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Samantha Jade |
Samantha Jade (born 18 April 1987 in Perth, Western Australia) is a singer-songwriter, actress and former child model. She has written tracks for artists, including JoJo and Ashley Tisdale. Jade later signed with the record label Sony Music Australia. In 2012 she released the single "What You've Done to Me". The single began at #1 on the ARIA Singles Chart. |
Jade appeared on the fourth season of "The X Factor". She sang "Breakeven" from the Irish rock band The Script. At the first live performance on 17 September 2012, she sang Katy Perry's "Wide Awake". |
In 2018, Jade's third studio album, "Best of My Love" was released. The album was a cover of late 1970s songs, including "Dancing Queen" from ABBA, "I Will Survive" from Gloria Gaynor and "Hot Stuff" from Donna Summer. Later that same year, Jade released her fourth album of cover songs, "The Magic of Christmas". On the album were Holiday songs, like "I'll Be Home for Christmas", "Silver Bells" and "Blue Christmas". |
The Floaters |
The Floaters were an American R&B group. They formed in Detroit, Michigan in 1976. The group members were Paul Mitchell, Ralph Mitchell, Larry Cunningham and Charles Clark. |
James Mitchell, the brother of Paul, took part in forming The Floaters. The group's only major hit song was "Float On" in 1977. The song hit #1 on the UK Singles Chart, in New Zealand and the United States' R&B chart. It was #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Two other songs that followed didn't do as well. |
"Float On" was covered by other music groups. Those include Full Force and Stetsasonic. It was also sampled for other songs, including the MC ADE song "Romantic Rhyme" in 1987 and "Float On" from the Dream Warriors in 1996. |
Larry Cunningham (born June 23, 1951) died on January 10, 2019 at age 67. |
The group broke up in 1982. |
Robert Smalls |
Robert Smalls (April 5, 1839 – February 23, 1915) was an American politician, publisher, businessman, and maritime pilot. Born into slavery in Beaufort, South Carolina. He freed himself, his friends, and their families during the American Civil War. He did this by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, CSS "Planter", in Charleston harbor, on May 13, 1862. He then sailed it from Confederate-controlled waters of the harbor to the U.S. blockade that surrounded it. He then piloted the ship to the Union-controlled enclave in Beaufort–Port Royal–Hilton Head area, where it became a Union warship. His example and persuasion helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to allow African-American soldiers into the Union Army. |
Robert Smalls was born in 1839 to Lydia Polite, a slave owned by Henry McKee. She gave birth to him in a cabin behind McKee's house, at 511 Prince Street in Beaufort, South Carolina. He grew up in the city under the influence of the Lowcountry Gullah culture of his mother. His mother lived as a servant in the house, but she grew up in the fields. Robert was liked more than other slaves, so his mother worried that he might grow up not understanding the troubles of field slaves. She asked for him to be made to work in the fields and to see whipping. |
Racially-motivated violence |
Racially-motivated violence (or ethnic violence) is a form of violence which is caused by the dislike of people from one ethnic group towards people of another ethnic group. Xenophobia often also plays a role. If the question is about grouping many similar events, people also talk about ethnic conflict. It is important to make a difference between ethnic violence, which is violence "motivated" by an ethnic division, from violence that just happens to break out between groups of different ethnicity motivated by other factors (political or ideological). |
Bisho massacre |
The Bisho massacre occurred on 7 September 1992 in Bisho. Bisho was in the independent homeland of Ciskei. Ciskei is now part of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. During a protest march, members of the Ciskei Defence Force shot twenty-eight African National Congress supporters and one soldier when they attempted to enter Bisho (now renamed to Bhisho). The ANC supporter wanted that Ciskei was again made part of South Africa. The massacre happened during the final years of apartheid. |
Bhisho (previously spelled "Bisho") was the capital of the Ciskei. Ciskei was a nominally independent homeland (bantustan) for the Xhosa people in South Africa. The government of Ciskei was formed in 1961 under the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 after the South African government declared it a separate administrative territory. In 1972, the status was changed to self-governing territory. At the same time, there were stronger efforts to forcibly remove Xhosa-speakers to Ciskei. On 4 December 1982, Ciskei became an independent republic, recognised only by the South African government and other 'independent' homeland states in South Africa. The system of racially segregated homelands had been a core of apartheid, but between 1990 and 1994, negotiations were taking place between the government of South Africa and the African National Congress (ANC) to end the apartheid system. |
