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Summarize this article:
TIME Health For more, visit TIME Health
A psychiatry group told its members they can comment on the mental health of President Trump—going against the longstanding so-called Goldwater Rule, a self-imposed code that prevents the psychiatry community from commenting on the mental health of public figures.
In an email, the American Psychoanalytic Association told its 3,500 members they don’t have to abide by the Goldwater Rule, which states that mental health professionals should not discuss the mental state of someone they have not personally evaluated, Stat News reported on Tuesday. But the American Psychiatric Association is standing firm against any change in the policy.
“We don’t want to prohibit our members from using their knowledge responsibly,” Prudence Gourguechon, past president of the association, told Stat News.
In a statement, the American Psychoanalytic Association said it “did not encourage members” to go against the Goldwater Rule.
“Rather, it articulated a distinct ethics position that represents the viewpoint of psychoanalysts,” a spokesperson for the association said. “The field of psychoanalysis addresses the full spectrum of human behavior, and we feel that our concepts and understanding are applicable and valuable to understanding a wide range of human behaviors and cultural phenomenon.”
The email sent to members noted that the Goldwater Rule applies only to members of the American Psychiatric Association. While the email did not specifically tell members to defy the rule, it said that the American Psychoanalytic Association “does not consider political commentary by its individual members an ethical matter.”
“APsaA’s ethical code concerns clinical practices, not public commentary,” the email said.
The debate over whether health professionals can comment on Trump’s mental faculties has raged since the president was elected, with several mental health experts arguing that the Goldwater Rule needs more flexibility regards to Trump. An online petition that calls Trump “mentally ill,” started by psychiatrist John Gartner, has received more than 55,000 signatures since April.
Despite the note from the American Psychoanalytic Association, the American Psychiatric Association—which has more than 37,000 members — said on Tuesday that it continues to stand by the Goldwater Rule.
The Goldwater Rule stems from a controversy in 1964, when Fact magazine reported that more than 1,000 mental health professionals said they believed that then-Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater was not mentally fit for office. Goldwater successfully sued Fact for libel after he lost the election, leading to the rule’s addition to the American Psychiatric Association’s ethics guidelines. ||||| American Psychiatric ретуитна STAT
To be clear @ statnews the @ APAPsychiatric has not changed position on Goldwater Rule. It still applies to our 37,000 membershttps://twitter.com/statnews/status/889822773115326464 … ||||| APA Remains Committed to Supporting Goldwater Rule
Today, APA’s Ethics Committee issued an opinion that reaffirms our organization’s support for “The Goldwater Rule,” which asserts that psychiatrists should not give professional opinions about the mental state of individuals that they have not personally and thoroughly evaluated. The opinion from the Ethics Committee clarifies the ethical principle of the rule and answers several questions that have recently cropped up surrounding its use.
APA member psychiatrists have abided by the Goldwater Rule since it was implemented in 1973. It is so named because of a controversy that emerged during the 1964 presidential election, when Fact magazine published the results of a survey in which 12,356 psychiatrists were asked whether Sen. Barry Goldwater, the GOP nominee, was psychologically fit for the presidency. Out of 2,417 total responses to the survey, 1,189 said that Goldwater was unfit for office. Goldwater eventually won a defamation suit against Fact.
In its opinion, APA’s Ethics Committee asserts that while it is perfectly fine for a psychiatrist to share their expertise about psychiatric issues in general, it is unethical to offer a professional opinion about an individual without conducting an examination. The committee clarified that the rule applies to all professional opinions offered by psychiatrists, not just diagnoses. For example, saying an individual does not have a mental disorder would also constitute a professional opinion.
Three main points form the rationale for the opinion: When a psychiatrist comments about the behavior, symptoms, diagnosis, etc. of a public figure without consent, that psychiatrist has violated the principle that psychiatric evaluations be conducted with consent or authorization. Offering a professional opinion on an individual that a psychiatrist has not examined is a departure from established methods of examination, which require careful study of medical history and first-hand examination of the patient. Such behavior compromises both the integrity of the psychiatrist and the profession. When psychiatrists offer medical opinions about an individual they have not examined, they have the potential to stigmatize those with mental illness.
