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http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #E | E | def inCarpet(var x, var y) {
while (x > 0 && y > 0) {
if (x %% 3 <=> 1 && y %% 3 <=> 1) {
return false
}
x //= 3
y //= 3
}
return true
}
def carpet(order) {
for y in 0..!(3**order) {
for x in 0..!(3**order) {
print(inCarpet(x, y).pick("#", " "))
}
println()
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Python | Python | >>> def area_by_shoelace(x, y):
"Assumes x,y points go around the polygon in one direction"
return abs( sum(i * j for i, j in zip(x, y[1:] + y[:1]))
-sum(i * j for i, j in zip(x[1:] + x[:1], y ))) / 2
>>> points = [(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), (5,6)]
>>> x, y = zip(*points)
>>> area_by_shoelace(x, y)
30.0
>>>
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Racket | Racket | #lang racket/base
(struct P (x y))
(define (area . Ps)
(define (A P-a P-b)
(+ (for/sum ((p_i Ps)
(p_i+1 (in-sequences (cdr Ps)
(in-value (car Ps)))))
(* (P-a p_i) (P-b p_i+1)))))
(/ (abs (- (A P-x P-y) (A P-y P-x))) 2))
(module+ main
(area (P 3 4) (P 5 11) (P 12 8) (P 9 5) (P 5 6))) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Objeck | Objeck | ./obc -run '"Hello"->PrintLine();' -dest hello.obe ; ./obr hello.obe |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #OCaml | OCaml | $ ocaml <(echo 'print_endline "Hello"')
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Octave | Octave | $ octave --eval 'printf("Hello World, it is %s!\n",datestr(now));'
Hello World, it is 28-Aug-2013 17:53:47! |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Delphi | Delphi | program ShortCircuitEvaluation;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses SysUtils;
function A(aValue: Boolean): Boolean;
begin
Writeln('a');
Result := aValue;
end;
function B(aValue: Boolean): Boolean;
begin
Writeln('b');
Result := aValue;
end;
var
i, j: Boolean;
begin
for i in [False, True] do
begin
for j in [False, True] do
begin
Writeln(Format('%s and %s = %s', [BoolToStr(i, True), BoolToStr(j, True), BoolToStr(A(i) and B(j), True)]));
Writeln;
Writeln(Format('%s or %s = %s', [BoolToStr(i, True), BoolToStr(j, True), BoolToStr(A(i) or B(j), True)]));
Writeln;
end;
end;
end. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #Ada | Ada | with Ada.Text_IO;
with CryptAda.Pragmatics;
with CryptAda.Digests.Message_Digests.SHA_256;
with CryptAda.Digests.Hashes;
with CryptAda.Utils.Format;
procedure RC_SHA_256 is
use CryptAda.Pragmatics;
use CryptAda.Digests.Message_Digests;
use CryptAda.Digests;
function To_Byte_Array (Item : String) return Byte_Array is
Result : Byte_Array (Item'Range);
begin
for I in Result'Range loop
Result (I) := Byte (Character'Pos (Item (I)));
end loop;
return Result;
end To_Byte_Array;
Text : constant String := "Rosetta code";
Bytes : constant Byte_Array := To_Byte_Array (Text);
Handle : constant Message_Digest_Handle := SHA_256.Get_Message_Digest_Handle;
Pointer : constant Message_Digest_Ptr := Get_Message_Digest_Ptr (Handle);
Hash : Hashes.Hash;
begin
Digest_Start (Pointer);
Digest_Update (Pointer, Bytes);
Digest_End (Pointer, Hash);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line
("""" & Text & """: " & CryptAda.Utils.Format.To_Hex_String (Hashes.Get_Bytes (Hash)));
end RC_SHA_256; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #Arturo | Arturo | print digest.sha "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog's back" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #Astro | Astro | import crypto { sha1 }
let hash = sha1.hexdigest('Ars longa, vita brevis')
print hash
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #C.2B.2B | C++ | #include <array>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <boost/circular_buffer.hpp>
#include "prime_sieve.hpp"
int main() {
using std::cout;
using std::vector;
using boost::circular_buffer;
using group_buffer = circular_buffer<vector<int>>;
const int max = 1000035;
const int max_group_size = 5;
const int diff = 6;
const int array_size = max + diff;
const int max_groups = 5;
const int max_unsexy = 10;
// Use Sieve of Eratosthenes to find prime numbers up to max
prime_sieve sieve(array_size);
std::array<int, max_group_size> group_count{0};
vector<group_buffer> groups(max_group_size, group_buffer(max_groups));
int unsexy_count = 0;
circular_buffer<int> unsexy_primes(max_unsexy);
vector<int> group;
for (int p = 2; p < max; ++p) {
if (!sieve.is_prime(p))
continue;
if (!sieve.is_prime(p + diff) && (p - diff < 2 || !sieve.is_prime(p - diff))) {
// if p + diff and p - diff aren't prime then p can't be sexy
++unsexy_count;
unsexy_primes.push_back(p);
} else {
// find the groups of sexy primes that begin with p
group.clear();
group.push_back(p);
for (int group_size = 1; group_size < max_group_size; group_size++) {
int next_p = p + group_size * diff;
if (next_p >= max || !sieve.is_prime(next_p))
break;
group.push_back(next_p);
++group_count[group_size];
groups[group_size].push_back(group);
}
}
}
for (int size = 1; size < max_group_size; ++size) {
cout << "number of groups of size " << size + 1 << " is " << group_count[size] << '\n';
cout << "last " << groups[size].size() << " groups of size " << size + 1 << ":";
for (const vector<int>& group : groups[size]) {
cout << " (";
for (size_t i = 0; i < group.size(); ++i) {
if (i > 0)
cout << ' ';
cout << group[i];
}
cout << ")";
}
cout << "\n\n";
}
cout << "number of unsexy primes is " << unsexy_count << '\n';
cout << "last " << unsexy_primes.size() << " unsexy primes:";
for (int prime : unsexy_primes)
cout << ' ' << prime;
cout << '\n';
return 0;
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Factor | Factor | USING: formatting io kernel math math.parser math.ranges
sequences ;
: set-rab ( n b -- result )
[0,b] [ neg shift ] with [ bitor ] map-reduce ;
:: show ( n b e -- )
b e "n = %d; width = %d\n" printf
n n b set-rab [ >bin e CHAR: 0 pad-head print ] bi@ ;
{ 0b1000 0b0100 0b0010 0b0000 } [ 2 4 show nl ] each
0x10020080404082112 4 <iota> [ 66 show nl ] with each |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Go | Go | package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
)
type test struct {
bs string
n int
}
func setRightBits(bits []byte, e, n int) []byte {
if e == 0 || n <= 0 {
return bits
}
bits2 := make([]byte, len(bits))
copy(bits2, bits)
for i := 0; i < e-1; i++ {
c := bits[i]
if c == 1 {
j := i + 1
for j <= i+n && j < e {
bits2[j] = 1
j++
}
}
}
return bits2
}
func main() {
b := "010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010"
tests := []test{
test{"1000", 2}, test{"0100", 2}, test{"0010", 2}, test{"0000", 2},
test{b, 0}, test{b, 1}, test{b, 2}, test{b, 3},
}
for _, test := range tests {
bs := test.bs
e := len(bs)
n := test.n
fmt.Println("n =", n, "\b; Width e =", e, "\b:")
fmt.Println(" Input b:", bs)
bits := []byte(bs)
for i := 0; i < len(bits); i++ {
bits[i] = bits[i] - '0'
}
bits = setRightBits(bits, e, n)
var sb strings.Builder
for i := 0; i < len(bits); i++ {
sb.WriteByte(bits[i] + '0')
}
fmt.Println(" Result :", sb.String())
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Haskell | Haskell | {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, LambdaCase #-}
import Control.Monad (mfilter)
import Crypto.Hash.SHA256 (hash)
import qualified Data.ByteString as B
import Data.ByteString.Builder (byteStringHex, char7, hPutBuilder)
import Data.Functor ((<&>))
import Data.Maybe (listToMaybe)
import Data.Strict.Tuple (Pair(..))
import qualified Data.Strict.Tuple as T
import System.Environment (getArgs)
import System.IO (Handle, stdin, stdout)
import System.IO.Streams (InputStream)
import qualified System.IO.Streams as S
import Text.Read (readMaybe)
type Node a = Pair Int a
type LevelPred = Int -> Int -> Bool
type Combine a = a -> a -> a
-- From a stream of nodes construct the root of a tree from the bottom up. For
-- each level of the tree pairs of nodes are combined to form a parent node one
-- level higher. Use a stack to store nodes waiting to be combined with another
-- node on their level. (An exception to this is at the end of processing,
-- where all the nodes on the stack can be combined.)
build :: Combine a -> [Node a] -> InputStream (Node a) -> IO (Maybe (Node a))
build combine !stack is = S.read is >>= \case
Nothing -> return $ listToMaybe $ reduce always combine stack
Just h -> build combine (reduce (==) combine (h:stack)) is
-- Given a predicate, combining function and a stack, then as long as the
-- predicate is true, repeatedly replace the two top values on the stack with
-- their combined values.
reduce :: LevelPred -> Combine a -> [Node a] -> [Node a]
reduce prd combine (x@(i :!: _):y@(j :!: _):zs)
| prd i j = reduce prd combine (nodeLift combine y x : zs)
reduce _ _ zs = zs
-- Apply a combining function to the values in two nodes while calculating the
-- appropriate level for the new node.
nodeLift :: Combine a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a
nodeLift f (i :!: x) (j :!: y) = max i j + 1 :!: f x y
always :: a -> b -> Bool
always _ _ = True
-- Build a SHA256-based Merkle tree using bytes read from a handle, and hashing
-- the data using the given chunk size.
merkleTreeSha256 :: Int -> Handle -> IO (Maybe B.ByteString)
merkleTreeSha256 sz h = mkHash <&> fmap T.snd
where mkHash = S.makeInputStream getBuf >>=
S.map (\bs -> 0 :!: hash bs) >>=
build (\x y -> hash (x `B.append` y)) []
getBuf = B.hGet h sz <&> (mfilter (/= B.empty) . Just)
-- Print a ByteString in hex.
printByteStringHex :: B.ByteString -> IO ()
printByteStringHex = hPutBuilder stdout . (<> char7 '\n') . byteStringHex
main :: IO ()
main = getArgs <&> map readMaybe >>= \case
[Just sz] -> merkleTreeSha256 sz stdin >>= \case
Nothing -> putStrLn "No input to hash"
Just h -> printByteStringHex h
_ -> putStrLn "Argument usage: chunk-size" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Show_ASCII_table | Show ASCII table | Task
Show the ASCII character set from values 32 to 127 (decimal) in a table format.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #C | C | #include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int i, j;
char k[4];
for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
for (j = 32 + i; j < 128; j += 16) {
switch (j) {
default: sprintf(k, "%c", j); break;
case 32: sprintf(k, "Spc"); break;
case 127: sprintf(k, "Del"); break;
}
printf("%3d : %-3s ", j, k);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Simple_database | Simple database | Task
Write a simple tool to track a small set of data.
The tool should have a command-line interface to enter at least two different values.
The entered data should be stored in a structured format and saved to disk.
It does not matter what kind of data is being tracked. It could be a collection (CDs, coins, baseball cards, books), a diary, an electronic organizer (birthdays/anniversaries/phone numbers/addresses), etc.