The negotiations would likely lead to multi-racial democratic elections. For this reason, the the ANC wanted to organise and mobilise its supporters in the Ciskei, because it lay in the Eastern Cape area. The Eastern Cape area had been a stronghold for ANC supporters. Its military leader Brigadier Oupa Gqozo resisted this and prevented the ANC from organising. In 1991, Gqozo formed the African Democratic Movement to counter the ANC in Ciskei. In December of the same year, he was part of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (Codesa) negotiations. Codesa was a forum made up of government (National Party) and non-government interest groups to negotiate a new constitution and the transition to democracy in South Africa. In March 1992, Gqozo accused the ANC of planning to overthrow him and in August he stopped ANC marchers from entering Ciskei from King William's Town, a town in South Africa, which is close enough to Ciskei. |
On 3 September, the ANC sent a memorandum to President F. W. de Klerk: it demanded that he replace Gqozo with a temporary administration which would permit free democratic activity in Ciskei. De Klerk refused, on the grounds that the Ciskei did not fall under South Africa's jurisdiction. At the time, negotiations had broken down, with the ANC withdrawing following the Boipatong massacre and accusing De Klerk's government of fostering the violence. |
As a result, the ANC began a campaign of "mass action", organising a protest march to occupy Bisho and force Gqozo's resignation. Gqozo sought a court ruling to prevent the march, and the magistrate ruled that it could take place at the homeland's independence stadium, outside Bisho, but could not enter the capital. The ANC refused to recognise the jurisdiction of the Ciskei court. |
On 7 September, about 80,000 protesters gathered outside Bisho, signalling the wide opposition to Gqozo's rule. The meeting was led by senior ANC leaders including South African Communist Party Secretary General Chris Hani, Cyril Ramaphosa, Steve Tshwete and Ronnie Kasrils. |
A razor wire was erected on the border between South Africa and Ciskei to prevent the marchers from entering Bisho. When Kasrils led a group trying to break through the Ciskei Defence Force lines to enter Bisho, Ciskei Defence Force soldiers opened fire on the marchers with automatic weapons, killing 28 marchers and one soldier, and injuring over 200. More than 425 rounds were fired, the first fusillade lasting one and a half minutes, and the second lasting a minute. |
Various inquiries agreed that the order to fire came from Colonel Vakele Archibald Mkosana, who incorrectly told his commanders by radio that his troops were under fire, and was given permission to return fire. Rifleman Mzamile Thomas Gonya was also found to have opened fire with a grenade launcher, killing one marcher. |
The Goldstone Commission had the task of investigating the massacre, and Justice Richard Goldstone condemned Gqozo for preventing political activity in Ciskei as well as for the lethal brutality of the Ciskei Defence Force troops. It dismissed his claim that the demonstrators had fired first. A Ciskei soldier who died during the shooting had been shot by a fellow soldier, in error. It recommended strong action against Gqozo and those responsible. It also condemned Ronnie Kasrils for leading marchers breaking through the razor wire and provoking the forces into opening fire. |
On 8 September 1992, a day after the massacre, the ANC released a statement demanding that Oupa Gqozo be removed as the leader of Ciskei, Section 43 of the Ciskei National Security Act which prevented political activity in Ciskei be revoked and South African Military Intelligence officials be removed from Ciskei. |
In the end, the massacre led to new negotiations between the ANC and the government. Nelson Mandela met De Klerk on 26 September and signed a Record of Understanding. This Record created an independent body to oversee police operations. |
Gqozo remained in power in Ciskei but resigned shortly before the elections of 27 April 1994. |
A granite monument was erected on the site of the massacre, outside Independence Stadium, off Maitland Road between Bhisho and King William's Town. It was unveiled by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in 1997. The victims were buried in Ginsberg township outside King William's Town. |
Each year during the month of September, the Bisho Massacre Memorial Lecture is held to commemorate the massacre and different leaders from around South Africa take part in it. |
Only two applications for amnesty for the massacre were received by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, from Colonel Mkosana, who gave the order to open fire, and Rifleman Gonya, who fired a grenade launcher. Gqozo agreed to testify before the TRC, but failed to appear after being admitted to a psychiatric hospital suffering from depression. |
In 2000, both Mkosana and Gonya were denied amnesty on the grounds that their actions were reckless and disproportionate and not associated with a political motive. |
Following their failure to receive amnesty, Mkosana and Gonya were charged with one count of murder and Mkosana with 28 counts of culpable homicide. They were found not guilty on all charges on the grounds of self-defence. |
Speaking at a Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearing on the massacre,Col Silence Pita, revealed that Gqozo had received a message which said that the Mkhonto Wesizwe was planning coup and would take us where we didn't want to be " but the source of the information had not been made clear in the report. Pita said security arrangements for an African National Congress march on September 7, 1992 were left to the Ciskei Defence Force. |
