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Table of Contents The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Volume The Complete Mahabharata Adi Parva The Complete Mahabharata Adi Parva RAMESH MENON First published in by Rupa Publications India Pvt. |
Ltd. |
, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi Sales centres Allahabad Bengaluru Chennai Hyderabad Jaipur Kathmandu Kolkata Mumbai Copyright Ramesh Menon Cover design Moonis Ijlal This digital edition published in eISBN Ramesh Menon asserts the moral right to be identi ed as the author of this work. |
All rights reserved. |
This ebook is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated, without the publisher s prior consent, in any form or cover other than that in which it is published. |
No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, print reproduction, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. |
Any unauthorized distribution of this ebook may be considered a direct infringement of copyright and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly. |
For Sri RK Mehra, valued friend, great Publisher CONTENTS A Brief Introduction Acknowledgements Canto Parva Samgraha Canto Parva Samgraha Continued Canto Paushya Parva Canto Pauloma Parva Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Pauloma Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto S tika Parva Continued Canto S tika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astiki Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued Canto Astika Parva Continued 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Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto S ambhava Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto Jatugriha Parva Continued Canto H idimbavadha Parva Canto H idimbavadha Parva Continued Canto H idimbavadha Parva Continued Canto H idimbavadha Parva Continued Canto H idimbavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Bakavadha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto Chaitraratha Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto S wayamvara Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Vaivahika Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva Continued Canto Viduragamana Parva continued Canto Rajyalabha Parva Canto Rajyalabha Parva Continued Canto Rajyalahba Parva Continued Canto Rajyalabha Parva Continued Canto Rajyalabha Parva Continued Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Continued Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Continued Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Continued Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Continued Canto Arjunavanavasa Parva Continued Canto S ubhadraharana Parva Canto S ubhadraharana Parva Continued Canto H aranaharana Parva Canto Khandavadaha Parva Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued Canto Khandavadaha Parva Continued A BRIEF INTRODUCTION The last complete version of the Mahabharata to be written in India in English prose was the translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli in the late 19th century. |
He wrote it between and . |
To the best of my knowledge, it still remains the only full English prose rendering of the Epic by any Indian. |
More than a hundred years have passed since Ganguli achieved his monumental task. |
Despite its closeness to the original Sanskrit and its undeniable power, in more than a hundred years the language and style of the Ganguli translation have inevitably become archaic. |
It seemed a shame that this most magni cent of epics, a national treasure, an indisputable classic of world literature, believed by many to be the greatest of all books ever written, is not available in complete form to the Indian (or any) reader in modern, literary and easily accessible English as retold by Indian writers. |
So we, a group of Indian writers and editors, warmly and patiently supported by our publisher Rupa Co, undertook a linebyline retelling of the complete Mahabharata, for the contemporary and future reader. |
Our aim has not been to write a scholarly translation of the Great Epic, but an eminently readable one, without vitiating either the spirit or the poetry of the original, and without reducing its length. |
This is not a translation from the Sanskrit but based almost entirely on the Ganguli text, and he himself did use more than one Sanskrit version for his work. |
However, as will be obvious, the style of this new rendering is very much our own, and our hope is to bring as much of the majesty and enchantment of this awesome epic to you as is possible in English. |
Ramesh Menon Series Editor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sanjana Roy Choudhury, Kadambari Mishra, Deepthi Talwar and Jayashree Kumar edited and proofread this rst volume of the Mahabharata. |
I am most grateful to them for their ne, painstaking work. |
CANTO PARVA SAMGRAHA UM! |
I bow down to Narayana and Nara, the most exalted Purusha, and to the Devi Saraswati, and utter the word Jaya. |
Ugrasrava is the son of Romaharshana he is a Suta and a master of the Puranas. |
