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Parler TTS 189

http://www.archive.org/download/miscellaneacuriosa1_1611_librivox/misccuriosa_v1_07_halley_64kb.mp3

when any one sort of rays hath been well parted from those of other kinds it hath afterwards obstinately retained its colour notwithstanding my utmost endeavours to change it i have refracted it with prisms and reflected it with bodies

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so that of those which are alike incident on the same medium some shall be more refracted than others and that not by any virtue of the glass or other external cause but from a predisposition which every particular ray hath to suffer particular degree of refraction

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and that this is the entire and adequate cause of their colours is manifest because they have no power to change or alter the colours of any sort of rays incident apart

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if at that distance you intercept this light with a sheet of white paper you will see the colours converted into whiteness again by being mingled but it is requisite that the prism and lens be placed steady

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and by their prevalence cause it to appear of that colour and for the same reason bise reflecting blue most copiously shall appear blue by the excess of those rays in its reflected light and the like of other bodies

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f their common focus and o the other focus of the metal in which the object is placed but to return from this digression i told you that light is not similar or homogeneal but consists of difform rays some of which are more refrangible than others

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for by this means i thought the regular effects of the first prism would be destroyed by the second prism but the irregular ones more augmented by the multiplicity of refractions the event was that the light which by the first prism was diffused into an oblong form was by the second reduced into an orbicular one

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and to try this i took another prism like the former and so placed it that the light passing through them both might be refracted contrary ways and so by the latter returned into that course from which the former had diverted it

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its vertical angle abc may conveniently be about sixty degrees mn designeth the lens its breadth two and a half or three inches sf one of the streight lines in which difform rays may be conceived to flow successively from the sun

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four yet seeming transmutations of colour may be made where there is any mixture of diverse sorts of rays for in such mixtures the component colours appear not but by their mutual allaying each other constitute a middling colour

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than that at which they before converged which being at most but about thirty one or thirty two minutes there still remained some other cause to be found out from whence it could be two degrees and forty nine minutes

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which in daylight were of other colors i have intercepted it with the colored film of air interceding two compressed plates of glass transmitted it through colored mediums and through mediums irradiated with other sorts of rays and diversely terminated it and yet could never produce any new color out of it

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and that the paper on which the colours are cast be moved to and fro for by such motion you will not only find at what distance the whiteness is most perfect but also see how the colours gradually convene and vanish into whiteness and afterwards having crossed one another in that place where they compound whiteness

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by this experiment therefore as well as by the former computation it was evident that the difference of the incidence of rays flowing from diverse parts of the sun could not make them after decussation diverge at a sensibly greater angle

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it would by contracting and dilating become more brisk or faint and by the loss of many rays in some cases very obscure and dark but i could never see it changed in specie

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care must be taken that none of the colours fall besides the lens in the annexed design table three figure two of this experiment a b c expresseth the prism set end wise to sight closed by the hole f of the window e g

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are again dissipated and severed and in an inverted order retain the same colours which they had before they entred the composition you may also see that if any of the colours at the lens be intercepted the whiteness will be changed into the other colours and therefore that the composition of whiteness be perfect

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yet my curiosity caused me again to take my prism and having placed it at my window as before i observed that by turning it a little about its axis to and fro so as to vary its obliquity to the light

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and therefore if by refraction or any other of the aforesaid causes the difform rays latent in such a mixture be separated they shall emerge colours different from the colour of the composition

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more than an angle of four or five degrees the colours were not thereby sensibly translated from their place on the wall and consequently by that variation of incidence quantity of refraction was not sensibly varied

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then i began to suspect whether the rays after their trajection through the prism did not move in curve lines and according to their more or less curvity tend to diverse parts of the wall and it increased my suspicion when i remembered that i had often seen a tennis ball

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struck with an oblique racket describe such a curve line for a circular as well as a progressive motion being communicated to it by that stroke its parts on that side where the motions conspire

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lest any scattering light mixing with the colour disturb and allay it and render it compound contrary to the design of the experiment tis also requisite that there be a perfect separation of the colours than after the manner above described can be made by the refraction of one single prism

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which colours are not new generated but only made apparent by being parted for if they be again entirely mixed and blended together they will again compose that colour which they did before separation and for the same reason transmutations made by the convening of diverse colours are not real

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f p and f r two of those rays unequally refracted which the lens makes to converge towards q and after decussation to diverge again

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for when viewed with a good microscope they still appear blue and yellow interspersed five there are therefore two sorts of colours