Former Ciskei foreign affairs minister Mickey Webb testified that South Africa's intelligence services caused a confrontation between Ciskei government and the ANC. He claimed that South African Military Intelligence and Ciskei's own intelligence agency fed the Ciskei government with misinformation "which could only have ended up in confrontation between the authorities and the ANC". |
Heidelberg Tavern massacre |
The Heidelberg Tavern massacre occurred in Observatory, Cape Town on 30 December 1993. Three people associate the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) entered the tavern and shot at the crowd. They killed four student and the owner of a restaurant which was close. The owner had gone outside to investigate, because he had heard gunshots. An unexploded bomb (with nails strapped to it) was found in the restaurant, close to the main entrance. |
During the years of apartheid, Observatory was one of the few "de facto" "grey" suburbs where all races lived together. On the evening of 30 December 1993, three men entered a popular student venue on Station Road, called the Heidelberg Tavern and opened fire, killing four people and injuring five. The three APLA operatives - Humphrey Luyanda Gqomfa, Vuyisile Brian Madasi and Zola Prince Mabala - were convicted in November 1994 for what became known as the Heidelberg Massacre. On 16 July 1998, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted the three amnesty. |
Scrotifera |
Scrotifera is a group of living things in the class Mammalia. It is a proposed clade, meaning that not all scientists use it when they talk about how living things are related to each other. |
The orders Carnivora (carnivores), Chiroptera (bats), Perissodactyla (hoofed animals with odd numbers of toes, for example horses and rhinos), Cetartiodactyla (hoofed animals with even numbers of toes), Philodota (pangolins), and Meridiungulata are all in Scrotifera. |
Rambo (2008 movie) |
Rambo is a 2008 German American Thai action movie directed by Sylvester Stallone (who also stars) and also starring Julie Benz, Paul Schulze, Matthew Marsden, Graham McTavish, Rey Gallegos, Ken Howard. It is the fourth movie in the "Rambo" series. |
Tsutomu Yamazaki (politician) |
Tsutomu Yamazaki (8 May 1947 – 2 June 2021) was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the House of Councillors from 1995 until 2007 and again from 2010 until 2017. Yamazaki was born in Aomori, Japan. |
Yamazaki died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Aomori on 2 June 2021, aged 74. |
Tsutomu Yamazaki |
Remco Ekkers |
Remco Ekkers (1 July 1941 – 4 June 2021) was a Dutch poet, critic and writer. Ekkers was a poetry critic for "De Gids" from 1986 to 1992. He also worked for "Leeuwarder Courant" for ten years. He was born in Bergen, Netherlands. |
Ekkers died in Zuidhorn, Netherlands on 4 June 2021, less than a month before his 80th birthday. |
Fausto Gaibor García |
Fausto Feliciano Gaibor García (25 January 1952 – 4 June 2021) was an Ecuadorian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulcán between 2011 until his death in 2021. Gaibor García was born in Guaranda, Ecuador. |
Gaibor García died in Tulcán, Ecuador on 4 June 2021, aged 69. |
Revaz Gabriadze |
Revaz "Rezo" Gabriadze (; 29 June 1936 – 6 June 2021) was a Georgian filmmaker, playwright, writer, painter, and sculptor. He was born in Kutaisi, Georgian SSR. He was known for writing the screenplays of "Passport", "Kin-dza-dza!", "Mimino" and "Don't Grieve". |
Gavriadze died on 6 June 2021 in Tbilisi, Georgia just three weeks before his 85th birthday. |
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor |
Lilibet "Lili" Diana Mountbatten-Windsor (born 4 June 2021) is the younger child and only daughter of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex and the younger sister of Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. She is the eleventh great-grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is eighth in the line of succession to the British throne. |
Mountbatten-Windsor was born at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, on 4 June 2021 at 11:40 PDT (19:26 UTC). She is named after her paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth II and paternal grandmother Diana, Princess of Wales. |
Mountbatten-Windsor is eighth in the line of succession to the British throne. She can become a princess when her grandfather, Charles, Prince of Wales becomes king. |
In the 2021 television interview, the Duchess of Sussex said that she had been told that changes would be made to remove that entitlement as part of Charles's reported plans for a slimmed-down monarchy. |
Medicine in the American Civil War |
Medicine in the American Civil War was not good by today's standards. Doctors did not know about germs, so many soldiers caught infections. They did have anesthesia, so they were able to stop soldiers' pain. Most doctors in the United States had two years of schooling. Harvard Medical School did not have even one microscope. |
One problem was that, like in World War I, people had just invented new weapons, like the Minié ball. Guns with rifled barrels did not miss as often as the muskets from the Revolutionary War and other earlier wars did. That meant doctors did not already know how to treat the injuries that these weapons could cause in the human body. Another problem was that the camps and battlefields were very dirty. A soldier in the American Civil war was twice as likely to die of disease as of a battle injury. |