I touched on these points in my blog post from June of 2016 on the Goldwater Rule, but our Ethics Committee goes into far greater detail with the opinion it offered today. The Committee even offers rebuttals to the some of the most commonly heard arguments against the Goldwater Rule, including concerns centered on freedom of speech and civic duty; professional opinions or psychological profiles solicited by courts or law enforcement officials for forensic cases; and the Tarasoff Doctrine, which states that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient.
I urge you to take a moment to read the full opinion from the Ethics Committee. It is a thorough and well-reasoned explanation on why the Goldwater Rule is more important than ever. The complexity of today’s media environment demands that we take special care when speaking publicly about mental health issues, particularly when what we say has the potential to damage not only our professional integrity, but the trust we share with our patients, and their confidence in our abilities as physicians. ||||| Since Donald Trump became president, commentary about his public statements, tweeting habits, predilections and even his personality have become something of a national pastime.
Some in the professional psychiatric community have been moved to join in, offering their own expert analysis on why the president says what he says and does what he does.
But should they? Not according to the American Psychiatric Assn., which years ago adopted a rule for its 37,000 licensed members against offering a public opinion about the mental health or general psychological makeup of a public figure.
It’s known as the Goldwater Rule, and in the era of President Trump, it’s suddenly the subject of vigorous discussion — most recently at a meeting of the American Psychiatric Assn. last month in San Diego.
So what exactly is the Goldwater Rule?
Here are some details:
What is the Goldwater Rule?
It’s officially known as Section 7.3 of the American Psychiatric Assn.’s code of ethics.
This is how the organization’s ethics committee defines it: “On occasion psychiatrists are asked for an opinion about an individual who is in the light of public attention or who has disclosed information about himself/herself through public media. In such circumstances, a psychiatrist may share with the public his or her expertise about psychiatric issues in general. However, it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”
So why is it called the Goldwater Rule?
The rule dates back to an incident during the 1964 election between Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and his Republican challenger, Sen. Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Throughout the campaign Democrats and even some Republicans relentlessly assailed Goldwater as a demagogue and a leader of right-wing extremism.
In September 1964, Fact Magazine, which is now defunct, published “The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater.” The magazine queried about 12,300 psychiatrists on whether Goldwater was psychologically fit to be president. Only about 2,400 psychiatrists responded to the magazine’s request, and of those about 1,200 said Goldwater was unfit for the job.
In 1966, two years after being trounced in the election, the Arizona senator sued the magazine for libel, and a federal jury awarded him $75,000 in punitive damages. Four years later, the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the case.
Although the American Psychiatric Assn. had no direct involvement in the case, some viewed it as a blemish on psychiatry. So in 1973, the new rule was adopted by the group’s ethics board. Members who break it could be kicked out of the organization but do not lose their medical licenses.
So there’s been talk about reevaluating the rule?
Indeed.
In the decades after the rule went into effect, little debate took place over its merits. Then came the 2016 presidential election .
As Trump and his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, battled in a vitriolic campaign, some members of the American Psychiatric Assn. broke the rule and voiced concerns about what they described as Trump’s erratic and impulsive behavior. They said it would be a disservice to the public to not speak out.
Maria A. Oquendo, then-president of the association, responded with an open letter to members in August.
“We live in an age where information on a given individual is easier to access and more abundant than ever before, particularly if that person happens to be a public figure,” she wrote. “With that in mind, I can understand the desire to get inside the mind of a presidential candidate.”
But she argued that if psychiatrists are allowed to make diagnoses without seeing a patient, the public could lose confidence in the field and mental health patients could “feel stigmatized” by their own diagnoses and less inclined to seek help.
“Simply put, breaking the Goldwater Rule is irresponsible, potentially stigmatizing, and definitely unethical,” she wrote.
Did Trump’s victory elevate discourse on the issue?
Yes. Shortly after Trump entered the White House more than two dozen prominent psychiatrists wrote a letter to the editor of the New York Times expressing discontent with the Goldwater Rule.