You should track the following details:
A description of the item. (e.g., title, name)
A category or tag (genre, topic, relationship such as “friend” or “family”)
A date (either the date when the entry was made or some other date that is meaningful, like the birthday); the date may be generated or entered manually
Other optional fields
The command should support the following Command-line arguments to run:
Add a new entry
Print the latest entry
Print the latest entry for each category
Print all entries sorted by a date
The category may be realized as a tag or as structure (by making all entries in that category subitems)
The file format on disk should be human readable, but it need not be standardized. A natively available format that doesn't need an external library is preferred. Avoid developing your own format if you can use an already existing one. If there is no existing format available, pick one of:
JSON
S-Expressions
YAML
others
Related task
Take notes on the command line
| #Wren | Wren | /* simdb.wren */
import "os" for Process
import "/ioutil" for File, FileFlags, FileUtil
import "/trait" for Comparable, Reversed
import "/date" for Date
import "/sort" for Sort
import "/str" for Str
var fileName = "simdb.csv"
Date.default = Date.isoDate
class Item is Comparable {
construct new(name, date, category) {
_name = name
_date = date
_category = category
}
name { _name }
date { _date }
category { _category }
compare(other) { _date.compare(other.date) }
toString { "%(name), %(date.toString), %(category)" }
}
var printUsage = Fn.new {
System.print("""
Usage:
wren simdb.wren cmd [categoryName]
add add item name and date, followed by optional category
latest print item with latest date, followed by optional category
all print all
For instance: add "some item name", "some item date", "some category name"
Dates should be in format: yyyy-mm-dd
""")
}
var load = Fn.new {
var db = []
var lines = FileUtil.readLines(fileName)
for (line in lines) {
if (line == "") break // end of file
var item = line.split(", ")
db.add(Item.new(item[0], Date.parse(item[1]), item[2]))
}
return db
}
var store = Fn.new { |item|
File.openWithFlags(fileName, FileFlags.writeOnly) { |f|
f.writeBytes("%(item)\n")
}
}
var addItem = Fn.new { |input|
if (input.count < 2) {
printUsage.call()
return
}
var date = Date.parse(input[1])
var cat = (input.count == 3) ? input[2] : "none"
store.call(Item.new(input[0], date, cat))
}
var printLatest = Fn.new { |a|
var db = load.call()
if (db.isEmpty) {
System.print("No entries in database.")
return
}
Sort.quick(db) // sort by ascending date
if (a.count == 1) {
var found = false
for (item in Reversed.new(db)) {
if (item.category == a[0]) {
System.print(item)
found = true
break
}
}
if (!found) System.print("There are no items for category '%(a[0])'.")
} else System.print(db[-1])
}
var printAll = Fn.new {
var db = load.call()
if (db.isEmpty) {
System.print("No entries in database.")
return
}
Sort.quick(db) // sort by ascending date
for (item in db) System.print(item)
}
var args = Process.arguments
if (!(1..4).contains(args.count)) {
printUsage.call()
return
}
// create file if it doesn't already exist
if (!File.exists(fileName)) {
var f = File.create(fileName)
f.close()
}
var cmd = Str.lower(args[0])
if (cmd == "add") {
addItem.call(args[1..-1])
} else if (cmd == "latest") {
printLatest.call(args[1..-1])
} else if (cmd == "all") {
printAll.call()
} else {
printUsage.call()
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle | Sierpinski triangle | Task
Produce an ASCII representation of a Sierpinski triangle of order N.
Example
The Sierpinski triangle of order 4 should look like this:
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Related tasks
Sierpinski triangle/Graphical for graphics images of this pattern.
Sierpinski carpet
| #J | J | |. _31]\ ,(,.~ , ])^:4 ,: '* ' |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #Elixir | Elixir | defmodule RC do
def sierpinski_carpet(n), do: sierpinski_carpet(n, ["#"])
def sierpinski_carpet(0, carpet), do: carpet
def sierpinski_carpet(n, carpet) do
new_carpet = Enum.map(carpet, fn x -> x <> x <> x end) ++
Enum.map(carpet, fn x -> x <> String.replace(x, "#", " ") <> x end) ++
Enum.map(carpet, fn x -> x <> x <> x end)
sierpinski_carpet(n-1, new_carpet)
end
end
Enum.each(0..3, fn n ->
IO.puts "\nN=#{n}"
Enum.each(RC.sierpinski_carpet(n), fn line -> IO.puts line end)
end) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Raku | Raku | sub area-by-shoelace(@p) {
(^@p).map({@p[$_;0] * @p[($_+1)%@p;1] - @p[$_;1] * @p[($_+1)%@p;0]}).sum.abs / 2
}
say area-by-shoelace( [ (3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), (5,6) ] ); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #REXX | REXX | /*REXX program uses a Shoelace formula to calculate the area of an N─sided polygon.*/
parse arg $; if $='' then $= "(3,4),(5,11),(12,8),(9,5),(5,6)" /*Use the default?*/
A= 0; @= space($, 0) /*init A; elide blanks from pts.*/
do #=1 until @==''; parse var @ '(' x.# "," y.# ')' "," @
end /*#*/ /* [↨] get X and Y coördinates.*/
z= #+1; y.0= y.#; y.z= y.1 /*define low & high Y end points*/
do j=1 for #; jm= j-1; jp= j+1; A= A + x.j*(y.jm - y.jp) /*portion of area*/
end /*j*/ /*stick a fork in it, we're done*/
say 'polygon area of ' # " points: " $ ' is ───► ' abs(A/2) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Oforth | Oforth | oforth --P"1000 seq map(#sqrt) sum print" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #ooRexx | ooRexx |
rexx -e "say 'Goodbye, world.'"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Oz | Oz | echo >tmp.oz "{System.show hello}"; ozc -l System -e tmp.oz
hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #PARI.2FGP | PARI/GP | echo "print(Pi)" | gp -q |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Dyalect | Dyalect | func a(v) {
print(nameof(a), terminator: "")
return v
}
func b(v) {
print(nameof(b), terminator: "")
return v
}
func testMe(i, j) {
print("Testing a(\(i)) && b(\(j))")
print("Trace: ", terminator: "")
print("\nResult: \(a(i) && b(j))")
print("Testing a(\(i)) || b(\(j))")
print("Trace: ", terminator: "")
print("\nResult: \(a(i) || b(j))")
print()
}
testMe(false, false)
testMe(false, true)
testMe(true, false)
testMe(true, true) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #E | E | def a(v) { println("a"); return v }
def b(v) { println("b"); return v }
def x := a(i) && b(j)
def y := b(i) || b(j) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #ARM_Assembly | ARM Assembly |
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program sha256.s */
/* REMARK 1 : this program use routines in a include file
see task Include a file language arm assembly
for the routine affichageMess conversion10
see at end of this program the instruction include */
/* for constantes see task include a file in arm assembly */
/************************************/
/* Constantes */
/************************************/
.include "../constantes.inc"
.equ LGHASH, 32 // result length
/*******************************************/
/* Structures */
/********************************************/
/* example structure variables */
.struct 0
var_a: // a
.struct var_a + 4
var_b: // b
.struct var_b + 4
var_c: // c
.struct var_c + 4
var_d: // d
.struct var_d + 4
var_e: // e
.struct var_e + 4
var_f: // f
.struct var_f + 4
var_g: // g
.struct var_g + 4
var_h: // h
.struct var_h + 4
/*********************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*********************************/
.data
szMessRosetta: .asciz "Rosetta code"
szMessTest1: .asciz "abc"
szMessSup64: .ascii "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
.ascii "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
.asciz "1234567890AZERTYUIOP"
szMessTest2: .asciz "abcdbcdecdefdefgefghfghighijhijkijkljklmklmnlmnomnopnopq"
szMessFinPgm: .asciz "Program End ok.\n"
szMessResult: .asciz "Rosetta code => "
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/* array constantes Hi */
tbConstHi: .int 0x6A09E667 @ H0
.int 0xBB67AE85 @ H1
.int 0x3C6EF372 @ H2
.int 0xA54FF53A @ H3
.int 0x510E527F @ H4
.int 0x9B05688C @ H5
.int 0x1F83D9AB @ H6
.int 0x5BE0CD19 @ H7
/* array 64 constantes Kt */
tbConstKt:
.int 0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5
.int 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3, 0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174
.int 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786, 0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da
.int 0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147, 0x06ca6351, 0x14292967
.int 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13, 0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85
.int 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070
.int 0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3
.int 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208, 0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
.align 4
iNbBlocs: .skip 4
sZoneConv: .skip 24
sZoneTrav: .skip 1000
.align 8
tbH: .skip 4 * 8 @ 8 variables H
tbabcdefgh: .skip 4 * 8
tbW: .skip 4 * 64 @ 64 words W
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
ldr r0,iAdrszMessRosetta
//ldr r0,iAdrszMessTest1
//ldr r0,iAdrszMessTest2
//ldr r0,iAdrszMessSup64
bl computeSHA256 @ call routine SHA1
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResult
bl affichageMess @ display message
ldr r0, iAdrtbH
bl displaySHA1
ldr r0,iAdrszMessFinPgm
bl affichageMess @ display message
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0, #0 @ return code
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
svc #0 @ perform the system call
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrszMessResult: .int szMessResult
iAdrszMessRosetta: .int szMessRosetta
iAdrszMessTest1: .int szMessTest1
iAdrszMessTest2: .int szMessTest2
iAdrsZoneTrav: .int sZoneTrav
iAdrsZoneConv: .int sZoneConv
iAdrszMessFinPgm: .int szMessFinPgm
iAdrszMessSup64: .int szMessSup64
/******************************************************************/
/* compute SHA1 */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
computeSHA256:
push {r1-r12,lr} @ save registres
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneTrav
mov r2,#0 @ counter length
debCopy: @ copy string in work area
ldrb r3,[r0,r2]
strb r3,[r1,r2]
cmp r3,#0
addne r2,r2,#1
bne debCopy
lsl r6,r2,#3 @ initial message length in bits
mov r3,#0b10000000 @ add bit 1 at end of string
strb r3,[r1,r2]
add r2,r2,#1 @ length in bytes
lsl r4,r2,#3 @ length in bits
mov r3,#0
addZeroes:
lsr r5,r2,#6
lsl r5,r5,#6
sub r5,r2,r5
cmp r5,#56
beq storeLength @ yes -> end add
strb r3,[r1,r2] @ add zero at message end
add r2,#1 @ increment lenght bytes
add r4,#8 @ increment length in bits
b addZeroes
storeLength:
add r2,#4 @ add four bytes
rev r6,r6 @ inversion bits initials message length
str r6,[r1,r2] @ and store at end
ldr r7,iAdrtbConstHi @ constantes H address
ldr r4,iAdrtbH @ start area H
mov r5,#0
loopConst: @ init array H with start constantes
ldr r6,[r7,r5,lsl #2] @ load constante
str r6,[r4,r5,lsl #2] @ and store
add r5,r5,#1
cmp r5,#8
blt loopConst
@ split into block of 64 bytes
add r2,#4 @ TODO : à revoir
lsr r4,r2,#6 @ blocks number
ldr r0,iAdriNbBlocs
str r4,[r0] @ save block maxi
mov r7,#0 @ n° de block et r1 contient l adresse zone de travail
loopBlock: @ begin loop of each block of 64 bytes
mov r0,r7
bl inversion @ inversion each word because little indian
ldr r3,iAdrtbW @ working area W address
mov r6,#0 @ indice t
/* r2 address begin each block */
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneTrav
add r2,r1,r7,lsl #6 @ compute block begin indice * 4 * 16
//vidregtit avantloop
//mov r0,r2
//vidmemtit verifBloc r0 10
loopPrep: @ loop for expand 80 words
cmp r6,#15 @
bgt expand1
ldr r0,[r2,r6,lsl #2] @ load byte message
str r0,[r3,r6,lsl #2] @ store in first 16 block
b expandEnd
expand1:
sub r8,r6,#2
ldr r9,[r3,r8,lsl #2]
ror r10,r9,#17 @ fonction e1 (256)
ror r11,r9,#19
eor r10,r10,r11
lsr r11,r9,#10
eor r10,r10,r11
sub r8,r6,#7
ldr r9,[r3,r8,lsl #2]
add r9,r9,r10 @ + w - 7
sub r8,r6,#15
ldr r10,[r3,r8,lsl #2]
ror r11,r10,#7 @ fonction e0 (256)
ror r12,r10,#18
eor r11,r12
lsr r12,r10,#3
eor r10,r11,r12
add r9,r9,r10
sub r8,r6,#16
ldr r11,[r3,r8,lsl #2]
add r9,r9,r11
str r9,[r3,r6,lsl #2]
expandEnd:
add r6,r6,#1
cmp r6,#64 @ 64 words ?