560,000 soldiers died of diseases during the American Civil War. Malaria was a problem in the American Civil War. Doctors gave patients quinine for malaria. Soldiers also died of dysentery, diarrhea, and typhoid. |
Most doctors did not know about germs in the mid-1800s. They did not always wash their hands or tools between patients. They also thought that pus, if thick and creamy, was "laudable pus" and meant the patient was getting better. Really, pus means the patient has an infection. |
About 200,000 people had injuries in the American Civil War. |
Anesthesia was invented in 1846. Doctors in the American Civil War did have chloroform, ether, and other anesthetics, and they used them. 90 percent of patients who had a limb cut off had anesthesia first, usually chloroform. The doctors dripped chloroform onto a cloth and then put it over the patient's face. |
Doctors invented two ways to do amputations, the circular method and the fish-mouth method. There were so many amputations in the American Civil War that doctors became very good at amputating. The Minié ball and other new weapons could destroy large pieces of bone, so the doctors decided to amputation so the patient would not get gangrene. |
First, injured soldiers were brought to field stations near the battle. There, medical people gave the soldiers whiskey if they had it and put bandages on them. Then, the patients were taken to hospitals. The "hospital" could be only a barn or other building where the doctors had decided to work. They were not always organized well. There, the medical people did triage: they looked at the patient to plan what to do next. They divided patients into three groups: patients who were sure to die soon, patients who needed surgery and other patients. From there, some soldiers were sent to better hospitals in the bigger cities. Patients could be taken from place to place in different ways. General George B. McClellan started an ambulance corps in 1862, and the Confederacy soon made their own. There were also hospital trains, or steamboats called "sanitary steamers." |
In 1861, the United States government (Union side, the North) created the U.S. Sanitary Commission to learn how to stop soldiers from becoming sick during wartime. Frederick Law Olmstead led the commission. He told the army to have clean camps, good food, and hospitals with ventilation. |
Many doctors learned much about the human body, disease and injuries during the American Civil War. Many of them wrote down what they saw and did. Between 1870 and 1888, these doctors published a book, "Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion". |
In 1861, Dorothea Dix became head of the United States Nursing Corps. Professional nursing became more important in the United States. |
Jovan I. Deretić |
Jovan Ilić Deretić (; 18 January 1939 – 6 June 2021) was a Serbian publicist and writer. Deretić was known for his conspiracy theory writings. He would write about the alternative history of the Serbs that had a larger role in history than described by historians. Deretić was born in Orovac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. |
Deretić died on 6 June 2021 in Belgrade, aged 82. |
Rafael López Aliaga |
Rafael Bernardo López Aliaga Cazorla (born 11 February 1961) is a Peruvian businessman and politician. A conservative figure in Peruvian politics, he ran for President of Peru under Popular Renewal at the 2021 general election in which he placed third. Previously, he served as General Secretary and subsequently President of National Solidarity until the party was dissolved in October 2020 and succeeded by Popular Renewal, which he currently leads. |
Jorge Del Castillo |
Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez (born 2 July 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. In his career, he has served in the now abolished Peruvian Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 1992, in the unicameral Congress of the Republic for six non-consecutive terms, between 1995 and 2011 and again from 2016 to 2019, five of which are consecutive terms, and as Mayor of Lima and the District of Barranco during the 1980s. |
An adept negotiator, he is also a prominent member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, serving in two occasions as the party's Secretary-General. As the right-hand man to the late former President Alan García, he served as his defense attorney during the first corruption and illicit enrichment allegations made in his first post-presidency, and finally as his first Prime Minister in his second presidency. After the "Petroaudios" scandal revealed Del Castillo's involvement, he tendered his resignation with the whole cabinet on October 10, 2008, to President Alan García, marking his political downfall. |
Bart of Darkness |
"Bart of Darkness" is the first episode of "The Simpsons" 6th season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on September 4, 1994. In the episode, Bart Simpson breaks his leg and must stay in his house. He starts spying on his neighbor Ned Flanders' house and starts to think he is a murderer. The episode was written by Dan McGrath and Jim Reardon is the director of the episode. It took more time to make the episode than normal because an earthquake hit while it was being made. |
In a heat wave, Homer buys a swimming pool for his children Bart and Lisa. Many children from their neighborhood come to their house to go in their pool. Bart tries to jump in the pool from his tree house. Nelson makes him miss the jump and Bart breaks his leg from falling. He must wear a cast over the summer. |