“Silence from the country’s mental health organizations has been due to a self-imposed dictum about evaluating public figures (the American Psychiatric Association’s 1973 Goldwater Rule),” they wrote. “But this silence has resulted in a failure to lend our expertise to worried journalists and members of Congress at this critical time. We fear that too much is at stake to be silent any longer.”
A billboard during the 1964 presidential campaign. (Duane Howell / Denver Post)
How did the American Psychiatric Assn. react to the letter?
It strongly pushed back.
In a March statement, the organization reaffirmed its support for the Goldwater Rule.
“It was unethical and irresponsible back in 1964 to offer professional opinions on people who were not properly evaluated and it is unethical and irresponsible today,” Oquendo said in March. “In the past year, we have received numerous inquiries from member psychiatrists, the press and the public about the Goldwater Rule. We decided to clarify the ethical underpinnings of the principle and answer some of the common questions raised by our members. APA continues to support these ethical principles.”
During a recent interview, Dr. Rebecca Weintraub Brendel, a consultant to the association’s ethics committee, said a “physician can’t arrive at a diagnosis without an examination that considers underlying causes of an individual’s behavior, including medical conditions.”
“For example, someone with diabetes could act erratically or confused because their blood sugar levels need to be adjusted,” Brendel said. “Also, publicly discussing someone’s mental state without an examination is potentially stigmatizing for those with mental illness and could lead them to avoid treatment for fear of having their condition publicly discussed or out of concern about the methods of diagnosis.”
What about the dissenters?
“It’s a silly rule,” said Lance Dodes, a Los Angeles-based psychiatrist and retired clinical professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, who was among those to sign the letter. “The APA is not protecting Donald Trump; they’re protecting themselves.”
Dodes, a former member of the association, believes Trump’s presidency could hurt national security.
“He has an antisocial personality disorder,” Dodes said. “This is not difficult to diagnose.… It’s clear to see.”
John Zinner, a clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at George Washington University, says many Americans are scared and concerned about Trump’s behavior and that his field has a responsibility to speak out.
“People are afraid he could create havoc due to his impulsiveness,” Zinner said.
So where do things stand now?
The rule remains in place.
In May, at its annual meeting in San Diego, the association held a panel discussion weighing the pros and cons of the rule.
Ultimately it was an effort to create a public discourse around the issue.
Ellen Covey, a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Washington, says it is appropriate for mental health professionals to “condemn specific patterns of behavior such as habitual lying, blatant disrespect for others, self-contradiction and erratic behavior as inappropriate for a person holding a public office.”
But that’s different than making a diagnosis, she said.
“Such behavior patterns can be pointed out without the need to label them as a specific psychopathology,” she said. “The behavior speaks for itself.”
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Young American women are poorer than their moms and grandmas, and more likely to commit suicide ||||| A leading psychiatry group has told its members they should not feel bound by a longstanding rule against commenting publicly on the mental state of public figures — even the president.
The statement, an email this month from the executive committee of the American Psychoanalytic Association to its 3,500 members, represents the first significant crack in the profession’s decades-old united front aimed at preventing experts from discussing the psychiatric aspects of politicians’ behavior. It will likely make many of its members feel more comfortable speaking openly about President Trump’s mental health.
The impetus for the email was “belief in the value of psychoanalytic knowledge in explaining human behavior,” said psychoanalytic association past president Dr. Prudence Gourguechon, a psychiatrist in Chicago. “We don’t want to prohibit our members from using their knowledge responsibly.”
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That responsibility is especially great today, she told STAT, “since Trump’s behavior is so different from anything we’ve seen before” in a commander in chief.
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An increasing number of psychologists and psychiatrists have denounced the restriction as a “gag rule” and flouted it, with some arguing they have a “duty to warn” the public about what they see as Trump’s narcissism, impulsivity, poor attention span, paranoia, and other traits that, they believe, impair his ability to lead.