blt loopPrep @ and loop
/* COMPUTING THE MESSAGE DIGEST */
/* r1 area H constantes address */
/* r3 working area W address */
/* r5 address constantes K */
/* r6 counter t */
/* r7 block counter */
/* r8 addresse variables a b c d e f g h */
//ldr r0,iAdrtbW
//vidmemtit verifW80 r0 20
@ init variable a b c d e f g h
ldr r0,iAdrtbH
ldr r8,iAdrtbabcdefgh
mov r1,#0
loopInita:
ldr r9,[r0,r1,lsl #2]
str r9,[r8,r1,lsl #2]
add r1,r1,#1
cmp r1,#8
blt loopInita
ldr r1,iAdrtbConstHi
ldr r5,iAdrtbConstKt
mov r6,#0
loop64T: @ begin loop 64 t
ldr r9,[r8,#var_h]
ldr r10,[r8,#var_e] @ calcul T1
ror r11,r10,#6 @ fonction sigma 1
ror r12,r10,#11
eor r11,r12
ror r12,r10,#25
eor r11,r12
add r9,r9,r11 @ h + sigma1 (e)
ldr r0,[r8,#var_f] @ fonction ch x and y xor (non x and z)
ldr r4,[r8,#var_g]
and r11,r10,r0
mvn r12,r10
and r12,r12,r4
eor r11,r12
add r9,r9,r11 @ h + sigma1 (e) + ch (e,f,g)
ldr r0,[r5,r6,lsl #2] @ load constantes k0
add r9,r9,r0
ldr r0,[r3,r6,lsl #2] @ Wt
add r9,r9,r0
@ calcul T2
ldr r10,[r8,#var_a] @ fonction sigma 0
ror r11,r10,#2
ror r12,r10,#13
eor r11,r11,r12
ror r12,r10,#22
eor r11,r11,r12
ldr r2,[r8,#var_b]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_c]
@ fonction maj x and y xor x and z xor y and z
and r12,r10,r2
and r0,r10,r4
eor r12,r12,r0
and r0,r2,r4
eor r12,r12,r0 @
add r12,r12,r11 @ T2
@ compute variables
ldr r4,[r8,#var_g]
str r4,[r8,#var_h]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_f]
str r4,[r8,#var_g]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_e]
str r4,[r8,#var_f]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_d]
add r4,r4,r9 @ add T1
str r4,[r8,#var_e]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_c]
str r4,[r8,#var_d]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_b]
str r4,[r8,#var_c]
ldr r4,[r8,#var_a]
str r4,[r8,#var_b]
add r4,r9,r12 @ add T1 T2
str r4,[r8,#var_a]
mov r0,r8
add r6,r6,#1 @ increment t
cmp r6,#64
blt loop64T
@ End block
ldr r0,iAdrtbH @ start area H
mov r10,#0
loopStoreH:
ldr r9,[r8,r10,lsl #2]
ldr r3,[r0,r10,lsl #2]
add r3,r9
str r3,[r0,r10,lsl #2] @ store variables in H0
add r10,r10,#1
cmp r10,#8
blt loopStoreH
@ other bloc
add r7,#1 @ increment block
ldr r0,iAdriNbBlocs
ldr r4,[r0] @ restaur maxi block
cmp r7,r4 @ maxi ?
blt loopBlock @ loop other block
mov r0,#0 @ routine OK
100:
pop {r1-r12,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
iAdrtbConstHi: .int tbConstHi
iAdrtbConstKt: .int tbConstKt
iAdrtbH: .int tbH
iAdrtbW: .int tbW
iAdrtbabcdefgh: .int tbabcdefgh
iAdriNbBlocs: .int iNbBlocs
/******************************************************************/
/* inversion des mots de 32 bits d un bloc */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains N° block */
inversion:
push {r1-r3,lr} @ save registers
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneTrav
add r1,r0,lsl #6 @ debut du bloc
mov r2,#0
1: @ start loop
ldr r3,[r1,r2,lsl #2]
rev r3,r3
str r3,[r1,r2,lsl #2]
add r2,r2,#1
cmp r2,#16
blt 1b
100:
pop {r1-r3,lr} @ restaur registres
bx lr @return
/******************************************************************/
/* display hash SHA1 */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of hash */
displaySHA1:
push {r1-r3,lr} @ save registres
mov r3,r0
mov r2,#0
1:
ldr r0,[r3,r2,lsl #2] @ load 4 bytes
//rev r0,r0 @ reverse bytes
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneConv
bl conversion16 @ conversion hexa
ldr r0,iAdrsZoneConv
bl affichageMess
add r2,r2,#1
cmp r2,#LGHASH / 4
blt 1b @ and loop
ldr r0,iAdrszCarriageReturn
bl affichageMess @ display message
100:
pop {r1-r3,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/***************************************************/
/* ROUTINES INCLUDE */
/***************************************************/
.include "../affichage.inc"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #AutoHotkey | AutoHotkey | str := "Rosetta Code"
MsgBox, % "String:`n" (str) "`n`nSHA:`n" SHA(str)
; SHA ===============================================================================
SHA(string, encoding = "utf-8")
{
return CalcStringHash(string, 0x8004, encoding)
}
; CalcAddrHash ======================================================================
CalcAddrHash(addr, length, algid, byref hash = 0, byref hashlength = 0)
{
static h := [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"]
static b := h.minIndex()
o := ""
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptAcquireContext", "Ptr*", hProv, "Ptr", 0, "Ptr", 0, "UInt", 24, "UInt", 0xF0000000))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptCreateHash", "Ptr", hProv, "UInt", algid, "UInt", 0, "UInt", 0, "Ptr*", hHash))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptHashData", "Ptr", hHash, "Ptr", addr, "UInt", length, "UInt", 0))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptGetHashParam", "Ptr", hHash, "UInt", 2, "Ptr", 0, "UInt*", hashlength, "UInt", 0))
{
VarSetCapacity(hash, hashlength, 0)
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptGetHashParam", "Ptr", hHash, "UInt", 2, "Ptr", &hash, "UInt*", hashlength, "UInt", 0))
{
loop, % hashlength
{
v := NumGet(hash, A_Index - 1, "UChar")
o .= h[(v >> 4) + b] h[(v & 0xf) + b]
}
}
}
}
DllCall("advapi32\CryptDestroyHash", "Ptr", hHash)
}
DllCall("advapi32\CryPtreleaseContext", "Ptr", hProv, "UInt", 0)
}
return o
}
; CalcStringHash ====================================================================
CalcStringHash(string, algid, encoding = "utf-8", byref hash = 0, byref hashlength = 0)
{
chrlength := (encoding = "cp1200" || encoding = "utf-16") ? 2 : 1
length := (StrPut(string, encoding) - 1) * chrlength
VarSetCapacity(data, length, 0)
StrPut(string, &data, floor(length / chrlength), encoding)
return CalcAddrHash(&data, length, algid, hash, hashlength)
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #Delphi | Delphi |
// Sexy primes. Nigel Galloway: October 2nd., 2018
let n=pCache |> Seq.takeWhile(fun n->n<1000035) |> Seq.filter(fun n->(not (isPrime(n+6)) && (not isPrime(n-6))))) |> Array.ofSeq
printfn "There are %d unsexy primes less than 1,000,035. The last 10 are:" n.Length
Array.skip (n.Length-10) n |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "%d " n); printfn ""
let ni=pCache |> Seq.takeWhile(fun n->n<1000035) |> Seq.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-6)) |> Array.ofSeq
printfn "There are %d sexy prime pairs all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" ni.Length
Array.skip (ni.Length-5) ni |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d) " (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nig=ni |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-12))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime triplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nig.Length
Array.skip (nig.Length-5) nig |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d) " (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nige=nig |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-18))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime quadruplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nige.Length
Array.skip (nige.Length-5) nige |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d,%d) " (n-18) (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nigel=nige |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-24))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime quintuplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nigel.Length
Array.skip (nigel.Length-5) nigel |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d) " (n-24) (n-18) (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Julia | Julia | function setrightadj(s, n)
if n < 1
return s
else
arr = reverse(collect(s))
for (i, c) in enumerate(reverse(s))
if c == '1'
arr[max(1, i - n):i] .= '1'
end
end
return String(reverse(arr))
end
end
@show setrightadj("1000", 2)
@show setrightadj("0100", 2)
@show setrightadj("0010", 2)
@show setrightadj("0000", 2)
@show setrightadj("010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010", 0)
@show setrightadj("010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010", 1)
@show setrightadj("010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010", 2)
@show setrightadj("010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010", 3)
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Perl | Perl | #!/usr/bin/perl
use strict; # https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits
use warnings;
while( <DATA> )
{
my ($n, $input) = split;
my $width = length $input;
my $result = '';
$result |= substr 0 x $_ . $input, 0, $width for 0 .. $n;
print "n = $n width = $width\n input $input\nresult $result\n\n";
}
__DATA__
2 1000
2 0100
2 0011
2 0000
0 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
1 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
2 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
3 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Phix | Phix | with javascript_semantics
function str_srb(string input, integer n)
string res = input
integer l = length(input),
m = min(n,l),
count = sum(sq_eq(input[-m..-1],'1')),
k = l-n
for i=l to 1 by -1 do
integer bit = odd(input[i])
count += iff(k>0?odd(input[k]):0)-bit
if count and not bit then res[i] = '1' end if
k -= 1
end for
assert(count=0)
return res
end function
constant tests = {{"1000",2,2},{"0100",2,2},{"0010",2,2},{"0000",2,2},
{"010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010",0,3}}
for i=1 to length(tests) do
{string input, integer l, integer m} = tests[i]
printf(1,"input: %s (width %d)\n",{input,length(input)})
for n=l to m do
printf(1,"n = %d: %s\n",{n,str_srb(input,n)})
end for
end for
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Java | Java | import java.io.*;
import java.security.*;
import java.util.*;
public class SHA256MerkleTree {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println("missing file argument");
System.exit(1);
}
try (InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(args[0]))) {
byte[] digest = sha256MerkleTree(in, 1024);
if (digest != null)
System.out.println(digestToString(digest));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static String digestToString(byte[] digest) {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < digest.length; ++i)
result.append(String.format("%02x", digest[i]));
return result.toString();
}
private static byte[] sha256MerkleTree(InputStream in, int blockSize) throws Exception {
byte[] buffer = new byte[blockSize];
int bytes;
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
List<byte[]> digests = new ArrayList<>();
while ((bytes = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
md.reset();
md.update(buffer, 0, bytes);
digests.add(md.digest());
}
int length = digests.size();
if (length == 0)
return null;
while (length > 1) {
int j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 2, ++j) {
byte[] digest1 = digests.get(i);
if (i + 1 < length) {
byte[] digest2 = digests.get(i + 1);
md.reset();
md.update(digest1);
md.update(digest2);
digests.set(j, md.digest());
} else {
digests.set(j, digest1);
}
}
length = j;
}
return digests.get(0);
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Show_ASCII_table | Show ASCII table | Task
Show the ASCII character set from values 32 to 127 (decimal) in a table format.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #C.2B.2B | C++ | #include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#define HEIGHT 16
#define WIDTH 6
#define ASCII_START 32
#define ASCII_END 128
// ASCII special characters
#define SPACE 32
#define DELETE 127
std::string displayAscii(int ascii) {
switch(ascii) {
case SPACE:
return "Spc";
case DELETE:
return "Del";
default:
return std::string(1,char(ascii));
}
}
int main(void) {
for(int row = 0; row < HEIGHT; ++row) {
for(int col = 0; col < WIDTH; ++col) {
int ascii = ASCII_START + row + col*HEIGHT;
std::cout << std::right << std::setw(3) << ascii << " : " \
<< std::left << std::setw(6) << displayAscii(ascii);
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle | Sierpinski triangle | Task
Produce an ASCII representation of a Sierpinski triangle of order N.
Example
The Sierpinski triangle of order 4 should look like this:
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Related tasks
Sierpinski triangle/Graphical for graphics images of this pattern.
Sierpinski carpet
| #Java | Java |
public class SierpinskiTriangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(getSierpinskiTriangle(4));
}
private static final String getSierpinskiTriangle(int n) {
if ( n == 0 ) {
return "*";
}
String s = getSierpinskiTriangle(n-1);
String [] split = s.split("\n");
int length = split.length;
// Top triangle
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String top = buildSpace((int)Math.pow(2, n-1));
for ( int i = 0 ; i < length ;i++ ) {
sb.append(top);
sb.append(split[i]);
sb.append("\n");
}
// Two triangles side by side
for ( int i = 0 ; i < length ;i++ ) {
sb.append(split[i]);
sb.append(buildSpace(length-i));
sb.append(split[i]);
sb.append("\n");
}
return sb.toString();
}
private static String buildSpace(int n) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while ( n > 0 ) {
sb.append(" ");
n--;
}
return sb.toString();
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #Erlang | Erlang | % Implemented by Arjun Sunel
-module(carpet).