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and blue and purple in uppercase p lowercase p and pi if you proceed further to try the impossibility of changing any uncompounded colour which i have asserted in the third and thirteenth propositions tis requisite that the room may be very dark

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they ought to feel the greater resistance from the ambient ether on that side where this motion conspires and thence be continually bowed to the other but notwithstanding this plausible ground of suspicion when i came to examine it i could observe no such curvity in them

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for when the difform rays are again severed they will exhibit the very same colours which they did before they entered the composition as you see blue and yellow powders when finely mixed appear to the naked eye green and yet the colours of the component corpuscles are not thereby really transmuted but only blended

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must press and beat the contiguous air more violently than on the other and there excite a reluctancy and reaction of the air proportionably greater and for the same reason if the rays of light should possibly be globular bodies and by their oblique passage out of one medium into another acquire a circulating motion

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the one original and simple the other compounded of these the original primary colours are red yellow green blue and violet-purple together with orange indico

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but those which are situated at too great a distance do not so orange indico produce not the intermediate green nor scarlet and green but the intermediate yellow

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i shall now proceed to acquaint you with another more notable deformity in its rays wherein the origin of colours is unfolded concerning which i lay down the doctrine first and then for its examination give you an instance or two of the experiments as a specimen of the rest

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thus if compound yellow light fall upon blue bise the bise will not appear perfectly yellow but rather green because there are in yellow mixture many rays indued with green and green being less remote from the usual blue colour of bise than yellow

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and besides which was enough for my purpose i observed that the difference twixt the length of the image and diameter of the hole through which the light was transmitted was proportionable to their distance

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and how to make such farther separations will scarce be difficult to them that consider the discovered laws of refractions but if trial shall be made with colours not throughly separated there must be allowed changes proportionable to the mixture

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but put on all colours indifferently with which they are enlightned these things being so it can be no longer disputed whether there be colours in the dark nor whether they be the qualities of the objects we see

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the gradual removal of these suspicions at length led me to the experimentum crucis which was this i took two boards and placed one of them close behind the prism at the window

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and an indefinite variety of intermediate gradations six the same colours in specie with these primary ones may be also produced by composition for a mixture of yellow and blue makes green of red and yellow makes orange of orange and yellowish green makes yellow

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and in general if any two colours be mix'd which in the series of those generated by the prism are not too far distant one from another they by their mutual alloy compound that colour which in the said series appeareth in the mid-way between them

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so that the light might pass through a small hole made in it for the purpose and the fall on the other board which i placed about twelve feet distance having first made a small hole in it also for some of that incident light to pass through

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unless when the glasses i used were not sufficiently clear for then they would a little incline it to their colour eight hence therefore it comes to pass that whiteness is the usual colour of light

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be intercepted or else that allowance be made for the emerging of so much red out of the yellow green as may possibly have been diffused and scatteringly blended in those colours

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and i saw by the variation of these places that the light tending to that end of the image towards which the refraction of the first prism was made did in the second prism suffer a refraction considerably greater than the light tending to the other end

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and if these things be observed the new production of red or any intercepted colour will be found impossible this i conceive is enough for an introduction to experiments of this kind which if any of the royal society shall be so curious as to prosecute i should be very glad to be informed with what success

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this done i took the first prism in my hand and turned it to and fro slowly about its axis so much as to make the several parts of the image cast on the second board successively pass through the hole in it that i might observe to what places on the wall the second prism should refract them

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tis necessary either that the colours be very well parted before the red be intercepted or that together with the red the neighbouring colours into which any red is secretly dispersed that is the yellow and perhaps green too

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i have often with admiration beheld that all the colours of the prism being made to converge and thereby to be again mixed as they were in the light before it was incident upon the prism reproduced light intirely and perfectly white and not at all sensibly differing from a direct light of the sun

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seven if the most surprising and wonderful composition was that of whiteness there is no one sort of rays which alone can exhibit this tis ever compounded and to its composition are requisite all the aforesaid primary colours mixed in a due proportion

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then i plac'd another prism behind this second board so that the light trajected through both the boards might pass thro that also and be again refracted before it arrived at the wall

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when i understood this i left off my aforesaid glass works for i saw that the perfection of telescopes was hitherto limited not so much for want of glasses truly figured according to the prescriptions of optic authors which all men have hitherto imagined as because that light itself

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is a heterogeneous mixture of differently refrangible rays so that were a glass so exactly figured so as to collect any one sort of rays into one point it could not collect those also into the same point which having the same incidence upon the same medium are apt to suffer a different refraction

