. This generates alert for mobile health check recommendation for 2019-nCoV . If a respondent does not have an immediate risk of having symptoms or signs related to the viral infection, then the AI-based health alert will be sent to the respondent to notify them that there is no current risk of COVID-2019. Figure 1 summarizes the outcomes of data collection and identification of possible cases. The data recorded in step 5 of the algorithm using signs and symptoms will be collected prior to both the groups who have received alerts HCRC", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: person. In addition, some mildly ill or potentially even asymptomatic patients may have a higher chance of spreading the disease to others as they may be less likely to seek medical care. 34 The possibility that patients may be infectious prior to symptom onset further compounds the difficulty of containing the virus and effectively preventing transmission." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine" ], [ "2b", "Passage: do doorto-door assessments and even testing for the virus." ], [ "2c", "This generates alert for mobile health check recommendation for 2019-nCoV ." ], [ "2d", "If a respondent does not have an immediate risk of having symptoms or signs related to the viral infection, then the AI-based health alert will be sent to the respondent to notify them that there is no current risk of COVID-2019." ], [ "2e", "Figure 1 summarizes the outcomes of data collection and identification of possible cases." ], [ "2f", "The data recorded in step 5 of the algorithm using signs and symptoms will be collected prior to both the groups who have received alerts HCRC" ] ]

[ "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: have any mild symptoms and signs.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: with the virus. The identification of the high-risk cases can then be quarantined earlier, thus decreasing the chance of spread. Table 1 is inserted here.", "Title: Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are Under Quarantine\nPassage: do doorto-door assessments and even testing for the virus. This generates alert for mobile health check recommendation for 2019-nCoV . If a respondent does not have an immediate risk of having symptoms or signs related to the viral infection, then the AI-based health alert will be sent to the respondent to notify them that there is no current risk of COVID-2019. Figure 1 summarizes the outcomes of data collection and identification of possible cases. The data recorded in step 5 of the algorithm using signs and symptoms will be collected prior to both the groups who have received alerts HCRC", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: person. In addition, some mildly ill or potentially even asymptomatic patients may have a higher chance of spreading the disease to others as they may be less likely to seek medical care. 34 The possibility that patients may be infectious prior to symptom onset further compounds the difficulty of containing the virus and effectively preventing transmission." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus Passage: person." ], [ "3b", "In addition, some mildly ill or potentially even asymptomatic patients may have a higher chance of spreading the disease to others as they may be less likely to seek medical care." ], [ "3c", "34 The possibility that patients may be infectious prior to symptom onset further compounds the difficulty of containing the virus and effectively preventing transmission." ] ]

[ "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal\nPassage: Nasal swabs were collected in the mid-nasal region for influenza virus detection, which may have lowered the sensitivity of pertussis detection. In a field site, the acceptability of an additional nasopharyngeal swab would likely have increased the participant refusal rate. This would have decreased the generalizability of our results to the entire population. Although nasopharyngeal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates are the recommended specimen collection method , the nasopharyngeal region was established as the collection area of choice when the diagnostic measure was culture, which has low sensitivity. Recent data demonstrated the comparability of using mid-nasal versus nasopharyngeal swabs in PCR", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal\nPassage: swab is an attractive alternative for pertussis nasal swab collection, and further research is needed to compare this collection site with nasopharyngeal swabs. In the future, this method may enhance population-based surveillance efforts.", "Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Object surface sampling was performed within 2 days after the patients had moved into their rooms. The surfaces of the following items were swabbed in each patient's room: nursing call button, bed handrail, television remote control buttons, light switch, bathroom door knobs , and inner ward room door knob. After surface sampling, the swabs were immediately immersed in 2 mL phosphate-buffered saline and stored at À808C until analysis. Again, 10% of the blank samples were examined to detect the RNA or DNA of the viruses and M pneumoniae. A total of 406 swab samples were collected.", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Risk for Frontline Health Care Workers\nPassage: swabs were only taken when patients were symptomatic. Previously, virus isolation has been the gold standard for infl uenza detection but RT-PCR is now considered to be more sensitive and specifi c. A previous study by some of the current authors has shown that seroconversion occurs in 80%-90% of serum samples if they are tested a suffi cient time after infection . Nasal swabs are a relatively peripheral type of sample . If viral load is low in the nose, the sample may be insuffi cient as an antigenic stimulus to induce a detectable level of seroconversion in the serum." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Nasal swabs were collected in the mid-nasal region for influenza virus detection, which may have lowered the sensitivity of pertussis detection." ], [ "0c", "In a field site, the acceptability of an additional nasopharyngeal swab would likely have increased the participant refusal rate." ], [ "0d", "This would have decreased the generalizability of our results to the entire population." ], [ "0e", "Although nasopharyngeal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates are the recommended specimen collection method , the nasopharyngeal region was established as the collection area of choice when the diagnostic measure was culture, which has low sensitivity." ], [ "0f", "Recent data demonstrated the comparability of using mid-nasal versus nasopharyngeal swabs in PCR" ] ]

[ "0b", "0e", "0f", "1b" ]

[ "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal\nPassage: Nasal swabs were collected in the mid-nasal region for influenza virus detection, which may have lowered the sensitivity of pertussis detection. In a field site, the acceptability of an additional nasopharyngeal swab would likely have increased the participant refusal rate. This would have decreased the generalizability of our results to the entire population. Although nasopharyngeal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates are the recommended specimen collection method , the nasopharyngeal region was established as the collection area of choice when the diagnostic measure was culture, which has low sensitivity. Recent data demonstrated the comparability of using mid-nasal versus nasopharyngeal swabs in PCR", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal\nPassage: swab is an attractive alternative for pertussis nasal swab collection, and further research is needed to compare this collection site with nasopharyngeal swabs. In the future, this method may enhance population-based surveillance efforts.", "Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Object surface sampling was performed within 2 days after the patients had moved into their rooms. The surfaces of the following items were swabbed in each patient's room: nursing call button, bed handrail, television remote control buttons, light switch, bathroom door knobs , and inner ward room door knob. After surface sampling, the swabs were immediately immersed in 2 mL phosphate-buffered saline and stored at À808C until analysis. Again, 10% of the blank samples were examined to detect the RNA or DNA of the viruses and M pneumoniae. A total of 406 swab samples were collected.", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Risk for Frontline Health Care Workers\nPassage: swabs were only taken when patients were symptomatic. Previously, virus isolation has been the gold standard for infl uenza detection but RT-PCR is now considered to be more sensitive and specifi c. A previous study by some of the current authors has shown that seroconversion occurs in 80%-90% of serum samples if they are tested a suffi cient time after infection . Nasal swabs are a relatively peripheral type of sample . If viral load is low in the nose, the sample may be insuffi cient as an antigenic stimulus to induce a detectable level of seroconversion in the serum." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal" ], [ "1b", "Passage: swab is an attractive alternative for pertussis nasal swab collection, and further research is needed to compare this collection site with nasopharyngeal swabs." ], [ "1c", "In the future, this method may enhance population-based surveillance efforts." ] ]

[ "0b", "0e", "0f", "1b" ]

[ "Title: The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe?\nPassage: An expansive history of evidence has revealed the essential role of the host immune system in preventing viral infections . The initial sensing of an invading virus by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system induces the production of interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines as a part of the early host antiviral response phase. Afterwards, both the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell production of neutralizing antibodies ultimately mounts an effective and specific antiviral response for optimal viral clearance. However, despite the essential need for viral control and clearance, the intensity of the antiviral immune response must", "Title: An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation\nPassage: the lymphocyte immune response. Network analysis further suggests that Irf7 may play a regulatory role upstream of interferon transcription.", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: IFN-I were the first cytokines discovered, a little over 50 years ago, based on their direct, potent and broad antiviral activity . More generally, IFN-I are now known to play an essential role in the global orchestration of antiviral immunity, by linking innate and adaptive immunity through multiple immunoregulatory functions . For instance, IFN-I do not only play a crucial role in the control of the replication of many viruses, but they can also promote NK cell or CD8 T cell antiviral cytotoxic activity, either directly or through the licensing of accessory cells such as conventional dendritic cells . In", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: To promote health over disease, antimicrobial immunity must be tightly regulated to allow the mounting of effector responses of sufficient strength and adequate quality for the control of the invading pathogen, but to prevent the development of immunopathology as could result from exacerbated inflammation. This delicate balance can be achieved in part through negative feedback regulatory loops acting at the level of innate immune responses as discussed earlier for pDC activation. Immunoregulatory mechanisms are also in place to finely tune adaptive immune responses, and pDCs have been demonstrated to be able to contribute to this function. In response to EBV" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe?" ], [ "0b", "Passage: An expansive history of evidence has revealed the essential role of the host immune system in preventing viral infections ." ], [ "0c", "The initial sensing of an invading virus by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system induces the production of interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines as a part of the early host antiviral response phase." ], [ "0d", "Afterwards, both the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell production of neutralizing antibodies ultimately mounts an effective and specific antiviral response for optimal viral clearance." ], [ "0e", "However, despite the essential need for viral control and clearance, the intensity of the antiviral immune response must" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "2c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe?\nPassage: An expansive history of evidence has revealed the essential role of the host immune system in preventing viral infections . The initial sensing of an invading virus by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system induces the production of interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines as a part of the early host antiviral response phase. Afterwards, both the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell production of neutralizing antibodies ultimately mounts an effective and specific antiviral response for optimal viral clearance. However, despite the essential need for viral control and clearance, the intensity of the antiviral immune response must", "Title: An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation\nPassage: the lymphocyte immune response. Network analysis further suggests that Irf7 may play a regulatory role upstream of interferon transcription.", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: IFN-I were the first cytokines discovered, a little over 50 years ago, based on their direct, potent and broad antiviral activity . More generally, IFN-I are now known to play an essential role in the global orchestration of antiviral immunity, by linking innate and adaptive immunity through multiple immunoregulatory functions . For instance, IFN-I do not only play a crucial role in the control of the replication of many viruses, but they can also promote NK cell or CD8 T cell antiviral cytotoxic activity, either directly or through the licensing of accessory cells such as conventional dendritic cells . In", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: To promote health over disease, antimicrobial immunity must be tightly regulated to allow the mounting of effector responses of sufficient strength and adequate quality for the control of the invading pathogen, but to prevent the development of immunopathology as could result from exacerbated inflammation. This delicate balance can be achieved in part through negative feedback regulatory loops acting at the level of innate immune responses as discussed earlier for pDC activation. Immunoregulatory mechanisms are also in place to finely tune adaptive immune responses, and pDCs have been demonstrated to be able to contribute to this function. In response to EBV" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation" ], [ "1b", "Passage: the lymphocyte immune response." ], [ "1c", "Network analysis further suggests that Irf7 may play a regulatory role upstream of interferon transcription." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "2c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe?\nPassage: An expansive history of evidence has revealed the essential role of the host immune system in preventing viral infections . The initial sensing of an invading virus by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system induces the production of interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines as a part of the early host antiviral response phase. Afterwards, both the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell production of neutralizing antibodies ultimately mounts an effective and specific antiviral response for optimal viral clearance. However, despite the essential need for viral control and clearance, the intensity of the antiviral immune response must", "Title: An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation\nPassage: the lymphocyte immune response. Network analysis further suggests that Irf7 may play a regulatory role upstream of interferon transcription.", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: IFN-I were the first cytokines discovered, a little over 50 years ago, based on their direct, potent and broad antiviral activity . More generally, IFN-I are now known to play an essential role in the global orchestration of antiviral immunity, by linking innate and adaptive immunity through multiple immunoregulatory functions . For instance, IFN-I do not only play a crucial role in the control of the replication of many viruses, but they can also promote NK cell or CD8 T cell antiviral cytotoxic activity, either directly or through the licensing of accessory cells such as conventional dendritic cells . In", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: To promote health over disease, antimicrobial immunity must be tightly regulated to allow the mounting of effector responses of sufficient strength and adequate quality for the control of the invading pathogen, but to prevent the development of immunopathology as could result from exacerbated inflammation. This delicate balance can be achieved in part through negative feedback regulatory loops acting at the level of innate immune responses as discussed earlier for pDC activation. Immunoregulatory mechanisms are also in place to finely tune adaptive immune responses, and pDCs have been demonstrated to be able to contribute to this function. In response to EBV" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections" ], [ "2b", "Passage: IFN-I were the first cytokines discovered, a little over 50 years ago, based on their direct, potent and broad antiviral activity ." ], [ "2c", "More generally, IFN-I are now known to play an essential role in the global orchestration of antiviral immunity, by linking innate and adaptive immunity through multiple immunoregulatory functions ." ], [ "2d", "For instance, IFN-I do not only play a crucial role in the control of the replication of many viruses, but they can also promote NK cell or CD8 T cell antiviral cytotoxic activity, either directly or through the licensing of accessory cells such as conventional dendritic cells . In" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "2c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: The protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 in viral infections: friend or foe?\nPassage: An expansive history of evidence has revealed the essential role of the host immune system in preventing viral infections . The initial sensing of an invading virus by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system induces the production of interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines as a part of the early host antiviral response phase. Afterwards, both the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B-cell production of neutralizing antibodies ultimately mounts an effective and specific antiviral response for optimal viral clearance. However, despite the essential need for viral control and clearance, the intensity of the antiviral immune response must", "Title: An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation\nPassage: the lymphocyte immune response. Network analysis further suggests that Irf7 may play a regulatory role upstream of interferon transcription.", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: IFN-I were the first cytokines discovered, a little over 50 years ago, based on their direct, potent and broad antiviral activity . More generally, IFN-I are now known to play an essential role in the global orchestration of antiviral immunity, by linking innate and adaptive immunity through multiple immunoregulatory functions . For instance, IFN-I do not only play a crucial role in the control of the replication of many viruses, but they can also promote NK cell or CD8 T cell antiviral cytotoxic activity, either directly or through the licensing of accessory cells such as conventional dendritic cells . In", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections\nPassage: To promote health over disease, antimicrobial immunity must be tightly regulated to allow the mounting of effector responses of sufficient strength and adequate quality for the control of the invading pathogen, but to prevent the development of immunopathology as could result from exacerbated inflammation. This delicate balance can be achieved in part through negative feedback regulatory loops acting at the level of innate immune responses as discussed earlier for pDC activation. Immunoregulatory mechanisms are also in place to finely tune adaptive immune responses, and pDCs have been demonstrated to be able to contribute to this function. In response to EBV" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Control of Herpesvirus Infections" ], [ "3b", "Passage: To promote health over disease, antimicrobial immunity must be tightly regulated to allow the mounting of effector responses of sufficient strength and adequate quality for the control of the invading pathogen, but to prevent the development of immunopathology as could result from exacerbated inflammation." ], [ "3c", "This delicate balance can be achieved in part through negative feedback regulatory loops acting at the level of innate immune responses as discussed earlier for pDC activation." ], [ "3d", "Immunoregulatory mechanisms are also in place to finely tune adaptive immune responses, and pDCs have been demonstrated to be able to contribute to this function." ], [ "3e", "In response to EBV" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "2c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Testing Modeling Assumptions in the West Africa Ebola Outbreak\nPassage: model. However, we believe that newer data will confirm our initial conclusions.", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: more members. 139 Such model conclusions depend upon underlying assumptions about population susceptibility and transmission in heterogeneous circumstances. For example, using assumptions based on age-specific attack profiles from the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, Patel et al. obtained two very different estimates for the optimal proportional distribution by age group of a limited number of vaccine doses. 140", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Spicer and Lawrence modelled influenza in Greater London from 30 years of mortality data. Exposure to successive drift mutants was assumed to reduce the susceptible pool, which was replenished by births and the emergence of antigenically novel strains. 34 In a model for South-East Asia, Ferguson et al. assumed that 27% of rural households would be resistant to a novel strain of influenza as a result of recent contact with related antigens. 10 Other models 11, 35 or progression to disease given acquisition, 36, 37 to depend on age, indirectly incorporating immune protection. Longini et al. explicitly calculated the influence", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Model assumptions and predictions should be tested against as many real-world observations as possible to test the sensitivity of the model to different contexts. By valid-ating model outputs against multiple data sources, investigators can tease out which of the parameters determining disease spread are more likely to vary between contexts, and which are relatively constant. To encourage such work, and to make relevant data sets more easily accessible, we have developed an on-line publicly searchable archive , which includes rare historical documents from the 1889-1891 and 1918-1919 pandemics giving individual and group level data on influenza morbidity and mortality. By" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits?" ], [ "1b", "The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning" ], [ "1c", "Passage: more members." ], [ "1d", "139 Such model conclusions depend upon underlying assumptions about population susceptibility and transmission in heterogeneous circumstances." ], [ "1e", "For example, using assumptions based on age-specific attack profiles from the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, Patel et al. obtained two very different estimates for the optimal proportional distribution by age group of a limited number of vaccine doses. 140" ] ]