-export([main/0]).
main() ->
sierpinski_carpet(3).
sierpinski_carpet(N) ->
lists: foreach(fun(X) -> lists: foreach(fun(Y) -> carpet(X,Y) end,lists:seq(0,trunc(math:pow(3,N))-1)), io:format("\n") end, lists:seq(0,trunc(math:pow(3,N))-1)).
carpet(X,Y) ->
if
X=:=0 ; Y=:=0 ->
io:format("*");
(X rem 3)=:=1, (Y rem 3) =:=1 ->
io:format(" ");
true ->
carpet(X div 3, Y div 3)
end.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Ring | Ring |
# Project : Shoelace formula for polygonal area
p = [[3,4], [5,11], [12,8], [9,5], [5,6]]
see "The area of the polygon = " + shoelace(p)
func shoelace(p)
sum = 0
for i = 1 to len(p) -1
sum = sum + p[i][1] * p[i +1][2]
sum = sum - p[i +1][1] * p[i][2]
next
sum = sum + p[i][1] * p[1][2]
sum = sum - p[1][1] * p[i][2]
return fabs(sum) / 2
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Ruby | Ruby |
Point = Struct.new(:x,:y) do
def shoelace(other)
x * other.y - y * other.x
end
end
class Polygon
def initialize(*coords)
@points = coords.map{|c| Point.new(*c) }
end
def area
points = @points + [@points.first]
points.each_cons(2).sum{|p1,p2| p1.shoelace(p2) }.abs.fdiv(2)
end
end
puts Polygon.new([3,4], [5,11], [12,8], [9,5], [5,6]).area # => 30.0
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Pascal | Pascal | $ perl -e 'print "Hello\n"'
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Perl | Perl | $ perl -e 'print "Hello\n"'
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Elena | Elena | import system'routines;
import extensions;
Func<bool, bool> a = (bool x){ console.writeLine:"a"; ^ x };
Func<bool, bool> b = (bool x){ console.writeLine:"b"; ^ x };
const bool[] boolValues = new bool[]{ false, true };
public program()
{
boolValues.forEach:(bool i)
{
boolValues.forEach:(bool j)
{
console.printLine(i," and ",j," = ",a(i) && b(j));
console.writeLine();
console.printLine(i," or ",j," = ",a(i) || b(j));
console.writeLine()
}
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Elixir | Elixir | defmodule Short_circuit do
defp a(bool) do
IO.puts "a( #{bool} ) called"
bool
end
defp b(bool) do
IO.puts "b( #{bool} ) called"
bool
end
def task do
Enum.each([true, false], fn i ->
Enum.each([true, false], fn j ->
IO.puts "a( #{i} ) and b( #{j} ) is #{a(i) and b(j)}.\n"
IO.puts "a( #{i} ) or b( #{j} ) is #{a(i) or b(j)}.\n"
end)
end)
end
end
Short_circuit.task |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #AutoHotkey | AutoHotkey | str := "Rosetta code"
MsgBox, % "File:`n" (file) "`n`nSHA-256:`n" FileSHA256(file)
; SHA256 ============================================================================
SHA256(string, encoding = "utf-8")
{
return CalcStringHash(string, 0x800c, encoding)
}
; CalcAddrHash ======================================================================
CalcAddrHash(addr, length, algid, byref hash = 0, byref hashlength = 0)
{
static h := [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"]
static b := h.minIndex()
o := ""
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptAcquireContext", "Ptr*", hProv, "Ptr", 0, "Ptr", 0, "UInt", 24, "UInt", 0xF0000000))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptCreateHash", "Ptr", hProv, "UInt", algid, "UInt", 0, "UInt", 0, "Ptr*", hHash))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptHashData", "Ptr", hHash, "Ptr", addr, "UInt", length, "UInt", 0))
{
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptGetHashParam", "Ptr", hHash, "UInt", 2, "Ptr", 0, "UInt*", hashlength, "UInt", 0))
{
VarSetCapacity(hash, hashlength, 0)
if (DllCall("advapi32\CryptGetHashParam", "Ptr", hHash, "UInt", 2, "Ptr", &hash, "UInt*", hashlength, "UInt", 0))
{
loop, % hashlength
{
v := NumGet(hash, A_Index - 1, "UChar")
o .= h[(v >> 4) + b] h[(v & 0xf) + b]
}
}
}
}
DllCall("advapi32\CryptDestroyHash", "Ptr", hHash)
}
DllCall("advapi32\CryPtreleaseContext", "Ptr", hProv, "UInt", 0)
}
return o
}
; CalcStringHash ====================================================================
CalcStringHash(string, algid, encoding = "utf-8", byref hash = 0, byref hashlength = 0)
{
chrlength := (encoding = "cp1200" || encoding = "utf-16") ? 2 : 1
length := (StrPut(string, encoding) - 1) * chrlength
VarSetCapacity(data, length, 0)
StrPut(string, &data, floor(length / chrlength), encoding)
return CalcAddrHash(&data, length, algid, hash, hashlength)
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #BBC_BASIC | BBC BASIC | PRINT FNsha1("Rosetta Code")
END
DEF FNsha1(message$)
LOCAL buflen%, buffer%, hprov%, hhash%, hash$, i%
CALG_SHA1 = &8004
CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT = &F0000000
HP_HASHVAL = 2
PROV_RSA_FULL = 1
buflen% = 64
DIM buffer% LOCAL buflen%-1
SYS "CryptAcquireContext", ^hprov%, 0, 0, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT
SYS "CryptCreateHash", hprov%, CALG_SHA1, 0, 0, ^hhash%
SYS "CryptHashData", hhash%, message$, LEN(message$), 0
SYS "CryptGetHashParam", hhash%, HP_HASHVAL, buffer%, ^buflen%, 0
SYS "CryptDestroyHash", hhash%
SYS "CryptReleaseContext", hprov%
FOR i% = 0 TO buflen%-1
hash$ += RIGHT$("0" + STR$~buffer%?i%, 2)
NEXT
= hash$ |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #C | C | #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <openssl/sha.h>
int main()
{
int i;
unsigned char result[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
const char *string = "Rosetta Code";
SHA1(string, strlen(string), result);
for(i = 0; i < SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++)
printf("%02x%c", result[i], i < (SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH-1) ? ' ' : '\n');
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Seven-sided_dice_from_five-sided_dice | Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice | Task
(Given an equal-probability generator of one of the integers 1 to 5
as dice5), create dice7 that generates a pseudo-random integer from
1 to 7 in equal probability using only dice5 as a source of random
numbers, and check the distribution for at least one million calls using the function created in Simple Random Distribution Checker.
Implementation suggestion:
dice7 might call dice5 twice, re-call if four of the 25
combinations are given, otherwise split the other 21 combinations
into 7 groups of three, and return the group index from the rolls.
(Task adapted from an answer here)
| #11l | 11l | F dice5()
R random:(1..5)
F dice7() -> Int
V r = dice5() + dice5() * 5 - 6
R I r < 21 {(r % 7) + 1} E dice7()
F distcheck(func, repeats, delta)
V bin = DefaultDict[Int, Int]()
L 1..repeats
bin[func()]++
V target = repeats I/ bin.len
V deltacount = Int(delta / 100.0 * target)
assert(all(bin.values().map(count -> abs(@target - count) < @deltacount)), ‘Bin distribution skewed from #. +/- #.: #.’.format(target, deltacount, sorted(bin.items()).map((key, count) -> (key, @target - count))))
print(bin)
distcheck(dice5, 1000000, 1)
distcheck(dice7, 1000000, 1) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #F.23 | F# |
// Sexy primes. Nigel Galloway: October 2nd., 2018
let n=pCache |> Seq.takeWhile(fun n->n<1000035) |> Seq.filter(fun n->(not (isPrime(n+6)) && (not isPrime(n-6))))) |> Array.ofSeq
printfn "There are %d unsexy primes less than 1,000,035. The last 10 are:" n.Length
Array.skip (n.Length-10) n |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "%d " n); printfn ""
let ni=pCache |> Seq.takeWhile(fun n->n<1000035) |> Seq.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-6)) |> Array.ofSeq
printfn "There are %d sexy prime pairs all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" ni.Length
Array.skip (ni.Length-5) ni |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d) " (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nig=ni |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-12))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime triplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nig.Length
Array.skip (nig.Length-5) nig |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d) " (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nige=nig |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-18))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime quadruplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nige.Length
Array.skip (nige.Length-5) nige |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d,%d) " (n-18) (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
let nigel=nige |> Array.filter(fun n->isPrime(n-24))
printfn "There are %d sexy prime quintuplets all components of which are less than 1,000,035. The last 5 are:" nigel.Length
Array.skip (nigel.Length-5) nigel |> Array.iter(fun n->printf "(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d) " (n-24) (n-18) (n-12) (n-6) n); printfn ""
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Python | Python | from operator import or_
from functools import reduce
def set_right_adjacent_bits(n: int, b: int) -> int:
return reduce(or_, (b >> x for x in range(n+1)), 0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("SAME n & Width.\n")
n = 2 # bits to the right of set bits, to also set
bits = "1000 0100 0010 0000"
first = True
for b_str in bits.split():
b = int(b_str, 2)
e = len(b_str)
if first:
first = False
print(f"n = {n}; Width e = {e}:\n")
result = set_right_adjacent_bits(n, b)
print(f" Input b: {b:0{e}b}")
print(f" Result: {result:0{e}b}\n")
print("SAME Input & Width.\n")
#bits = "01000010001001010110"
bits = '01' + '1'.join('0'*x for x in range(10, 0, -1))
for n in range(4):
first = True
for b_str in bits.split():
b = int(b_str, 2)
e = len(b_str)
if first:
first = False
print(f"n = {n}; Width e = {e}:\n")
result = set_right_adjacent_bits(n, b)
print(f" Input b: {b:0{e}b}")
print(f" Result: {result:0{e}b}\n") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Raku | Raku | sub rab (Int $n, Int $b = 1) {
my $m = $n;
$m +|= ($n +> $_) for ^ $b+1;
$m
}
sub lab (Int $n, Int $b = 1) {
my $m = $n;
$m +|= ($n +< $_) for ^ $b+1;
$m
}
say "Powers of 2 ≤ 8, 0 - Right-adjacent-bits: 2";
.&rab(2).base(2).fmt('%04s').say for <8 4 2 1 0>;
# Test with a few integers.
for 8,4, 18455760086304825618,5, 5444684034376312377319904082902529876242,15 -> $integer, $bits {
say "\nInteger: $integer - Right-adjacent-bits: up to $bits";
.say for ^$bits .map: -> $b { $integer.&rab($b).base: 2 };
say "\nInteger: $integer - Left-adjacent-bits: up to $bits";
.say for ^$bits .map: -> $b { $integer.&lab($b).fmt("%{0~$bits+$integer.msb}b") };
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Julia | Julia | using SHA
function merkletree(filename="title.png", blocksize=1024)
bytes = codeunits(read(filename, String))
len = length(bytes)
hsh = [sha256(view(bytes. i:min(i+blocksize-1, len)])) for i in 1:1024:len]
len = length(hsh)
while len > 1
hsh = [i == len ? hsh[i] : sha256(vcat(hsh[i], hsh[i + 1])) for i in 1:2:len]
len = length(hsh)
end
return bytes2hex(hsh[1])
end
println(merkletree())
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language | Mathematica/Wolfram Language | data=Import["https://rosettacode.org/mw/title.png","Byte"];
parts=Hash[ByteArray[#],"SHA256","ByteArray"]&/@Partition[data,UpTo[1024]];
parts=NestWhile[If[Length[#]==2,Hash[Join@@#,"SHA256","ByteArray"],First[#]]&/@Partition[#,UpTo[2]]&,parts,Length[#]>1&];
StringJoin[IntegerString[Normal[First[parts]],16]] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Show_ASCII_table | Show ASCII table | Task
Show the ASCII character set from values 32 to 127 (decimal) in a table format.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #C.23 | C# | using static System.Console;
using static System.Linq.Enumerable;
public class Program
{
static void Main()
{
for (int start = 32; start + 16 * 5 < 128; start++) {
WriteLine(string.Concat(Range(0, 6).Select(i => $"{start+16*i, 3} : {Text(start+16*i), -6}")));
}
string Text(int index) => index == 32 ? "Sp" : index == 127 ? "Del" : (char)index + "";
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle | Sierpinski triangle | Task
Produce an ASCII representation of a Sierpinski triangle of order N.
Example
The Sierpinski triangle of order 4 should look like this:
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Related tasks
Sierpinski triangle/Graphical for graphics images of this pattern.
Sierpinski carpet
| #JavaFX_Script | JavaFX Script | function sierpinski(n : Integer) {
var down = ["*"];
var space = " ";
for (i in [1..n]) {
down = [for (x in down) "{space}{x}{space}", for (x in down) "{x} {x}"];
space = "{space}{space}";
}
for (x in down) {
println("{x}")
}
}
sierpinski(4); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #ERRE | ERRE |
PROGRAM SIERP_CARPET
! for rosettacode.org
!$INTEGER
BEGIN
OPEN("O",1,"OUT.PRN")
PRINT(CHR$(12);) !CLS
DEPTH=3
DIMM=1
FOR I=0 TO DEPTH-1 DO
DIMM=DIMM*3
END FOR
FOR I=0 TO DIMM-1 DO
FOR J=0 TO DIMM-1 DO
D=DIMM DIV 3
REPEAT
EXIT IF ((I MOD (D*3)) DIV D=1 AND (J MOD (D*3)) DIV D=1)
D=D DIV 3
UNTIL NOT(D>0)
IF D>0 THEN PRINT(#1," ";) ELSE PRINT(#1,"##";) END IF
END FOR
PRINT(#1,)
END FOR
! PRINT(#1,CHR$(12);) for printer only!
