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http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Tcl | Tcl | oo::class create tokens {
constructor {s} {
puts [coroutine Next my Iter $s]
oo::objdefine [self] forward next Next
}
method Iter {s} {
yield [info coroutine]
for {set i 0} {$i < [string length $s]} {incr i} {
yield [string index $s $i]
}
return -code break
}
}
proc tokenize {s {sep |} {escape ^}} {
set part ""
set parts ""
set iter [tokens new $s]
while {1} {
set c [$iter next]
if {$c eq $escape} {
append part [$iter next]
} elseif {$c eq $sep} {
lappend parts $part
set part ""
} else {
append part $c
}
}
lappend parts $part
return $parts
}
puts [tokenize one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro| | ^] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #OxygenBasic | OxygenBasic |
'TOPOLOGICAL SORT
uses parseutil 'getword() lenw
uses console
string dat="
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
"
gosub Dims
gosub CaptureData
gosub GetSystemLibs
gosub RemoveSelfReference
gosub OrderByDependency
gosub DisplayResults
end
/*RESULTS:
libraries in dependency order
-----------------------------
std
ieee
dware
gtech
ramlib
std_cell_lib
synopsys
dw01
dw02
des_system_lib
dw03
dw04
dw05
dw06
dw07
<<
remainder:
----------
<<
*/
Dims:
=====
'VARIABLES
int p 'width of first column
int h 'length of each line
int i 'iterator / counter
int j 'main iterator
int b 'table char offset
int e 'end of each line
int bd 'each offset of dependencises line
int le 'length of each lib name
int lend 'size of table
int k 'character indexer
int m 'iterator
int n 'iterator
int cw 'presence flag
int lw 'length of keyword
int a 'iinstr result
int dc 'new lib list indexer / counter
string wr 'keyword
string wn 'keyword
'--arrays--
string datl[64] 'list of lib names
string datd[64] 'lists of lib dependencies
string datn[64] 'new list in dependency ordert
ret
CaptureData:
============
dat=lcase dat
'GET HEADING POSITION
p=instr dat,"library depend"
p-=3 'crlf -1
'REMOVE HEADING
h=instr 3,dat,cr
h+=2
h=instr h,dat,cr 'to remove underlines
'print h cr
h+=2
dat=mid dat,h
'print dat "<" cr
b=1
'PREPARE DATA
lend=len dat
do
i++
datl[i]=rtrim(mid(dat,b,p))
le=len datl[i]
e=instr b+le,dat,cr
bd=b+p
datd[i]=" "+mid(dat,bd,e-bd)+" "
'print datl[i] "," datd[i] cr
b=e+2
if b>lend-2
exit do
endif
loop
ret
GetSystemLibs:
==============
'SCAN DEPENDENCIES
'GET SYSTEM LIBS NOT LISTED
for j=1 to i
k=1
do
wr=getword datd[j],k
if not wr
exit do
endif
cw=0
for m=1 to i
if wr=datl[m] 'on lib list
cw=m
endif
next
if cw=0 'lib not on library list
'add wr to new lib list
dc++ : datn[dc]=wr
'remove lib names from dependency lists
gosub BlankOutNames
endif
loop
next 'j group of dependencies
ret
RemoveSelfReference:
====================
'REMOVE SELF REFERENCE + NO DEPENDENCIES
for j=1 to i
wr=" "+datl[j]+" "
lw=len(wr)
a=instr(datd[j],wr)
if a
mid(datd[j],a,space(lw)) 'blank out self
endif
gosub RemoveLibFromLists
next
ret
'
OrderByDependency:
==================
'
for j=1 to i
if datl[j]
gosub RemoveLibFromLists
if cw then j=0 'repeat cycle
endif
next
ret
'
DisplayResults:
===============
print cr cr
print "libraries in dependency order" cr
print "-----------------------------" cr
for j=1 to dc
print datn[j] cr
next
print "<<" cr cr
print "remainder:" cr
print "----------" cr
for j=1 to i
if datl[j]
print datl[j] " , " datd[j] cr
endif
next
print "<<" cr
pause
end
RemoveLibFromLists:
===================
cw=0
k=1 : wr=getword datd[j],k
if lenw=0
dc++ : datn[dc]=datl[j] 'add to new lib list
datl[j]="" : datd[j]="" 'eliminate frecord rom further checks
gosub BlankOutNames 'eliminate all lib references from table
cw=1 'flag alteration
endif
ret
BlankOutNames:
==============
wn=" "+datn[dc]+" " 'add word boundaries
lw=len wn
for n=1 to i
if datd[n]
a=instr(datd[n],wn)
if a
mid datd[n],a,space(lw) 'blank out
endif
endif
next
ret
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #Scheme | Scheme | ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; The tape is a doubly-linked list of "cells". Each cell is a pair in which the cdr points
; to the cell on its right, and the car is a vector containing: 0: the value of the cell;
; 1: pointer to the cell on this cell's left; 2: #t if the cell has never been written.
; Make a new cell with the given contents, but linked to no other cell(s).
; (This is the only place that a cell can be marked as un-written.)
(define make-cell
(lambda (val . opt-unwrit)
(list (vector val '() (if (pair? opt-unwrit) (car opt-unwrit) #f)))))
; Return the un-written flag of the cell.
(define cell-unwrit?
(lambda (cell)
(vector-ref (car cell) 2)))
; Return the value of the cell.
(define cell-get
(lambda (cell)
(vector-ref (car cell) 0)))
; Store the value of the cell.
; Clears the un-written flag of the cell.
(define cell-set!
(lambda (cell val)
(vector-set! (car cell) 0 val)
(vector-set! (car cell) 2 #f)))
; Return the cell to the right of the given cell on the tape.
; Returns () if there is no cell to the right.
(define cell-right
(lambda (cell)
(cdr cell)))
; Return the cell to the left of the given cell on the tape.
; Returns () if there is no cell to the left.
(define cell-left
(lambda (cell)
(vector-ref (car cell) 1)))
; Return the cell to the right of the given cell on the tape.
; Extends the tape with the give blank symbol if there is no cell to the right.
; Optionally, passes the given un-written flag to make-cell (if needed).
(define cell-extend-right
(lambda (cell blank . opt-unwrit)
(if (null? (cdr cell))
(let ((new (if (pair? opt-unwrit) (make-cell blank (car opt-unwrit)) (make-cell blank))))
(vector-set! (car new) 1 cell)
(set-cdr! cell new)
new)
(cell-right cell))))
; Return the cell to the left of the given cell on the tape.
; Extends the tape with the give blank symbol if there is no cell to the left.
; Optionally, passes the given un-written flag to make-cell (if needed).
(define cell-extend-left
(lambda (cell blank . opt-unwrit)
(if (null? (vector-ref (car cell) 1))
(let ((new (if (pair? opt-unwrit) (make-cell blank (car opt-unwrit)) (make-cell blank))))
(set-cdr! new cell)
(vector-set! (car cell) 1 new)
new)
(cell-left cell))))
; Make a new tape whose cells contain the values in the given list.
; Optionally, pad the tape per the given blank symbol, left-padding and right-padding amounts.
(define make-tape
(lambda (values . opt-pads)
(unless (pair? values) (error 'make-tape "values argument is not a list" pads))
(let* ((tape (make-cell (car values)))
(last (do ((values (cdr values) (cdr values))
(cell tape (cell-extend-right cell (car values))))
((null? values) cell))))
(when (pair? opt-pads)
(let ((blank (list-ref opt-pads 0))
(left (list-ref opt-pads 1))
(right (list-ref opt-pads 2)))
(unless (and (integer? left) (integer? right))
(error 'make-tape "padding arguments must be integers" opt-pads))
(do ((count 0 (1+ count))
(cell last (cell-extend-right cell blank #t)))
((>= count right)))
(do ((count 0 (1+ count))
(cell tape (cell-extend-left cell blank #t)))
((>= count left)))))
tape)))
; Make a deep copy of the given tape.
; Note: Only copies from the given cell forward.
(define tape-copy
(lambda (tape)
(let ((copy (make-cell (cell-get tape))))
(do ((tape (cdr tape) (cdr tape))
(cell copy (cell-extend-right cell (cell-get tape))))
((null? tape)))
copy)))
; Return the first cell on a tape.
; Optionally, leading blank symbols are not included (will return last cell of blank tape).
(define tape-fst
(lambda (cell . opt-blank)
(let ((fst (do ((fst cell (cell-left fst))) ((null? (cell-left fst)) fst))))
(if (null? opt-blank)
fst
(do ((fst fst (cell-right fst)))
((or (null? (cell-right fst)) (not (eq? (car opt-blank) (cell-get fst)))) fst))))))
; Return the last cell on a tape.
; Optionally, trailing blank symbols are not included (will return first cell of blank tape).
(define tape-lst
(lambda (cell . opt-blank)
(let ((lst (do ((lst cell (cell-right lst))) ((null? (cell-right lst)) lst))))
(if (null? opt-blank)
lst
(do ((lst lst (cell-left lst)))
((or (null? (cell-left lst)) (not (eq? (car opt-blank) (cell-get lst)))) lst))))))
; Return true if the given tape is empty. (I.e. contains nothing but blank symbols.)
(define tape-empty?
(lambda (cell blank)
(let ((fst (tape-fst cell blank)))
(and (null? (cell-right fst)) (eq? blank (cell-get fst))))))
; Convert the contents of a tape to a string.
; Place a mark around the indicated cell (if any match).
; Prints the entire contents regardless of which cell is given.
; Optionally, leading and trailing instances of the given blank symbol are suppressed.
; The values of un-written cells are not shown, though space for them is included.
(define tape->string
(lambda (cell mark . opt-blank)
(let ((strlst (list #\[))
(marked-prev #f)
(fst (if (null? opt-blank) (tape-fst cell) (tape-fst cell (car opt-blank))))
(lst (if (null? opt-blank) (tape-lst cell) (tape-lst cell (car opt-blank)))))
(do ((cell fst (cell-right cell)))
((eq? cell (cell-right lst)))
(let* ((mark-now (eq? cell mark))
(fmtstr (cond (mark-now " {~a}") (marked-prev " ~a") (else " ~a")))
(value (if (and (not mark-now) (cell-unwrit? cell)) " " (cell-get cell))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list (format fmtstr value))))
(set! marked-prev mark-now)))
(list->string (append strlst (string->list (if marked-prev " ]" " ]")))))))
;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; A Turing Machine contains the 7-tuple that formally defines it, stored in an array to
; make access relatively fast. The transitions are stored in an association list keyed by
; the pair (q_i . s_j) for ease of lookup.
; Make a new Turing Machine from the given arguments:
; Symbols list, blank symbol, input symbols list, states list, initial state, final (accepting)
; states list, and list of transitions. A transition is a 5-element list of: state (q_i),
; symbol read (s_i), symbol to write (s_ij), direction to move (d_ij), and next state (q_ij).
(define make-turing
(lambda (symbols blank inputs states initial finals . transitions)
; Raise error if any element in list lst is not in list set.
(define all-list-in-set
(lambda (set lst msg)
(for-each (lambda (val) (unless (memq val set) (error 'make-turing msg val))) lst)))
; Raise error if the given transition is not correctly formed.
(define transition-validate
(lambda (tran)
(when (or (not (list? tran)) (not (= 5 (length tran))))
(error 'make-turing "transition not a length-5 list" tran))
(let ((q_i (list-ref tran 0))
(s_j (list-ref tran 1))
(s_ij (list-ref tran 2))
(d_ij (list-ref tran 3))
(q_ij (list-ref tran 4)))
(unless (memq q_i states) (error 'make-turing "q_i not in states" q_i))
(unless (memq s_j symbols) (error 'make-turing "s_j not in symbols" s_j))
(unless (memq s_ij symbols) (error 'make-turing "s_ij not in symbols" s_ij))
(unless (memq d_ij '(L R N)) (error 'make-turing "d_ij not in {L R N}" d_ij))
(unless (memq q_ij states) (error 'make-turing "q_ij not in states" q_ij)))))
; Convert the given transitions list into an alist of transitions keyed by (q_i . s_j).
(define transitions-alist
(lambda (trns)
(cond ((null? trns) '())
(else (cons (cons (cons (caar trns) (cadar trns)) (list (cddar trns)))
(transitions-alist (cdr trns)))))))
; Validate all the arguments.
(unless (list? symbols) (error 'make-turing "symbols not a list" symbols))
(unless (memq blank symbols) (error 'make-turing "blank not in symbols" blank))
(all-list-in-set symbols inputs "inputs not all in symbols")
(unless (list? states) (error 'make-turing "states not a list" states))
(unless (memq initial states) (error 'make-turing "initial not in states" initial))
(all-list-in-set states finals "finals not all in states")
(for-each (lambda (tran) (transition-validate tran)) transitions)
; Construct and return the Turing Machine tuple vector.
(let ((tuple (make-vector 7)))
(vector-set! tuple 0 symbols)
(vector-set! tuple 1 blank)
(vector-set! tuple 2 inputs)
(vector-set! tuple 3 states)
(vector-set! tuple 4 initial)
(vector-set! tuple 5 finals)
(vector-set! tuple 6 (transitions-alist transitions))
tuple)))
; Return the symbols of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-symbols (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 0))))
; Return the blank symbol of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-blank (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 1))))
; Return the input symbols of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-inputs (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 2))))
; Return the states of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-states (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 3))))
; Return the initial state of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-initial (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 4))))
; Return the final states of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-finals (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 5))))
; Return the transitions of a Turing Machine.
(define-syntax turing-transitions (syntax-rules () ((_ tm) (vector-ref tm 6))))
; Return the q_i (current state) of alist element transition.
(define-syntax tran-q_i (syntax-rules () ((_ atran) (car (car atran)))))
; Return the s_j (symbol read from the tape) of alist element transition.
(define-syntax tran-s_j (syntax-rules () ((_ atran) (cdr (car atran)))))
; Return the s_ij (symbol written) of alist element transition.
(define-syntax tran-s_ij (syntax-rules () ((_ atran) (car (cadr atran)))))
; Return the d_ij (direction of move) of alist element transition.
(define-syntax tran-d_ij (syntax-rules () ((_ atran) (cadr (cadr atran)))))
; Return the q_ij (state transition) of alist element transition.
(define-syntax tran-q_ij (syntax-rules () ((_ atran) (caddr (cadr atran)))))
; Lookup the transition matching the given state and symbol in the given Turing Machine.
(define atrns-lookup
(lambda (state symbol tm)
(assoc (cons state symbol) (turing-transitions tm))))
; Convert the given Turing Machine transition to a string.
(define tran->string
(lambda (atran)
(format "(~a ~a ~a ~a ~a)"
(tran-q_i atran) (tran-s_j atran) (tran-s_ij atran) (tran-d_ij atran) (tran-q_ij atran))))
; Convert the given Turing Machine definition to a string.
; Options (zero or more) are, in order: component prefix string (default "");
; component suffix string (default ""); component separator string (default newline).
(define turing->string
(lambda (tm . opts)
(let ((prestr (if (> (length opts) 0) (list-ref opts 0) ""))
(sufstr (if (> (length opts) 1) (list-ref opts 1) ""))
(sepstr (if (> (length opts) 2) (list-ref opts 2) (make-string 1 #\newline)))
(strlst '()))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-symbols tm) sufstr sepstr))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-blank tm) sufstr sepstr))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-inputs tm) sufstr sepstr))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-states tm) sufstr sepstr))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-initial tm) sufstr sepstr))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (turing-finals tm) sufstr
(if (> (length (turing-transitions tm)) 0) sepstr "")))))
(do ((index 0 (1+ index)))
((>= index (length (turing-transitions tm))))
(set! strlst (append strlst (string->list
(format "~a~a~a~a" prestr (tran->string (list-ref (turing-transitions tm) index)) sufstr
(if (< index (1- (length (turing-transitions tm)))) sepstr ""))))))
(list->string strlst))))
;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Run the given Turing Machine on the given input tape.
; If specified, display log of progress. Optionally, abort after given number of iterations.
; Returns the count of iterations, the accepting state (if one; else void), and the output
; tape as multiple values.
(define turing-run
(lambda (tm cell show-log? . opt-abort)
; Validate contents of input tape. (Leading/trailing blanks allowed; internals are not.)
(unless (tape-empty? cell (turing-blank tm))
(let ((fst (tape-fst cell (turing-blank tm)))
(lst (tape-lst cell (turing-blank tm))))
(if (eq? fst lst)
(unless (memq (cell-get fst) (turing-symbols tm))
(error 'turing-run "input tape has disallowed content" (cell-get fst)))
(do ((cell fst (cell-right cell)))
((eq? cell (cell-right lst)))
(unless (memq (cell-get cell) (turing-inputs tm))
(error 'turing-run "input tape has disallowed content" (cell-get cell)))))))
; Initialize state and head.