[ "1d", "1e", "2d", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Testing Modeling Assumptions in the West Africa Ebola Outbreak\nPassage: model. However, we believe that newer data will confirm our initial conclusions.", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: more members. 139 Such model conclusions depend upon underlying assumptions about population susceptibility and transmission in heterogeneous circumstances. For example, using assumptions based on age-specific attack profiles from the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, Patel et al. obtained two very different estimates for the optimal proportional distribution by age group of a limited number of vaccine doses. 140", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Spicer and Lawrence modelled influenza in Greater London from 30 years of mortality data. Exposure to successive drift mutants was assumed to reduce the susceptible pool, which was replenished by births and the emergence of antigenically novel strains. 34 In a model for South-East Asia, Ferguson et al. assumed that 27% of rural households would be resistant to a novel strain of influenza as a result of recent contact with related antigens. 10 Other models 11, 35 or progression to disease given acquisition, 36, 37 to depend on age, indirectly incorporating immune protection. Longini et al. explicitly calculated the influence", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Model assumptions and predictions should be tested against as many real-world observations as possible to test the sensitivity of the model to different contexts. By valid-ating model outputs against multiple data sources, investigators can tease out which of the parameters determining disease spread are more likely to vary between contexts, and which are relatively constant. To encourage such work, and to make relevant data sets more easily accessible, we have developed an on-line publicly searchable archive , which includes rare historical documents from the 1889-1891 and 1918-1919 pandemics giving individual and group level data on influenza morbidity and mortality. By" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits?" ], [ "2b", "The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning" ], [ "2c", "Passage: Spicer and Lawrence modelled influenza in Greater London from 30 years of mortality data." ], [ "2d", "Exposure to successive drift mutants was assumed to reduce the susceptible pool, which was replenished by births and the emergence of antigenically novel strains." ], [ "2e", "34 In a model for South-East Asia, Ferguson et al. assumed that 27% of rural households would be resistant to a novel strain of influenza as a result of recent contact with related antigens." ], [ "2f", "10 Other models 11, 35 or progression to disease given acquisition, 36, 37 to depend on age, indirectly incorporating immune protection." ], [ "2g", "Longini et al. explicitly calculated the influence" ] ]

[ "1d", "1e", "2d", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Testing Modeling Assumptions in the West Africa Ebola Outbreak\nPassage: model. However, we believe that newer data will confirm our initial conclusions.", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: more members. 139 Such model conclusions depend upon underlying assumptions about population susceptibility and transmission in heterogeneous circumstances. For example, using assumptions based on age-specific attack profiles from the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, Patel et al. obtained two very different estimates for the optimal proportional distribution by age group of a limited number of vaccine doses. 140", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Spicer and Lawrence modelled influenza in Greater London from 30 years of mortality data. Exposure to successive drift mutants was assumed to reduce the susceptible pool, which was replenished by births and the emergence of antigenically novel strains. 34 In a model for South-East Asia, Ferguson et al. assumed that 27% of rural households would be resistant to a novel strain of influenza as a result of recent contact with related antigens. 10 Other models 11, 35 or progression to disease given acquisition, 36, 37 to depend on age, indirectly incorporating immune protection. Longini et al. explicitly calculated the influence", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning\nPassage: Model assumptions and predictions should be tested against as many real-world observations as possible to test the sensitivity of the model to different contexts. By valid-ating model outputs against multiple data sources, investigators can tease out which of the parameters determining disease spread are more likely to vary between contexts, and which are relatively constant. To encourage such work, and to make relevant data sets more easily accessible, we have developed an on-line publicly searchable archive , which includes rare historical documents from the 1889-1891 and 1918-1919 pandemics giving individual and group level data on influenza morbidity and mortality. By" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Model answers or trivial pursuits?" ], [ "3b", "The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning" ], [ "3c", "Passage: Model assumptions and predictions should be tested against as many real-world observations as possible to test the sensitivity of the model to different contexts." ], [ "3d", "By valid-ating model outputs against multiple data sources, investigators can tease out which of the parameters determining disease spread are more likely to vary between contexts, and which are relatively constant." ], [ "3e", "To encourage such work, and to make relevant data sets more easily accessible, we have developed an on-line publicly searchable archive , which includes rare historical documents from the 1889-1891 and 1918-1919 pandemics giving individual and group level data on influenza morbidity and mortality. By" ] ]

[ "1d", "1e", "2d", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: We next examined the protein-binding properties of hnRNP A1DC. Since hnRNP A1 has been shown to interact with the N protein, which also participates in MHV RNA synthesis , we ®rst determined whether the dominantnegative mutant of hnRNP A1 retained the ability to interact with the N protein in vitro. GST pull-down assay using various truncation mutants of hnRNP A1 showed that the N protein bound the N-terminal domain of hnRNP A1 ; thus, the binding of hnRNP A1DC ] to the N protein was not affected. We next examined the in vivo interaction of the wt and mutant hnRNP", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: of differences were observed for the N protein in these three cell lines. Actin levels in different cell lines remained relatively constant throughout the infection, except that, in DBT-A1 cells, actin was not detected at 16 and 24 h p.i. due to the loss of the dead cells . These results clearly demonstrated that overexpression of the wt hnRNP A1 accelerated viral protein production, whereas expression of the mutant hnRNP A1 delayed it. We also performed immuno¯uorescent staining of the N protein at 7 h p.i. to further con®rm the western blot results. As represented by images shown in Figure", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: 4B , there were more DBT-A1 cells stained positive for the N protein than DBT-VEC cells. Very few cells were found to express the N protein in DBT-A1DC cells. The p22 and N proteins appeared as doublets in some of the lanes of Figure 4A , but the results varied from experiment to experiment. The N protein is known to be phosphorylated . Whether p22 is post-translationally modi®ed is not known. Figure 5A ). DBT-A1 cells showed a signi®cantly higher level of uridine incorporation, which peaked at~8 h p.i. DBT-A1DC cells did not show any detectable level of incorporation of", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: GST pull-down assay GST pull-down was performed as described previously . In brief, GST±hnRNP A1 fusion proteins on glutathione beads were incubated with the in vitro translated, 35 S-labeled N protein in 0.3 ml of GST-binding buffer containing 0.1% NP-40 for 2 h at 4°C. The beads were washed ®ve times with the GST-binding buffer containing 0.3% NP-40. Proteins bound to beads were eluted by boiling in Laemmli buffer for 5 min and separated on a 10% polyacrylamide gel." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus" ], [ "0b", "Passage: We next examined the protein-binding properties of hnRNP A1DC." ], [ "0c", "Since hnRNP A1 has been shown to interact with the N protein, which also participates in MHV RNA synthesis , we ®rst determined whether the dominantnegative mutant of hnRNP A1 retained the ability to interact with the N protein in vitro." ], [ "0d", "GST pull-down assay using various truncation mutants of hnRNP A1 showed that the N protein bound the N-terminal domain of hnRNP A1 ; thus, the binding of hnRNP A1DC ] to the N protein was not affected." ], [ "0e", "We next examined the in vivo interaction of the wt and mutant hnRNP" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: We next examined the protein-binding properties of hnRNP A1DC. Since hnRNP A1 has been shown to interact with the N protein, which also participates in MHV RNA synthesis , we ®rst determined whether the dominantnegative mutant of hnRNP A1 retained the ability to interact with the N protein in vitro. GST pull-down assay using various truncation mutants of hnRNP A1 showed that the N protein bound the N-terminal domain of hnRNP A1 ; thus, the binding of hnRNP A1DC ] to the N protein was not affected. We next examined the in vivo interaction of the wt and mutant hnRNP", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: of differences were observed for the N protein in these three cell lines. Actin levels in different cell lines remained relatively constant throughout the infection, except that, in DBT-A1 cells, actin was not detected at 16 and 24 h p.i. due to the loss of the dead cells . These results clearly demonstrated that overexpression of the wt hnRNP A1 accelerated viral protein production, whereas expression of the mutant hnRNP A1 delayed it. We also performed immuno¯uorescent staining of the N protein at 7 h p.i. to further con®rm the western blot results. As represented by images shown in Figure", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: 4B , there were more DBT-A1 cells stained positive for the N protein than DBT-VEC cells. Very few cells were found to express the N protein in DBT-A1DC cells. The p22 and N proteins appeared as doublets in some of the lanes of Figure 4A , but the results varied from experiment to experiment. The N protein is known to be phosphorylated . Whether p22 is post-translationally modi®ed is not known. Figure 5A ). DBT-A1 cells showed a signi®cantly higher level of uridine incorporation, which peaked at~8 h p.i. DBT-A1DC cells did not show any detectable level of incorporation of", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: GST pull-down assay GST pull-down was performed as described previously . In brief, GST±hnRNP A1 fusion proteins on glutathione beads were incubated with the in vitro translated, 35 S-labeled N protein in 0.3 ml of GST-binding buffer containing 0.1% NP-40 for 2 h at 4°C. The beads were washed ®ve times with the GST-binding buffer containing 0.3% NP-40. Proteins bound to beads were eluted by boiling in Laemmli buffer for 5 min and separated on a 10% polyacrylamide gel." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus" ], [ "1b", "Passage: of differences were observed for the N protein in these three cell lines." ], [ "1c", "Actin levels in different cell lines remained relatively constant throughout the infection, except that, in DBT-A1 cells, actin was not detected at 16 and 24 h p.i." ], [ "1d", "due to the loss of the dead cells ." ], [ "1e", "These results clearly demonstrated that overexpression of the wt hnRNP A1 accelerated viral protein production, whereas expression of the mutant hnRNP A1 delayed it." ], [ "1f", "We also performed immuno¯uorescent staining of the N protein at 7 h p.i." ], [ "1g", "to further con®rm the western blot results." ], [ "1h", "As represented by images shown in Figure" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: We next examined the protein-binding properties of hnRNP A1DC. Since hnRNP A1 has been shown to interact with the N protein, which also participates in MHV RNA synthesis , we ®rst determined whether the dominantnegative mutant of hnRNP A1 retained the ability to interact with the N protein in vitro. GST pull-down assay using various truncation mutants of hnRNP A1 showed that the N protein bound the N-terminal domain of hnRNP A1 ; thus, the binding of hnRNP A1DC ] to the N protein was not affected. We next examined the in vivo interaction of the wt and mutant hnRNP", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: of differences were observed for the N protein in these three cell lines. Actin levels in different cell lines remained relatively constant throughout the infection, except that, in DBT-A1 cells, actin was not detected at 16 and 24 h p.i. due to the loss of the dead cells . These results clearly demonstrated that overexpression of the wt hnRNP A1 accelerated viral protein production, whereas expression of the mutant hnRNP A1 delayed it. We also performed immuno¯uorescent staining of the N protein at 7 h p.i. to further con®rm the western blot results. As represented by images shown in Figure", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: 4B , there were more DBT-A1 cells stained positive for the N protein than DBT-VEC cells. Very few cells were found to express the N protein in DBT-A1DC cells. The p22 and N proteins appeared as doublets in some of the lanes of Figure 4A , but the results varied from experiment to experiment. The N protein is known to be phosphorylated . Whether p22 is post-translationally modi®ed is not known. Figure 5A ). DBT-A1 cells showed a signi®cantly higher level of uridine incorporation, which peaked at~8 h p.i. DBT-A1DC cells did not show any detectable level of incorporation of", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus\nPassage: GST pull-down assay GST pull-down was performed as described previously . In brief, GST±hnRNP A1 fusion proteins on glutathione beads were incubated with the in vitro translated, 35 S-labeled N protein in 0.3 ml of GST-binding buffer containing 0.1% NP-40 for 2 h at 4°C. The beads were washed ®ve times with the GST-binding buffer containing 0.3% NP-40. Proteins bound to beads were eluted by boiling in Laemmli buffer for 5 min and separated on a 10% polyacrylamide gel." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 regulates RNA synthesis of a cytoplasmic virus" ], [ "2b", "Passage: 4B , there were more DBT-A1 cells stained positive for the N protein than DBT-VEC cells." ], [ "2c", "Very few cells were found to express the N protein in DBT-A1DC cells." ], [ "2d", "The p22 and N proteins appeared as doublets in some of the lanes of Figure 4A , but the results varied from experiment to experiment." ], [ "2e", "The N protein is known to be phosphorylated ." ], [ "2f", "Whether p22 is post-translationally modi®ed is not known." ], [ "2g", "Figure 5A )." ], [ "2h", "DBT-A1 cells showed a signi®cantly higher level of uridine incorporation, which peaked at~8 h p.i." ], [ "2i", "DBT-A1DC cells did not show any detectable level of incorporation of" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: Researches showed that the R 0 of severe acute respiratory syndrome was about 2.7-3.4 or 2-4 in Hong Kong, China . Another research found that the R 0 of SARS was about 2.1 in Hong Kong, China, 2.7 in Singapore, and 3.8 in Beijing, China . Therefore, we believe that the commonly acceptable average value of the R 0 of SARS might be 2.9 . The transmissibility of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is much lower than SARS. The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about", "Title: Reporting errors in infectious disease outbreaks, with an application to Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1\nPassage: report the value for R 0 from this analysis. The median of the estimates over the 1000 simulated datasets is shown for each scenario along with the interquartile range of estimates obtained.", "Title: Early real-time estimation of the basic reproduction number of emerging or reemerging infectious diseases in a community with heterogeneous contact pattern: Using data from Hong Kong 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza as an illustrative example\nPassage: Similar to assumptions in , we defined the value of λ r as 0.25, an arbitrary value for generating synthetic incidence data. Six known values of R 0 are 2.05, 2.58, 3.12 1.51, 1.52 and 1.53, respectively. In Fig 1A, we show that model B with age structure yields a better estimate of R 0 and converges at the true value more quickly in the early phase of the epidemic over non-age-structured model A . Between day 9 and day 15, the estimated R 0 values fluctuate~0.4% around the true value. Between day 0 and day 15, less than 100", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries . However, MERS had a high transmissibility in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea with the R 0 of 2.5-7.2 . Therefore, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 might be higher than MERS in the Middle East countries, similar to SARS, but lower than MERS transmitted in the Republic of Korea." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Researches showed that the R 0 of severe acute respiratory syndrome was about 2.7-3.4 or 2-4 in Hong Kong, China ." ], [ "0c", "Another research found that the R 0 of SARS was about 2.1 in Hong Kong, China, 2.7 in Singapore, and 3.8 in Beijing, China ." ], [ "0d", "Therefore, we believe that the commonly acceptable average value of the R 0 of SARS might be 2.9 ." ], [ "0e", "The transmissibility of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is much lower than SARS." ], [ "0f", "The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about" ] ]

[ "0e", "0f", "3c" ]

[ "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: Researches showed that the R 0 of severe acute respiratory syndrome was about 2.7-3.4 or 2-4 in Hong Kong, China . Another research found that the R 0 of SARS was about 2.1 in Hong Kong, China, 2.7 in Singapore, and 3.8 in Beijing, China . Therefore, we believe that the commonly acceptable average value of the R 0 of SARS might be 2.9 . The transmissibility of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is much lower than SARS. The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about", "Title: Reporting errors in infectious disease outbreaks, with an application to Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1\nPassage: report the value for R 0 from this analysis. The median of the estimates over the 1000 simulated datasets is shown for each scenario along with the interquartile range of estimates obtained.", "Title: Early real-time estimation of the basic reproduction number of emerging or reemerging infectious diseases in a community with heterogeneous contact pattern: Using data from Hong Kong 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza as an illustrative example\nPassage: Similar to assumptions in , we defined the value of λ r as 0.25, an arbitrary value for generating synthetic incidence data. Six known values of R 0 are 2.05, 2.58, 3.12 1.51, 1.52 and 1.53, respectively. In Fig 1A, we show that model B with age structure yields a better estimate of R 0 and converges at the true value more quickly in the early phase of the epidemic over non-age-structured model A . Between day 9 and day 15, the estimated R 0 values fluctuate~0.4% around the true value. Between day 0 and day 15, less than 100", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries . However, MERS had a high transmissibility in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea with the R 0 of 2.5-7.2 . Therefore, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 might be higher than MERS in the Middle East countries, similar to SARS, but lower than MERS transmitted in the Republic of Korea." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus" ], [ "3b", "Passage: 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries ." ], [ "3c", "However, MERS had a high transmissibility in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea with the R 0 of 2.5-7.2 ." ], [ "3d", "Therefore, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 might be higher than MERS in the Middle East countries, similar to SARS, but lower than MERS transmitted in the Republic of Korea." ] ]

[ "0e", "0f", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Markers of exacerbation severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\nPassage: We were also aware that the clinical studies we analysed differed with respect to which comorbidities or identifiable causes for exacerbations were reported. Most patients were elderly and therefore were more likely to be suffering from one or more co-existing diseases such as asthma or cardiovascular disease. Such co-morbidity makes interpretation of our findings more difficult with respect to the true causes of exacerbations. If their aetiology could be determined, then susceptible patients such as those in Level I could be identified and new treatments developed to help prevent their onset and related hospital costs.", "Title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations\nPassage: In general, COPD patients tend to experience frequent exacerbations. Of these, the most frequent are those of infectious origin, with bacteria and viruses being the most prevalent etiological agents, with 50%-70% and 30%, respectively. 37 The clinical manifestations present during exacerbations are a consequence of the action of the virus/bacteria and of the immune response against the pathogen that assembles the host. 38 Bacteria Previously, the lungs were believed to be a sterile area, free of microorganisms. 39 However, recent studies have shown that this is not entirely true and that the lungs contain, depending on the disease or stage", "Title: Markers of exacerbation severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\nPassage: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease characterized by an airflow limitation and inflammation of the lower airways . As the disease worsens, some patients experience 'exacerbations' of their principal symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and sputum. These exacerbations frequently result in a visit to a general practitioner's office or to a local hospital for treatment. Exacerbations occur in COPD patients at a median of three times a year with half of them being unreported . The heterogeneity of COPD exacerbations make them difficult to define, classify and manage due to their range of symptoms, varied treatment requirements, seasonal occurrence," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "0b", "Passage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease ." ], [ "0c", "These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide." ], [ "0d", "However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers." ], [ "0e", "Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway ." ], [ "0f", "These agents elicit" ] ]