CLOSE(1)
END PROGRAM
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Scala | Scala | case class Point( x:Int,y:Int ) { override def toString = "(" + x + "," + y + ")" }
case class Polygon( pp:List[Point] ) {
require( pp.size > 2, "A Polygon must consist of more than two points" )
override def toString = "Polygon(" + pp.mkString(" ", ", ", " ") + ")"
def area = {
// Calculate using the Shoelace Formula
val xx = pp.map( p => p.x )
val yy = pp.map( p => p.y )
val overlace = xx zip yy.drop(1)++yy.take(1)
val underlace = yy zip xx.drop(1)++xx.take(1)
(overlace.map( t => t._1 * t._2 ).sum - underlace.map( t => t._1 * t._2 ).sum).abs / 2.0
}
}
// A little test...
{
val p = Polygon( List( Point(3,4), Point(5,11), Point(12,8), Point(9,5), Point(5,6) ) )
assert( p.area == 30.0 )
println( "Area of " + p + " = " + p.area )
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Sidef | Sidef | func area_by_shoelace (*p) {
var x = p.map{_[0]}
var y = p.map{_[1]}
var s = (
(x ~Z* y.rotate(+1)).sum -
(x ~Z* y.rotate(-1)).sum
)
s.abs / 2
}
say area_by_shoelace([3,4], [5,11], [12,8], [9,5], [5,6]) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Phix | Phix | C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix>p -e ?357+452
809
C:\Program Files (x86)\Phix>p -e "?357+452"
809
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #PHP | PHP | $ php -r 'echo "Hello\n";'
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #PicoLisp | PicoLisp | $ picolisp -'prinl "Hello world!"' -bye
Hello world! |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Pike | Pike | $ pike -e 'write("Hello\n");'
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Erlang | Erlang |
-module( short_circuit_evaluation ).
-export( [task/0] ).
task() ->
[task_helper(X, Y) || X <- [true, false], Y <- [true, false]].
a( Boolean ) ->
io:fwrite( " a ~p~n", [Boolean] ),
Boolean.
b( Boolean ) ->
io:fwrite( " b ~p~n", [Boolean] ),
Boolean.
task_helper( Boolean1, Boolean2 ) ->
io:fwrite( "~p andalso ~p~n", [Boolean1, Boolean2] ),
io:fwrite( "=> ~p~n", [a(Boolean1) andalso b(Boolean2)] ),
io:fwrite( "~p orelse ~p~n", [Boolean1, Boolean2] ),
io:fwrite( "=> ~p~n", [a(Boolean1) orelse b(Boolean2)] ).
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_puzzle | Set puzzle | Set Puzzles are created with a deck of cards from the Set Game™. The object of the puzzle is to find sets of 3 cards in a rectangle of cards that have been dealt face up.
There are 81 cards in a deck.
Each card contains a unique variation of the following four features: color, symbol, number and shading.
there are three colors:
red, green, purple
there are three symbols:
oval, squiggle, diamond
there is a number of symbols on the card:
one, two, three
there are three shadings:
solid, open, striped
Three cards form a set if each feature is either the same on each card, or is different on each card. For instance: all 3 cards are red, all 3 cards have a different symbol, all 3 cards have a different number of symbols, all 3 cards are striped.
There are two degrees of difficulty: basic and advanced. The basic mode deals 9 cards, that contain exactly 4 sets; the advanced mode deals 12 cards that contain exactly 6 sets.
When creating sets you may use the same card more than once.
Task
Write code that deals the cards (9 or 12, depending on selected mode) from a shuffled deck in which the total number of sets that could be found is 4 (or 6, respectively); and print the contents of the cards and the sets.
For instance:
DEALT 9 CARDS:
green, one, oval, striped
green, one, diamond, open
green, one, diamond, striped
green, one, diamond, solid
purple, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
purple, three, oval, open
red, three, oval, open
red, three, diamond, solid
CONTAINING 4 SETS:
green, one, oval, striped
purple, two, squiggle, open
red, three, diamond, solid
green, one, diamond, open
green, one, diamond, striped
green, one, diamond, solid
green, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
red, three, oval, open
purple, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
purple, three, oval, open
| #Ada | Ada | package Set_Puzzle is
type Three is range 1..3;
type Card is array(1 .. 4) of Three;
type Cards is array(Positive range <>) of Card;
type Set is array(Three) of Positive;
procedure Deal_Cards(Dealt: out Cards);
-- ouputs an array with disjoint cards
function To_String(C: Card) return String;
generic
with procedure Do_something(C: Cards; S: Set);
procedure Find_Sets(Given: Cards);
-- calls Do_Something once for each set it finds.
end Set_Puzzle; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #AWK | AWK | {
("echo -n " $0 " | sha256sum") | getline sha;
gsub(/[^0-9a-zA-Z]/, "", sha);
print sha;
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #BaCon | BaCon | PRAGMA INCLUDE <openssl/sha.h>
PRAGMA LDFLAGS -lcrypto
OPTION MEMTYPE unsigned char
DECLARE result TYPE unsigned char*
result = SHA256("Rosetta code", 12, 0)
FOR i = 0 TO SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH-1
PRINT PEEK(result+i) FORMAT "%02x"
NEXT
PRINT |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #C.23 | C# | using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
namespace RosettaCode.SHA1
{
[TestClass]
public class SHA1CryptoServiceProviderTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestComputeHash()
{
var input = new UTF8Encoding().GetBytes("Rosetta Code");
var output = new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider().ComputeHash(input);
Assert.AreEqual(
"48-C9-8F-7E-5A-6E-73-6D-79-0A-B7-40-DF-C3-F5-1A-61-AB-E2-B5",
BitConverter.ToString(output));
}
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Seven-sided_dice_from_five-sided_dice | Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice | Task
(Given an equal-probability generator of one of the integers 1 to 5
as dice5), create dice7 that generates a pseudo-random integer from
1 to 7 in equal probability using only dice5 as a source of random
numbers, and check the distribution for at least one million calls using the function created in Simple Random Distribution Checker.
Implementation suggestion:
dice7 might call dice5 twice, re-call if four of the 25
combinations are given, otherwise split the other 21 combinations
into 7 groups of three, and return the group index from the rolls.
(Task adapted from an answer here)
| #Ada | Ada | package Random_57 is
type Mod_7 is mod 7;
function Random7 return Mod_7;
-- a "fast" implementation, minimazing the calls to the Random5 generator
function Simple_Random7 return Mod_7;
-- a simple implementation
end Random_57; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Seven-sided_dice_from_five-sided_dice | Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice | Task
(Given an equal-probability generator of one of the integers 1 to 5
as dice5), create dice7 that generates a pseudo-random integer from
1 to 7 in equal probability using only dice5 as a source of random
numbers, and check the distribution for at least one million calls using the function created in Simple Random Distribution Checker.
Implementation suggestion:
dice7 might call dice5 twice, re-call if four of the 25
combinations are given, otherwise split the other 21 combinations
into 7 groups of three, and return the group index from the rolls.
(Task adapted from an answer here)
| #ALGOL_68 | ALGOL 68 | PROC dice5 = INT:
1 + ENTIER (5*random);
PROC mulby5 = (INT n)INT:
ABS (BIN n SHL 2) + n;
PROC dice7 = INT: (
INT d55 := 0;
INT m := 1;
WHILE
m := ABS ((2r1 AND BIN m) SHL 2) + ABS (BIN m SHR 1); # repeats 4 - 2 - 1 #
d55 := mulby5(mulby5(d55)) + mulby5(dice5) + dice5 - 6;
# WHILE # d55 < m DO SKIP OD;
m := 1;
WHILE d55>0 DO
d55 +:= m;
m := ABS (BIN d55 AND 2r111); # modulas by 8 #
d55 := ABS (BIN d55 SHR 3) # divide by 8 #
OD;
m
);
PROC distcheck = (PROC INT dice, INT count, upb)VOID: (
[upb]INT sum; FOR i TO UPB sum DO sum[i] := 0 OD;
FOR i TO count DO sum[dice]+:=1 OD;
FOR i TO UPB sum WHILE print(whole(sum[i],0)); i /= UPB sum DO print(", ") OD;
print(new line)
);
main:
(
distcheck(dice5, 1000000, 5);
distcheck(dice7, 1000000, 7)
) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #Factor | Factor | USING: combinators.short-circuit fry interpolate io kernel
literals locals make math math.primes math.ranges prettyprint qw
sequences tools.memory.private ;
IN: rosetta-code.sexy-primes
CONSTANT: limit 1,000,035
CONSTANT: primes $[ limit primes-upto ]
CONSTANT: tuplet-names qw{ pair triplet quadruplet quintuplet }
: tuplet ( m n -- seq ) dupd 1 - 6 * + 6 <range> ;
: viable-tuplet? ( seq -- ? )
[ [ prime? ] [ limit < ] bi and ] all? ;
: sexy-tuplets ( n -- seq ) [ primes ] dip '[
[ _ tuplet dup viable-tuplet? [ , ] [ drop ] if ] each
] { } make ;
: ?last5 ( seq -- seq' ) 5 short tail* ;
: last5 ( seq -- str )
?last5 [ { } like unparse ] map " " join ;
:: tuplet-info ( n -- last5 l5-len num-tup limit tuplet-name )
n sexy-tuplets :> tup tup last5 tup ?last5 length tup length
commas limit commas n 2 - tuplet-names nth ;
: show-tuplets ( n -- )
tuplet-info
[I Number of sexy prime ${0}s < ${1}: ${2}I] nl
[I Last ${0}: ${1}I] nl nl ;
: unsexy-primes ( -- seq ) primes [
{ [ 6 + prime? not ] [ 6 - prime? not ] } 1&&
] filter ;
: show-unsexy ( -- )
unsexy-primes dup length commas limit commas
[I Number of unsexy primes < ${0}: ${1}I] nl
"Last 10: " write 10 short tail* [ pprint bl ] each nl ;
: main ( -- ) 2 5 [a,b] [ show-tuplets ] each show-unsexy ;
MAIN: main |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #FreeBASIC | FreeBASIC | Function isPrime(Byval ValorEval As Uinteger) As Boolean
If ValorEval < 2 Then Return False
If ValorEval Mod 2 = 0 Then Return ValorEval = 2
If ValorEval Mod 3 = 0 Then Return ValorEval = 3
Dim d As Integer = 5
While d * d <= ValorEval
If ValorEval Mod d = 0 Then Return False Else d += 2
If ValorEval Mod d = 0 Then Return False Else d += 4
Wend
Return True
End Function
#define maxi 1000035
Dim As Integer CU = 0, C2 = 0, C3 = 0, C4 = 0, C5 = 0, N, I, P = 0
Dim As Integer Unsexy(10), Pairs(5), Trips(5), Quads(5), Quins(5)
For N = maxi To 2 Step -1
If isPrime(N) Then
P += 1
If Not isPrime(N-6) And Not isPrime(N+6) Then
If CU < 10 Then Unsexy(CU) = N
CU += 1
End If
If isPrime(N-6) Then
If C2 < 5 Then Pairs(C2) = N
C2 += 1
If isPrime(N-12) Then
If C3 < 5 Then Trips(C3) = N
C3 += 1
If isPrime(N-18) Then
If C4 < 5 Then Quads(C4) = N
C4 += 1
If isPrime(N-24) Then
If C5 < 5 Then Quins(C5) = N
C5 += 1
End If
End If
End If
End If
End If
Next N
Print P; " primes less than"; maxi
Print Chr(10); C2; " pairs ending with:"
For I = 4 To 0 Step -1
Print " [" & Pairs(I)-6 & ", "& Pairs(I) & "]"
Next I
Print Chr(10); C3; " triplets ending with:"
For I = 4 To 0 Step -1
Print " [" & Trips(I)-12 & ", "& Trips(I)-6 & ", "& Trips(I) & "]"
Next I
Print Chr(10); C4; " quadruplets ending with:"
For I = 4 To 0 Step -1
Print " [" & Quads(I)-18 & ", "& Quads(I)-12 & ", "& Quads(I)-6 & ", "& Quads(I) & "]"
Next I
Print Chr(10); C5; " quintuplet(s) ending with:"
I = Iif(C5 > 5, 5, C5)
For I = I-1 To 0 Step -1
Print " [" & Quins(I)-24 & ", "& Quins(I)-18 & ", "& Quins(I)-12 & ", "& Quins(I)-6 & ", "& Quins(I) & "]"
Next I
Print Chr(10); CU; " unsexy primes ending with:"
For I = 9 To 0 Step -1
Print Unsexy(I); ",";
Next I
Print Chr(8); " "
Sleep |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Rust | Rust | use std::ops::{BitOrAssign, Shr};
fn set_right_adjacent_bits<E: Clone + BitOrAssign + Shr<usize, Output = E>>(b: &mut E, n: usize) {
for _ in 1..=n {
*b |= b.clone() >> 1;
}
}
macro_rules! test {
( $t:ident, $n:expr, $e:expr, $g:ty, $b:expr, $c:expr$(,)? ) => {
#[test]
fn $t() {
let n: usize = $n;
let e: usize = $e;
let b_original: $g = $b;
let mut b = b_original.clone();
set_right_adjacent_bits(&mut b, n);
println!("n = {n}; e = {e}:");
println!(" b = {:0>e$b}", b_original);
println!(" output = {:0>e$b}", b);
assert_eq!(b, $c);
}
};
}
test!(test_a1, 2, 4, u8, 0b1000, 0b1110);
test!(test_a2, 2, 4, u8, 0b0100, 0b0111);
test!(test_a3, 2, 4, u8, 0b0010, 0b0011);
test!(test_a4, 2, 4, u8, 0b0000, 0b0000);
test!(
test_b1, 0, 66, u128,
0b010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010,
0b010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010,
);
test!(
test_b2, 1, 66, u128,
0b010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010,
0b011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011,
);
test!(
test_b3, 2, 66, u128,
0b010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010,
0b011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111,
);
test!(
test_b4, 3, 66, u128,
0b010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010,
0b011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111,
); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_right-adjacent_bits | Set right-adjacent bits | Given a left-to-right ordered collection of e bits, b, where 1 <= e <= 10000,
and a zero or more integer n :
Output the result of setting the n bits to the right of any set bit in b
(if those bits are present in b and therefore also preserving the width, e).