(let ((state (turing-initial tm)) (head cell) (atran #f)
(abort (and (pair? opt-abort) (integer? (car opt-abort))
(> (car opt-abort) 0) (car opt-abort))))
; Loop until no transition matches state/symbol or reached a final state.
(do ((count 0 (1+ count))
(atran (atrns-lookup state (cell-get head) tm)
(atrns-lookup state (cell-get head) tm)))
((or (not atran) (memq state (turing-finals tm)) (and abort (>= count abort)))
; Display final progress (optional).
(when show-log?
(let* ((string (format "~a" state))
(strlen (string-length string))
(padlen (max 1 (- 25 strlen)))
(strpad (make-string padlen #\ )))
(printf "~a~a~a~%" string strpad (tape->string cell head))))
; Return resultant count, accepting state (or void), and tape.
(values count (if (memq state (turing-finals tm)) state (void)) head))
; Display progress (optional).
(when show-log?
(let* ((string (format "~a ~a -> ~a ~a ~a" state (cell-get head)
(tran-s_ij atran) (tran-d_ij atran) (tran-q_ij atran)))
(strlen (string-length string))
(padlen (max 1 (- 25 strlen)))
(strpad (make-string padlen #\ )))
(printf "~a~a~a~%" string strpad (tape->string cell head))))
; Iterate.
(cell-set! head (tran-s_ij atran))
(set! state (tran-q_ij atran))
(set! head (case (tran-d_ij atran)
((L) (cell-extend-left head (turing-blank tm)))
((R) (cell-extend-right head (turing-blank tm)))
((N) head)))))))
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #Sidef | Sidef | func 𝜑(n) {
n.factor_exp.prod {|p|
(p[0]-1) * p[0]**(p[1]-1)
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Liberty_BASIC | Liberty BASIC | pi = ACS(-1)
radians = pi / 4.0
rtod = 180 / pi
degrees = radians * rtod
dtor = pi / 180
'LB works in radians, so degrees require conversion
print "Sin: ";SIN(radians);" "; SIN(degrees*dtor)
print "Cos: ";COS(radians);" "; COS(degrees*dtor)
print "Tan: ";TAN(radians);" ";TAN(degrees*dtor)
print "- Inverse functions:"
print "Asn: ";ASN(SIN(radians));" Rad, "; ASN(SIN(degrees*dtor))*rtod;" Deg"
print "Acs: ";ACS(COS(radians));" Rad, "; ACS(COS(degrees*dtor))*rtod;" Deg"
print "Atn: ";ATN(TAN(radians));" Rad, "; ATN(TAN(degrees*dtor))*rtod;" Deg" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Truncatable_primes | Truncatable primes | A truncatable prime is a prime number that when you successively remove digits from one end of the prime, you are left with a new prime number.
Examples
The number 997 is called a left-truncatable prime as the numbers 997, 97, and 7 are all prime.
The number 7393 is a right-truncatable prime as the numbers 7393, 739, 73, and 7 formed by removing digits from its right are also prime.
No zeroes are allowed in truncatable primes.
Task
The task is to find the largest left-truncatable and right-truncatable primes less than one million (base 10 is implied).
Related tasks
Find largest left truncatable prime in a given base
Sieve of Eratosthenes
See also
Truncatable Prime from MathWorld.]
| #XPL0 | XPL0 | code CrLf=9, IntOut=11;
func Prime(P); \Return true if P is a prime number
int P; \(1 is not prime, but 2 is, etc.)
int I;
[if P<=1 then return false; \negative numbers are not prime
for I:= 2 to sqrt(P) do
if rem(P/I) = 0 then return false;
return true;
];
func RightTrunc(N); \Return largest right-truncatable prime < one million
int N;
int M;
[for N:= 1_000_000-1 downto 2 do
[M:= N;
loop [if not Prime(M) then quit;
M:= M/10;
if rem(0) = 0 then quit; \no zeros allowed
if M=0 then return N;
];
];
];
func LeftTrunc(N); \Return largest left-truncatable prime < one million
int N;
int M, P;
[for N:= 1_000_000-1 downto 2 do
[M:= N;
P:=100_000;
loop [if not Prime(M) then quit;
M:= rem(M/P);
P:= P/10;
if M<P then quit; \no zeros allowed
if M=0 then return N;
];
];
];
[IntOut(0, LeftTrunc); CrLf(0);
IntOut(0, RightTrunc); CrLf(0);
] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Truncatable_primes | Truncatable primes | A truncatable prime is a prime number that when you successively remove digits from one end of the prime, you are left with a new prime number.
Examples
The number 997 is called a left-truncatable prime as the numbers 997, 97, and 7 are all prime.
The number 7393 is a right-truncatable prime as the numbers 7393, 739, 73, and 7 formed by removing digits from its right are also prime.
No zeroes are allowed in truncatable primes.
Task
The task is to find the largest left-truncatable and right-truncatable primes less than one million (base 10 is implied).
Related tasks
Find largest left truncatable prime in a given base
Sieve of Eratosthenes
See also
Truncatable Prime from MathWorld.]
| #zkl | zkl | const million=0d1_000_000;
var pTable=Data(million+1,Int).fill(0); // actually bytes, all zero
primes:=Utils.Generator(Import("sieve").postponed_sieve);
while((p:=primes.next())<million){ pTable[p]=1; }
fcn rightTrunc(n){
while(n){ if(not pTable[n]) return(False); n/=10; }
True
}
fcn leftTrunc(n){ // 999,907 is not allowed
ns:=n.toString(); if (ns.holds("0")) return(False);
while(ns){ if(not pTable[ns]) return(False); ns=ns[1,*]; }
True
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #GFA_Basic | GFA Basic |
maxnodes%=100 ! set a limit to size of tree
content%=0 ! index of content field
left%=1 ! index of left tree
right%=2 ! index of right tree
DIM tree%(maxnodes%,3) ! create space for tree
'
OPENW 1
CLEARW 1
'
@create_tree
PRINT "Preorder: ";
@preorder_traversal(1)
PRINT ""
PRINT "Inorder: ";
@inorder_traversal(1)
PRINT ""
PRINT "Postorder: ";
@postorder_traversal(1)
PRINT ""
PRINT "Levelorder: ";
@levelorder_traversal(1)
PRINT ""
'
~INP(2)
CLOSEW 1
'
' Define the example tree
'
PROCEDURE create_tree
tree%(1,content%)=1
tree%(1,left%)=2
tree%(1,right%)=3
tree%(2,content%)=2
tree%(2,left%)=4
tree%(2,right%)=5
tree%(3,content%)=3
tree%(3,left%)=6
tree%(3,right%)=0 ! 0 is used for no subtree
tree%(4,content%)=4
tree%(4,left%)=7
tree%(4,right%)=0
tree%(5,content%)=5
tree%(5,left%)=0
tree%(5,right%)=0
tree%(6,content%)=6
tree%(6,left%)=8
tree%(6,right%)=9
tree%(7,content%)=7
tree%(7,left%)=0
tree%(7,right%)=0
tree%(8,content%)=8
tree%(8,left%)=0
tree%(8,right%)=0
tree%(9,content%)=9
tree%(9,left%)=0
tree%(9,right%)=0
RETURN
'
' Preorder traversal from given node
'
PROCEDURE preorder_traversal(node%)
IF node%<>0 ! 0 means there is no node
PRINT tree%(node%,content%);
preorder_traversal(tree%(node%,left%))
preorder_traversal(tree%(node%,right%))
ENDIF
RETURN
'
' Postorder traversal from given node
'
PROCEDURE postorder_traversal(node%)
IF node%<>0 ! 0 means there is no node
postorder_traversal(tree%(node%,left%))
postorder_traversal(tree%(node%,right%))
PRINT tree%(node%,content%);
ENDIF
RETURN
'
' Inorder traversal from given node
'
PROCEDURE inorder_traversal(node%)
IF node%<>0 ! 0 means there is no node
inorder_traversal(tree%(node%,left%))
PRINT tree%(node%,content%);
inorder_traversal(tree%(node%,right%))
ENDIF
RETURN
'
' Level order traversal from given node
'
PROCEDURE levelorder_traversal(node%)
LOCAL nodes%,first_free%,current%
'
' Set up initial queue of nodes
'
DIM nodes%(maxnodes%) ! some working space to store queue of nodes
current%=1
nodes%(current%)=node%
first_free%=current%+1
'
WHILE nodes%(current%)<>0
' add the children of current node onto queue
IF tree%(nodes%(current%),left%)<>0
nodes%(first_free%)=tree%(nodes%(current%),left%)
first_free%=first_free%+1
ENDIF
IF tree%(nodes%(current%),right%)<>0
nodes%(first_free%)=tree%(nodes%(current%),right%)
first_free%=first_free%+1
ENDIF
' print the current node content
PRINT tree%(nodes%(current%),content%);
' advance to next node
current%=current%+1
WEND
RETURN
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #GAP | GAP | SplitString("Hello,How,Are,You,Today", ",");
# [ "Hello", "How", "Are", "You", "Today" ]
JoinStringsWithSeparator(last, ".");
# "Hello.How.Are.You.Today" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Genie | Genie | [indent=4]
init
str:string = "Hello,How,Are,You,Today"
words:array of string[] = str.split(",")
joined:string = string.joinv(".", words)
print joined |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Kotlin | Kotlin | // version 1.1.2
// need to enable runtime assertions with JVM -ea option
import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory
import java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean
fun countTo(x: Int) {
println("Counting...");
(1..x).forEach {}
println("Done!")
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val counts = intArrayOf(100_000_000, 1_000_000_000)
val threadMX = ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean()
assert(threadMX.isCurrentThreadCpuTimeSupported)
threadMX.isThreadCpuTimeEnabled = true
for (count in counts) {
val start = threadMX.currentThreadCpuTime
countTo(count)
val end = threadMX.currentThreadCpuTime
println("Counting to $count takes ${(end-start)/1000000}ms")
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Lasso | Lasso | local(start = micros)
loop(100000) => {
'nothing is outout because no autocollect'
}
'time for 100,000 loop repititions: '+(micros - #start)+' microseconds' |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Icon_and_Unicon | Icon and Unicon | record Employee(name,id,salary,dept)
procedure getEmployees ()
employees := [
Employee("Tyler Bennett","E10297",32000,"D101"),
Employee("John Rappl","E21437",47000,"D050"),
Employee("George Woltman","E00127",53500,"D101"),
Employee("Adam Smith","E63535",18000,"D202"),
Employee("Claire Buckman","E39876",27800,"D202"),
Employee("David McClellan","E04242",41500,"D101"),
Employee("Rich Holcomb","E01234",49500,"D202"),
Employee("Nathan Adams","E41298",21900,"D050"),
Employee("Richard Potter","E43128",15900,"D101"),
Employee("David Motsinger","E27002",19250,"D202"),
Employee("Tim Sampair","E03033",27000,"D101"),
Employee("Kim Arlich","E10001",57000,"D190"),
Employee("Timothy Grove","E16398",29900,"D190")
]
return employees
end
procedure show_employee (employee)
every writes (!employee || " ")
write ()
end
procedure main (args)
N := integer(args[1]) # N set from command line
employees := getEmployees ()
groups := set()
every employee := !employees do insert(groups, employee.dept)
every group := !groups do {
write ("== Top " || N || " in group " || group)
employeesInGroup := []
every employee := !employees do {
if employee.dept == group then put(employeesInGroup, employee)
}
# sort by third field and reverse, so highest salary comes first
employeesInGroup := reverse(sortf(employeesInGroup, 3))
# show the first N records, up to the end of the list
every show_employee (!employeesInGroup[1:(1+min(N,*employeesInGroup))])
}
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Go | Go | package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"os"
"strings"
)
var b []byte
func printBoard() {
fmt.Printf("%s\n%s\n%s\n", b[0:3], b[3:6], b[6:9])
}
var pScore, cScore int
var pMark, cMark byte = 'X', 'O'
var in = bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
func main() {
b = make([]byte, 9)
fmt.Println("Play by entering a digit.")
for {
// start of game
for i := range b {
b[i] = '1' + byte(i)
}
computerStart := cMark == 'X'
if computerStart {
fmt.Println("I go first, playing X's")
} else {
fmt.Println("You go first, playing X's")
}
TakeTurns:
for {
if !computerStart {
if !playerTurn() {
return
}
if gameOver() {
break TakeTurns
}
}
computerStart = false
computerTurn()
if gameOver() {
break TakeTurns
}
}
fmt.Println("Score: you", pScore, "me", cScore)
fmt.Println("\nLet's play again.")
}
}
func playerTurn() bool {
var pm string
var err error
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ { // retry loop
printBoard()
fmt.Printf("%c's move? ", pMark)
if pm, err = in.ReadString('\n'); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return false
}
pm = strings.TrimSpace(pm)
if pm >= "1" && pm <= "9" && b[pm[0]-'1'] == pm[0] {
x := pm[0] - '1'
b[x] = pMark
return true
}
}
fmt.Println("You're not playing right.")
return false
}
var choices = make([]int, 9)
func computerTurn() {
printBoard()
var x int
defer func() {
fmt.Println("My move:", x+1)
b[x] = cMark
}()
// look for two in a row
block := -1
for _, l := range lines {
var mine, yours int
x = -1
for _, sq := range l {
switch b[sq] {
case cMark:
mine++
case pMark:
yours++
default:
x = sq
}
}
if mine == 2 && x >= 0 {
return // strategy 1: make winning move
}
if yours == 2 && x >= 0 {
block = x
}
}
if block >= 0 {
x = block // strategy 2: make blocking move
return
}
// default strategy: random move
choices = choices[:0]
for i, sq := range b {
if sq == '1'+byte(i) {
choices = append(choices, i)
}
}
x = choices[rand.Intn(len(choices))]
}
func gameOver() bool {
// check for win
for _, l := range lines {
if b[l[0]] == b[l[1]] && b[l[1]] == b[l[2]] {
printBoard()
if b[l[0]] == cMark {
fmt.Println("I win!")
cScore++
pMark, cMark = 'X', 'O'
} else {
fmt.Println("You win!")
pScore++
pMark, cMark = 'O', 'X'
}
return true
}
}
// check for empty squares
for i, sq := range b {
if sq == '1'+byte(i) {
return false
}
}
fmt.Println("Cat game.")
pMark, cMark = cMark, pMark
return true
}
var lines = [][]int{
{0, 1, 2}, // rows
{3, 4, 5},
{6, 7, 8},
{0, 3, 6}, // columns
{1, 4, 7},
{2, 5, 8},
{0, 4, 8}, // diagonals
{2, 4, 6},
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Dart | Dart | main() {
moveit(from,to) {
print("move ${from} ---> ${to}");
}
hanoi(height,toPole,fromPole,usePole) {
if (height>0) {
hanoi(height-1,usePole,fromPole,toPole);
moveit(fromPole,toPole);
hanoi(height-1,toPole,usePole,fromPole);
}
}
hanoi(3,3,1,2);
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #SQL | SQL | WITH recursive a(a) AS (SELECT '0' UNION ALL SELECT REPLACE(REPLACE(hex(a),'30','01'),'31','10') FROM a) SELECT * FROM a; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #Tcl | Tcl | proc tm_expand {s} {string map {0 01 1 10} $s}
# this could also be written as:
# interp alias {} tm_expand {} string map {0 01 1 10}
proc tm {k} {
set s 0
while {[incr k -1] >= 0} {
set s [tm_expand $s]
}
return $s
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #uBasic.2F4tH | uBasic/4tH | For x = 0 to 6 ' sequence loop
Print Using "_#";x;": "; ' print sequence
For y = 0 To (2^x)-1 ' element loop
Print AND(FUNC(_Parity(y)),1); ' print element
Next ' next element
Print ' terminate elements line
Next ' next sequence
End
_Parity Param (1) ' parity function
Local (1) ' number of bits set
b@ = 0 ' no bits set yet
Do While a@ # 0 ' until all bits are counted
If AND (a@, 1) Then b@ = b@ + 1 ' bit set? increment count
a@ = SHL(a@, -1) ' shift the number
Loop
Return (b@) ' return number of bits set |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #TMG | TMG | prog: char(sep) *
char(esc) *
str: smark
token: forw/outp
( [ch==esc?] char(ch) any(!<<>>) token
| [ch==sep?] char(ch) outp str
| any(!<<>>) token );
outp: parse(( scopy = { <"> 1 <"> * } ));
forw: peek/chkeof;
peek: [ch=0] char(ch) fail;
chkeof: ( [ch?] succ | fail );
ch: 0;
sep: 0;
esc: 0; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #VBA | VBA | Private Function tokenize(s As String, sep As String, esc As String) As Collection
Dim ret As New Collection
Dim this As String
Dim skip As Boolean
If Len(s) <> 0 Then
For i = 1 To Len(s)
si = Mid(s, i, 1)
If skip Then
this = this & si
skip = False
Else
If si = esc Then
skip = True
Else
If si = sep Then
ret.Add this
this = ""
Else
this = this & si
End If
End If
End If
Next i
ret.Add this
End If
Set tokenize = ret
End Function
Public Sub main()
Dim out As Collection
Set out = tokenize("one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|", "|", "^")
Dim outstring() As String
ReDim outstring(out.Count - 1)
For i = 0 To out.Count - 1
outstring(i) = out(i + 1)
Next i
Debug.Print Join(outstring, ", ")
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Oz | Oz | declare
Deps = unit(
des_system_lib: [std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib
dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee]
dw01: [ieee dw01 dware gtech]
dw02: [ieee dw02 dware]
dw03: [std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech]
dw04: [dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech]
dw05: [dw05 ieee dware]
dw06: [dw06 ieee dware]
dw07: [ieee dware]
dware: [ieee dware]
gtech: [ieee gtech]
ramlib: [std ieee]
std_cell_lib: [ieee std_cell_lib]
synopsys:nil
)
%% Describe possible solutions
proc {TopologicalOrder Solution}
FullDeps = {Complete Deps}
in
%% The solution is a record that maps library names
%% to finite domain variables.