[ "0e", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Markers of exacerbation severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\nPassage: We were also aware that the clinical studies we analysed differed with respect to which comorbidities or identifiable causes for exacerbations were reported. Most patients were elderly and therefore were more likely to be suffering from one or more co-existing diseases such as asthma or cardiovascular disease. Such co-morbidity makes interpretation of our findings more difficult with respect to the true causes of exacerbations. If their aetiology could be determined, then susceptible patients such as those in Level I could be identified and new treatments developed to help prevent their onset and related hospital costs.", "Title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations\nPassage: In general, COPD patients tend to experience frequent exacerbations. Of these, the most frequent are those of infectious origin, with bacteria and viruses being the most prevalent etiological agents, with 50%-70% and 30%, respectively. 37 The clinical manifestations present during exacerbations are a consequence of the action of the virus/bacteria and of the immune response against the pathogen that assembles the host. 38 Bacteria Previously, the lungs were believed to be a sterile area, free of microorganisms. 39 However, recent studies have shown that this is not entirely true and that the lungs contain, depending on the disease or stage", "Title: Markers of exacerbation severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\nPassage: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease characterized by an airflow limitation and inflammation of the lower airways . As the disease worsens, some patients experience 'exacerbations' of their principal symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and sputum. These exacerbations frequently result in a visit to a general practitioner's office or to a local hospital for treatment. Exacerbations occur in COPD patients at a median of three times a year with half of them being unreported . The heterogeneity of COPD exacerbations make them difficult to define, classify and manage due to their range of symptoms, varied treatment requirements, seasonal occurrence," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations" ], [ "2b", "Passage: In general, COPD patients tend to experience frequent exacerbations." ], [ "2c", "Of these, the most frequent are those of infectious origin, with bacteria and viruses being the most prevalent etiological agents, with 50%-70% and 30%, respectively." ], [ "2d", "37 The clinical manifestations present during exacerbations are a consequence of the action of the virus/bacteria and of the immune response against the pathogen that assembles the host." ], [ "2e", "38 Bacteria Previously, the lungs were believed to be a sterile area, free of microorganisms." ], [ "2f", "39 However, recent studies have shown that this is not entirely true and that the lungs contain, depending on the disease or stage" ] ]