Reporters, pundits, and government officials “have been stumbling around trying to explain Trump’s unusual behavior,” from his seemingly compulsive tweeting to his grandiosity, said Dr. Leonard Glass, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School. The rule against psychiatrists offering their analysis of the emotions, thought patterns, and beliefs underlying such behaviors, Glass said, robs the public “of our professional judgment and prevents us from communicating our understanding” of the president’s mental state.
Last week, in an essay in Psychiatric Times, Glass called the prohibition on such communication “an unacceptable infringement on my right and duty” to discuss issues “where the perspective of psychiatrists could be very relevant and enlightening.” He ended the essay by announcing his resignation from the American Psychiatric Association, which adopted the rule in 1973. He had been a member for 41 years.
Called the “Goldwater rule,” the prohibition on offering opinions about the mental state of public figures was adopted after some psychiatrists answered a 1964 survey on whether Sen. Barry Goldwater, the Republican presidential candidate that year, was mentally fit for the Oval Office. The rule states that it is unethical to offer a professional opinion about a public figure’s mental health, including the presence or absence of a disorder, without that person’s consent and without doing a standard examination. In March, the psychiatric association reaffirmed the rule.
The group acted despite growing criticism that the Goldwater rule is outdated and even unethical for preventing psychiatrists from pointing out behaviors that raise questions about a government official’s mental state. No other medical specialty has such a rule; cardiologists are not prohibited from offering their views of an official’s fainting spell, for instance, as long as they make clear that they have not examined the person.
Although opposition to the Goldwater rule has existed for years, it intensified with Trump’s candidacy and then election. In October, a book titled “The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President” will be published.
“When the book comes out, there will be renewed furor about the Goldwater rule, since it is precisely about what is wrong with him,” said psychiatrist Dr. Lance Dodes, a retired professor at Harvard Medical School who is now in private practice in Los Angeles.
A number of psychologists have spoken to reporters about what Trump’s statements and actions might reveal about his emotional and cognitive state. Although the American Psychological Association “prefers” that its members not offer opinions on the psychology of someone they have not examined, it does not have a Goldwater rule and is not considering implementing one, an official told STAT.
The psychoanalytic association went further. In its July 6 email, it explicitly stated for the first time that the organization does not subscribe to the rule. That position had been implicit for years, but the association’s “leadership has been extremely reluctant to make a statement and publicly challenge the American Psychiatric Association,” said one psychoanalytic association member who asked not to be publicly identified criticizing the other group.
One stated rationale for the Goldwater rule is that psychiatrists need to examine patients in order to properly evaluate them. In fact, for decades the State Department and other federal agencies have asked psychiatrists to offer their views on the psychological state of foreign leaders, Glass pointed out, evidence that government officials believe it is possible to make informed inferences about mental states based on public behavior and speech.
“In the case of Donald Trump, there is an extraordinary abundance of speech and behavior on which one could form a judgment,” Glass said. “It’s not definitive, it’s an informed hypothesis, and one we should be able to offer rather than the stunning silence demanded by the Goldwater rule.”
The Goldwater rule has long been odd in that violating it carries no penalties. In principle the psychiatric association could file a complaint with a member’s state medical board. That has apparently never happened. Nor has the association ejected a member for violating the Goldwater rule. That is something it, as a private association, would be legally permitted to do.
A state agency, however, is subject to the U.S. Constitution, civil liberties experts say, and penalizing psychiatrists for speaking out would likely be a violation of their First Amendment rights.
Correction: The headline of this story has been changed to make clear that the American Psychoanalytic Association has told its members that they are free to ignore the “Goldwater rule” and comment about public figures’ mental state. ||||| POINT
Dr Glass is a psychoanalyst and Associate Professor of Psychiatry (Part-time) at Harvard Medical School and a Senior Attending Psychiatrist at McLean Hospital. He was a distinguished life fellow of the American Psychiatric Association until he resigned in protest in April 2017.