%% The smaller the value, the earlier it must be compiled
Solution = {FD.record sol {Arity FullDeps} 1#{Width FullDeps}}
%% for every lib on the left side
{Record.forAllInd FullDeps
proc {$ LibName Dependants}
%% ... and every dependant on the right side
for Dependant in Dependants do
%% propagate compilation order
if Dependant \= LibName then
Solution.LibName >: Solution.Dependant
end
end
end
}
%% enumerate solutions
{FD.distribute naive Solution}
end
%% adds empty list of dependencies for libs that only occur on the right side
fun {Complete Dep}
AllLibs = {Nub {Record.foldL Dep Append nil}}
in
{Adjoin
{List.toRecord unit {Map AllLibs fun {$ L} L#nil end}}
Dep}
end
%% removes duplicates
fun {Nub Xs}
D = {Dictionary.new}
in
for X in Xs do D.X := unit end
{Dictionary.keys D}
end
%% print grouped by parallelizable jobs
proc {PrintSolution Sol}
for I in 1..{Record.foldL Sol Value.max 1} do
for Lib in {Arity {Record.filter Sol fun {$ X} X == I end}} do
{System.printInfo Lib#" "}
end
{System.printInfo "\n"}
end
end
fun {GetOrderedLibs Sol}
{Map
{Sort {Record.toListInd Sol} CompareSecond}
SelectFirst}
end
fun {CompareSecond A B} A.2 < B.2 end
fun {SelectFirst X} X.1 end
in
case {SearchOne TopologicalOrder}
of nil then {System.showInfo "Un-orderable."}
[] [Sol] then
{System.showInfo "A possible topological ordering: "}
{ForAll {GetOrderedLibs Sol} System.showInfo}
{System.showInfo "\nBONUS - grouped by parallelizable compile jobs:"}
{PrintSolution Sol}
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #SequenceL | SequenceL | //region Imports
import <Utilities/Conversion.sl>;
import <Utilities/Sequence.sl>;
//endregion
//region Types
MCONFIG ::= (Label: char(1), Symbols: char(2), Operations: char(2), FinalConfig: char(1));
STATE ::= (CurrentConfig: char(1), CurrentPosition: int(0), Tape: char(1));
INPUT_DATA ::= (Iterations: int(0), InitialTape: char(1), StartingPosition: int(0), InitialConfig: char(1), MConfigs: MCONFIG(1));
//endregion
//region Constants
SPACE_CHAR := '_';
DELIMITTER := '|';
NULL_CONFIG := (Label: "", Symbols: [], Operations: [], FinalConfig: "");
TRACE_HEADER := ["Config:\t| Place:\t| Tape:"];
//endregion
//region Helpers
StateToString(state(0)) :=
state.CurrentConfig ++
" \t\t| " ++ intToString(state.CurrentPosition) ++
" \t| " ++ state.Tape;
StateToArrowString(state(0)) :=
state.Tape ++ "\n" ++
duplicate(' ', state.CurrentPosition - 1) ++ "|\n" ++
duplicate(' ', state.CurrentPosition - 1) ++ state.CurrentConfig ++ "\n";
HeadOfEach(strings(2))[i] :=
head(strings[i]);
RemoveCharacter(character(0), string(1))[i] :=
string[i] when not(string[i] = character);
GetFSquares(Tape(1))[i] :=
Tape[i] when (i mod 2) = 1;
//endregion
//region Parsing
ParseConfig(Line(1)) :=
let
entries := split(Line, DELIMITTER);
label := entries[1];
symbols := split(entries[2], ',');
operations := split(entries[3], ',');
finalConfig := entries[4];
in
((Label: label, Symbols: symbols, Operations: operations, FinalConfig: finalConfig) when not((Line[1] = '/') and (Line[2] = '/')))
when size(Line) > 0;
ParseTextFile(Text(1)) :=
let
noSpaces := RemoveCharacter('\t', RemoveCharacter('\r', RemoveCharacter(' ', Text)));
lines := split(noSpaces, '\n');
iterations := stringToInt(lines[1]);
initialTape := lines[2];
initialPosition := stringToInt(lines[3]);
initialConfig := lines[4];
mConfigs := ParseConfig(lines[5 ... size(lines)]);
in
(Iterations: iterations, InitialTape: initialTape, StartingPosition: initialPosition, InitialConfig: initialConfig, MConfigs: mConfigs);
//endregion
//region Config Finding
Matches: char(0) * char(2) -> bool;
Matches(currentSymbol(0), symbols(2)) :=
true when size(symbols) = 0 //some(equalListNT("", symbols))
else
true when currentSymbol = SPACE_CHAR and some(equalListNT("none", symbols))
else
true when not(currentSymbol = SPACE_CHAR) and some(equalListNT("any", symbols))
else
true when some(currentSymbol = HeadOfEach(symbols))
else
false;
GetCurrentSymbol(State(0)) :=
State.Tape[State.CurrentPosition] when size(State.Tape) >= State.CurrentPosition and State.CurrentPosition > 0
else
SPACE_CHAR;
GetConfigHelper(label(1), symbol(0), mConfigs(1))[i] :=
mConfigs[i] when equalList(mConfigs[i].Label, label) and Matches(symbol, mConfigs[i].Symbols);
GetConfig(label(1), symbol(0), mConfigs(1)) :=
let
searchResults := GetConfigHelper(label, symbol, mConfigs);
in
NULL_CONFIG when size(searchResults) = 0
else
searchResults[1];
//endregion
//region Operations
TrimTapeEnd(tape(1), position(0)) :=
tape when position = size(tape)
else
tape when not(last(tape) = SPACE_CHAR)
else
TrimTapeEnd(allButLast(tape), position);
ApplyOperations(State(0), Operations(2)) :=
let
newState := ApplyOperation(State, head(Operations));
in
State when size(Operations) = 0
else
ApplyOperations(newState, tail(Operations));
ApplyOperation(State(0), Operation(1)) :=
let
newTape :=
PrintOperation(head(tail(Operation)), State.CurrentPosition, State.Tape) when head(Operation) = 'P'
else
EraseOperation(State.CurrentPosition, State.Tape) when head(Operation) = 'E'
else
[SPACE_CHAR] ++ State.Tape when head(Operation) = 'L' and State.CurrentPosition = 1
else
State.Tape ++ [SPACE_CHAR] when head(Operation) = 'R' and State.CurrentPosition = size(State.Tape)
else
State.Tape;
newPosition :=
1 when head(Operation) = 'L' and State.CurrentPosition = 1
else
State.CurrentPosition + 1 when head(Operation) = 'R'
else
State.CurrentPosition - 1 when head(Operation) = 'L'
else
State.CurrentPosition;
trimmedTape := TrimTapeEnd(newTape, newPosition);
in
State when size(Operation) = 0
else
(CurrentPosition: newPosition, Tape: trimmedTape);
PrintOperation(Symbol(0), Position(0), Tape(1)) :=
let
diff := Position - size(Tape) when Position > size(Tape) else 0;
expandedTape := Tape ++ duplicate(SPACE_CHAR, diff);
finalTape := setElementAt(expandedTape, Position, Symbol);
in
finalTape;
EraseOperation(Position(0), Tape(1)) :=
PrintOperation(SPACE_CHAR, Position, Tape);
//endregion
//region Execution
RunMachine(Text(1), Flag(1)) :=
let
input := ParseTextFile(Text);
initialState := (CurrentConfig: input.InitialConfig, CurrentPosition: input.StartingPosition, Tape: input.InitialTape);
processed := Process(initialState, input.MConfigs, input.Iterations);
processedWithTrace := ProcessWithTrace(initialState, input.MConfigs, input.Iterations);
in
"\n" ++ delimit(TRACE_HEADER ++ StateToString(processedWithTrace), '\n') when equalList(Flag, "trace")
else
"\n" ++ delimit(StateToArrowString(processedWithTrace), '\n') when equalList(Flag, "arrow-trace")
else
processed.Tape when equalList(Flag, "tape")
else
TrimTapeEnd(GetFSquares(processed.Tape), 1) when equalList(Flag, "f-squares")
else
boolToString(DoesMachineHalt(initialState, input.MConfigs, input.Iterations)) when equalList(Flag, "halts")
else
StateToString(processed);
DoesMachineHalt(InitialState(0), mConfigs(1), Iterations(0)) :=
let
resultState := Process(InitialState, mConfigs, Iterations);
in
equalList(resultState.CurrentConfig, "halt");
ProcessWithTrace(InitialState(0), mConfigs(1), Iterations(0)) :=
[InitialState] when Iterations <= 0 or size(InitialState.CurrentConfig) = 0 or equalList(InitialState.CurrentConfig, "halt")
else
[InitialState] ++ ProcessWithTrace(Iterate(InitialState, mConfigs), mConfigs, Iterations - 1);
Process(InitialState(0), mConfigs(1), Iterations(0)) :=
InitialState when Iterations = 0 or size(InitialState.CurrentConfig) = 0 or equalList(InitialState.CurrentConfig, "halt")
else
Process(Iterate(InitialState, mConfigs), mConfigs, Iterations - 1);
Iterate(State(0), mConfigs(1)) :=
let
currentConfig := GetConfig(State.CurrentConfig, GetCurrentSymbol(State), mConfigs);
newState := Execute(State, currentConfig);
in
newState;
Execute(State(0), mConfig(0)) :=
let
newState := ApplyOperations(State, mConfig.Operations);
in
(CurrentConfig: mConfig.FinalConfig, CurrentPosition: newState.CurrentPosition, Tape: newState.Tape);
//endregion |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #Tiny_BASIC | Tiny BASIC | REM PRINT THE DATA FOR N=1 TO 25
LET N = 0
10 LET N = N + 1
IF N = 26 THEN GOTO 100
GOSUB 1000
IF T = N - 1 THEN LET P = 1
IF T <> N - 1 THEN LET P = 0
PRINT N," ", T," ",P
GOTO 10
100 REM COUNT PRIMES BELOW 10000
LET C = 0
LET N = 2
110 GOSUB 1000
IF T = N - 1 THEN LET C = C + 1
IF N = 100 THEN PRINT "There are ", C, " primes below 100."
IF N = 1000 THEN PRINT "There are ", C, " primes below 1000."
IF N = 10000 THEN PRINT "There are ", C, " primes below 10000."
LET N = N + 1
IF N < 10001 THEN GOTO 110
END
1000 REM TOTIENT FUNCTION OF INTEGER N
LET M = 1
LET T = 0
1010 IF M > N THEN RETURN
LET A = N
LET B = M REM NEED TO RENAME THESE SO THEY ARE PRESERVED
GOSUB 2000
IF G = 1 THEN LET T = T + 1
LET M = M + 1
GOTO 1010
2000 REM GCD OF INTEGERS A, B
2010 IF A>B THEN GOTO 2020
LET B = B - A
IF A=0 THEN LET G = B
IF A=0 THEN RETURN
2020 LET S = A
LET A = B
LET B = S
GOTO 2010 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Logo | Logo | print sin 45
print cos 45
print arctan 1
make "pi (radarctan 0 1) * 2 ; based on quadrant if uses two parameters
print radsin :pi / 4
print radcos :pi / 4
print 4 * radarctan 1 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Go | Go | package main
import "fmt"
type node struct {
value int
left, right *node
}
func (n *node) iterPreorder(visit func(int)) {
if n == nil {
return
}
visit(n.value)
n.left.iterPreorder(visit)
n.right.iterPreorder(visit)
}
func (n *node) iterInorder(visit func(int)) {
if n == nil {
return
}
n.left.iterInorder(visit)
visit(n.value)
n.right.iterInorder(visit)
}
func (n *node) iterPostorder(visit func(int)) {
if n == nil {
return
}
n.left.iterPostorder(visit)
n.right.iterPostorder(visit)
visit(n.value)
}
func (n *node) iterLevelorder(visit func(int)) {
if n == nil {
return
}
for queue := []*node{n}; ; {
n = queue[0]
visit(n.value)
copy(queue, queue[1:])
queue = queue[:len(queue)-1]
if n.left != nil {
queue = append(queue, n.left)
}
if n.right != nil {
queue = append(queue, n.right)
}
if len(queue) == 0 {
return
}
}
}
func main() {
tree := &node{1,
&node{2,
&node{4,
&node{7, nil, nil},
nil},
&node{5, nil, nil}},
&node{3,
&node{6,
&node{8, nil, nil},
&node{9, nil, nil}},
nil}}
fmt.Print("preorder: ")
tree.iterPreorder(visitor)
fmt.Println()
fmt.Print("inorder: ")
tree.iterInorder(visitor)
fmt.Println()
fmt.Print("postorder: ")
tree.iterPostorder(visitor)
fmt.Println()
fmt.Print("level-order: ")
tree.iterLevelorder(visitor)
fmt.Println()
}
func visitor(value int) {
fmt.Print(value, " ")
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Go | Go | package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
)
func main() {
s := "Hello,How,Are,You,Today"
fmt.Println(strings.Join(strings.Split(s, ","), "."))