Some examples:
Set of examples showing how one bit in a nibble gets changed:
n = 2; Width e = 4:
Input b: 1000
Result: 1110
Input b: 0100
Result: 0111
Input b: 0010
Result: 0011
Input b: 0000
Result: 0000
Set of examples with the same input with set bits of varying distance apart:
n = 0; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
n = 1; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011000000000110000000011000000011000000110000011000011000110011011
n = 2; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011100000000111000000011100000011100000111000011100011100111011111
n = 3; Width e = 66:
Input b: 010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010
Result: 011110000000111100000011110000011110000111100011110011110111111111
Task:
Implement a routine to perform the setting of right-adjacent bits on representations of bits that will scale over the given range of input width e.
Use it to show, here, the results for the input examples above.
Print the output aligned in a way that allows easy checking by eye of the binary input vs output. | #Wren | Wren | var setRightBits = Fn.new { |bits, e, n|
if (e == 0 || n <= 0) return bits
var bits2 = bits.toList
for (i in 0...e - 1) {
var c = bits[i]
if (c == 1) {
var j = i + 1
while (j <= i + n && j < e) {
bits2[j] = 1
j = j + 1
}
}
}
return bits2
}
var b = "010000000000100000000010000000010000000100000010000010000100010010"
var tests = [["1000", 2], ["0100", 2], ["0010", 2], ["0000", 2], [b, 0], [b, 1], [b, 2], [b, 3]]
for (test in tests) {
var bits = test[0]
var e = bits.count
var n = test[1]
System.print("n = %(n); Width e = %(e):")
System.print(" Input b: %(bits)")
bits = bits.map { |c| c.bytes[0] - 48 }.toList
bits = setRightBits.call(bits, e, n)
System.print(" Result: %(bits.join())\n")
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Nim | Nim |
import nimcrypto
const BlockSize = 1024
var hashes: seq[MDigest[256]]
let f = open("title.png")
var buffer: array[BlockSize, byte]
while true:
let n = f.readBytes(buffer, 0, BlockSize)
if n == 0: break
hashes.add sha256.digest(buffer[0].addr, n.uint)
f.close()
var ctx: sha256
while hashes.len != 1:
var newHashes: seq[MDigest[256]]
for i in countup(0, hashes.high, 2):
if i < hashes.high:
ctx.init()
ctx.update(hashes[i].data)
ctx.update(hashes[i + 1].data)
newHashes.add ctx.finish()
ctx.clear()
else:
newHashes.add hashes[i]
hashes= newHashes
echo hashes[0] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Pascal | Pascal |
program SHA256_Merkle_tree;
{$IFDEF WINDOWS}
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$ENDIF}
{$IFDEF DELPHI}
uses
System.SysUtils,
System.Classes,
DCPsha256;
type
TmyByte = TArray<Byte>;
TmyHashes = TArray<TArray<byte>>;
{$ENDIF}
{$IFDEF FPC}
{$Mode DELPHI}
uses
SysUtils,
Classes,
DCPsha256;
type
TmyByte = array of byte;
TmyHashes = array of TmyByte;
{$ENDIF}
function SHA256(const Input: TmyByte; Len: Integer = -1): TmyByte;
var
Hasher: TDCP_sha256;
l: Integer;
begin
if Len < 0 then
l := length(Input)
else
l := Len;
Hasher := TDCP_sha256.Create(nil);
try
Hasher.Init;
Hasher.Update(Input[0], l);
SetLength(Result, Hasher.HashSize div 8);
Hasher.final(Result[0]);
finally
Hasher.Free;
end;
end;
function Merkle_tree(FileName: TFileName): string;
const
blockSize = 1024;
var
f: TMemoryStream;
hashes,
hashes2: TmyHashes;
bytesRead: Cardinal;
buffer: TmyByte;
i, index: Integer;
b: byte;
begin
Result := '';
if not FileExists(FileName) then
exit;
SetLength(buffer, blockSize);
FillChar(buffer[0], blockSize, #0);
f := TMemoryStream.Create;
f.LoadFromFile(FileName);
index := 0;
repeat
//freepascal needs buffer[0] instead buffer
bytesRead := f.Read(buffer[0], blockSize);
if bytesRead= 0 then
BREAK;
Insert(SHA256(buffer, bytesRead), hashes, index);
inc(index);
until bytesRead<blockSize;
f.Free;
SetLength(buffer, 64);
while Length(hashes) > 1 do
begin
//first clear old hashes2
setlength(hashes2,0);
index := 0;
i := 0;
while i < length(hashes) do
begin
if i < length(hashes) - 1 then
begin
buffer := copy(hashes[i], 0, length(hashes[i]));
buffer := concat(buffer,copy(hashes[i + 1], 0, length(hashes[i])));
Insert(SHA256(buffer), hashes2, index);
inc(index);
end
else
begin
Insert(hashes[i], hashes2, index);
inc(index);
end;
inc(i, 2);
end;
hashes := hashes2;
end;
Result := '';
for b in hashes[0] do
begin
Result := Result + b.ToHexString(2);
end;
end;
begin
writeln(Merkle_tree('title.png'));
{$IFDEF WINDOWS}
readln;
{$ENDIF}
end. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Show_ASCII_table | Show ASCII table | Task
Show the ASCII character set from values 32 to 127 (decimal) in a table format.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Cach.C3.A9_ObjectScript | Caché ObjectScript | SHOWASCII
; this is 96 characters, so do 6 columns of 16
for i = 32:1:127 {
; get remainder when div by 6, sort columns by remainder 2 3 4 5 0 1
set rem = i # 6
if rem = 2 {
write !
}
; spacing (tabs)
set x = $case(rem,2:0,3:8,4:16,5:24,0:32,:40)
; char to write
set wrtchr = $case(i,32:"Spc",127:"Del",:$char(i))
write ?x,$justify(i,3)_": "_wrtchr
}
quit |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle | Sierpinski triangle | Task
Produce an ASCII representation of a Sierpinski triangle of order N.
Example
The Sierpinski triangle of order 4 should look like this:
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Related tasks
Sierpinski triangle/Graphical for graphics images of this pattern.
Sierpinski carpet
| #JavaScript | JavaScript | (function (order) {
// Sierpinski triangle of order N constructed as
// Pascal triangle of 2^N rows mod 2
// with 1 encoded as "▲"
// and 0 encoded as " "
function sierpinski(intOrder) {
return function asciiPascalMod2(intRows) {
return range(1, intRows - 1)
.reduce(function (lstRows) {
var lstPrevRow = lstRows.slice(-1)[0];
// Each new row is a function of the previous row
return lstRows.concat([zipWith(function (left, right) {
// The composition ( asciiBinary . mod 2 . add )
// reduces to a rule from 2 parent characters
// to a single child character
// Rule 90 also reduces to the same XOR
// relationship between left and right neighbours
return left === right ? " " : "▲";
}, [' '].concat(lstPrevRow), lstPrevRow.concat(' '))]);
}, [
["▲"] // Tip of triangle
]);
}(Math.pow(2, intOrder))
// As centred lines, from bottom (0 indent) up (indent below + 1)
.reduceRight(function (sofar, lstLine) {
return {
triangle: sofar.indent + lstLine.join(" ") + "\n" +
sofar.triangle,
indent: sofar.indent + " "
};
}, {
triangle: "",
indent: ""
}).triangle;
};
var zipWith = function (f, xs, ys) {
return xs.length === ys.length ? xs
.map(function (x, i) {
return f(x, ys[i]);
}) : undefined;
},
range = function (m, n) {
return Array.apply(null, Array(n - m + 1))
.map(function (x, i) {
return m + i;
});
};
// TEST
return sierpinski(order);
})(4);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #Euphoria | Euphoria |
include std/math.e
integer order = 4
function InCarpet(atom x, atom y)
while 1 do
if x = 0 or y = 0 then
return 1
elsif floor(mod(x,3)) = 1 and floor(mod(y,3)) = 1 then
return 0
end if
x /= 3
y /= 3
end while
end function
for i = 0 to power(3,order)-1 do
for j = 0 to power(3,order)-1 do
if InCarpet(i,j) = 1 then
puts(1,"#")
else
puts(1," ")
end if
end for
puts(1,'\n')
end for
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Swift | Swift | import Foundation
struct Point {
var x: Double
var y: Double
}
extension Point: CustomStringConvertible {
var description: String {
return "Point(x: \(x), y: \(y))"
}
}
struct Polygon {
var points: [Point]
var area: Double {
let xx = points.map({ $0.x })
let yy = points.map({ $0.y })
let overlace = zip(xx, yy.dropFirst() + yy.prefix(1)).map({ $0.0 * $0.1 }).reduce(0, +)
let underlace = zip(yy, xx.dropFirst() + xx.prefix(1)).map({ $0.0 * $0.1 }).reduce(0, +)
return abs(overlace - underlace) / 2
}
init(points: [Point]) {
self.points = points
}
init(points: [(Double, Double)]) {
self.init(points: points.map({ Point(x: $0.0, y: $0.1) }))
}
}
let poly = Polygon(points: [
(3,4),
(5,11),
(12,8),
(9,5),
(5,6)
])
print("\(poly) area = \(poly.area)") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #TI-83_BASIC | TI-83 BASIC | [[3,4][5,11][12,8][9,5][5,6]]->[A]
Dim([A])->N:0->A
For(I,1,N)
I+1->J:If J>N:Then:1->J:End
A+[A](I,1)*[A](J,2)-[A](J,1)*[A](I,2)->A
End
Abs(A)/2->A |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #VBA | VBA | Option Base 1
Public Enum axes
u = 1
v
End Enum
Private Function shoelace(s As Collection) As Double
Dim t As Double
If s.Count > 2 Then
s.Add s(1)
For i = 1 To s.Count - 1
t = t + s(i)(u) * s(i + 1)(v) - s(i + 1)(u) * s(i)(v)
Next i
End If
shoelace = Abs(t) / 2
End Function
Public Sub polygonal_area()
Dim task() As Variant
task = [{3,4;5,11;12,8;9,5;5,6}]
Dim tcol As New Collection
For i = 1 To UBound(task)
tcol.Add Array(task(i, u), task(i, v))
Next i
Debug.Print shoelace(tcol)
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #PowerShell | PowerShell | > powershell -Command "Write-Host 'Hello'"
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Processing | Processing | mkdir -p Tmp; echo "println(\"hello world\");" > Tmp/Tmp.pde; processing-java --sketch="`pwd`/Tmp" --run |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Prolog | Prolog | $ swipl -g "writeln('hello world')." -t 'halt.'
hello world
$ |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #F.23 | F# | let a (x : bool) = printf "(a)"; x
let b (x : bool) = printf "(b)"; x
[for x in [true; false] do for y in [true; false] do yield (x, y)]
|> List.iter (fun (x, y) ->
printfn "%b AND %b = %b" x y ((a x) && (b y))
printfn "%b OR %b = %b" x y ((a x) || (b y))) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Set_puzzle | Set puzzle | Set Puzzles are created with a deck of cards from the Set Game™. The object of the puzzle is to find sets of 3 cards in a rectangle of cards that have been dealt face up.