Since 1973, the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Code of Ethics has considered it “unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”1 This measure, commonly referred to as “the Goldwater Rule,” was part of the fallout from psychiatrists offering their armchair diagnoses of Barry Goldwater for Fact magazine, which was successfully sued for libel by the losing presidential candidate. APA’s chastened leaders then acted to protect their professions’ reputation by including in their code of ethics a prohibition that was widely understood to prohibit future diagnosis of public figures.
This February, 33 psychiatrists signed a letter to the New York Times2 that decried the silence from mental health professionals caused by the Goldwater Rule. While it refrained from diagnosis, the letter concluded the “grave emotional instability indicated by Mr. Trump’s speech and actions makes him incapable of serving safely as president.” Notably, none of us had interviewed the President nor had we obtained his permission to speak out.
The following day, the New York Times printed a letter from a supporter of the Goldwater Rule, Dr. Allen Frances, who “wrote the criteria that define(d) narcissistic personality disorder,” calling us to task for “psychiatric name-calling,” although no diagnosis had been asserted.3 This brought the conflict to a head in a very public way.
One month later, perhaps in response, the ethics committee of the APA issued a new interpretation of the Goldwater Rule. While the language of the underlying code remained unchanged, the committee’s new opinion made it clear that the prohibition was not restricted to making diagnoses, stating that it “applies to all professional opinions offered by psychiatrists, not just diagnoses.”4 The APA statement continues:
Making a diagnosis, for example, would be rendering a professional opinion. However, a diagnosis is not required for an opinion to be professional. Instead, when a psychiatrist renders an opinion about the affect, behavior, speech, or other presentation of an individual that draws on the skills, training, expertise, and/or knowledge inherent in the practice of psychiatry, the opinion is a professional one. Thus, saying that a person does not have an illness is also a professional opinion.
Thus any psychiatrist making a comment about the mental functioning of any public figure would be in violation of the profession’s code of ethics. Specifically, the new interpretation stated that comments about a public figure’s affect and behavior constituted an unethical professional opinion.
In this way, a significant shift was made from the decades-long common understanding that psychiatrists should refrain from making diagnoses or interpretations about the unobservable inner life of public figure to prohibiting all comments about easily observable phenomena. At the same time, the APA noted that psychiatrists were allowed to comment as citizens, as long as they didn’t identify themselves as psychiatrists; a statement that many found gratuitous and oddly self-defeating, insofar as it intentionally devalued psychiatric expertise.
My colleagues and I were shocked by what we felt was the APA’s “gag rule.” Since I had previously agreed to write an article that contained a more detailed delineation of the issues broached in the first Times letter, I wrote to the APA leadership, expressing my profound disagreement with the new interpretation and urging them to rescind it. I argued that the new, more literal application of the Goldwater Rule made a fundamental error conflating a “professional opinion” that one might provide in a clinical setting and be the basis for a treatment plan with the “opinion of a professional” who is making an observation in a non-clinical context, in the public domain.
There is no patient-doctor relationship in the latter instance and hence the standards that apply to clinical assessment (thorough history, mental status exam, interview with relevant members of the patient’s support system, etc; necessity for confidentiality and authorization from “the patient”) are not applicable. One might be interested in the “opinion of a professional” (which wouldn’t be the foundation for a plan of medical care) when selecting an investment, choosing a catering menu, or learning more about the Civil War.
I acknowledged that caution needs to be used when commenting on matters from afar. It is always appropriate in those circumstances to qualify one’s impressions in accordance with one’s methodology. I said, if the APA had advised its members to exercise such caution, I would have no objection. But I argued that to ordain a gag rule out of concern that fully trained professionals might misspeak privileged the protection of the profession’s public image over members’ rights to follow their consciences, even if it turned out that some persons spoke imprudently.