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Groovy | Groovy | println 'Hello,How,Are,You,Today'.split(',').join('.') |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Lingo | Lingo | on testFunc ()
repeat with i = 1 to 1000000
x = sqrt(log(i))
end repeat
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Logo | Logo | to time
output first first shell "|date +%s|
end
to elapsed :block
localmake "start time
run :block
(print time - :start [seconds elapsed])
end
elapsed [wait 300] ; 5 seconds elapsed |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #IS-BASIC | IS-BASIC | 100 PROGRAM "Employee.bas"(N)
110 LET NR=100:LET X=0
120 STRING NAME$(1 TO NR)*20,ID$(1 TO NR)*6,DEPT$(1 TO NR)*4
130 NUMERIC SALARY(1 TO NR)
140 DO UNTIL N>0 AND N<=NR
150 INPUT PROMPT "Enter the number of ranks: ":N$
160 LET N=VAL(N$)
170 LOOP
180 CALL READDATA
190 CALL SORT
200 CALL LST
210 END
220 DEF READDATA
230 LET EOF=0
240 OPEN #1:"Employee.dat"
250 WHEN EXCEPTION USE IOERROR
260 DO
270 LET X=X+1
280 INPUT #1:NAME$(X),ID$(X),SALARY(X),DEPT$(X)
290 LOOP UNTIL EOF OR X=NR
300 END WHEN
310 HANDLER IOERROR
320 IF EXTYPE<>8001 THEN PRINT EXSTRING$(EXTYPE)
330 CLOSE #1
340 LET X=X-1:LET EOF=-1
350 IF X=0 THEN PRINT "No data.":STOP
360 CONTINUE
370 END HANDLER
380 END DEF
390 DEF SORT
400 LET GAP=X:LET SW=1
410 DO WHILE GAP>1 OR SW
420 LET GAP=MAX(INT(GAP/1.3),1):LET SW=0
430 FOR I=1 TO X-GAP
440 IF DEPT$(I)>DEPT$(I+GAP) OR DEPT$(I)=DEPT$(I+GAP) AND SALARY(I)<SALARY(I+GAP) THEN
450 LET T$=NAME$(I):LET NAME$(I)=NAME$(I+GAP):LET NAME$(I+GAP)=T$
460 LET T$=DEPT$(I):LET DEPT$(I)=DEPT$(I+GAP):LET DEPT$(I+GAP)=T$
470 LET T$=ID$(I):LET ID$(I)=ID$(I+GAP):LET ID$(I+GAP)=T$
480 LET T=SALARY(I):LET SALARY(I)=SALARY(I+GAP):LET SALARY(I+GAP)=T
490 LET SW=1
500 END IF
510 NEXT
520 LOOP
530 END DEF
540 DEF LST
550 LET J=1:LET PREV$=""
560 FOR I=1 TO X
570 IF DEPT$(I)<>PREV$ THEN PRINT "Department ";DEPT$(I):LET PREV$=DEPT$(I):LET J=1
580 IF J<=N THEN PRINT " ";NAME$(I);TAB(23);ID$(I),SALARY(I):LET J=J+1
590 NEXT
600 END DEF |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Groovy | Groovy | class Main {
def input = new Scanner(System.in)
static main(args) {
Main main = new Main();
main.play();
}
public void play() {
TicTackToe game = new TicTackToe();
game.init()
def gameOver = false
def player = game.player1
println "Players take turns marking a square. Only squares \n"+
"not already marked can be picked. Once a player has \n"+
"marked three squares in a row, column or diagonal, they win! If all squares \n"+
"are marked and no three squares are the same, a tied game is declared.\n"+
"Player 1 is O and Player 2 is X \n"+
"Have Fun! \n\n"
println "${game.drawBoard()}"
while (!gameOver && game.plays < 9) {
player = game.currentPlayer == 1 ? game.player1 :game.player2
def validPick = false;
while (!validPick) {
def square
println "Next $player, enter move by selecting square's number :"
try {
square = input.nextLine();
} catch (Exception ex) { }
if (square.length() == 1 && Character.isDigit(square.toCharArray()[0])) { validPick = game.placeMarker(square) }
if (!validPick) { println "Select another Square" }
}
(game.checkWinner(player))? gameOver = true : game.switchPlayers()
println(game.drawBoard());
}
println "Game Over, " + ((gameOver == true)? "$player Wins" : "Draw")
}
}
public class TicTackToe {
def board = new Object[3][3]
def final player1 = "player 1"
def final player2 = "player 2"
def final marker1 = 'X'
def final marker2 = 'O'
int currentPlayer
int plays
public TicTacToe(){
}
def init() {
int counter = 0;
(0..2).each { row ->
(0..2).each { col ->
board[row][col] = (++counter).toString();
}
}
plays = 0
currentPlayer =1
}
def switchPlayers() {
currentPlayer = (currentPlayer == 1) ? 2:1
plays++
}
def placeMarker(play) {
def result = false
(0..2).each { row ->
(0..2).each { col ->
if (board[row][col].toString()==play.toString()){
board[row][col] = (currentPlayer == 1) ? marker2 : marker1;
result = true;
}
}
}
return result;
}
def checkWinner(player) {
char current = (player == player1)? marker2: marker1
//Checking
return checkRows(current) || checkColumns(current) ||checkDiagonals(current);
}
def checkRows(char current){
(0..2).any{ line ->
board[line].every { it == current}
}
}
def checkColumns(char current){
(0..2).any{i ->
(0..2).every{j ->
board[j][i]==current }
}
}
def checkDiagonals(char current){
def rightDiag = [board[0][0],board[1][1],board[2][2]]
def leftDiag = [board[0][2],board[1][1],board[2][0]]
return rightDiag.every{it == current} || leftDiag.every{it == current}
}
def drawBoard() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Game board: \n");
(0..2).each { row->
(0..2).each {col ->
builder.append("[" + board[row][col] + "]");
}
builder.append("\n");
}
builder.append("\n");
return builder.toString();
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Dc | Dc | [ # move(from, to)
n # print from
[ --> ]n # print " --> "
p # print to\n
sw # p doesn't pop, so get rid of the value
]sm
[ # init(n)
sw # tuck n away temporarily
9 # sentinel as bottom of stack
lw # bring n back
1 # "from" tower's label
3 # "to" tower's label
0 # processed marker
]si
[ # Move()
lt # push to
lf # push from
lmx # call move(from, to)
]sM
[ # code block <d>
ln # push n
lf # push from
lt # push to
1 # push processed marker 1
ln # push n
1 # push 1
- # n - 1
lf # push from
ll # push left
0 # push processed marker 0
]sd
[ # code block <e>
ln # push n
1 # push 1
- # n - 1
ll # push left
lt # push to
0 # push processed marker 0
]se
[ # code block <x>
ln 1 =M
ln 1 !=d
]sx
[ # code block <y>
lMx
lex
]sy
[ # quit()
q # exit the program
]sq
[ # run()
d 9 =q # if stack empty, quit()
sp # processed
st # to
sf # from
sn # n
6 #
lf #
- #
lt #
- # 6 - from - to
sl #
lp 0 =x #
lp 0 !=y #
lrx # loop
]sr
5lix # init(n)
lrx # run()
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #VBA | VBA | Option Explicit
Sub Main()
Dim i&, t$
For i = 1 To 8
t = Thue_Morse(t)
Debug.Print i & ":=> " & t
Next
End Sub
Private Function Thue_Morse(s As String) As String
Dim k$
If s = "" Then
k = "0"
Else
k = s
k = Replace(k, "1", "2")
k = Replace(k, "0", "1")
k = Replace(k, "2", "0")
End If
Thue_Morse = s & k
End Function |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #Visual_Basic_.NET | Visual Basic .NET | Imports System.Text
Module Module1
Sub Sequence(steps As Integer)
Dim sb1 As New StringBuilder("0")
Dim sb2 As New StringBuilder("1")
For index = 1 To steps
Dim tmp = sb1.ToString
sb1.Append(sb2)
sb2.Append(tmp)
Next
Console.WriteLine(sb1)
End Sub
Sub Main()
Sequence(6)
End Sub
End Module |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Vlang | Vlang | fn tokenize_string(s string, sep u8, escape u8) ?[]string {
mut tokens := []string{}
mut runes := []u8{}
mut in_escape := false
for r in s {
if in_escape {
in_escape = false
runes << r
} else if r == escape {
in_escape = true
} else if r == sep {
tokens << runes.bytestr()
runes = runes[..0]
} else {
runes << r
}
}
tokens << runes.bytestr()
if in_escape {
return error("invalid terminal escape")
}
return tokens
}
const sample = "one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|"
const separator = `|`
const escape = `^`
fn main() {
println("Input: $sample")
tokens := tokenize_string(sample, separator, escape)?
println("Tokens: $tokens")
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Pascal | Pascal | sub print_topo_sort {
my %deps = @_;
my %ba;
while ( my ( $before, $afters_aref ) = each %deps ) {
for my $after ( @{ $afters_aref } ) {
$ba{$before}{$after} = 1 if $before ne $after;
$ba{$after} ||= {};
}
}
while ( my @afters = sort grep { ! %{ $ba{$_} } } keys %ba ) {
print "@afters\n";
delete @ba{@afters};
delete @{$_}{@afters} for values %ba;
}
print !!%ba ? "Cycle found! ". join( ' ', sort keys %ba ). "\n" : "---\n";
}
my %deps = (
des_system_lib => [qw( std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02
dw01 ramlib ieee )],
dw01 => [qw( ieee dw01 dware gtech )],
dw02 => [qw( ieee dw02 dware )],
dw03 => [qw( std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech )],
dw04 => [qw( dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech )],
dw05 => [qw( dw05 ieee dware )],
dw06 => [qw( dw06 ieee dware )],
dw07 => [qw( ieee dware )],
dware => [qw( ieee dware )],
gtech => [qw( ieee gtech )],
ramlib => [qw( std ieee )],
std_cell_lib => [qw( ieee std_cell_lib )],
synopsys => [qw( )],
);
print_topo_sort(%deps);
push @{ $deps{'dw01'} }, 'dw04'; # Add unresolvable dependency
print_topo_sort(%deps); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #Sidef | Sidef | func run_utm(state="", blank="", rules=[], tape=[blank], halt="", pos=0) {
if (pos < 0) {
pos += tape.len;
}
if (pos !~ tape.range) {
die "Bad initial position";
}
loop {
print "#{state}\t";
tape.range.each { |i|
var v = tape[i];
print (i == pos ? "[#{v}]" : " #{v} ");
};
print "\n";
if (state == halt) {
break;
}
rules.each { |rule|
var (s0, v0, v1, dir, s1) = rule...;
if ((s0 != state) || (tape[pos] != v0)) {
next;
}
tape[pos] = v1;
given(dir) {
when ('left') {
if (pos == 0) { tape.unshift(blank) }
else { --pos };
}
when ('right') {
if (++pos >= tape.len) {
tape.append(blank)
}
}
}
state = s1;
goto :NEXT;
}
die 'No matching rules';
@:NEXT;
}
}
print "incr machine\n";
run_utm(
halt: 'qf',
state: 'q0',
tape: %w(1 1 1),
blank: 'B',
rules: [
%w(q0 1 1 right q0),
%w(q0 B 1 stay qf),
]);
say "\nbusy beaver";
run_utm(
halt: 'halt',
state: 'a',
blank: '0',
rules: [
%w(a 0 1 right b),
%w(a 1 1 left c),
%w(b 0 1 left a),
%w(b 1 1 right b),
%w(c 0 1 left b),
%w(c 1 1 stay halt),
]);
say "\nsorting test";
run_utm(
halt: 'STOP',
state: 'A',
blank: '0',
tape: %w(2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2),
rules: [
%w(A 1 1 right A),
%w(A 2 3 right B),
%w(A 0 0 left E),
%w(B 1 1 right B),
%w(B 2 2 right B),
%w(B 0 0 left C),
%w(C 1 2 left D),
%w(C 2 2 left C),
%w(C 3 2 left E),
%w(D 1 1 left D),
%w(D 2 2 left D),
%w(D 3 1 right A),
%w(E 1 1 left E),
%w(E 0 0 right STOP),
]); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #VBA | VBA | Private Function totient(ByVal n As Long) As Long
Dim tot As Long: tot = n
Dim i As Long: i = 2
Do While i * i <= n
If n Mod i = 0 Then
Do While True
n = n \ i
If n Mod i <> 0 Then Exit Do
Loop
tot = tot - tot \ i
End If
i = i + IIf(i = 2, 1, 2)
Loop
If n > 1 Then
tot = tot - tot \ n
End If
totient = tot
End Function
Public Sub main()
Debug.Print " n phi prime"
Debug.Print " --------------"
Dim count As Long
Dim tot As Integer, n As Long
For n = 1 To 25
tot = totient(n)
prime = (n - 1 = tot)
count = count - prime
Debug.Print Format(n, "@@"); Format(tot, "@@@@@"); Format(prime, "@@@@@@@@")
Next n
Debug.Print
Debug.Print "Number of primes up to 25 = "; Format(count, "@@@@")
For n = 26 To 100000
count = count - (totient(n) = n - 1)
Select Case n
Case 100, 1000, 10000, 100000
Debug.Print "Number of primes up to"; n; String$(6 - Len(CStr(n)), " "); "="; Format(count, "@@@@@")
Case Else
End Select
Next n
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Logtalk | Logtalk |
:- object(trignomeric_functions).
:- public(show/0).
show :-
% standard trignomeric functions work with radians
write('sin(pi/4.0) = '), SIN is sin(pi/4.0), write(SIN), nl,
write('cos(pi/4.0) = '), COS is cos(pi/4.0), write(COS), nl,
write('tan(pi/4.0) = '), TAN is tan(pi/4.0), write(TAN), nl,
write('asin(sin(pi/4.0)) = '), ASIN is asin(sin(pi/4.0)), write(ASIN), nl,
write('acos(cos(pi/4.0)) = '), ACOS is acos(cos(pi/4.0)), write(ACOS), nl,
write('atan(tan(pi/4.0)) = '), ATAN is atan(tan(pi/4.0)), write(ATAN), nl,
write('atan2(3,4) = '), ATAN2 is atan2(3,4), write(ATAN2), nl.
:- end_object.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Groovy | Groovy | def preorder;
preorder = { Node node ->
([node] + node.children().collect { preorder(it) }).flatten()
}
def postorder;
postorder = { Node node ->
(node.children().collect { postorder(it) } + [node]).flatten()
}
def inorder;
inorder = { Node node ->
def kids = node.children()
if (kids.empty) [node]
else if (kids.size() == 1 && kids[0].'@right') [node] + inorder(kids[0])
else inorder(kids[0]) + [node] + (kids.size()>1 ? inorder(kids[1]) : [])
}
def levelorder = { Node node ->
def nodeList = []
def level = [node]
while (!level.empty) {
nodeList += level
def nextLevel = level.collect { it.children() }.flatten()
level = nextLevel
}
nodeList
}
class BinaryNodeBuilder extends NodeBuilder {
protected Object postNodeCompletion(Object parent, Object node) {
assert node.children().size() < 3
node
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Haskell | Haskell | {-# OPTIONS_GHC -XOverloadedStrings #-}
import Data.Text (splitOn,intercalate)
import qualified Data.Text.IO as T (putStrLn)
main = T.putStrLn . intercalate "." $ splitOn "," "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #HicEst | HicEst | CHARACTER string="Hello,How,Are,You,Today", list
nWords = INDEX(string, ',', 256) + 1
maxWordLength = LEN(string) - 2*nWords
ALLOCATE(list, nWords*maxWordLength)
DO i = 1, nWords
EDIT(Text=string, SePaRators=',', item=i, WordEnd, CoPyto=CHAR(i, maxWordLength, list))
ENDDO
DO i = 1, nWords
WRITE(APPend) TRIM(CHAR(i, maxWordLength, list)), '.'
ENDDO |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Lua | Lua | function Test_Function()
for i = 1, 10000000 do
local s = math.log( i )
s = math.sqrt( s )
end
end
t1 = os.clock()
Test_Function()
t2 = os.clock()
print( os.difftime( t2, t1 ) ) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #M2000_Interpreter | M2000 Interpreter |
Module Checkit {
Module sumtolimit (limit) {
sum=limit-limit
n=sum
n++
while limit {sum+=limit*n:limit--:n-!}
}
Cls ' clear screen
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000%
Print TimeCount
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000&
Print TimeCount
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000#
Print TimeCount
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000@
Print TimeCount
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000~
Print TimeCount
Profiler
sumtolimit 10000
Print TimeCount
}
Checkit
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #J | J | NB. Dynamically generate convenience functions
('`',,;:^:_1: N=:{.Employees) =:, (_&{"1)`'' ([^:(_ -: ])L:0)"0 _~ i.# E =: {: Employees
NB. Show top six ranked employees in each dept
N , (<@:>"1@:|:@:((6 <. #) {. ] \: SALARY)/.~ DEPT) |: <"1&> E |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Haskell | Haskell |
module Main where
import System.Random
import Data.List (intercalate, find, minimumBy)
import System.Environment (getArgs)
import Data.Char (digitToInt)
import Data.Maybe (listToMaybe, mapMaybe)
import Control.Monad (guard)
import Data.Ord (comparing)
-- check if there is a horizontal, vertical or diagonal line of
-- X or O
tictactoe :: String -> Bool
tictactoe a = tictactoeFor 'X' a /= tictactoeFor 'O' a
-- check if there is a horizontal, vertical or diagonal line
-- for the given player "n"
tictactoeFor :: Char -> String -> Bool
tictactoeFor n [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i] =
[n,n,n] `elem` [[a,b,c],[d,e,f],[g,h,i],[a,d,g],
[b,e,h],[c,f,i],[a,e,i],[c,e,g]]
-- empty game board
start :: String
start = " "
-- check if there is an X or an O at the given position
isPossible :: Int -> String -> Bool
isPossible n game = (game !! n) `notElem` "XO"
-- try to place an X or an O at a given position.
-- "Right" + modified board means success, "Left" + unmodified board
-- means failure
place :: Int -> Char -> String -> Either String String
place i c game =
if isPossible i game
then Right $ take i game ++ [c] ++ drop (i + 1) game
else Left game
-- COMPUTER AI
-- get the number of movements, starting from a given non-empty board
-- and a position for the next movement, until the specified player
-- wins or no movement is possible
-- the positions are chosen sequentially, so there's not much
-- intelligence here anyway
developGame :: Bool -> Int -> Int -> Char -> String -> (Int, Char, String)
developGame iterateMore moves i player game
| i > 8 =
-- if i arrives to the last position, iterate again from 0
-- but do it only once
if iterateMore
then developGame False moves 0 player game
-- draw game (after one iteration, still no winning moves)
else (moves, player, game)
-- draw game (game board full) or a win for the player
| moves == 9 || tictactoeFor player game = (moves, player, game)
-- make a move, if possible, and continue playing
| otherwise = case place i otherPlayer game of
-- position i is not empty. try with the next position
Left _ -> developGame iterateMore moves (i + 1)
otherPlayer game
-- position i was empty, so it was a valid move.