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and so the true cause of the length of that image was detected to be no other than that light consists of rays differently refrangible which without any respect to a difference in their incidence were according to their degrees of refrangibility transmitted towards diverse parts of the wall

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for the difform rays by their unequal refractions are made to diverge towards several parts of the retina and there express the images of things coloured as in the former case they did the sun's image upon a wall and by this inequality of refractions they become not only coloured but also very confused and indistinct

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as it happens in the blue flame of brimstone the yellow flame of a candle and the various colours of the fixed stars nine these things consider'd the manner how colours are produced by the prism is evident for of the rays constituting the incident light since those which differ in colour proportionally differ in refrangibility

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nay i wondered that seeing the difference of refrangibility was so great as i found it telescopes should arrive to that perfection they are now at for measuring the refractions in one of my prisms

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for light is a confused aggregate of rays indued with all sorts of colours as they are promiscuously darted from the various parts of luminous bodies and of such a confused aggregate as i said is generated whiteness if there be a due proportion of the ingredients but if any one predominate the light must incline to that colour

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they by their unequal refractions must be severed and dispersed into an oblong form in an orderly succession from the least refracted scarlet to the most refracted violet and for the same reason it is that objects when looked upon through a prism appear coloured

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and to that end measured the several lines and angles belonging to the image its distance from the hole or prism was twenty-two foot utmost length thirteen and a quarter inches its breadth

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so that the difference is about a twenty fourth or twenty fifth part of the whole refraction and consequently the object glass of any telescope cannot collect all the rays which come from one point of an object so as to make them convene at its focus in less room than in a circular space whose diameter is the fiftieth part of the diameter of its aperture

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which is an irregularity some hundred of times greater than a circularly figured lens of so small a section as the object glasses of long telescopes are would cause by the unfitness of its figure were light uniform

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i found that supposing the common sine of incidence upon one of its plains was forty-four parts the sine of refraction of the utmost rays on the red end of the colours made out of the glass into the air would be sixty-eight parts and the sine of refraction of the utmost rays on the other end sixty-nine parts

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and such are the drops on the inside of the primary bow and on the outside of the secondary or exterior one so these drops which refract in greatest plenty the rays apt to appear red towards the spectator's eye refract those of other sorts so much more as to make them pass beside it

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no nor perhaps whether light be a body for since colors are the qualities of light having its rays for their entire and immediate subject how can we think those rays' qualities also

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and such are the drops of the exteriour part of the primary and interiour part of the secondary bone eleven the odd phnomena of an infusion of lignum nephriticum leaf gold fragments of coloured glass and some other transparently coloured bodies appearing in one position of one colour and of another in another

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the doctrine you will find comprehended and illustrated in the following propositions one as the rays of light differ in degrees of refrangibility so they also differ in their disposition to exhibit this or that particular colour

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ten why the colours of the rainbow appear in falling drops of rain is also from hence evident for these drops which refract the rays disposed to appear purple in greatest quantity to the spectator's eye refract the rays of other sorts so much less as to make them pass beside it

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which would polish as finely as glass and reflect as much light as glass transmits and the art of communicating to it a parabolic figure be also attained but there seemed very great difficulties and i have almost thought them insuperable when i further considered that every irregularity in a reflecting superficies

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they were terminated at the sides with straight lines but at the ends the decay of light was so gradual that it was difficult to determine justly what was their figure yet they seemed semicircular

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relates to have made with two wedge-like transparent vessels filled the one with red the other with blue liquor namely that though they were severally transparent enough yet both together became opaque for if one transmitted only red and the other only blue no rays could pass through both

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this made me take reflections into consideration and finding them regular so that the angle of reflection of all sorts of rays was equal to their angle of incidence i understood that by their mediation optic instruments might be brought to any degree of perfection imaginable provided a reflecting substance could be found

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that in the beginning of the year sixteen sixty six at which time i applied my self to the grinding of optic glasses of other figures than spherical i procured me a triangular glass prism to try therewith the celebrated phenomena of colours and in order thereto having darkened my chamber

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makes the rays stray five or six times more out of their due course than the like irregularities in a refracting one so that a much greater curiosity would be here requisite than in figuring glasses for refraction amidst these thoughts i was forc'd from cambridge by the intervening plague and it was more than two years before i proceeded further

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accordingly as they are disposed more or less to reflect or transmit the incident colour twelve from hence also is manifest the reason of an unexpected experiment which mr hook somewhere in his micrography