Editor's note: We respectfully encourage all readers to "sign in" by typing your name and professional background after your comment. You can "reply" to your own post, and do this retroactively. |||||
Summary: | – A psychiatric group has told its members they're not obligated to adhere to something called the "Goldwater Rule," which has long prevented members of the profession from commenting on the mental health of public figures. The American Psychoanalytic Association emailed its members this month to that effect, though the Atlantic explains it wasn't so much a change in policy as a reminder that the Goldwater Rule is not officially part of the group's ethical guidelines. One thing of note: This APA has 3,500 members, but the larger American Psychiatric Association, with 37,000 members, still has the rule in place. The development comes amid lots of chatter about President Trump's behavior, which is "so different from anything we've seen before" in a president, a past leader of the smaller APA tells STAT. Coverage: Milestone? The move "represents the first significant crack in the profession's decades-old united front aimed at preventing experts from discussing the psychiatric aspects of politicians' behavior," writes Sharon Begley at STAT. In a statement, however, a spokesperson emphasized that the group isn't encouraging members to go against the Goldwater Rule, notes Time. It's just that "we don't want to prevent our members from using their knowledge responsibly," adds the former leader. Still opposed: The American Psychiatric Association reiterated that its own policy is unchanged. In March, the group formally reaffirmed its view that it's unethical for doctors to speculate on the mental health of a person they haven't personally evaluated. The full policy is here. 'Gag rule'?: Last week, Dr. Leonard Glass of Harvard wrote an essay in Psychiatric Times likening the Goldwater prohibition to a "gag rule" and calling it "an unacceptable infringement on my right and duty." In the essay, he resigned from the American Psychiatric Association. Why Goldwater: In 1964, about 1,200 psychiatrists responding to a magazine survey declared conservative candidate Barry Goldwater unfit for the presidency, explains the Los Angeles Times. He later sued for libel and won, and the larger APA's ethics board established the rule in 1973. An expert weighs in: You don't have to search the topic long before finding someone arguing that Trump has narcissistic personality disorder. Well, the psychiatrist who literally wrote the definition for that disorder wrote a much-publicized letter to the editor earlier this year to the New York Times in which he states clearly that Trump doesn't meet the criteria. "He may be a world-class narcissist," writes Allen Frances, "but this doesn't make him mentally ill, because he does not suffer from the distress and impairment required to diagnose mental disorder." | multi_news_1_0_0 |
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You are given a question-answer pair. Answer with their type. Pay attention that there may be more than one correct type, but you only have to choose one. In your responses, use of the following types:
(1) Humans: Any individual or group of humans, including fictional ones (e.g., a group or organization of persons , an individual, title of a person, description of a person);
(2) Event: Any phenomenon natural or artificial (e.g., named hurricanes, Battles, Wars, Sports events, Terrorist attacks);
(3) Entity: A thing with distinct and independent existence (Animals, Organs of body, Colors, Inventions, books and other creative pieces, Currency name, Diseases, and medicine, Food, Musical instrument, Languages, Plants, Products, Religions, Sports, Elements and substances, Symbols and signs, Techniques and methods, Equivalent terms, Vehicles);
(4) Facility: Something built for a particular purpose (Buildings, Airports, Highways, Bridges);
(5) Location: A place (Cities, Countries, Mountains, States);
(6) Law: Named documents made into laws (e.g., “the first amendment”, "civil rights act");
(7) Organization: an organized body of people with a particular purpose (Company names, e.g. Google, Cults or terrorist groups, e.g. Al Qaeda);
(8) Date: Absolute or relative dates or periods, bigger than 1 day (Years, Range, e.g. from Monday to Tuesday, or during the 20th century, Approximate time);
(9) Time: Any temporal range/unit that is shorter than a day (e.g., 2 o'clock, 1 pm);
(10) Money: Monetary values, including unit (e.g., "$26", "914$");
(11) Quantity: postcodes or other codes, the number of sth, Ranks, fractions, speed, temperature, size, area, and volume, weight (e.g., "26 degree" "17 inch");
(12) Description: description and abstract concepts (e.g., the definition of something, the manner of an action, reasons);
(13) Abbreviation: expression abbreviated (e.g., AMT = abbreviation of Amazon Mechanical Turk). Don't generate any word that is not mentioned in the list of types (Humans, Event, Entity, Facility, Location, Law, Organization, Date, Time, Money, Quantity, Description, Abbreviation). If you can not associate any of the given types with the provided question and answer pair, respond "Other".