-- change the player and make a new move, starting at pos 0
Right newGame -> developGame iterateMore (moves + 1) 0
otherPlayer newGame
where
otherPlayer = changePlayer player
-- COMPUTER AI
-- starting from a given non-empty board, try to guess which position
-- could lead the player to the fastest victory.
bestMoveFor :: Char -> String -> Int
bestMoveFor player game = bestMove
where
-- drive the game to its end for each starting position
continuations = [ (x, developGame True 0 x player game) |
x <- [0..8] ]
-- compare the number of moves of the game and take the
-- shortest one
move (_, (m, _, _)) = m
(bestMove, _) = minimumBy (comparing move) continuations
-- canBlock checks if the opponent has two pieces in a row and the
-- other cell in the row is empty, and places the player's piece there,
-- blocking the opponent
canBlock :: Char -> String -> Maybe Int
canBlock p [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i] =
listToMaybe $ mapMaybe blockable [[a,b,c],[d,e,f],[g,h,i],[a,d,g],
[b,e,h],[c,f,i],[a,e,i],[c,e,g]]
where
blockable xs = do
guard $ length (filter (== otherPlayer) xs) == 2
x <- find (`elem` "123456789") xs
return $ digitToInt x
otherPlayer = changePlayer p
-- format a game board for on-screen printing
showGame :: String -> String
showGame [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i] =
topBottom ++
"| | 1 | 2 | 3 |\n" ++
topBottom ++
row "0" [[a],[b],[c]] ++
row "3" [[d],[e],[f]] ++
row "6" [[g],[h],[i]]
where
topBottom = "+----+---+---+---+\n"
row n x = "| " ++ n ++ "+ | " ++
intercalate " | " x ++ " |\n" ++ topBottom
-- ask the user to press a numeric key and convert it to an int
enterNumber :: IO Int
enterNumber = do
c <- getChar
if c `elem` "123456789"
then do
putStrLn ""
return $ digitToInt c
else do
putStrLn "\nPlease enter a digit!"
enterNumber
-- a human player's turn: get the number of pieces put on the board,
-- the next piece to be put (X or O) and a game board, and return
-- a new game state, checking if the piece can be placed on the board.
-- if it can't, make the user try again.
turn :: (Int, Char, String) -> IO (Int, Char, String)
turn (count, player, game) = do
putStr $ "Please tell me where you want to put an " ++
[player] ++ ": "
pos <- enterNumber
case place (pos - 1) player game of
Left oldGame -> do
putStrLn "That place is already taken!\n"
turn (count, player, oldGame)
Right newGame ->
return (count + 1, changePlayer player, newGame)
-- alternate between X and O players
changePlayer :: Char -> Char
changePlayer 'O' = 'X'
changePlayer 'X' = 'O'
-- COMPUTER AI
-- make an automatic turn, placing an X or an O game board.
-- the first movement is always random.
-- first, the computer looks for two pieces of his opponent in a row
-- and tries to block.
-- otherwise, it tries to guess the best position for the next movement.
-- as a last resort, it places a piece randomly.
autoTurn :: Bool -> (Int, Char, String) -> IO (Int, Char, String)
autoTurn forceRandom (count, player, game) = do
-- try a random position 'cause everything else failed
-- count == 0 overrides the value of forceRandom
i <- if count == 0 || forceRandom
then randomRIO (0,8)
else return $
case canBlock player game of
-- opponent can't be blocked. try to guess
-- the best movement
Nothing -> bestMoveFor player game
-- opponent can be blocked, so just do it!
Just blockPos -> blockPos
-- if trying to place a piece at a calculated position doesn't work,
-- just try again with a random value
case place i player game of
Left oldGame -> autoTurn True (count, player, oldGame)
Right newGame -> do
putStrLn $ "It's player " ++ [player] ++ "'s turn."
return (count + 1, changePlayer player, newGame)
-- play a game until someone wins or the board becomes full.
-- depending on the value of the variable "auto", ask the user(s) to
-- put some pieces on the board or do it automatically
play :: Int -> (Int, Char, String) -> IO ()
play auto cpg@(_, player, game) = do
newcpg@(newCount, newPlayer, newGame) <- case auto of
-- if both players are human, always ask them
0 -> turn cpg
-- if both players are computer, always play auto
1 -> autoTurn False cpg
-- X is computer, O is human
2 -> if player == 'X' then autoTurn False cpg else turn cpg
-- X is human, O is computer
3 -> if player == 'O' then autoTurn False cpg else turn cpg
putStrLn $ "\n" ++ showGame newGame
if tictactoe newGame
then putStrLn $ "Player " ++ [changePlayer newPlayer] ++ " wins!\n"
else
if newCount == 9
then putStrLn "Draw!\n"
else play auto newcpg
-- main program: greet the user, ask for a game type, ask for the
-- player that'll start the game, and play the game beginning with an
-- empty board
main :: IO ()
main = do
a <- getArgs
if null a
then usage
else do
let option = head a
if option `elem` ["0","1","2","3"]
then do
putStrLn $ "\n" ++ showGame start
let m = read option :: Int
play m (0, 'X', start)
else usage
usage :: IO ()
usage = do
putStrLn "TIC-TAC-TOE GAME\n================\n"
putStrLn "How do you want to play?"
putStrLn "Run the program with one of the following options."
putStrLn "0 : both players are human"
putStrLn "1 : both players are computer"
putStrLn "2 : player X is computer and player O is human"
putStrLn "3 : player X is human and player O is computer"
putStrLn "Player X always begins."
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Delphi | Delphi | proc move(byte n, src, via, dest) void:
if n>0 then
move(n-1, src, dest, via);
writeln("Move disk from pole ",src," to pole ",dest);
move(n-1, via, src, dest)
fi
corp
proc nonrec main() void:
move(4, 1, 2, 3)
corp |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #Wren | Wren | var thueMorse = Fn.new { |n|
var sb0 = "0"
var sb1 = "1"
(0...n).each { |i|
var tmp = sb0
sb0 = sb0 + sb1
sb1 = sb1 + tmp
}
return sb0
}
for (i in 0..6) System.print("%(i) : %(thueMorse.call(i))") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #XLISP | XLISP | (defun thue-morse (n)
(defun flip-bits (s)
(defun flip (l)
(if (not (null l))
(cons
(if (equal (car l) #\1)
#\0
#\1)
(flip (cdr l)))))
(list->string (flip (string->list s))))
(if (= n 0)
"0"
(string-append (thue-morse (- n 1)) (flip-bits (thue-morse (- n 1))))))
; define RANGE, for testing purposes
(defun range (x y)
(if (< x y)
(cons x (range (+ x 1) y))))
; test THUE-MORSE by printing the strings it returns for n = 0 to n = 6
(mapcar (lambda (n) (print (thue-morse n))) (range 0 7)) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Wren | Wren | var SPE = "\ufffe" // unused unicode character in Specials block
var SPF = "\uffff" // ditto
var tokenize = Fn.new { |str, sep, esc|
str = str.replace(esc + esc, SPE).replace(esc + sep, SPF)
str = (str[-1] == esc) ? str[0...-1].replace(esc, "") + esc : str.replace(esc, "")
return str.split(sep).map { |s| s.replace(SPE, esc).replace(SPF, sep) }.toList
}
var str = "one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|"
var sep = "|"
var esc = "^"
var items = tokenize.call(str, sep, esc)
for (item in items) System.print((item == "") ? "(empty)" : item) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Perl | Perl | sub print_topo_sort {
my %deps = @_;
my %ba;
while ( my ( $before, $afters_aref ) = each %deps ) {
for my $after ( @{ $afters_aref } ) {
$ba{$before}{$after} = 1 if $before ne $after;
$ba{$after} ||= {};
}
}
while ( my @afters = sort grep { ! %{ $ba{$_} } } keys %ba ) {
print "@afters\n";
delete @ba{@afters};
delete @{$_}{@afters} for values %ba;
}
print !!%ba ? "Cycle found! ". join( ' ', sort keys %ba ). "\n" : "---\n";
}
my %deps = (
des_system_lib => [qw( std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02
dw01 ramlib ieee )],
dw01 => [qw( ieee dw01 dware gtech )],
dw02 => [qw( ieee dw02 dware )],
dw03 => [qw( std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech )],
dw04 => [qw( dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech )],
dw05 => [qw( dw05 ieee dware )],
dw06 => [qw( dw06 ieee dware )],
dw07 => [qw( ieee dware )],
dware => [qw( ieee dware )],
gtech => [qw( ieee gtech )],
ramlib => [qw( std ieee )],
std_cell_lib => [qw( ieee std_cell_lib )],
synopsys => [qw( )],
);
print_topo_sort(%deps);
push @{ $deps{'dw01'} }, 'dw04'; # Add unresolvable dependency
print_topo_sort(%deps); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #Standard_ML | Standard ML | (*** Signatures ***)
signature TAPE = sig
datatype move = Left | Right | Stay
type ''a tape
val empty : ''a tape
val moveLeft : ''a tape -> ''a tape
val moveRight : ''a tape -> ''a tape
val move : ''a tape -> move -> ''a tape
val getSymbol : ''a tape -> ''a option
val write : ''a option -> ''a tape -> ''a tape
val leftOf : ''a tape -> ''a option list (* Symbols left of the head in reverse order *)
val rightOf : ''a tape -> ''a option list (* Symbols right of of the head *)
end
signature MACHINE = sig
structure Tape : TAPE
type state = int
(* ''a is band alphabet type *)
type ''a transitions = (state * ''a option Vector.vector) ->
(state * (Tape.move * ''a option) Vector.vector)
type ''a configuration = { state : state, tapes : ''a Tape.tape Vector.vector }
type ''a machine = {
alphabet : ''a Vector.vector, (* (not used) *)
states : state Vector.vector, (* (not used) *)
start : state, (* element of stats *)
final : state, (* element of stats *)
transitions : ''a transitions, (* transitions *)
tapes : ''a Tape.tape Vector.vector (* vector of the initial tapes *)
}
end
signature UNIVERSALMACHINE = sig
structure Machine : MACHINE
val start : ''a Machine.machine -> ''a Machine.configuration
(* Find a holding configuration (limited by n steps)
* Execute the handler for each step *)
val simulate : (''a Machine.configuration -> unit) -> ''a Machine.machine -> int option -> ''a Machine.configuration option
end
(*** Implementation ***)
structure Tape :> TAPE = struct
(*
* NONE => blank field
* SOME a => written field
*)
type ''a symbol = ''a option
datatype move = Left | Right | Stay
(*
* Four cases:
* 1 The tape is complete empty.
* 2 The head is in the written area.
* On the right and on the left handside are symbols,
* On the head is a symbol.
* 3/4 The head is (n-1) fields over the right/left edge of the written area.
* There is at least one entry and a rest list of entries.
*)
datatype ''a tape =
Empty
| Middle of ''a symbol list * ''a symbol * ''a symbol list
| LeftOf of ''a symbol * ''a symbol list * int
| RightOf of ''a symbol * ''a symbol list * int
val empty = Empty
fun rep a 0 = nil
| rep a n = a :: rep a (n-1)
fun leftOf (Empty) = nil
| leftOf (Middle (ls, _, _)) = ls
| leftOf (RightOf (r, rs, i)) = rep NONE i @ r :: rs
| leftOf (LeftOf _) = nil
fun rightOf (Empty) = nil
| rightOf (Middle (_, _, rs)) = rs
| rightOf (RightOf _) = nil
| rightOf (LeftOf (l, ls, i)) = rep NONE i @ l :: ls
fun write (NONE) t = t (* Cannot write a blank field! *)
| write a t = Middle (leftOf t, a, rightOf t)
fun getSymbol (Middle (_, m, _)) = m
| getSymbol _ = NONE (* blank *)
fun moveRight (Empty) = Empty
| moveRight (Middle (ls, m, nil)) = RightOf (m, ls, 0)
| moveRight (Middle (ls, m, r::rs)) = Middle (m::ls, r, rs)
| moveRight (RightOf (l, ls, n)) = RightOf (l, ls, n+1)
| moveRight (LeftOf (r, rs, 0)) = Middle (nil, r, rs)
| moveRight (LeftOf (r, rs, n)) = LeftOf (r, rs, n-1)
fun moveLeft (Empty) = Empty
| moveLeft (Middle (nil, m, rs)) = LeftOf (m, rs, 0)
| moveLeft (Middle (l::ls, m, rs)) = Middle (ls, l, m::rs)
| moveLeft (RightOf (l, ls, 0)) = Middle (ls, l, nil)
| moveLeft (RightOf (l, ls, n)) = RightOf (l, ls, n-1)
| moveLeft (LeftOf (r, rs, n)) = LeftOf (r, rs, n+1)
fun move tape Stay = tape
| move tape Right = moveRight tape
| move tape Left = moveLeft tape
(* Test *)
local
val tape : int tape = empty (* [] *)
val tape = moveRight tape (* [] *)
val NONE = getSymbol tape
val tape = write (SOME 42) tape (* [42] *)
val (SOME 42) = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveRight tape (* 42, [] *)
val tape = moveRight tape (* 42, , [] *)
val NONE = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveLeft tape (* 42, [] *)
val NONE = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveLeft tape (* [42] *)
val (SOME 42) = getSymbol tape
val tape = write NONE tape (* [42] *) (* !!! *)
val (SOME 42) = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveLeft tape (* [], 42 *)
val tape = moveLeft tape (* [], , 42 *)
val tape = write (SOME 47) tape (* [47], , 42 *)
val (SOME 47) = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveRight tape (* 47, [], 42 *)
val NONE = getSymbol tape
val tape = moveRight tape (* 47, , [42] *)
val (SOME 42) = getSymbol tape
in end
end
structure Machine :> MACHINE = struct
structure Tape = Tape
type state = int
(* ''a is band alphabet type *)
type ''a transitions = (state * ''a option Vector.vector) ->
(state * (Tape.move * ''a option) Vector.vector)
type ''a configuration = { state : state, tapes : ''a Tape.tape Vector.vector }
type ''a machine = {
alphabet : ''a Vector.vector,
states : state Vector.vector,
start : state,
final : state,
transitions : ''a transitions,
tapes : ''a Tape.tape Vector.vector
}
end
structure UniversalMachine :> UNIVERSALMACHINE = struct
structure Machine = Machine
fun start ({ start, tapes, ... } : ''a Machine.machine) : ''a Machine.configuration = {
state = start,
tapes = tapes
}
fun doTransition ({ state, tapes } : ''a Machine.configuration)
((state', actions) : (Machine.state * (Machine.Tape.move * ''a option) Vector.vector))
: ''a Machine.configuration = {
state = state',
tapes = Vector.mapi (fn (i, tape) =>
let val (move, write) = Vector.sub (actions, i)
val tape' = Machine.Tape.write write tape
val tape'' = Machine.Tape.move tape' move
in tape'' end) tapes
}
fun getSymbols ({ tapes, ... } : ''a Machine.configuration) : ''a option Vector.vector =
Vector.map (Machine.Tape.getSymbol) tapes
fun step ({ transitions, ... } : ''a Machine.machine) (conf : ''a Machine.configuration) : ''a Machine.configuration =
doTransition conf (transitions (#state conf, getSymbols conf))
fun isFinal ({final, ...} : ''a Machine.machine) ({state, ...} : ''a Machine.configuration) : bool =
final = state
fun iter term (SOME 0) f s = NONE
| iter term (SOME n) f s = if term s then SOME s else iter term (SOME (n-1)) f (f s)
| iter term NONE f s = if term s then SOME s else iter term NONE f (f s)
fun simulate handler (machine : ''a Machine.machine) optcount =
let val endconf = iter (isFinal machine) optcount (fn conf => (handler conf; step machine conf)) (start machine)
in case endconf of NONE => NONE | SOME conf => (handler conf; endconf) end
end
structure ExampleMachines = struct
structure Machine = UniversalMachine.Machine
(* Tranform the 5-Tuple notation into the vector function *)
fun makeTransitions nil : ''a Machine.transitions = (fn (t, vec) => (print (Int.toString t); raise Subscript))
| makeTransitions ((s : Machine.state,
read : ''a option,
write : ''a option,
move : Machine.Tape.move,
s' : Machine.state) :: ts) =
fn (t, vec) =>
if s=t andalso vec=(Vector.fromList [read])
then (s', Vector.fromList [(move, write)])
else makeTransitions ts (t, vec)
(* `createTape xs` creates an tape initialized by xs, where the head stands on the first element of xs *)
fun createTape' nil = Machine.Tape.empty
| createTape' (x::xs) = Machine.Tape.moveLeft (Machine.Tape.write x (createTape' xs))
fun createTape xs = Machine.Tape.moveRight (createTape' (rev xs))
(* Convert a tape into a string to print it. It needs a function that converts each symbol to string *)
fun tapeToStr (symStr : ''a -> string) (tape : ''a Machine.Tape.tape) : string =
let val left : ''a option list = rev (Machine.Tape.leftOf tape)
val right : ''a option list = Machine.Tape.rightOf tape
val current : ''a option = Machine.Tape.getSymbol tape
val symToStr : ''a option -> string = (fn (NONE) => "#" | (SOME a) => symStr a)
in
String.concatWith " " ((map symToStr left) @ [ "|" ^ symToStr current ^ "|" ] @ (map symToStr right))
end
(* Convert a vector to a list *)
fun vectToList vect = List.tabulate (Vector.length vect, fn i => Vector.sub (vect, i))
(* Do this before every step and after the last step. *)
fun handler (symToStr : ''a -> string) ({state, tapes} : ''a Machine.configuration) : unit =
let
val str = "State " ^ Int.toString state ^ "\n" ^
String.concat (vectToList (Vector.mapi (fn (i, tape) => "Tape #" ^ Int.toString i ^ ": " ^
tapeToStr symToStr tape ^ "\n") tapes))
in
print str
end
(* Simulate and make result into string *)
fun simulate (symToStr : ''a -> string) (machine : ''a Machine.machine)
(optcount : int option) : string =
case (UniversalMachine.simulate (handler symToStr) machine optcount) of
NONE => "Did not terminate."
| SOME ({state, tapes} : ''a Machine.configuration) => "Terminated."