One day, bowing reverently, he came to the great Rishis of inchless austerity who sat at their ease after attending the twelve years yagna of Saunaka Kulapati, in the Naimisha vana. |
The Munis were eager to listen to the marvellous legends of Ugrasrava, who had come to their asrama in the forest. |
The holy ones welcomed him with respect. |
He greeted those Sages with folded hands and inquired after the evolution of their tapasya. |
When the Rishis all sat again, Romaharshana s son also humbly sat upon the seat they offered him. |
Seeing that he was comfortable, and refreshed, one of the Rishis said, From where are you coming, lotuseyed Sauti, and where have you been spending your time? |
Tell me, who asks you this, in detail. |
The eloquent Sauti replied appositely and at length in that large conclave of illustrious tapasvins the language he used was chaste and high, suited to their way of life. |
Sauti said, I heard the diverse, sacred and marvellous tales, which Krishna Dwaipayana composed in his Mahabharata, and which Vaisampayana narrated at the sarpa yagna of the noble Rajarishi Janamejaya, the son of Parikshit, foremost among Kshatriyas. |
Later, I ranged the Earth, visiting many tirthas and other shrines. |
I journeyed to Samantapanchaka, revered by the Dvijas, where the sons of Kuru and those of Pandu fought their Great War, with all the Kshatriyas of the land ghting for one side or the other. |
From there, being eager to meet you, I have come into your presence. |
Worshipful Sages, you are all like Brahman to me. |
Most blessed ones, you shine in this yagnashala with the splendour of the Sun. |
You have nished your dhyana and have fed the holy re. |
Now you sit here, at your ease, with no cares. |
Tell me, greatest of Dvijas, what would you hear from me? |
Shall I recount the sacred tales of the Puranas, which tell of dharma and artha, or shall I tell you about the deeds of enlightened Rishis and of the kings of men? |
The Rishis replied, The Purana that was rst propounded by the great Dwaipayana. |
When both the Devas and the Brahmarishis had heard it, they said it was the foremost of all Itihasas, histories. |
It varies in both diction and divisions, has intricate and subtle meanings, logically combined and gleaned from the Vedas, and it is a most holy work. |
It is composed in elegant language and includes the subjects of every other book. |
Other Shastras elucidate this Purana, and it re ects the inmost meaning of the four Vedas. |
We want to listen to that Itihasa, which is also called the Bharata, the magni cent Vyasa s holy masterwork, which dispels the fear of evil. |
We would hear it exactly as the Rishi Vaisampayana told it, joyously, under the direction of Dwaipayana himself, at the sarpa yagna, the snakesacri ce of Raja Janamejaya. |
Sauti then said, I bow to the Primordial Being, Isana, to whom the people all make offerings, whom the multitude adores. |
He is the true and immortal One Brahman, manifest, unmanifest and eternal. |
He both exists and appears not to. |
He is the Universe and also distinct from the Universe, the creator of all things, high and low, the ancient, exalted, inexhaustible One. |
He is Vishnu, benign and benignity personi ed, worthy of all worship, pure, perfect. |
He is Hari, sovereign of the faculties, the mover of all things, mobile and motionless. |
I will now narrate the sacred thoughts of the illumined Muni Vyasa, of marvellous accomplishments, whom all here revere. |
Some pauranikas have already taught this Itihasa, some now teach it, and others will hereafter disseminate it across the Earth. |
It is a vast treasure of knowledge, and its fame is established through the three Lokas. |
The Dvijas, the twiceborn, possess it both in detail and in full. |
The erudite delight in it for being adorned with elegance, with conversations human and divine and with myriad poetic metres. |
When this world was without light, plunged in absolute darkness, a Mighty Egg appeared, the First Cause of creation, the single, in nite, inexhaustible seed of all created beings. |
This is the Mahavidya, formed at the beginning of the Yuga, when, we hear, Brahman the true light, the eternal, inconceivable Being, was present equally everywhere, the unseen and subtle Cause, whose nature is both of being and nothingness. |
From this Egg, Pitamaha Brahma emerged, the rst Prajapati, along with Vishnu Suraguru and Siva Sthanu. |
Then the twentyone Prajapatis appeared Manu, Vasishta and Parameshthi, ten Prachetas, Daksha, and the seven sons of Daksha. |
Then appeared the incomprehensible Purusha, whom all the Rishis know, and also the Viswedevas, the Adityas, the Vasus, the Aswin twins, the Yakshas, the Sadhyas, the Pisachas, the Guhyakas, and the Pitrs. |
After these, the wise and most holy Brahmarishis were created, and the numerous Rajarishis distinguished by every noble quality. |
So too, the waters, the heavens, the earth, the air, the sky, the cardinal points of the heavens, the years, the seasons, the months, the fortnights called pakshas with day and night, in proper succession. |