Question: What des Jem struggle to understand? (Answer: separations of race and class).
Event.
Question: Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to? (Answer: The Huffington Post).
Organization.
Question: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes? (Answer: Crystal Bowersox).
| Humans.
| task046_miscellaneous_question_typing |
|
You are given a question-answer pair. Answer with their type. Pay attention that there may be more than one correct type, but you only have to choose one. In your responses, use of the following types:
(1) Humans: Any individual or group of humans, including fictional ones (e.g., a group or organization of persons , an individual, title of a person, description of a person);
(2) Event: Any phenomenon natural or artificial (e.g., named hurricanes, Battles, Wars, Sports events, Terrorist attacks);
(3) Entity: A thing with distinct and independent existence (Animals, Organs of body, Colors, Inventions, books and other creative pieces, Currency name, Diseases, and medicine, Food, Musical instrument, Languages, Plants, Products, Religions, Sports, Elements and substances, Symbols and signs, Techniques and methods, Equivalent terms, Vehicles);
(4) Facility: Something built for a particular purpose (Buildings, Airports, Highways, Bridges);
(5) Location: A place (Cities, Countries, Mountains, States);
(6) Law: Named documents made into laws (e.g., “the first amendment”, "civil rights act");
(7) Organization: an organized body of people with a particular purpose (Company names, e.g. Google, Cults or terrorist groups, e.g. Al Qaeda);
(8) Date: Absolute or relative dates or periods, bigger than 1 day (Years, Range, e.g. from Monday to Tuesday, or during the 20th century, Approximate time);
(9) Time: Any temporal range/unit that is shorter than a day (e.g., 2 o'clock, 1 pm);
(10) Money: Monetary values, including unit (e.g., "$26", "914$");
(11) Quantity: postcodes or other codes, the number of sth, Ranks, fractions, speed, temperature, size, area, and volume, weight (e.g., "26 degree" "17 inch");
(12) Description: description and abstract concepts (e.g., the definition of something, the manner of an action, reasons);
(13) Abbreviation: expression abbreviated (e.g., AMT = abbreviation of Amazon Mechanical Turk). Don't generate any word that is not mentioned in the list of types (Humans, Event, Entity, Facility, Location, Law, Organization, Date, Time, Money, Quantity, Description, Abbreviation). If you can not associate any of the given types with the provided question and answer pair, respond "Other".
Q: Question: Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol? (Answer: diabetic ketoacidosis).
A: | Entity. | task046_miscellaneous_question_typing |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
You are given a question-answer pair. Answer with their type. Pay attention that there may be more than one correct type, but you only have to choose one. In your responses, use of the following types:
(1) Humans: Any individual or group of humans, including fictional ones (e.g., a group or organization of persons , an individual, title of a person, description of a person);
(2) Event: Any phenomenon natural or artificial (e.g., named hurricanes, Battles, Wars, Sports events, Terrorist attacks);
(3) Entity: A thing with distinct and independent existence (Animals, Organs of body, Colors, Inventions, books and other creative pieces, Currency name, Diseases, and medicine, Food, Musical instrument, Languages, Plants, Products, Religions, Sports, Elements and substances, Symbols and signs, Techniques and methods, Equivalent terms, Vehicles);
(4) Facility: Something built for a particular purpose (Buildings, Airports, Highways, Bridges);
(5) Location: A place (Cities, Countries, Mountains, States);
(6) Law: Named documents made into laws (e.g., “the first amendment”, "civil rights act");
(7) Organization: an organized body of people with a particular purpose (Company names, e.g. Google, Cults or terrorist groups, e.g. Al Qaeda);
(8) Date: Absolute or relative dates or periods, bigger than 1 day (Years, Range, e.g. from Monday to Tuesday, or during the 20th century, Approximate time);
(9) Time: Any temporal range/unit that is shorter than a day (e.g., 2 o'clock, 1 pm);
(10) Money: Monetary values, including unit (e.g., "$26", "914$");
(11) Quantity: postcodes or other codes, the number of sth, Ranks, fractions, speed, temperature, size, area, and volume, weight (e.g., "26 degree" "17 inch");
(12) Description: description and abstract concepts (e.g., the definition of something, the manner of an action, reasons);
(13) Abbreviation: expression abbreviated (e.g., AMT = abbreviation of Amazon Mechanical Turk). Don't generate any word that is not mentioned in the list of types (Humans, Event, Entity, Facility, Location, Law, Organization, Date, Time, Money, Quantity, Description, Abbreviation). If you can not associate any of the given types with the provided question and answer pair, respond "Other".
