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The “close” junctional transmission is associated with fast junction potential and the “wide” junctional transmission is associated with slow junction potential.
The slow electrical potentials reach a peak in about 150 ms and then decline with a time constant between 250 and 500 ms.
These responses typically last several seconds to minutes and may be depolarizing and excitatory, or hyperpolarizing and inhibitory, and have been called slow EJP or slow IJP, respectively.
Over the past 20 years, many studies have given evidence that Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC): (i) serve as pacemaker cells with unique ionic currents that generate electrical slow waves in GI muscles; (ii) provide a pathway for active slow wave propagation in GI organs; (iii) express receptors, transduction mechanisms and ionic conductances allowing them to mediate post-junctional responses to enteric motor neurotransmission; (iv) regulate smooth muscle excitability by contributing to resting potential and affecting syncytial conductance; and (v) manifest stretch-receptor functions regulating excitability and regulating slow wave frequency.
If this channel is open, conductance changes in cell are reflected in smooth muscle; post-junctional integrated responses are triggered by neuroeffector junctions and interstitial cells.
Based on anatomic location and function, two main types of ICC have been described: myenteric ICC (ICC-MY) and intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM).
ICC-MY are present around the myenteric plexus and thought to be pacemaker cells for slow waves in the smooth muscle cells.
Calcium imaging studies in the colon have shown that ICC-MY is innervated by nitrergic and cholinergic nerve terminals, though the nature of the contacts has not been well defined.
ICC-IM is located in between the smooth muscle cells.
Enteric nerves have been reported to make synaptic contacts with ICC-IM.
These contacts include areas of electron dense lining on the inner aspect of the varicosity membrane without any postsynaptic density on the membrane of ICC.
Such contacts were not reported between the nerves and the smooth muscles.
If ICC are important intermediaries in motor neurotransmission, then loss of these cells could reduce communication between the enteric nervous system and the smooth muscle syncytium, resulting in reduced neural regulation of motility.
Classical excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are concentrated and released from neurovesicles located in enteric nerve terminals or varicose regions of motor nerves, whereas nitric oxide is probably synthesized de novo as calcium concentration increases in nerve terminals upon membrane depolarization.
Enteric nerve terminals make intimate synapses with ICC-IM, which are situated between the nerve terminals and neighbouring smooth muscle cells.
ICC-IM play a critical role in the reception and transduction of cholinergic excitatory and nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmission.
ICC-IM form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells and post-junctional electrical responses generated in ICC are conducted to the smooth muscle syncytium.
By this contact, ICC can regulate the neuromuscular responses observed throughout the GI tract.
Recent morphological evidence using anterograde tracing methods, has shown close apposition between vagal and spinal afferents and ICC-IM within the stomach wall (Fig.
5) and their absence in mutant animals that lack ICC-IM also supports a role for ICC-IM as possible integrators for in-series stretch-dependent changes in this organ.
Christian Democrat Party of Canada
The Christian Democrat Party of Canada was a Canadian political party that organized briefly in 1981-82, in an attempt to start a right-wing populist party.
The Christian Democrat Party was founded by Sydney Thompson, of Dunnville, Ontario.
Thompson served in Korea with the Royal Canadian Navy, and managed the Hotel Plaza II in Toronto.
In a 1982 by-election in Toronto's Broadview—Greenwood riding, Thompson, running as an independent, won 38 votes, or 0.14% of the total.
He placed eighth in a field of nine candidates, following three other independents and the Rhinoceros Party of Canada candidate, but placing ahead of perennial candidate John Turmel, who collected 19 votes.
The party's political platform proposed to:
Pecatonica River
The Pecatonica River is a tributary of the Rock River, long, in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in the United States.
The word Pecatonica is an anglicization of two Algonquian language words: "Bekaa" (or "Pekaa" in some dialects), which means "slow", and "niba", which means "water", forming the conjunction "Bekaaniba" or "Slow Water".
It rises in the hills of southwest Wisconsin, in southwest Iowa County, west of Cobb.
It flows south, then southeast, past Calamine and Darlington.