[ "0e", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely connected", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Text: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task." ], [ "0c", "Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs ." ], [ "0d", "The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date ." ], [ "0e", "RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections ." ], [ "0f", "This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely connected" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely connected", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Text: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo" ], [ "1b", "Passage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry." ], [ "1c", "In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses ." ], [ "1d", "This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population." ], [ "1e", "This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission." ], [ "1f", "This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely connected", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Text: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo" ], [ "2b", "Passage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry." ], [ "2c", "In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses ." ], [ "2d", "This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population." ], [ "2e", "This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission." ], [ "2f", "This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely connected", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: rVSV vectors can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry. In addition to combinations of replication-competent forms of VSV, the replication-incompetent, monosynaptic forms of the virus can be easily combined, without the need to change viruses . This allows a straightforward way to study both the projections into, and out from, a genetically defined cell population. This can be done with the same viral genome, with the only change needed being the glycoprotein, for the selection of the direction of transmission. This flexibility of VSV makes it a powerful, multi-application vector for studying connectivity in the CNS.", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo\nPassage: Text: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task. Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs . The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date . RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections . This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Text: Mapping neuronal connectivity in the central nervous system of even simple organisms is a difficult task." ], [ "3c", "Recombinant viruses engineered to trace synaptic connections and express transgenes promise to enable higher-throughput mapping of connections among neurons than other methods, e.g., serial reconstruction from electron micrographs ." ], [ "3d", "The Pseudorabies and Rabies viruses have been the best characterized and most utilized circuit tracing viruses to date ." ], [ "3e", "RABV was recently modified by Wickersham and colleagues such that it can travel across only one synapse, allowing for a straightforward definition of monosynaptic connections ." ], [ "3f", "This strategy permitted the first unambiguous identification of retrogradely" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Human mobility and the worldwide impact of intentional localized highly pathogenic virus release\nPassage: European countries adhere to a practice that ranks administrative divisions in terms of geocoding for statistical purposes, the so called Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics . Most countries in the European Union are partitioned into three NUTS levels which usually range from states to provinces. The commuting data at this level of resolution is therefore strongly coarse-grained. In order to have a higher geographical resolution of the commuting datasets that could match the resolution scale of our geographical census areas, we looked for smaller local administrative units in Europe. The US or Canada report commuting at the level of", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: However, the self/other divide can be used to facilitate preparing . By considering whether something can be done to assist those more vulnerable, people are more likely to also consider what they can do for themselves.", "Title: Age groups and spread of influenza: implications for vaccination strategy\nPassage: Finally, as the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recently made its recommendations for priorities in vaccination for the H1N1 pandemic in terms of the social groups , health groups , and age groups , the model also can be used to divide population into social/health groups. For example, to study vaccine policy for the elderly, we could divide the elderly into those living in households and those living in old age homes, since they mix differently in these two distinct settings. The model is also useful for simulations of the cost-effectiveness of vaccine and other intervention measures, such as", "Title: Digitizable therapeutics for decentralized mitigation of global pandemics\nPassage: We now consider drug distribution, which divides the population into two separate groups, the treated population, who received the drug Q, and the untreated population who have not yet acquired it. This leads to six distinct states, characterizing each node's population:" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Human mobility and the worldwide impact of intentional localized highly pathogenic virus release" ], [ "0b", "Passage: European countries adhere to a practice that ranks administrative divisions in terms of geocoding for statistical purposes, the so called Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ." ], [ "0c", "Most countries in the European Union are partitioned into three NUTS levels which usually range from states to provinces." ], [ "0d", "The commuting data at this level of resolution is therefore strongly coarse-grained." ], [ "0e", "In order to have a higher geographical resolution of the commuting datasets that could match the resolution scale of our geographical census areas, we looked for smaller local administrative units in Europe." ], [ "0f", "The US or Canada report commuting at the level of" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Human mobility and the worldwide impact of intentional localized highly pathogenic virus release\nPassage: European countries adhere to a practice that ranks administrative divisions in terms of geocoding for statistical purposes, the so called Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics . Most countries in the European Union are partitioned into three NUTS levels which usually range from states to provinces. The commuting data at this level of resolution is therefore strongly coarse-grained. In order to have a higher geographical resolution of the commuting datasets that could match the resolution scale of our geographical census areas, we looked for smaller local administrative units in Europe. The US or Canada report commuting at the level of", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: However, the self/other divide can be used to facilitate preparing . By considering whether something can be done to assist those more vulnerable, people are more likely to also consider what they can do for themselves.", "Title: Age groups and spread of influenza: implications for vaccination strategy\nPassage: Finally, as the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recently made its recommendations for priorities in vaccination for the H1N1 pandemic in terms of the social groups , health groups , and age groups , the model also can be used to divide population into social/health groups. For example, to study vaccine policy for the elderly, we could divide the elderly into those living in households and those living in old age homes, since they mix differently in these two distinct settings. The model is also useful for simulations of the cost-effectiveness of vaccine and other intervention measures, such as", "Title: Digitizable therapeutics for decentralized mitigation of global pandemics\nPassage: We now consider drug distribution, which divides the population into two separate groups, the treated population, who received the drug Q, and the untreated population who have not yet acquired it. This leads to six distinct states, characterizing each node's population:" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Age groups and spread of influenza: implications for vaccination strategy" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Finally, as the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recently made its recommendations for priorities in vaccination for the H1N1 pandemic in terms of the social groups , health groups , and age groups , the model also can be used to divide population into social/health groups." ], [ "2c", "For example, to study vaccine policy for the elderly, we could divide the elderly into those living in households and those living in old age homes, since they mix differently in these two distinct settings." ], [ "2d", "The model is also useful for simulations of the cost-effectiveness of vaccine and other intervention measures, such as" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Human mobility and the worldwide impact of intentional localized highly pathogenic virus release\nPassage: European countries adhere to a practice that ranks administrative divisions in terms of geocoding for statistical purposes, the so called Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics . Most countries in the European Union are partitioned into three NUTS levels which usually range from states to provinces. The commuting data at this level of resolution is therefore strongly coarse-grained. In order to have a higher geographical resolution of the commuting datasets that could match the resolution scale of our geographical census areas, we looked for smaller local administrative units in Europe. The US or Canada report commuting at the level of", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: However, the self/other divide can be used to facilitate preparing . By considering whether something can be done to assist those more vulnerable, people are more likely to also consider what they can do for themselves.", "Title: Age groups and spread of influenza: implications for vaccination strategy\nPassage: Finally, as the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recently made its recommendations for priorities in vaccination for the H1N1 pandemic in terms of the social groups , health groups , and age groups , the model also can be used to divide population into social/health groups. For example, to study vaccine policy for the elderly, we could divide the elderly into those living in households and those living in old age homes, since they mix differently in these two distinct settings. The model is also useful for simulations of the cost-effectiveness of vaccine and other intervention measures, such as", "Title: Digitizable therapeutics for decentralized mitigation of global pandemics\nPassage: We now consider drug distribution, which divides the population into two separate groups, the treated population, who received the drug Q, and the untreated population who have not yet acquired it. This leads to six distinct states, characterizing each node's population:" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Digitizable therapeutics for decentralized mitigation of global pandemics" ], [ "3b", "Passage: We now consider drug distribution, which divides the population into two separate groups, the treated population, who received the drug Q, and the untreated population who have not yet acquired it." ], [ "3c", "This leads to six distinct states, characterizing each node's population:" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: and oncology, MALDI-TOF in the clinical microbiology laboratory, and a variety of mass spectroscopy-based methods in clinical chemistry now allow precise and rapid testing with demonstrated improvements in patient care. It is often thought that when \"laboratory tests\" are done to reach a diagnosis, they are done with a kit or on a machine, but in fact, most are procedures done with the direct involvement of a laboratory professional or physician. Laboratory tests are generally not fully encompassed by a \"test kit\" but often start with the pathologist examining the tissue section, bone marrow aspirate, or gram stain and determining", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: The laboratory must have available detailed SOP, training materials and checklists for each technique performed in the laboratory. Respect to this fact, it would be very important to have a technical expert to provide a reference person in order to apply this methodology in the clinical laboratory. Laboratory-developed tests require that the technical resources to resolve problems related to the assay are available within the laboratory.", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: done by means several techniques .", "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: According the Genetic Test Registry, over 50 laboratories in the United States offer testing for FX . Currently, all FX testing is performed as LDPs: No FDA-cleared assay is available. PCR primers and Southern blot reagents are available commercially as analyte-specific reagents or as investigational use only. Clinical laboratories use these commercial reagents, or design primers or probes, combine them internally to develop the assay and establish performance characteristics. The ACMG has published standards and guidelines for clinical laboratories that perform this test. 98 Reference materials to standardize sizing were developed through the Genetic Testing Reference Material program 99 sponsored" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care" ], [ "0b", "Passage: and oncology, MALDI-TOF in the clinical microbiology laboratory, and a variety of mass spectroscopy-based methods in clinical chemistry now allow precise and rapid testing with demonstrated improvements in patient care." ], [ "0c", "It is often thought that when \"laboratory tests\" are done to reach a diagnosis, they are done with a kit or on a machine, but in fact, most are procedures done with the direct involvement of a laboratory professional or physician." ], [ "0d", "Laboratory tests are generally not fully encompassed by a \"test kit\" but often start with the pathologist examining the tissue section, bone marrow aspirate, or gram stain and determining" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: and oncology, MALDI-TOF in the clinical microbiology laboratory, and a variety of mass spectroscopy-based methods in clinical chemistry now allow precise and rapid testing with demonstrated improvements in patient care. It is often thought that when \"laboratory tests\" are done to reach a diagnosis, they are done with a kit or on a machine, but in fact, most are procedures done with the direct involvement of a laboratory professional or physician. Laboratory tests are generally not fully encompassed by a \"test kit\" but often start with the pathologist examining the tissue section, bone marrow aspirate, or gram stain and determining", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: The laboratory must have available detailed SOP, training materials and checklists for each technique performed in the laboratory. Respect to this fact, it would be very important to have a technical expert to provide a reference person in order to apply this methodology in the clinical laboratory. Laboratory-developed tests require that the technical resources to resolve problems related to the assay are available within the laboratory.", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: done by means several techniques .", "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: According the Genetic Test Registry, over 50 laboratories in the United States offer testing for FX . Currently, all FX testing is performed as LDPs: No FDA-cleared assay is available. PCR primers and Southern blot reagents are available commercially as analyte-specific reagents or as investigational use only. Clinical laboratories use these commercial reagents, or design primers or probes, combine them internally to develop the assay and establish performance characteristics. The ACMG has published standards and guidelines for clinical laboratories that perform this test. 98 Reference materials to standardize sizing were developed through the Genetic Testing Reference Material program 99 sponsored" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The laboratory must have available detailed SOP, training materials and checklists for each technique performed in the laboratory." ], [ "1c", "Respect to this fact, it would be very important to have a technical expert to provide a reference person in order to apply this methodology in the clinical laboratory." ], [ "1d", "Laboratory-developed tests require that the technical resources to resolve problems related to the assay are available within the laboratory." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: and oncology, MALDI-TOF in the clinical microbiology laboratory, and a variety of mass spectroscopy-based methods in clinical chemistry now allow precise and rapid testing with demonstrated improvements in patient care. It is often thought that when \"laboratory tests\" are done to reach a diagnosis, they are done with a kit or on a machine, but in fact, most are procedures done with the direct involvement of a laboratory professional or physician. Laboratory tests are generally not fully encompassed by a \"test kit\" but often start with the pathologist examining the tissue section, bone marrow aspirate, or gram stain and determining", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: The laboratory must have available detailed SOP, training materials and checklists for each technique performed in the laboratory. Respect to this fact, it would be very important to have a technical expert to provide a reference person in order to apply this methodology in the clinical laboratory. Laboratory-developed tests require that the technical resources to resolve problems related to the assay are available within the laboratory.", "Title: Application of Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for Viral Testing\nPassage: done by means several techniques .", "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care\nPassage: According the Genetic Test Registry, over 50 laboratories in the United States offer testing for FX . Currently, all FX testing is performed as LDPs: No FDA-cleared assay is available. PCR primers and Southern blot reagents are available commercially as analyte-specific reagents or as investigational use only. Clinical laboratories use these commercial reagents, or design primers or probes, combine them internally to develop the assay and establish performance characteristics. The ACMG has published standards and guidelines for clinical laboratories that perform this test. 98 Reference materials to standardize sizing were developed through the Genetic Testing Reference Material program 99 sponsored" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The Case for Laboratory Developed Procedures: Quality and Positive Impact on Patient Care" ], [ "3b", "Passage: According the Genetic Test Registry, over 50 laboratories in the United States offer testing for FX ." ], [ "3c", "Currently, all FX testing is performed as LDPs: No FDA-cleared assay is available." ], [ "3d", "PCR primers and Southern blot reagents are available commercially as analyte-specific reagents or as investigational use only." ], [ "3e", "Clinical laboratories use these commercial reagents, or design primers or probes, combine them internally to develop the assay and establish performance characteristics." ], [ "3f", "The ACMG has published standards and guidelines for clinical laboratories that perform this test." ], [ "3g", "98 Reference materials to standardize sizing were developed through the Genetic Testing Reference Material program 99 sponsored" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: MHV-3 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. In inbred laboratory mice, the virus produces strain-dependent disease profiles that depend on the infection route, age, genetic background, and immune status of the host. For example, Balb/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice develop acute fulminant hepatitis, while C3H mice develop a mild chronic disease and mice of the A strain exhibit no evidence of hepatitis . In contrast to the resistant A strain mice, FH induced by MHV-3 in susceptible mice is characterized by the presence of sinusoidal thrombosis and hepatocellular necrosis . These pathological findings occur", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: of PD-1deficient liver post-MHV-3 infection, indicating that the PD-1 signal can inhibit IFN-c secretion from NK cells under such condition. Conversely, injection of a the combination of anti-IFNc and anti-TNF-a blocking mAbs was able to successfully inhibit fgl2 mRNA transcription and protein expression, resulting in reduced tissue damage and significantly protecting against MHV-3-mediated mortality in these mice. These results demonstrated that up-regulation of FGL2 in PD-1-deficient mice after MHV-3 infection was controlled, at least partially, by IFN-c and TNF-a.", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: MHV-3 was kindly provided by Prof. Q. Ning . The virus was plaque-purified and then expanded in murine L2 cells. Virus-containing supernatants were collected and stored at -80uC until use. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 PFU/mouse in a total volume of 200 ml. In some experiments, PD-1-deficient mice were infected with MHV-3 and simultaneously treated with a infection was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Blue color indicates nuclear DAPI staining. Scale bar = 20 mm. Magnification 6200. NS: not significant different. *p,0.05, ** p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001347.g004 combination injection of anti-IFN-c and anti-TNF-a mAbs, tissues were isolated for hematoxylin and eosin staining to", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: In conclusion, we have determined that PD-1 signaling can limit the immunopathological damage induced by MHV-3 infection in a mouse FH model. Our results suggest that enhancing the PD-1 signal by an immunotherapeutic approach might be a useful treatment for FH." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection" ], [ "1b", "Passage: of PD-1deficient liver post-MHV-3 infection, indicating that the PD-1 signal can inhibit IFN-c secretion from NK cells under such condition." ], [ "1c", "Conversely, injection of a the combination of anti-IFNc and anti-TNF-a blocking mAbs was able to successfully inhibit fgl2 mRNA transcription and protein expression, resulting in reduced tissue damage and significantly protecting against MHV-3-mediated mortality in these mice." ], [ "1d", "These results demonstrated that up-regulation of FGL2 in PD-1-deficient mice after MHV-3 infection was controlled, at least partially, by IFN-c and TNF-a." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: MHV-3 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. In inbred laboratory mice, the virus produces strain-dependent disease profiles that depend on the infection route, age, genetic background, and immune status of the host. For example, Balb/c, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice develop acute fulminant hepatitis, while C3H mice develop a mild chronic disease and mice of the A strain exhibit no evidence of hepatitis . In contrast to the resistant A strain mice, FH induced by MHV-3 in susceptible mice is characterized by the presence of sinusoidal thrombosis and hepatocellular necrosis . These pathological findings occur", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: of PD-1deficient liver post-MHV-3 infection, indicating that the PD-1 signal can inhibit IFN-c secretion from NK cells under such condition. Conversely, injection of a the combination of anti-IFNc and anti-TNF-a blocking mAbs was able to successfully inhibit fgl2 mRNA transcription and protein expression, resulting in reduced tissue damage and significantly protecting against MHV-3-mediated mortality in these mice. These results demonstrated that up-regulation of FGL2 in PD-1-deficient mice after MHV-3 infection was controlled, at least partially, by IFN-c and TNF-a.", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: MHV-3 was kindly provided by Prof. Q. Ning . The virus was plaque-purified and then expanded in murine L2 cells. Virus-containing supernatants were collected and stored at -80uC until use. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 PFU/mouse in a total volume of 200 ml. In some experiments, PD-1-deficient mice were infected with MHV-3 and simultaneously treated with a infection was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Blue color indicates nuclear DAPI staining. Scale bar = 20 mm. Magnification 6200. NS: not significant different. *p,0.05, ** p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001347.g004 combination injection of anti-IFN-c and anti-TNF-a mAbs, tissues were isolated for hematoxylin and eosin staining to", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection\nPassage: In conclusion, we have determined that PD-1 signaling can limit the immunopathological damage induced by MHV-3 infection in a mouse FH model. Our results suggest that enhancing the PD-1 signal by an immunotherapeutic approach might be a useful treatment for FH." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Programmed Death (PD)-1-Deficient Mice Are Extremely Sensitive to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection" ], [ "3b", "Passage: In conclusion, we have determined that PD-1 signaling can limit the immunopathological damage induced by MHV-3 infection in a mouse FH model." ], [ "3c", "Our results suggest that enhancing the PD-1 signal by an immunotherapeutic approach might be a useful treatment for FH." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: Willingness to work during outbreaks and emergencies is deemed a sense of duty even in the face of risk. In this study, less than 50% of HCWs indicated their willingness to work in the event of an EVD outbreak. Additionally, over one third indicated various forms of compensation for themselves or families in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case. This implies that if HCWs are assured or guaranteed that they and or their families would be taken care of in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case, they will willingly work", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: In estimating the sample size for this study, previous data from the hospital indicates that there are approximately 900 HCWs at the two facilities. Assuming a 95% confidence interval and if 70% of these HCWs would come into contact with an EVD suspected case, allowing an error rate of 10%, approximately 87 HCWs would provide a default study power of 80% and an alpha of 5%. With approximately a non-response rate of 15% allowing us to sample 101 HCWs from the two facilities providing emergency services within the Ashanti Region of Ghana.", "Title: Health workers perceptions and attitude about Ghana’s preparedness towards preventing, containing, and managing Ebola Virus Disease\nPassage: Majority of the respondents indicated their unwillingness to accept posting to EVD treatment centres should there be an outbreak in Ghana, others could offer to help if incentive are provided. A study among health workers in the United States also found that 25.9% of all participants and 43.6% of nurses were unwilling to provide care to Ebola patients with many expressing concerns about personal risk and danger to friends and family members . This study also found that health workers in Ghana are alarmed about higher risk of infection associated with taking care of Ebola patients and possible transmission of", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: The results of this survey showed that more than half HCWs indicated that their facilities were not ready to handle EVD cases. Nearly 92% indicated they were not adequately trained to handle an EVD suspected case and it is not surprising that less than 50% indicated they would willingly attend to a suspected patient. Moreover, nearly a third of HCWs would also want insurance for themselves and their families in case they were infected with EVD." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Willingness to work during outbreaks and emergencies is deemed a sense of duty even in the face of risk." ], [ "0c", "In this study, less than 50% of HCWs indicated their willingness to work in the event of an EVD outbreak." ], [ "0d", "Additionally, over one third indicated various forms of compensation for themselves or families in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case." ], [ "0e", "This implies that if HCWs are assured or guaranteed that they and or their families would be taken care of in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case, they will willingly work" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "0e", "2b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: Willingness to work during outbreaks and emergencies is deemed a sense of duty even in the face of risk. In this study, less than 50% of HCWs indicated their willingness to work in the event of an EVD outbreak. Additionally, over one third indicated various forms of compensation for themselves or families in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case. This implies that if HCWs are assured or guaranteed that they and or their families would be taken care of in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case, they will willingly work", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: In estimating the sample size for this study, previous data from the hospital indicates that there are approximately 900 HCWs at the two facilities. Assuming a 95% confidence interval and if 70% of these HCWs would come into contact with an EVD suspected case, allowing an error rate of 10%, approximately 87 HCWs would provide a default study power of 80% and an alpha of 5%. With approximately a non-response rate of 15% allowing us to sample 101 HCWs from the two facilities providing emergency services within the Ashanti Region of Ghana.", "Title: Health workers perceptions and attitude about Ghana’s preparedness towards preventing, containing, and managing Ebola Virus Disease\nPassage: Majority of the respondents indicated their unwillingness to accept posting to EVD treatment centres should there be an outbreak in Ghana, others could offer to help if incentive are provided. A study among health workers in the United States also found that 25.9% of all participants and 43.6% of nurses were unwilling to provide care to Ebola patients with many expressing concerns about personal risk and danger to friends and family members . This study also found that health workers in Ghana are alarmed about higher risk of infection associated with taking care of Ebola patients and possible transmission of", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: The results of this survey showed that more than half HCWs indicated that their facilities were not ready to handle EVD cases. Nearly 92% indicated they were not adequately trained to handle an EVD suspected case and it is not surprising that less than 50% indicated they would willingly attend to a suspected patient. Moreover, nearly a third of HCWs would also want insurance for themselves and their families in case they were infected with EVD." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Health workers perceptions and attitude about Ghana’s preparedness towards preventing, containing, and managing Ebola Virus Disease" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Majority of the respondents indicated their unwillingness to accept posting to EVD treatment centres should there be an outbreak in Ghana, others could offer to help if incentive are provided." ], [ "2c", "A study among health workers in the United States also found that 25.9% of all participants and 43.6% of nurses were unwilling to provide care to Ebola patients with many expressing concerns about personal risk and danger to friends and family members ." ], [ "2d", "This study also found that health workers in Ghana are alarmed about higher risk of infection associated with taking care of Ebola patients and possible transmission of" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "0e", "2b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: Willingness to work during outbreaks and emergencies is deemed a sense of duty even in the face of risk. In this study, less than 50% of HCWs indicated their willingness to work in the event of an EVD outbreak. Additionally, over one third indicated various forms of compensation for themselves or families in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case. This implies that if HCWs are assured or guaranteed that they and or their families would be taken care of in case of death or while taking care of an EVD case, they will willingly work", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: In estimating the sample size for this study, previous data from the hospital indicates that there are approximately 900 HCWs at the two facilities. Assuming a 95% confidence interval and if 70% of these HCWs would come into contact with an EVD suspected case, allowing an error rate of 10%, approximately 87 HCWs would provide a default study power of 80% and an alpha of 5%. With approximately a non-response rate of 15% allowing us to sample 101 HCWs from the two facilities providing emergency services within the Ashanti Region of Ghana.", "Title: Health workers perceptions and attitude about Ghana’s preparedness towards preventing, containing, and managing Ebola Virus Disease\nPassage: Majority of the respondents indicated their unwillingness to accept posting to EVD treatment centres should there be an outbreak in Ghana, others could offer to help if incentive are provided. A study among health workers in the United States also found that 25.9% of all participants and 43.6% of nurses were unwilling to provide care to Ebola patients with many expressing concerns about personal risk and danger to friends and family members . This study also found that health workers in Ghana are alarmed about higher risk of infection associated with taking care of Ebola patients and possible transmission of", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: The results of this survey showed that more than half HCWs indicated that their facilities were not ready to handle EVD cases. Nearly 92% indicated they were not adequately trained to handle an EVD suspected case and it is not surprising that less than 50% indicated they would willingly attend to a suspected patient. Moreover, nearly a third of HCWs would also want insurance for themselves and their families in case they were infected with EVD." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The results of this survey showed that more than half HCWs indicated that their facilities were not ready to handle EVD cases." ], [ "3c", "Nearly 92% indicated they were not adequately trained to handle an EVD suspected case and it is not surprising that less than 50% indicated they would willingly attend to a suspected patient." ], [ "3d", "Moreover, nearly a third of HCWs would also want insurance for themselves and their families in case they were infected with EVD." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "0e", "2b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: system. Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes. These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene. performed on mouse cohorts that were partially or completely congenic on the C57BL/6 J background.", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: In summary the data presented here clearly demonstrate that KATNAL1 plays an important role in a variety of neuronal processes including neuronal migration, neuronal morphology and ependymal ciliary function. The downstream effect of these defects leads in turn to a number of behavioural changes including in learning and memory, reaction to anxiogenic situations and circadian rhythms. These data therefore highlight how perturbations in KATNAL1 may play a role in neuronal dysfunction and demonstrates that the enzyme is a novel candidate in the study of behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies Passage: system." ], [ "0b", "Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies." ], [ "0c", "8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus." ], [ "0d", "11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative" ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: system. Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes. These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene. performed on mouse cohorts that were partially or completely congenic on the C57BL/6 J background.", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: In summary the data presented here clearly demonstrate that KATNAL1 plays an important role in a variety of neuronal processes including neuronal migration, neuronal morphology and ependymal ciliary function. The downstream effect of these defects leads in turn to a number of behavioural changes including in learning and memory, reaction to anxiogenic situations and circadian rhythms. These data therefore highlight how perturbations in KATNAL1 may play a role in neuronal dysfunction and demonstrates that the enzyme is a novel candidate in the study of behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies." ], [ "1c", "8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus." ], [ "1d", "11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for" ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: system. Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes. These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene. performed on mouse cohorts that were partially or completely congenic on the C57BL/6 J background.", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: In summary the data presented here clearly demonstrate that KATNAL1 plays an important role in a variety of neuronal processes including neuronal migration, neuronal morphology and ependymal ciliary function. The downstream effect of these defects leads in turn to a number of behavioural changes including in learning and memory, reaction to anxiogenic situations and circadian rhythms. These data therefore highlight how perturbations in KATNAL1 may play a role in neuronal dysfunction and demonstrates that the enzyme is a novel candidate in the study of behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies" ], [ "2b", "Passage: and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes." ], [ "2c", "These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene." ], [ "2d", "performed on mouse cohorts that were partially or completely congenic on the C57BL/6 J background." ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: system. Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: Recent evidence from genetic characterisation of human patients suggests that haploinsufficiency of KATNAL1 is linked with a number of symptoms including intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphologies. 8, 9 It is also notable that a very rare KATNAL1 mutation has been associated with schizophrenia 10 and that Peters syndrome and autism have both been associated with the chromosomal region containing the KATNAL1 locus. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system , additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes. These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene. performed on mouse cohorts that were partially or completely congenic on the C57BL/6 J background.", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies\nPassage: In summary the data presented here clearly demonstrate that KATNAL1 plays an important role in a variety of neuronal processes including neuronal migration, neuronal morphology and ependymal ciliary function. The downstream effect of these defects leads in turn to a number of behavioural changes including in learning and memory, reaction to anxiogenic situations and circadian rhythms. These data therefore highlight how perturbations in KATNAL1 may play a role in neuronal dysfunction and demonstrates that the enzyme is a novel candidate in the study of behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies" ], [ "3b", "Passage: In summary the data presented here clearly demonstrate that KATNAL1 plays an important role in a variety of neuronal processes including neuronal migration, neuronal morphology and ependymal ciliary function." ], [ "3c", "The downstream effect of these defects leads in turn to a number of behavioural changes including in learning and memory, reaction to anxiogenic situations and circadian rhythms." ], [ "3d", "These data therefore highlight how perturbations in KATNAL1 may play a role in neuronal dysfunction and demonstrates that the enzyme is a novel candidate in the study of behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders." ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Ontology-Based Approach to Social Data Sentiment Analysis: Detection of Adolescent Depression Signals\nPassage: Relationship conflict , discord or loss can cause grief and situational psychological stress, and are all associated with increased risk of suicide . Unhealthy relationships can also be a risk factor. Violence, including sexual violence, against women is a common occurrence and is often committed by an intimate partner. Intimate partner violence is associated with an increase in suicide attempts and suicide risk. Globally 35% of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner .", "Title: Evaluating DREAMS HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescent girls and young women in high HIV prevalence districts in South Africa: protocol for a cross-sectional study\nPassage: \"once\", or \"more than once\". A positive answer to any of the items leads to a woman being classified as having experienced IPV. Only women reporting having a boyfriend, husband, or having had sex with a man are asked these questions. Gender norms are measured using the gender equitable men scale, this scale consists of 6 items relating to norms about male-female relationships and interactions. The scale asks respondents how much control their partners have over them in their relationships in relation to the clothes they wear, decisions made in the relationship and who they can spend time with outside", "Title: Rural Youth Violence: It Is a Public Health Concern!\nPassage: differences when it comes to youth involvement in violence that also need to be examined through a rural lens. We need to determine if the current findings based in urban contextsincluding that males are two to five times more likely than females to be involved in nearly all acts of violence 27 and that males and females are involved in different types of violence 24 -are true for rural youth.", "Title: Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail\nPassage: The following number of observations were missing these dependent variables: engagement in care . The same study found that transgender women were more likely to engage in HIV transmission risk behaviors compare to cisgender men. Transgender women experience disproportionate burden of HIV , and risk behaviors may drive gender disparities among criminal justice-involved PLH. Interpretation of our findings is subject to limitations. First, our data are cross-sectional, which limits our ability to make causal inferences. Second, the interview was done prior to release from jail, so some participants may incorrectly recall their history prior to incarceration. While the restrictive environment" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Ontology-Based Approach to Social Data Sentiment Analysis: Detection of Adolescent Depression Signals" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Relationship conflict , discord or loss can cause grief and situational psychological stress, and are all associated with increased risk of suicide ." ], [ "0c", "Unhealthy relationships can also be a risk factor." ], [ "0d", "Violence, including sexual violence, against women is a common occurrence and is often committed by an intimate partner." ], [ "0e", "Intimate partner violence is associated with an increase in suicide attempts and suicide risk." ], [ "0f", "Globally 35% of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1e", "1f" ]

[ "Title: Ontology-Based Approach to Social Data Sentiment Analysis: Detection of Adolescent Depression Signals\nPassage: Relationship conflict , discord or loss can cause grief and situational psychological stress, and are all associated with increased risk of suicide . Unhealthy relationships can also be a risk factor. Violence, including sexual violence, against women is a common occurrence and is often committed by an intimate partner. Intimate partner violence is associated with an increase in suicide attempts and suicide risk. Globally 35% of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner .", "Title: Evaluating DREAMS HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescent girls and young women in high HIV prevalence districts in South Africa: protocol for a cross-sectional study\nPassage: \"once\", or \"more than once\". A positive answer to any of the items leads to a woman being classified as having experienced IPV. Only women reporting having a boyfriend, husband, or having had sex with a man are asked these questions. Gender norms are measured using the gender equitable men scale, this scale consists of 6 items relating to norms about male-female relationships and interactions. The scale asks respondents how much control their partners have over them in their relationships in relation to the clothes they wear, decisions made in the relationship and who they can spend time with outside", "Title: Rural Youth Violence: It Is a Public Health Concern!\nPassage: differences when it comes to youth involvement in violence that also need to be examined through a rural lens. We need to determine if the current findings based in urban contextsincluding that males are two to five times more likely than females to be involved in nearly all acts of violence 27 and that males and females are involved in different types of violence 24 -are true for rural youth.", "Title: Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail\nPassage: The following number of observations were missing these dependent variables: engagement in care . The same study found that transgender women were more likely to engage in HIV transmission risk behaviors compare to cisgender men. Transgender women experience disproportionate burden of HIV , and risk behaviors may drive gender disparities among criminal justice-involved PLH. Interpretation of our findings is subject to limitations. First, our data are cross-sectional, which limits our ability to make causal inferences. Second, the interview was done prior to release from jail, so some participants may incorrectly recall their history prior to incarceration. While the restrictive environment" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Evaluating DREAMS HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescent girls and young women in high HIV prevalence districts in South Africa: protocol for a cross-sectional study" ], [ "1b", "Passage: \"once\", or \"more than once\"." ], [ "1c", "A positive answer to any of the items leads to a woman being classified as having experienced IPV." ], [ "1d", "Only women reporting having a boyfriend, husband, or having had sex with a man are asked these questions." ], [ "1e", "Gender norms are measured using the gender equitable men scale, this scale consists of 6 items relating to norms about male-female relationships and interactions." ], [ "1f", "The scale asks respondents how much control their partners have over them in their relationships in relation to the clothes they wear, decisions made in the relationship and who they can spend time with outside" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1e", "1f" ]