There are 81 cards in a deck.
Each card contains a unique variation of the following four features: color, symbol, number and shading.
there are three colors:
red, green, purple
there are three symbols:
oval, squiggle, diamond
there is a number of symbols on the card:
one, two, three
there are three shadings:
solid, open, striped
Three cards form a set if each feature is either the same on each card, or is different on each card. For instance: all 3 cards are red, all 3 cards have a different symbol, all 3 cards have a different number of symbols, all 3 cards are striped.
There are two degrees of difficulty: basic and advanced. The basic mode deals 9 cards, that contain exactly 4 sets; the advanced mode deals 12 cards that contain exactly 6 sets.
When creating sets you may use the same card more than once.
Task
Write code that deals the cards (9 or 12, depending on selected mode) from a shuffled deck in which the total number of sets that could be found is 4 (or 6, respectively); and print the contents of the cards and the sets.
For instance:
DEALT 9 CARDS:
green, one, oval, striped
green, one, diamond, open
green, one, diamond, striped
green, one, diamond, solid
purple, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
purple, three, oval, open
red, three, oval, open
red, three, diamond, solid
CONTAINING 4 SETS:
green, one, oval, striped
purple, two, squiggle, open
red, three, diamond, solid
green, one, diamond, open
green, one, diamond, striped
green, one, diamond, solid
green, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
red, three, oval, open
purple, one, diamond, open
purple, two, squiggle, open
purple, three, oval, open
| #AutoHotkey | AutoHotkey | ; Generate deck; card encoding from Raku
Loop, 81
deck .= ToBase(A_Index-1, 3)+1111 ","
deck := RegExReplace(deck, "3", "4")
; Shuffle
deck := shuffle(deck)
msgbox % clipboard := allValidSets(9, 4, deck)
msgbox % clipboard := allValidSets(12, 6, deck)
; Render a hand (or any list) of cards
PrettyHand(hand) {
Color1:="red",Color2:="green",Color4:="purple"
,Symbl1:="oval",Symbl2:="squiggle",Symbl4:="diamond"
,Numbr1:="one",Numbr2:="two",Numbr4:="three"
,Shape1:="solid",Shape2:="open",Shape4:="striped"
Loop, Parse, hand, `,
{
StringSplit, i, A_LoopField
s .= "`t" Color%i1% "`t" Symbl%i2% "`t" Numbr%i3% "`t" Shape%i4% "`n"
}
Return s
}
; Get all unique valid sets of three cards in a hand.
allValidSets(n, m, deck) {
While j != m
{
j := 0
,hand := draw(n, deck)
,s := "Dealt " n " cards:`n" . prettyhand(hand)
StringSplit, set, hand, `,
comb := comb(n,3)
Loop, Parse, comb, `n
{
StringSplit, i, A_LoopField, %A_Space%
If isValidSet(set%i1%, set%i2%, set%i3%)
s .= "`nSet " ++j ":`n" . prettyhand(set%i1% "," set%i2% "," set%i3%)
}
}
Return s
}
; Convert n to arbitrary base using recursion
toBase(n,b) { ; n >= 0, 1 < b < StrLen(t), t = digits
Static t := "0123456789ABCDEF"
Return (n < b ? "" : ToBase(n//b,b)) . SubStr(t,mod(n,b)+1,1)
}
; Knuth shuffle from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Knuth_Shuffle#AutoHotkey
shuffle(list) { ; shuffle comma separated list, converted to array
StringSplit a, list, `, ; make array (length = a0)
Loop % a0-1 {
Random i, A_Index, a0 ; swap item 1,2... with a random item to the right of it
t := a%i%, a%i% := a%A_Index%, a%A_Index% := t
}
Loop % a0 ; construct string from sorted array
s .= "," . a%A_Index%
Return SubStr(s,2) ; drop leading comma
}
; Randomly pick a hand of cards from the deck
draw(n, deck) {
Loop, % n
{
Random, i, 1, 81
cards := deck
Loop, Parse, cards, `,
(A_Index = i) ? (hand .= A_LoopField ",") : (cards .= A_LoopField ",")
deck := cards
}
Return SubStr(hand, 1, -1)
}
; Test if a particular group of three cards is a valid set
isValidSet(a, b, c) {
StringSplit, a, a
StringSplit, b, b
StringSplit, c, c
Return !((a1|b1|c1 ~= "[3,5,6]") + (a2|b2|c2 ~= "[3,5,6]") + (a3|b3|c3 ~= "[3,5,6]") + (a4|b4|c4 ~= "[3,5,6]"))
}
; Get all combinations, from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Combinations#AutoHotkey
comb(n,t) { ; Generate all n choose t combinations of 1..n, lexicographically
IfLess n,%t%, Return
Loop %t%
c%A_Index% := A_Index
i := t+1, c%i% := n+1
Loop {
Loop %t%
i := t+1-A_Index, c .= c%i% " "
c .= "`n" ; combinations in new lines
j := 1, i := 2
Loop
If (c%j%+1 = c%i%)
c%j% := j, ++j, ++i
Else Break
If (j > t)
Return c
c%j% += 1
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #BBC_BASIC | BBC BASIC | PRINT FNsha256("Rosetta code")
END
DEF FNsha256(message$)
LOCAL buflen%, buffer%, hcont%, hprov%, hhash%, hash$, i%
CALG_SHA_256 = &800C
HP_HASHVAL = 2
CRYPT_NEWKEYSET = 8
PROV_RSA_AES = 24
buflen% = 128
DIM buffer% LOCAL buflen%-1
SYS "CryptAcquireContext", ^hcont%, 0, \
\ "Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider", \
\ PROV_RSA_AES, CRYPT_NEWKEYSET
SYS "CryptAcquireContext", ^hprov%, 0, 0, PROV_RSA_AES, 0
SYS "CryptCreateHash", hprov%, CALG_SHA_256, 0, 0, ^hhash%
SYS "CryptHashData", hhash%, message$, LEN(message$), 0
SYS "CryptGetHashParam", hhash%, HP_HASHVAL, buffer%, ^buflen%, 0
SYS "CryptDestroyHash", hhash%
SYS "CryptReleaseContext", hprov%
SYS "CryptReleaseContext", hcont%
FOR i% = 0 TO buflen%-1
hash$ += RIGHT$("0" + STR$~buffer%?i%, 2)
NEXT
= hash$ |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256 | SHA-256 | SHA-256 is the recommended stronger alternative to SHA-1. See FIPS PUB 180-4 for implementation details.
Either by using a dedicated library or implementing the algorithm in your language, show that the SHA-256 digest of the string "Rosetta code" is: 764faf5c61ac315f1497f9dfa542713965b785e5cc2f707d6468d7d1124cdfcf
| #C | C | #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <openssl/sha.h>
int main (void) {
const char *s = "Rosetta code";
unsigned char *d = SHA256(s, strlen(s), 0);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++)
printf("%02x", d[i]);
putchar('\n');
return 0;
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-1 | SHA-1 | SHA-1 or SHA1 is a one-way hash function;
it computes a 160-bit message digest.
SHA-1 often appears in security protocols; for example,
many HTTPS websites use RSA with SHA-1 to secure their connections.
BitTorrent uses SHA-1 to verify downloads.
Git and Mercurial use SHA-1 digests to identify commits.
A US government standard, FIPS 180-1, defines SHA-1.
Find the SHA-1 message digest for a string of octets. You may either call a SHA-1 library, or implement SHA-1 in your language. Both approaches interest Rosetta Code.
Warning: SHA-1 has known weaknesses. Theoretical attacks may find a collision after 252 operations, or perhaps fewer.
This is much faster than a brute force attack of 280 operations. USgovernment deprecated SHA-1.
For production-grade cryptography, users may consider a stronger alternative, such as SHA-256 (from the SHA-2 family) or the upcoming SHA-3.
| #C.2B.2B | C++ | #include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include "Poco/SHA1Engine.h"
#include "Poco/DigestStream.h"
using Poco::DigestEngine ;
using Poco::SHA1Engine ;
using Poco::DigestOutputStream ;
int main( ) {
std::string myphrase ( "Rosetta Code" ) ;
SHA1Engine sha1 ;
DigestOutputStream outstr( sha1 ) ;
outstr << myphrase ;
outstr.flush( ) ; //to pass everything to the digest engine
const DigestEngine::Digest& digest = sha1.digest( ) ;
std::cout << myphrase << " as a sha1 digest :" << DigestEngine::digestToHex( digest )
<< " !" << std::endl ;
return 0 ;
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Seven-sided_dice_from_five-sided_dice | Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice | Task
(Given an equal-probability generator of one of the integers 1 to 5
as dice5), create dice7 that generates a pseudo-random integer from
1 to 7 in equal probability using only dice5 as a source of random
numbers, and check the distribution for at least one million calls using the function created in Simple Random Distribution Checker.
Implementation suggestion:
dice7 might call dice5 twice, re-call if four of the 25
combinations are given, otherwise split the other 21 combinations
into 7 groups of three, and return the group index from the rolls.
(Task adapted from an answer here)
| #AutoHotkey | AutoHotkey | dice5()
{ Random, v, 1, 5
Return, v
}
dice7()
{ Loop
{ v := 5 * dice5() + dice5() - 6
IfLess v, 21, Return, (v // 3) + 1
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Seven-sided_dice_from_five-sided_dice | Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice | Task
(Given an equal-probability generator of one of the integers 1 to 5
as dice5), create dice7 that generates a pseudo-random integer from
1 to 7 in equal probability using only dice5 as a source of random
numbers, and check the distribution for at least one million calls using the function created in Simple Random Distribution Checker.
Implementation suggestion:
dice7 might call dice5 twice, re-call if four of the 25
combinations are given, otherwise split the other 21 combinations
into 7 groups of three, and return the group index from the rolls.
(Task adapted from an answer here)
| #BBC_BASIC | BBC BASIC | MAXRND = 7
FOR r% = 2 TO 5
check% = FNdistcheck(FNdice7, 10^r%, 0.1)
PRINT "Over "; 10^r% " runs dice7 ";
IF check% THEN
PRINT "failed distribution check with "; check% " bin(s) out of range"
ELSE
PRINT "passed distribution check"
ENDIF
NEXT
END
DEF FNdice7
LOCAL x% : x% = FNdice5 + 5*FNdice5
IF x%>26 THEN = FNdice7 ELSE = (x%+1) MOD 7 + 1
DEF FNdice5 = RND(5)
DEF FNdistcheck(RETURN func%, repet%, delta)
LOCAL i%, m%, r%, s%, bins%()
DIM bins%(MAXRND)
FOR i% = 1 TO repet%
r% = FN(^func%)
bins%(r%) += 1
IF r%>m% m% = r%
NEXT
FOR i% = 1 TO m%
IF bins%(i%)/(repet%/m%) > 1+delta s% += 1
IF bins%(i%)/(repet%/m%) < 1-delta s% += 1
NEXT
= s% |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sexy_primes | Sexy primes |
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sexy_prime. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
In mathematics, sexy primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by six.
For example, the numbers 5 and 11 are both sexy primes, because 11 minus 6 is 5.
The term "sexy prime" is a pun stemming from the Latin word for six: sex.
Sexy prime pairs: Sexy prime pairs are groups of two primes that differ by 6. e.g. (5 11), (7 13), (11 17)
See sequences: OEIS:A023201 and OEIS:A046117
Sexy prime triplets: Sexy prime triplets are groups of three primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17), (7 13 19), (17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A046118, OEIS:A046119 and OEIS:A046120
Sexy prime quadruplets: Sexy prime quadruplets are groups of four primes where each differs from the next by 6. e.g. (5 11 17 23), (11 17 23 29)
See sequences: OEIS:A023271, OEIS:A046122, OEIS:A046123 and OEIS:A046124
Sexy prime quintuplets: Sexy prime quintuplets are groups of five primes with a common difference of 6. One of the terms must be divisible by 5, because 5 and 6 are relatively prime. Thus, the only possible sexy prime quintuplet is (5 11 17 23 29)
Task
For each of pairs, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets, Find and display the count of each group type of sexy primes less than one million thirty-five (1,000,035).