In southeast Lafayette County it receives the East Branch Pecatonica River, approximately north of the state line.
It flows south-southeast into Illinois, past Freeport, where it turns east, then east-northeast, receiving the Sugar River near Shirland in northern Winnebago County, south of the state line.
It joins the Rock at Rockton, approximately north of Rockford.
The Winnebago County Forest Preserve District owns and operates six preserve along the river in Winnebago County.
The river is the chief attraction of the Pecatonica Wetlands Forest Preserve and the Crooked River Forest Preserve off U.S. Highway 20 near Pecatonica, Illinois.
These forest preserves contain oxbow, wetlands, and bottomland forest.
The river also flows past the Pecatonica River Forest Preserve off Illinois Route 70 near Pecatonica.
The forest preserve contains a bottomland forest and has been designated an Illinois Nature Preserve.
The Trask Bridge Forest Preserve and the Two Rivers Forest Preserve at the confluence of the Sugar River and Pecatonica River provide public boat launches, picnic areas, and fishing opportunities.
At the mouth of the Pecatonica is the Macktown Forest Preserve on Illinois Route 75 near Rockton, the site of the ghost town of Macktown or Pe-Katonic.
The Natural Land Institute of Rockford, Illinois owns and operates two privately owned preserves in Winnebago County.
The Pecatonica Woodlands Preserve contains bottomland forest, oxbow pond, wetland, and sedge meadow habitats.
The Nygren Wetland Preserve, located at the confluence of the Pecatonica River and the Rock River, has been restored from farmland to prairie, oak savanna, wetland, and oxbow pond.
The river is the focus of the Pecatonica River Woods State Natural Area near Mineral Point in Iowa County, owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and designated as a natural area in 1992.
The Pecatonica River Woods SNA was listed on the basis of possessing a diverse range of forest ecosystems, from southern dry, through mesic, to floodplain.
The Weir White Oaks State Natural Area, a privately owned preserve managed by the Wisconsin DNR, contains high-quality old growth upland forest and was designated a state natural area in 2002.
The Blackhawk Memorial Park is owned and operated by Lafayette County.
The Pecatonica River has flooded seven times since May 2017.
Flood cleanup cost the city of Freeport, Illinois more than $1.5 million.
The March 2019 flood crest of 22.4 feet at Martintown, Wisconsin set a new record.
The Pecatonica River flooded again in October 2019, along with other Chicago area rivers including the Fox River and the Rock River.
A USGS monitoring station is located at Freeport.
The Power and the Glory
The Power and the Glory (1940) is a novel by British author Graham Greene.
The title is an allusion to the doxology often recited at the end of the Lord's Prayer: "For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, forever and ever, amen."
It was initially published in the United States under the title The Labyrinthine Ways.
Greene's novel tells the story of a renegade Roman Catholic 'whisky priest' (a term coined by Greene) living in the Mexican state of Tabasco in the 1930s, a time when the Mexican government was attempting to suppress the Catholic Church.
That suppression had resulted in the Cristero War (1927-1929), so named for its Catholic combatants' slogan "Viva Cristo Rey" (long live Christ the King).
In 1941, the novel received the Hawthornden Prize British literary award.
In 2005, it was chosen by "TIME" magazine as one of the hundred best English-language novels since 1923.
The main character is an unnamed 'whisky priest', who combines a great power for self-destruction with pitiful cravenness, an almost painful penitence, and a desperate quest for dignity.
By the end, though, the priest "acquires a real holiness."
The other principal character is a police lieutenant tasked with hunting down this priest.
This Lieutenant – also unnamed but thought to be based upon Tomás Garrido Canabal – is a committed socialist who despises the Church.
The overall situation is this: Catholicism is outlawed in Mexico.
However, while the other states of Mexico seem to follow a Don't-ask-don't-tell policy, the state of Tabasco enforces the ban rigorously.
Mexico, or at least Tabasco, is ruled on socialist grounds, and priests have either been settled by the state with wives (breaking celibacy) and pensions in exchange for their renouncing the faith and being strictly banned to fulfill priestly functions (such as one Padre José), or else have left the state or are on the run.