[ "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: serum can be quantified through calculations from the R max values. According to our results using reconstituted samples, the detection limit for high affinity, low picomolar binding antibodies in serum using SPR was ϳ250 ng/l. Epitope mapping to elucidate both the specificity of the antibody responses and their diversities is crucial for obtaining antibodies with a desirable mechanism of action . Traditionally, the antigen-antibody contact surfaces have been determined by methods such as high resolution x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis . However, these methods are not applicable for our purpose, because our samples contain antibody mixtures. In addition, the amount", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: interactions between mouse serum IgGs and human IL-13. The binding interactions were monitored over 10-min association periods followed by 45-min dissociation periods. The binding response curves were obtained by measuring the binding of human IL-13 to IgGs captured on the biosensor surface that were titrated by 2-fold dilutions as follows: 100 nM ; 50 nM ; 25 nM ; 12.5 nM ; and 6.25 nM . Kinetic fit was performed on serum samples D and F-I using the 1:1 Langmuir kinetic binding model in the ProteOn analysis software, as illustrated by the black lines that overlay the response curves.", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: concentrations showed that the sensitivity of the method was ϳ31 ng of antigen-specific IgG per l of serum. This high sensitivity can facilitate the detection of less abundant IgGs exhibiting unique epitopes, maximizing the diversity of antibodies that can be recovered. After establishing the highly sensitive SPR and HDX LC/MS methods for detecting antigen-specific antibodies in serum, we tested their performance using sera from immunized mice. Nine serum samples collected from various strains of mice, which were immunized with human IL-13 using different protocols, were analyzed with these methods in a \"proof-of-concept\" study. These samples were previously classified as binders", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: Characterization of Serum IgG-Antigen Binding Kinetics-A small volume of each serum sample was diluted 1000-fold into the PBS/Tween/EDTA running buffer. Six diluted samples were then injected simultaneously over the six available vertical channels at a flow rate of 25 l/min, during which the IgGs were captured by the protein A/G. The capture time was monitored to achieve a high antibody surface density . Because of the high abundance of mouse IgGs in the serum samples, a capture time of ϳ120 -150 s was sufficient to reach the targeted density level. Following a blank buffer injection of 180 s over the" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses" ], [ "0b", "Passage: serum can be quantified through calculations from the R max values." ], [ "0c", "According to our results using reconstituted samples, the detection limit for high affinity, low picomolar binding antibodies in serum using SPR was ϳ250 ng/l." ], [ "0d", "Epitope mapping to elucidate both the specificity of the antibody responses and their diversities is crucial for obtaining antibodies with a desirable mechanism of action ." ], [ "0e", "Traditionally, the antigen-antibody contact surfaces have been determined by methods such as high resolution x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis ." ], [ "0f", "However, these methods are not applicable for our purpose, because our samples contain antibody mixtures." ], [ "0g", "In addition, the amount" ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: serum can be quantified through calculations from the R max values. According to our results using reconstituted samples, the detection limit for high affinity, low picomolar binding antibodies in serum using SPR was ϳ250 ng/l. Epitope mapping to elucidate both the specificity of the antibody responses and their diversities is crucial for obtaining antibodies with a desirable mechanism of action . Traditionally, the antigen-antibody contact surfaces have been determined by methods such as high resolution x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis . However, these methods are not applicable for our purpose, because our samples contain antibody mixtures. In addition, the amount", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: interactions between mouse serum IgGs and human IL-13. The binding interactions were monitored over 10-min association periods followed by 45-min dissociation periods. The binding response curves were obtained by measuring the binding of human IL-13 to IgGs captured on the biosensor surface that were titrated by 2-fold dilutions as follows: 100 nM ; 50 nM ; 25 nM ; 12.5 nM ; and 6.25 nM . Kinetic fit was performed on serum samples D and F-I using the 1:1 Langmuir kinetic binding model in the ProteOn analysis software, as illustrated by the black lines that overlay the response curves.", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: concentrations showed that the sensitivity of the method was ϳ31 ng of antigen-specific IgG per l of serum. This high sensitivity can facilitate the detection of less abundant IgGs exhibiting unique epitopes, maximizing the diversity of antibodies that can be recovered. After establishing the highly sensitive SPR and HDX LC/MS methods for detecting antigen-specific antibodies in serum, we tested their performance using sera from immunized mice. Nine serum samples collected from various strains of mice, which were immunized with human IL-13 using different protocols, were analyzed with these methods in a \"proof-of-concept\" study. These samples were previously classified as binders", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: Characterization of Serum IgG-Antigen Binding Kinetics-A small volume of each serum sample was diluted 1000-fold into the PBS/Tween/EDTA running buffer. Six diluted samples were then injected simultaneously over the six available vertical channels at a flow rate of 25 l/min, during which the IgGs were captured by the protein A/G. The capture time was monitored to achieve a high antibody surface density . Because of the high abundance of mouse IgGs in the serum samples, a capture time of ϳ120 -150 s was sufficient to reach the targeted density level. Following a blank buffer injection of 180 s over the" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses" ], [ "1b", "Passage: interactions between mouse serum IgGs and human IL-13." ], [ "1c", "The binding interactions were monitored over 10-min association periods followed by 45-min dissociation periods." ], [ "1d", "The binding response curves were obtained by measuring the binding of human IL-13 to IgGs captured on the biosensor surface that were titrated by 2-fold dilutions as follows: 100 nM ; 50 nM ; 25 nM ; 12.5 nM ; and 6.25 nM ." ], [ "1e", "Kinetic fit was performed on serum samples D and F-I using the 1:1 Langmuir kinetic binding model in the ProteOn analysis software, as illustrated by the black lines that overlay the response curves." ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: serum can be quantified through calculations from the R max values. According to our results using reconstituted samples, the detection limit for high affinity, low picomolar binding antibodies in serum using SPR was ϳ250 ng/l. Epitope mapping to elucidate both the specificity of the antibody responses and their diversities is crucial for obtaining antibodies with a desirable mechanism of action . Traditionally, the antigen-antibody contact surfaces have been determined by methods such as high resolution x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis . However, these methods are not applicable for our purpose, because our samples contain antibody mixtures. In addition, the amount", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: interactions between mouse serum IgGs and human IL-13. The binding interactions were monitored over 10-min association periods followed by 45-min dissociation periods. The binding response curves were obtained by measuring the binding of human IL-13 to IgGs captured on the biosensor surface that were titrated by 2-fold dilutions as follows: 100 nM ; 50 nM ; 25 nM ; 12.5 nM ; and 6.25 nM . Kinetic fit was performed on serum samples D and F-I using the 1:1 Langmuir kinetic binding model in the ProteOn analysis software, as illustrated by the black lines that overlay the response curves.", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: concentrations showed that the sensitivity of the method was ϳ31 ng of antigen-specific IgG per l of serum. This high sensitivity can facilitate the detection of less abundant IgGs exhibiting unique epitopes, maximizing the diversity of antibodies that can be recovered. After establishing the highly sensitive SPR and HDX LC/MS methods for detecting antigen-specific antibodies in serum, we tested their performance using sera from immunized mice. Nine serum samples collected from various strains of mice, which were immunized with human IL-13 using different protocols, were analyzed with these methods in a \"proof-of-concept\" study. These samples were previously classified as binders", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: Characterization of Serum IgG-Antigen Binding Kinetics-A small volume of each serum sample was diluted 1000-fold into the PBS/Tween/EDTA running buffer. Six diluted samples were then injected simultaneously over the six available vertical channels at a flow rate of 25 l/min, during which the IgGs were captured by the protein A/G. The capture time was monitored to achieve a high antibody surface density . Because of the high abundance of mouse IgGs in the serum samples, a capture time of ϳ120 -150 s was sufficient to reach the targeted density level. Following a blank buffer injection of 180 s over the" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses" ], [ "2b", "Passage: concentrations showed that the sensitivity of the method was ϳ31 ng of antigen-specific IgG per l of serum." ], [ "2c", "This high sensitivity can facilitate the detection of less abundant IgGs exhibiting unique epitopes, maximizing the diversity of antibodies that can be recovered." ], [ "2d", "After establishing the highly sensitive SPR and HDX LC/MS methods for detecting antigen-specific antibodies in serum, we tested their performance using sera from immunized mice." ], [ "2e", "Nine serum samples collected from various strains of mice, which were immunized with human IL-13 using different protocols, were analyzed with these methods in a \"proof-of-concept\" study." ], [ "2f", "These samples were previously classified as binders" ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: serum can be quantified through calculations from the R max values. According to our results using reconstituted samples, the detection limit for high affinity, low picomolar binding antibodies in serum using SPR was ϳ250 ng/l. Epitope mapping to elucidate both the specificity of the antibody responses and their diversities is crucial for obtaining antibodies with a desirable mechanism of action . Traditionally, the antigen-antibody contact surfaces have been determined by methods such as high resolution x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis . However, these methods are not applicable for our purpose, because our samples contain antibody mixtures. In addition, the amount", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: interactions between mouse serum IgGs and human IL-13. The binding interactions were monitored over 10-min association periods followed by 45-min dissociation periods. The binding response curves were obtained by measuring the binding of human IL-13 to IgGs captured on the biosensor surface that were titrated by 2-fold dilutions as follows: 100 nM ; 50 nM ; 25 nM ; 12.5 nM ; and 6.25 nM . Kinetic fit was performed on serum samples D and F-I using the 1:1 Langmuir kinetic binding model in the ProteOn analysis software, as illustrated by the black lines that overlay the response curves.", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: concentrations showed that the sensitivity of the method was ϳ31 ng of antigen-specific IgG per l of serum. This high sensitivity can facilitate the detection of less abundant IgGs exhibiting unique epitopes, maximizing the diversity of antibodies that can be recovered. After establishing the highly sensitive SPR and HDX LC/MS methods for detecting antigen-specific antibodies in serum, we tested their performance using sera from immunized mice. Nine serum samples collected from various strains of mice, which were immunized with human IL-13 using different protocols, were analyzed with these methods in a \"proof-of-concept\" study. These samples were previously classified as binders", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses\nPassage: Characterization of Serum IgG-Antigen Binding Kinetics-A small volume of each serum sample was diluted 1000-fold into the PBS/Tween/EDTA running buffer. Six diluted samples were then injected simultaneously over the six available vertical channels at a flow rate of 25 l/min, during which the IgGs were captured by the protein A/G. The capture time was monitored to achieve a high antibody surface density . Because of the high abundance of mouse IgGs in the serum samples, a capture time of ϳ120 -150 s was sufficient to reach the targeted density level. Following a blank buffer injection of 180 s over the" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Efficient Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Antigen-induced Immune Responses" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Characterization of Serum IgG-Antigen Binding Kinetics-A small volume of each serum sample was diluted 1000-fold into the PBS/Tween/EDTA running buffer." ], [ "3c", "Six diluted samples were then injected simultaneously over the six available vertical channels at a flow rate of 25 l/min, during which the IgGs were captured by the protein A/G." ], [ "3d", "The capture time was monitored to achieve a high antibody surface density ." ], [ "3e", "Because of the high abundance of mouse IgGs in the serum samples, a capture time of ϳ120 -150 s was sufficient to reach the targeted density level." ], [ "3f", "Following a blank buffer injection of 180 s over the" ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is being detected in a growing number of countries. On March 11, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHOexternal icon.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: It is currently unclear how 2019-nCoV is spread, but it is suspected to be transmitted through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like other known coronaviruses. There are instances of sustained human-to-human transmission across generations of cases, especially near the epicenter in Wuhan City. 21 Current evidence suggests that close contact with an infected person is a major factor in disease transmission. CDC defines \"close contact\" 33 as being in or within two meters of an area with a confirmed patient or being directly exposed to infectious secretions without appropriate PPE. Healthcare facilities in China have reported spread from person to", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: People who get a fever or cough should consider whether they might have COVID-19, depending on where they live, their travel history or other exposures. More than half of the U.S. is seeing some level of community spread of COVID-19. Testing for COVID-19 may be accessed through medical providers or public health departments, but there is no treatment for this virus. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home without medical care.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "0b", "Passage: The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person." ], [ "0c", "Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is being detected in a growing number of countries." ], [ "0d", "On March 11, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHOexternal icon." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2a", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is being detected in a growing number of countries. On March 11, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHOexternal icon.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: It is currently unclear how 2019-nCoV is spread, but it is suspected to be transmitted through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like other known coronaviruses. There are instances of sustained human-to-human transmission across generations of cases, especially near the epicenter in Wuhan City. 21 Current evidence suggests that close contact with an infected person is a major factor in disease transmission. CDC defines \"close contact\" 33 as being in or within two meters of an area with a confirmed patient or being directly exposed to infectious secretions without appropriate PPE. Healthcare facilities in China have reported spread from person to", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: People who get a fever or cough should consider whether they might have COVID-19, depending on where they live, their travel history or other exposures. More than half of the U.S. is seeing some level of community spread of COVID-19. Testing for COVID-19 may be accessed through medical providers or public health departments, but there is no treatment for this virus. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home without medical care.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus" ], [ "1b", "Passage: It is currently unclear how 2019-nCoV is spread, but it is suspected to be transmitted through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like other known coronaviruses." ], [ "1c", "There are instances of sustained human-to-human transmission across generations of cases, especially near the epicenter in Wuhan City." ], [ "1d", "21 Current evidence suggests that close contact with an infected person is a major factor in disease transmission." ], [ "1e", "CDC defines \"close contact\" 33 as being in or within two meters of an area with a confirmed patient or being directly exposed to infectious secretions without appropriate PPE." ], [ "1f", "Healthcare facilities in China have reported spread from person to" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2a", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is being detected in a growing number of countries. On March 11, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHOexternal icon.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: It is currently unclear how 2019-nCoV is spread, but it is suspected to be transmitted through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like other known coronaviruses. There are instances of sustained human-to-human transmission across generations of cases, especially near the epicenter in Wuhan City. 21 Current evidence suggests that close contact with an infected person is a major factor in disease transmission. CDC defines \"close contact\" 33 as being in or within two meters of an area with a confirmed patient or being directly exposed to infectious secretions without appropriate PPE. Healthcare facilities in China have reported spread from person to", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: People who get a fever or cough should consider whether they might have COVID-19, depending on where they live, their travel history or other exposures. More than half of the U.S. is seeing some level of community spread of COVID-19. Testing for COVID-19 may be accessed through medical providers or public health departments, but there is no treatment for this virus. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home without medical care.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "2b", "Passage: People who get a fever or cough should consider whether they might have COVID-19, depending on where they live, their travel history or other exposures." ], [ "2c", "More than half of the U.S. is seeing some level of community spread of COVID-19." ], [ "2d", "Testing for COVID-19 may be accessed through medical providers or public health departments, but there is no treatment for this virus." ], [ "2e", "Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home without medical care." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2a", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The virus that causes COVID-19 is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide and community spread is being detected in a growing number of countries. On March 11, the COVID-19 outbreak was characterized as a pandemic by the WHOexternal icon.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: It is currently unclear how 2019-nCoV is spread, but it is suspected to be transmitted through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like other known coronaviruses. There are instances of sustained human-to-human transmission across generations of cases, especially near the epicenter in Wuhan City. 21 Current evidence suggests that close contact with an infected person is a major factor in disease transmission. CDC defines \"close contact\" 33 as being in or within two meters of an area with a confirmed patient or being directly exposed to infectious secretions without appropriate PPE. Healthcare facilities in China have reported spread from person to", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: People who get a fever or cough should consider whether they might have COVID-19, depending on where they live, their travel history or other exposures. More than half of the U.S. is seeing some level of community spread of COVID-19. Testing for COVID-19 may be accessed through medical providers or public health departments, but there is no treatment for this virus. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home without medical care.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management" ], [ "3b", "Passage: close contact with one another through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2a", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: research in therapeutics for chronic disease and the design of nanomaterials. Our comparatively detailed understanding of the interactions of model filamentous phage with their bacterial hosts has allowed researchers to harness the phage life cycle to direct protein evolution in the lab. Hopefully, deeper knowledge of phage-host interactions at an ecological level may produce novel strategies to control bacterial pathogenesis. While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: research in therapeutics for chronic disease and the design of nanomaterials. Our comparatively detailed understanding of the interactions of model filamentous phage with their bacterial hosts has allowed researchers to harness the phage life cycle to direct protein evolution in the lab. Hopefully, deeper knowledge of phage-host interactions at an ecological level may produce novel strategies to control bacterial pathogenesis. While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution . The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface. First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII. Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution . The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface. First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII. Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution ." ], [ "2c", "The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface." ], [ "2d", "First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII." ], [ "2e", "Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis" ] ]