(* Now finaly the machines! *)
val incrementer : unit Machine.machine = {
alphabet = Vector.fromList [()],
states = Vector.fromList [0, 1],
start = 0,
final = 1,
tapes = Vector.fromList [createTape (map SOME [(), (), (), ()])],
transitions = makeTransitions [
(0, SOME (), SOME (), Machine.Tape.Right, 0),
(0, NONE, SOME (), Machine.Tape.Stay, 1)]
}
val busybeaver : unit Machine.machine = {
alphabet = Vector.fromList [()],
states = Vector.fromList [0, 1, 2, 3],
start = 0,
final = 3,
tapes = Vector.fromList [Machine.Tape.empty],
transitions = makeTransitions [
(0, NONE, SOME (), Machine.Tape.Right, 1),
(0, SOME (), SOME (), Machine.Tape.Left, 2),
(1, NONE, SOME (), Machine.Tape.Left, 0),
(1, SOME (), SOME (), Machine.Tape.Right, 1),
(2, NONE, SOME (), Machine.Tape.Left, 1),
(2, SOME (), SOME (), Machine.Tape.Stay, 3)]
}
val sorting : int Machine.machine = {
alphabet = Vector.fromList [1,2,3],
states = Vector.fromList [0,1,2,3,4,5],
start = 1,
final = 0,
tapes = Vector.fromList [createTape (map SOME [2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1])],
transitions = makeTransitions [
(1, SOME 1, SOME 1, Machine.Tape.Right, 1),
(1, SOME 2, SOME 3, Machine.Tape.Right, 2),
(1, NONE, NONE, Machine.Tape.Left, 5),
(2, SOME 1, SOME 1, Machine.Tape.Right, 2),
(2, SOME 2, SOME 2, Machine.Tape.Right, 2),
(2, NONE, NONE, Machine.Tape.Left, 3),
(3, SOME 1, SOME 2, Machine.Tape.Left, 3),
(3, SOME 2, SOME 2, Machine.Tape.Left, 3),
(3, SOME 3, SOME 2, Machine.Tape.Left, 5),
(4, SOME 1, SOME 1, Machine.Tape.Left, 4),
(4, SOME 2, SOME 2, Machine.Tape.Left, 4),
(4, SOME 3, SOME 1, Machine.Tape.Right, 1),
(5, SOME 1, SOME 1, Machine.Tape.Left, 5),
(5, NONE, NONE, Machine.Tape.Right, 0)]
}
end
(** Invoke Simulations **)
local
open ExampleMachines
val unitToString = (fn () => "()")
fun simulate_unit machine optcount = print (simulate unitToString machine optcount ^ "\n")
fun simulate_int machine optcount = print (simulate Int.toString machine optcount ^ "\n")
in
val () = print "Simulate incrementer...\n\n"
val () = simulate_unit incrementer NONE
val () = print "\nSimulate Busy Beaver...\n\n"
val () = simulate_unit busybeaver NONE
val () = print "\nSimulate Sorting...\n\n"
val () = simulate_int sorting NONE
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #Visual_Basic_.NET | Visual Basic .NET | Imports System.Linq.Enumerable
Module Module1
Sub Main()
For i = 1 To 25
Dim t = Totient(i)
Console.WriteLine("{0}{1}{2}{3}", i, vbTab, t, If(t = i - 1, vbTab & "prime", ""))
Next
Console.WriteLine()
Dim j = 100
While j <= 100000
Console.WriteLine($"{Range(1, j).Count(Function(x) Totient(x) + 1 = x):n0} primes below {j:n0}")
j *= 10
End While
End Sub
Function Totient(n As Integer) As Integer
If n < 3 Then
Return 1
End If
If n = 3 Then
Return 2
End If
Dim tot = n
If (n And 1) = 0 Then
tot >>= 1
Do
n >>= 1
Loop While (n And 1) = 0
End If
Dim i = 3
While i * i <= n
If n Mod i = 0 Then
tot -= tot \ i
Do
n \= i
Loop While (n Mod i) = 0
End If
i += 2
End While
If n > 1 Then
tot -= tot \ n
End If
Return tot
End Function
End Module |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Lua | Lua | print(math.cos(1), math.sin(1), math.tan(1), math.atan(1), math.atan2(3, 4)) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Haskell | Haskell | ---------------------- TREE TRAVERSAL --------------------
data Tree a
= Empty
| Node
{ value :: a,
left :: Tree a,
right :: Tree a
}
preorder, inorder, postorder, levelorder :: Tree a -> [a]
preorder Empty = []
preorder (Node v l r) = v : preorder l <> preorder r
inorder Empty = []
inorder (Node v l r) = inorder l <> (v : inorder r)
postorder Empty = []
postorder (Node v l r) = postorder l <> postorder r <> [v]
levelorder x = loop [x]
where
loop [] = []
loop (Empty : xs) = loop xs
loop (Node v l r : xs) = v : loop (xs <> [l, r])
--------------------------- TEST -------------------------
tree :: Tree Int
tree =
Node
1
( Node
2
(Node 4 (Node 7 Empty Empty) Empty)
(Node 5 Empty Empty)
)
( Node
3
(Node 6 (Node 8 Empty Empty) (Node 9 Empty Empty))
Empty
)
asciiTree :: String
asciiTree =
unlines
[ " 1",
" / \\",
" / \\",
" / \\",
" 2 3",
" / \\ /",
" 4 5 6",
" / / \\",
" 7 8 9"
]
-------------------------- OUTPUT ------------------------
main :: IO ()
main = do
putStrLn asciiTree
mapM_ putStrLn $
zipWith
( \s xs ->
justifyLeft 14 ' ' (s <> ":")
<> unwords (show <$> xs)
)
["preorder", "inorder", "postorder", "level-order"]
([preorder, inorder, postorder, levelorder] <*> [tree])
where
justifyLeft n c s = take n (s <> replicate n c) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Icon_and_Unicon | Icon and Unicon | procedure main()
A := []
"Hello,How,Are,You,Today" ? {
while put(A, 1(tab(upto(',')),=","))
put(A,tab(0))
}
every writes(!A,".")
write()
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Maple | Maple | CodeTools:-Usage(ifactor(32!+1), output = realtime, quiet); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language | Mathematica/Wolfram Language | AbsoluteTiming[x]; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Java | Java | import java.io.File;
import java.util.*;
public class TopRankPerGroup {
private static class Employee {
final String name;
final String id;
final String department;
final int salary;
Employee(String[] rec) {
name = rec[0];
id = rec[1];
salary = Integer.parseInt(rec[2]);
department = rec[3];
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%s %s %d %s", id, name, salary, department);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int N = args.length > 0 ? Integer.parseInt(args[0]) : 3;
Map<String, List<Employee>> records = new TreeMap<>();
try (Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("data.txt"))) {
while (sc.hasNextLine()) {
String[] rec = sc.nextLine().trim().split(", ");
List<Employee> lst = records.get(rec[3]);
if (lst == null) {
lst = new ArrayList<>();
records.put(rec[3], lst);
}
lst.add(new Employee(rec));
}
}
records.forEach((key, val) -> {
System.out.printf("%nDepartment %s%n", key);
val.stream()
.sorted((a, b) -> Integer.compare(b.salary, a.salary))
.limit(N).forEach(System.out::println);
});
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Icon_and_Unicon | Icon and Unicon |
# Play TicTacToe
$define E " " # empty square
$define X "X" # X piece
$define O "O" # O piece
# -- define a board
record Board(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i)
procedure display_board (board, player)
write ("\n===============")
write (board.a || " | " || board.b || " | " || board.c)
write ("---------")
write (board.d || " | " || board.e || " | " || board.f)
write ("---------")
write (board.g || " | " || board.h || " | " || board.i)
end
# return a set of valid moves (empty positions) in given board
procedure empty_fields (board)
fields := set()
every i := !fieldnames(board) do
if (board[i] == E) then insert (fields, i)
return fields
end
procedure game_start ()
return Board (E, E, E, E, E, E, E, E, E)
end
procedure game_is_drawn (board)
return *empty_fields(board) = 0
end
procedure game_won_by (board, player)
return (board.a == board.b == board.c == player) |
(board.d == board.e == board.f == player) |
(board.g == board.h == board.i == player) |
(board.a == board.d == board.g == player) |
(board.b == board.e == board.h == player) |
(board.c == board.f == board.i == player) |
(board.a == board.e == board.i == player) |
(board.g == board.e == board.c == player)
end
procedure game_over (board)
return game_is_drawn (board) | game_won_by (board, O) | game_won_by (board, X)
end
# -- players make their move on the board
# assume there is at least one empty square
procedure human_move (board, player)
choice := "z"
options := empty_fields (board)
# keep prompting until player selects a valid square
until member (options, choice) do {
writes ("Choose one of: ")
every writes (!options || " ")
writes ("\n> ")
choice := read ()
}
board[choice] := player
end
# pick and make a move at random from empty positions
procedure random_move (board, player)
board[?empty_fields(board)] := player
end
# -- manage the game play
procedure play_game ()
# hold procedures for players' move in variables
player_O := random_move
player_X := human_move
# randomly determine if human or computer moves first
if (?2 = 0)
then {
write ("Human plays first as O")
player_O := human_move
player_X := random_move
}
else write ("Computer plays first, human is X")
# set up the game to start
board := game_start ()
player := O
display_board (board, player)
# loop until the game is over, getting each player to move in turn
until game_over (board) do {
write (player || " to play next")
# based on player, prompt for the next move
if (player == O)
then (player_O (board, player))
else (player_X (board, player))
# change player to move
player := if (player == O) then X else O
display_board (board, player)
}
# finish by writing out result
if game_won_by (board, O)
then write ("O won")
else if game_won_by (board, X)
then write ("X won")
else write ("draw") # neither player won, so must be a draw
end
# -- get things started
procedure main ()
play_game ()
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Draco | Draco | proc move(byte n, src, via, dest) void:
if n>0 then
move(n-1, src, dest, via);
writeln("Move disk from pole ",src," to pole ",dest);
move(n-1, via, src, dest)
fi
corp
proc nonrec main() void:
move(4, 1, 2, 3)
corp |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Dyalect | Dyalect | func hanoi(n, a, b, c) {
if n > 0 {
hanoi(n - 1, a, c, b)
print("Move disk from \(a) to \(c)")
hanoi(n - 1, b, a, c)
}
}
hanoi(4, "A", "B", "C") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #XPL0 | XPL0 | string 0; \use zero-terminated strings
char Thue;
int N, I, J;
[Thue:= Reserve(Free); \reserve all available memory
Thue(0):= ^0;
J:= 1; \set index to terminator
for N:= 0 to 6 do
[Thue(J):= 0; \terminate string
Text(0, Thue); \show result
CrLf(0);
I:= 0; \invert string and store it on the end
repeat Thue(J+I):= Thue(I) xor 1;
I:= I+1;
until I = J;
J:= J+I; \set index to terminator
];
] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #Yabasic | Yabasic | tm$ = "0"
for i=1 to 8
? tm$
tm$ = tm$ + inverte$(tm$)
next
sub inverte$(tm$)
local i
for i = 1 to len(tm$)
mid$(tm$, i, 1) = str$(not val(mid$(tm$, i, 1)))
next
return tm$
end sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Thue-Morse | Thue-Morse | Task
Create a Thue-Morse sequence.
See also
YouTube entry: The Fairest Sharing Sequence Ever
YouTube entry: Math and OCD - My story with the Thue-Morse sequence
Task: Fairshare between two and more
| #zkl | zkl | fcn nextTM(str){ str.pump(str,'-.fp("10")) } // == fcn(c){ "10" - c }) } |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string_with_escaping | Tokenize a string with escaping | Task[edit]
Write a function or program that can split a string at each non-escaped occurrence of a separator character.
It should accept three input parameters:
The string
The separator character
The escape character
It should output a list of strings.
Details
Rules for splitting:
The fields that were separated by the separators, become the elements of the output list.
Empty fields should be preserved, even at the start and end.
Rules for escaping:
"Escaped" means preceded by an occurrence of the escape character that is not already escaped itself.
When the escape character precedes a character that has no special meaning, it still counts as an escape (but does not do anything special).
Each occurrence of the escape character that was used to escape something, should not become part of the output.
Test case
Demonstrate that your function satisfies the following test-case:
Input
Output
string:
one^|uno||three^^^^|four^^^|^cuatro|
separator character:
|
escape character:
^
one|uno
three^^
four^|cuatro
(Print the output list in any format you like, as long as it is it easy to see what the fields are.)
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #zkl | zkl | fcn tokenize(str,sep,esc){
sink:=Sink(String);
foreach c in (str){
switch(c){
case(esc){ sink.write(__cWalker.next()); } // error if ^EoS
case(sep){ sink.write("\xff"); }
else { sink.write(c) }
}
}
sink.close().split("\xff");
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Phix | Phix | sequence names
enum RANK, NAME, DEP -- content of names
-- rank is 1 for items to compile first, then 2, etc,
-- or 0 if cyclic dependencies prevent compilation.
-- name is handy, and makes the result order alphabetic!