The story starts with the arrival of the main character in a small country town and then follows him on his trip through Tabasco, where he tries to minister to the people as best he can.
In doing so, he is faced by a lot of problems, not least of which is that Tabasco is also prohibitionist, with the unspoken prime objective to hinder celebration of the Sacrifice of the Mass, for which actual wine is an essential.
(It is, therefore, quite easy to get, say, whiskey, despite it being forbidden, but very difficult to get wine.)
He is also haunted by his personal problems and past and present sins, especially by the fact that he fathered a child in his parish some years before; additionally, his use of whiskey may be bordering on addiction and certainly is beyond the limit of good measure in his own view.
(In one scene, both of these problems are mixed: the protagonist tries to procure a bottle of wine for Holy Mass, needing to go to very high officials to do so, with an additional bottle of whiskey for cover and also for his personal use; not being able to reveal himself, he is talked into emptying the wine on the spot and in vain tries to offer the whiskey instead.)
As for his daughter, he meets her, but is unable to feel repentant about what happened.
Rather, he feels a deep love for the evil-looking and awkward little girl and decides to do everything in his power to save her from damnation.
During his journey the priest also encounters a mestizo who later reveals himself to be a Judas figure.
The chief antagonist, however, is the lieutenant, who is morally irreproachable, yet cold and inhumane.
While he is supposedly "living for the people", he puts into practice a diabolic plan of taking hostages from villages and shooting them, if it proves that the priest has sojourned in a village but is not denounced.
The lieutenant has also had bad experiences with the church in his youth, and as a result there is a personal element in his search for the whisky priest.
The lieutenant thinks that all members of the clergy are fundamentally evil, and believes that the church is corrupt, and does nothing but provide delusion to the people.
In his flight from the lieutenant and his posse, the priest escapes into a neighbouring province, only to re-connect with the mestizo, who persuades the priest to return to hear the confession of a dying man.
Though the priest suspects that it is a trap, he feels compelled to fulfil his priestly duty.
Although he finds the dying man, it is a trap and the lieutenant captures the priest.
The lieutenant admits he has nothing against the priest as a man, but he must be shot "as a danger".
On the eve of the execution, the lieutenant shows mercy and attempts to enlist Padre José to hear the condemned man's confession (which "in extremis" the Church would allow, and which the protagonist has agreed to), but the effort is thwarted by Padre José's wife.
The lieutenant is convinced that he has "cleared the province of priests".
In the final scene, however, another priest arrives in the town.
One faithful Catholic woman we had previously encountered telling lives of the saints in the underground has added the life of the protagonist to her repertoire, while forbidding her son to ever remember that this priest smelled strangely out of his mouth.
This, among other possible readings, suggests that the Catholic Church cannot be destroyed.
On a lighter level, it also suggests that a certain type of devotee will ever try to smooth down rough-edged saints into Fairchild-family-like picturebook heroes, even if it stands in the way of properly celebrating their very real faith and heroism.
Greene visited Mexico from January to May 1938 to research and write a nonfiction account of the persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico, that he had been planning since 1936.
The persecution of the Catholic Church was especially severe in the province of Tabasco, under anti-clerical governor Tomás Garrido Canabal.
His campaign succeeded in closing all the churches in the state.
It forced the priests to marry and give up their traditional garb.
Greene called it the "fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth."
He chronicled his travels in Tabasco in "The Lawless Roads", published in 1939.
In that generally hostile account of his visit he wrote "That, I think, was the day I began to hate the Mexicans" and at another point described his "growing depression, almost pathological hatred ... for Mexico."
Pico Iyer has marveled at how Greene's responses to what he saw could be "so dyspeptic, so loveless, so savagely self-enclosed and blind" in his nonfiction treatment of his journey, though, as another critic has noted, "nowhere in "The Power and the Glory" is there any indication of the testiness and revulsion" in Greene's nonfiction report.
Many details reported in Greene's nonfiction treatment of his Tabasco trip appeared in the novel, from the sound of a revolver in the police chief's holster to the vultures in the sky.