[ "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: research in therapeutics for chronic disease and the design of nanomaterials. Our comparatively detailed understanding of the interactions of model filamentous phage with their bacterial hosts has allowed researchers to harness the phage life cycle to direct protein evolution in the lab. Hopefully, deeper knowledge of phage-host interactions at an ecological level may produce novel strategies to control bacterial pathogenesis. While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: research in therapeutics for chronic disease and the design of nanomaterials. Our comparatively detailed understanding of the interactions of model filamentous phage with their bacterial hosts has allowed researchers to harness the phage life cycle to direct protein evolution in the lab. Hopefully, deeper knowledge of phage-host interactions at an ecological level may produce novel strategies to control bacterial pathogenesis. While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution . The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface. First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII. Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution . The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface. First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII. Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipulation, various filamentous and non-filamentous bacteriophages have been used as models of experimental evolution ." ], [ "3c", "The filamentous phage has additional practical uses in protein engineering and directed protein evolution, due to its unique tolerance of genetic modifications that allow biomolecules to be displayed on the virion surface." ], [ "3d", "First and foremost among these applications is in vitro affinity maturation of antibody fragments displayed on pIII." ], [ "3e", "Libraries of variant Fabs and single chain antibodies can be generated via random or sitedirected mutagenesis and selected on the basis" ] ]

[ "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: including 19 new bacteriologically confirmed cases and 153 CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. The survey also identified 11 existing cases registered on the national TB program. In addition, the survey found four cases with culture positive non-tuberculosis bacilli, and excluded them from TB patients.", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The adjusted prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases in Shandong was lower than the WHO estimates for China in 2010 . But the national prevalence rates of bacteriologically confirmed cases, 119/100,000 in 2010 , was higher than the WHO estimate, 108/ 100,000, even the survey did not collect negative and extra-pulmonary TB cases. Vietnam reported similar findings in its 2006 survey . One reason is that prevalence surveys results are based on active case finding while WHO estimates are based on notification rates from passive case finding. A re-evaluation of the reported TB prevalence in China is needed based on", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Another notable change is the sharp decline of the proportion of sputum positive cases, which accounted for 30.5% of all cases in the 2000 survey but was reduced to 6.6% in the 2010 survey. The proportion of notified sputum cases out of all TB cases in Shandong also declined from 80.9% in 2005 to 64.6% in 2010 ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide ." ], [ "0c", "The World Health organization estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 ." ], [ "0d", "National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 ." ], [ "0e", "Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess" ] ]

[ "0b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: including 19 new bacteriologically confirmed cases and 153 CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. The survey also identified 11 existing cases registered on the national TB program. In addition, the survey found four cases with culture positive non-tuberculosis bacilli, and excluded them from TB patients.", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The adjusted prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases in Shandong was lower than the WHO estimates for China in 2010 . But the national prevalence rates of bacteriologically confirmed cases, 119/100,000 in 2010 , was higher than the WHO estimate, 108/ 100,000, even the survey did not collect negative and extra-pulmonary TB cases. Vietnam reported similar findings in its 2006 survey . One reason is that prevalence surveys results are based on active case finding while WHO estimates are based on notification rates from passive case finding. A re-evaluation of the reported TB prevalence in China is needed based on", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Another notable change is the sharp decline of the proportion of sputum positive cases, which accounted for 30.5% of all cases in the 2000 survey but was reduced to 6.6% in the 2010 survey. The proportion of notified sputum cases out of all TB cases in Shandong also declined from 80.9% in 2005 to 64.6% in 2010 ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: The adjusted prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases in Shandong was lower than the WHO estimates for China in 2010 ." ], [ "2c", "But the national prevalence rates of bacteriologically confirmed cases, 119/100,000 in 2010 , was higher than the WHO estimate, 108/ 100,000, even the survey did not collect negative and extra-pulmonary TB cases." ], [ "2d", "Vietnam reported similar findings in its 2006 survey ." ], [ "2e", "One reason is that prevalence surveys results are based on active case finding while WHO estimates are based on notification rates from passive case finding." ], [ "2f", "A re-evaluation of the reported TB prevalence in China is needed based on" ] ]

[ "0b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: in understanding the risk of H1N1 “swine flu” emergence", "Title: The origins of the great pandemic\nPassage: Re-reading this list of 'clinical features', in the year 2018, and bearing in mind that, just a year thereafter, the influenza pandemic of 1918-19 began to take its toll, one of the five features stands out clearly from the page. That feature was cyanosis. It was referred to frequently, as the article progressed:", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: humans and swine were immunologically naive in 1918", "Title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward\nPassage: The influenza virus is remarkable for its ability to infect a variety of animal species, from bats to birds to mammals. Although successful cross-species transmission events may be rare, they play a key role in the genesis of new pandemic strains. Nelson and Worobey discussed different lines of evidence informing the origins of the 1918 virus, including the genetic make-up of the 1918 virus and other pandemic strains, the characteristics of influenza receptors across different influenza hosts, and the frequency of cross-species transmission events. They concluded that the pandemic virus must have emerged in mammals just before 1918, most likely" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: The origins of the great pandemic" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Re-reading this list of 'clinical features', in the year 2018, and bearing in mind that, just a year thereafter, the influenza pandemic of 1918-19 began to take its toll, one of the five features stands out clearly from the page." ], [ "1c", "That feature was cyanosis." ], [ "1d", "It was referred to frequently, as the article progressed:" ] ]

[ "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: in understanding the risk of H1N1 “swine flu” emergence", "Title: The origins of the great pandemic\nPassage: Re-reading this list of 'clinical features', in the year 2018, and bearing in mind that, just a year thereafter, the influenza pandemic of 1918-19 began to take its toll, one of the five features stands out clearly from the page. That feature was cyanosis. It was referred to frequently, as the article progressed:", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: humans and swine were immunologically naive in 1918", "Title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward\nPassage: The influenza virus is remarkable for its ability to infect a variety of animal species, from bats to birds to mammals. Although successful cross-species transmission events may be rare, they play a key role in the genesis of new pandemic strains. Nelson and Worobey discussed different lines of evidence informing the origins of the 1918 virus, including the genetic make-up of the 1918 virus and other pandemic strains, the characteristics of influenza receptors across different influenza hosts, and the frequency of cross-species transmission events. They concluded that the pandemic virus must have emerged in mammals just before 1918, most likely" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The influenza virus is remarkable for its ability to infect a variety of animal species, from bats to birds to mammals." ], [ "3c", "Although successful cross-species transmission events may be rare, they play a key role in the genesis of new pandemic strains." ], [ "3d", "Nelson and Worobey discussed different lines of evidence informing the origins of the 1918 virus, including the genetic make-up of the 1918 virus and other pandemic strains, the characteristics of influenza receptors across different influenza hosts, and the frequency of cross-species transmission events." ], [ "3e", "They concluded that the pandemic virus must have emerged in mammals just before 1918, most likely" ] ]

[ "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: Many countries now include laboratory-confirmed influenza tests as part of their national influenza surveillance programs, and this information is communicated through the Internet to the public health community on a weekly basis . In contrast, the surveillance in developing countries is largely falling behind due to the little data available on the surveillance of influenza activity in the regions. Because only a small proportion of influenza infections are confirmed through laboratory findings, empirical data on laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza are limited by very low and possibly non-systematic case ascertainment. In general, little information is available in the literature regarding the association", "Title: Characterizing Influenza surveillance systems performance: application of a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to Hong Kong surveillance data\nPassage: The threat of pandemic influenza has led to extensive efforts to strengthen the global influenza surveillance , including the development of novel syndromic surveillance systems intended to identify potential outbreaks and track influenza in the population. Some focus on identifying influenza-like-illness in clinical and other settings, while others search the Internet to identify disease outbreaks that might not have been recognized by the authorities . Having found high correlations with traditional surveillance systems and noting the benefits of timeliness and low cost, Internet-based surveillance systems have been widely recognized as important supplementary data sources for influenza surveillance .", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: only rely on increasing numbers of influenza-like illness cases because non-specific ILI-like symptoms may be caused by etiologies other than influenza . As a result, many countries collect data on laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection parallel to clinical surveillance to provide more accurate and timely information about influenza virus activity than information from conducting clinical surveillance alone. Although there has been important progress in influenza surveillance systems in recent years, the volume of information on the surveillance of ILI and laboratoryconfirmed virus activity remains too sparse for detailed analyses at the province and city levels even in developed countries .", "Title: A systematic review of studies on forecasting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks\nPassage: ILI and acute respiratory tract infections rely on reports from general practices, family doctor clinics, diagnostic test laboratories, and public health departments for influenza surveillance. 3, 4, 14 There is typically 1-2 week lag in the publishing of reports, and reported cases are sometimes retrospectively adjusted. Additionally, the exact number of influenza cases is unobtainable due to unreported cases and asymptomatic infections." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Many countries now include laboratory-confirmed influenza tests as part of their national influenza surveillance programs, and this information is communicated through the Internet to the public health community on a weekly basis ." ], [ "0c", "In contrast, the surveillance in developing countries is largely falling behind due to the little data available on the surveillance of influenza activity in the regions." ], [ "0d", "Because only a small proportion of influenza infections are confirmed through laboratory findings, empirical data on laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza are limited by very low and possibly non-systematic case ascertainment." ], [ "0e", "In general, little information is available in the literature regarding the association" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: Many countries now include laboratory-confirmed influenza tests as part of their national influenza surveillance programs, and this information is communicated through the Internet to the public health community on a weekly basis . In contrast, the surveillance in developing countries is largely falling behind due to the little data available on the surveillance of influenza activity in the regions. Because only a small proportion of influenza infections are confirmed through laboratory findings, empirical data on laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza are limited by very low and possibly non-systematic case ascertainment. In general, little information is available in the literature regarding the association", "Title: Characterizing Influenza surveillance systems performance: application of a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to Hong Kong surveillance data\nPassage: The threat of pandemic influenza has led to extensive efforts to strengthen the global influenza surveillance , including the development of novel syndromic surveillance systems intended to identify potential outbreaks and track influenza in the population. Some focus on identifying influenza-like-illness in clinical and other settings, while others search the Internet to identify disease outbreaks that might not have been recognized by the authorities . Having found high correlations with traditional surveillance systems and noting the benefits of timeliness and low cost, Internet-based surveillance systems have been widely recognized as important supplementary data sources for influenza surveillance .", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: only rely on increasing numbers of influenza-like illness cases because non-specific ILI-like symptoms may be caused by etiologies other than influenza . As a result, many countries collect data on laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection parallel to clinical surveillance to provide more accurate and timely information about influenza virus activity than information from conducting clinical surveillance alone. Although there has been important progress in influenza surveillance systems in recent years, the volume of information on the surveillance of ILI and laboratoryconfirmed virus activity remains too sparse for detailed analyses at the province and city levels even in developed countries .", "Title: A systematic review of studies on forecasting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks\nPassage: ILI and acute respiratory tract infections rely on reports from general practices, family doctor clinics, diagnostic test laboratories, and public health departments for influenza surveillance. 3, 4, 14 There is typically 1-2 week lag in the publishing of reports, and reported cases are sometimes retrospectively adjusted. Additionally, the exact number of influenza cases is unobtainable due to unreported cases and asymptomatic infections." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Characterizing Influenza surveillance systems performance: application of a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to Hong Kong surveillance data" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The threat of pandemic influenza has led to extensive efforts to strengthen the global influenza surveillance , including the development of novel syndromic surveillance systems intended to identify potential outbreaks and track influenza in the population." ], [ "1c", "Some focus on identifying influenza-like-illness in clinical and other settings, while others search the Internet to identify disease outbreaks that might not have been recognized by the authorities ." ], [ "1d", "Having found high correlations with traditional surveillance systems and noting the benefits of timeliness and low cost, Internet-based surveillance systems have been widely recognized as important supplementary data sources for influenza surveillance ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: Many countries now include laboratory-confirmed influenza tests as part of their national influenza surveillance programs, and this information is communicated through the Internet to the public health community on a weekly basis . In contrast, the surveillance in developing countries is largely falling behind due to the little data available on the surveillance of influenza activity in the regions. Because only a small proportion of influenza infections are confirmed through laboratory findings, empirical data on laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza are limited by very low and possibly non-systematic case ascertainment. In general, little information is available in the literature regarding the association", "Title: Characterizing Influenza surveillance systems performance: application of a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to Hong Kong surveillance data\nPassage: The threat of pandemic influenza has led to extensive efforts to strengthen the global influenza surveillance , including the development of novel syndromic surveillance systems intended to identify potential outbreaks and track influenza in the population. Some focus on identifying influenza-like-illness in clinical and other settings, while others search the Internet to identify disease outbreaks that might not have been recognized by the authorities . Having found high correlations with traditional surveillance systems and noting the benefits of timeliness and low cost, Internet-based surveillance systems have been widely recognized as important supplementary data sources for influenza surveillance .", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: only rely on increasing numbers of influenza-like illness cases because non-specific ILI-like symptoms may be caused by etiologies other than influenza . As a result, many countries collect data on laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection parallel to clinical surveillance to provide more accurate and timely information about influenza virus activity than information from conducting clinical surveillance alone. Although there has been important progress in influenza surveillance systems in recent years, the volume of information on the surveillance of ILI and laboratoryconfirmed virus activity remains too sparse for detailed analyses at the province and city levels even in developed countries .", "Title: A systematic review of studies on forecasting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks\nPassage: ILI and acute respiratory tract infections rely on reports from general practices, family doctor clinics, diagnostic test laboratories, and public health departments for influenza surveillance. 3, 4, 14 There is typically 1-2 week lag in the publishing of reports, and reported cases are sometimes retrospectively adjusted. Additionally, the exact number of influenza cases is unobtainable due to unreported cases and asymptomatic infections." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015" ], [ "2b", "Passage: only rely on increasing numbers of influenza-like illness cases because non-specific ILI-like symptoms may be caused by etiologies other than influenza ." ], [ "2c", "As a result, many countries collect data on laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection parallel to clinical surveillance to provide more accurate and timely information about influenza virus activity than information from conducting clinical surveillance alone." ], [ "2d", "Although there has been important progress in influenza surveillance systems in recent years, the volume of information on the surveillance of ILI and laboratoryconfirmed virus activity remains too sparse for detailed analyses at the province and city levels even in developed countries ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: Many countries now include laboratory-confirmed influenza tests as part of their national influenza surveillance programs, and this information is communicated through the Internet to the public health community on a weekly basis . In contrast, the surveillance in developing countries is largely falling behind due to the little data available on the surveillance of influenza activity in the regions. Because only a small proportion of influenza infections are confirmed through laboratory findings, empirical data on laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza are limited by very low and possibly non-systematic case ascertainment. In general, little information is available in the literature regarding the association", "Title: Characterizing Influenza surveillance systems performance: application of a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to Hong Kong surveillance data\nPassage: The threat of pandemic influenza has led to extensive efforts to strengthen the global influenza surveillance , including the development of novel syndromic surveillance systems intended to identify potential outbreaks and track influenza in the population. Some focus on identifying influenza-like-illness in clinical and other settings, while others search the Internet to identify disease outbreaks that might not have been recognized by the authorities . Having found high correlations with traditional surveillance systems and noting the benefits of timeliness and low cost, Internet-based surveillance systems have been widely recognized as important supplementary data sources for influenza surveillance .", "Title: Coherence of Influenza Surveillance Data across Different Sources and Age Groups, Beijing, China, 2008-2015\nPassage: only rely on increasing numbers of influenza-like illness cases because non-specific ILI-like symptoms may be caused by etiologies other than influenza . As a result, many countries collect data on laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection parallel to clinical surveillance to provide more accurate and timely information about influenza virus activity than information from conducting clinical surveillance alone. Although there has been important progress in influenza surveillance systems in recent years, the volume of information on the surveillance of ILI and laboratoryconfirmed virus activity remains too sparse for detailed analyses at the province and city levels even in developed countries .", "Title: A systematic review of studies on forecasting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks\nPassage: ILI and acute respiratory tract infections rely on reports from general practices, family doctor clinics, diagnostic test laboratories, and public health departments for influenza surveillance. 3, 4, 14 There is typically 1-2 week lag in the publishing of reports, and reported cases are sometimes retrospectively adjusted. Additionally, the exact number of influenza cases is unobtainable due to unreported cases and asymptomatic infections." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: A systematic review of studies on forecasting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks" ], [ "3b", "Passage: ILI and acute respiratory tract infections rely on reports from general practices, family doctor clinics, diagnostic test laboratories, and public health departments for influenza surveillance." ], [ "3c", "3, 4, 14 There is typically 1-2 week lag in the publishing of reports, and reported cases are sometimes retrospectively adjusted." ], [ "3d", "Additionally, the exact number of influenza cases is unobtainable due to unreported cases and asymptomatic infections." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: One drawback of an Ad5 vector is the potential for preexisting immunity, so alternative adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes. Non-human adenovirus vectors include those from non-human primates , dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, birds and others . These vectors can infect a variety of cell types, but are generally attenuated in humans avoiding concerns of preexisting immunity. Swine, NHP and bovine adenoviruses expressing H5 HA antigens have been shown to induce immunity comparable to human rAd5-H5 vaccines . Recombinant, replication-defective adenoviruses from low-prevalence serotypes have also been shown to be efficacious. Low prevalence", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Ad-HA vaccines Adenoviruses expressing HA genes of a number of different subtypes ) have been tested in various animal models. In the first study with rAd5, a vaccine that expressed the HA gene of an A influenza virus of swine-origin protected mice from challenge infection with a heterologous A virus. 196 A rAd expressing the HA gene of a different A virus was shown to be efficacious in pigs, 197 even in the presence of maternal antibodies. 198 Adenovirus vaccines expressing the HA gene of A/PR/8/34, completely protected mice from homologous challenge infection. 195, 199, 200 Pigs could also be", "Title: A Porcine Adenovirus with Low Human Seroprevalence Is a Promising Alternative Vaccine Vector to Human Adenovirus 5 in an H5N1 Virus Disease Model\nPassage: Although a strong antibody response is important for immediate and long-term protection against influenza viruses, the induction of early cellular immune responses following vaccination may enhance clearance of virus-infected cells following H5N1 influenza virus infection. T-cell responses were assayed using an enzymelinked immunosorbent spot assay to detect secretion of interferon gamma by activated lymphocytes. Splenocytes were obtained from mice vaccinated at days 8, 10, 14, and 21 with 10 10 vp/mouse of PAV3-HA or AdHu5-HA and the cells were restimulated with pools of overlapping peptides corresponding to the entire H05-HA protein. The peptide corresponding to the immunodominant H5N1-H05 HA epitope", "Title: A Porcine Adenovirus with Low Human Seroprevalence Is a Promising Alternative Vaccine Vector to Human Adenovirus 5 in an H5N1 Virus Disease Model\nPassage: immune responses could be maintained. PAV3-HA afforded full protection in mice challenged with 100 LD50 of H5N1-H05 virus 12 months post-immunization whereas 50% of mice vaccinated with AdHu5-HA succumbed . Higher HI antibody titers for PAV3-HA compared to AdHu5-HA ) may have translated directly to the improved survival observed with the PAV3-HA vaccine. NAB titers were 23615 and 10611 for AdHu5-HA . An ELISA assay was also performed to detect total IgG antibody titres against the H5N1-HA antigen. Serum was obtained from mice 25 days and 1 year post-vaccination, and unvaccinated control mice . Total antibody titers were significantly lower" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "0b", "Passage: One drawback of an Ad5 vector is the potential for preexisting immunity, so alternative adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes." ], [ "0c", "Non-human adenovirus vectors include those from non-human primates , dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, birds and others ." ], [ "0d", "These vectors can infect a variety of cell types, but are generally attenuated in humans avoiding concerns of preexisting immunity." ], [ "0e", "Swine, NHP and bovine adenoviruses expressing H5 HA antigens have been shown to induce immunity comparable to human rAd5-H5 vaccines ." ], [ "0f", "Recombinant, replication-defective adenoviruses from low-prevalence serotypes have also been shown to be efficacious. Low prevalence" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: One drawback of an Ad5 vector is the potential for preexisting immunity, so alternative adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes. Non-human adenovirus vectors include those from non-human primates , dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, birds and others . These vectors can infect a variety of cell types, but are generally attenuated in humans avoiding concerns of preexisting immunity. Swine, NHP and bovine adenoviruses expressing H5 HA antigens have been shown to induce immunity comparable to human rAd5-H5 vaccines . Recombinant, replication-defective adenoviruses from low-prevalence serotypes have also been shown to be efficacious. Low prevalence", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Ad-HA vaccines Adenoviruses expressing HA genes of a number of different subtypes ) have been tested in various animal models. In the first study with rAd5, a vaccine that expressed the HA gene of an A influenza virus of swine-origin protected mice from challenge infection with a heterologous A virus. 196 A rAd expressing the HA gene of a different A virus was shown to be efficacious in pigs, 197 even in the presence of maternal antibodies. 198 Adenovirus vaccines expressing the HA gene of A/PR/8/34, completely protected mice from homologous challenge infection. 195, 199, 200 Pigs could also be", "Title: A Porcine Adenovirus with Low Human Seroprevalence Is a Promising Alternative Vaccine Vector to Human Adenovirus 5 in an H5N1 Virus Disease Model\nPassage: Although a strong antibody response is important for immediate and long-term protection against influenza viruses, the induction of early cellular immune responses following vaccination may enhance clearance of virus-infected cells following H5N1 influenza virus infection. T-cell responses were assayed using an enzymelinked immunosorbent spot assay to detect secretion of interferon gamma by activated lymphocytes. Splenocytes were obtained from mice vaccinated at days 8, 10, 14, and 21 with 10 10 vp/mouse of PAV3-HA or AdHu5-HA and the cells were restimulated with pools of overlapping peptides corresponding to the entire H05-HA protein. The peptide corresponding to the immunodominant H5N1-H05 HA epitope", "Title: A Porcine Adenovirus with Low Human Seroprevalence Is a Promising Alternative Vaccine Vector to Human Adenovirus 5 in an H5N1 Virus Disease Model\nPassage: immune responses could be maintained. PAV3-HA afforded full protection in mice challenged with 100 LD50 of H5N1-H05 virus 12 months post-immunization whereas 50% of mice vaccinated with AdHu5-HA succumbed . Higher HI antibody titers for PAV3-HA compared to AdHu5-HA ) may have translated directly to the improved survival observed with the PAV3-HA vaccine. NAB titers were 23615 and 10611 for AdHu5-HA . An ELISA assay was also performed to detect total IgG antibody titres against the H5N1-HA antigen. Serum was obtained from mice 25 days and 1 year post-vaccination, and unvaccinated control mice . Total antibody titers were significantly lower" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Ad-HA vaccines Adenoviruses expressing HA genes of a number of different subtypes ) have been tested in various animal models." ], [ "1c", "In the first study with rAd5, a vaccine that expressed the HA gene of an A influenza virus of swine-origin protected mice from challenge infection with a heterologous A virus." ], [ "1d", "196 A rAd expressing the HA gene of a different A virus was shown to be efficacious in pigs, 197 even in the presence of maternal antibodies." ], [ "1e", "198 Adenovirus vaccines expressing the HA gene of A/PR/8/34, completely protected mice from homologous challenge infection." ], [ "1f", "195, 199, 200 Pigs could also be" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f" ]