Display at most the last 5, less than one million thirty-five, of each sexy prime group type.
Find and display the count of the unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Find and display the last 10 unsexy primes less than one million thirty-five.
Note that 1000033 SHOULD NOT be counted in the pair count. It is sexy, but not in a pair within the limit. However, it also SHOULD NOT be listed in the unsexy primes since it is sexy.
| #Go | Go | package main
import "fmt"
func sieve(limit int) []bool {
limit++
// True denotes composite, false denotes prime.
c := make([]bool, limit) // all false by default
c[0] = true
c[1] = true
// no need to bother with even numbers over 2 for this task
p := 3 // Start from 3.
for {
p2 := p * p
if p2 >= limit {
break
}
for i := p2; i < limit; i += 2 * p {
c[i] = true
}
for {
p += 2
if !c[p] {
break
}
}
}
return c
}
func commatize(n int) string {
s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
if n < 0 {
s = s[1:]
}
le := len(s)
for i := le - 3; i >= 1; i -= 3 {
s = s[0:i] + "," + s[i:]
}
if n >= 0 {
return s
}
return "-" + s
}
func printHelper(cat string, le, lim, max int) (int, int, string) {
cle, clim := commatize(le), commatize(lim)
if cat != "unsexy primes" {
cat = "sexy prime " + cat
}
fmt.Printf("Number of %s less than %s = %s\n", cat, clim, cle)
last := max
if le < last {
last = le
}
verb := "are"
if last == 1 {
verb = "is"
}
return le, last, verb
}
func main() {
lim := 1000035
sv := sieve(lim - 1)
var pairs [][2]int
var trips [][3]int
var quads [][4]int
var quins [][5]int
var unsexy = []int{2, 3}
for i := 3; i < lim; i += 2 {
if i > 5 && i < lim-6 && !sv[i] && sv[i-6] && sv[i+6] {
unsexy = append(unsexy, i)
continue
}
if i < lim-6 && !sv[i] && !sv[i+6] {
pair := [2]int{i, i + 6}
pairs = append(pairs, pair)
} else {
continue
}
if i < lim-12 && !sv[i+12] {
trip := [3]int{i, i + 6, i + 12}
trips = append(trips, trip)
} else {
continue
}
if i < lim-18 && !sv[i+18] {
quad := [4]int{i, i + 6, i + 12, i + 18}
quads = append(quads, quad)
} else {
continue
}
if i < lim-24 && !sv[i+24] {
quin := [5]int{i, i + 6, i + 12, i + 18, i + 24}
quins = append(quins, quin)
}
}
le, n, verb := printHelper("pairs", len(pairs), lim, 5)
fmt.Printf("The last %d %s:\n %v\n\n", n, verb, pairs[le-n:])
le, n, verb = printHelper("triplets", len(trips), lim, 5)
fmt.Printf("The last %d %s:\n %v\n\n", n, verb, trips[le-n:])
le, n, verb = printHelper("quadruplets", len(quads), lim, 5)
fmt.Printf("The last %d %s:\n %v\n\n", n, verb, quads[le-n:])
le, n, verb = printHelper("quintuplets", len(quins), lim, 5)
fmt.Printf("The last %d %s:\n %v\n\n", n, verb, quins[le-n:])
le, n, verb = printHelper("unsexy primes", len(unsexy), lim, 10)
fmt.Printf("The last %d %s:\n %v\n\n", n, verb, unsexy[le-n:])
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/SHA-256_Merkle_tree | SHA-256 Merkle tree | As described in its documentation, Amazon S3 Glacier requires that all uploaded files come with a checksum computed as a Merkle Tree using SHA-256.
Specifically, the SHA-256 hash is computed for each 1MiB block of the file. And then, starting from the beginning of the file, the raw hashes of consecutive blocks are paired up and concatenated together, and a new hash is computed from each concatenation. Then these are paired up and concatenated and hashed, and the process continues until there is only one hash left, which is the final checksum. The hexadecimal representation of this checksum is the value that must be included with the AWS API call to upload the object (or complete a multipart upload).
Implement this algorithm in your language; you can use the code from the SHA-256 task for the actual hash computations. For better manageability and portability, build the tree using a smaller block size of only 1024 bytes, and demonstrate it on the RosettaCode title image with that block size. The final result should be the hexadecimal digest value a4f902cf9d51fe51eda156a6792e1445dff65edf3a217a1f3334cc9cf1495c2c.
| #Perl | Perl | # 20210222 Perl programming solution
use strict;
use warnings;
use Crypt::Digest::SHA256 'sha256' ;
my @blocks;
open my $fh, '<:raw', './title.png';
while ( read $fh, my $chunk, 1024 ) { push @blocks, sha256 $chunk }
while ( scalar @blocks > 1 ) {
my @clone = @blocks and @blocks = ();
while ( @_ = splice @clone, 0, 2 ) {
push @blocks, scalar @_ == 1 ? $_[0] : sha256 $_[0].$_[1]
}
}
print unpack ( 'H*', $blocks[0] ) , "\n"; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Show_ASCII_table | Show ASCII table | Task
Show the ASCII character set from values 32 to 127 (decimal) in a table format.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Clojure | Clojure |
(defn cell [code]
(let [text (get {32 "Spc", 127 "Del"} code (char code))]
(format "%3d: %3s" code text)))
(defn ascii-table [n-cols st-code end-code]
(let [n-cells (inc (- end-code st-code))
n-rows (/ n-cells n-cols)
code (fn [r c] (+ st-code r (* c n-rows)))
row-str (fn [r]
(clojure.string/join " "
(map #(cell (code r %))
(range n-cols))))]
(->> (for [r (range n-rows)]
(row-str r))
(clojure.string/join "\n"))))
(defn pr-ascii-table [n-cols st-code end-code]
(println (ascii-table n-cols st-code end-code)))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle | Sierpinski triangle | Task
Produce an ASCII representation of a Sierpinski triangle of order N.
Example
The Sierpinski triangle of order 4 should look like this:
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Related tasks
Sierpinski triangle/Graphical for graphics images of this pattern.
Sierpinski carpet
| #jq | jq | def elementwise(f):
transpose | map(f) ;
# input: an array of decimal numbers
def bitwise_and:
# Input: an integer
# Output: a stream of 0s and 1s
def stream:
recurse(if . > 0 then ./2|floor else empty end) | . % 2 ;
# Input: a 0-1 array
def toi:
reduce .[] as $c ( {power:1 , ans: 0};
.ans += ($c * .power) | .power *= 2 )
| .ans;
if any(.==0) then 0
else map([stream])
| (map(length) | min) as $min
| map( .[:$min] ) | elementwise(min) | toi
end; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sierpinski_carpet | Sierpinski carpet | Task
Produce a graphical or ASCII-art representation of a Sierpinski carpet of order N.
For example, the Sierpinski carpet of order 3 should look like this:
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
### ### ### ###
# # # # # # # #
### ### ### ###
######### #########
# ## ## # # ## ## #
######### #########
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
### ###### ###### ###
# # # ## # # ## # # #
### ###### ###### ###
###########################
# ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## #
###########################
The use of the # character is not rigidly required for ASCII art.
The important requirement is the placement of whitespace and non-whitespace characters.
Related task
Sierpinski triangle
| #Excel | Excel | SHOWBLOCKS
=LAMBDA(xs,
IF(0 <> xs, "█", " ")
)
SIERPCARPET
=LAMBDA(n,
APPLYN(n)(
SIERPWEAVE
)(1)
)
SIERPWEAVE
=LAMBDA(xs,
LET(
triple, REPLICATECOLS(3)(xs),
gap, LAMBDA(x, IF(x, 0, 0))(xs),
middle, APPENDCOLS(
APPENDCOLS(xs)(gap)
)(xs),
APPENDROWS(
APPENDROWS(triple)(middle)
)(triple)
)
) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #VBScript | VBScript | ' Shoelace formula for polygonal area - VBScript
Dim points, x(),y()
points = Array(3,4, 5,11, 12,8, 9,5, 5,6)
n=(UBound(points)+1)\2
Redim x(n+1),y(n+1)
j=0
For i = 1 To n
x(i)=points(j)
y(i)=points(j+1)
j=j+2
Next 'i
x(i)=points(0)
y(i)=points(1)
For i = 1 To n
area = area + x(i)*y(i+1) - x(i+1)*y(i)
Next 'i
area = Abs(area)/2
msgbox area,,"Shoelace formula" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula_for_polygonal_area | Shoelace formula for polygonal area | Given the n + 1 vertices x[0], y[0] .. x[N], y[N] of a simple polygon described in a clockwise direction, then the polygon's area can be calculated by:
abs( (sum(x[0]*y[1] + ... x[n-1]*y[n]) + x[N]*y[0]) -
(sum(x[1]*y[0] + ... x[n]*y[n-1]) + x[0]*y[N])
) / 2
(Where abs returns the absolute value)
Task
Write a function/method/routine to use the the Shoelace formula to calculate the area of the polygon described by the ordered points:
(3,4), (5,11), (12,8), (9,5), and (5,6)
Show the answer here, on this page.
| #Visual_Basic | Visual Basic | Option Explicit
Public Function ShoelaceArea(x() As Double, y() As Double) As Double
Dim i As Long, j As Long
Dim Area As Double
j = UBound(x())
For i = LBound(x()) To UBound(x())
Area = Area + (y(j) + y(i)) * (x(j) - x(i))
j = i
Next i
ShoelaceArea = Abs(Area) / 2
End Function
Sub Main()
Dim v As Variant
Dim n As Long, i As Long, j As Long
v = Array(3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 8, 9, 5, 5, 6)
n = (UBound(v) - LBound(v) + 1) \ 2 - 1
ReDim x(0 To n) As Double, y(0 To n) As Double
j = 0
For i = 0 To n
x(i) = v(j)
y(i) = v(j + 1)
j = j + 2
Next i
Debug.Print ShoelaceArea(x(), y())
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #PureBasic | PureBasic | $ echo 'messagerequester("Greetings","hello")' > "dib.pb" && ./pbcompiler dib.pb -e "dib" && ./dib |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Python | Python | $ python -c 'print "Hello"'
Hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Shell_one-liner | Shell one-liner | Task
Show how to specify and execute a short program in the language from a command shell, where the input to the command shell is only one line in length.
Avoid depending on the particular shell or operating system used as much as is reasonable; if the language has notable implementations which have different command argument syntax, or the systems those implementations run on have different styles of shells, it would be good to show multiple examples.
| #Quackery | Quackery | $ QUACK=$(mktemp); echo "say 'hello'" > $QUACK; quackery $QUACK; rm $QUACK
hello |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation | Short-circuit evaluation | Control Structures
These are examples of control structures. You may also be interested in:
Conditional structures
Exceptions
Flow-control structures
Loops
Assume functions a and b return boolean values, and further, the execution of function b takes considerable resources without side effects, and is to be minimized.
If we needed to compute the conjunction (and):
x = a() and b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as false, as the value of x can then only ever be false.
Similarly, if we needed to compute the disjunction (or):
y = a() or b()
Then it would be best to not compute the value of b() if the value of a() is computed as true, as the value of y can then only ever be true.
Some languages will stop further computation of boolean equations as soon as the result is known, so-called short-circuit evaluation of boolean expressions
Task
Create two functions named a and b, that take and return the same boolean value.
The functions should also print their name whenever they are called.
Calculate and assign the values of the following equations to a variable in such a way that function b is only called when necessary:
x = a(i) and b(j)
y = a(i) or b(j)
If the language does not have short-circuit evaluation, this might be achieved with nested if statements.
| #Factor | Factor | USING: combinators.short-circuit.smart io prettyprint ;
IN: rosetta-code.short-circuit
: a ( ? -- ? ) "(a)" write ;
: b ( ? -- ? ) "(b)" write ;
"f && f = " write { [ f a ] [ f b ] } && .
"f || f = " write { [ f a ] [ f b ] } || .
"f && t = " write { [ f a ] [ t b ] } && .
"f || t = " write { [ f a ] [ t b ] } || .
"t && f = " write { [ t a ] [ f b ] } && .
"t || f = " write { [ t a ] [ f b ] } || .
"t && t = " write { [ t a ] [ t b ] } && .
"t || t = " write { [ t a ] [ t b ] } || . |
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