-- dep is a list of dependencies (indexes to other names)
function add_dependency(string name)
integer k = find(name,vslice(names,NAME))
if k=0 then
names = append(names,{0,name,{}})
k = length(names)
end if
return k
end function
procedure topsort(string input)
names = {}
sequence lines = split(input,'\n')
for i=1 to length(lines) do
sequence line = split(lines[i]),
dependencies = {}
integer k = add_dependency(line[1])
for j=2 to length(line) do
integer l = add_dependency(line[j])
if l!=k then -- ignore self-references
dependencies &= l
end if
end for
names[k][DEP] = dependencies
end for
-- Now populate names[RANK] iteratively:
bool more = true
integer rank = 0
while more do
more = false
rank += 1
for i=1 to length(names) do
if names[i][RANK]=0 then
bool ok = true
for j=1 to length(names[i][DEP]) do
integer ji = names[i][DEP][j],
nr = names[ji][RANK]
if nr=0 or nr=rank then
-- not yet compiled, or same pass
ok = false
exit
end if
end for
if ok then
names[i][RANK] = rank
more = true
end if
end if
end for
end while
names = sort(names) -- (ie by [RANK=1] then [NAME=2])
integer prank = names[1][RANK]
if prank=0 then puts(1,"** CYCLIC **:") end if
for i=1 to length(names) do
rank = names[i][RANK]
if i>1 then
puts(1,iff(rank=prank?" ":"\n"))
end if
puts(1,names[i][NAME])
prank = rank
end for
puts(1,"\n")
end procedure
constant input = """
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys"""
topsort(input)
puts(1,"\nbad input:\n")
topsort(input&"\ndw01 dw04")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #Tcl | Tcl | proc turing {states initial terminating symbols blank tape rules {doTrace 1}} {
set state $initial
set idx 0
set tape [split $tape ""]
if {[llength $tape] == 0} {
set tape [list $blank]
}
foreach rule $rules {
lassign $rule state0 sym0 sym1 move state1
set R($state0,$sym0) [list $sym1 $move $state1]
}
while {$state ni $terminating} {
set sym [lindex $tape $idx]
lassign $R($state,$sym) sym1 move state1
if {$doTrace} {
### Print the state, great for debugging
puts "[join $tape ""]\t$state->$state1"
puts "[string repeat { } $idx]^"
}
lset tape $idx $sym1
switch $move {
left {
if {[incr idx -1] < 0} {
set idx 0
set tape [concat [list $blank] $tape]
}
}
right {
if {[incr idx] == [llength $tape]} {
lappend tape $blank
}
}
}
set state $state1
}
return [join $tape ""]
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #Wren | Wren | import "/fmt" for Fmt
var totient = Fn.new { |n|
var tot = n
var i = 2
while (i*i <= n) {
if (n%i == 0) {
while(n%i == 0) n = (n/i).floor
tot = tot - (tot/i).floor
}
if (i == 2) i = 1
i = i + 2
}
if (n > 1) tot = tot - (tot/n).floor
return tot
}
System.print(" n phi prime")
System.print("---------------")
var count = 0
for (n in 1..25) {
var tot = totient.call(n)
var isPrime = (n - 1) == tot
if (isPrime) count = count + 1
System.print("%(Fmt.d(2, n)) %(Fmt.d(2, tot)) %(isPrime)")
}
System.print("\nNumber of primes up to 25 = %(count)")
for (n in 26..100000) {
var tot = totient.call(n)
if (tot == n - 1) count = count + 1
if (n == 100 || n == 1000 || n%10000 == 0) {
System.print("\nNumber of primes up to %(Fmt.d(-6, n)) = %(count)")
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Maple | Maple | sin(Pi/3);
cos(Pi/3);
tan(Pi/3); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Icon_and_Unicon | Icon and Unicon | procedure main()
bTree := [1, [2, [4, [7]], [5]], [3, [6, [8], [9]]]]
showTree(bTree, preorder|inorder|postorder|levelorder)
end
procedure showTree(tree, f)
writes(image(f),":\t")
every writes(" ",f(tree)[1])
write()
end
procedure preorder(L)
if \L then suspend L | preorder(L[2|3])
end
procedure inorder(L)
if \L then suspend inorder(L[2]) | L | inorder(L[3])
end
procedure postorder(L)
if \L then suspend postorder(L[2|3]) | L
end
procedure levelorder(L)
if \L then {
queue := [L]
while nextnode := get(queue) do {
every put(queue, \nextnode[2|3])
suspend nextnode
}
}
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Io | Io | "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" split(",") join(".") println |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #J | J | s=: 'Hello,How,Are,You,Today'
] t=: <;._1 ',',s
+-----+---+---+---+-----+
|Hello|How|Are|You|Today|
+-----+---+---+---+-----+
; t,&.>'.'
Hello.How.Are.You.Today.
'.' (I.','=s)}s NB. two steps combined
Hello.How.Are.You.Today |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Maxima | Maxima | f(n) := if n < 2 then n else f(n - 1) + f(n - 2)$
/* First solution, call the time function with an output line number, it gives the time taken to compute that line.
Here it's assumed to be %o2 */
f(24);
46368
time(%o2);
[0.99]
/* Second solution, change a system flag to print timings for all following lines */
showtime: true$
f(24);
Evaluation took 0.9400 seconds (0.9400 elapsed)
46368 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #MiniScript | MiniScript | start = time
for i in range(1,100000)
end for
duration = time - start
print "Process took " + duration + " seconds" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Nim | Nim | import times, strutils
proc doWork(x: int) =
var n = x
for i in 0..10000000:
n += i
template time(statement: untyped): float =
let t0 = cpuTime()
statement
cpuTime() - t0
echo "Time = ", time(doWork(100)).formatFloat(ffDecimal, precision = 3), " s" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #JavaScript | JavaScript | var data = [
{name: "Tyler Bennett", id: "E10297", salary: 32000, dept: "D101"},
{name: "John Rappl", id: "E21437", salary: 47000, dept: "D050"},
{name: "George Woltman", id: "E00127", salary: 53500, dept: "D101"},
{name: "Adam Smith", id: "E63535", salary: 18000, dept: "D202"},
{name: "Claire Buckman", id: "E39876", salary: 27800, dept: "D202"},
{name: "David McClellan", id: "E04242", salary: 41500, dept: "D101"},
{name: "Rich Holcomb", id: "E01234", salary: 49500, dept: "D202"},
{name: "Nathan Adams", id: "E41298", salary: 21900, dept: "D050"},
{name: "Richard Potter", id: "E43128", salary: 15900, dept: "D101"},
{name: "David Motsinger", id: "E27002", salary: 19250, dept: "D202"},
{name: "Tim Sampair", id: "E03033", salary: 27000, dept: "D101"},
{name: "Kim Arlich", id: "E10001", salary: 57000, dept: "D190"},
{name: "Timothy Grove", id: "E16398", salary: 29900, dept: "D190"},
];
function top_rank(n) {
var by_dept = group_by_dept(data);
for (var dept in by_dept) {
output(dept);
for (var i = 0; i < n && i < by_dept[dept].length; i++) {
var emp = by_dept[dept][i];
output(emp.name + ", id=" + emp.id + ", salary=" + emp.salary);
}
output("");
}
}
// group by dept, and sort by salary
function group_by_dept(data) {
var by_dept = {};
for (var idx in data) {
var dept = data[idx].dept;
if ( ! has_property(by_dept, dept)) {
by_dept[dept] = new Array();
}
by_dept[dept].push(data[idx]);
}
for (var dept in by_dept) {
// numeric sort
by_dept[dept].sort(function (a,b){return b.salary - a.salary});
}
return by_dept;
}
function has_property(obj, propname) {
return typeof(obj[propname]) != "undefined";
}
function output(str) {
try {
WScript.Echo(str); // WSH
} catch(err) {
print(str); // Rhino
}
}
top_rank(3);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #J | J |
Note 'ttt adjudicates or plays'
use: markers ttt characters
characters represent the cell names.
markers is a length 3 character vector of the
characters to use for first and second player
followed by the opponent's mark.
'XOX' means X plays 1st, O is the other mark,
and the first strategy plays 1st.
'XOO' means X plays 1st, O is the other mark,
and the second strategy moves first.
The game is set up for the computer as the
first strategy (random), and human as second.
A standard use:
'XOX'ttt'abcdefghijkl'
Example game reformatted w/ emacs artist-mode
to fit your display:
'#-#'ttt'wersdfxcv'
w│e│r w│e│r .... -│e│r . -│e│#
─┼─┼─ . ─┼─┼─ .. ─┼─┼─ .. ─┼─┼─
s│d│f . s│#│f .. s│#│f .. -│#│f
─┼─┼─ .. ─┼─┼─ . ─┼─┼─ ... ─┼─┼─
x│c│v .. -│c│v . -│c│# .. -│c│#
d .. v .. r . VICTORY
w│e│r .. w│e│r .. -│e│# .
─┼─┼─ ... ─┼─┼─ .. ─┼─┼─ .
s│#│f ... s│#│f .. s│#│f .
─┼─┼─ .. ─┼─┼─ ... ─┼─┼─ ...
x│c│v -│c│# -│c│#
-->cell for -? -->cell for -? -->cell for -?
x w s
)
while=: conjunction def 'u ^: v ^:_' NB. j assumes while is a verb and needs to know while is a conjunction.
ttt=: outcome@:((display@:move) while undecided)@:display@:prepare
blindfolded_variant=: outcome@:display@:(move while undecided)@:display@:prepare
outcome=: {&(>;:'kitty VICTORY')@:won NB. (outcome does not pass along the state)
move=: post locate
undecided=: won nor full
prepare=: , board@:] NB. form the state vector
Note 'locate'
is a monadic verb. y is the state vector.
returns the character of the chosen cell.
Generally:
locate=: second_strategy`first_strategy@.(first = mark)
Simplified:
locate=: human_locate NB. human versus human
)
locate=: human_locate`computer_locate@.(first = mark)
display=: show [: (1 1,:5 5)&(];.0)@:": [: <"0 fold
computer_locate=: [: show@{. board -. marks NB. strategy: first available
computer_locate=: [: show@({~ ?@:#) board -. marks NB. strategy: random
human_locate=: monad define
state=. y
m=. mark state
b=. board state
cells=. b -. marks state
show '-->cell for ' , m , '?'
whilst. cell -.@:e. cells do. cell =. {. (1!:1]1) , m end.
)
post=: 2&A.@:(3&{.)@:[ prepare mark@:[`((i.~ board)~)`(board@:[)}
mark=: {. NB. mark of the current player from state
marks=: 2&{. NB. extract both markers from state
board=: _9&{. NB. extract board from state
first=: 2&{ NB. extract first player from state
show=: [ smoutput
full=: 2 = #@:~.
won=: test@:fold
fold=: 3 3 $ board
test=: [: any [: all [: infix_pairs_agree |:@:lines
lines=: , diagonal , diagonal@:|. , |:
diagonal=: (<0 1)&|:
all=: *./
any=: +./
nor=: 8 b.
infix_pairs_agree=: 2&(=/\)
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #E | E | def move(out, n, fromPeg, toPeg, viaPeg) {
if (n.aboveZero()) {
move(out, n.previous(), fromPeg, viaPeg, toPeg)
out.println(`Move disk $n from $fromPeg to $toPeg.`)
move(out, n.previous(), viaPeg, toPeg, fromPeg)
}
}
move(stdout, 4, def left {}, def right {}, def middle {}) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Picat | Picat | topological_sort(Precedences, Sorted) =>
Edges = [K=V : [K,V] in Precedences],
Nodes = (domain(Edges) ++ range(Edges)).remove_dups(),
Sorted1 = [],
while (member(X,Nodes), not membchk(X,range(Edges)))
Sorted1 := Sorted1 ++ [X],
Nodes := Nodes.delete(X),
Edges := Edges.delete_key(X)
end,
% detect and remove a cycle
if Nodes.length > 0 then
println("\nThe graph is cyclic. Here's the detected cycle."),
println(nodes_in_cycle=Nodes),
println(edges_in_cycle=Edges),
Sorted = [without_cycle=Sorted1,cycle=Nodes]
else
Sorted = Sorted1
end,
nl.
% domain are the keys in L
domain(L) = [K : K=_V in L].
% range are the values of L
range(L) = [V : _K=V in L].
% deletes all pairs in L where a key is X
% (this is lessf on a multi-map in GNU SETL)
delete_key(L,X) = [K=V : K=V in L, K!=X]. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #UNIX_Shell | UNIX Shell | #!/usr/bin/env bash
main() {
printf 'Simple Incrementer\n'
printf '1 1 1' | run_utm q0 qf B q0,1,1,R,q0 q0,B,1,S,qf
printf '\nThree-state busy beaver\n'
run_utm a halt 0 \
a,0,1,R,b a,1,1,L,c b,0,1,L,a b,1,1,R,b c,0,1,L,b c,1,1,S,halt \
</dev/null
}
run_utm() {
local initial=$1 final=$2 blank=$3
shift 3
local rules=("$@") tape
mapfile -t -d' ' tape
if (( ! ${#tape[@]} )); then
tape=( "$blank" )
fi
local state=$initial
local head=0
while [[ $state != $final ]]; do
print_state "$state" "$head" "${tape[@]}"
local symbol=${tape[head]}
local found=0 rule from input output move to
for rule in "${rules[@]}"; do
IFS=, read from input output move to <<<"$rule"
if [[ $state == $from && $symbol == $input ]]; then
found=1
break
fi
done
if (( ! found )); then
printf >&2 "Configuration error: no match for state=$state input=$sym\n"
return 1
fi
tape[head]=$output
state=$to
case "$move" in
L) if (( ! head-- )); then
head=0
tape=("$blank" "${tape[@]}")
fi
;;
R) if (( ++head >= ${#tape[@]} )); then
tape+=("$blank")
fi
;;
esac
done
print_state "$state" "$head" "${tape[@]}"
}
print_state() {
local state=$1 head=$2
shift 2
local tape=("$@")
printf '%s' "$state"
printf ' %s' "${tape[@]}"
printf '\r'
(( t = ${#state} + 1 + 3 * head ))
printf '\e['"$t"'C<\e[C>\n'
}
main "$@"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #XPL0 | XPL0 | func GCD(N, D); \Return the greatest common divisor of N and D
int N, D; \numerator and denominator
int R;
[if D > N then
[R:= D; D:= N; N:= R]; \swap D and N
while D > 0 do
[R:= rem(N/D);
N:= D;
D:= R;
];
return N;
]; \GCD
func Totient(N); \Return the totient of N
int N, Phi, M;
[Phi:= 0;
for M:= 1 to N do
if GCD(M, N) = 1 then Phi:= Phi+1;
return Phi;
];
int N, Phi, Pwr, C, Limit;
[Text(0, "n phi is prime^m^j");
for N:= 1 to 25 do
[IntOut(0, N); ChOut(0, 9\tab\);
Phi:= Totient(N);
IntOut(0, Phi); ChOut(0, 9\tab\);
Text(0, if Phi = N-1 then "true" else "false");
CrLf(0);
];
CrLf(0);
for Pwr:= 2 to 4 do
[C:= 0;
Limit:= fix(Pow(10.0, float(Pwr)));
IntOut(0, Limit); ChOut(0, 9\tab\);
for N:= 1 to Limit do
[Phi:= Totient(N);
if Phi = N-1 then C:= C+1;
];
IntOut(0, C); CrLf(0);
];
] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language | Mathematica/Wolfram Language | Sin[1]
Cos[1]
Tan[1]
ArcSin[1]
ArcCos[1]
ArcTan[1]
Sin[90 Degree]
Cos[90 Degree]
Tan[90 Degree] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Isabelle | Isabelle | theory Tree
imports Main
begin
datatype 'a tree = Leaf | Node "'a tree" 'a "'a tree"
definition example :: "int tree" where
"example ≡
Node
(Node
(Node
(Node Leaf 7 Leaf)
4
Leaf
)
2
(Node Leaf 5 Leaf)
)
1
(Node
(Node
(Node Leaf 8 Leaf)
6
(Node Leaf 9 Leaf)
)
3
Leaf
)"
fun preorder :: "'a tree ⇒ 'a list" where
"preorder Leaf = []"
| "preorder (Node l a r) = a # preorder l @ preorder r"
lemma "preorder example = [1, 2, 4, 7, 5, 3, 6, 8, 9]" by code_simp
fun inorder :: "'a tree ⇒ 'a list" where
"inorder Leaf = []"
| "inorder (Node l a r) = inorder l @ [a] @ inorder r"
lemma "inorder example = [7, 4, 2, 5, 1, 8, 6, 9, 3]" by code_simp
fun postorder :: "'a tree ⇒ 'a list" where
"postorder Leaf = []"
| "postorder (Node l a r) = postorder l @ postorder r @ [a]"
lemma "postorder example = [7, 4, 5, 2, 8, 9, 6, 3, 1]" by code_simp
lemma
"set (inorder t) = set (preorder t)"
"set (preorder t) = set (postorder t)"
"set (inorder t) = set (postorder t)"
by(induction t, simp, simp)+
text‹
For a breadth first search, we will have a queue of the nodes we still
want to visit. The type of the queue is \<^typ>‹'a tree list›.
With each step, summing the sizes of the subtrees in the queue,
the queue gets smaller. Thus, the breadth first search terminates.
Isabelle cannot figure out this termination argument automatically,
so we provide some help by defining what the size of a tree is.
›
fun tree_size :: "'a tree ⇒ nat" where
"tree_size Leaf = 1"
| "tree_size (Node l _ r) = 1 + tree_size l + tree_size r"
function (sequential) bfs :: "'a tree list ⇒ 'a list" where
"bfs [] = []"
| "bfs (Leaf#q) = bfs q"
| "bfs ((Node l a r)#q) = a # bfs (q @ [l,r])"
by pat_completeness auto
termination bfs
by(relation "measure (λqs. sum_list (map tree_size qs))") simp+
fun levelorder :: "'a tree ⇒ 'a list" where
"levelorder t = bfs [t]"
lemma "levelorder example = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]" by code_simp
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Java | Java | String toTokenize = "Hello,How,Are,You,Today";
System.out.println(String.join(".", toTokenize.split(","))); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #JavaScript | JavaScript | alert( "Hello,How,Are,You,Today".split(",").join(".") ); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #OCaml | OCaml | let time_it action arg =
let start_time = Sys.time () in
ignore (action arg);
let finish_time = Sys.time () in
finish_time -. start_time |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Oforth | Oforth | >#[ 0 1000 seq apply(#+) ] bench .