[ "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent hosts and occasionally lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts and elderly . In contrast, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea, lymphopenia, deranged liver and renal function tests, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts with mortality rates of ∼10% and ∼35%, respectively . On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China . Subsequent virological testing", "Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\nPassage: Abstract: Human coronavirus is a known cause of influenza‐like illness . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 , HCoV‐229E , HCoV‐NL63 , and HCoV‐HKU1 . We did not observe species‐specific differences in the clinical characteristics of HCoV infection, with the exception of HCoV‐HKU1, for which the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms trended higher on the fourth day of illness.", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: The Alphacoronaviruses HCoV 229E and NL63, as well as the Betacoronaviruses HKU 1 and OC43, can infect humans and cause the common cold. In order to investigate the potential maternal-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses during pregnancy, Gagneur et al. evaluated 3 types of maternal-infant paired specimens that included maternal vaginal and respiratory specimens that were obtained during labor, as well as gastric samples from the newborn infants. These specimens were evaluated for the presence of HCoV 229E, OC-43, NL63 and HKU 1 using RT-PCR methodology. Between the period from July 2003 to August 2005 the authors examined 159 mother-infant dyads.", "Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\nPassage: to be the most common species among adults, as has been reported elsewhere. 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E were the most common strains in alternate seasons, reflecting a season-to-season variability of HCoV strain circulation that has been reported in other multiyear studies. 4 8 The mechanisms by which this particular species elicits these symptoms are not known." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan" ], [ "0b", "Passage: HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent hosts and occasionally lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts and elderly ." ], [ "0c", "In contrast, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea, lymphopenia, deranged liver and renal function tests, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts with mortality rates of ∼10% and ∼35%, respectively ." ], [ "0d", "On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China ." ], [ "0e", "Subsequent virological testing" ] ]

[ "0b", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent hosts and occasionally lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts and elderly . In contrast, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea, lymphopenia, deranged liver and renal function tests, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts with mortality rates of ∼10% and ∼35%, respectively . On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China . Subsequent virological testing", "Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\nPassage: Abstract: Human coronavirus is a known cause of influenza‐like illness . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 , HCoV‐229E , HCoV‐NL63 , and HCoV‐HKU1 . We did not observe species‐specific differences in the clinical characteristics of HCoV infection, with the exception of HCoV‐HKU1, for which the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms trended higher on the fourth day of illness.", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: The Alphacoronaviruses HCoV 229E and NL63, as well as the Betacoronaviruses HKU 1 and OC43, can infect humans and cause the common cold. In order to investigate the potential maternal-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses during pregnancy, Gagneur et al. evaluated 3 types of maternal-infant paired specimens that included maternal vaginal and respiratory specimens that were obtained during labor, as well as gastric samples from the newborn infants. These specimens were evaluated for the presence of HCoV 229E, OC-43, NL63 and HKU 1 using RT-PCR methodology. Between the period from July 2003 to August 2005 the authors examined 159 mother-infant dyads.", "Title: Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\nPassage: to be the most common species among adults, as has been reported elsewhere. 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E were the most common strains in alternate seasons, reflecting a season-to-season variability of HCoV strain circulation that has been reported in other multiyear studies. 4 8 The mechanisms by which this particular species elicits these symptoms are not known." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections" ], [ "2b", "Passage: The Alphacoronaviruses HCoV 229E and NL63, as well as the Betacoronaviruses HKU 1 and OC43, can infect humans and cause the common cold." ], [ "2c", "In order to investigate the potential maternal-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses during pregnancy, Gagneur et al. evaluated 3 types of maternal-infant paired specimens that included maternal vaginal and respiratory specimens that were obtained during labor, as well as gastric samples from the newborn infants." ], [ "2d", "These specimens were evaluated for the presence of HCoV 229E, OC-43, NL63 and HKU 1 using RT-PCR methodology." ], [ "2e", "Between the period from July 2003 to August 2005 the authors examined 159 mother-infant dyads." ] ]

[ "0b", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: SARS-CoV that includes the split orf8b , civet SARS-CoV , two bat SARS-related-CoV containing full-length orf8 , 2019-nCoV, the other two closest bat SARS-related-CoV to 2019-nCoV SL-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45), and bat SARS-related-CoV HKU3-1 ). As expected, orf8 derived from 2019-nCoV belongs to the group that includes the closest genome sequences of bat SARS-related-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45. Interestingly, the new 2019-nCoV orf8 is distant from the conserved orf8 or Figure 5 ) which was shown to trigger intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes , but this is absent in this novel orf8 of 2019-nCoV. Based on a secondary structure", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: The genome of 2019-nCoV has overall 89% nucleotide identity with bat SARS-related-CoV SL-CoVZXC21 , and 82% with human SARS-CoV BJ01 2003 and human SARS-CoV Tor2 . The phylogenetic trees constructed using the amino acid sequences of orf1a/b and the 4 structural genes were shown ). For all these 5 genes, the 2019-nCoV was clustered with lineage B βCoVs. It was most closely related to the bat SARS-related CoVs ZXC21 and ZC45 found in Chinese horseshoe", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: Yunnan strains such as the WIV1 had no such deletions and can use human ACE2 as a cellular entry receptor. It is interesting to note that the two bat SARS-related coronavirus ZXC21 and ZC45, being closest to 2019-nCoV, can infect suckling rats and cause inflammation in the brain tissue, and pathological changes in lung & intestine. However, these two viruses could not be isolated in Vero E6 cells and were not investigated further. The two retained deletion sites in the Spike genes of ZXC21 and ZC45 may lessen their likelihood of jumping species barriers imposed by receptor specificity.", "Title: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)\nPassage: Wild animal, bats is the most possible host of the 2019-nCoV. It requires further confirmation whether pneumonia infected by the 2019-nCoV is transmitted directly from bats or through an intermediate host. It is believed that clarifying the source of the virus will help determine zoonotic transmission patterns ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Yunnan strains such as the WIV1 had no such deletions and can use human ACE2 as a cellular entry receptor." ], [ "2c", "It is interesting to note that the two bat SARS-related coronavirus ZXC21 and ZC45, being closest to 2019-nCoV, can infect suckling rats and cause inflammation in the brain tissue, and pathological changes in lung & intestine." ], [ "2d", "However, these two viruses could not be isolated in Vero E6 cells and were not investigated further." ], [ "2e", "The two retained deletion sites in the Spike genes of ZXC21 and ZC45 may lessen their likelihood of jumping species barriers imposed by receptor specificity." ] ]

[ "2c" ]

[ "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is the only member of the CEA family that is expressed on activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, where it is rapidly upregulated upon TCR stimulation . In naive CD4 + T cells, CEACAM1 is expressed at very low levels, and is stored intracellularly in endosomal compartments . In activated T cells, CEACAM1 shows overlapping expression kinetics with the activation marker CD69 and precedes the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 . This indicates that the inhibitory form, CEACAM1-L, can interfere with T cell activation prior to CTLA-4, and is therefore, an independent immune checkpoint regulator. CEACAM1-S", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: causes cell activation 19,26 . CEACAM1 is expressed by a broad range of cell types, including angiogenically activated endothelia/lymphendothelia, various leukocyte subpopulations, normal epithelial cells and tumour cells 16 . Although Ceacam1 À / À mice do not exhibit this broad CEACAM1 expression, they develop normally and, in the absence of specific challenges, show no signs of disease 27 . CEACAM1 has been described primarily as a regulator of T cells in the gut 20, . Expression of CEACAM1-L inhibits T-cell proliferation and therefore prevents inflammatory bowel disease 30 . Expression of CEACAM1-S is essential for the development of follicular", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed in T, B, NK, and dentritic cells, and in granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages . In naïve lymphocytes, CEACAM1 is expressed at low levels, but undergoes a rapid upregulation upon cellular activation. In contrast, in granulocytes, CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen that controls granulopoiesis and delays neutrophil apoptosis . CEACAM1 is generally associated with protection against hyperinflammation that results from either inappropriate expansion of cellular precursors such as in dysregulated granulopoeiesis and neutrophilia in Ceacam1 −/− mice, associated with enhanced IL-1β production in response to stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 or exaggerated effector T cell responses or dysfunctional", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed on B-cell subsets. We first analysed CEACAM1 expression on various cell populations in the peripheral blood of wild-type mice. Erythrocytes stained negative for CEACAM1 . As previously reported , high levels of CEACAM1 expression were detected on blood granulocytes and monocytes with the anti-CEACAM1-specific monoclonal antibody . Cells from Ceacam1 À / À mice stained negative for CEACAM1 . Next, we analysed CEACAM1 expression on lymphoid cells in the blood. CD90.2 cells, representing primarily T cells, showed weak CEACAM1 expression by individual cells , a finding suggesting that various T-cell subpopulations may differentially express CEACAM1. B cells" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation" ], [ "0b", "Passage: CEACAM1 is the only member of the CEA family that is expressed on activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, where it is rapidly upregulated upon TCR stimulation ." ], [ "0c", "In naive CD4 + T cells, CEACAM1 is expressed at very low levels, and is stored intracellularly in endosomal compartments ." ], [ "0d", "In activated T cells, CEACAM1 shows overlapping expression kinetics with the activation marker CD69 and precedes the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 ." ], [ "0e", "This indicates that the inhibitory form, CEACAM1-L, can interfere with T cell activation prior to CTLA-4, and is therefore, an independent immune checkpoint regulator. CEACAM1-S" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3e", "3h" ]

[ "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is the only member of the CEA family that is expressed on activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, where it is rapidly upregulated upon TCR stimulation . In naive CD4 + T cells, CEACAM1 is expressed at very low levels, and is stored intracellularly in endosomal compartments . In activated T cells, CEACAM1 shows overlapping expression kinetics with the activation marker CD69 and precedes the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 . This indicates that the inhibitory form, CEACAM1-L, can interfere with T cell activation prior to CTLA-4, and is therefore, an independent immune checkpoint regulator. CEACAM1-S", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: causes cell activation 19,26 . CEACAM1 is expressed by a broad range of cell types, including angiogenically activated endothelia/lymphendothelia, various leukocyte subpopulations, normal epithelial cells and tumour cells 16 . Although Ceacam1 À / À mice do not exhibit this broad CEACAM1 expression, they develop normally and, in the absence of specific challenges, show no signs of disease 27 . CEACAM1 has been described primarily as a regulator of T cells in the gut 20, . Expression of CEACAM1-L inhibits T-cell proliferation and therefore prevents inflammatory bowel disease 30 . Expression of CEACAM1-S is essential for the development of follicular", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed in T, B, NK, and dentritic cells, and in granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages . In naïve lymphocytes, CEACAM1 is expressed at low levels, but undergoes a rapid upregulation upon cellular activation. In contrast, in granulocytes, CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen that controls granulopoiesis and delays neutrophil apoptosis . CEACAM1 is generally associated with protection against hyperinflammation that results from either inappropriate expansion of cellular precursors such as in dysregulated granulopoeiesis and neutrophilia in Ceacam1 −/− mice, associated with enhanced IL-1β production in response to stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 or exaggerated effector T cell responses or dysfunctional", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed on B-cell subsets. We first analysed CEACAM1 expression on various cell populations in the peripheral blood of wild-type mice. Erythrocytes stained negative for CEACAM1 . As previously reported , high levels of CEACAM1 expression were detected on blood granulocytes and monocytes with the anti-CEACAM1-specific monoclonal antibody . Cells from Ceacam1 À / À mice stained negative for CEACAM1 . Next, we analysed CEACAM1 expression on lymphoid cells in the blood. CD90.2 cells, representing primarily T cells, showed weak CEACAM1 expression by individual cells , a finding suggesting that various T-cell subpopulations may differentially express CEACAM1. B cells" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production" ], [ "1b", "Passage: causes cell activation 19,26 ." ], [ "1c", "CEACAM1 is expressed by a broad range of cell types, including angiogenically activated endothelia/lymphendothelia, various leukocyte subpopulations, normal epithelial cells and tumour cells 16 ." ], [ "1d", "Although Ceacam1 À / À mice do not exhibit this broad CEACAM1 expression, they develop normally and, in the absence of specific challenges, show no signs of disease 27 ." ], [ "1e", "CEACAM1 has been described primarily as a regulator of T cells in the gut 20, ." ], [ "1f", "Expression of CEACAM1-L inhibits T-cell proliferation and therefore prevents inflammatory bowel disease 30 ." ], [ "1g", "Expression of CEACAM1-S is essential for the development of follicular" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3e", "3h" ]