Question: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization? (Answer: Australian Bureau of Statistics).
Solution: Organization.
Why? Here, the definition of the type "Organization" is "an organized body of people with a particular purpose" which aligns with "Australian Bureau of Statistics". So, this is a good answer.
New input: Question: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes? (Answer: Crystal Bowersox).
Solution: | Humans. | task046_miscellaneous_question_typing |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
In this task, you are given two natural language statements with similar wording. You must choose the statement that makes less sense based on common sense knowledge. A '
' separates the statements. Use "first" or "second" to indicate which sentence makes less sense.
A mosquito stings me
I sting a mosquito
Solution: second
Why? The second statement doesn't make sense.
New input: Since he was diabetic he had to take insulin shots regularly.
Since he was diabetic he ate more milkshakes.
Solution: | second | task291_semeval_2020_task4_commonsense_validation |
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In this task, you are given two natural language statements with similar wording. You must choose the statement that makes less sense based on common sense knowledge. A '
' separates the statements. Use "first" or "second" to indicate which sentence makes less sense.
Since he was diabetic he had to take insulin shots regularly.
Since he was diabetic he ate more milkshakes. | second | task291_semeval_2020_task4_commonsense_validation |
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In this task, you are given two natural language statements with similar wording. You must choose the statement that makes less sense based on common sense knowledge. A '
' separates the statements. Use "first" or "second" to indicate which sentence makes less sense.
human has a tail
dog has a tail
first
The nightingale is a elephant
The nightingale is a bird
first
Since he was diabetic he had to take insulin shots regularly.
Since he was diabetic he ate more milkshakes.
| second
| task291_semeval_2020_task4_commonsense_validation |
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You are provided with an "Event" and it's "Intent" related to PersonX. Determine the sentiment value of the given input as either "Positive", "Negative", and "Unknown".
Example Input: Event:PersonX spills all over the floor. Intent: 1) to move forward
Example Output: Unknown
Example Input: Event:PersonX acts weird. Intent: 1) to leave
Example Output: Unknown
Example Input: Event:PersonX hightails high-tail it it. Intent: 1) to get relief from headache 2) to control diabetes 3) to follow doctor advice
Example Output: | Negative
| task923_event2mind_classifier |
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Instructions: You are provided with an "Event" and it's "Intent" related to PersonX. Determine the sentiment value of the given input as either "Positive", "Negative", and "Unknown".
Input: Event:PersonX hightails high-tail it it. Intent: 1) to get relief from headache 2) to control diabetes 3) to follow doctor advice
Output: | Negative | task923_event2mind_classifier |
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You are provided with an "Event" and it's "Intent" related to PersonX. Determine the sentiment value of the given input as either "Positive", "Negative", and "Unknown".
Example input: Event:PersonX treats PersonY's ___ well. Intent: 1) to leave a good impression over person y by doing everything perfectly well
Example output: Positive
Example explanation: In the input PersonX treats PersonY's in a good way. He fells calm and pleased by the work he has done. This refers to a "Positive" reaction.
Q: Event:PersonX hightails high-tail it it. Intent: 1) to get relief from headache 2) to control diabetes 3) to follow doctor advice
A: | Negative | task923_event2mind_classifier |
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You are provided with an "Event" and it's "Intent" related to PersonX. Determine the sentiment value of the given input as either "Positive", "Negative", and "Unknown".
Q: Event:PersonX diagnoses with diabetes. Intent: 1) to be helpful 2) to show concern
A: | Unknown | task923_event2mind_classifier |
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