Thus, all things that are known to man were made. |
And when the Yugas end, whatever is seen in the Universe, animate and inanimate, will again be dissolved. |
When the next Yugas begin, all things will be renewed and like the many fruits of the Earth, succeed one another in the order of their seasons. |
So the Wheel revolves ceaselessly in the world, without beginning and without end, destroying all things. |
The generation of Devas, in brief, was thirtythree thousand, thirtythree hundred and thirtythree. |
The sons of Div were Brihadbhanu, Chakshus, Atma, Vibhavasu, Savita, Richika, Arka, Bhanu, Asavaha and Ravi. |
Of these Vivaswans of old, Mahya was the youngest, whose son was Devavrata. |
Devavrata s son Suvrata had three sons Dasajyoti, Satajyoti and Sahasrajyoti each of them sired numerous offspring. |
The illustrious Dasajyoti had ten thousand progeny, Satajyoti ten times that number, and Sahasrajyoti ten times as many as Satajyoti. |
From these descended the clans of the Kurus, the Yadus, and of Bharata the lineage of Yayati and of Ikshvaku, and also all the Rajarishis. |
Numerous, too, were their generations, and abundant were the creatures and their places of abode. |
The triune mystery the Vedas, Yoga and Vijnana Dharma, Artha and Kama the many books upon the subject of Dharma, Artha and Kama rules for the conduct of humankind also, histories and discourses upon various Srutis all these the Rishi Vyasa saw. |
They are here in their proper order, and mentioned as examples of the Shastras. |
The Rishi Vyasa promulgated this vast treasure of knowledge in both a comprehensive and an abridged form. |
The learned of this world always want to know both versions. |
Some read the Bharata from the invocatory mantra others begin with the story of Astika, others with Uparichara while some Brahmanas study the entire epic. |
Men of learning exhibit their different knowledges of the text when they comment upon the composition. |
Some are skilful at expounding its meaning, while others remember its contents in complete detail. |
Having, with penance and meditation, tapasya and dhyana, analysed the eternal Veda, the son of Satyavati later composed this sacred history. |
When that knowing Brahmarishi, of erce vows, the noble Vyasa, son of Parasara, nished this greatest of all epics, he considered how he could transmit it to his disciples and leave it behind for posterity. |
And Brahma, who owns the six attributes, who is the Guru of the world, knew the anxiety of the Rishi Dwaipayana. |
Brahma appeared in the place where Vyasa was to grant the Sage what he desired and thus bene t the people of the Earth. |
Vyasa sat lost in thought, surrounded by all the tribes of Munis. |
Seeing Brahma, he rose in astonishment, and standing with joined palms, the Rishi bowed low and ordered a darbhasana fetched for the Pitamaha. |
Vyasa circumambulated in pradakshina Him who is called Hiranyagarbha, seated upon that especial and lofty grass throne, and came and stood near Him. |
Brahma Parameshthi commanded him to sit near the asana, and Vyasa did so, his heart full of love, and smiling in joy. |
The glorious Vyasa said to Brahma Parameshthi, Divine Brahma, I have composed a kavya, a poem, which is highly regarded. |
In it, I have explained the mystery of the Veda and the other scriptures the rituals of the Upanishads with their angas the Puranas and Itihasas that I have compiled and named after the three divisions of time, the nature of ageing and decay, of fear, disease, being and nonbeing a description of different varnas and the various stages of life laws for the four varnas, the true import of the Puranas an account of sannyasa and the duties of a brahmacharin the dimensions of the Sun and Moon, the planets, galaxies, and stars, along with the duration of the four ages the Rik, Sama and Yajur Vedas also, the Adhyatma the sciences of Nyaya, the diagnosis and the treatment of disease charity and Pasupatadharma births heavenly and human, for different ends a description of the tirthas and other holy places, of rivers, mountains, forests, the ocean, of the unearthly cities and the Kalpas the art of war the different nations and languages, the nature and customs of the people and the Allpervading Spirit all these I have told of in my poem. |
But now I cannot nd anyone to be my scribe for this work, not on this Earth. |
Brahma said, In this gathering of Munis renowned for their sanctity, I honour you for your deep knowledge of divine mysteries. |
I know you have revealed the Divine Word, from its rst utterance, in the language of truth. |
You have called your present work a kavya, a poem, and so it shall be a poem. |
No other poet s work shall ever equal this kavya of yours, even as the other three asramas of life are forever lesser than the grihastasrama. |
O Muni, let us consider Ganesha to become your amanuensis, to write this epic poem down. |
Sauti said, Having spoken thus to Vyasa, Brahma left for his own realm, Brahmaloka. |
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