The other children do not want to talk to Bart while he is in a cast. He makes himself stay in his room. He gets a telescope and uses it to spy on his neighbors. He hears a scream and sees Ned Flanders burying something. Bart starts to think he has murdered his wife Maude. While this happens, the swimming pool makes Lisa very popular. However, Martin Prince gets a bigger pool and gets all of the children to go to his pool. |
Bart sees Ned tell his children Rod and Todd that Maude is "with God" and they will be with her soon. Bart thinks he will murder Rod and Todd too. Bart makes Lisa go to Ned's house while he is not there. Ned comes back and Lisa gets in his attic. Bart goes in Ned's house and sees him walking to the attic with an axe. Bart thinks he will hurt Lisa with it and tells him to stop. Ned sees Bart and Lisa and puts away his axe. When Bart tells Ned that he thinks he murdered Maude, Ned faints. |
The Simpson family and the police learn that Maude was actually at a camp for Christians. They also learn that Ned was burying a plant that died because he gave it too much water. The police gets the plant and gets Ned to make the scream Bart heard before. Later, Martin's pool breaks because there were too many children in it. |
"Bart of Darkness" was written by Dan McGrath and Jim Reardon is the director. The episode was suppose to be at the end of the 5th season. However, this and "Lisa's Rival" were being made during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The earthquake hurt the building that animators and producers used to work on episodes. They could not go in the building for three months and had to work in a different building. Producers were given more time to work on the episode. Jim Reardon said the more time helped him put more details in the episode, for example, Bart getting stuck in a chair and him wearing underwear instead of a swimsuit. |
At the start of the episode, the town of Springfield is in a heat wave. Part of what the Simpson family does in the heat wave was similar to what the producers would do in a heat wave. McGrath used to go in front of freezers when he was a child. In the episode, there is a truck with a pool in it that goes to the Simpson family's neighborhood. David Mirkin used to have a truck with an amusement ride in it around his neighborhood as a child. Ned Flanders' scream was done by Tress MacNeille instead of his voice actor Harry Shearer. Krusty the Clown does not say Ravi Shankar's name right in the episode. This was not suppose to happen, but Mirkin liked it and wanted to keep it in the episode. |
Mike Duffy from the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" said the episode shows that "The Simpsons" was "just as strong and funny as it ever was". Elaine Liner from the "Corpus Christi Caller-Times" called the episode's writing "crisp" and "hilarious". Liner liked the references to pop culture and enjoyed when it was shown that Maude was at a camp for Christians. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood (authors of "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide") thought it was hilarious to see how Ned Flanders was not actually a murderer. Tim Knight from Reel.com said it was a "terrific" episode to start the 6th season. |
César Acuña |
Cesar Acuña Peralta (born 11 August 1952) is a Peruvian politician and businessman. He is the founder and leader of the Alliance for Progress party. |
In October 2006, he was elected Mayor of Trujillo. He was reelected in 2010. Four years later, he was elected Governor of La Libertad. Ten months after being sworn in, he resigned as governor. |
He started a presidential campaign for the 2016 general election in October 2015. He was seen as a possible run-off nominee against frontrunner Keiko Fujimori, he was eventually disqualified people said he tried to buy votes. |
He formally announced his second presidential bid for the 2021 election in late October 2020. He lost in the first round after coming in seventh place. |
Omar Quesada |
Werner Omar Quesada Martínez (born 24 September 1965) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. A ranking member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, he served as the party's Institutional Secretary General from March 2010 to July 2017. |
His career has been marked by controversy. Raised in the Ayacucho Region, he served as a regional party leader throughout his youth, becoming the first democratically elected governor of Ayacucho, from 2003 to 2006. In the second presidency of Alan García, he was appointed as Director of the Informal Property Formalization Agency (COFOPRI), an agency dependent of the Ministry of Housing.Upon the revelation of irregular property selling conceded by the agency, he was forced to tender his resignation in April 2010. |
Born in the northern city of Trujillo, La Libertad, Quesada was raised in Huanta, Ayacucho. From a very young age, he registered himself in the Peruvian Aprista Party. After finishing his high school education at María Auxiliadora Grand School Unity in 1981, he travelled to Lima in order enroll in the Universidad de San Martín de Porres to study law. He was able to finish his law degree in 1996. |
Simultaneously with his college education, Quesada served in a variety of positions within the Peruvian Aprista Party's Regional Committee. In 1985, he rose to the position of Deputy Regional Secretary General of the party in Ayacucho, and Provincial Secretary General for Huanta from 1992 to 1993. |
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