[ "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is the only member of the CEA family that is expressed on activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, where it is rapidly upregulated upon TCR stimulation . In naive CD4 + T cells, CEACAM1 is expressed at very low levels, and is stored intracellularly in endosomal compartments . In activated T cells, CEACAM1 shows overlapping expression kinetics with the activation marker CD69 and precedes the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 . This indicates that the inhibitory form, CEACAM1-L, can interfere with T cell activation prior to CTLA-4, and is therefore, an independent immune checkpoint regulator. CEACAM1-S", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: causes cell activation 19,26 . CEACAM1 is expressed by a broad range of cell types, including angiogenically activated endothelia/lymphendothelia, various leukocyte subpopulations, normal epithelial cells and tumour cells 16 . Although Ceacam1 À / À mice do not exhibit this broad CEACAM1 expression, they develop normally and, in the absence of specific challenges, show no signs of disease 27 . CEACAM1 has been described primarily as a regulator of T cells in the gut 20, . Expression of CEACAM1-L inhibits T-cell proliferation and therefore prevents inflammatory bowel disease 30 . Expression of CEACAM1-S is essential for the development of follicular", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed in T, B, NK, and dentritic cells, and in granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages . In naïve lymphocytes, CEACAM1 is expressed at low levels, but undergoes a rapid upregulation upon cellular activation. In contrast, in granulocytes, CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen that controls granulopoiesis and delays neutrophil apoptosis . CEACAM1 is generally associated with protection against hyperinflammation that results from either inappropriate expansion of cellular precursors such as in dysregulated granulopoeiesis and neutrophilia in Ceacam1 −/− mice, associated with enhanced IL-1β production in response to stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 or exaggerated effector T cell responses or dysfunctional", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed on B-cell subsets. We first analysed CEACAM1 expression on various cell populations in the peripheral blood of wild-type mice. Erythrocytes stained negative for CEACAM1 . As previously reported , high levels of CEACAM1 expression were detected on blood granulocytes and monocytes with the anti-CEACAM1-specific monoclonal antibody . Cells from Ceacam1 À / À mice stained negative for CEACAM1 . Next, we analysed CEACAM1 expression on lymphoid cells in the blood. CD90.2 cells, representing primarily T cells, showed weak CEACAM1 expression by individual cells , a finding suggesting that various T-cell subpopulations may differentially express CEACAM1. B cells" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation" ], [ "2b", "Passage: CEACAM1 is expressed in T, B, NK, and dentritic cells, and in granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages ." ], [ "2c", "In naïve lymphocytes, CEACAM1 is expressed at low levels, but undergoes a rapid upregulation upon cellular activation." ], [ "2d", "In contrast, in granulocytes, CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen that controls granulopoiesis and delays neutrophil apoptosis ." ], [ "2e", "CEACAM1 is generally associated with protection against hyperinflammation that results from either inappropriate expansion of cellular precursors such as in dysregulated granulopoeiesis and neutrophilia in Ceacam1 −/− mice, associated with enhanced IL-1β production in response to stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 or exaggerated effector T cell responses or dysfunctional" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3e", "3h" ]

[ "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is the only member of the CEA family that is expressed on activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, where it is rapidly upregulated upon TCR stimulation . In naive CD4 + T cells, CEACAM1 is expressed at very low levels, and is stored intracellularly in endosomal compartments . In activated T cells, CEACAM1 shows overlapping expression kinetics with the activation marker CD69 and precedes the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 . This indicates that the inhibitory form, CEACAM1-L, can interfere with T cell activation prior to CTLA-4, and is therefore, an independent immune checkpoint regulator. CEACAM1-S", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: causes cell activation 19,26 . CEACAM1 is expressed by a broad range of cell types, including angiogenically activated endothelia/lymphendothelia, various leukocyte subpopulations, normal epithelial cells and tumour cells 16 . Although Ceacam1 À / À mice do not exhibit this broad CEACAM1 expression, they develop normally and, in the absence of specific challenges, show no signs of disease 27 . CEACAM1 has been described primarily as a regulator of T cells in the gut 20, . Expression of CEACAM1-L inhibits T-cell proliferation and therefore prevents inflammatory bowel disease 30 . Expression of CEACAM1-S is essential for the development of follicular", "Title: CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed in T, B, NK, and dentritic cells, and in granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages . In naïve lymphocytes, CEACAM1 is expressed at low levels, but undergoes a rapid upregulation upon cellular activation. In contrast, in granulocytes, CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen that controls granulopoiesis and delays neutrophil apoptosis . CEACAM1 is generally associated with protection against hyperinflammation that results from either inappropriate expansion of cellular precursors such as in dysregulated granulopoeiesis and neutrophilia in Ceacam1 −/− mice, associated with enhanced IL-1β production in response to stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 or exaggerated effector T cell responses or dysfunctional", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production\nPassage: CEACAM1 is expressed on B-cell subsets. We first analysed CEACAM1 expression on various cell populations in the peripheral blood of wild-type mice. Erythrocytes stained negative for CEACAM1 . As previously reported , high levels of CEACAM1 expression were detected on blood granulocytes and monocytes with the anti-CEACAM1-specific monoclonal antibody . Cells from Ceacam1 À / À mice stained negative for CEACAM1 . Next, we analysed CEACAM1 expression on lymphoid cells in the blood. CD90.2 cells, representing primarily T cells, showed weak CEACAM1 expression by individual cells , a finding suggesting that various T-cell subpopulations may differentially express CEACAM1. B cells" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production" ], [ "3b", "Passage: CEACAM1 is expressed on B-cell subsets." ], [ "3c", "We first analysed CEACAM1 expression on various cell populations in the peripheral blood of wild-type mice." ], [ "3d", "Erythrocytes stained negative for CEACAM1 ." ], [ "3e", "As previously reported , high levels of CEACAM1 expression were detected on blood granulocytes and monocytes with the anti-CEACAM1-specific monoclonal antibody ." ], [ "3f", "Cells from Ceacam1 À / À mice stained negative for CEACAM1 ." ], [ "3g", "Next, we analysed CEACAM1 expression on lymphoid cells in the blood." ], [ "3h", "CD90.2 cells, representing primarily T cells, showed weak CEACAM1 expression by individual cells , a finding suggesting that various T-cell subpopulations may differentially express CEACAM1. B cells" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3e", "3h" ]

[ "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: Among persons who reported ILI, the most common symptom besides feverishness was sore throat , headache and cough . Signs of lower respiratory tract infection, such as difficult or fast breathing and wheezing, were less common among person who reported ILI than those with pneumonia. The mean duration of illness among persons with ILI was seven days ; more than half of person who reported an ILI had symptoms for seven days or more.", "Title: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Pneumonia\nPassage: Signs and symptoms of upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection, along with systemic involvement in the form of fever, myalgia, and headache, are usually the main presenting features of the disease. In the context of an outbreak, otherwise healthy subjects presenting with a self-limited acute febrile respiratory illness usually require no further diagnostic procedures. In two retrospective studies that examined which clinical signs and symptoms are most predictive of influenza infection in patients with influenza-like illness, cough and fever were the only symptoms significantly associated with a positive PCR test for influenza . In another study, no isolated symptom or", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Association in 2006. 17 In the guideline, the clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of childhood CAP include fever, cough, tachypnoea , difficulty breathing and/or lower chest wall indrawing. X-ray evaluation has been carried out when necessary. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical committees of the hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children.", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: The most common symptoms reported by persons with pneumonia were difficult breathing , cough , and feverishness . The mean duration of illness of all persons with pneumonia was 13 days ; more than one-quarter had symptoms for seven days or more." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Among persons who reported ILI, the most common symptom besides feverishness was sore throat , headache and cough ." ], [ "0c", "Signs of lower respiratory tract infection, such as difficult or fast breathing and wheezing, were less common among person who reported ILI than those with pneumonia." ], [ "0d", "The mean duration of illness among persons with ILI was seven days ; more than half of person who reported an ILI had symptoms for seven days or more." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: Among persons who reported ILI, the most common symptom besides feverishness was sore throat , headache and cough . Signs of lower respiratory tract infection, such as difficult or fast breathing and wheezing, were less common among person who reported ILI than those with pneumonia. The mean duration of illness among persons with ILI was seven days ; more than half of person who reported an ILI had symptoms for seven days or more.", "Title: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Pneumonia\nPassage: Signs and symptoms of upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection, along with systemic involvement in the form of fever, myalgia, and headache, are usually the main presenting features of the disease. In the context of an outbreak, otherwise healthy subjects presenting with a self-limited acute febrile respiratory illness usually require no further diagnostic procedures. In two retrospective studies that examined which clinical signs and symptoms are most predictive of influenza infection in patients with influenza-like illness, cough and fever were the only symptoms significantly associated with a positive PCR test for influenza . In another study, no isolated symptom or", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Association in 2006. 17 In the guideline, the clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of childhood CAP include fever, cough, tachypnoea , difficulty breathing and/or lower chest wall indrawing. X-ray evaluation has been carried out when necessary. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical committees of the hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children.", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: The most common symptoms reported by persons with pneumonia were difficult breathing , cough , and feverishness . The mean duration of illness of all persons with pneumonia was 13 days ; more than one-quarter had symptoms for seven days or more." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Pneumonia" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Signs and symptoms of upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection, along with systemic involvement in the form of fever, myalgia, and headache, are usually the main presenting features of the disease." ], [ "1c", "In the context of an outbreak, otherwise healthy subjects presenting with a self-limited acute febrile respiratory illness usually require no further diagnostic procedures." ], [ "1d", "In two retrospective studies that examined which clinical signs and symptoms are most predictive of influenza infection in patients with influenza-like illness, cough and fever were the only symptoms significantly associated with a positive PCR test for influenza ." ], [ "1e", "In another study, no isolated symptom or" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: Among persons who reported ILI, the most common symptom besides feverishness was sore throat , headache and cough . Signs of lower respiratory tract infection, such as difficult or fast breathing and wheezing, were less common among person who reported ILI than those with pneumonia. The mean duration of illness among persons with ILI was seven days ; more than half of person who reported an ILI had symptoms for seven days or more.", "Title: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Pneumonia\nPassage: Signs and symptoms of upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection, along with systemic involvement in the form of fever, myalgia, and headache, are usually the main presenting features of the disease. In the context of an outbreak, otherwise healthy subjects presenting with a self-limited acute febrile respiratory illness usually require no further diagnostic procedures. In two retrospective studies that examined which clinical signs and symptoms are most predictive of influenza infection in patients with influenza-like illness, cough and fever were the only symptoms significantly associated with a positive PCR test for influenza . In another study, no isolated symptom or", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Association in 2006. 17 In the guideline, the clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of childhood CAP include fever, cough, tachypnoea , difficulty breathing and/or lower chest wall indrawing. X-ray evaluation has been carried out when necessary. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical committees of the hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children.", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: The most common symptoms reported by persons with pneumonia were difficult breathing , cough , and feverishness . The mean duration of illness of all persons with pneumonia was 13 days ; more than one-quarter had symptoms for seven days or more." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Association in 2006." ], [ "2c", "17 In the guideline, the clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of childhood CAP include fever, cough, tachypnoea , difficulty breathing and/or lower chest wall indrawing." ], [ "2d", "X-ray evaluation has been carried out when necessary." ], [ "2e", "The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical committees of the hospitals." ], [ "2f", "Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: Among persons who reported ILI, the most common symptom besides feverishness was sore throat , headache and cough . Signs of lower respiratory tract infection, such as difficult or fast breathing and wheezing, were less common among person who reported ILI than those with pneumonia. The mean duration of illness among persons with ILI was seven days ; more than half of person who reported an ILI had symptoms for seven days or more.", "Title: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza Pneumonia\nPassage: Signs and symptoms of upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection, along with systemic involvement in the form of fever, myalgia, and headache, are usually the main presenting features of the disease. In the context of an outbreak, otherwise healthy subjects presenting with a self-limited acute febrile respiratory illness usually require no further diagnostic procedures. In two retrospective studies that examined which clinical signs and symptoms are most predictive of influenza infection in patients with influenza-like illness, cough and fever were the only symptoms significantly associated with a positive PCR test for influenza . In another study, no isolated symptom or", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Association in 2006. 17 In the guideline, the clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of childhood CAP include fever, cough, tachypnoea , difficulty breathing and/or lower chest wall indrawing. X-ray evaluation has been carried out when necessary. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical committees of the hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children.", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance\nPassage: The most common symptoms reported by persons with pneumonia were difficult breathing , cough , and feverishness . The mean duration of illness of all persons with pneumonia was 13 days ; more than one-quarter had symptoms for seven days or more." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Low usage of government healthcare facilities for acute respiratory infections in guatemala: implications for influenza surveillance" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The most common symptoms reported by persons with pneumonia were difficult breathing , cough , and feverishness ." ], [ "3c", "The mean duration of illness of all persons with pneumonia was 13 days ; more than one-quarter had symptoms for seven days or more." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: ranged from 36%-60% overall, which is alarmingly high compared with all previous outbreaks of human cases of seasonal influenza in the United States, for which the CFR has ranged from 0.04%-1.0% . This high level of illness severity and high mortality rate was unexpected and increased disease burden, resulting in concern among clinicians and public health officials; however, the risk factors that are most highly associated with the deaths from avian influenza were not clear.", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: Five time periods that are useful for public health surveillance were evaluated. For the H5N1 group, with the exception of the median days from onset to antiviral treatment, there were differences between the fatalities and survivors in other median days, including days from onset to hospitalization vs. 5 days, p = 0.023]; days from onset to confirmation of infection Figure 4 ).", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: For the H7N9 group, the median number of days from onset to confirmation of infection in the fatality groups was slightly longer than that of survivors vs. 8 days, p = 0.011]; however, the median number of days from onset to outcome vs. 31 days, p < 0.001] and number of hospitalization days vs. 25 days, p < 0.001] in the fatality groups was slightly less than those relating to survivors, respectively .", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: In the H5N1 group, the CFR was statistically significantly higher in the index fatalities than in the secondary fatalities vs. 43.3% , respectively, p < 0.001], as was the number of people with comorbidities vs. 0.0% , respectively, p = 0.043]; however, there were no differences between H7N9 virus index and secondary fatalities in the CFR and underlying diseases ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses" ], [ "0b", "Passage: ranged from 36%-60% overall, which is alarmingly high compared with all previous outbreaks of human cases of seasonal influenza in the United States, for which the CFR has ranged from 0.04%-1.0% ." ], [ "0c", "This high level of illness severity and high mortality rate was unexpected and increased disease burden, resulting in concern among clinicians and public health officials; however, the risk factors that are most highly associated with the deaths from avian influenza were not clear." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: ranged from 36%-60% overall, which is alarmingly high compared with all previous outbreaks of human cases of seasonal influenza in the United States, for which the CFR has ranged from 0.04%-1.0% . This high level of illness severity and high mortality rate was unexpected and increased disease burden, resulting in concern among clinicians and public health officials; however, the risk factors that are most highly associated with the deaths from avian influenza were not clear.", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: Five time periods that are useful for public health surveillance were evaluated. For the H5N1 group, with the exception of the median days from onset to antiviral treatment, there were differences between the fatalities and survivors in other median days, including days from onset to hospitalization vs. 5 days, p = 0.023]; days from onset to confirmation of infection Figure 4 ).", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: For the H7N9 group, the median number of days from onset to confirmation of infection in the fatality groups was slightly longer than that of survivors vs. 8 days, p = 0.011]; however, the median number of days from onset to outcome vs. 31 days, p < 0.001] and number of hospitalization days vs. 25 days, p < 0.001] in the fatality groups was slightly less than those relating to survivors, respectively .", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses\nPassage: In the H5N1 group, the CFR was statistically significantly higher in the index fatalities than in the secondary fatalities vs. 43.3% , respectively, p < 0.001], as was the number of people with comorbidities vs. 0.0% , respectively, p = 0.043]; however, there were no differences between H7N9 virus index and secondary fatalities in the CFR and underlying diseases ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Comparative Epidemiology of Human Fatal Infections with Novel, High (H5N6 and H5N1) and Low (H7N9 and H9N2) Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Viruses" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Five time periods that are useful for public health surveillance were evaluated." ], [ "1c", "For the H5N1 group, with the exception of the median days from onset to antiviral treatment, there were differences between the fatalities and survivors in other median days, including days from onset to hospitalization vs. 5 days, p = 0.023]; days from onset to confirmation of infection Figure 4 )." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2b", "3b" ]