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but then having thought in a tender way of polishing proper for metal whereby as i imagined the figure also would be corrected to the last i began to try what might be effected in this kind and by degrees so far perfected an instrument in the essential parts of it like that i sent to london

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but after a while applying myself to consider them more circumspectly i became surprised to see them in an oblong form which according to the received laws of rarefraction i expected should have been circular

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thirteen i might add more instances of this nature but i shall conclude with this general one that the colours of all natural bodies have no other origin than this that they are variously qualified to reflect one sort of light in greater plenty than another

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are on these grounds no longer riddles for those are substances apt to reflect one sort of light and transmit another as may be seen in a dark room by illuminating them with similar or uncompounded light for then they appear of that colour only with which they are illuminated but yet in one position more vivid and luminous than in another

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and made a small hole in my window shuts to let in a convenient quantity of the sun's light i placed my prism at his entrance that it might be thereby refracted to the opposite wall it was at first a very pleasing divertissement to view the vivid and intense colors produced thereby

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for those instruments seem as capable of improvement as telescopes and perhaps more because but one reflective piece of metal is requisite in them as you may perceive in plate three paper one where a b representeth the object metal c d the eyeglass

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from that time i was interrupted till this last autumn when i made the other and as that was sensibly better than the first especially for day objects so i doubt not but they will be still brought to a much greater perfection by their endeavours who as you inform me are taking care about it at london

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first to examine those circumstances and so tried what would happen by transmitting light through parts of the glass of diverse thicknesses or through holes in the windows of diverse bignesses or by setting the prism without so that the light might pass through it and be refracted before it was terminated by the hole

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i have sometimes thought to make a microscope which in like manner should have instead of an object glass a reflecting piece of metal and by this i hope they will also take into consideration

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and this i have experimented in a dark room by illuminating those bodies with uncompounded light of diverse colours for by that means any body may be made to appear of any colour

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but i found none of those circumstances material the fashion of the colours was in all these cases the same then i suspected whether by any unevenness in the glass or other contingent irregularity these colours might be thus dilated

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i could scarce think that the various thickness of the glass or the termination in the shadow or darkness could have any influence on light to produce such an effect yet i thought it not amiss

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and therefore minium reflecteth rays of any colour but most copiously those endued with red and consequently when illustrated with daylight that is with all sorts of rays promiscuously blended those qualified with red shall abound most in the reflected light

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by which i could discern jupiter's four concomitants and showed them diverse times to two others of my acquaintance i could also discern the moon-like phase of venus but not very distinctly nor without some niceness in disposing the instrument

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comparing the length of this coloured spectrum with its breadth i found it about five times greater a disproportion so extravagant that it excited me to a more than ordinary curiosity of examining from whence it might proceed

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unless one quality may be the subject of and sustain another which in effect is to call it substance we should not know bodies for substances were it not for their sensible qualities and the principal of those being now found due to something else we have as good reason to believe that to be a substance also

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besides whoever thought any quality to be a heterogeneous aggregate such as light is discovered to be but to determine more absolutely what light is after what manner refracted and by what modes or actions it produceth up in our minds the phantasms of colours is not so easy and i shall not mingle conjectures with certainties

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and consequently the angle of the hole which that breadth subtended was about thirty-one minutes answerable to the sun's diameter but the angle which its length subtended was more than five such diameters

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as for the gall it is good to anoint a man that hath whiteness in his eyes and he shall be healed and when they were come near to workers the angel said to the young man brother to day we shall lodge with raguel who is thy cousin he also hath one only daughter named sara

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my son be mindful of the lord our god all thy days and let not thy will be set to sin or to transgress his commandments do uprightly all thy life long and follow not the ways of unrighteousness

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and raguel said to tobias eat and drink and make merry for it is meet that thou shouldest marry my daughter nevertheless i will declare unto thee the truth i have given my daughter in marriage to seven men who died that night they came in unto her nevertheless for the present be merry

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so he called him and he came in and they saluted one another then tobit said unto him brother show me of what tribe and family thou art

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those that exercise alms and righteousness shall be filled with life but they that sin are enemies to their own life surely i will keep close nothing from you for i said it was good to keep close the secret of a king but that it was honourable to reveal the works of god

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now therefore when thou didst say and sara thy daughter-in-law i did bring the remembrance of your prayers before the holy one and when thou didst bury the dead i was with thee likewise

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then tobit said thou art welcome brother be not now angry with me because i have enquired to know thy tribe and thy family for thou art my brother of an honest and good stock

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because the alms do deliver from death and suffer with not to come into darkness the alms is a good gift unto all that give it in the sight of the most high

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