267
500500 ok
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #jq | jq | {
"Employee Name": "Tyler Bennett",
"Employee ID": "E10297",
"Salary": "32000",
"Department": "D101"
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Java | Java |
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Hashtable;
public class TicTacToe
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TicTacToe now=new TicTacToe();
now.startMatch();
}
private int[][] marks;
private int[][] wins;
private int[] weights;
private char[][] grid;
private final int knotcount=3;
private final int crosscount=4;
private final int totalcount=5;
private final int playerid=0;
private final int compid=1;
private final int truceid=2;
private final int playingid=3;
private String movesPlayer;
private byte override;
private char[][] overridegrid={{'o','o','o'},{'o','o','o'},{'o','o','o'}};
private char[][] numpad={{'7','8','9'},{'4','5','6'},{'1','2','3'}};
private Hashtable<Integer,Integer> crossbank;
private Hashtable<Integer,Integer> knotbank;
public void startMatch()
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print("Start?(y/n):");
char choice='y';
try
{
choice=br.readLine().charAt(0);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
if(choice=='n'||choice=='N')
{
return;
}
System.out.println("Use a standard numpad as an entry grid, as so:\n ");
display(numpad);
System.out.println("Begin");
int playerscore=0;
int compscore=0;
do
{
int result=startGame();
if(result==playerid)
playerscore++;
else if(result==compid)
compscore++;
System.out.println("Score: Player-"+playerscore+" AI-"+compscore);
System.out.print("Another?(y/n):");
try
{
choice=br.readLine().charAt(0);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}while(choice!='n'||choice=='N');
System.out.println("Game over.");
}
private void put(int cell,int player)
{
int i=-1,j=-1;;
switch(cell)
{
case 1:i=2;j=0;break;
case 2:i=2;j=1;break;
case 3:i=2;j=2;break;
case 4:i=1;j=0;break;
case 5:i=1;j=1;break;
case 6:i=1;j=2;break;
case 7:i=0;j=0;break;
case 8:i=0;j=1;break;
case 9:i=0;j=2;break;
default:display(overridegrid);return;
}
char mark='x';
if(player==0)
mark='o';
grid[i][j]=mark;
display(grid);
}
private int startGame()
{
init();
display(grid);
int status=playingid;
while(status==playingid)
{
put(playerMove(),0);
if(override==1)
{
System.out.println("O wins.");
return playerid;
}
status=checkForWin();
if(status!=playingid)
break;
try{Thread.sleep(1000);}catch(Exception e){System.out.print(e.getMessage());}
put(compMove(),1);
status=checkForWin();
}
return status;
}
private void init()
{
movesPlayer="";
override=0;
marks=new int[8][6];
wins=new int[][] //new int[8][3];
{
{7,8,9},
{4,5,6},
{1,2,3},
{7,4,1},
{8,5,2},
{9,6,3},
{7,5,3},
{9,5,1}
};
weights=new int[]{3,2,3,2,4,2,3,2,3};
grid=new char[][]{{' ',' ',' '},{' ',' ',' '},{' ',' ',' '}};
crossbank=new Hashtable<Integer,Integer>();
knotbank=new Hashtable<Integer,Integer>();
}
private void mark(int m,int player)
{
for(int i=0;i<wins.length;i++)
for(int j=0;j<wins[i].length;j++)
if(wins[i][j]==m)
{
marks[i][j]=1;
if(player==playerid)
marks[i][knotcount]++;
else
marks[i][crosscount]++;
marks[i][totalcount]++;
}
}
private void fixWeights()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
if(marks[i][j]==1)
if(weights[wins[i][j]-1]!=Integer.MIN_VALUE)
weights[wins[i][j]-1]=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
{
if(marks[i][totalcount]!=2)
continue;
if(marks[i][crosscount]==2)
{
int p=i,q=-1;
if(marks[i][0]==0)
q=0;
else if(marks[i][1]==0)
q=1;
else if(marks[i][2]==0)
q=2;
if(weights[wins[p][q]-1]!=Integer.MIN_VALUE)
{
weights[wins[p][q]-1]=6;
}
}
if(marks[i][knotcount]==2)
{
int p=i,q=-1;
if(marks[i][0]==0)
q=0;
else if(marks[i][1]==0)
q=1;
else if(marks[i][2]==0)
q=2;
if(weights[wins[p][q]-1]!=Integer.MIN_VALUE)
{
weights[wins[p][q]-1]=5;
}
}
}
}
private int compMove()
{
int cell=move();
System.out.println("Computer plays: "+cell);
//weights[cell-1]=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
return cell;
}
private int move()
{
int max=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
int cell=0;
for(int i=0;i<weights.length;i++)
if(weights[i]>max)
{
max=weights[i];
cell=i+1;
}
//This section ensures the computer never loses
//Remove it for a fair match
//Dirty kluge
if(movesPlayer.equals("76")||movesPlayer.equals("67"))
cell=9;
else if(movesPlayer.equals("92")||movesPlayer.equals("29"))
cell=3;
else if (movesPlayer.equals("18")||movesPlayer.equals("81"))
cell=7;
else if(movesPlayer.equals("73")||movesPlayer.equals("37"))
cell=4*((int)(Math.random()*2)+1);
else if(movesPlayer.equals("19")||movesPlayer.equals("91"))
cell=4+2*(int)(Math.pow(-1, (int)(Math.random()*2)));
mark(cell,1);
fixWeights();
crossbank.put(cell, 0);
return cell;
}
private int playerMove()
{
System.out.print("What's your move?: ");
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int cell=0;
int okay=0;
while(okay==0)
{
try
{
cell=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
if(cell==7494)
{
override=1;
return -1;
}
if((cell<1||cell>9)||weights[cell-1]==Integer.MIN_VALUE)
System.out.print("Invalid move. Try again:");
else
okay=1;
}
playerMoved(cell);
System.out.println();
return cell;
}
private void playerMoved(int cell)
{
movesPlayer+=cell;
mark(cell,0);
fixWeights();
knotbank.put(cell, 0);
}
private int checkForWin()
{
int crossflag=0,knotflag=0;
for(int i=0;i<wins.length;i++)
{
if(crossbank.containsKey(wins[i][0]))
if(crossbank.containsKey(wins[i][1]))
if(crossbank.containsKey(wins[i][2]))
{
crossflag=1;
break;
}
if(knotbank.containsKey(wins[i][0]))
if(knotbank.containsKey(wins[i][1]))
if(knotbank.containsKey(wins[i][2]))
{
knotflag=1;
break;
}
}
if(knotflag==1)
{
display(grid);
System.out.println("O wins.");
return playerid;
}
else if(crossflag==1)
{
display(grid);
System.out.println("X wins.");
return compid;
}
for(int i=0;i<weights.length;i++)
if(weights[i]!=Integer.MIN_VALUE)
return playingid;
System.out.println("Truce");
return truceid;
}
private void display(char[][] grid)
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
System.out.println("\n-------");
System.out.print("|");
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
System.out.print(grid[i][j]+"|");
}
System.out.println("\n-------");
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #EasyLang | EasyLang | func hanoi n src dst aux . .
if n >= 1
call hanoi n - 1 src aux dst
print "Move " & src & " to " & dst
call hanoi n - 1 aux dst src
.
.
call hanoi 5 1 2 3 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #PicoLisp | PicoLisp | (de sortDependencies (Lst)
(setq Lst # Build a flat list
(uniq
(mapcan
'((L)
(put (car L) 'dep (cdr L)) # Store dependencies in 'dep' properties
(copy L) )
(mapcar uniq Lst) ) ) ) # without self-dependencies
(make
(while Lst
(ifn (find '((This) (not (: dep))) Lst) # Found non-depending lib?
(quit "Can't resolve dependencies" Lst)
(del (link @) 'Lst) # Yes: Store in result
(for This Lst # and remove from 'dep's
(=: dep (delete @ (: dep))) ) ) ) ) ) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine | Universal Turing machine | One of the foundational mathematical constructs behind computer science
is the universal Turing Machine.
(Alan Turing introduced the idea of such a machine in 1936–1937.)
Indeed one way to definitively prove that a language
is turing-complete
is to implement a universal Turing machine in it.
Task
Simulate such a machine capable
of taking the definition of any other Turing machine and executing it.
Of course, you will not have an infinite tape,
but you should emulate this as much as is possible.
The three permissible actions on the tape are "left", "right" and "stay".
To test your universal Turing machine (and prove your programming language
is Turing complete!), you should execute the following two Turing machines
based on the following definitions.
Simple incrementer
States: q0, qf
Initial state: q0
Terminating states: qf
Permissible symbols: B, 1
Blank symbol: B
Rules:
(q0, 1, 1, right, q0)
(q0, B, 1, stay, qf)
The input for this machine should be a tape of 1 1 1
Three-state busy beaver
States: a, b, c, halt
Initial state: a
Terminating states: halt
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(a, 0, 1, right, b)
(a, 1, 1, left, c)
(b, 0, 1, left, a)
(b, 1, 1, right, b)
(c, 0, 1, left, b)
(c, 1, 1, stay, halt)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
Bonus:
5-state, 2-symbol probable Busy Beaver machine from Wikipedia
States: A, B, C, D, E, H
Initial state: A
Terminating states: H
Permissible symbols: 0, 1
Blank symbol: 0
Rules:
(A, 0, 1, right, B)
(A, 1, 1, left, C)
(B, 0, 1, right, C)
(B, 1, 1, right, B)
(C, 0, 1, right, D)
(C, 1, 0, left, E)
(D, 0, 1, left, A)
(D, 1, 1, left, D)
(E, 0, 1, stay, H)
(E, 1, 0, left, A)
The input for this machine should be an empty tape.
This machine runs for more than 47 millions steps.
| #VBA | VBA | Option Base 1
Public Enum sett
name_ = 1
initState
endState
blank
rules
End Enum
Public incrementer As Variant, threeStateBB As Variant, fiveStateBB As Variant
'-- Machine definitions
Private Sub init()
incrementer = Array("Simple incrementer", _
"q0", _
"qf", _
"B", _
Array( _
Array("q0", "1", "1", "right", "q0"), _
Array("q0", "B", "1", "stay", "qf")))
threeStateBB = Array("Three-state busy beaver", _
"a", _
"halt", _
"0", _
Array( _
Array("a", "0", "1", "right", "b"), _
Array("a", "1", "1", "left", "c"), _
Array("b", "0", "1", "left", "a"), _
Array("b", "1", "1", "right", "b"), _
Array("c", "0", "1", "left", "b"), _
Array("c", "1", "1", "stay", "halt")))
fiveStateBB = Array("Five-state busy beaver", _
"A", _
"H", _
"0", _
Array( _
Array("A", "0", "1", "right", "B"), _
Array("A", "1", "1", "left", "C"), _
Array("B", "0", "1", "right", "C"), _
Array("B", "1", "1", "right", "B"), _
Array("C", "0", "1", "right", "D"), _
Array("C", "1", "0", "left", "E"), _
Array("D", "0", "1", "left", "A"), _
Array("D", "1", "1", "left", "D"), _
Array("E", "0", "1", "stay", "H"), _
Array("E", "1", "0", "left", "A")))
End Sub
Private Sub show(state As String, headpos As Long, tape As Collection)
Debug.Print " "; state; String$(7 - Len(state), " "); "| ";
For p = 1 To tape.Count
Debug.Print IIf(p = headpos, "[" & tape(p) & "]", " " & tape(p) & " ");
Next p
Debug.Print
End Sub
'-- a universal turing machine
Private Sub UTM(machine As Variant, tape As Collection, Optional countOnly As Long = 0)
Dim state As String: state = machine(initState)
Dim headpos As Long: headpos = 1
Dim counter As Long, rule As Variant
Debug.Print machine(name_); vbCrLf; String$(Len(machine(name_)), "=")
If Not countOnly Then Debug.Print " State | Tape [head]" & vbCrLf & "---------------------"
Do While True
If headpos > tape.Count Then
tape.Add machine(blank)
Else
If headpos < 1 Then
tape.Add machine(blank), Before:=1
headpos = 1
End If
End If
If Not countOnly Then show state, headpos, tape
For i = LBound(machine(rules)) To UBound(machine(rules))
rule = machine(rules)(i)
If rule(1) = state And rule(2) = tape(headpos) Then
tape.Remove headpos
If headpos > tape.Count Then
tape.Add rule(3)
Else
tape.Add rule(3), Before:=headpos
End If
If rule(4) = "left" Then headpos = headpos - 1
If rule(4) = "right" Then headpos = headpos + 1
state = rule(5)
Exit For
End If
Next i
counter = counter + 1
If counter Mod 100000 = 0 Then
Debug.Print counter
DoEvents
DoEvents
End If
If state = machine(endState) Then Exit Do
Loop
DoEvents
If countOnly Then
Debug.Print "Steps taken: ", counter
Else
show state, headpos, tape
Debug.Print
End If
End Sub
Public Sub main()
init
Dim tap As New Collection
tap.Add "1": tap.Add "1": tap.Add "1"
UTM incrementer, tap
Set tap = New Collection
UTM threeStateBB, tap
Set tap = New Collection
UTM fiveStateBB, tap, countOnly:=-1
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Totient_function | Totient function | The totient function is also known as:
Euler's totient function
Euler's phi totient function
phi totient function
Φ function (uppercase Greek phi)
φ function (lowercase Greek phi)
Definitions (as per number theory)
The totient function:
counts the integers up to a given positive integer n that are relatively prime to n
counts the integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd(n,k) is equal to 1
counts numbers ≤ n and prime to n
If the totient number (for N) is one less than N, then N is prime.
Task
Create a totient function and:
Find and display (1 per line) for the 1st 25 integers:
the integer (the index)
the totient number for that integer
indicate if that integer is prime
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100
Find and display the count of the primes up to 1,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 10,000
Find and display the count of the primes up to 100,000 (optional)
Show all output here.
Related task
Perfect totient numbers
Also see
Wikipedia: Euler's totient function.
MathWorld: totient function.
OEIS: Euler totient function phi(n).
| #zkl | zkl | fcn totient(n){ [1..n].reduce('wrap(p,k){ p + (n.gcd(k)==1) }) }
fcn isPrime(n){ totient(n)==(n - 1) } |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #MATLAB | MATLAB | function trigExample(angleDegrees)
angleRadians = angleDegrees * (pi/180);
disp(sprintf('sin(%f)= %f\nasin(%f)= %f',[angleRadians sin(angleRadians) sin(angleRadians) asin(sin(angleRadians))]));
disp(sprintf('sind(%f)= %f\narcsind(%f)= %f',[angleDegrees sind(angleDegrees) sind(angleDegrees) asind(sind(angleDegrees))]));
disp('-----------------------');
disp(sprintf('cos(%f)= %f\nacos(%f)= %f',[angleRadians cos(angleRadians) cos(angleRadians) acos(cos(angleRadians))]));
disp(sprintf('cosd(%f)= %f\narccosd(%f)= %f',[angleDegrees cosd(angleDegrees) cosd(angleDegrees) acosd(cosd(angleDegrees))]));
disp('-----------------------');
disp(sprintf('tan(%f)= %f\natan(%f)= %f',[angleRadians tan(angleRadians) tan(angleRadians) atan(tan(angleRadians))]));
disp(sprintf('tand(%f)= %f\narctand(%f)= %f',[angleDegrees tand(angleDegrees) tand(angleDegrees) atand(tand(angleDegrees))]));
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #J | J | preorder=: ]S:0
postorder=: ([:; postorder&.>@}.) , >@{.
levelorder=: ;@({::L:1 _~ [: (/: #@>) <S:1@{::)
inorder=: ([:; inorder&.>@(''"_`(1&{)@.(1<#))) , >@{. , [:; inorder&.>@}.@}. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #jq | jq | split(",") | join(".") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Jsish | Jsish | puts('Hello,How,Are,You,Today'.split(',').join('.')) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Oz | Oz | declare
%% returns milliseconds
fun {TimeIt Proc}
Before = {Now}
in
{Proc}
{Now} - Before
end
fun {Now}
{Property.get 'time.total'}
end
in
{Show
{TimeIt
proc {$}
{FoldL {List.number 1 1000000 1} Number.'+' 4 _}
end}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #PARI.2FGP | PARI/GP | time(foo)={
foo();
gettime();
} |
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